Geophysical Data Sets Over Continental Australia

Geophysical Data Sets Over Continental Australia

Geophysical Data Sets Over Continental Australia
by L. Murray Richardson1, Phillip Wynne2 and Ian Hone3
Geoscience Australia
PO Box 378
Canberra ACT 2601
1
Phone: (02) 6249 9229
Facsimile: (02) 6249 9913
E-mail: Murray.Richardson@ga.gov.au
2
Phone: (02) 6249 9463
Facsimile: (02) 6249 9913
E-mail: Phill.Wynne@ga.gov.au
3
Phone: (02) 6249 9306
Facsimile: (02) 6249 9913
E-mail: Ian.Hone@ga.gov.au
Geophysical Data Sets Over Continental Australia
Introduction
Magnetic, gamma-ray and gravity data sets provide vital information for mineral and
petroleum explorers as well as researchers studying the geology of the Australian continent
and for environmental management issues. Commonwealth, State and Territory governments
have devoted considerable resources to acquiring these data sets and making them available to
encourage exploration. Geoscience Australia’s (GA) geophysical databases contain data
acquired by governments, private industry and universities and this report summarises
coverages over Australia of these data.
On the occasion of the centenary issue of Preview, it is worth reflecting on the advances in the
coverage of publicly available magnetic, gamma-ray and gravity data over Australia since the
first edition of Preview in February 1986. Since then the areas and resolution of coverages
have increased dramatically. Quality of the data through better acquisition and processing
techniques has also improved, and new types of data sets added to the explorers' supplies.
Magnetic data
Figure 1 shows the present state of coverage of magnetic data over Australia at various line
spacings, and Figure 2 the situation in February 1986. The most noticeable difference is the
improvement in coverage of 400/500m line-spaced data. However, even though coverage is
now complete, large areas have only substandard coverage.
The tables below, showing the percent coverages of magnetic data over onshore Australia,
and the distances surveyed onshore and offshore Australia by 2002 and 1986, quantify the
situation.
Table 1: Line spacing of airborne magnetic data over onshore Australia, 2002 and 1986
Coverage (%)
Line spacing (m)
<= 500
501 - 1 600
3 000 - 3 200
>3 200
No coverage
2002
53.4
34.7
12.8
7.6
1986
3.7
48.6
29.6
11.7
6.4
NB: The coverage statistics for 2002 in Table 1 add up to more than 100% as some survey
areas have been reflown at a higher resolution than when data was first acquired in the area.
Table 2: Distances of airborne magnetic data over Australia, 2002 and 1986
Distance (km)
Line spacing (m)
<= 500
501 - 1 600
3 000 - 3 200
>3 200
Total
*
2002
10 888 482
4 170 909
1 182 317
212 909
1986
621 124
2 736 756
861 941
176 838
16 454 617*
4 398 523*
The database holds a small percentage of surveys with undefined line distances, which
have not been included. These surveys are estimated to total 300 000 line km.
Gamma-ray data
Figure 3 shows the present state of coverage of gamma-ray data over Australia at various line
spacings, and Figure 4 the situation in February 1986. As with the magnetics, the most
noticeable difference is the improvement in coverage of 400/500m line-spaced data.
However, the gamma-ray coverage is not complete.
The tables below show the percent coverages of gamma-ray data over onshore Australia, and
the distances surveyed onshore and offshore Australia by 2002 and 1986.
Table 3: Line spacing of airborne gamma-ray data over onshore Australia, 2002 and 1986
Coverage (%)
Line spacing (m)
<= 500
501 - 1 600
3 000 - 3 200
>3 200
No coverage
2002
52.5
24.2
3.8
1.2
18.3
1986
2.8
22.8
9.7
4.5
60.2
Table 4: Distances of airborne gamma-ray data over Australia, 2002 and 1986
Line spacing (m)
<= 500
501 - 1 600
3 000 - 3 200
>3 200
Total
2002
10 456 686
2 464 124
347 421
43 117
Distance (km)
1986
536 018
1 724 051
319 125
43 117
13 311 348*
2 622 311*
Elevation
As a consequence of using GPS for flight path recovery, elevation of the Earth’s surface
above sea-level is now easy to calculate from data collected during airborne geophysical
surveys. Elevation data are now a standard product from airborne geophysical surveys. In
1986, the GA databases held practically no elevation data. In June 2002 the coverage was as
tabulated below, and as shown in Figure 5.
Table 5: Coverage of elevation data from airborne surveys over Australia, 2002
Line spacing (m)
<= 500
501 - 1 600
Coverage (%)
34.9
0.4
Distance (km)
7 094 873
22 970
A 250-m grid of elevations over all of onshore Australia derived from point elevations (spot
heights), gravity survey station elevations and airborne geophysical survey elevation data is
available from GA.
Accumulation of data into airborne geophysical databases
Figure 6 shows the yearly and cumulative acquisitions of airborne geophysical data into GA’s
airborne geophysical databases from 1951 to the present. The rapid accumulation of data,
which occurred over the 1990s due to Commonwealth and State/Territory Government
exploration initiatives, appears to be tapering off.
Gravity
Figure 7 shows the present state of coverage of gravity data over onshore Australia at various
station spacings, and Figure 8 the situation in February 1986. The table below quantifies the
situation.
Table 6: Coverage of gravity data from over Australia, 2002 and 1986
2002
Station spacing
<= 1 km
2 - 3 km
4 - 6 km
7 km
11 km
Total
Coverage (%)
0.9
14.2
25.6
11.0
48.3
Stations
8 688
135 197
244 783
105 331
461 673
1986
Coverage (%)
Stations
0.3
1 436
7.6
44 351
9.7
56 778
10.8
63 076
71.7
419 259
955 672
584 900
Although there is essentially full gravity coverage over onshore Australia, most is at a very
coarse station spacing and much of the data are aliassed. There are no airborne gravity or
gravity gradiometry data in the GA databases.
Figure 9 shows the acquisitions of gravity data into GA’s gravity database from 1947 to the
present. Although accumulation of data accelerated in the 1990s, the increase of gravity data
was not as dramatic as the increase in airborne geophysical data.
Data availability
Data owned by the Commonwealth in the National Airborne Geophysical Databases are
available at cost of transfer from GA. Data owned solely by State and Territory governments
are available from the relevant State or Territory department.
New Commonwealth policy on data pricing and access
Publicly available digital data from Geoscience Australia’s airborne geophysics and gravity
databases are now available under the Commonwealth Government's new spatial data pricing
and access policy. Some data, such as the Gravity database and the gravity and magnetic
grids of Australia, are available for free download from GA’s website (www.ga.gov.au).
Almost all released data are available on CDs at a cost of A$99 per CD (including GST).
Data from most semi-detailed airborne geophysical surveys are provided on one CD per
survey. For surveys larger than 69,000 line kilometres (at say 400 m line spacing) the data
are contained on two or more CDs for each survey (up to a maximum of 7 CDs). Data from
several 1 500-m line spaced surveys fit on a CD. The GA website has a list of available
airborne geophysics data by survey. The grid of the Magnetic Map of Australia (at 15 second
~ 400 metre cell size) is on a single CD. The gravity database and the gravity grid (at 30
second ~ 800 metre cell size) of Australia are on a single CD.
Improvements in quality of data
As well as improvements in the coverage of data since 1986, data quality has markedly
improved from advances in acquisition and processing techniques. Some of these are
described below.
Location of measurement points
In 1986 most airborne geophysical surveys used a combination of aerial photographs with
Doppler navigation systems for aircraft navigation and flight path recovery. In the late 1980s
radio-navigation systems were introduced and in the early 1990s Global Positioning System
(GPS) navigation systems were beginning to provide navigation and flight path recovery
information. Today, GPS navigation systems are the standard for airborne geophysical survey
navigation and flight path recovery. Flight lines are straighter and more precisely located
than in 1986. Positions are to within 5m, compared to typically 70 m from aerial
photographs.
GPS has improved the accuracy of gravity surveys. In 1986 many survey stations were
levelled using barometers and horizontally located using aerial photographs because the
alternative of surveying was too costly and slow. Height data recorded with barometers
typically had errors of 1 m for digital barometers to 10 m or more for aneroid barometers,
resulting in uncertainties of 3 to 30 mms-2. Appropriate GPS height data now gives heights to
better than 5 cm. Locations from aerial photographs could have had uncertainties of 200 m
(equivalent to 1 mms-2).
Magnetometers
Proton precession magnetometers were the standard sensor in 1986. These measured the total
magnetic field to a resolution of 0.1 nT. Magnetic data were recorded at 1 second intervals
with a noise envelope of 1 nT. Currently, caesium and helium vapour magnetometers are the
industry standard. Both types of magnetometer can be sampled at 0.1 second intervals or
closer, with resolutions of 0.001 nT, and noise envelopes of less than 0.01 nT.
Improvements in base station magnetometer instrumentation have followed a similar pattern
to developments with the airborne magnetic sensor. Progress has seen the standard base
station magnetometers change from a proton precession magnetometer in 1986 to high
sensitivity helium base stations in 2002.
Compensation
In 1986 the effects of airborne magnetic survey aircraft were compensated by adjusting the
currents flowing through three mutually orthogonal coils. This procedure was time
consuming at the best of times and often took one - two days before a satisfactory result was
obtained. Typically, manoeuvre noise was less than ±0.5 nT with a heading error of less than
±1 nT. The Automatic Aeromagnetic Digital Compensator (AADC) revolutionised the
magnetic compensation procedure. The whole procedure could be completed in one - two
hours with manoeuvre noise less than ±0.15 nT and a heading error less than ±0.25 nT.
Gamma-ray spectrometer systems and processing
In 1986 the standard crystal volume in the aircraft was typically16.8 l, sometimes with 4.2 l of
upward crystal. Now 33 l is standard, giving a Ö2 improvement in noise levels.
Spectrometer calibration was difficult in 1986. The crystal packs and photomultiplier tubes
(PMT) had to be maintained at a constant temperature to achieve thermal stability. The
spectrometer system required regular calibration to maintain the resolution of the data. Drift
was common, degrading data. Spectrometers are now self-calibrating spectrometers that don't
require temperature stabilisation of crystal packs or PMTs
Whereas 4 channels of data were typically recorded in 1986, a minimum of 256 channels are
now recorded. The increase in the number of recorded channels has enabled improved
background estimation, and noise adjusted singular value decomposition (NASVD) or
minimum noise fraction (MNF) processing to reduce noise. Systems are now regularly
calibrated over calibration ranges so that final results are expressed as apparent ground
concentrations, or dose rate. In 1986 results were usually expressed in counts per second, and
easy comparison of results from different systems was not possible.
Gravity Meters
There are now several meters such as the Scintrex CG-5 and LaCoste and Romberg GravitonEG meters that take readings automatically and store the data for downloading direct to a
computer, decreasing the problems of reading and input errors. One factor often overlooked
for the LaCoste and Romberg G meters is that they can become more stable over time, thus a
meter from the seventies or eighties may give better results because of better drift
characteristics than newer more automated instruments.
Improvements in gravity meters in recent years have made taking gravity observations easier
and less prone to operator error. These improvements mean that less time is spent taking
observations resulting in increased production.
Concluding remarks
Considerable improvements have occurred in geophysical coverages of Australia since 1986,
both in the extent and quality of data. State and Commonwealth initiatives fuelled rapid
increases in magnetic, gamma-ray and elevation data during the 1990s. The completion of
first pass magnetic coverage and the introduction of GPS systems have encouraged the
reduction in line spacing of the airborne coverages. Quality of airborne geophysical data has
improved due to GPS, better magnetometers and compensation systems, multi-channel
gamma-ray data acquisition, and improved processing. Coverage of gravity data has steadily
improved and data quality have improved, largely due to the introduction of GPS.
Presentation of data has also improved with the now routine use of image processing, and the
use of derivatives and other manipulations of data. Maps can now be generated much easier
and faster than in 1986.
Figures 10 and 11 demonstrate some of the improvements in coverage for magnetic data from
1986 to now. Figure 10 shows the Magnetic Map of Australia which was available in 1986 as
a contour map generated by BMR in 1976. Figure 11 shows the 1999 edition of the Magnetic
Map of Australia (Milligan et al) which is available as a pixel image map. Not only has the
area of data coverage increased markedly, but also the quality of presentation of the map has
improved, making it far more interpretable. Due to improvements in processing and
visualisation techniques GA released three editions of the Magnetic Anomaly Map of
Australia dur ring the 1990s whereas prior to 1990 only one edition of this map had been
published.
Despite the recent improvements, large areas of Australia have poor quality of coverage.
About 45% of onshore Australia has airborne magnetic coverage with line spacings of
1 500 m or more, and 18% has no coverage of gamma-ray data. Almost half of onshore
Australia has gravity data at 11 km station spacings; only 15% has coverage at 3km or closer
station spacings.
Acknowledgements
Thanks to Brian Minty, Mario Bacchin and Barry Drummond for reviewing initial drafts of
the text. The authors publish with the permission of the CEO, Geoscience Australia.
References
BMR, 1976, Magnetic map of Australia, residuals of total magnetic intensity, scale
1:2 500 000. Bureau of Mineral Resources, Australia.
Milligan, P.R. and Tarlowski, C., 1999, Magnetic Anomaly Map of Australia (Third Ed.),
scale 1:5 000 000. Australian Geological Survey Organisation.
54
138°
53
132°
52
126°
51
120°
50
150°
55
144°
8°
8°
BOIGU
DARU
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STRAIT
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12°
BATHURST
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LEONORA
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RIVER
MOUNT
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RIVER
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MOUNT
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MOUNT
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MOUNT
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BAY
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CREEK
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HILLS
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BAY
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SCOTT
CAMBRIDGE
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MOUNT
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DRYSDALE
MOUNT
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BAY
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BAR
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DAMPIER
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RIVER
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SOUND
BROOME
BAR ROW
ISLAND
TRUANT
ISLAND
BROWSE
ISLAND
PENDER
20°
WESSEL
ISLANDS
MEDUSA
BANKS
16°
MANDORA
JUNCTION
BAY
MONTAGUE
SOUND
D
BEDOUT
ISLAND
COBOURG
PENINSULA
NE TAS
usually 1500 m - 1600 m
40°
Line Spacing - Appropriate standard data
<= 400 m - 500 m
K
49
114°
50
SW TAS
120°
51
126°
52
132°
53
138°
54
144°
K
SE TAS
55
150°
Figure 1: April 2002 - Airborne Magnetic Coverage of Australia - Line Spacing. Map Scale 1:25 000 000
56
155°
Murray Richardson
April 30 2002
54
138°
53
132°
52
126°
51
120°
50
150°
55
144°
8°
8°
BOIGU
DARU
MAER
TORR ES
STRAIT
C
BATHURST
ISLAND
MELVILLE
ISLAND
FOG BAY
DARWIN
LONDONDERRY
12°
YARRALOOLA
ONSLOW
F
MINILYA
24°
WOORAMEL
EDEL
YARINGA
AJANA
28°
H
GLENBURGH
BELELE
BYR O
GLENGARRY
CHARNLEY
LISSADELL
DALY
WATERS
TANUMBIRINI
BAUHINIA
DOWNS
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RANGE
LIMBUNYA
WAVE HILL
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WALLHALLOW
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HILLS
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GORDON
DOWNS
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BILLILUNA
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HOUTMA GE N
TO
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PEMBERTON
IRWIN
INLET
HYDEN
CORRIGIN
BREMER
BAY
MOUNT
BARKER
DUMMER
HERBERT
BROWNE
ROBERT
KURNALPI
BOORABBIN
LAKE
JOHNSTON
ESPERANCE
MONDRAIN
ISLAN D
COBB
SCOTT
BONNEY
WELL
FREW
RIVER
AVON
DOWNS
MOUNT
PEAKE
BARROW
CREEK
ELKEDRA
SANDOVER
RIVER
URANDANGI
TOBERMORY
GLENORMISTON
ALCOOTA
HUCKITTA
HENBURY
RODINGA
HALE
RIVER
PETERMANN
RANGES
AYERS
ROCK
KULGERA
FINKE
McDILLS
ALBERGA
CORDILLO
INNAMINCKA
TALLARINGA
COOBER
PEDY
BARTON
COOK
OOLDEA
COOMPANA
NULFOWLER
LARBOR
NUYTS
BURNABBIE
BILLA
KALINA
BETOOTA
40°
MUTTABURRA
WINTON
CANTERBURY
BARROLKA
BUCHANAN
JUNDAH
BLACKAL L
WINDORAH
ADAVALE
EROMANGA
QUILPIE
THAR GOMINDAH
TOOMPINE
WYANDRA
BULLOO
EULO
CUNNAMULLA
YANTABULLA
ENNGONIA
FROME
GAIRDNER
TORRENS
PARACHILNA
CURNAMONA
STREAKY
BAY
YARDEA
PORT
AUGUSTA
ORROROO
OLARY
ELLISTON
KIMBA
BURRA
CHOWILLA
WHYALLA
MALCOLM
BROKEN
HILL
MENINDEE
LOU TH
MANARA
IVANHOE
ANA
BRANC H
POONCARIE
BOOLIGAL
BALRANALD
MAITLAND
ADELAIDE
RENMARK
MILDURA
KINGSCOTE
BARKER
PINNAROO
OUYEN
NARACOORTE
HORSHAM
ALBANY
WHITE
CLIFFS
HAMILTON
PORTLAND
SWAN
HILL
HAY
DENILIQUIN
COBAR
NYMAGEE
JERILDERIE
BALLA- MELWARRAT
BOUR NE BUR
TON
QUEENS- WAR
RACLIFF
GUL
> 3200 m
NARRABRI
GILGANDRA
NYNGAN
NARROMIN E
NARRANCOOTADERA
MUNDRA
WAGGA
WAGGA
TALLANGAT TA
BAIRNSDALE
CHINCHILLA
DALBY
GOONDIWINDI
DUBBO
BATHURST
GOULBURN
CANBERRA
INVERELL
HERON
ISLAND
BUNDABERG
MONTO
ROMA
MOREE
F
PORT
CLINTON
ROCKHAMPTO
N
MUNDU BBERA
ST
GEORGE
ANGLEDOOL
PERCY
ISLES
TAROOM
SURAT
DIRRANBANDI
CARGELFORBES
LIGO
ST.
ARNAUD BENDIGO WANGARATTA
COLAC
HOMEBOIN
BOURKE WAL
GET T
WILC ANNIA
BARNATO
DUARINGA
SPRINGSURE
BARALAB
A
CHARLEVILLE
MIT CHELL
URISINO
CHILDARA
ST. LAWRENCE
EDDY
STONE
20°
MACKAY
EMERALD
TAMBO
MILPARINKA
PROSERPINE
CLERMON T
AUGATHELLA
CALLABONNA
COBHAM
LAKE
BOWEN
MOUNT
COOLON
JERICHO
MARREE
COPLEY
E
AYR
GALILEE
LONGREACH
CURDIMURKA
Line Spacing - Sub standard data
J
INGHAM
TICKALARA
ANDAMOOKA
16°
TOWNSVILLE
STRZELECKI
PENOLA
36°
EINASLEIGH
CLARKE
RIVER
KOPPERAMANNA
KINGOONYA
CAPE
ARID
CAIRNS
INNISFAIL
LAKE
EYRE
TARCOOLA
LINCOLN
MOSSMAN
ATHERTON
MANUKA TANG
ORIN
CON NEMARA
DURHAM
DOWNS
D
RICHMOND HUGHEN- CHA
RTERS
DEN
TOWERS
BRIGHTON
MANEROO
DOWNS
MACHATTIE
GASON
MAURICE
EUCLA
SIMPSON
DESERT
BEDOURIE
NORTH
NOOLYEANA
WYOLA
FORREST
SPRINGVALE
CAPE
MELVILLE
COOKTOWN
GILBERTON
MACKUNDA
BOULIA
12°
GEORGETOWN
DUCHESS McKINLAY
OODNADATTA
MASON
MADURA
JULIA
CREEK
ABMINGA
JUBILEE
RED
RIVER
CLONCURRY
EVERARD WINTINNA
VERNON
WALSH
MOUNT
ISA
PANDIE
PANDIE
GILES
GALBRAITH
NORMANTON
MILLUNGERA
POOLAWANNA
WELLS
HANN
RIVER
CROYDON
DALHOUSIE
NOORINA
EBAGOOLA
DOBBYN
C
COEN
HOLROYD
CAMOOWEAL
BIRDSVILLE
WANNA
WEIPA
CAPE
WEYMOUTH
DONORS
HILL
SIMPSON
DESERT
SOUTH
MURLOOWARRINA
COPPIE
LOONGANA
BURKETOWN
LAWN HILL
ALICE
ILLOGWA
MOUNT
SPRINGS CREEK HAY RIVER WHELAN
LAKE
AMADEUS
LINDSAY
CULVER
LANDER
RIVER
HERMANNS
BURG
BIRKSGATE
BALLADONIA
RANKEN
MOUNT
LIEBIG
MANN
NARETHA
ALROY
MOUNT
RENNIE
WAIGEN
SEEMORE
TENNANT
CREEK
NAPPERBY
BLOODS
RANGE
WESTMORELAND
MOUNT
DRUMMOND
MOUNT
DOREEN
COOPER
ZANTHUS
GREEN
SWAMP
WELL
ORFORD
BAY
RUTLAND
PLAINS
CAPE
VAN
DIEMEN
BRUNETTE
DOWNS
LAKE
MACKAY
LENNIS
PLUMRIDGE
HELEN
SPRINGS
MOUNT
THEO
TALBOT
NEALE
SOUTH
LAKE
WOODS
HIGHLAND
ROCKS
WESTWOOD
CUNDEELEE
NORSEMAN
MOUNT
THE
GRANITES SOLITAIRE
MACDONNALD
BENTLEY
TANAMI
EAST
YOWALGA
MINIGWAL
WIDGIEMOOLTHA
TANAMI
WEBB
RAWLINSON
LARRIMAH HODGSON
DOWNS
WINNECKE
CREEK
WOODROFF
RASON
EDJUDINA
RYAN
WARR I
MADLEY
BIRRINDUDU
STANSMORE
WILSON
MORRIS
RUNTON
LUCAS
HELENA
URAL
TABLETOP
LAVERTON
CORNISH
PERCIVAL
THROSDUKETON SELL
RAVENSNEWDETHORPE
GATE
DUMBLEYUNG
CROSSLAND
SAHARA
KINGSTON
KALGOORLIE
SOUTHERN
CROSS
NOONKANBAH
JOANNA
SPRING
STAN LEY
MENZIES
JACKSON
KELLER BER RIN
PINJARRA
32°
BARLEE
LENNARD
RIVER
DERBY
TRAINOR
SIR
SAMUEL
URAPUNGA
VICTORIA
RIVER
DOWNS
GUNANYA
SANDSTONE
KATHERINE
WATERLOO
RUDALL
WILUNA
PELLEW
FERGUSSON
RIVER
MT
ELIZABETH
PATTERSON
RANGE
NABBERU
MOUNT
YOUNG
PORT
KEATS
JARDINE
RIVER
AURUKUN
DELAMERE
MUNRO
BULLEN
MOUNT
COLLIER
EGGERTON
ROBINPEAK
SON
HILL
RANGE
MOUNT
KEN NEDY
PHILLIPS
RAN GE
SHARK
BAY
NEWMAN
CAPE
BEATRICE
MOUNT
MARUMBA
AUVERGNE
McLARTY
HILLS
ROBERTSON
ROPER
RIVER
MOUNT
EVELYN
CAMBRIDGE
GULF
LAGRANGE
BALFOUR
DOWNS
ROY HILL
TUR EE
CREEK
EDMUND
WINNING
POOL
QUOBBA
G
MOUNT
BRUCE
PORT
LANGDON
PINE
CREEK
DRYSDALE
MOUNT
ANDERSON
NULLAGINE
BLUE
MUD
BAY
CAPE
SCOTT
ASHTON
ANKETELL
YARRIE
MARBLE
BAR
PYRAMID
WYLOO
YANREY
NINGALOO
POR T
HED LAND
ROEBOURNE
GOVE
PRINCE
REGEN T
E
DAMPIER
ARNHEM
BAY
CAMDEN
SOUND
BROOME
BARROW
ISLAND
MILINGIMBI
BROWSE
ISLAN D
16°
20°
TRUANT
ISLAND
MEDUSA
BANKS
PENDER
MANDORA
WESSEL
ISLANDS
JUNCTION
BAY
MONTAGUE
SOUND
D
BEDOUT
ISLAND
COBOURG
PENINSULA
ALIGATOR
RIVER
SINGLETON
WARWICK
GRAFTON
NW TAS
NEWCASTLE
114°
50
SW TAS
120°
51
28°
MACLEA
N
COFF S
HARBOUR
H
32°
WOLLONGONG
I
ULLADULLA
BEGA
36°
MALLACOOTA
SALE
J
NE TAS
40°
<= 400 m - 500 m
49
TWEED
HEADS
SYDNEY
usually 1500 m - 1600 m
Line Spacing - Appropriate standard data
K
BRISBANE
HASTINGS
DEAL
ISLAND
3000 m - 3200 m
24°
G
GYMPIE
IPSWICH
MANILLA
DORRIGO
TAMWORTH
SANDY
CAPE
MARYBOROUG WI
DE BAY
H
126°
52
132°
53
138°
54
144°
K
SE TAS
55
150°
Figure 2: January 1986 - Airborne Magnetic Coverage of Australia - Line Spacing. Map Scale 1:25 000 000
56
155°
Murray Richardson
April 30 2002
54
138°
53
132°
52
126°
51
120°
50
150°
55
144°
8°
8°
BOIGU
DARU
MAER
TORR ES
STRAIT
C
BATHURST
ISLAND
MELVILLE
ISLAND
FOG BAY
DARWIN
LONDONDERRY
12°
YARRALOOLA
ONSLOW
F
MINILYA
24°
WOORAMEL
EDEL
YARINGA
AJANA
28°
H
GLENBURGH
BELELE
BYR O
GLENGARRY
CHARNLEY
LISSADELL
DALY
WATERS
TANUMBIRINI
BAUHINIA
DOWNS
ROBINSON
RIVER
LANSDOWN
DIXON
RANGE
LIMBUNYA
WAVE HILL
NEWCASTLE
WATERS
BEETALOO
WALLHALLOW
CALVERT
HILLS
MOUNT
RAMSAY
GORDON
DOWNS
MOUNT
BANNERMAN
BILLILUNA
YAMPI
CUE
MURGOO
YOUANMI
LEONORA
KIRKALOCKA
N
RALD- YALGOO
HOUTMA GE N
TO
ABROLS
HO
PEREN- NINGH AN
DONGJORI
ARA
BENBIN
MOORA CUB
HILL
RIVER
PERTH
BUSSEL
TON
AUGUSTA
I
COLLIE
PEMBERTON
IRWIN
INLET
CORRIGIN
HYDEN
BREMER
BAY
MOUNT
BARKER
DUMMER
HERBERT
BROWNE
ROBERT
KURNALPI
BOORABBIN
LAKE
JOHNSTON
ESPERANCE
MONDRAIN
ISLAN D
COBB
SCOTT
BONNEY
WELL
FREW
RIVER
AVON
DOWNS
MOUNT
PEAKE
BARROW
CREEK
ELKEDRA
SANDOVER
RIVER
URANDANGI
TOBERMORY
GLENORMISTON
ALCOOTA
HUCKITTA
HENBURY
RODINGA
HALE
RIVER
PETERMANN
RANGES
AYERS
ROCK
KULGERA
FINKE
McDILLS
ALBERGA
CORDILLO
INNAMINCKA
TALLARINGA
COOBER
PEDY
BARTON
COOK
OOLDEA
COOMPANA
NULFOWLER
LARBOR
NUYTS
BURNABBIE
BILLA
KALINA
BETOOTA
40°
MUTTABURRA
WINTON
CANTERBURY
BARROLKA
BUCHANAN
JUNDAH
BLACKAL L
WINDORAH
ADAVALE
EROMANGA
QUILPIE
THAR GOMINDAH
TOOMPINE
WYANDRA
BULLOO
EULO
CUNNAMULLA
YANTABULLA
ENNGONIA
FROME
GAIRDNER
TORRENS
PARACHILNA
CURNAMONA
STREAKY
BAY
YARDEA
PORT
AUGUSTA
ORROROO
OLARY
ELLISTON
KIMBA
BURRA
CHOWILLA
WHYALLA
MALCOLM
BROKEN
HILL
MENINDEE
LOU TH
MANARA
IVANHOE
ANA
BRANC H
POONCARIE
BOOLIGAL
BALRANALD
MAITLAND
ADELAIDE
RENMARK
MILDURA
KINGSCOTE
BARKER
PINNAROO
OUYEN
NARACOORTE
HORSHAM
ALBANY
WHITE
CLIFFS
HAMILTON
PORTLAND
SWAN
HILL
HAY
DENILIQUIN
COBAR
NYMAGEE
JERILDERIE
BALLA- MELWARRAT
BOUR NE BUR
TON
QUEENS- WAR
RACLIFF
GUL
> 3200 m
NARRABRI
GILGANDRA
NYNGAN
NARROMIN E
NARRANCOOTADERA
MUNDRA
WAGGA
WAGGA
TALLANGAT TA
BAIRNSDALE
CHINCHILLA
DALBY
GOONDIWINDI
DUBBO
BATHURST
GOULBURN
CANBERRA
INVERELL
HERON
ISLAND
BUNDABERG
MONTO
ROMA
MOREE
F
PORT
CLINTON
ROCKHAMPTO
N
MUNDU BBERA
ST
GEORGE
ANGLEDOOL
PERCY
ISLES
TAROOM
SURAT
DIRRANBANDI
CARGELFORBES
LIGO
ST.
ARNAUD BENDIGO WANGARATTA
COLAC
HOMEBOIN
BOURKE WAL
GET T
WILC ANBARNATO
NIA
DUARINGA
SPRINGSURE
BARALAB
A
CHARLEVILLE
MIT CHELL
URISINO
CHILDARA
ST. LAWRENCE
EDDY
STONE
20°
MACKAY
EMERALD
TAMBO
MILPARINKA
PROSERPINE
CLERMON T
AUGATHELLA
CALLABONNA
COBHAM
LAKE
BOWEN
MOUNT
COOLON
JERICHO
MARREE
COPLEY
E
AYR
GALILEE
LONGREACH
CURDIMURKA
Line Spacing - Sub standard data
J
INGHAM
TICKALARA
ANDAMOOKA
16°
TOWNSVILLE
STRZELECKI
PENOLA
36°
EINASLEIGH
CLARKE
RIVER
KOPPERAMANNA
KINGOONYA
CAPE
ARID
CAIRNS
INNISFAIL
LAKE
EYRE
TARCOOLA
LINCOLN
MOSSMAN
ATHERTON
MANUKA TANG
ORIN
CON NEMARA
DURHAM
DOWNS
D
RICHMOND HUGHEN- CHA
RTERS
DEN
TOWERS
BRIGHTON
MANEROO
DOWNS
MACHATTIE
GASON
MAURICE
EUCLA
SIMPSON
DESERT
BEDOURIE
NORTH
NOOLYEANA
WYOLA
FORREST
SPRINGVALE
CAPE
MELVILLE
COOKTOWN
GILBERTON
MACKUNDA
BOULIA
12°
GEORGETOWN
DUCHESS McKINLAY
OODNADATTA
MASON
MADURA
JULIA
CREEK
ABMINGA
JUBILEE
RED
RIVER
CLONCURRY
EVERARD WINTINNA
VERNON
WALSH
MOUNT
ISA
PANDIE
PANDIE
GILES
GALBRAITH
NORMANTON
MILLUNGERA
POOLAWANNA
WELLS
HANN
RIVER
CROYDON
DALHOUSIE
NOORINA
EBAGOOLA
DOBBYN
C
COEN
HOLROYD
CAMOOWEAL
BIRDSVILLE
WANNA
WEIPA
CAPE
WEYMOUTH
DONORS
HILL
SIMPSON
DESERT
SOUTH
MURLOOWARRINA
COPPIE
LOONGANA
BURKETOWN
LAWN HILL
ALICE
ILLOGWA
MOUNT
SPRINGS CREEK HAY RIVER WHELAN
LAKE
AMADEUS
LINDSAY
CULVER
LANDER
RIVER
HERMANNS
BURG
BIRKSGATE
BALLADONIA
RANKEN
MOUNT
LIEBIG
MANN
NARETHA
ALROY
MOUNT
RENNIE
WAIGEN
SEEMORE
TENNANT
CREEK
NAPPERBY
BLOODS
RANGE
WESTMORELAND
MOUNT
DRUMMOND
MOUNT
DOREEN
COOPER
ZANTHUS
GREEN
SWAMP
WELL
ORFORD
BAY
RUTLAND
PLAINS
CAPE
VAN
DIEMEN
BRUNETTE
DOWNS
LAKE
MACKAY
LENNIS
PLUMRIDGE
HELEN
SPRINGS
MOUNT
THEO
TALBOT
NEALE
SOUTH
LAKE
WOODS
HIGHLAND
ROCKS
WESTWOOD
CUNDEELEE
NORSEMAN
MOUNT
THE
GRANITES SOLITAIRE
MACDONNALD
BENTLEY
TANAMI
EAST
YOWALGA
MINIGWAL
WIDGIEMOOLTHA
TANAMI
WEBB
RAWLINSON
LARRIMAH HODGSON
DOWNS
WINNECKE
CREEK
WOODROFF
RASON
EDJUDINA
RYAN
WARR I
MADLEY
BIRRINDUDU
STANSMORE
WILSON
MORRIS
RUNTON
LUCAS
HELENA
URAL
TABLETOP
LAVERTON
CORNISH
PERCIVAL
THROSDUKETON SELL
RAVENSNEWDETHORPE
GATE
DUMBLEYUNG
CROSSLAND
SAHARA
KINGSTON
KALGOORLIE
SOUTHERN
CROSS
NOONKANBAH
JOANNA
SPRING
STAN LEY
MENZIES
JACKSON
KELLER BER RIN
PINJARRA
32°
BARLEE
LENNARD
RIVER
DERBY
TRAINOR
SIR
SAMUEL
URAPUNGA
VICTORIA
RIVER
DOWNS
GUNANYA
SANDSTONE
KATHERINE
WATERLOO
RUDALL
WILUNA
PELLEW
FERGUSSON
RIVER
MT
ELIZABETH
PATTERSON
RANGE
NABBERU
MOUNT
YOUNG
PORT
KEATS
JARDINE
RIVER
AURUKUN
DELAMERE
MUNRO
BULLEN
MOUNT
COLLIER
EGGERTON
ROBINPEAK
SON
HILL
RANGE
MOUNT
KEN NEDY
PHILLIPS
RAN GE
SHARK
BAY
NEWMAN
CAPE
BEATRICE
MOUNT
MARUMBA
AUVERGNE
McLARTY
HILLS
ROBERTSON
ROPER
RIVER
MOUNT
EVELYN
CAMBRIDGE
GULF
LAGRANGE
BALFOUR
DOWNS
ROY HILL
TUR EE
CREEK
EDMUND
WINNING
POOL
QUOBBA
G
MOUNT
BRUCE
PORT
LANGDON
PINE
CREEK
DRYSDALE
MOUNT
ANDERSON
NULLAGINE
BLUE
MUD
BAY
CAPE
SCOTT
ASHTON
ANKETELL
YARRIE
MARBLE
BAR
PYRAMID
WYLOO
YANREY
NINGALOO
POR T
HED LAND
ROEBOURNE
GOVE
PRINCE
REGEN T
E
DAMPIER
ARNHEM
BAY
CAMDEN
SOUND
BROOME
BARROW
ISLAND
MILINGIMBI
BROWSE
ISLAN D
16°
20°
TRUANT
ISLAND
MEDUSA
BANKS
PENDER
MANDORA
WESSEL
ISLANDS
JUNCTION
BAY
MONTAGUE
SOUND
D
BEDOUT
ISLAND
COBOURG
PENINSULA
ALIGATOR
RIVER
SINGLETON
WARWICK
GRAFTON
NW TAS
NEWCASTLE
114°
50
SW TAS
120°
51
28°
MACLEA
N
COFF S
HARBOUR
H
32°
WOLLONGONG
I
ULLADULLA
BEGA
36°
MALLACOOTA
SALE
J
NE TAS
40°
<= 400 m - 500 m
49
TWEED
HEADS
SYDNEY
usually 1500 m - 1600 m
Line Spacing - Appropriate standard data
K
BRISBANE
HASTINGS
DEAL
ISLAND
3000 m - 3200 m
24°
G
GYMPIE
IPSWICH
MANILLA
DORRIGO
TAMWORTH
SANDY
CAPE
MARYBOROUG WI
H
DE BAY
126°
52
132°
53
138°
54
144°
K
SE TAS
55
150°
Figure 3: April 2002 - Airborne Gamma-ray Coverage of Australia - Line Spacing. Map Scale 1:25 000 000
56
155°
Murray Richardson
April 30 2002
54
138°
53
132°
52
126°
51
120°
50
150°
55
144°
8°
8°
BOIGU
DARU
MAER
TORR ES
STRAIT
C
BATHURST
ISLAND
MELVILLE
ISLAND
FOG BAY
DARWIN
LONDONDERRY
12°
BROWSE
ISLAND
D
LAGRANGE
MUNRO
McLARTY
HILLS
E
MANDORA
BEDOUT
ISLAND
20°
BARROW
ISLAND
ONSLOW
F
MINILYA
24°
MOUNT
BRUCE
EDMUND
WOORAMEL
EDEL
YARINGA
GLENBURGH
CUE
H
NABBERU
GLENGARRY
WILUNA
SANDSTONE
SIR
SAMUEL
AJANA
YOUKIRKAANMI
LOCKA
N
RALD- YALGOO
HOUTMA GE N
TO
LABRO
S
BARLEE
HO
PEREN- NINGH AN
DONGJORI
ARA
BEN JACKSON
BIN
MOORA CUB
HILL
RIVER
SOUTHERN
KELLER CROSS
BER RIN
PERTH
PINJARRA
32°
BUSSEL
TON
AUGUSTA
I
COLLIE
PEMBERTON
IRWIN
INLET
MENZIES
KALGOORLIE
HYDEN
CORRIGIN
CHARNLEY
TANUMBIRINI
BAUHINIA
DOWNS
ROBINSON
RIVER
LANSDOWN
DIXON
RANGE
LIMBUNYA
WAVE HILL
NEWCASTLE
WATERS
BEETALOO
WALLHALLOW
CALVERT
HILLS
MOUNT
RAMSAY
GORDON
DOWNS
MOUNT
BANNERMAN
BILLILUNA
BREMER
BAY
MOUNT
BARKER
NOONKANBAH
CROSSLAND
DUMMER
BOORABBIN
LAKE
JOHNSTON
ESPERANCE
MONDRAIN
ISLAN D
LUCAS
HELENA
URAL
RYAN
COBB
SCOTT
TANAMI
EAST
MOUNT
THE
GRANITES SOLITAIRE
BONNEY
WELL
FREW
RIVER
AVON
DOWNS
MOUNT
PEAKE
BARROW
CREEK
ELKEDRA
SANDOVER
RIVER
URANDANGI
TOBERMORY
GLENORMISTON
ALCOOTA
HUCKITTA
HENBURY
RODINGA
HALE
RIVER
PETERMANN
RANGES
AYERS
ROCK
KULGERA
FINKE
McDILLS
ALBERGA
MANN
BIRKSGATE
LINDSAY
BETOOTA
CANTERBURY
CORDILLO
INNAMINCKA
TALLARINGA
COOBER
PEDY
BARTON
COOK
OOLDEA
COOMPANA
NULFOWLER
LARBOR
NUYTS
BURNABBIE
CONNEMARA
BILLA
KALINA
BUCHANAN
MUTTABURRA
JUNDAH
BLACKAL L
WIND ORAH
ADAVALE
EROMANGA
QUILPIE
THAR GOMINDAH
TOOMPINE
WYANDRA
BULLOO
EULO
CUNNAMULLA
YANTABULLA
ENNGONIA
FROME
GAIRDNER
TORRENS
PARACHILNA
CURNAMONA
STREAKY
BAY
YARDEA
PORT
AUGUSTA
ORROROO
OLARY
ELLISTON
KIMBA
BURRA
CHOWILLA
WHYALLA
MALCOLM
BROKEN
HILL
MENINDEE
LOU TH
MANARA
IVANHOE
ANA
BRANCH
POONCARIE
BOOLIGAL
BALRANALD
MAITLAND
ADELAIDE
RENMARK
MILDURA
KINGSCOTE
BARKER
PINNAROO
OUYEN
NARACOORTE
HORSHAM
ALBANY
WHITE
CLIFFS
HAMILTON
PORTLAND
SWAN
HILL
HAY
DENILIQUIN
COBAR
NYMAGEE
JERILDERIE
BALLA- MELWARRAT
BOURNE BUR
TON
QUEENS- WAR
RACLIFF
GUL
> 3200 m
NARRABRI
NARROMINE
WAGGA
WAGGA
TALLANGAT TA
BAIRNSDALE
DALBY
GOONDIWINDI
TAMWORTH
SINGLETON
DUBBO
BATHURST
GOULBURN
CANBERRA
INVERELL
NW TAS
WARWICK
GRAFTON
BRISBANE
TWEED
HEADS
28°
MACLEA
N
COFF S
HARBOUR
H
HASTINGS
NEWCASTLE
32°
SYDNEY
WOLLONGONG
I
ULLADULLA
BEGA
36°
MALLACOOTA
SALE
J
NE TAS
usually 1500 m - 1600 m
40°
24°
G
GYMPIE
IPSWICH
DEAL
ISLAND
3000 m - 3200 m
SANDY
CAPE
MARYBOROUG WI
H
DE BAY
MANILLA
DORRIGO
GILGANDRA
NYNGAN
NARRANCOOTADERA
MUNDRA
CHINCHILLA
HERON
ISLAND
BUNDABERG
MONTO
ROMA
MOREE
F
PORT
CLINTON
ROCKHAMPTO
N
MUNDU BBERA
ST
GEORGE
ANGLEDOOL
PERCY
ISLES
TAROOM
SURAT
DIRRANBANDI
CARGELFORBES
LIGO
ST.
ARNAUD BENDIGO WANGARATTA
COLAC
HOMEBOIN
BOURKE WAL
GET T
WILC ANBARNATO
NIA
DUARINGA
SPRINGSURE
BARALAB
A
CHARLEVILLE
MIT CHELL
URISINO
CHILDARA
ST. LAWRENCE
EDDY
STONE
20°
MACKAY
EMERALD
TAMBO
MILPARINKA
PROSERPINE
CLERMONT
AUGATHELLA
CALLABONNA
COBHAM
LAKE
BOWEN
MOUNT
COOLON
JERICHO
MARREE
COPLEY
E
AYR
GALILEE
LONGREACH
CURDIMURKA
Line Spacing - Sub standard data
J
INGHAM
TICKALARA
ANDAMOOKA
16°
TOWNSVILLE
STRZELECKI
PENOLA
36°
EINASLEIGH
CLARKE
RIVER
KOPPERAMANNA
KINGOONYA
CAPE
ARID
CAIRNS
INNISFAIL
LAKE
EYRE
TARCOOLA
LINCOLN
MOSSMAN
ATHERTON
MANUKA TANG
ORIN
WINT ON
BARROLKA
DURHAM
DOWNS
D
RICHMOND HUGHEN- CHA
RTERS
DEN
TOWERS
BRIGHTON
MANEROO
DOWNS
MACHATTIE
GASON
MAURICE
EUCLA
SIMPSON
DESERT
BEDOURIE
NORTH
NOOLYEANA
WYOLA
FORREST
SPRINGVALE
CAPE
MELVILLE
COOKTOWN
GILBERTON
MACKUNDA
BOULIA
12°
GEORGETOWN
DUCHESS McKINLAY
OODNADATTA
MASON
MADURA
JULIA
CREEK
ABMINGA
JUBILEE
RED
RIVER
CLONCURRY
EVERARD WINTINNA
VERNON
WALSH
MOUNT
ISA
PANDIE
PANDIE
GILES
GALBRAITH
NORMANTON
MILLUNGERA
POOLAWANNA
WELLS
HANN
RIVER
CROYDON
DALHOUSIE
NOORINA
EBAGOOLA
DOBBYN
C
COEN
HOLROYD
CAMOOWEAL
BIRDSVILLE
WANNA
WEIPA
CAPE
WEYMOUTH
DONORS
HILL
SIMPSON
DESERT
SOUTH
MURLOOWARRINA
COPPIE
LOONGANA
BURKETOWN
LAWN HILL
ALICE
ILLOGWA
MOUNT
SPRINGS CREEK HAY RIVER WHELAN
LAKE
AMADEUS
WAIGEN
CULVER
LANDER
RIVER
HERMANNS
BURG
COOPER
BALLADONIA
RANKEN
MOUNT
LIEBIG
LENNIS
NARETHA
ALROY
MOUNT
RENNIE
TALBOT
SEEMORE
TENNANT
CREEK
NAPPERBY
BLOODS
RANGE
WESTMORELAND
MOUNT
DRUMMOND
MOUNT
DOREEN
WESTWOOD
ZANTHUS
GREEN
SWAMP
WELL
ORFORD
BAY
RUTLAND
PLAINS
CAPE
VAN
DIEMEN
BRUNETTE
DOWNS
LAKE
MACKAY
YOWALGA
PLUMRIDGE
HELEN
SPRINGS
MOUNT
THEO
WOODROFF
NEALE
SOUTH
LAKE
WOODS
HIGHLAND
ROCKS
MACDONNALD
BENTLEY
LARRIMAH HODGSON
DOWNS
WINNECKE
CREEK
TANAMI
WEBB
RAWLINSON
WARR I
BROWNE
BIRRINDUDU
STANSMORE
WILSON
MORRIS
CUND EELEE
NORSEMAN
CORNISH
PERCIVAL
MINIGWAL
WIDGIEMOOLTHA
RAVENSNEWDETHORPE
GATE
DUMBLEYUNG
KURNALPI
URAPUNGA
DALY
WATERS
RASON
EDJUDINA
KATHERINE
VICTORIA
RIVER
DOWNS
ROBERT
LAVERTON
PELLEW
FERGUSSON
RIVER
WATERLOO
THROSDUKETON SELL
LEONORA
MOUNT
YOUNG
PORT
KEATS
JARDINE
RIVER
AURUKUN
LISSADELL
HERBERT
KINGSTON
CAPE
BEATRICE
MOUNT
MARUMBA
MT
ELIZABETH
MADLEY
STAN LEY
ROPER
RIVER
MOUNT
EVELYN
DELAMERE
RUNTON
TRAINOR
BULLEN
PORT
LANGDON
PINE
CREEK
AUVERGNE
TABLETOP
GUNANYA
BLUE
MUD
BAY
CAPE
SCOTT
CAMBRIDGE
GULF
SAHARA
RUDALL
ROBERTSON
NEWMAN
BELELE
BYR O
MURGOO
28°
BALFOUR
DOWNS
MOUNT
COLLIER
EGGERTON
ROBINPEAK
SON
HILL
RANGE
MOUNT
KEN NEDY
PHILLIPS
RAN GE
SHARK
BAY
NULLAGINE
ROY HILL
TUREE
CREEK
PATTERSON
RANGE
GOVE
DRYSDALE
JOANNA
SPRING
ANKETELL
YARRIE
MARBLE
BAR
PYRAMID
WYLOO
WINNING
POOL
QUOBBA
G
YARRALOOLA
YANREY
NINGALOO
PORT
HEDLAND
ROEBOURNE
DAMPIER
ARNHEM
BAY
ASHTON
LENNARD
RIVER
MOUNT
ANDERSON
MILINGIMBI
PRINCE
REGEN T
DERBY
BROOME
TRUANT
ISLAND
MEDUSA
BANKS
YAMPI
16°
WESSEL
ISLANDS
JUNCTION
BAY
MONTAGUE
SOUND
CAMDEN
SOUND
PENDER
COBOURG
PENINSULA
ALIGATOR
RIVER
40°
Line Spacing - Appropriate standard data
<= 400 m - 500 m
K
49
114°
50
SW TAS
120°
51
126°
52
132°
53
138°
54
144°
K
SE TAS
55
150°
Figure 4: January 1986 - Airborne Gamma-ray Coverage of Australia - Line Spacing. Map Scale 1:25 000 000
56
155°
Murray Richardson
April 30 2002
54
138°
53
132°
52
126°
51
120°
50
150°
55
144°
8°
8°
BOIGU
DARU
MAER
TORR ES
STRAIT
C
BATHURST
ISLAND
MELVILLE
ISLAND
FOG BAY
DARWIN
LONDONDERRY
12°
YARRALOOLA
ONSLOW
F
MINILYA
24°
WOORAMEL
EDEL
YARINGA
AJANA
28°
H
GLENBURGH
BELELE
BYR O
GLENGARRY
CHARNLEY
LISSADELL
DALY
WATERS
TANUMBIRINI
BAUHINIA
DOWNS
ROBINSON
RIVER
LANSDOWN
DIXON
RANGE
LIMBUNYA
WAVE HILL
NEWCASTLE
WATERS
BEETALOO
WALLHALLOW
CALVERT
HILLS
MOUNT
RAMSAY
GORDON
DOWNS
MOUNT
BANNERMAN
BILLILUNA
YAMPI
CUE
MURGOO
YOUANMI
LEONORA
KIRKALOCKA
N
RALD- YALGOO
HOUTMA GE N
TO
ABROLS
HO
PEREN- NINGH AN
DONGJORI
ARA
BENBIN
MOORA CUB
HILL
RIVER
PERTH
BUSSEL
TON
AUGUSTA
I
COLLIE
PEMBERTON
IRWIN
INLET
CORRIGIN
HYDEN
BREMER
BAY
MOUNT
BARKER
DUMMER
HERBERT
BROWNE
ROBERT
KURNALPI
BOORABBIN
LAKE
JOHNSTON
ESPERANCE
MONDRAIN
ISLAN D
COBB
SCOTT
BONNEY
WELL
FREW
RIVER
AVON
DOWNS
MOUNT
PEAKE
BARROW
CREEK
ELKEDRA
SANDOVER
RIVER
URANDANGI
TOBERMORY
GLENORMISTON
ALCOOTA
HUCKITTA
HENBURY
RODINGA
HALE
RIVER
PETERMANN
RANGES
AYERS
ROCK
KULGERA
FINKE
McDILLS
ALBERGA
CORDILLO
INNAMINCKA
TALLARINGA
COOBER
PEDY
BARTON
COOK
OOLDEA
COOMPANA
NULFOWLER
LARBOR
NUYTS
BURNABBIE
BILLA
KALINA
BETOOTA
40°
MUTTABURRA
WINTON
CANTERBURY
BARROLKA
BUCHANAN
JUNDAH
BLACKAL L
WINDORAH
ADAVALE
EROMANGA
QUILPIE
THAR GOMINDAH
TOOMPINE
WYANDRA
BULLOO
EULO
CUNNAMULLA
YANTABULLA
ENNGONIA
FROME
GAIRDNER
TORRENS
PARACHILNA
CURNAMONA
STREAKY
BAY
YARDEA
PORT
AUGUSTA
ORROROO
OLARY
ELLISTON
KIMBA
BURRA
CHOWILLA
WHYALLA
MALCOLM
BROKEN
HILL
MENINDEE
LOU TH
MANARA
IVANHOE
ANA
BRANC H
POONCARIE
BOOLIGAL
BALRANALD
MAITLAND
ADELAIDE
RENMARK
MILDURA
KINGSCOTE
BARKER
PINNAROO
OUYEN
NARACOORTE
HORSHAM
ALBANY
WHITE
CLIFFS
HAMILTON
PORTLAND
SWAN
HILL
HAY
DENILIQUIN
COBAR
NYMAGEE
JERILDERIE
BALLA- MELWARRAT
BOUR NE BUR
TON
QUEENS- WAR
RACLIFF
GUL
> 3200 m
NARRABRI
GILGANDRA
NYNGAN
NARROMIN E
NARRANCOOTADERA
MUNDRA
WAGGA
WAGGA
DUBBO
BATHURST
GOULBURN
CANBERRA
TALLANGAT TA
BAIRNSDALE
CHINCHILLA
DALBY
GOONDIWINDI
INVERELL
HERON
ISLAND
BUNDABERG
MONTO
ROMA
MOREE
F
PORT
CLINTON
ROCKHAMPTO
N
MUNDU BBERA
ST
GEORGE
ANGLEDOOL
PERCY
ISLES
TAROOM
SURAT
DIRRANBANDI
CARGELLIGO
FORBES
ST.
ARNAUD BENDIGO WANGARATTA
COLAC
HOMEBOIN
BOURKE WAL
GET T
WILC ANBARNATO
NIA
DUARINGA
SPRINGSURE
BARALAB
A
CHARLEVILLE
MIT CHELL
URISINO
CHILDARA
ST. LAWRENCE
EDDY
STONE
20°
MACKAY
EMERALD
TAMBO
MILPARINKA
PROSERPINE
CLERMON T
AUGATHELLA
CALLABONNA
COBHAM
LAKE
BOWEN
MOUNT
COOLON
JERICHO
MARREE
COPLEY
E
AYR
GALILEE
LONGREACH
CURDIMURKA
Line Spacing - Sub standard data
J
INGHAM
TICKALARA
ANDAMOOKA
16°
TOWNSVILLE
STRZELECKI
PENOLA
36°
EINASLEIGH
CLARKE
RIVER
KOPPERAMANNA
KINGOONYA
CAPE
ARID
CAIRNS
INNISFAIL
LAKE
EYRE
TARCOOLA
LINCOLN
MOSSMAN
ATHERTON
MANUKA TANG
ORIN
CON NEMARA
DURHAM
DOWNS
D
RICHMOND HUGHEN- CHA
RTERS
DEN
TOWERS
BRIGHTON
MANEROO
DOWNS
MACHATTIE
GASON
MAURICE
EUCLA
SIMPSON
DESERT
BEDOURIE
NORTH
NOOLYEANA
WYOLA
FORREST
SPRINGVALE
CAPE
MELVILLE
COOKTOWN
GILBERTON
MACKUNDA
BOULIA
12°
GEORGETOWN
DUCHESS McKINLAY
OODNADATTA
MASON
MADURA
JULIA
CREEK
ABMINGA
JUBILEE
RED
RIVER
CLONCURRY
EVERARD WINTINNA
VERNON
WALSH
MOUNT
ISA
PANDIE
PANDIE
GILES
GALBRAITH
NORMANTON
MILLUNGERA
POOLAWANNA
WELLS
HANN
RIVER
CROYDON
DALHOUSIE
NOORINA
EBAGOOLA
DOBBYN
C
COEN
HOLROYD
CAMOOWEAL
BIRDSVILLE
WANNA
WEIPA
CAPE
WEYMOUTH
DONORS
HILL
SIMPSON
DESERT
SOUTH
MURLOOWARRINA
COPPIE
LOONGANA
BURKETOWN
LAWN HILL
ALICE
ILLOGWA
MOUNT
SPRINGS CREEK HAY RIVER WHELAN
LAKE
AMADEUS
LINDSAY
CULVER
LANDER
RIVER
HERMANNS
BURG
BIRKSGATE
BALLADONIA
RANKEN
MOUNT
LIEBIG
MANN
NARETHA
ALROY
MOUNT
RENNIE
WAIGEN
SEEMORE
TENNANT
CREEK
NAPPERBY
BLOODS
RANGE
WESTMORELAND
MOUNT
DRUMMOND
MOUNT
DOREEN
COOPER
ZANTHUS
GREEN
SWAMP
WELL
ORFORD
BAY
RUTLAND
PLAINS
CAPE
VAN
DIEMEN
BRUNETTE
DOWNS
LAKE
MACKAY
LENNIS
PLUMRIDGE
HELEN
SPRINGS
MOUNT
THEO
TALBOT
NEALE
SOUTH
LAKE
WOODS
HIGHLAND
ROCKS
WESTWOOD
CUNDEELEE
NORSEMAN
MOUNT
THE
GRANITES SOLITAIRE
MACDONNALD
BENTLEY
TANAMI
EAST
YOWALGA
MINIGWAL
WIDGIEMOOLTHA
TANAMI
WEBB
RAWLINSON
LARRIMAH HODGSON
DOWNS
WINNECKE
CREEK
WOODROFF
RASON
EDJUDINA
RYAN
WARR I
MADLEY
BIRRINDUDU
STANSMORE
WILSON
MORRIS
RUNTON
LUCAS
HELENA
URAL
TABLETOP
LAVERTON
CORNISH
PERCIVAL
THROSDUKETON SELL
RAVENSNEWDETHORPE
GATE
DUMBLEYUNG
CROSSLAND
SAHARA
KINGSTON
KALGOORLIE
SOUTHERN
CROSS
NOONKANBAH
JOANNA
SPRING
STAN LEY
MENZIES
JACKSON
KELLER BER RIN
PINJARRA
32°
BARLEE
LENNARD
RIVER
DERBY
TRAINOR
SIR
SAMUEL
URAPUNGA
VICTORIA
RIVER
DOWNS
GUNANYA
SANDSTONE
KATHERINE
WATERLOO
RUDALL
WILUNA
PELLEW
FERGUSSON
RIVER
MT
ELIZABETH
PATTERSON
RANGE
NABBERU
MOUNT
YOUNG
PORT
KEATS
JARDINE
RIVER
AURUKUN
DELAMERE
MUNRO
BULLEN
MOUNT
COLLIER
EGGERTON
ROBINPEAK
SON
HILL
RANGE
MOUNT
KEN NEDY
PHILLIPS
RAN GE
SHARK
BAY
NEWMAN
CAPE
BEATRICE
MOUNT
MARUMBA
AUVERGNE
McLARTY
HILLS
ROBERTSON
ROPER
RIVER
MOUNT
EVELYN
CAMBRIDGE
GULF
LAGRANGE
BALFOUR
DOWNS
ROY HILL
TUR EE
CREEK
EDMUND
WINNING
POOL
QUOBBA
G
MOUNT
BRUCE
PORT
LANGDON
PINE
CREEK
DRYSDALE
MOUNT
ANDERSON
NULLAGINE
BLUE
MUD
BAY
CAPE
SCOTT
ASHTON
ANKETELL
YARRIE
MARBLE
BAR
PYRAMID
WYLOO
YANREY
NINGALOO
POR T
HED LAND
ROEBOURNE
GOVE
PRINCE
REGEN T
E
DAMPIER
ARNHEM
BAY
CAMDEN
SOUND
BROOME
BARROW
ISLAND
MILINGIMBI
BROWSE
ISLAN D
16°
20°
TRUANT
ISLAND
MEDUSA
BANKS
PENDER
MANDORA
WESSEL
ISLANDS
JUNCTION
BAY
MONTAGUE
SOUND
D
BEDOUT
ISLAND
COBOURG
PENINSULA
ALIGATOR
RIVER
SINGLETON
WARWICK
GRAFTON
NW TAS
NEWCASTLE
114°
50
SW TAS
120°
51
28°
MACLEA
N
COFF S
HARBOUR
H
32°
WOLLONGONG
I
ULLADULLA
BEGA
36°
MALLACOOTA
SALE
J
NE TAS
40°
<= 400 m - 500 m
49
TWEED
HEADS
SYDNEY
usually 1500 m - 1600 m
Line Spacing - Appropriate standard data
K
BRISBANE
HASTINGS
DEAL
ISLAND
3000 m - 3200 m
24°
G
GYMPIE
IPSWICH
MANILLA
DORRIGO
TAMWORTH
SANDY
CAPE
MARYBOROUG WI
H
DE BAY
126°
52
132°
53
138°
54
144°
K
SE TAS
55
150°
Figure 5: April 2002 - Airborne Elevation Coverage of Australia - Line Spacing. Map Scale 1:25 000 000
56
155°
Murray Richardson
April 30 2002
Line km
18000000
2000000
16000000
1800000
1600000
1400000
12000000
1200000
10000000
1000000
8000000
800000
6000000
Line km (Annual)
Line km (Cumulative)
14000000
Cumulative Line km
Line km
600000
4000000
400000
2000000
200000
0
19
51
19
53
19
55
19
57
19
59
19
61
19
63
19
65
19
67
19
69
19
71
19
73
19
75
19
77
19
79
19
81
19
83
19
85
19
87
19
89
19
91
19
93
19
95
19
97
19
99
20
01
0
Year
Figure 6: Accumulation of data from State/Northern Territory, Commonwealth Government and Private Company airborne geophysical surveys into the National Airborne Geophysical
Database from 1951 to the present.
GRAVITY COVERAGE DENSITY THROUGHOUT AUSTRALIA
51
120°
50
126°
53
132°
52
54
138°
55
144°
150°
8°
8°
BOIGU
C
12°
LONG REEF
D
20°
BARROW
ISLAND
DAMPIER
ONSLOW
F
QUOBBA
EDEL
YARINGA
H
PEAK
HILL
GLENGARRY
BELELE
BYRO
SANDSTONE
CUE
MURGOO
YOUKIRKAANMI
N GERALD- YALGOO
LOC KA
HOUTMA
TON
ABROLHOS
BARLEE
PEREN- NINGH AN
DONGJORI
ARA
BENJACKSON
BIN
MOORA CUB
HILL
ER
RIV
SOUTHERN
KELLERCROSS
BERRIN
PERTH
PINJARRA
32°
BUSSEL
TO N
AUGUSTA
I
COLLIE
PEMBERTON
IRWIN
INLET
CORRIGI N
HYDEN
YAMPI
BAUHINIA
DOWNS
ROBINSON
RIVER
MORNINGTON
LANSDOWN
DIXON
RANGE
LIMBUNYA
WAVE HILL
NEWCASTLE
WATERS
CAPE
VAN
DIEMEN
BEETALOO
WALLHALLOW
CALVERT
HILLS
WESTMORELAND
BURKETOWN
BRUNETTE
DOWNS
MOUNT
DRUMMOND
JOANNA
SPRING
SAHARA
MOUNT
RAMSAY
GORDON
DOWNS
BIRRINDUDU
MOUNT
BANNERMAN
BILLILUNA
TANAMI
DUMMER
CORNISH
LUCAS
PERCIVAL
HELENA
STANSMORE
URAL
WILSON
MORRIS
RYAN
TABLETOP
DUKETON
RUNTON
COBB
WINNECKE
CREEK
TANAMI
EAST
MOUNT
THE
GRANITES SOLITAIRE
WEBB
SOUTH
LAKE
WOODS
HELEN
SPRINGS
GREEN
SWAMP
WELL
TENNANT
CREEK
LANDER
RIVER
BONNEY
WELL
FREW
RIVER
AVON
DOWNS
MOUNT
ISA
MOUNT
PEAKE
BARROW
CREEK
ELKEDRA
SANDOVER
RIVER
URANDANGI
HIGHLAND
ROCKS
MOUNT
THEO
LAKE
MACKAY
MOUNT
DOREEN
NAPPERBY
MOUNT
RENNIE
MOUNT
LIEBIG
HERMANNS
BURG
MACDONNALD
ALCOOTA
ALROY
RANKEN
HUCKITTA
TOBERMORY
11 km
CAMOOWEAL
CAPE
WEYMOUTH
HOLROYD
EBAGOOLA
HANN
RIVER
GALBRAITH
WALSH
NORMANTON
RED
RIVER
CLONCURRY
GLENORMISTON
BOULIA
HENBURY
RODINGA
HALE
RIVER
SIMPSON
DESERT
NORTH
BEDOURI E
PETERMANN
RANGES
AYERS
ROCK
KULGERA
FINKE
McDILLS
SIMPSON
DESERT
SOUTH
BIRDSVILLE
BETOOTA
ALBERGA
ABMINGA
DALHOUSIE
POOLAWANNA
PANDIE
PANDIE
CORDILLO
EVERARD WINTINNA OODNADATTA
NOOLYEANA
GASON
INNAMINCKA
DURHAM
DOWNS
BLOODS
RANGE
SCOTT
MACHATTIE
CONNEMARA
ROBERT
TALBOT
COOPER
MANN
WOODROFF
THROSSELL
WESTWOOD
LENNIS
WAIGEN
BIRKSGATE
LINDSAY
WELLS
GILES
MURLOOWARRINA
COPPIE
LAKE
EYRE
KOPPERAMANNA
STRZELECKI
TICKALARA
BULLOO
EULO
MAURICE
TALLARINGA
COOBER
PEDY
CURDIMURKA
CUNNAMULLA
MARREE
CALLABONNA
MILPARINKA
URISINO
YANTABULLA
ENNGONIA
COBHAM
LAKE
RASON
NEALE
VERNON
WANNA
NOORINA
MINIGWAL
PLUMRIDGE
JUBILEE
MASON
WYOLA
CUNDEELEE
SEEMORE
LOONGANA
FORREST
COOK
OOLDEA
MADUR A
EUCLA
COOMPANA
NULFOWLER
LARBOR
EDJUDENA
KURNALPI
WIDGIEMOOLTHA
ZANTHUS
NORSEMAN
BALLADONIA
ESPERANC E
MALCOLM
MONDRAIN
ISLAND
NARETHA
CULVER
BURNABBIE
BARTON
NUYTS
NOONAERA
BILLA
KALINA
TARCOOLA
KINGOONYA
ANDAMOOKA
COPLEY
FROME
CHILDARA
GAIRDNER
TORRENS
PARACHILNA
CURNAMONA
STREAKY
BAY
YARDEA
PORT
AUGUSTA
ELLISTON
KIMBA
LINCOLN
CAPE
ARID
WHYALLA
MAITLAND
KINGSCOTE
ORROROO
OLARY
BURRA
CHOWILLA
BARROLKA
BROKEN
HILL
MENINDEE
ANA
BRANCH
QUILPIE
THARGOMINDAH
TOOMPINE
WHITE
CLIFFS
MANARA
IVANHOE
POONCARIE
BOOLIGAL
ADELAIDE
RENMARK
MILDURA
BALRANALD
BARKER
PINNAROO
OUYEN
SWAN
HILL
NARACOORTE
PENOLA
HORSHAM
HAMILTON
PORTLAND
LOUTH
HAY
DENILIQUIN
NARROMINE
WAGGA
WAGGA
BAIRNSDALE
CHINCHILLA
NARRABRI
DUBBO
BATHURST
GOULBURN
CANBERRA
DALBY
GOONDIWINDI
MOREE
GILNYNGAN
GANDRA
NARRANCOOTADERA
MUNDRA
JERILDERIE
ST
GEORGE
ANGLEDOOL
CARGELLIGO
FORBES
QUEENS- WAR
RACLIFF
GUL
KING
ISLAND
NW
BURNIE
1 km
QUEENSTOWN
SW
PORT
DAVEY
Compiled June 2002
120°
DIRRANBANDI
HERON
ISLAND
INVERELL
MANILLA
TAMWORTH
SIN GLETON
51
126°
52
132°
53
138°
54
144°
24°
BUNDABERG
MONTO
MUNDUBMARYBERA
BOROUG
H
ROMA
SURAT
F
PORT
CLINTON
FRASER
ISLAND
(SPECIAL
)
G
GYMPIE
IPSWICH
WARWICK
GRAFT ON
DO RRIGO
BRISBAN
(SPECIAL E
)
28°
LISMO
RE
(SPECIA
L)
H
HASTINGS
NEWCASTLE
32°
SYDNEY
WOLLONGONG
I
ULLADULLA
BEGA
36°
MALLACOOTA
SALE
J
DEAL
ISLAND
2 - 3 km
50
NYMAGEE
HOMEBOIN
WALGET T
COBAR
BALLA- MELWAR
RAT
BOURNE BUR TON
COLAC
TAROOM
CHARLEVILLE
MITCHELL
WYANDRA
ST.
ARNAUD BENDIGO WANGA- TALLAN
RATTA
GAT TA
Detailed traverses > 3km
114°
EDDY
STONE
20°
PERCY
ISLES
ROCKHAMPTO
N
SPRINGSURE
BARALABA
TAMBO
BOURKE
WILCANNIA
BARNATO
ST. LAWRENCE
DUARINGA
EMERALD
AUGATHELLA
ADAVALE
EROMANGA
PROSERPINE
MACKAY
CLERMONT
GALILEE
BLACKALL
BOWEN
MOUNT
COOLON
JERICHO
YOWALGA
JUNDAH
40°
49
BUCHANAN
BENTLEY
WINDORAH
E
AYR
HUGHEN- CHA
RTERS
DEN
TOWERS
TANGORIN
WARRI
KERSAINT
K
INGHAM
BROWNE
CANTERBURY
16°
TOWNSVILLE
HERBERT
ALBANY
High Med Low
Reliabilty
EINASLEIGH
LONGREACH
Detailed traverses < 3km
4 - 6 km
CAIR NS
CLARKE
RIVER
MUTTABURRA
WINT ON
BRIGH TON
DOWNS
MANEROO
LAKE
AMADEUS
RAWLINSON
MANUKA
MACKUNDA
SPRINGVALE
MOSSMAN
ATHERTON
INNISFAIL
RICHMOND
DUCHESS McKINLAY
D
COOKTOWN
GILBERTON
JULIA
CREEK
12°
CAPE
MELVILLE
GEORGETOWN
MILLUNGERA
C
COEN
RUTLAN D
PLAINS
CROYDON
DOBBYN
No Coverage
7 km
J
DONORS
HILL
LAWN HILL
ALICE
ILLOGWA
MOUNT
SPRINGS CREEK HAY RIVER WHELAN
Legend
36°
ORFORD
BAY
WEIPA
MADLEY
LAVERTON
BREMER
BAY
MOUNT
BARKER
LENNARD
RIVER
DERBY
LARRIMAH HODGSON
DOWNS
JARDINE
RIVER
AURUKUN
TANUMBIRINI
RAVENSNEWDETHORPE
GATE
DUMBLEYUNG
URAPUNGA
DALY
WATERS
KINGSTON
LAKE
JOHNSTON
KATHERINE
VICTORIA
RIVER
DOWNS
STANLEY
BOORABBIN
FERGUSSON
RIVER
WATERLOO
TRAINOR
KALGOORLIE
PELLEW
PORT
KEATS
LISSADELL
GUNANYA
MENZIES
MOUNT
YOUNG
MOUNT
MARUMBA
MT
ELIZABETH
RUDALL
LEONORA
CAPE
BEATRICE
MOUNT
EVELYN
CHARNLEY
PATTERSON
RANGE
SIR
SAMUEL
PORT
LANGDON
ROPER
RIVER
PINE
CREEK
DELAMERE
MUNRO
WILUNA
BLUE
MUD
BAY
CAPE
SCOTT
AUVERGNE
CROSSLAND
NABBERU
ARNHEM
BAY
CAMBRIDGE
GULF
NOONKANBAH
BULLEN
COLLIER
SON
RANGE
GLENBURGH
AJANA
28°
MOUNT
EGGERTON
ROBIN-
MOUNT
PHILLIPS
WOORAMEL
NEWMAN
MILINGIMBI
DRYSDALE
McLARTY
HILLS
ROBERTSON
GOVE
ALIGATOR
RIVER
ASHTON
LAGRANGE
BALFOUR
DOWNS
ROY HILL
TRUANT
ISLAND
PRINCE
REGENT
MOUNT
ANDERSON
NULLAGINE
LONDONDERRY
WESSEL
ISLANDS
CAMDEN
SOUND
ANKETELL
YARRIE
MARBLE
BAR
TUREE
CREEK
EDMUND
KENNEDY
RANGE
SHARK
BAY
G
MOUNT
BRUCE
WYLOO
WINNIN G
POOL
MINILYA
24°
PYRAMID
YAR RALOOLA
YANREY
NINGALOO
PORT
HEDLAND
ROEBOURNE
DARWIN
MAER
THURSDAY
CAPE YORK
ISLAND
JUNCTION
BAY
BROWSE
ISLAND
BROOME
MANDORA
FOG BAY
COBOURG
PENINSULA
MEDUSA
BANKS
PENDER
BEDOUT
ISLAND
MELVILLE
ISLAND
MONTAGUE
SOUND
16°
E
BATHURST
ISLAND
DARU
FLINDERS
ISLAND
NE
LAUNCESTON
40°
OAT LANDS
SE
K
HOBART
55
Figure 7: April 2002 - Gravity Station Coverage of Australia. Map Scale 1:25 000 000
150°
56
155°
GRAVITY COVERAGE DENSITY THROUGHOUT AUSTRALIA PRE 1986
51
120°
50
126°
53
132°
52
54
138°
55
144°
150°
8°
8°
BOIGU
C
12°
LONG REEF
D
20°
F
WINNING
POOL
MINILYA
24°
QUOBBA
KENNED
RANGE
SHARK
BAY
G
EDEL
GLENBURGH
HILL
RIVER
H
PEREN- NINGHAN
JORI
MOORA
BENCUBBIN
CORRIGIN
PINJARRA
BUSSEL
TON
-
AUGUSTA
I
COLLIE
PEMBERTON
IRWIN
INLET
HYDEN
DUMBLEYUNG
URAPUNGA
CHARNLEY
DALY
WATERS
TANUMBIRINI
BAUHINIA
DOWNS
ROBINSON
RIVER
MORNINGTON
LANSDOWN
DIXON
RANGE
LIMBUNYA
WAVE HILL
NEWCASTLE
WATERS
CAPE
VAN
DIEMEN
BEETALOO
WALLHALLOW
CALVERT
HILLS
WESTMORELAND
BURKETOWN
LENNARD
RIVER
DERBY
NOONKANBAH
CROSSLAND
JOANN A
SPRING
DUMMER
SAHARA
PERCIVAL
GORDON
DOWNS
BIRRINDUDU
MOUNT
BANNERMAN
BILLILUNA
TANAMI
MORRIS
RYAN
WARRI
HERBERT
BROWNE
DUKETON
HELENA
WILSON
MADLEY
KINGSTON
CORNISH
URAL
TABLETOP
RUNTON
MOUNT
RAMSAY
COBB
LUCAS
LARRIMAH HODGSON
DOWNS
WINNECKE
CREEK
TANAMI
EAST
MOUNT
THE
GRANITES SOLITAIRE
SOUTH
LAKE
WOODS
HELEN
SPRINGS
GREEN
SWAMP
WELL
TENNANT
CREEK
LANDER
RIVER
BONNEY
WELL
FREW
RIVER
MOUNT
PEAKE
BARROW
CREEK
ELKEDRA
HIGHLAND
ROCKS
MOUNT
THEO
WEBB
LAKE
MACKAY
MOUNT
DOREEN
NAPPERBY
MOUNT
RENNIE
MOUNT
LIEBIG
HERMANNS
BURG
RAWLINSON
BLOODS
RANGE
LAKE
AMADEUS
HENBURY
RODINGA
HALE
RIVER
SCOTT
PETERMANN
RANGES
AYERS
ROCK
KULGERA
FINKE
McDILLS
MACDONNALD
BENTLEY
ROBERT
YOWALGA
TALBOT
COOPER
MANN
THROSSELL
WEST WOOD
LENNIS
WAIGEN
BIRKSGATE
LINDSAY
CUNNAMULLA
COBH AM
LAKE
TORRENS
PARACHILNA
CURN AMONA
PORT
AUGUSTA
WHYALLA
MAITLAND
ORROROO
OLARY
BURRA
CHOWILLA
ADELAIDE
KINGSCOTE
ALBANY
KERSAINT
Legend
36°
BARKER
BROKEN
HILL
MENINDEE
WHIT E
CLIFFS
LOUTH
MANARA
IVANHOE
POONCARIE
BOOLIGAL
RENMARK
MILDURA
BALRANALD
PINNAROO
OUYEN
SWAN
HILL
NARACOORTE
HORSHAM
HAMILTON
PORTLAND
No Coverage
BOURKE
WILC ANBARNATO
NIA
ANA
BRANCH
PENOLA
11 km
WYANDRA
ENNGONIA
GAIRDNER
CAPE
ARID
CHARLEVILLE
MIT CHELL
EULO
CHILDARA
LINCOLN
TOOMPINE
YAN TABULLA
FROME
KIMBA
QUILPIE
THAR GOMINDAH
HAY
DENILIQUI N
NYMAGEE
COLAC
QUEENS- WAR
RACLIFF
GUL
CHINCHILLA
NARRABRI
NARROMINE
DUBBO
WAGGA
WAGGA
BAIRNSDALE
BATHURST
GOULBURN
CANBERRA
DALBY
GO ONDIWINDI
MOREE
NYNGAN GILGANDRA
NARRANCOOTADERA
MUNDRA
BALLA- MELWARRAT
BOURNE BUR
TON
INVERELL
MANILLA
TAMWORTH
SINGLETON
MARYBOROUG
H
KING
ISLAND
NW
BURNIE
1 km
QUEENS
TOWN
SW
High Med Low
Reliabilty
PORT
DAVEY
K
114°
50
120°
51
126°
52
132°
53
138°
54
144°
24°
FRASER
ISLAND
(SPECIAL
)
G
GYMPIE
IPSWICH
WARWICK
GRAFTO
N
DORRIGO
BRISBAN
(SPECIAL E
)
28°
LISMO
RE
(SPEC
IAL)
H
HASTINGS
NEWCASTLE
32°
SYDNEY
WOLLONGONG
I
ULLADULLA
BEGA
36°
MALLACOOTA
SALE
J
DEAL
ISLAND
2 - 3 km
49
ANGLEDOOL
CARGELLIGO
FORBES
JERILDERIE
ROMA
HERON
ISLAND
BUNDABERG
MONTO
MUNDU BBERA
ST
GEORGE
F
PORT
CLINTON
TAROOM
SURAT
DIRRANBANDI
ST.
ARNAUD BENDIGO WANGA- TALLAN
RATTA
GAT TA
4 - 6 km
40°
HOMEBOIN
WALGET T
COBAR
7 km
J
EDDY
STONE
20°
PERCY
ISLES
ROCKHAMPTO
N
SPR INGSURE
BARALABA
TAMBO
BULLOO
COPLEY
ELLISTON
EROMANGA
ST. LAWRENCE
DUARINGA
EMERALD
AUGATHELLA
ADAVALE
PROSER PINE
MACKAY
CLERMONT
JERICHO
BLACKALL
BOWEN
MOUNT
COOLON
GALILEE
LONGREACH
URISINO
ANDAMOOKA
YARDEA
BUCHANAN
MUTTABURRA
JUNDAH
AYR
HUGHEN- CHA
RTERS
DEN
TOWERS
MANUKA
TANGORIN
WINDORAH
E
TOWNSVILLE
MILPARINKA
KINGOONYA
STREAKY
BAY
RICHMOND
16°
INGHAM
CLARKE
RIVER
CALLABONNA
TARCOOLA
NUYTS
DURHAM
DOWNS
EINASLEIGH
GILBERTON
CONNEMARA
CAIRNS
INNISFAIL
MARREE
BILLA
KALINA
NOONAERA
GEORGETOWN
WINTON
BARROLKA
MOSSMAN
ATHERTON
CURDIMURKA
COOBER
PEDY
NULFOWLER
LARBOR
RED
RIVER
TICKALARA
TALLARINGA
COOMPANA
WALSH
D
COOKTOWN
STRZELECKI
MAURICE
EUCLA
GALBRAITH
NORMANTON
CAPE
MELVILLE
KOPPERAMANNA
WYOLA
MADURA
HANN
RIVER
CANT ERBURY
12°
LAKE
EYRE
MASON
BARTON
EBAGOOLA
BRIGH TON
DOWNS
MANEROO
BETOOTA
GILES
OOLDEA
BREMER
MOUNT
BAY
BARKER
BIRDSVILLE
HOLROYD
MILLUNGERA
C
COEN
RUTLAND
PLAINS
MACKUNDA
SIMPSON
DESERT
MACHATBEDOURIE
NORTH
TIE
WELLS
COOK
MONDRAIN
ISLAND
ABMINGA
CAPE
WEYMOUTH
JULIA
CREEK
SPRINGVALE
NOORINA
FORREST
MALCOLM
ALICE
ILLOGWA
MOUNT
SPRINGS CREEK HAY RIVER
WHELAN
SIMPSON
DESERT
SOUTH
WEIPA
CROYDON
BOULIA
WANNA
LOONGANA
ESPERANCE
GLENORMISTON
MURLOOWARRINA
COPPIE
SEEMORE
RAVENSNEWDETHOR PE
GATE
HUCKITTA
TOBERMORY
ORFORD
BAY
DUCHESS McKIN LAY
INNAMINCKA
CUNDEELEE
BURNABBIE
URANDANGI
GASON
JUBILEE
CULVER
SANDOVER
RIVER
NOOLYEANA
PLUMRIDGE
BALLADONIA
CLONCURRY
EVERARD WINTINNA OODNADATTA
NEALE
NORSEMAN
MOUNT
ISA
CORDILLO
MINIGWAL
LAKE
JOH NSTON
AVON
DOWNS
ALBERGA
RASON
NARETHA
DOBBYN
PANDIE
PANDIE
EDJUDENA
ZANTHUS
CAMOOWEAL
RANKEN
POOLAWANNA
LAVERTON
WIDGIEMOOLTHA
ALCOOTA
DONORS
HILL
LAWN HILL
DALHOUSIE
VERNON
BOORABBIN
ALROY
STANSMORE
WOODROFF
KURNALPI
BRUNETTE
DOWNS
MOUNT
DRUMMOND
JARDINE
RIVER
AURUKUN
VICTORIA
RIVER
DOWNS
STANLEY
MENZIES
SOUTHERN
CROSS
KATHERINE
WATERLOO
YAMPI
KALJACKSON GOORLIE
KELLERBERRIN
PERTH
32°
BARLEE
PELLEW
PORT
KEATS
LISSADELL
TRAINOR
LEONORA
MOUNT
YOUNG
MOUNT
MARUMBA
MT
ELIZABETH
RUDALL
SIR
SAMUEL
CAPE
BEATRICE
MOUNT
EVELYN
DELAMERE
GUNANYA
WILUNA
YOUANMI
KIRKALOCKA
YALGOO
DONGARA
SANDSTONE
CUE
MURGOO
N GERALDHOUTMA
TON
ABROLHOS
GLENGAR RY
BELELE
BYRO
YARINGA
PORT
LANGDON
ROPER
RIVER
PINE
CREEK
FERGUSSON
RIVER
AUVERGNE
PATTERSON
RANGE
NABBERU
BLUE
MUD
BAY
CAPE
SCOTT
CAMBRIDGE
GULF
MUNRO
BULLEN
MOUNT
COLLIER
EGGERTON
ROBINPEAK
SON
HILL
RANGE
Y MOUNT
PHILLIPS
WOORAMEL
NEWMAN
GOVE
ASHTON
McLARTY
HILLS
ROBERTSON
ARNHEM
BAY
PRINCE
REGENT
LAGRAN GE
BALFOUR
DOWNS
ROY HILL
TUR EE
CREEK
EDMUND
AJAN A
28°
MOUNT
BRUCE
WYLOO
YANREY
NINGALOO
MILINGIMBI
CAMDEN
SOUND
MOUNT
ANDERSON
NULLAGINE
LONDONDERRY
TRUANT
ISLAND
BROWSE
ISLAND
ANKETELL
YARRIE
MARBLE
BAR
PYR AMID
YARRALOOLA
ONSLOW
PORT
HEDLAN D
ROEBOURNE
DAMPIER
BARROW
ISLAND
DARWIN
MAER
THURSDAY
CAPE YORK
ISLAND
WESSEL
ISLANDS
JUNCTION
BAY
MEDUSA
BANKS
BROOME
MANDORA
FOG BAY
COBOURG
PENINSULA
ALIGATOR
RIVER
DRYSDALE
PENDER
BEDOUT
ISLAND
MELVILLE
ISLAND
MONTAGUE
SOUND
16°
E
BATHURST
ISLAND
DARU
FLIN DERS
ISLAND
NE
LAUNCESTON
40°
OAT LANDS
SE
K
HOBART
55
150°
Figure 8: February 1986 - Gravity Station Coverage of Australia. Map Scale 1:25 000 000
56
155°
GRAVITY STATIONS
1200000
1000000
COUNT
800000
600000
400000
200000
0
1947
1953
1959
1965
1971
1977
1983
1989
1995
2001
YEAR
total stns
post 1986 total stns
Yearly Count
Figure 9: Accumulation of data from State/Northern Territory, Commonwealth Government, Private Company and University gravity surveys into the National Gravity Database from
1947 to the present.
Figure 10: The Magnetic Anomaly Map of Australia - 1986 edition.
Figure 11: The Magnetic Anomaly Map of Australia - 1999 edition.