Introduction to Artificial Intelligence

Transcription

Objectives
Sections
• Discuss what is meant by Artificial Intelligence (AI)
• What is an Intelligent Artifact ?
• How do we test for Intelligence ?
Aim of this lecture
• Allow the students to answer general AI questions
• Allow the students to further investigate machine intelligence
• Introduce the terms to be used through the rest of the course
• What is Artificial Intelligence ?
• Intelligence and Understanding
• Intelligent Artifacts
• Tests, Experiments and Conundrums
• Conclusions
Question 1
Question 2
Can a Machine Ever Be Intelligent ?
What is Artificial Intelligence ?
(survey)
(ideas)
A.I. Artificial Intelligence (2001)
Director: Steven Spielberg
Artificial Intelligence (AI):
is the study of how to make computers do
things which, at the moment, people do
better
Elaine Rich, 1991
1
Artificial Intelligence (AI):
is a branch of computer science and
engineering that deals with intelligent
behavior, learning, and adaptation in
machines.
‘I think that...’
‘You know about....’
‘She is intelligent...’
Wikipedia
‘The machine thinks that...’
‘The computer knows about....’
‘It is intelligent...’
2
Think about Question 1
(survey)
Maybe we are asking the wrong question
Sections
• Conclusions
3
Question 3
What is Intelligence ?
What is Intelligence ?
(ideas)
Intelligence :
The faculty of understanding.
Question 4
What is Understanding ?
Understanding :
(ideas)
To comprehend something, or to recognise
its significance.
Understanding :
Usually Requires Knowledge
Human Knowledge
• There is a lot of it.
• It is hard to characterise accurately.
• It is constantly changing.
• It differs from data by being organised.
4
Knowledge
AI Techniques
Implicit - Explicit
Top Down - Expert Systems
Induced - Deduced
Bottom Up - Neural Networks
Sections
N’Kisi
• Conclusions
Wolfgang von Kempelen
18th Century
Chess Automaton
5
No computer can play even an
amateur-level game of chess.
Hubert Dreyfus, 1960’s
Why use AI to play games?
We commonly think a
good chess player is
highly intelligent.
Surely we cannot deny
that such machines are
intelligent.
Games are an intelligent activities.
They provide a structured task in which
it is very easy to measure success or failure.
They do not require large amounts of knowledge.
They were thought to be solvable by straightforward
search from the starting state to a winning position.
Combinatorial Explosion ?
6
Question 5
Is a chess machine
intelligent ?
(survey)
Question 6
Is a thermostat
intelligent ?
(ideas)
Dr. Sbaitso
Soundblaster
7
Sections
• Intelligent Artefacts
COG
MIT’s AI Lab
Turing Test
• Conclusions
Turing Test
Alan Turing (1912-1954)
A human is connected to a person and
a machine via a terminal of some kind
and cannot see either the person or
machine. The interrogator's task is to
find out which of the two candidates is
the machine, and which is human only
by asking them questions.
If the human cannot make a decision
within a certain time, the machine is
considered intelligent.
Turing Test
Turing Test
Question : “What is 35,076 divided by 4,567?”
Question : “What is 35,076 divided by 4,567?”
Answer : ????
Answer : 7.6803153
8
Turing Test
Homepage
http://cogsci.ucsd.edu/~asaygin/tt/ttest.html
Alice
http://www.alicebot.org/
My Little Tony
http://www.mylittletony.com/
Chinese Room
JOHN
SEARLE
Intentionality
Knowing
what you are
talking about
9
Daniel Dennett and his Zombie’s
Sections
These thought-experiments arise from a situation lifted directly out of the
toolbox most philosophers of mind, today, carry with them on the job
Your brain starts to
deteriorate and the doctors
replace it, piecemeal, with
silicon chip workalikes, until
there is only silicon inside
your refurbished cranium.
• Intelligent Artefacts
• Conclusions
Computers can’t be intelligent argument 1
To many people, AI is highly provocative, because
they associate with intelligence other properties
which human intelligence bestows,
To many people, AI is highly provocative, because
they associate with intelligence other properties
which human intelligence bestows, such as:
- Sentience - experiencing feelings.
- Self-awareness - being conscious of one’s own
existence.
- Intentionality - having the intention of ‘doing’
something, to achieve some goal which in some
way matters to the doer.
One hundred years ago, anyone would have agreed
that to play chess (or even calculate square roots)
clearly required intelligence. Even today, if a
chimpanzee were to play even poor chess, that would
be heralded as proof of his intelligence. So why the
difference?
One hundred years ago, anyone would have agreed
that to play chess (or even calculate square roots)
clearly required intelligence. Even today, if a
chimpanzee were to play even poor chess, that would
be heralded as proof of his intelligence. So why the
difference?
The answer is that there are non-intelligent ways of
achieving intelligent tasks.
10
If computers can’t be intelligent - what
then IS Artificial Intelligence?
If computers can’t be intelligent - what
then IS Artificial Intelligence?
The moving goal-posts argument gives what for us is the
best definition of AI in the general perception:
Artificial Intelligence is that which a computer
can’t do!
Machine Intelligence - what computers CAN
do
Machine Intelligence - what computers CAN
do
Most AI developers have a pragmatic approach
to Machine Intelligence:
Machine Intelligence is where a computer is
used to accomplish a task which, were it to be
done by a human, would require intelligence.
Question 7 (1 again)
These problems won’t be solved
soon, so don’t expect someone to tell
you with certainty, whether a
computer will be sentient.
Perhaps it is a meaningless question,
and we’ve been deluded by
misleading verbiage into taking it
seriously. Perhaps it will be solved
soon, perhaps it will never be solved.
(survey)
11

Introduction to Artificial Intelligence

Transcription

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