Adaptation Approaches in the Amazon Basin

Transcription

Adaptation Approaches in the Amazon
Basin
BEN BRAGA
Former Director, National Water Agency of Brazil – ANA
Vice - President, World Water Council – WWC
Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering – Escola Politecnica of
University of Sao Paulo
MRC International Conference
“Transboundary Water Resources Management in a Changing World”
World”
2-3 April 2010
Hua Hin, Thailand
THE AMAZON BASIN FROM THE SPACE
Amazon
Basin
Amazon Basin:
6.2 million km2
34 % of South America
> 20 million people
8 countries
Amazon Basin in South America
País
Percentage of basin
Brazil
62,0
Bolívia
11,9
Colômbia
5,9
Ecuador
2,3
Guiana
0,3
Peru
16,7
Venezuela
0,9
Total
100
Percentage of South America in the
Amazon Basin
34%
Amazon Basin:
Basin: Transboundary
Transboundary Rivers
Rivers
Amazon
Uail
Tocandirá
Maú ou Ireng
Oiapoque
Macacuni
Ig. Ianá
Ig. Macapá
Negro
Tacutu
Içana
Surubi
Uaupés
Queriniutu
Igarapé Amauá
Papuri
Inambú
Igarapé Cunha
Igarapé Tatá
Tiquié
Puretê ou Puratá
Rio Puruí
Igarapé S. Jerônimo
Traira
Japurá
Igarapé de Belém
Apaporis
Içá
Igarapé
Riozinho
Javari
Igarapé Tacana
Solimões
Envira
Igarapé Imbuia
Santa Rosa
Purus
Ig. Ramón
Rio Riohosio
Chandless
Nº of Transboundary Rivers
Ig. Chambira
Ig. Vítor
Madeira
Amônia
Acre
Juruá
Breu
Chambuíco
Brasil - Guiana Francesa
2
Brasil - Guiana
3
Brasil - Venezuela - Colômbia
1
Brasil - Colômbia
22
Brasil - Colômbia - Peru
1
Brasil - Peru
19
Brasil - Bolívia
17
Yaco
Xipamanu
Abunã
Tambaqui
Mamoré
Guaporé
THE AMAZON RIVER
Largest River flows in the World (m³/s)
MAIORES RIOS DO MUNDO EM DESCARGA (m³\s)
0
Mekong
(Vietnã)
Mekong
(Vietnã)
50.000
18.000
Mississipi
(USA)
Mississipi
(USA)
18.000
Paraná
Paraná ( Bacia do Prata - Brasil- argentina)
(Bacia do Prata – Brasil - Argentina)
OrinocoOrinoc
(Venezuela)
o (Venezuela)
Yangtse
(China)
Yangtse
(China)
Ganges
(Índia)
Ganges
(Índia)
(África)
CongoCongo
(África)
Amazonas (Brasil)
Amazonas
(Brasil)
150.000
200.000
250.000
15.770
Lena (ex
- (exURSS)
Lena
URSS)
Ienissei
(China)
Ienissei
(China)
100.000
19.990
22.800
28.700
31.350
43.800
46.200
209.000
Climate change may have
important effects on the
hydrological cycle of the
Amazon Basin
e.g. what will happen if the
Amazon forest shrinks a lot
more?
South American Low Level Jet Model after Marengo 2004
A theoretical schematic on The Amazon Water
Machine now
(in 1000 billions of cubic meters per year)
12 moisture from ocean
12 falls as rain
6 in
c l ou d
s
South to
East
6 evaporates back
6 Amazon to ocean
Briscoe, 2010
A theoretical schematic of the Amazon
water machine with savannah-ized
forest (Briscoe, 2010)
12 moisture from ocean
12 falls as rain
3 in
clouds t
o
South E
ast
3 evaporates back
9 Amazon to ocean
After Marengo 2009
CHALLENGES FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
OF THE BASIN: A STRATEGIC VIEW
Main water uses for the Amazon Basin
• Hydro-electric power generation - making use of the region’s great potential.
• Large-scale agriculture, with massive entrance of grain crops in the region, requiring high
water consumption for irrigation and the possibility of progress in agribusiness at the regional
scale, and the development of strong accessory markets.
• The industry of sustainable timber exploitation, based on adequate forest management
plans and utilization of certification programs.
• Cargo and passenger transportation through the waterways, taking advantage of the natural
corridors as conveying routes in a multi-mode system(waterway, highway, etc.).
• Use of underground waters for water supply in urban areas, as an alternative source for
public supply.
• Development of activities targeted at eco-tourism, taking advantage of the unique aspects
of the Amazon landscape, especially the water scenery.
• Encouragement of sustainable fishing, especially on the lakes, coupled with incentives to
aquiculture activities, aiming at the diminished pressure on the natural stock.
• Development of biodiversity use models.
Villela, N P
So, how do we adapt ?
Water management is central to
climate adaption
ADAPTING TO CLIMATE CHANGE
• Water supply and sanitation
• Land use changes impacts in
the water cycle
• Multipurpose water projects and
their regional insertion
• Regional water resources
information system
ADAPTING TO CLIMATE CHANGE
• Integrated River Basin Management
8 countries different frameworks
•
Centralized x Decentralized
•
Independent x Sectoral
•
Different stages of institutional development
•
Different development interests
•
Building Capacity
THE CHALLENGE OF MONITORING
WATER QUANTITY AND QUALITY
National Hydrometeorological Network
Logistics of operation
•6,166 Gaging Stations (ANA); 181 Operation Itinerary;
•1,620,000 km / year - equivalent to 44 laps around the globe ; 320 h/year - Air Taxi;
16,300 h/year by Boat;
•37 Operation Bases; 3,600 Involved People; Yearly Cost: US$ 10 million
STREAMGAGES IN AMAZON BASIN
TOTAL
435
STATIONS
RAINGAGES IN AMAZON BASIN
TOTAL
612
STATIONS
WATER QUALITY STATIONS IN THE AMAZON BASIN
TOTAL
143
STATIONS
SEDIMENT STATIONS IN AMAZON BASIN
TOTAL
94
STATIONS
TELEMETRIC STATIONS IN AMAZON BASIN
TOTAL
393
STATIONS
Manacapuru/AM Section
august/2000 (Total Q = 126900 m3/s)
DAY TO DAY OPERATION
FLOW OF TELEMETRIC INFORMATION - PROJECT SIVAM
Satellite - SCD1 SCD2 and CBERS
Brazilian
Satellites
INPE-CMCD
Cach. Paulista
Alcântara
SIVAM
Manaus
ANA
Internet
www.ana.gov.br
Society
DCP
Antenna SIVAM - Manaus
INFORMATION AVAILABLE IN THE
INTERNET
http://hidroweb.ana.gov.br/
MAIN ISSUES
Water Pollution in urban
areas
MAIN ISSUES
Forest Preservation
x
Agricultural Expansion
DEFORESTATION
Evolution of Forests in the World
8.000 years ago
Year 1650
Year 1950
Year 1997
Source: Embrapa
Year
1000
Year
1997
Original Forests
Evolution of forests in the World
Primary Forests Remainders:
Area (1000 km2) and percentage (%)
African
Asia
North America
Central America
South America
Russian
Europe
Oceania
World
Original
Forest
8000 B.P.
6.799
15.132
10.877
1.779
11.709
11.759
4.690
1.431
64.176
Brazil
Source: Embrapa
B.P.: Before Present
6.304
%
1.000
100,0
100,0
100,0
100,0
100,0
100,0
100,0
100,0
100,0
6.459
13.619
10.333
1.743
11.592
10.583
3.752
1.402
59.484
100,0 6.241
%
1.650
%
1.850
%
1.950
%
Currently
%
35,0
25,0
50,0
40,0
70,0
50,0
5,0
50,0
42,6
527
844
3.737
172
6.412
3.448
14
319
15.473
7,8
5,6
34,4
9,7
54,8
29,3
0,3
22,3
24,1
5.043 80,0
4.378
69,4
95,0 5.779 85,0 5.099 75,0 2.380
90,0 11.349 75,0 8.323 55,0 3.783
95,0 9.245 85,0 8.158 75,0 5.439
98,0 1.334 75,0 890 50,0 712
99,0 11.475 98,0 11.124 95,0 8.196
90,0 9.407 80,0 7.055 60,0 5.880
80,0 1.407 30,0 469 10,0 235
98,0 1.288 90,0 1.073 75,0 716
92,7 51.285 79,9 42.190 65,7 27.339
99,0
6.178
98,0 5.989 95,0
Relative Percentage of the Primary Forests Cover
Remainders of the Primary Original Forests (1.000km2)
African
Asia
North America
Central America
South America
Russian
Europe
Oceania
World
Brazil
Source: Embrapa
Original
Forest
8000 B.P.
6.799
15.132
10.877
1.779
11.709
11.759
4.690
1.431
64.176
%
1.000
%
1.650
%
1.850
%
10,6
23,6
16,9
2,8
18,2
18,3
7,3
2,2
100,0
6.459
13.619
10.333
1.743
11.592
10.583
3.752
1.402
59.484
10,9
22,9
17,4
2,9
19,5
17,8
6,3
2,4
100,0
5.779
11.349
9.245
1.334
11.475
9.407
1.407
1.288
51.285
11,3
22,1
18,0
2,6
22,4
18,3
2,7
2,5
100,0
5.099
8.323
8.158
890
11.124
7.055
469
1.073
42.190
12,1
19,7
19,3
2,1
26,4
16,7
1,1
2,5
100,0
6.304
9,8
6.241
10,5
6.178 12,0
5.989 14,2
1.950
%
Currently
%
2.380 8,7
3.783 13,8
5.439 19,9
712
2,6
8.196 30,0
5.880 21,5
235
0,9
716
2,6
27.339 100,0
527
844
3.737
172
6.412
3.448
14
319
15.473
3,4
5,5
24,2
1,1
41,4
22,3
0,1
2,1
100,0
5.043
4.378
28,3
18,4
Area and Percentage of the Primary Forest Remainder
Period
Asia
African
Brazil
Europe
8000 BP*
Area
15.132
%
23.6
Area
6.799
%
10.6
Area
6.304
%
9.8
Area
4.690
%
7.3
1000
13.619
22.9
6.459
10.9
6.241
10.5
3.752
6.3
1650
11.349
22.1
5.779
11.3
6.178
12
1.407
2.7
1850
8.323
19.7
5.099
12.1
5.989
14.2
469
1.1
1950
3.783
13.8
2.380
8.7
5.043
18.4
235
0.9
Currently
844
5.5
527
3.4
4.378
28.3
14
0.1
Source: Embrapa
POTENTIAL WATERWAYS IN THE AMAZON
RIVER BASIN
INTEGRATED HYDROELECTRIC SYSTEM
AMAZON BASIN
¾Maximum Demand = 58,316 MW
¾Installed Capacity = 72,299 MW
¾96 Hydropower plants > 30 MW
¾57 Regulating reservoirs
¾Hydrologic Diversity synergism
¾Country is interconnected by
70,000 km of high-voltage lines
Hydropower potential: 107.143 MW
But only 0,7% in use.
Hydropower Station in operation and
planned.
MAIN ISSUES
Navigation
x
Hydroelectricity
Tapajós-Teles Pires river basin
HPP
Harbor
Railway
TPR287
Madeira River Hydropower
Development
JIRAU
SANTO
ANTÔNIO
Development
Development
CONCEPTION OF THE PROJECT
Development
CONCEPTION OF THE PROJECT
Santo Antônio
JIRAU
AHE Santo Antônio: reservatório de 271,3 km
2
AHE Jirau: Reservatório de 258 km2
Jirau - Reservoir Area: 258 km2
122 km 2
107,3 km 2
47%
40%
53%
60%
164 km 2
área do rio
área a ser inundada
RUN-OF-THE-RIVER RESERVOIRS
136 km 2
River
área
do rioArea
Area
be flooded
área
a serto
inundada
Development
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PROJECT
Reservoir Useful Life
Spillway Project Flow (m3/s)
Installed Capacity (MW)
Assured Energy (MW average)
Reference Head (m)
Turbine
Unity Capacity (MW)
No. of Unitys
>100 year 50 year
84.000 82.600
3.150
3.300
2.050
2.193
13,90
15,20
Bulb
Bulb
71,60
75,00
44
44
Villela, N P
Development
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE MADEIRA RIVER BASIN
9 tributaries
1 km
Wide
(ave
rage
50% Brasil
40% Bolívia
10% Peru
Average
29,000 m3/s
)
Upper Madeira
•
•
•
•
360 km length
39 m difference in level
16 rapids
not navigabel
Santo Antonio
Rapids
10 tributaries
Low Madeira
• Until the mouth
navigabel
25% Amazon Basin
Villela, N P
Development
Main Environmental Characteristics
• Madeira River: high volume of sediments (50% of
suspended solids of the Amazon River)
• The sediments are fine:
– 1 % midle and coarse sand (< 2 mm)
– 14 % fine sand (< 1 mm)
– 85% silte and clay
• 94,3 % of sediments are transported by the stream
• 5,7 % are dragged along the botton
Villela, N P
JIRAU
Embaubal
34,46%
53,48%
6,03% 6,03%
Natural Vegetation
Rocks and Sand Banks
Human Usage
Rivers
Urban Area of Mutum-Paraná
Rock Vegetation
%
29,88
60
2,17
8,95
Santo Antonio
Natural Vegetation
Rocks and Bank Sands
Human Usage
Rivers
Urban Area of Jaci-Paraná
Fish Farming
Villela, N P
Development
NUMBER OF AFFECTED HOUSEHOLDS
PLANT
JIRAU
SANTO
ANTONIO
TOTAL
TOTAL
326
437
URBAN AREAS
LOCAL
TOTAL
Mutum
214
Jaci
87
Teotônio
68
Amazonas
16
RURAL
AREA
112
266
763
Villela, N P
MAIN ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES
• Agriculture and Cattle-Farming
Fishing
• Woodworkers/Sawmills
• Vegetal Extraction
• Mineral Prospecting
•Trade and Services
Farming
Cattle-Raising
Forest
Total Area
Development
THE MAIN ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
Water Quality: decreasing amount of temporally dissolved oxygen and
increasing quantity of water plants in reservoir branches
Flora and Fauna: deforestation, decrease of fauna habitats and flood of part
of protected areas
Fishes: interruption of the migratory routes because of the dams
Population: ressetlement (rural and urban areas)
Health: increase of malaria incidence
Archaeology: flooding of parts of the Madeira-Mamoré Railway
Infrastructure: increase of the public services demand
Indian Communities: pression over protected indian reserves
Villela, N P
Development
THE MAIN MITIGATION AND COMPENSATING MEASURES IMPACTS
Physical biotic environment
• Envrironmental for the Construction
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Phreatic Water Follow Up
Seismological Follow Up
Mining Prospecting and Mineral Rights Follow Up
Hydrobiogeochemical Follow Up
Hydrosedimentological Follow Up
Climatological Follow Up
Paleontological Heritage Preservation
Water Quality Follow Up
Aquatic Plants Follow Up
Deforestation
Deforestation and Fauna Rescue Follow Up
Flora Conservation
Fauna Conservation
Icthyofauna Conservation
Icthyofauna Rescue
Environmental Compensation
Villela, N P
Development
SOCIAL ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT
Social Communication and Environmental Education
• Public Health
• Support of Indian Communities
• Archaeological Heritage
• Population Ressetlement
• Recovering of Affected Infrastructure
• Dowstream Actions
• Support of Activities of Tourism and Leisure
• Plain Activities Follow Up and Support
• Environmental Plan of Conservation and Use of the Border
of the Reservoir
• Social Compensation
•
Villela, N P
Development
THE CONTRIBUTION OF THE MADEIRA COMPLEX TO THE DEVELOPMENT
OF THE REGION
•
Increase of electrical energy supply
•
Regional Electrical Interaction (West of MT-ROAC-AM) and with the Electrical Energy System
•
Improvement of the knowledge of the Amazon
Ecosystem
•
Implemmentation of the Management of Basin
Fishing
•
Dynamization of economic activities
•
Improvement of infrastructure
•
Promotion of new jobs and increase of revenues
•
Better control of tropical diseases
•
Investing funds in protected areas
Villela, N P
ADAPTING TO CLIMATE CHANGE:
CHALLENGES AHEAD
Hardware:
Software:
• Implementing multiple uses
infrastructure ( waterways, irrigation
and hydropower );
• Strengthening of the Region’s existing legal and
institutional tools for management of water
resources;
• Water supply infrastructure;
• Consolidation of mechanisms of regional and subregional cooperation in the Region, for management
of cross-border water resources, to facilitate
interchange of experiences and capacity
development on the base of existing institutions and
networks (ACTO – Amazon Cooperation Treaty
Organization)
• Treatment of domestic effluents;
• Reduce deforestation rates and
• Protection of aquatic biodiversity.
• To strengthen the foundations for water resources
management, with the effective participation of
governments, users, traditional communities and civil
society, a key element for water governance.
GEF AMAZON BASIN PROJECT
• Aims to strengthen the institutional framework for planning
and executing, in a coordinated and coherent manner,
activities for the protection and sustainable management
of water resources in the Amazon Basin in the face of
impacts caused by human action and climate change;
• Endeavors to develop a shared vision for the integrated
and sustainable management of water resources in the
Amazon Basin, taking into consideration climate variability
and change;
• Jointly developed by UNEP, OAS and ACTO, with the
participation of the 8 countries of the basin.
Thank you for your kind attention
benbraga@usp.br

Adaptation Approaches in the Amazon Basin

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