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In the Name of God
the Compassionate the Merciful
Archives of
Iranian Medicine
A Monthly Peer-Reviewed Medical Journal
Founded in 1998 by the
Academy of Medical Sciences of the I.R. Iran
ISSN: Print 1029-2977, Online 1735-3947
Chairman: Iraj Fazel MD FACS
Editor-in-Chief: Reza Malekzadeh MD
Chairman of the Editorial Board: Karim Vessal MD
Associate Editors and Editorial Board
Shahin Akhondzadeh PhD
Mohammad-Hossein Azizi MD
Moslem Bahadori MD
Hasan Esfandbod MD
Arash Etemadi MD PhD
Hasan Farsam, PhD
Farshad Farzadfar MD, PhD
Sadegh Massarrat MD
Hossein Najmabadi PhD
Siavosh Nasseri-Moghaddam MD
Touraj Nayernouri MD
Siavoush Sehhat MD FACS
Ismail Yazdi DMD
Mohammad-Reza Zarrindast PhD
Editorial Office: P.O.Box: 19395-4655, Tehran, Iran
Web: http://www.aimjournal.ir
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Board of Consultants Y. Aghighi MD
A. Ahmed MD (USA)
M. Akbarian MD
J. P. Allain MD PhD (England)
S. Asfar MD FACS (Kuwait)
F. Azizi MD
S. Bahram MD PhD (France)
M. Balali-Mood MD
B. Bastani MD (USA)
H. E. Blum MD (Germany)
S.H. Borghei MD
B. Boroumand MD
Y. Dowlati MD
G. H. Edrissian Pharm D
B. Eghtesad MD (USA)
A. Emadi MD PhD (USA)
H. D. Fahimi PhD (Germany)
A. Fazel PhD
A. Gasparyan MD PhD (Armenia)
N. Ghahramani MD (USA)
R. Gharib MD
R. Ghohestani MD PhD (USA)
B. Guyuron MD FACS (USA)
M.A.Haberal MD FACS(Turkey)
F. Habibzadeh MD
M. Haeryfar PhD (Canada)
M. Haghshenas MD
F. Ismail-Beigi MD (USA)
B. Jahangiri MD
K. Kalantarzadeh MD (USA)
N. Kamalian MD
A. Khaleghnejad MD
K. Khazaie PhD (USA)
S. Koochekpour MD PhD
H. Malekafzali MD PhD
A. Malekhosseini MD
A. Marandi MD
S. Masood MD (USA)
M. Matin MD
V. Mehrabi MD
F. Moattar PhD
K. Mohammad PhD
F. Motamedi PhD
A. Nadim MD PhD
B. Nikbin PhD
M. Nooraie PhD
N. Parsa MD PhD (USA)
D. Paydarfar MD (USA)
G. Pourmand MD
S. Rad MD
B. Z. Radpay MD
F. Rahimi MD
H. Rezvan PhD
M. H. Sanati PhD
M. R. Sedaghatian MD FAAP (UAE)
F. Saidi MD
H. Sajjadi MD (USA)
S. Shariat MD
F. Shokri PhD
M. Sotoodeh MD
E. Sotoodeh-Maram PhD
M. Ugurlucan MD (Germany)
A. Velayati MD
M. Vessal PhD
P. Vosugh MD
M. Zali MD
Editorial Statistical Advisors
Asieh Golozar MD MPH
Leila Ghalichi MD MPH
Amir Kasaeian MSc
Ahmad Reza Shamshiri MD MPH
Mehdi Yaseri PhD
Mohammad Ali Mansournia MD PhD
Mohsen Vahedi MSc
Editorial Staff
Neda Bayat MSc (internal reviewer)
Majid Boreiri MD (copy editor)
Shokoufeh Borzabadi MSc (copy editor, executive director)
Shima Ghoroghi MSc (copy editor)
Siamak KarimkhanZand (design and layout)
AmirEhsan Lashkari MSc (copy editor)
Saeideh Riazi (public relation)
Amir Sarbazi BA (web administrator)
Sama Rezasoltani MSc (manuscript handling)
Bahram Soleimani Amirabad (filling and posting publications)
The 8th International Congress
on Addiction Science
10 - 12 September, 2014, Tehran Razi Hall
Chairman: Mohammad Taghi Joghataie
Deputy Chair: Hamed Ekhtiari
Basic Scientific Secretary: Mohammad Reza Zarrindast
Clinical Scientific Secretary: Ali Farhoudian
Executive Secretary: S.Javad Emamizadeh
Poster Section Secretary: Reza Deneshmand
Executive Director: Erfan Haeri
Chairman Message
Dear Friends, Dear Colleagues,
On behalf of the organizing committee, it would be our great pleasure to invite all of you to
participate in the 8th International Addiction Science Congress (ASC) in Tehran; September
10 - 12, 2014.
Cellular and Molecular Research Center of Iran University of Medical Sciences and Substance Abuse and Dependence Research Center of University of Welfare and Rehabilitation
as the main organizers of the conference invites all scientists and experts in this filed around
the world especially regional countries to share their last findings and viewpoints in the areas.
The program of the ASC 2014 conference with the theme of Multidimensional interventions
in the addiction treatment and prevention offers an opportunity of learning in an environment
with both theoretical and practical approach. Our scientific program covers the latest technologies and current status of the field, with applied learning opportunities.
In addition to the scientific program, you will find opportunities to explore one of the most
beautiful capitals of Islam, Tehran. I believe with your participation, this conference will be a
fruitful collaboration environment. We are looking forward to see you in Tehran.
Sincerely yours,
Mohammad Taghi Joghataie
Chairman
Scientific Message Secretary
Honorable Lecturers, Respectable Researchers, and Dear Colleagues,
It would be an honor to invite you to attend the 8th congress on Addiction Sciences which will be held enjoying continuous efforts and supports of different specialist departments, societies, organizations, offices,
as well as research centers. This congress is going to be held from 10 to 12 of September, 2014 in Tehran.
Illicit drug use is one of the devastating problems worldwide, unfortunately we were endowed with little
chance of handling the prevalence and reducing the harm. Lack of knowledge and biased opinions might be
the cause for struggling with these complexities. Attending these congresses is one of the most efficient ways
of updating the knowledge and bringing various scientific areas together.
The 8th international congress on addiction sciences is intended to discuss multi-disciplinary topics including medical, psychological, social, communities, spiritual, epidemiological, legislative, and basic sciences
related to addiction and addictive behaviors. Also, it is determined to provide the scientists and interested
parties with the opportunity of sharing latest findings and discussing controversial topics.
Observing lectures presented by eminent speakers, presenting outcomes of scientific researches by researchers, post graduates & under graduate students of Pre clinical, Para clinical & Clinical departments and holding variety of workshops are key plans of this congress. Presenting special awards for Young Scientists,
awards for the best researches on prevention, awards for the most practical research and gifts for selected
posters are the other routes of achieving the goals of this congress.
We do warmly welcome our eminent international speakers who feel responsible and take pride in promoting
constructive knowledge and improving skills of colleagues of the field worldwide. Also we express our deepest welcome to all participants, attending congress and presenting their esteemed countries.
We are looking forward to meeting you in our congress, in Tehran, Iran.
Ali Farhoudian
Clinical Scientific Secretary
Mohammadreza Zarrindast
Basic Scientific Secretary
Scientific Committee
Dr .Mohammadreza Zarrindast
Dr .Mohammadtaghi Joghataei
Dr .Ali Farhoudian
Dr .Hamed Ekhtiari
Dr .Majid Hasanpour
Dr .Majid Sadeghizadeh
Dr .Reza Rostami
Dr .Azarakhsh Mokri
Dr .Mahmoudreza Hajighasem
Dr .Mohammadhasan Farhadi
Dr .Sarah Larney
Dr .Saman Hoseinkhani
Dr .Hedayatolallh Sahraei
Dr .Saeid Sefatian
Dr .Mohammad Farajollahi
Dr .Mahdi Mahdizadeh
Dr .Samideh Khouei
Dr .Saeid Malihi-zakerini
Dr .Fariborz Ahmadi
Dr .Nasim Vosoughi
Dr .Hadi Shirzad
Dr .Amirhosein Yavari
Dr .Ali rashidypour
Dr .Mohammadtaghi Akbari
Dr .Tahmineh Baheri
Dr .Hamidreza Sarami
Dr .Mohsen Roshanpajouh
Dr .Ali Shahbazi
Dr .Mehrdad Ehterami
Dr .Farid Barati
Dr .Gelareh Mostashari
Dr .Fatemeh Moradi
Dr .Ebrahim Rezaei-dogaheh
Dr .Anahita Torkaman-butorabi
Dr .Behrouz Dolatshahi
Dr .Esmaeil Shahsavand
Dr .Hassan Ashayeri
Dr .Bijan Jahangiri
Dr .Hamidreza Khoramkhorshid
Dr .Hamidreza khankeh
Dr .Mohammadreza Khodaei Ardakani
Dr .Hamidreza Mostafavi Abdolmaleki
Dr .Setareh Mohsenifar
Dr .Sara Jafari
Dr .Seyed Vahid Shariat
Dr .Saeid Semnanian
Dr .Abbas Motevalian
Dr .Seyed Ali Hosseini
Dr .Alireza Norouzi
Dr .Aliakbar Nejatisafa
Dr .Rabert Farnam
Dr .Kamal Kharrazi
Dr .Masoud Fallahi Khoshknab
Dr .Mahmoud Tavakoli
Dr .Abbas Haghparast
Dr .Masoud Ghadipasha
Dr .Javad Alaghbandrad
Dr .Ali Yoonessi
Dr .Majid Rezazadeh
Dr .Fereshteh Motamedi
Dr .Richard Rawson
Dr .Mansureh Soleimani
Dr .Masumeh Jorjani
Mr .Mohammadreza Kooshesh
Dr .Ali Samadi Kouchaksaraei
Dr .Omid Massah
Dr .Peymaneh Shirinbayan
Dr .Minoo Mohraz
Dr .Ahmad Hajebi
Dr .Saeed Momtazi
Dr .Mohammad Mehdi Gouya
Dr .Masumeh Maarefvand
Dr .Abbas Sedaghat
Dr .Reza Daneshmand
Dr .Hasan Rafiee
Dr .Omid Yahyazadeh
Dr .Asghar Dalvandi
Dr .Mohammadreza Ghadirzadeh
Dr .Hamid Jomepoor
Dr .Shahindokht Molaverdi
Dr .Ali Shafiee
Mrs .Mahnaz Ahmadi
Ms .Nojin Yasrebi
Dr .Hasan Ziaeddini
Dr .Fatemeh Ghazi Mirsaeed
Dr .Naser Mansur Kiaie
Executive Committee
Erfan Haeri
Marjan Derakhshandeh
Yaser Ghahremani
Marziyeh Karami
Mohsen Esmaeili poor
Maryam Goldoust
Roghayeh Akhlaghi
Masomeh bakhshayesh
Tahereh Soleimanieh Naeini
International Affairs Officer
Tahereh Soleimanieh Naeini
Organizers
Cellular and Molecular Research Center ,Iran University of Medical Sciences
Substance Abuse and Dependence Research Center ,University of Welfare and Rehabilitation
Ministry of Health and Medical Education
Welfare Organization
Iran Drug Control Headquarter
Iranian Neuroscience Society
Colleagues
Tehran Municipality
Iran Psychology and Counseling Organization
Narcotics Police
cognitive sciences and technologies council
UCLA
Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies
Regional Programme for Afghanistan and neighbours Countries
Iranian Anatomical Sciences Association
Institute of Cognitive Science
Health Channel IRIB
UNICEF
Centre for Mental Health Research ,Institute of Psychiatry
UNODC
Iranian Legal Medicine Organization
Iranian Psychiatric Association
Vice President of Women›s Affairs and Family
Eco Cultural Institute
OR
L
A
ORAL
The 8th International Congress on Addiction Science
Survey on High-Risk Sexual Behaviors
among Injecting Drug Users in Ahvaz Drop
in Center(DIC) : 1392
Zohreh Abbasi1, Abbasi Z(MA)2, Davasaz Irani R(MPH)3, Barzkar A(MA)4,
Mansouri S(BA)5
1. Department of Mental, Social Health and Addiction .Health Center of
Khuzestan province,Ahvaz Jundishapour University of medical science
2. General Psychology
3. department of mental, social health and addiction .Health center of
Khuzestan province,Ahvaz Jundishapour University of Medical science
4. Clinical Psychology_manager of DIC
5. General Psychology-Center of Local Mental Health Avaye Zendegi - Ahvaz
Background and Aim
Sexual risk behaviors in drug users are not uncommon, and they have
been subject to considerable.the aim of this study was to survey risky
sexual behaviors among Injecting drug users in Ahvaz Drop in Center.
Methods
This was an analytic-descriptive study. The study population consisted 138 Injecting drug users who had referred to Ahvaz Drop in Center.
Data was gathered by Risky sexual Behavior questionnaire(RSBQ)
.This was a researcher- made questionnaire that its validity was cheked
by expert opinion and its reliability was measured through person’s
Correlation(0.70). The data were analyzed using descriptive statistical
methods, X2 and Logistic Regression by SPSS16.
Results
Findings indicated that 25% of Injecting drug users were infected
with the HIV virus. Most addicts (%98) belonged to the group of
men, (%85) Had a low education level, (%72) single (%75) were
unemployed. Well as (%35) had a prison record, and (%55) had
sex with multiple partners. The highest frequency in conjunction
with the lack of interest in the use of condoms, belonged to the age
group 24-20 years. A significant relationship was found between
marital status and risk behavior(P≤0.05),but no significant relationship was found between other demographic characteristics and
behaviors studied(P≥0.05). Results of regression analysis showed
that the highest risk of HIV infection due to sexual risk behaviors was related to having sexually behaviors unconventional and
sexual partners who are infected with HIV respectively.
Conclusion
Due to the prevalence of high-risk behavior among injecting
drug users, Can greatly control the risks of addiction and transmission of infectious diseases such as AIDS to the community
through increasing Drop in centers and proper training.
Keywords
Risky Sexual Behaviours, Drug User, Drop in Center, Ahvaz
Comparing High Risk Sexual Behavior of
Addicted Women Before and after
Addiction Treatment
Ebrahim Abbasi1, Mahmood Abbasi2, Ahmad Abbasi3
1. Expert at dchq
2. Expert at Legal Medicine Organization
3. Expert at Markazi Government, Arak, Iran
Background and Aim
Goal: in this research we compare the sexual behavior of addicted women before and after addiction treatment.
Methods
Method of research: this study is a quasi-experiment. For that,
we choose 256 addicted woman according to research factors. We
choose those who passed at least one month of treatment and their
sexual function analyses before and after treatment. For taking information we use demographic questionnaire and deep interview
Results
Results there is a relationship between the kind of drug, and severity of using it and high risk sexual behavior in addicted women. In the other side there is a diverse relationship between persistence of treatment of addiction and desire to high risk behavior.
More important desire to have sexual behavior in the beginning of
treatment is more than the period of taking drugs
Conclusion
Discussion and Conclusion women before treatment of addiction, because of need to the drug, try to have sexual behavior that
in this step they are to have any kind of sexual behavior, therefore
after treatment the high risk sexual behavior will reduce, but because of not informing enough of treatment and increasing the libido, mostly they have sexual relation with others rather than their
husband. After a period, the sexual desire will reduce, so having
the harm reduction centers for women in cities with a psychologist or social worker in those centers, especially camps, with the
goal of training women and informing them is necessary
Keywords
High Risk Sexual Behavior, Addiction Treatment, Drug Abuse
Role of Mindfulness, Machiavelli’s,
Resiliency in Addiction & Tendency to
Substance Use
Sadegh Khodamoradi1, Gholamreza Manshaee2, Atefeh Abbasi3
1. Student PhD, Psychology Group, Science and Research Branch Islamic
Azad University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
2. Psychology Group, Science and Research Branch Islamic Azad University of
Esfehan, Esfehan, Iran
3. Student PhD, Psychology Group, Science and Research Branch Islamic
Azad University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
Background and Aim
Mindfulness starter conciseness, Machiavelli’s assert will damage, and resiliency is factor for resistance. article aim, assessment
Role of Mindfulness, Machiavelli’s, resiliency in addiction & tendency to Substance use
Methods
This was a correlation descriptive study
Results
Weak Mindfulness, major Machiavelli’s, and good resiliency is
effect in addiction & tendency to Substance use
S2 Archives of Iranian Medicine, Volume 16, Number 5 (Suppl. 1), May 2013
Conclusion
Weak Mindfulness to cause, behavior management to transfer
to Unconscious systems that follower pleasure. Machiavelli’s Is
likely to cause any type of violence. and resiliency Raises resistance to damage.
Keywords
Mindfulness, Machiavelli’s , Resistance, Addiction, Tendency to
Substance Use
Distribution of Mental Disorders in
HIV-positive Patients in Kermanshah
Jalal Shakri1, Nasrin Abdoli2, Vahid Farina3
1. Psychiatrist and Associate Medical Sciences, Kermanshah
2. PhD Student at University of Mashhad Imam Reza
Background and Aim
Introduction assaults taking the world by virus devastating
HIV from focusing and global problems in the late twentieth and
Avaylb The provider-first century poses Rvdkvshsh researchers
in understanding better the nature and effects of HIV on the lives
of patients and those around them by providing referred to the
Counseling Center, Health Center, Kermanshah province was
HIV-positive patients.
Methods
Materials and
Methods
In this study of HIV-positive patients who were at the center of
the case. 132 people older than 15 years of sampling the “available” were selected and evaluated in a study. This study was conducted in two stages. symptoms based on DSM-IV diagnostic
criteria were interviewed.
Results
Results Among psychiatric disorders, disorders related to drug
use in the 93/93 percent of people with mood disorders in the
18/43 percent Guantanamo and suspicion 7/32 of Impaired agitation in 93/18 cases studied, the most common abnormalities were
found. The prevalence of other Disorders in this study include:
disorders somatoform a 36/11 percent, schizophrenia and other
psychotic disorders, with 60/10% of cases, sleep disorders in the
09/9% of cases, impaired impulse control in 03/3%, adjustment
disorder in 27/2 percent of sexual dysfunction in 75/0 of cases of
bereavement in 75/0 of the cases examined among axis II personality disorders in 24/74 per cent or more. In this study, 90 /.% Of
men and 08 /. .78/53 Per cent of the unemployed were women and
most were in the age range 130-18 96/46 per cent of respondents
fills. 78/78 had a diploma or diploma below.
Conclusion
Conclusion Considering the high prevalence of HIV among
drug abusers and psychiatric disorders, along with the identification and timely introduction of clinical psychiatry or psychology, and get advice when HIV can enhance the quality of
life of these patients and the implementation of mental health,
individual and family helped
Keywords
Psychiatric Disorders, Kermanshah, SRQ-24, DSM-IV, HIVPositive.
Couses of Tendency Youth to Addiction
from the Perspective Rasht PNU Students
Maryam Abdollahi1, Soodabeh Afra2, Maryam Arabnejad3
1. PNU,Rasht,Iran
2. PNU,Rasht,Iran
3. PNU,Kerman,Iran
Background and Aim
Drug use as a social habit and unacceptable in all societies involved countless men and women, especially the young people .
Studies in this field have showed that individual, social and family factors are effective in the tendency to use drugs. This study
aimed to investigate the factors influencing trends in youth drug
use from the perspective of students.
Methods
This descriptive - analytical study was conducted on 100 students of Rasht PNU. The tool of collecting data was questionnaire
that was made by the researcher. In design and setting questionnaire, were used indicators such as the emotional atmosphere in
the family, social relations, and some personal characteristics. Validity of the used test by retest obtained. 0/73. To achieve to the
research objectives was used multiple regression method.
Results
This study showed that young people believe lack of healthy
leisure (33/0), lack of employment and unemployment (30/0), location (24/0), education level (23/0 to be the most effective to
tedency drug.
Conclusion
With Attention to the results obtained in this study, the most important indivisual, social, family factors in youth drug tendency
from the perspective of the students are lack oft healthy leisure,
lack of employment and unemployment, inappropriate living
place and education that likely can be prevented from spreading
this problem by teaching technical and professional skills, spread
healthy cultural centers with diverse cultural and henry program
Keywords
Causes of Tedency, Addiction, Youth
Study of the Relationship Between
Adjustment and Self-Esteem in Addict and
Non-addict Youths of Esfahan
Zahra Adham1, Azam Shamohammadi2
1. M.A. in General Psychology,Department of Justice
Crime Prevention Isfahan
2. M.A. in General Psychology, Esfahan Public Education
Background and Aim
The purpose of the present study has been evaluation and comparison of the amount of adjustment and self-esteem in addict and
non-addict youths.
Archives of Iranian Medicine, Volume 16, Number 5 (Suppl. 1), May 2013
S3
Methods
Accordingly, 60 substance-addicted youths and 60 non-addict
youths of 20-35 years old were selected through stratified random
sampling. Bell’s adjustment questionnaire which includes 160
questions and evaluates 5 sub-criteria was used in this research
along with Coopersmith’s self-esteem test which consists of 58
questions and 4 sub-criteria. Data analysis was performed at the
level of inferential statistics by t-test and SPSS software.
Results
Ultimate analysis of the data indicated that there is a significant difference in adjustment at home, health adjustment, socialemotional adjustment between addicts and non-addicts (p< 0.05).
Moreover, there is a significant difference between self-esteem of
addict and non-addict youths (p< 0.05).
Conclusion
Hence, it can be claimed that addict youths have lower levels of
adjustment and self-esteem than non-addict youths.
Keywords
Adjustment, Self-Esteem, Addict and Non-Addict.
Predictive Factors of Recurrence Among
patients Treated with Methadone
Maintenance Treatment Referred to
Addiction Centers in Hamadan Based on
Health Belief Model
Ali Afsar1, Seyed Mohammad Mehdi Hazavei 2, Saeid Bashirian 3,
Jalal Poorolajal4, Elahe Vatannavaz5
1. MSc of Health Education, Department of Public Health, School of Health,
Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
2. Department of public health, school of health, hamadan university of
Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
3. Department of public health, school of health, hamadan university of
4. Department of Epidemiology School of Health, Hamadan University of
5. MSc of Health Education, Department of Public Health, School of Health,
Kurdestan University of Medical Sciences, kurdestan, Iran
Background and Aim
One of the major challenges in current methadone maintenance
treatment is retention rates in the treatment and prevention of addiction recurrence. The aim of this study was determine the factors that influence addiction recurrence among patients undergoing methadone maintenance treatment , based on Health Belief
Model, in Hamadan addiction treatment centers .
Methods
This cross-sectional study conducted in the spring and summer of 2013 on 384 patients treated with methadone in addiction treatment centers in the Hamadan city. Stratified proportional
sampling was conducted. Data were collected via questionnaire
based on the Health Belief Model constructs and demographic
variables, the questionnaires were completed by interviews and
self-report. Data analysis was performed using software SPSS
(version 19), and using regression analysis and chi-square test.
percent. Temptation, friends’ pressure, depression and methadone
low dose were the main reasons for recurrence. Regression analysis indicated constructs of perceived susceptibility, perceived benefits and self efficacy were stronger predictors of recurrence.
Conclusion
According to the results, it seems Health Belief Model can be
used for recurrence prevention intervention programs.
Keywords
Recurrence, Methadone Maintenance Treatment, Health Belief Model
Comparing Direct, Network Scale up, and
Proxy Respondent Methods
in Estimating Risky
Behaviors and Substance Use
among Collegians
Mahdi Afshari1, Khodadad Sheikhzadeh2, Mohammad Reza Baneshi3,
Ali Akbar Haghdoost4
1. Department of Public Health, School of Public Health, Zabol University of
Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran
2. Regional Knowledge Hub, and WHO Collaborating Centre for HIV
Surveillance, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of
Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
3. Research Center for Modeling in Health, Institute for Futures Studies in
Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
4. Research Center for Modeling in Health, Institute for Futures Studies in
Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
Background and Aim
Various methods of estimating the size of hidden populations are
prone to different degrees of information biases. This study for the
first time, aimed to assess such biases.
Methods
We estimated the prevalence of risky behaviors such as substance use using direct, modified Network Scale-Up (NSU) and
Proxy Respondent Method (PRM) among college students.
Results
The network sizes of the male and female students were 25.8 and
29.5. We found alcohol use was the most prevalent risky behavior
among males (PRM: 18.12%, NSU: 8.68%, Direct: 13.4%) and the
extra-marital sex was the most prevalent one among females (PRM:
3.47%, NSU: 0.95%, Direct: 1.4%). Based on PRM, Injecting Drug
Use (IDU) was the least prevalent behavior among college students.
Conclusion
We concluded that direct and NSU methods might underestimate the prevalence of substance use and risky behaviors.
Keywords
Risky Behaviors, Network Scale up, Proxy Respondent
The Effect of School- Based Interventions
on Middle School Students’ Life Skills in
order to Preventing Drug Abuse
Results
The recurrence rate in patients treated with methadone was 48/2
Parvaneh Aghajari1, Sousan Valizadeh2, Farhad Taremian 3,
Mahnaz Jabraili 4, Mohammad Hashtrudizadeh5
1. Department of Pediatric Nursing, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Tabriz
University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
3. Department of Psychiatry, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
4. Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences,
Tabriz, Iran
5. Medical Sciences Faculty, Maragheh, Iran
Background and Aim
Adolescence is a critical period in life and the important behavioral patterns such as smoking, alcohol and drug use, that affects
whole of the life, is formed in this stage. One of the school-based
preventive interventions is Life Skills Training (LST). This study
assesses the effect of school-based interventions on middle School
students’ life skills in order to preventing drug abuse.
Methods
This study is a pre and post test quasi- experimental study with
control group that 417 students participated in 2 and 3 grades of
Maragheh’s middle schools. Eight girls’ and boys’ schools were
selected randomly through the schools list of Education office and
after pre-test, were divided in 2 groups. In the case group, we
performed the LST program in the 7 session, and then tested both
of the case and control groups. The questionary included the demographic questions, PSI, HSS, CATS, and Dr. Botvin’s healthy
behavior scales. Then we analyzed data by SPSS ver. 15 software
by t-test and χ2.
Results
In post- test, mean scores of decision making and problem solving skill (P<0.01), self- esteem (P<0.05), and resistance skill
(P<0.01) had a significantly increasing and tendency to drug
abuse (P<0.05) had decreased significantly in case group.
Conclusion
LST program in case group was affective on students’ life skills,
and then it was offered as a protective factor in preventing of
schools drug abuse.
In this prospective study, 210 drug addicts who referred to the
methadone maintenance Therapy centers during the first month in
1392 (2013), were sampled purposefully. The subjects were studied using the author-build questionnaire of data on demo chart
and a short list of the nature and disposition, and followed for 6
months. Data were analyzed thorough independent T-test
Results
The results showed that patients who had a relapse obtained the
higher scores in novelty seeking and harm avoiding dimensions,
and the lower scores in self-directing and coordination in comparison with the non-recurrence group. There was no difference
between the two groups in perseverance and reward-seeking personality traits
Conclusion
According to the Cloninger personality trait model, high novelty
seeking and harm avoiding, and low self-directing and coordination present the valuable information about the effectiveness of
personality traits in relapse which may highly be influential in
both Therapy and prevention of abusers’ relapses.
Keywords
Relapse, Personality Traits, Methadone Maintenance Therapy
The Relationship between Domestic
Violence and Partner Addiction in Women
Attending Health centers - Health and
Family Courts city of Rasht in 1392.
Mahbobbeh Ahmadi1, Mona Rahnavardi2, Mehrzad Kiani3,
Asma Porhoseyn Gholi 4
1. Shahid Beheshti University Of Medical Science,Tehran,Iran
Background and Aim
Keywords
School Health Services, Early Intervention (Education), Students, Substance-Related Disorders, Prevention & Control
Effective Personality Traits on the Relapse
for Drugs Abuse in Opioid Dependents
under Methadone Maintenance Therapy
Hossein Aghazadeh vazifekhah1, Mehdi Sedghi2, Amir Ahmadi3,
Babak mohammadi4
1. Master of Clinical Psychology, Islamic Azad University of East Azarbayjan
Science and Research Branch.
Science and Research Branch. Young Researchers and Elite Club, Tabriz
Science and Research Branch. Young Researchers And Elite Club, Tabriz
4. Master of Clinical Psychology, Islamic Azad University of Ardabil Science
and Research Branch. Young Researchers And Elite Club, Tabriz
Background and Aim
Methods
Domestic violence are one of the most important contributors to
the global burden of disease among women and girls, Evidence
suggests that drug and alcohol addiction and abuse is a important
personal factors for violence against women In the family. The
purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between
domestic violence and partner substance abuse in women
Methods
This study is a case - control study , population consisted of
110 (55 people with violence and 55 without violence) qualified
women referred to health centers and family courts are the city of
Rasht. Sampling method was available or easy. We use domestic
violence questionnaire and demographic questionnaire for this
study. Independent t, chi - square, Mann-Whitney, and descriptive
statistics were used to analyze the data.
Results
The present study investigated influential personality traits on
the relapse for drugs abuse in opioid dependent patients under the
Therapy with methadone.
The mean age in the group without violence 32/69 ± 7/65 years.
Highest scores related to psychological violence, with an average
44/13. Opium consumption (P = 0/03), heroin (P = 0/002) was
significantly higher in women with violence
S5
Conclusion
According to high prevalence of domestic violence in this study
and understanding substance abuse as a major risk factor for violence on women’s. Prevention programs should be compiled in
mental health policy and have the resources will be assigned to
prevent violence against women and its adverse consequences.
Keywords
Domestic Violence ,Opium Consumption ,Heroin,Addictation
Addiction Documenting in the Medical
Records
Golchehreh Ahmadi1, Sima Ajami2, Sakineh Saghaeiannejad-Isfahani3,
Masoud Etemadifar4
1. Health Information Technology Research Center, Isfahan University of
Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
2. Health Management and Economics Research Center, Isfahan University of
Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
3. Social Determinant of Health Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
4. Isfahan Research Committee on Multiple Sclerosis, Isfahan, Iran
Background and Aim
Medical records (manual or computerized) are a healthcare information repository and must be adequately described all steps of
patient care and disease management. The first step to standardize
data collection to facilitate and expedite sharing and comparing
data among different centers is determining standard data elements. The aim of this study was to determine addiction data elements in the Multiple Sclerosis (MS) medical records.
Methods
This research was an applied one and an exploratory study which
was done in Isfahan in 2012, in four phases: 1) identifying MS information resources in Iran and other countries; 2) extracting, summarizing and categorizing addiction data elements; 3) proposing
addiction data elements in MS medical records; and 4) evaluating
of data elements by Delphi technique. The research population in
the first three phases included: MS specialists and information management systems planners, MS specialty clinics, neurology offices,
university and research centers in Isfahan city and the Isfahan MS
Society, websites about MS, MS treatment and research centers in
other countries; and in the last phase included: neurologists in Iran.
Finding data was analyzed by descriptive statistics indexes, just relative and absolute frequencies. Delphi technique was continued until
achieving consensus for every data element.
Results
After identifying 17 MS information resources at the world,
15 addiction data elements was extracted and classified in two
categories; Clinical and Socioeconomic. In the first round of the
Delphi technique, 15 Neurologists did not get to 75% consensus
for any of considered data elements. In the second round, 12 of
previous participants deleted 6 cases out of 15 cases. Finally, addiction data elements for MS medical records were determined.
Conclusion
The MS data collection is the first step in MS information
management. Nowadays, demands for applying data collection
standards are growing up. The key point in determining the data
elements is obtaining consensus and standardization of data that
must be collected. Comparative studies will be possible by standardization and providing unique definitions. According to specialists’ consensus on necessity of addiction data elements in MS
medical records, using these data elements is recommended as a
basis for collecting data on MS and other Chronic Disease and
conditions in Iran.
Keywords
Medical Records, Data Elements, Multiple Sclerosis, Smoking,
Substance Abuse, Alcohol, Addiction.
The Influence of Hope Treatment on
Reduction of the Depression Amount and
Prevention from its Reappearance among
Treated Women who Depend on Drugs
Amir Ahmadi1, Babak Mohammadi2, Mahdi Zare3, Hafez Atapour4
Background and Aim
The purpose of present study was to research the influence of hope
treatment education on reduction of the depression amount and prevention from its reappearance among treated women who depend on drugs.
Methods
In a similar experiment plan, 30 distinguishing the disorder of
opium misuse that had finished the period of poison removing and
got 14 point or above of the depression marks in depression questionnaire, were accidently divided into experimental group (15) and
witness group (15) by available sampling method, experimental
group were educated with hope treatment in 10 sessions and witness
group did not receive any treatment at this period. The researched
experimented were evaluated by the scale of Snayder hope and Beck
depression and Mourfin test before starting and finishing treatment
and finishing 2-month exploring process. Z scale test and covarians
analysis test were used to analyze the data from Chi-square test.
Results
Showed that the education of hope treatment can remarkably reduce
the amount of depression target among addicted women. In addition to,
the test results have showed the meaningful difference in the number of
reappeared women by considering the group (experiment and witness).
Conclusion
In whole idea, the result of this study shows that the education of hope
treatment is efficient in reduction of depression amount and prevention
from its reappearance among treated women who depend on drugs.
Keywords
Hope Treatment, Depression, Dependence on Drugs, Prevention
from Reappearance.
Role of Abuse in Lapse, During Methadone
Maintenance Treatment (MMT)
Elaheh Ahounbar , Behrouz Dolatshahi , Ali Farhoudian
1. Substance Abuse and Dependence Research Center, University of Social
Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Clinical Psychology Dept., University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation
Sciences, Tehran, Iran
1
2
3
Background and Aim
The aims were to identify if histories of sexual, emotional and
physical abuse are predictors of lapse in some of Tehran/Iran
methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) clinics, and to compare the findings to other international settings.
Methods
We prospectively studied 120 patients admitted since November
2013 through 6 months to MMT clinics.
Results
Analyses included urinalysis results (for methadone, cocaine,
opiates, benzodiazepines, THC, amphetamines) of each patient
per month and after 6 months in treatment and patients’ frequency
of reporting physical, emotional & sexual abuse. The 6 months
lapsing rate was 45.4% opiate abuse and 64.7% Methamphetamine abuse during treatment.
Conclusion
Histories of sexual, emotional and physical abuse were actually
factors predicting lapse in MMT. We conclude that our outcome
results (high rate of lapse during 6 months MMT among patients
with high physical, emotional & sexual abuse, justify the need
of monitoring such patients in the MMT clinics in order to make
treatment most effective to all those who need it. A protocol favoring extra supportive interventions as appropriate is recommended.
Keywords
Sexual, Emotional and Physical Abuse, Lapse, Methadone Maintanace Treatment
Effectiveness of Mindfulness-Based
Group Therapy in Reducing Symptoms of
Depression and Increase the Self Efficacy
of Drug-Dependent Patients
Asqar Alizadeh1, Asghar Alizadeh2, Mohammadreza Hoseinpour3, Raana
Sheikhzadeh soori4, Leila Hasanzadeh5, Masoumeh azmoodeh6, Mehdi Yaghouti7
1. Department of Clinical Psychology, College of Psychology, East Azarbaijan
Sience and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran
Sience and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran
Sience and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran.
4. Department of Clinical Psychology, College of Psychology, Islamic Azad
University, Ardebil, Iran.
5. College of Psychology, Payam Noor University, Tehran, Iran.
6. College of Psychology, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran.
7. Center for Addiction Treatment (Khane Amn Isfahlan).
Background and Aim
Addiction and associated disorders, it is one of the problems of
human society that in recent years there are weak pillars and foundations of human society and large capital Spending for struggle
costs, treatment and injuries. Therefore, the main objective of this
research is effectiveness of mindfulness-based group therapy in
reducing symptoms of depression and increase the self efficacy of
drug-dependent patients.
Methods
The research is of the type semi-experimental with experimental
and control groups, with follow-up (45 days). The sample size is
30 people. They was selected by methods available from refere
patients to addiction clinic (khane amn isfahlan) in 1392 and
they were randomly divided into treatment group (mindfulnessbased therapy) and control group. Experimental groups during
the 12 sessions of 60 to 90 minutes was treated in the group and
the control group received only methadone. All subjects before
treatment, at the completion of the twelfth and final follow up,
45-day, completed short form of the Beck Depression Inventory
(13 - BDI) and the self-efficacy questionnaire.
Results
The results of multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA),
comparing the difference between pre-test and post-test experimental and control groups were equal (F =75/68) , the F between
the two groups in the post-test and follow-up depression were
equal (F =4/12) and analysis results between pre-test and posttest in an increased level of self-efficacy and experimental groups
were equal (F=104/53) and analysis of variance post-test and followed by increasing levels of self-efficacy in experimental and
control groups were equal (F=./850).
Conclusion
Effectiveness of mindfulness-based group therapy in reducing
symptoms of depression and increase the self efficacy of drugdependent patients is effective. Therefore, thoughts and feelings
is performed without judgment and evaluation with the help of
mental imagery.
Keywords
Mindfulness-Based Group Therapy, Addiction, Depression,
Self-Efficacy
Effectiveness of Group Therapy with NA
Structure on the Internal and External
Control Level and Psychological
Well-Being of Self-Introducer Addicts to
Addiction Rehabilitation Centers
Masoumeh Allahi1, Bahman Akbari2, Farhad Asqari3, Behrooz Golchai4,
Simin Moradoi Azad5
1. M.A in Clinical Psychology, Azad University Branch Tonekabone, Iran
2. PhD in Psychology, Azad University Science and
Research Branch Guilan, Rasht. Iran
3. PhD in Psychology, Azad University Science and Research Branch Guilan,
Rasht. Iran
4. Medical Student
5. M.A in Clinical Psychology, Azad University Science and Research Branch
Guilan, Rasht. Iran
S7
Background and Aim
NA (Narcotics Anonymous) meetings are trying to promote
personal characteristics and behavioral changes of addicts for
increasing their persistent quitting behavior after detoxification
period. The purpose of this study is to evaluate efficacy of group
therapy using NA structure on the level of internal and external
control and psychological well-being of the self-introducer addicts to rehabilitation centers.
Methods
This experimental study with pre-and post-test design with a
control group was conducted on 200 individuals in addiction rehabilitation centers in CHALUS. Among the study population,24
subjects with lower psychological well-being and source internal
control were randomly selected and divided into two equal(12
subject) experimental and control groups. Next, group therapy
based on NA was performed on experimental group once a week
for 3 months and 12 sessions of 60 minutes.
Results
According to result of present study, group therapy with
NA structure was highly effective in enhancing the wellbeing(F(1,22)=10.230,p=0.004) and changing control resources(
F(1,22)=10.040,p=0.005) of the patients.
Conclusion
This study showed that group therapy with NA structure can enhance the internal and external control level and psychological
well-being of the patients.
Keywords
Group therapy, Control of Resources, Well-Being
Causes of Women’s Illicit Drug Addiction
in Tehran: A Qualitative Study
Leila Allahqoli1, Sepideh Hajian 2, Zhila Abeed Saeedi3, Nader Molavi 4
1. PhD Student of Reproductive Health, School of Nursing and Midwifery,
Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
2. PhD in Reproductive Health, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Midwifery and
Reproductive Health, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
3. Assistant Professor, Dept. of Medical Surgical, Faculty of Nursing & Midwifery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
4. PhD Student of Addiction Studies, Kashan University of Medical Sciences,
Kashan, Iran
Background and Aim
Due to biological, psychological and social issues, women are at a
higher risk of illicit drug addiction than men. Drug addiction etiology in women is multi factorial. The purpose of this article is to determine the pivotal factors in women’s illicit drug addiction in Tehran.
Methods
Qualitative method was utilized. Two focus groups and sixteen
semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted with drugaddicted women, 15-45 years old, at shelters and drop-in-centers
in Tehran. Participants were selected by purposeful sampling. All
interviews were recorded and typed word for word. Data was analyzed using content analysis approach.
Results
Participants’ mean age was 30; all of the participants had at least
primary school education. Majority of the participants were divorced. Two of the participants were injection drug users infected
with hepatitis B; three of them were infected with HIV. Two-thirds
of the participants were homeless and more than two-thirds were
sex workers. Findings of this study can be grouped in two main
categories: extra-personal and personal factors. Extra- personal
factors include family and social factors. Personal factors include
personality characteristics, demographics, non-favorable healthy
background, previous high risk experience, and factors related to
individual’s perceptions.
Conclusion
The present study demonstrated that the main influencing factors in women’s drug addiction are extra-personal factors. Therefore, to protect vulnerable women from drug addiction, a realistic
prevention planning is needed to provide support for those more
susceptible to harm, and to provide them with education and employment, as well as guidance for them to become self-sufficient
and independent. This plan will also help to recognize the talents
and capabilities of these vulnerable women and guide them to better utilize these capabilities.
Keywords
Drug- Addicted, Women, Causes, Qualitative Research.
Women’s sexual behavior and illicit drug
Addiction in Tehran: A Qualitative Study
Leila Allahqoli1, Sepideh Hajian 2, Zhila Abeed Saeedi3, Nader Molavi 4
1. PhD Student of Reproductive Health, School of Nursing and Midwifery,
2. PhD in Reproductive Health, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Midwifery and
Reproductive Health, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
3. Assistant Professor, Dept. of Medical Surgical, Faculty of Nursing & Midwifery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Ira
4. PhD Student of Addiction Studies, Kashan University of Medical Sciences,
Kashan, Iran
Background and Aim
Changes in illicit drug-addicted women’s sexual behavior have
changed STIs dissemination pattern and have exposed them to a
higher risk of HIV infection. The purpose of this article is to determine sexual behavior in women’s illicit drug addiction in Tehran.
Methods
Qualitative method was utilized to determine sexual behavior
among drug-addicted women. Between February and May 2013
two focus groups and sixteen semi-structured in-depth interviews
were conducted with drug-addicted women, 15-45 years old, at
shelters and drop-in-centers in Tehran, Iran. All interviews were
recorded and typed word for word. Data was analyzed using content analysis approach.
Results
The age range of women in this sample was 17 to 43, with majority being in their Thirties. More than half of them had primary
or middle school education; slightly more than three quarters, 14
(77%), were divorced. Two of the drug abusers were injection
drug users infected with hepatitis B; three of them were infected
with HIV. Two-thirds of the participants were homeless and more
than two-thirds were sex workers. All participants were sexually
active, and most of them, 88%, had unprotected sexual relationships. The reasons for having unprotected sexual relationship
were financial need, receiving emotional support, disruption in
pleasure, and misconception about condom use. For majority of
the participants financial need was the most important reason for
having sexual relationships.
Conclusion
Most women are not aware, or have incorrect understanding, of
the dangers of having risky sexual behaviors. The study results
emphasizes on the need for affiliated organizations to conduct
preventative and harm-reduction programs continuously and accurately, to offer effective training to exposed groups, and to provide expert consultation.
Keywords
Sexual Behaviors, Drug-Addicted, Women, Iran
Investigate the Causes and Trends of
Industrial Drug Abuse in Arak and
Provincial Media in Reducing the Damage
Abolfazl Amirian1, khadijeh Esmaeili zadeh2, Nafiseh Ahmadi3
1. Azad Islamic University of Arak
2. MA in Counseling- Azad Islamic university of Oloum Taghighat Markazi
3. Education Organization of Qom Province
Background and Aim
The present study aimed at investigating the causes of industrial
drug abuse process and the role of media in reducing this damage
in Arak.
Methods
This research was taken place through Descriptive approach on
394 individuals, including 221 men and 173 women younger than
35 years of age in drug addiction treatment centers. The study
assessment tool was a five dimensional researcher-made questionnaire to which all the participants responded.
Results
Findings shows that, thrill seeking, in both sexes, illness experiencing factors, love failure, heavy and long-term burden, being
fond of fashion include the most important individual factors associated with the tendency to addiction. Among the family factors,
having the addicted family members for both sexes, unresponsive
parents for women, father unemployment, and over-supporting
parents applied the family-related trends as the main causes of
addiction. In terms of the social factors, relationship with addicted
friends in both sexes, unemployment for women, living in impoverished areas, of drug propagation, and the sense of deprivation
from major social facilities are included. Minimum age of abuse
initiating was 16 in men and 7 women. In both sexes, most addicts
have begun in 17. The mean of abuse initiating was 20 in men
and 19 in women. Both sexes began abuse professionally in 22/5
years of age. Men used to begin their abuse with cigarettes, hookah, glass, alcohol, crack, opium, marijuana or sedative drugs and
women began by cigarettes, hookah, alcohol, marijuana, sedatives
and X tablets. After changing their abuse and at the time of drug
withdrawal, in addition to the increase in the mean in consumption
of the previous used drugs, in both sexes, heroin, molasses, burnt
opium, Buprenorphine and cocaine were also added. Although
glass and crack was not found in the women beginners, they were
added to the abused drugs at the withdrawal time. Most of the
men after one year (holding the mean 2.73 years) and women after
six months of abuse (holding the mean 1.71 years) changed their
abuse from light to heavy. Feeling no pleasure from the previous
drug was the most common cause of drug change in men, and in
women, in addition to the shared reason with men, greater access
to and exposure in new drug were important reasons for changing
drug. Most of the addicts felt addiction after one year of abuse.
For both sexes, friends and workplace were the major drug suppliers.
Conclusion
The results showed that several factors affect adolescents’ and
young adults’ attitude toward drug, many of which are directly related to individual and family features. The use of national media
in training people in immunizations and informing them about the
risks and side effects can be effective in reduction of the damages
Keywords
Industrial Drug Abuse, Causes of Trends in Drugs, National Media
Developing a Screening Tool for
Prevention of Smoking among Students:
Construct Validity
Marzieh Araban1, Mahmood karimy2, Ali Montazeri3
1. Public Health Department, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
2. Public Health Department, Saveh University of Medical Science, Saveh, Iran
3. Mental Health Research Group, Health Metrics Research Center, IranianInstitute for Health Sciences Research, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
Background and Aim
Prevention of youth smoking is an important public health concern. Although several instruments have been proposed for prevention of smoking behavior, none are intention-based. Hence,
the aim of this study was to test validity and reliability of a new
intention-based tool for prevention of smoking among student.
Methods
An extended version of theory of planned behavior (TPB) was
considered as conceptual framework for this study and item pool
was provided for developing a questionnaire. After careful consideration and performing content and face validity, a 37-item
measure was developed and a sample of students completed the
questionnaire. Reliability was estimated using internal consistency and validity was assessed performing confirmatory factor
analysis (CFA), and known group comparison.
Results
In all 170 students were took part in the study. The mean age of students was 21.23 ± 2.9 years. The findings of content and face validity
showed almost perfect results both for content validity ratio (CVR =
1) and for content validity index (CVI = 1). The confirmatory factor
S9
analysis indicated a good fit to the data, and known group comparison
revealed satisfying results (p<0.05). Internal consistency as measured
by the Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was found to be 0.91.
Conclusion
In general, the findings suggest that this new developed scale is
a reliable and valid theory based measure of smoking prevention
for students. Since this instrument investigates both intention and
its correlates as the most prominent predictors of smoking behavior, it could be used as a screening tool for prevention of smoking
among students in early stages.
Keywords
Students, Smoking, Prevention, Intention, CFA
Comparison of Effectiveness of Behavioral
Group Therapy and Cognitive - Behavioral
Group Therapy on the Sip Rate and
Persistence in Treatment of Addict to
Opium Patients under Treatment of MMT
Vajiheh Armanmehr1, Mohamad Ali Aslinejhad2, Mahdi Moshki3
1. Social Development and Health Promotion Research Center, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences
2. MSc of Clinical Psychology, Department of Psychosocial Health, Deputy of
Health, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
3. PhD of Health Education, Assistant Professor, Department of Public Health,
School of Health; And Social Development & Health Promotion Research Center, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
Background and Aim
The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness
of Behavioral group therapy and Cognitive - Behavioral group
therapy on the slip rate and persistence in treatment of addict to
opium Patients under Treatment of MMT
Methods
In a quasi-experimental study, 66 patients referred to the government clinic of substance abuse treatment in Gonabad city were selected among108 persons based on research criteria and in a randomly, put in two Experimental groups and control group. One of
Experimental groups has received behavioral therapy group and other cognitive - behavioral therapy group during 12 group one -hour
sessions weekly and Control group received MMT treated with
usual individual interventions of clinic. Participants were evaluated
with structured interview of opioid consumption index, slip rate and
absence checklist based on the urine morphine test, before starting
treatment, end treatment and follow up six months after the end of
the group treatment. Data were analyzed with statistical methods of
t, one-way analysis of variance and chi-square test.
Results
Results showed that both behavioral group therapy and cognitive - behavioral group therapy approach compared with usual
individual interventions was more effective in reducing of slip
rate after the intervention (p<0/0001), after 6 months of follow-up
(p<0/001), and persistence in treatment (p<0/0001). Also, cognitive - behavioral therapy Group compared with behavioral therapy group was more effective in reducing of slip rate (p<0/05), and
persistence in treatment (p<0/05).
Conclusion
to more effectiveness of MMT treatment, being associated with
cognitive behavioral group therapy is recommended.
Keywords
Group therapy, Methadone, Slip
The Role of Social Support on Durability of
Quitting of NA Group Members
Alireza Nili Ahmadabadi 1, Marzieh Haghgooe Esfahani2, Noorallah Moradi
Kolahloo3, Vajiheh Armanmehr4
1. MSc in Public Administration
2. MSc in Sociology, Structor of Esfahan University
3. MSc in Social Welfare, Social Development & Health Promotion Research
Center, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences
4. MSc in Sociology, Social Development & Health Promotion Research
Center, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
Background and Aim
In recent years, different investigators have studied the problem
of preventing and remedy of addiction from medical, psychological and social aspects and have presented different solutions for
this matter. But none of these solutions have led to absolute remedy. This research has been study the effect of receiving protection
from social relationship networks on the durability of quitting.
Methods
The population of research was all members of Isfahan NA association at1390. The sample was 113 people who was selected
through cluster sampling and responded to the valid and reliable
questionnaire. Data were analyzed by using SPSS software-16.
Results
The results showed that if the relationships of these people were
more with this association after quitting and if they were encountered with more information and instructions, they would have
more durable quitting. Also, the correction of relationship with
family and relatives and their emotional and altitude protection
would have a meaningful effect on quitting of these people. But
the financial protection didn’t have any meaningful relations with
quitting durability.
Conclusion
Based on the results of this research, there is a need for addict
person to receive cognitive, emotional and altitude supports after
leaving drugs and also he needs to restore his position in the family and society in order to be a successful quit. Therefore it is suggested that quitting camps should provide some training facilities
for families about supporting needs of addicts after quitting
Keywords
Quitting durability, Social Support, Narcotics Anonymous (NA).
Comparison of Social Support and
Resiliency Between the Three Groups of
Addicted, Non-Addicted and
Ex-Addicted Women
Maliheh Arshi1, Elham Rostami2, Marzieh Takaffoli3
1. Assistant Professor, Department of Social Work, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences
2. University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences
3. Allameh Tabataba’i University (ATU)
Background and Aim
Statistics declares that the number of addicted women is going
to increase also recent evidence suggests that two factors of social
support and resiliency have significant difference between three
groups of addicted, non-addicted and ex-addicted men .This study
aimed to compare these two factors between the three groups of
addicted, non-addicted and ex-addicted women.
Methods
During the study, 60 women of each group of hospitalized
women in TC center of “Chitgar’s women” and ex-addicted referred women to “Tavallode dobare” center were selected. These
women completed Waxes social support (1986) and Conner &
Davidson resiliency (2003) questionnaires. Reliability and validity of Waxes social support questionnaire was confirm by Ebrahim Ghavami(1371) through 100 university students and 200
pupils of Iran. Reliability ratio of university student sample was
0/90 and 0/70 for pupils, and it was 0/81 in test-retest of pupils
after six weeks. Mohamadi(1384) has used Cronbach Alpha to
validated the resiliency questionnaire and gained validity ratio of
0/89 . KMO and Kroit Bartlett test was calculated before exploring the factors based on correlation matrix to assess the reliability
of the questionnaire. The value of KMO was 0/88 and X2 value
at Bartlett test was 5556/28 and so both values determined the
adequacy of evidence to factor analysis. Then both groups were
homogenized through three demographic variables of age, education and habitant and 25 cases were selected from each group.
After all 25 non-addicted women that have been matched to the
homogeneous characteristics were selected
Results
These results suggest that the amount of social support and resiliency between addicted and ex-addicted women & non-addicted
and ex-addicted women have significant difference. Also, the results revealed that realized social support and resiliency between
addicted and ex-addicted women have significant difference. Finally among these groups, considering social support the groups
of ex-addicted women and about resiliency non-addicted women
have the highest grade.
Conclusion
The results clearly indicate that non-addicted group of women
doesn’t receive more social support in comparison to other groups
and their resiliency also doesn’t have any significant difference.
But the group of ex-addicted women receives more social support; it might be because women wouldn’t meet required social
support unless they faced serious problems about their family and
themselves. From these results it is argued that in subject of addiction, resiliency of women isn’t as influencing as it is for men
and maybe other factors like personality, environment, culture and
family beliefs about addiction have more affect.
Keywords
Support, Resiliency, Addicted Women, Non-Addicted Women,
Ex-Addicted Women
Validity and Reliability of the CAGE
Questionnaire amongst Middle-Aged and
Older Adults in Khuzistan Province of Iran
Abdolrahim Asadollahi1
1. Australian Centre for Quality of Life, Deakin University, Melbourne,
Australia
Background and Aim
The CAGE questionnaire, an instrument for attempts to Cut down
on drinking, Annoyances with criticisms about drinking, Guilt about
drinking, and using alcohol as an Eye opener. It have been pervasive
simple tool to screen in busy medical settings where there is limited
time for adult patient interviews and popular in nursing.
Methods
About 382 men with age range of 45 to 80 and with the mean
age of 54.7±3.65 were sampled with the cluster-ratio sampling
method from the eight medical centers and hospitals of Khuzistan
province in southwestern Iran. The aged samples replied to the 4
items of CAGE.
Results
Coefficients of Cronbach’s alpha (α=.74), convergent validity
(.72), divergent validity (-.12), and criterion validity (.78) were
estimated, which were significant at ρ<.01. The exploratory factor analysis demonstrated that the 4–items of the CAGE for aged
samples are organized into one factor (psychic & behavioural)
which clarify 94 per cent of the scale’s variance. Second-order
confirmatory factor analysis pointed out that the factor are well
matched up onto a principal factor. Consequently, the 1-factor
model was well appropriate for the data by the fit index techniques
for adjusting the scale (AGFI=.88, GFI= .94, RMSEA=.002,
IFI=.95, NFI= .90, CFI=.93).
Conclusion
The results pointed to the well-adjusted reliability and validity
of the CAGE and its usefulness for the relevant studies as well.
Keywords
Aged, Alcoholism/Complications, Alcoholism/Diagnosis*, Alcoholism/Psychology, Analysis of Variance, Cognition Disorders/
Etiology, Cognition Disorders/Psychology, Female, Humans,
Male, Middle Aged, Iran
The Relationship between External Locus
of Control and Learned Helplessness in
Individuals with a Tendency Toward Drug
Addiction Centers Located
Mojtaba Ashouri1, Farzane Piran2, Masuome Rahbar3, Eskandare Rahbar4,
Esmat Nasiri5, Rahim Ganjkhanlu6
1. Master of Educational Psychology, Urmia University, a Visiting Member of
Payam Noor University
2. MA in Clinical Psychology, Rehabilitation Specialist Zanjan
4. B Physiotherapy Assistant Rehabilitation Organization Intelligence City
6. MB in Clinical Psychology, Rehabilitation Specialist Zanjan
Archives of Iranian Medicine, Volume 16, Number 5 (Suppl. 1), May 2013 S11
Background and Aim
One of the most important concepts in the field of psychology,
the concept of drug addiction and the tendency is that researchers and theorists from various aspects such as psychology, the
concept of locus of control and learned helplessness to study and
analyze the have paid. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the relationship between external locus of control and
learned helplessness in individuals with a tendency toward drug
addiction centers were established.
Methods
analysis of covariance
Results
The group Craft had more succesful in entering Patients to treatment than the other groups.Also the Craft group have got lower
number in Beck inventory and higher numbers in QOL after intervention than the other groups.
Conclusion
Methods
This cross-correlation and the population settled in the city Intelligence addiction centers in 92, 50 people were selected by purposive sampling Rutter standardized questionnaire for the variable
External Locus of Control Scale and Seligman Learned Helplessness been used for assessment. Data using descriptive statistics
and Pearson correlation analysis was used.
Results
The results showed that Pzhhsh external locus of control and
learned helplessness, a significant positive correlation (01/0> p,
43/0 = r) with each other, and the other two variables together, a
significant positive correlation based on their degree of addiction
addiction centers (01/0> p, 41/0 = r), respectively.
Conclusion
The present study showed that higher external locus of control
and learned helplessness, the rate of drug addiction centers based
on population increases. ¬ So we can say that external locus of
control and learned helplessness, an important factor in the prevention and treatment of substance abuse, and family health are
the result.
Craft is effective in entering addicts to treatment and can help
Families to reduse depression and increase Quality of life.
Keywords
Craft-Substance Abuse, Families
Naloxone can Prevent Seizure Induced by
Tramadol during Kindling Model of
PTZ in Mice
Ramin Ataee1, Yazdan Noorian2, Mohammad Shaterpour3, Amin Ataie4,
Somayyeh Nouri5
1. Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center,Mazandaran University Of
Medical Sciences,Sari Iran
4. Department of Pharmacology, Babol University Of Medical Sciences,
Babol Iran
Background and Aim
Keywords
External Locus of Control, Learned Helplessness, Addiction,
Addiction Centers Based Subjects
Efficacy of “Community Reinforcement
And Family Training” (Craft) in
Motivating Patients
Hossein Assadbeigi1
1. University of Social Welfare
Background and Aim
To assess the effectiveness of the method «Craft» (Community
Reinforcement And Family Training) the likely reluctance of addicts to treatment, 75 family members of drug users in 3 groups
of 25 Craft, Naranon and non-intervention groups. In the first session, and after about 2 months, Depression and quality of life of
these Concerneded Significant Others where assessed by the Beck
Depression and World Health Organization Quality of Life Questionnaire (WhoQOL). On the other hand after 2 months the stages
of change, from precontemplation to contemplation and preparation in drug abuse patients were assessed. The results showed that
the Craft was more successful than the other groups to change
their patients from stage 1 to 2 and 3of change for interin treatment. Also the Craft was more successful than the other groups to
reduce depression and increase the quality of life of the families.
Naloxone is an opioid antagonist drug developed by Sankyo in
the 1960s.Naloxone is a drug used to counter the effects of opiate overdose, for example heroin or morphine overdose. Naloxone is specifically used to counteract life-threatening depression
of the central nervous system and respiratory system. Naloxone
has an extremely high affinity for μ-opioid receptors in the central nervous system. Naloxone is a μ-opioid receptor competitive
antagonist, and its rapid blockade of those receptors often produces rapid onset of withdrawal symptoms. Naloxone also has an
antagonist action, though with a lower affinity, at κ- and δ-opioid
receptors. Tramadol is a centrally acting opioid analgesic used to
treat moderate to moderately severe pain. Tramadol is a serotonin
releaser, reuptake inhibitor of norepinephrine and a weak μ-opioid
receptor agonist. Seizures and serotonin syndrome are amongst
the more commonly reported serious adverse reactions attributed
to tramadol. According to this background we have tried to examine if naloxone can prevent seizure induced by tramodole in PTZ
kindling model in mice.
Methods
For this purpose we have induced myoclonic seizure in mice
with increasing doze of PTZ injected subcutaneously and for this
aim the 5 mice in one group received increasing doses of PTZ and
after finding minimum and maximum dose of threshold for PTZ,5
other mice have received five increasing dose of Tramadol IP in
another separate group and the minimum and maximum doses of
Tramadol which induced myoclonic and HLTE seizure in mice
have been destinguished(5 and 30 mg/kg) and in two other groups
of five mice Naloxone in increasing doses of (5,10,20,30,40,50
mg/kg) injected IP, 30 minute before minimum and maximum
doses of tramadole and 45 min before maximum doses of PTZ
and the number of mice which have shown myoclonic or HLTE
seizures were numbered in each group and compared with control. The comparison between groups was analyzed with one-way
ANOVA test with SPSS 21.
Results
Our results have been shown that tramadole can enhance the seizure intensity of PTZ and naloxone can prevent tramadole seizure
in 40mg/Kg in mice significantly
Conclusion
According to our results we can conclude that some seizure
mechanisms of tramdole can be through activating of µ-Opioids
receptor which can be antagonized with an competitive pure antagonist as naloxone and we can suggest this method of treatment
for clinical trials of tramdole intoxications
Keywords
Tramadole,Toxixology,Seizure,Naloxone
Intra-locus Coeruleus Microinjection of
Orexin-A Induces Opioid With drawal-Like
Behaviors in Morphine Dependent Rats
Hossein Azizi1, S. Mohammad Ahmadi Soleimani2, Saeed Semnanian3
1. Tarbiat Modares University
Background and Aim
Orexin (hypocretin) neuropeptides have been shown to play a
pivotal role in opioid withdrawal behaviors. Hypothalamic orexinergic neurons send dense projections to the locus coeruleus
nucleus (LC). Withdrawal syndrome is temporally associated
with the hyperactivity of LC neurons. The reported increase in LC
neuronal activity seems to be mediated by extrinsic factors. This
study was conducted to investigate whether intra LC microinjection of orexin-A induces opioid withdrawal symptoms.
Methods
Adult male Wistar rats weighing 250-300 grams were rendered
dependent on morphine by subcutaneous injection of morphine
sulfate (10 mg/kg, s.c.) at an interval of 12 h for 9 days. On day
10, intra-LC microinjection of orexin-A (100 μM, 200 nl) was performed two hours after morphine administration. Thereafter, somatic signs of withdrawal were evaluated in a plexiglas test chamber (30 cm diameter, 50 cm height) during a period of 25 min.
Results
Orexin-A induced several signs of morphine withdrawal syndrome (chewing, scratching, rearing, teeth chattering, wet-dog
shake and paw tremor).
Conclusion
It seems that orexin-A acts as an extrinsic factor in the expres-
sion of morphine withdrawal syndrome in LC nucleus.
Keywords
Orexin-A, Morphine Withdrawal Syndrome, Locus Coeruleus,
with drawal-Like Behavior, Rat
Female Drug Users are Heterogeneous
Groups: Few Facts
Shokatalmolouk Azizzadeh1, Molouk Azizzadeh2, Shaditalab3,
Sonia Ghaffari4, Parisa Nakhaei5
1. UNODC
2. UNODC
3. Tehran University
4. UNODC
5. UNODC
Background and Aim
The latest Rapid Assessment reports the share of women among
all drug users as close to 5% (Narenjiha et al. 2008) without reporting gender disaggregated data to the public. In 2014, it has increased up to 10%. With limited data on the FDUs (Female Drug
Users) and those entering treatment centers, we know very little
about FDUs. In absence of comprehensive information, scattered
studies are probably the only source of information and present
article aims at providing some information on FDUs and the heterogeneity of the group which is important in development of services.
Methods
Secondary analysis of available information on FDUs in three
different institutions in Tehran during the year of 2011 is applied.
315 FDUs’ socio-economic data was extracted from their records
by strict confidentiality. Data on few shared items among institutions demonstrates how social background of women who refer to
three types of treatment different regions of the city differs.
Results
Age and preferences of treatment: Nearly 30% of women drug
users were younger than 29 years of age and 30% in each of
the age groups of 30-39 and 40-49. Almost half of camp residents are in the age category of 19-29 (young). It seems short
term abstinence treatment has more attraction for younger DUs.
Education is not a hindering factor; 11% of FDUs are illiterate and 30% have few years of primary school. Large number
has attended few years of secondary school and 25% have high
school diploma. While Illiterates and less educated are mostly
in the south of Tehran, 23% of women in out-patient, long term
abstinence treatment have university degrees. Broken families:
Approximately 85% of FDUs have been married once. More
than 30% are divorced and 15% have reported their marriage
status as “temporary marriage”. Early marriage under 18 is reported among majority. Safety in houses: A small group of FDUs
in south of Tehran are working either as the employees of DICs
(11%) or as unskilled labor in cleaning jobs, packing workshops
or peddler in the street (30%). However, majority in out-patient
treatment institute are housewives, which goes against the notion
that women are safe in staying at home. 16% of all FDUs and
approximately 40% in south of Tehran reported that they work
in sex market. Risk behaviors: Almost 30% of MMT clients have
had drug injecting experience in some point of their life and the
share of those injecting drug users is almost 11 % in total interviewees.
Conclusion
The FDUS are not a homogeneous group and with limited
data on 315 samples two distinct groups are recognized. Center
of Tehran: Majority with marriage experiences “Housewives”.
Those employed are working in white collar jobs or self-employed. Financially are supported by family. South of Tehran:
older, less educated and relatively poor with limited resources.
Almost all have married once or more and at present 70% are
living on their own. It seems permanent marriages do not hold
their spouses responsible for providing households’ expenditure.
Conclusion
All patients presenting after DSH need to be carefully screened
for alcohol disorders and for comorbid psychiatric diagnoses.
Treatment of DSH patients with alcohol disorders should include
the treatment of any comorbid depressive illness
Keywords
Deliberate Self-Harm(DSH) , Alcohol Disorders , Damghan.
The Efficacy of Acceptance and
Commitment Therapy on Reduction of
Anxiety Symptoms in Substance Abuses
Keywords
Mozhgan Kazemi1, Fatemeh Badri2
1. Psychology Department, Roudehen Islamic Azad University, Roudehen,Iran
2. Psychology Department, Roudehen Islamic Azad University, Roudehen,Iran
A Study on the Incidence of Deliberate
Self-Harm Patients with Alcohol
Disorders Referring to the Emergency
Room of Baradaran e Rezaee Hospital in
Damghan, Iran(2009-2014)
Background and Aim
Female Drug Users, Heterogeneous Groups, Treatment
Masaudeh Babakhanian1, Masumeh ghazanfarpur2, Soraya Sayar3, Ahmadreza
Khanbeiki4
1. Social Worker, Department of Social Work, Velayat Hospital, Semnan
University of Medical Sciences, Damghan, Iran
2. Faculty of Nursing and Paramedics, Mashhad University of Medical
Science, Iran
3. Iran university of Medical sciences, Shaheed Rajaeis Cardiovascular
Medical and Research Center. Tehran, Iran
4. Soidier Education Center and Air Defence of Seman
Background and Aim
Deliberate Deliberate self-harm (DSH) patients with alcohol problems present a considerable challenge for clinical services. The current
study was conducted to explore the prevalence and reasons associated
with the incidence of DSH in a group of patients referring to the emergency room of Baradaran e Rezaee Hospital in Damghan, Iran.
Methods
Fifty four clients with the mean age of 29.4 (±10.3) years participated in this cross-sectional study in 2009-2014. Firstly, demographics and details of substance use were collected based on
items with an ICD-10 diagnosis of alcohol dependence or harmful
use of alcohol and a researcher-made questionnaire. Then details
of comorbidity and factors associated with the current DHS were
collected by a semi-structured interview. Data were analyzed by
performing descriptive methods of statistics
Results
Conflict and aggression (44.8%) , intoxication whit opiate and
drug (35.2%) and body cutting and vessel cutting (20%) were the
most prevalent types of deliberate self-harm. Furthermore results
revealed that comorbidities such as physical illness (38.9%) and
psychiatric disorders including depression (46.5%), bipolar disorder (5.6%), stress and anxiety (7.5%) were commonly prevalent.
The most frequently reported factors associated with DSH were
desires for emotional sufferings (33%), experiencing euphoric
feelings (24%), and stress (62%) respectively.
Recently a lot of discussions has about cognitive- behavioral
interventions(the third wave) especially in the area anxiety disorders.Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) is an innovative acceptance-based behavior therapy that has been applied
broadly and successfully to treat a variety of clinical problems,
including the anxiety disorders. Throughout treatment ACT balances acceptance and mindfulness processes with commitment
and behavior change processes. This study investigated the effectiveness of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, in reduction of
anxiety symptoms in individuals with suffer addiction
Methods
In this study which was a Quasi-Experimental with pre-test,
post-test and control group, the sample group was selected in
by available sampling method from addicts that inhabit in Ahd
v Pyman Rahaei Camp in Ghods city that selected. After screening and determination rang of anxiety , a sample of 30 addicts
randomly assigned into the experimental(n= 15) and control(n=
15) groups. The experimental group underwent eight, two-hour
sessions of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and the control
group didn’t receive any therapeutic treatment.the tools that used
in this study was beck Anxiety Questionnaire that completed by
participation in the pre-test and post-test stages.
Results
Data was analyzed by Covariance showed ,Significant difference between the scores of the experimental and control groups.
(p:0/00)
Conclusion
Results from this study suggest that Acceptance and Commitment Therapy can be effective intervention for decrease the anxiety and Helps people to achieve psychological flexibility.
Keywords
Anxiety, Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, Substance
Abuse
Early Menopause, Association with
Addiction, and Lifestyle Factors in
Diabetic Patients
Mahvash Bagheri , Behrooz Khiabani Tanha
1. AREN Neuroscience Center
2. Member of Iranian Epidemiologic Association
1
2
Background and Aim
Early onset of menopause is a risk factor for several health problems. The objective was primarily to investigate the association
between early menopause and addiction in diabetic patients
Menopause, Addiction, Lifestyle, Diabetic
The Effectiveness of Matrix Intervention
in Group in Reducing Methadone Use and
Relapse Prevention in Methadone Treatment
Arva Bakhtiari1, Hossein Eghbali2, Nader Monirpoor3, Vahid Ahmadi4
1. Department of Clinical Psychology, Islamic Azad University, Qom Branch
4. Department of Psychology, Payam Noor University, Ilam Branch
Background and Aim
Methods
The present population-based cross-sectional study included
a sub-sample of 100 Postmenopausal women diabetic born in
1950–55 who participated in MASHAD. Early Menopause was
defined as menopause occurring at an age of less than 45 years.
We applied logistic Regression analyses (crude and adjusted
odds ratio (OR)) to examine the association between early
Menopause and selected lifestyle factors in addicted. : The present population-based cross-sectional study included a sub-sample of 100 Postmenopausal women diabetic born in 1950–55
who participated in MASHAD. Early Menopause was defined
as menopause occurring at an age of less than 45 years. We
applied logistic Regression analyses (crude and adjusted odds
ratio (OR)) to examine the association between early Menopause and selected lifestyle factors in addicted. : The present
population-based cross-sectional study included a sub-sample
of 100 Postmenopausal women diabetic born in 1950–55 who
participated in MASHAD. Early Menopause was defined as
menopause occurring at an age of less than 45 years. We applied logistic Regression analyses (crude and adjusted odds
ratio (OR)) to examine the association between early Menopause and selected lifestyle factors in addicted. : The present
population-based cross-sectional study included a sub-sample
of 100 Postmenopausal women diabetic born in 1950–55 who
participated in MASHAD. Early Menopause was defined as
menopause occurring at an age of less than 45 years. We applied logistic Regression analyses (crude and adjusted odds ratio (OR)) to examine the association between early Menopause
and selected lifestyle factors in addicted.
Results
Addiction was significantly associated with early menopause
(adj. OR, 1.59; 95% CI, 2.11–2.28). Stopping addiction more than
3 years before menopause considerably reduced the Risk of early
menopause (adj. OR, 0.13; 95% CI, 0.05–0.38). Total exposure
to smoking (the product of number of cigarettes per day and time
as a smoker) was positively related to early menopause. Menopause Of the lifestyle factors tested, high educational level (adj.
OR, 0.50; 95% CI, 0.57–0.79) and high social participation (adj.
OR, 0.70, 95% CI, 0.41–0.98) were negatively associated with
early menopause.
Conclusion
Keywords
This study shows an association between addiction and menopause. The data also suggest that the earlier a woman stops addiction the more protected she is from early menopause.
To evaluate the effectiveness of matrix interventions in the relapse prevention and daily dosage of methadone was the main
goal of this research.
Methods
In a semi-experimental design, 24 male patients with diagnosis of substance dependence according to DSM-IV
were put in two experimental and control groups randomly.
Participants were evaluated by urine test each two weeks
and the follow-up phase was one year after the end of
treatment(behavioral - cognitive therapy, family thrapy and
relax thrapy).Control group with no psychological treatment
only took methadone. Data were analyzed using covariance
analysis, chi square.
Results
Results showed that the effect of matrix interventions on
reducing relapse and methadone use (p < 0.05), and increasing the length of stay in treatment (01/0 P <). Conclusion
it seems that matrix intervention in group, while increasing
the effect of methadone treatment, and reducing dosage of
methadone.
Conclusion
It seems that matrix intervention in group, while increasing
the effect of methadone treatment, and reducing dosage of
methadone.
Keywords
Matrix Interventions, Daily Using of Methadone, Relapse Prevention.
The Alcohol Consumption Pattern among
the Students and its Relationship with
Personal Characteristics
Amir Balashi1
1. University
Background and Aim
The goal of his study is the survey of the relationship between
the alcohol consumption and the education.
Methods
Information is descriptive and the metering class. In this
context, the population 500 students of Tehran University as
random sampling are used and the questionnaires were set and
distributted.
Results
Statistical analysis done by descriptive, have been undertaken by
comparative tables. Between school years, 30% of undergraduates use alcohol, 44.7% of Mas use alcohol and 33.3% of PHDs
sue alcohol. Alcohol consumption among undergraduate school
years has been 68/3%. 17.5% of them used once during last month
and 7.5% of them used once during last week.
Conclusion
The alcohol consumption has been applied with studying the social characteristics and demographics. This study shows that there
is relationship between the alcohol consumption and the education.
Keywords
Alcohol Consumption, School Years, Education, Statistical Analysis
The Role of Risk Perception and
Self-Reflection in Prediction of Motivation
for Substance Dependence Treatment
Sajjad Basharpoor1, Alireza Jafartabar 2, Mohammad Narimani3, Omid Massah 4
1. University of Mohaghegh Ardabili
Background and Aim
Motivation for treatment is a key element in treatment and recovery
of substance abuse disorders. The current study was conducted to investigate the role of risk perception and self- reflection in prediction
of motivation for treatment in people with substance dependence.
Methods
This survey study was conducted to determine correlation. The
statistical population of this study comprised all those with substance dependence who were referring to Ardabil’s addiction
treatment centers in the second half of 1392. One hundred and
forty people were selected from this population through multistage random cluster sampling. They were asked to complete the
questionnaires of risk perception, self- reflection and motivation
for treatment. Data were analyzed using Pearson’s correlation and
multivariate regression tests.
Results
Motivation for treatment was positively associated with risk
of drug abuse (r=0/26; p<0/003), risk of aggressive behavior
(r=0/47; p<0/001), Risk of sports activities (r=0/21; p<0/015),
risk of academic and professional failures (r=0/68; p<0/001), risk
of sexual activity (r=0/31; p<0/001), and risk of heavy drinking
(r=0/43; p<0/001). It was also positively associated with the total score of self-reflection and insight (r=0/24); p<0/006) and the
need to self-reflect (r=0/42; p<0/001). Fifty percent variance of
motivation for treatment was explained by risk perception and
19% was explained by self-reflection in the multiple regression
analysis results.
Conclusion
The results of this study demonstrate that high perceived risks
of drug induced behavior and high ability for self-reflection can
predict motivation for treatment and readiness for change in drugdependent individuals.
Keywords
Risk Perception ,Self-Reflection, Treatment Motivation , Drug
Dependence
Comparison of Executive Function and
Difficulties in Emotion Regulation in
Addicted with Upper and Lower Borderline
Personality Traits
Masoumeh Movahedi1, Ali farhadi2, Yazdan Movahedi3, Haniyeh kharrazi4,
Ahmad Bayat5
1. MA of Family Counseling, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences,
Korramabad, Iran
2. PhD, Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran.
3. Ph.D. Student of Cognitive Neuroscience, Psychology, Psychology and
Education, Tabriz, Iran
4. MSc Clinical Psychology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
5. MSc Child and Adolescence Clinical Psychology, Psychology and
Education, Tabriz University, Iran.
Background and Aim
The aim this study was compare the executive function and difficulties in emotion regulation in addicted with upper and lower
borderline personality traits.
Methods
The current study is kind of causal – comparative. The study
population, was included all men substance use drug which referred to treatment center of Khoy city in 2013. 80 people addicted, were selected through available sampling method and by
borderline personality traits questionnaire (STB) in two groups of
40 people through drug abusers with borderline traits were high
and low. Thus the Wisconsin card sorting test and the scale of
the difficulties in emotion regulation were performed on the two
groups. Data in SPSS 20 program by statistical method multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) and LSD test were analyzed.
Results
The results indicated that addicts with high borderline traits than to
addicts with lower borderline traits in Wisconsin card sorting test has
lower performance and higher total number of errors (P = 0/002) and
error perseveration (P = 0/010). Also addicts with high borderline
traits, have higher scores on the difficulties in emotion regulation
variable (P = 0/002) than to addicts with lower borderline traits.
Conclusion
This study showed that drug abusers with high borderline traits, the
poorer performance in executive functioning and higher levels of difficulties in emotion regulation which this could be due to the influence of
drug dependency on their neurological function which leading to poorer
performance this individual than addicts with lower borderline traits.
Keywords
Executive Functioning, Difficulties in Emotion Regulation, Borderline Personality Traits, Addiction
Study of Cognitive Function (Executive
Functions and Memory) in Addicts
Substance Abusers, Addicts Treated with
Methadone and Normal Individuals
Ali Farhadi1, Masoumeh Movahedi2, Yazdan Movahedi3, Ahmad Bayat4
2. MA of Family Counseling, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Korramabad, Iran
3. Ph.D. Student of Cognitive Neuroscience, Psychology, Psychology and
Education, Tabriz, Iran
4. MSc of Child and Adolescence Clinical Psychology, Psychology and
Education, Tabriz University, Iran.
Background and Aim
The purpose of this study was compare cognitive functioning
addicts substance abusers, addicts treated with methadone and
normal individuals.
Methods
The current study is kind of causal – comparative. Statistical
population of this research includes all substance abusers (men)
that referred to addiction treatment center in khoy, 1392. The sample consisted of 40 patients treated with methadone, 40 person
drug addicts (self-represented), and 40 person non-addicted individuals who were selected in available method. We administered
for 3 groups the Wisconsin card sorting test and the Wechsler
memory scale. The data was analyzed by SPSS version 20 using
multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) and Tukey test.
Background and Aim
The aim study was to compare the degree of general health and
social support in addicted and non-addicted people.
Methods
The method of this study was causative-comparative. The statistical population of the study involves all addicts who had referred
to addiction treatment centers in Khoy in 1391. 60 people were selected out of this population by available sampling, and 60 normal
people were cloned on the basis of age, gender, and education.
Measurement tools include Goldberg General Health (GHQ-28)
and social support (Fleming) questionnaires. Data analysis was
performed using SPSS software, ANOVA (Multivariate Analysis
Of Variance) method, and Bonferroni test.
Results
This study indicated that mental health (P < 0/0001, F=36/26)
and social support (P < 0/0001, F=27/36) are lower in addicts than
non-addicts.
Conclusion
The results showed that mental health and social support are
lower in addicted people compared with others. Thus, it is suggested that since mental health is highly influenced by social support, influential factors in low levels of social support in addicts
requires further investigation.
Keywords
Mental Health, Social Support, Drug Abuse
Results
The results showed that functioning addicts’ substance abusers group compared to addicts treated with methadone group and
normal individual as well as the functioning addicts treated with
methadone group compared to the normal group. There was a significant difference in the Wisconsin test and Wechsler memory
scale (p ? 0/05). However, perseveration error there was no significant difference in addicts threated with methadone and normal
individual.
Conclusion
Chronic use of psychoactive substances will be cause damage
to multiple brain regions such as the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus, resulting in impaired cognitive function in these areas.
Keywords
Cognitive Function, Executive Functions, Memory, Drug Substance Abuse
Comparison of General Health and Social
Support in Addicts and Non-Addicts
Ali Farhadi , Masoumeh Movahedi , Yazdan Movahedi , Haniyeh kharrazi ,
Ahmad Bayat5
3. Ph.D. Student of Cognitive Neuroscience, Psychology, Psychology and Education, Tabriz, Iran
5. MSc Child and Adolescence Clinical Psychology, Psychology and Education, Tabriz University, Iran.
1
2
3
4
Parental Substance Abuse and its Impact
on the Mental Health of Children
Masoumeh Movahedi1, Ali farhadi2, Yazdan Movahedi3, Haniyeh kharrazi4,
Ahmad Bayat5, Reza Latifi6
3. Ph.D. Student of Cognitive Neuroscience, Psychology, Psychology and Education, Tabriz, Iran
5. MSc Child and Adolescence Clinical Psychology, Psychology and Education, Tabriz University, Iran.
6. MA Clinical Psychology, Psychology and Education, Tabriz, Iran.
Background and Aim
Parental substance abuse and other contaminants related on is
the risk factors that makes their children addicted. According to
investigations, 44 percent of offenders live in Unbound families
and 91 percent of this families are addicted. this study investigated the effect of parents addiction on mental health of children.
Methods
Sample include of 50 addicted person and 50 normal one .Goldberg mental health inventory with 28 questions was selected as research tool. Data were analyzed by SPSS-19 software. Method of
this research was correlation. method of statistics analysis was descriptive and inferential and therefore used Pearson’s correlation.
Results
Results demonstrated children of addicted people had less mental
health than children of normal people. In addition children of addicted people were more depressed than children of normal people.
Conclusion
In families where one or both parents were addicted somehow
all roles in families due to fragmentation and neglect of family
collapses and principles governing an intimate gathering will be
completely unstable.
Keywords
Parental Substance Abuse, Mental Health, Children
The Efficacy of Group Cognitive – Behavior Therapy (GCBT) in Relapse Prevention
in Methamphetamine Dependent People
Fatemeh Behrouzian1, Mostafa Nokani 2, Hamid Reza Mohajerani3
1. M.A in Clinical Psychology Department of Psychology Science and Research Branch Islamic, Azad University Boroujerd, Iran
2. P.H.D in Clinical Psychology. Assistant Prof of Arak University of Medical
Science
3. P.H.D in Physiology, Assistant Prof of Azad Arak University.
Background and Aim
The research purpose is to investigate the efficacy of group cognitive – behavior therapy (GCBT) in Relapse prevention in Methamphetamine dependent people
Methods
For this reason in a semi – experimental study and by accessible
sampling method we selected_ 30 _clients as a sample. Research
Tools included: diagnostic interview,and urine test. They were divided in to two groups, 15 _clients in experimental and 15 clients
in control group. GCBT has been done on Experimental group for
12 weekly 1/5 hour sessions. Data is analyized by SPSS as well as
statistical test such as chi- square
Results
The results showed that there is between rate of relapse of in
experimental and control group were difference(p-value<0.05)
Conclusion
The group cognitive – behavior therapy is effective in prevention Relapse.
Keywords
Group Cognitive – Behavior Therapy, Methamphetamine Dependent People, Relapse Prevention
Effectiveness of Active Learning
Techniques in the Prevention of Drug
Abuse for Pre-school Children
Davood Behzad1
1. Department of Social Work, University of Applied-Science, Bandar Abbas
Background and Aim
The Importance of predisposing factors for addiction in early
ages has caused considerable part of prevention programs focus
on children. Children according to their living conditions are
susceptible to psychological and social damage than other age
groups. Hence the emphasis on drug prevention programs should
start from early ages. The purpose of the present study is to assess
the effectiveness of active learning methods as a strategy to prevention program for pre-school children.
Methods
The research method was a quasi-experimental pre-test and
post-test with a group. The statistical population was preschooler’s children in Bandar Abbas. A sample of 53 children aged 4 to
6 years old were randomly selected and divided into two groups.
The proposed educational package content consists of five areas
in the three levels of knowledge, attitudes and behavior that include: self-knowledge, knowledge of the negative outcome and
dangers of drugs and alcohol, understand and express emotions,
get help in emergency (problem solving), ability to say no against
unreasonable offers. This program presented by trained instructors in 10 weeks and 30 sessions for children.
Results
Preliminary results showed that pre-school children in the content area are generally below the median score. Children’s emotional perceptions were significantly weaker than other areas. Results showed that the active learning method has a significant effect on increasing knowledge, attitudes and behavior in children.
Conclusion
In conclusion, compared to the same content presented is an appropriate prevention program. With regard to children characteristics, its implementation in terms of the active learning methods
is effective.
Keywords
Drug Abuse, Prevention, Active Learning, Preschoolers
The Effectiveness of Acceptance and
Commitment Therapy for the Treatment of
Polysubstance Abuse:
A Preliminary Investigation
Saeid Dabagh Ghazvini1
1. Young Researchers and Elite Club, Roudehen Branch, Islamic Azad University, Roudehen, Iran
Background and Aim
Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) is one of the most
influential third wave therapy with a considerable deal of practical
evidence in treatment of substance abuse. This method subscribes
the view that avoiding unpleasant personal experiences such as
thoughts, feelings and bodily sensations is inescapable yet may
causes disease, lead to treatment leave and additional drug abuse.
The study was aimed to the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy for the treatment of polysubstance adult abusers.
Methods
Participants were thirty polysubstance abuse disorder men referring to an addiction treatment center were randomly assigned to
two groups, an intervention based on ACT and a control group
on a waiting list. They assessed with the Situational Confidence
Questionnaire (SCQ), the Craving for Drugs after Withdrawal
Inventory (CDWI) and the Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scale
(DASS-42) at pretreatment, at the end, and at a six-month followup. Urinalysis were applied once a week to determine the drug
consumption. The treatment was administered in 45 to 60-min
individual sessions. The normal session frequency was 2 sessions
per week as long as all treatment was completed within 119 days.
Results
After 32 ACT intervention sessions, the multivariate analysis
of covariance for assessment of the effects of the intervention
showed that participants of ACT condition in comparison with
control ones had a significant reduction in drug abuse, comorbid
psychopathological symptoms, average of craving and a growth
in self-efficacy. The results also illustrated that the rate of abstinence increased from 18.3 to 57.6 at the follow-up.
Conclusion
The findings support the last ACT studies regarding psychological maturation and flexibility. Having taken everything into consideration, the ACT intervention seems to be an effective and appropriate treatment choice for addictive behaviors and comorbid
disorders in adult addicts.
Keywords
Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, Polysubstance Abuse,
Third Wave Therapy, Psychological Flexibility
Polypharmacy: An Invisible Addiction
among Elderly Community Dwellers
Ali Dadgari1, Seyed Abbass Mousavi2, Reza Chaman3, Tengku Aizan Hamid4,
Mohmd Nazrul Hakim5, Lim Poh Hin6, Leila Dadvar7
1. Shahroud University of Medical Sciences
3. Yasuj University of Medical Sciences
4. University Putra Malaysia-UPM
5. University Putra Malaysia-UPM
6. Universiti Putra Malaysia-UPM
Background and Aim
Addiction among elderly people is a common phenomenon all
over the world. An invisible form of addiction among elderly people is polypharmacy. Research has demonstrated that patients on
polypharmacy are more likely to suffer drug side effects and that
this is more related to the number of co-morbidities a patient has
than age. Polypharmacy is defined as simultaneous consumption
of 4-5 and more medication. The purpose of the study is to investigate Polypharmacy among Iranian elderly in Shahroud, Semnan
provenience.
Methods
This study is a community survey regarding geriatrics health assessment. Subjects (n= 1123) of the study were selected from a big
population (N=12123) according to their health record numbers.
Inclusion criteria of the study were being 60 years old and above
and living permanently in community under investigation. The
instrument of the study was a Geriatrics Health Assessment tool
to collect subjects’ health information. More data were collected
from subjects’ health profiles in Community Health Centers.
Results
Of all subjects of the study, 634 person were male and 489 were
female. Subjects of the study were living in rural (n=564) and
urban (n= 559) areas. The mean age of the subject were 72±11
years. The average number of medication consumption among
elderly people were 8.3. The results of the study showed that
more than 88% of the elderly people were under polypharmacy.
Polypharmacy were more common among female elderly people;
however, there were no significant relationship between sex and
polypharmacy. Other variables such as advanced age (p= 0.00),
number of acute and chronic disease (p= 0.00) were significantly
related to polypharmacy. Living place, living arrangement and
functional status were not related to polypharmacy.
Conclusion
Polypharmacy is a common problem among elderly people.
Prevalence of medications such as analgesics, sedatives and narcotics is in second rank of medications followed by cardiovascular and antihypertensive medications. Moreover, antipsychotic
medications were third in rank of medication prevalence. Scientist
believed that polypharmacy is a serious problem and needs to be
reviewed and evaluated continuously. However polypharmacy
is frequently under- diagnosed by primary care professional and
families. Comparison of polypharmacy in European countries and
Iranian elderly showed that the number of drugs used by Iranian
elderly community dwellers is higher that all European countries.
Keywords
Addiction, Polypharmacy, Elderly, Community
The Treatment Needs of Women with
Methamphetamine Use: Implications for
Implementing Cognitive-Behavioral
Intervention
Reza Daneshmand1, Leila Arshad2, Zahra Alam Mehrjerdi3, Zahra Ghenaatian4
2. Sarzamin e Khorshid Female Drop in Centre, Tehran, Iran
3. Program of International Research and Training, National Drug and Alcohol
Research Centre, Faculty of Public Health & Community Medicine, University
of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
4. Chitgar Female Therapeutic Community Centre, Tehran, Iran
Background and Aim
Methamphetamine use has no approved pharmacological therapy. Cognitive-behavioural therapy is the main treatment option.
Recently, methamphetamine use has emerged as a new critical
health concern among women in Iran. There is no study in Iran
to show the treatment needs of Iranian methamphetamine-dependent women.
Methods
To contribute to this understanding, a one-year survey study was
conducted at the only female therapeutic community centre in
Tehran in 2011. All participants (N= 500) were recruited. Data
was analyzed by bivariate and multivariate analyses.
Results
The man age of the sample was 31.8 (SD=8.5) years old. 51.8%
were currently married while the remaining women were currently unmarried. The median years of education were nine years.
Smoking was the main route of methamphetamine administration.
Successful methamphetamine abstinence in the past was correlated with family support (AOR= 1.99, 95% CI: 1.68-2.22), employment (AOR =1.40, 95% CI: 1.2-1.90), receiving counseling and
psychological services (AOR =2.20, CI: 1.92-2.52) and having a
program for daily activities (AOR =1.30, 95% CI: 1.0-1.90). The
most treatment needs for ceasing methamphetamine use included
a need for learning motivations to change, strategies to cope with
craving, dealing with a lapse, refusal skills and relapse prevention.
Conclusion
The study results showed the intertwined relationship among a
number of factors in ceasing methamphetamine use among the
sample. The treatment needs among the women should be specifically considered in tailoring cognitive-behavioral interventions
for this group of drug users in the country.
Keywords
Women, Methamphetamine, Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy, Iran
syringes. Unemployment (AOR= 1.1, CI: 95%, 0.01-1.2) and lifetime history of drug injection in prison were correlates of HCV
(AOR= 2.9, CI: 95%, 1.2-7.4).
Conclusion
The study findings revealed the role of unemployment and imprisonment as two important risk factors associated with HCV seroincidence. HCV can be risky to the health of PWIDs especially
co-injectors of heroin/high purity heroin with methamphetamine.
Specific antiretroviral therapies should be tailored during implementing drug treatment and harm reduction services for PWIDS.
HCV prevention and education are suggested in nationwide drug
treatment programs.
Keywords
HCV Infection, Drug Injection, Methamphetamine, Heroin, Iran
The Effectiveness of Cognitive-Behavioral
Group Therapy on Sleep Quality of
Drug-Addicted Subjects
HCV Infection and Its Correlates among
People Who Inject Drugs: Implications for
Immediate Treatment
Naser Sobhi1, Mohammad Ghaderi Rammazi2, Hamidreza Dehghan3,
Mohammad Saleh Mohseni4
1. Associate Professor of Psychology Uneversity of Mohaghegh Ardabili
2. M.A. in General Psychology, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman
3. Department of Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil Iran
4. M.A. in General Psychology, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman
Reza Daneshmand1, Zahra Alam Mehrjerdi2, Sara Shishegar3, Mehrnoush Bonakdar Tehrani4, Leila Arshad5
3. Centre of Cardiovascular Chronic Care, Faculty of Health, University of
Technology, Sydney, Australia
4. Department of Public Health, Faculty of Public Health & Community Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
5. Sarzamin e Khorshid Female-Specific Drop in Centre, Tehran, Iran
Background and Aim
Background and Aim
One of the main routes of HCV transmission is drug injection.
HCV infection has critical implications for health and should be
specifically considered during drug treatment. The current study
was conducted to identify the prevalence and correlates of HCV
among people who inject drugs (PWIDs).
Methods
Participants were treatment seekers at seven drop in centres in
the south of Tehran. During 2011-2012, 187 PWIDs were interviewed on the details of demographics, drug use, injection and
high risk behaviours. Dried blood specimens were taken from
participants. Logistic regression analysis was performed to find
the relationships between the demographics, drug use, high risk
behaviours and HCV status.
Results
The mean age of the sample was 35.8 years old. 67.2% were
employed. 71.1% were married. PWIDs were heroin/high purity
heroin injectors or co-injectors of heroin/high purity heroin with
methamphetamine. 37.8% reported injecting methamphetamine
in combination with heroin or high purity heroin within the past
month. 26.6% were HCV positive. 20.1% reported lifetime shared
The aim of present study was assessing the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral group therapy on sleep quality of Drug-addicted
subjects.
Methods
This study was experimental with a pre-test and pos-ttest design. The populations were all of the Drug-addicted individuals
who referred to Kerman Air Force Base consulting center (summer of 2014). 30 male subjects based on simple accidental sampling Method selected as sample members. Subjects divided in
two groups (15 Subjects as test group and 15 Subjects as control
group). Test group members had eight 45-minute sessions over 8
weeks. For collecting data we used Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and for analyzing data we used Multivariate analysis
of covariance (MANCOVA) method.
Results
The result showed that the cognitive- behavioral group therapy
was effective on decreasing sleep disturbance, improving sleep
efficiency, and improving of overall sleep quality of Drug-addicted subjects.
Conclusion
Because of overall increasing in the rate of sleep disorders in
present age, and also critical role of sleep quality in mentally
health of people, we need practical studies to find out the personally and environmentally factors that cause or cure sleep disorders. It’s obvious that sleep disorders are relating to many mental
disorders. Since most of drug-addicted individuals complain of
sleep disorders, improvement of their sleep quality could be a useful strategy for decreasing their mental problems and also stop-
ping of their reversion to drug usage after treatment. So based on
the present study, cognitive-behavioral group therapy has positive
and favorable consequences for sleep quality of Drug-addicted
subjects.
Keywords
Cognitive-Behavioral Group Therapy, Sleep Quality, Drug-Addicted
The Comparison of Degree of Commitment, Controllability, and Challengeability
in Users of Narcotic Substances and Normal People at Sanandaj City
Robabeh Delazar , Seyyed Ali Moosavi , Akram Shahmaleki ,
Hassan Farrahi4, Rezvan Abbasi5
1. Department of Psychology, University of Guilan
2. Research Center of Behavioral Sciences, Farabi Hospital, Kermanshah
University of Medical Sciences
3. Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences
4. Department of Psychiatry, Guilan university of Medical Sciences
1
2
3
Background and Aim
Stress is unavoidable fact of modern life that if was not inhibited
and managed, can leads to low level of mental health and disposition to various mental disorders, particularly substances abuse.
Psychological hardiness is one of effective mechanisms in coping with stress that play important role in reduction of substances
use. Given a few researchs done in this case, the present research
aims the comparison of degree of commitment, controllability,
and challengeability in users of narcotic substances and normal
individuals at Sanandaj city.
Methods
This research is an analytic cross-sectional study. The statistical
population included all of male addicts at Sanandaj city that were
under treatment in centers of curing addiction dependent to Wellbeing Organization. The research sample included demographically matched 230 male (115 users and 115 normal individuals).
In order to assessing degree of degree of commitment, controllability, and challengeability, Kobasa Psychological Hardiness
Inventory was used. After completing questionnaire, the gathered
data was analysed by Spss-18 and independent groups T-test.
Robabeh Delazar1, Seyyed Ali Moosavi 2, Somayyeh Sadri 3, Hassan Farrahi4,
Rezvan Abbasi5
1. Department of Psychology, University of Guilan
2. Research Center of Behavioral Sciences, Farabi Hospital, Kermanshah
4. Department of Psychiatry, Guilan University of Medical Sciences
Background and Aim
Cigarette is one of most addictive substances throughoutnworld. Many factors play role in tendency to smoking including
various mental disorders such as anxiety and depression. Social
support has significant effect on reduction of mental disorders
and smoking.
Methods
The present research is an analytic cross-sectional study. The statistical population included all of smoking people at Kermanshah,
and seventy five smoking individuals was selected randomly from
houses, public places, neighbourhoods and parks in Kermanshah.
In order to assessing friends social support, Multidimensional
Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS) was used, and degree
of anxiety and depression was evaluated by DASS-42 quastionnaire. The gathered data was analysed by SPSS-18 softwar and
Pearson correlation coefficient test.
Results
The analysis of data showed that friends social support has significant negative correlation with anxiety (r=0/333 , P=0/005) and
depression (r=0/333 , P=0/005) in smoking individuals.
Conclusion
Given the obtained findings, there are negative relationship between friends social support and anxiety and depression of smoking individuals. So, it is necessary that relevant responsible people
and therapists pay attention to social support resources in reduction of anxiety and depression of smoking people.
Keywords
Social Support, Anxiety, Depression, Smoking
Results
The findings showed that there are significant differences between degree of commitment (t=4/362 , P=0/000) and degree of
controllability (t=3/744 , P=0/045) of addict and normal individuals, but such significant difference was not observed in case of
degree of challengeability.
Conclusion
Given above-mentioned findings, this is concluded that because
of significant differences between degree of commitment and controllability of addict and normal people,relevant therapists and responsible persons must pay attention to this problem and do necessary attempts in order to increasing coping strategies with stress.
Keywords
The Relationship between Degree of
Friends Social Support and Degree of
Anxiety and Depression of Smoking People
Commitment, Controllability, Challengeability, Substance abuse
Interaction of Addiction and Divorce
and its Consequences
Helaleh Delsouz khaki1, Seyed Mousa Kafi2, Hosein Aghababaei3
1. Department of Criminal Law and Criminology Science and Research
Branch, Islamic Azad University, Guilan, Iran
2. Department of General Psychology, Feculty of Literature and Humanities,
University of Guilan, Guilan, Iran
3. Department of Law, Feculty of Literature and Humanities, University of
Guilan, Guilan, Iran
Background and Aim
With a realistic look at the issue of addiction as a dependency to
harmful to the person, family and community, we find out there
was this problem in the past and now there is almost no country
which is safe against the spread of the problem. Drug abuse is one
of the most serious obstacles to the development of communities.
According to the Iran’s geographic- economic position, it is in
the neighborhood of the largest producer of opium and somewhat
heroin, and the main pathway drug to Europe as well as the market for abuse. This caused Physical and epidemic trauma, such as
HIV،hepatitis and even mental illness, in addition Increasing of
drug-related crimes ، theft، murder، self-burning،unemployment،
domestic violence ،spouse Abuse، child abuse and divorce، academic downfall about students whose parents are addicted. Nowadays, divorce is a major threat against the foundation of the family
so recognition of effective and affected Factors is one of the mental
health priorities. The mental health of generations depends on the
mental health of family as a center full of love and peace for talent
growth that any hurt will trace on the future generation. Divorce
rates in a society can be considered as a result of instability and
social insecurity and whereof it is the disruptive and disintegrated
factor of the family, perforce the social consequences should be
expected. In criminologists and social pathologist’s opinion, divorce isn’t ineffectual in the malefaction occurrence also it is effective on offense therefore the source of social pathologies as
deviation،suicide،escape of home ،theft،addiction،beggary،tramp
and etc. The Study is in order to survey the reasons of divorce
requesting by women have decided to divorce and the role of addiction in divorce occurrence.
Methods
This study’s method is descriptive, data gathering tools are Interviews and questionnaire, the society of statistics is included of
hundred women whom referred from the Family court to legal
medicine center of guilan in order to pregnancy test before divorce.
Results
In this study, within one hundred samples, the reason of thirtyone divorce request was declared as addiction which this indicate
that in thirty-one percent of samples, the addiction was effective
on divorce occurrence and it was one of the divorce request and
disintegration of families ‘s reasons.
Conclusion
The results showed there is a relationship between addiction and
divorce and these two are effective and affected reciprocally so
there is interaction between them.
Keywords
Addiction, Divorce, Family
Comparison of Internalizing Disorders in
8-14-Year-Old Offspring of Opium and
Heroin Dependent Parents:
A Case-Control Study
Mahin Eslami Shahrbabaki1, Hassan Ziaaddini2, Hamdollah Saieedi Gargari3,
Nozar Nakhaee4, Parisa Divsalar5, Parvin Eslami Shahrbabaki6, Nasrin Eslami
Shahrbabaki7
1. School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
5. Department of Education, Bam University of Medical Sciences,Bam, Iran.
6. Nutrition, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
7. Teacher, Kerman, Iran
Background and Aim
In general, parental substance abuse is associated with children’s
emotional and behavioral problems. This study only investigated
the internalizing problems (depression, anxiety and physical complains) in children of opioid or heroin-dependent parents in comparison with non-opioid dependent parents in order to determine
the effects of drug dependency after excluding the confounding
factors.
Methods
This case-control study compared the internalizing problems of
one hundred twenty eight 8 to 14-year-old students in two offspring groups of opioid or heroin-dependent parents (n=64) and
non opioid dependent parents (n=64). Then we used the Child
Behavior Checklist (CBCL). Parents in both groups had no major psychiatric disorders (e.g., personality disorders, mood and
anxiety disorders or psychosis), no history of major medical diseases, and no history of divorce. Analysis was performed using
chi square or Fisher’s exact test.
Results
The anxiety/depression subscales in children of non opioid dependent parents were significantly higher in comparison with
children of opioid or heroin-dependent parents.
Conclusion
Substance dependence in addition to reducing parental supervision on children may cause lack of knowledge and unawareness of their children’s anxiety and mood problems. Considering
study limitations, study repetition in larger statistical population
is necessary for generalizing the study findings. In order to assess internalizing problems in further studies, usage of behavioral
checklists for self-report of children and youth is recommended.
Keywords
Internalizing Problem, Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), Opium, Heroin, Opioid
Comparission of Self Efficacy ,Self
Regulation and Procrastination in
Addicted Persons under
Treatment with Methadone Maintanance
Therapy,Therapeutic Community and
Residental Treatment in Isfahan
Ali Akbar Ebrahimi 1, Saeed Sadeghi2
1. Ph.D. Student in Psychology of Children with Special Needs, Isfahan
Welfare Organization, Isfahan, Iran
2. PhD of Psychology, Isfahan Welfare Organization, Isfahan, Iran
Background and Aim
This study aimed to comparission of self efficacy ,self regulation and procrastination in addicted persons under treatment with
methadone maintanance therapy,therapeutic community and residental treatment in Isfahan.
Methods
To achieve the above mentioned objective,180 addicted
persons(each group 60 persons) were selected through random
sampling. Research method was ex post facto and the test used in
this study was the ‘Self Efficacy ,Self Regulation and Procrastination’ quastionare. Data were analyzed by Analysis of Multivariate
Covariance.
Results
According to the results, there were significant differences between the groups in terms of the variables and self efficacy and
self regulation in therapeutic community are more than other
groups. Procrastination in methadone group is higher than the
other groups.
Conclusion
The overall results of the study showed the therapeutic community improve of self-efficacy, self-regulation and is an effective
treatment methode for drug abusers.
nity improve of a stress coping and support strategies and is an
effective treatment methode for drug abusers.
Keywords
Methadone Maintanance Therapy,Therapeutic Community,Residental
Treatment, Stress coping strategies,Support strategies
Study on Factors and Barriers
Affect for Womens Participation in Drug
Abuse Prevention
Aliakbar Ebrahimi1, Bita Agahi2, Hassan Asadi3
1. Ph.D. Student in Psychology of Children with Special Needs, Isfahan Welfare Organization, Isfahan, Iran
2. M.Sc. of Psychology, Isfahan Welfare Organization, Isfahan, Iran
3. Iran State Welfare Organization
Background and Aim
Keywords
Methadone Maintanance Therapy,Therapeutic Community,Residental
Treatment,Self Efficacy,Self Regulation,Procrastination.
Comparission of Stress Coping and
Support Strategies in Addicted Persons
under Treatment with Methadone
Maintanance Therapy,Therapeutic
Community and Residental
Treatment in Isfahan
Ali Akbar Ebrahimi 1, Amir Ghamarani 2, Asye Ebrahimi3
1. PhD. Student in Psychology of Children with Special Needs, Isfahan Welfare
Organization, Isfahan, Iran
2. PhD of Psychology, Educational Science and Psychology Faculty, University of Isfahan, HezarJarib St. , Azadi Sq. , Isfahan, Iran.
3. M.Sc. of Psychology, Educational Science and Psychology
Faculty,University of Allameh Tabatabaee, Tehran, Iran.
Background and Aim
This study aimed to comparission of stress coping and support
strategies in addicted persons under treatment with methadone
maintanance therapy,therapeutic community and residental treatment in Isfahan
Methods
To achieve the above mentioned objective,180 addicted
persons(each group 60 persons) were selected through random
sampling. Research method was ex post facto and the test used in
this study was the ‘stress coping and support strategies’ quastionare. Data were analyzed by Analysis of Multivariate Covariance.
Results
According to the results, there were significant differences
between the groups in terms of the variables and support and
proactive,intellectual strategic planning and preventive strategies
in therapeutic community are more than other groups
Conclusion
The overall results of the study showed the therapeutic commu-
Increasing drug abuse is social problem that more people know
its threats and pathology. womens as one of basic factors in ever
society can have effective role in drug abuse prevention.The goal
of this research is study of Isfahan womens rate participation in
four environments: home, local,community and society
Methods
Research method was survey and sample was selected by cluster
random sampeling in 8 region and 409 family selected and administrated participation questionare that has 55 items.Reliability of
questionare was /75.Data analyze by Spss.
Results
Womens participation in drug abuse prevention is very low , and
order rate of participation is more in home,school,community and
society.More participation is encouragement of recreational and
cultural activities and second present in drug abuse prevention
session.The most important action that effect for womens participation is Appreciation of active peoples and give information to
people and finance and legal support of theirs. The most greatest
barrier of womens participation on drug abuse prevention is Lack
of motivation, lack of information and feare of damaged by drug
Trafficers.
Conclusion
Womens participation in drug abuse prevention is very low and
These findings can used for Developing community based drug
abuse prevention program and Preparation of educational resources for increasing womens participation.
Keywords
Participation, Prevention, Drug Abuse
The Effectiveness of
Nonpharmacological Treatment on
Continuance Methadone
Maintenance Therapy
Eshaq Ebrahimi1, Eshaq Ebrahimi(MA)2, Sadrollah Khosravi(Phd)3,
Masoumeh Hamidi(MAs)4, Ali Reza Rahimi(MA)5, Tayebeh Shahrivar(MA)6
1. Assistance Correcting and Training of Fars Prisons Organization, Shiraz, Iran.
2. Assistance Correcting and Training of Fars Prisons Organization, Shiraz, Iran.
3. Assistant Professor, Dep. of Psychology, FiroozAbad Branch, Islamic Azad
University, FiroozAbad, Iran.
4. Dep. of Psychology ,College of Humanity Science,Yasouj,Sciense and
Research Branch ,Islamic Azad University,Yasouj,Iran
5. Dep. Of Psychology,Fars Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad
University Marvdasht,Iran.
6. Dep. Of Psychology,Fars Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad
University Marvdasht,Iran.
Background and Aim
This study examined the effects of Behavioral Drug and HIV
Risk Counseling on Methadone Maintenance Treatment(MMT)
of addicts.
Methods
Participants included 30 Iranian addicts(equal samole size from
each group) whose age ranged 18 to 65 years. Subjects of the study
substitute in two test and control groups by simple random. Addicts individuals in Shiraz, were randomly assigned to Standard
Services MMT(physician administered advice and support, and
weekly urine test) and BDRC Services(guided behavioral drug
and HIV risk reduction counseling(BDRC), and weekly urine test.
They were under treatment for 20 sessions. ISAP questionnaire
was used for collection of data and it was completed by chosen
sample before and after experimental intervention. Regarding the
loss in present study, the results were analyzed by SPSS and analytical chi Quare test and kolmogrov-smirnov test.
Results
The results of the study showed a significant difference in
BDRC treatment of test group(p<0.0001). Outcomes included
retention, proportion of opioid-negative urine tests, self reported
drug use, and self reported HIV risk behaviors. The proportin of
opioid- negative urine tests increased over time for both groups,
and the reductions were significantly greater in the BDRC Services group(p<0.0001), Both groups reduced HIV risk behaviors
during treatment but the difference between BDRC and Standard
Services(80% vs. 26.7%) was statistically significant.
Conclusion
Also, the results showed the effectiveness of Behavioral
Drug ang HIV Risk Counseling on Methadone Maintenance
Treatment(MMT). The hypothesis of the study were supported.
Keywords
Methadone Maintenance, Drug addiction
The Effectiveness of Mindfulness based
Cognitive Therapy in Group in Reducing
Depression, Anxiety, and Relapse
Prevention in Drug-Dependents
Hossein Eghbali1, Arva Bakhtiari2, Mahdi Zare3, Vahid Ahmadi4
3. Center for Research and Development in Humanities, SAMT organization
Background and Aim
In recent years the use of methadone for drug abuse treatment
has been improved. However, the research and application of
non-pharmacological treatments in methadone treatment requires
more attention and the use of new psychological treatments can
offer an adequate model in the treatment of drug dependence.
To evaluate the efficacy of mindfulness based cognitive therapy
in group in reducing depression, anxiety, and prevention of relapse in drug-dependent individuals, was the main objective of
this study.
Methods
In a quasi-experimental design, 24 male patients with a diagnosis of drug dependence based upon DSM IV-TR were put
randomly in two groups of experiment and control. Participants
using Beck depression (BDI) and Anxiety (BAI) questionnaire
at the beginning of the study, after the end of treatment and after
three months post-treatment follow-up phase were evaluated.
The control group received no treatment, and only took methadone. Data with analysis of covariance, chi-square and analysis
of variance with repeated measures were examined.
Results
The results showed that the mindful-based cognitive therapy has
effect on: reducing relapse (P < 0.05), increasing the length of remaining in treatment (P < 0.01), increasing compliance, reducing
anxiety and depression (P < 0.01).
Conclusion
It seems that mindfulness based cognitive therapy in group,
while increasing the effect of methadone treatment, and reducing
emotional problems, also is effective on relapse prevention.
Keywords
Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy, Anxiety, Depression and
Relapse
The Effectiveness of Group Motivational
Interview in Decreasing Relapse and
Increasing Self-Efficacy and Improving
Methadone Treatment
Hossein Eghbali1, Arva Bakhtiari2, Hamid Poorsharifi3, Vahid Ahmadi4
3. Department of Psychology, Tabriz University
Background and Aim
To evaluate the effectiveness of group motivational interview in
relapse prevention and improving methadone treatment was the
main goal of this research.
Methods
In a semi-experimental design, 24 male patients with diagnosis
of substance dependence according to DSM-V were substituted in
two experimental and control groups randomly. Participants were
evaluated by Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), Beck Depression
Inventory(BDI)and the Anger Questionnaire (AQ), at the beginning of the study, after the treatment period and in the follow-up
phase ( three months after the end of treatment). Control group
with no psychological treatment only took methadone. Data were
analyzed using covariance analysis, chi square and Repeated
Measures Analysis of Variance.
Results
Results showed that the effect of matrix group interventions on
reducing relapse (p < 0.05 ), increasing the maintenance of treatment (p < 0.01) , increase treatment compliance, reduce anxiety,
depression, anger and methadone use is more effective than methadone treatment (01/0 P <).
Conclusion
It seems matrix group interventions increase the effectiveness of
drug treatment with reduction of relapse prevention , emotional
problems and the dose of methadone .
Keywords
Matrix Interventions, Anxiety, Depression, Aggression, Daily
using of Methadone and Relapse.
Relationship Between Self-Conscious
Affect, Impulsiveness and Problem-Oriented
Strategy in Drugs Drop-Out Volunteers
Parvin Ehteshamzadeh1, Salem Hardanpoor2, Laleh Hamidi3,
Farshad RaMezanzadeh4
1. Islamic Azad University, Branch Ahvaz, Iran, Assistant Professor in General
Psychology
2. Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz branch, MA. Educated in General Psychology
3. Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz branch, Iran, MA. in General Psychology
4. Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz branch, College Student in Clinical Psychology
Background and Aim
The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship
among self-conscious affect, impulsiveness and problem oriented
coping strategy.
Methods
The research sample consisted 73 male volunteers of drugs dropout, that were selected by randomly throught cluster sampling
from between twenty- seven camp of voluntary for drugs dropout in Ahvaz city in Iran. Participants completed self-conscious
affect questionaire(TOSCA-3) consisted senses of sham, guilt,
externalization,detachment, alfa pride and beta pride, Barrett Impulsiveness scale, and problem oriented subscale of Belings and Moos
coping strategies. Statistic methods of research were descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression.
Results
The results showed that there were significant and negative correlations between problem oriented strategy and sham, and between problem oriented strategy and impulsiveness. There was
significant and positive correlation between guilt and problem
oriented strategy. Finding suggessted that there was multiple
correlation among sham, guilt and impulsiveness with problem
oriented strategy, and the first order impulsiveness(p<0/001), and
then guilt(p<0/02) were the most predictive variables for use of
problem oriented strategy.
Conclusion
Personality variables can be important for understanding substance abuse. This can help to choose strategies for training skills
for management impulsiveness, which is predisposing factor to
sub stance abuse.So, this study indicate that sense of guilt can be
motivational factor that lea ding to use of problem oriented strategy and result in attempt for drugs dropout in addicts.
Keywords
Self Conscious ,Impulsiveness, Problem Oriented Strategy, Drugs
Drope-Out
Substance Abuse and the Risk of Fatal
Traffic Accident Crash Injuries
Monir Seyedsalehi1, Mohammadali Emamhadi2
1. Head of Social Worker Department, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical
2. Associated Professor of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Head of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology Department, 7Tir Trauma Center, Shahid Beheshti
University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Background and Aim
Traffic accidents, which have high mortality and morbidity, are
an important public health problem. It’s well known that humanity factors are the most important causes in traffic accident.
Methods
By using a case-control design, we assessed the association between substance abuse and fatal traffic accident injuries in “7tir
trauma center”, Tehran, Iran during specific time periods in 20123. Cases (n=737) were drivers who were involved in fatal motor
vehicle crashes and controls (n=750) involved in mild accident
injuries. Urine and/or blood samples were collected on admission
for drug detection.
Results
Overall, 26.9% of the cases and 9.7% of the controls tested positive for at least one drug. The estimated odds ratios of fatal crash
injuries associated with specific drug categories were 2.03 [95%
confidence interval (CI): 1.62, 2.92] for narcotics, 3.11 (95% CI:
2.42, 4.71) for alcohol, 3.91 (95% CI: 3.02, 4.55) for amphetamine. Cases that tested positive for both alcohol and amphetamine were at increased risk relative to those were clear (Odds
Ratio=29.31; 95% CI: 18.71, 35.62).
Conclusion
This study shows that drug abuse, especially amphetamine in
combination with alcohol, is associated with a significantly increased risk of fatal crash injuries.
Keywords
Humanity Factors, Substance Abuse, Traffic Accidents
Evaluation of the Methods in Decreasing
the Students’ Dependency on Smoking
Maryam Jalilvand 1, Mohammadali Emamhadi2
1. Tohid Counseling and Psychological Services, Ministry of Education and
Training, Tehran, Iran
2. Associated Professor of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Head of
Forensic Medicine and Toxicology Department, Shahid Beheshti University
of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Background and Aim
Smoking is the major health problem between juvenile nowadays and is the first cause of preventable morbidity and mortality
in the world. The aim of this study is the evaluation of different
methods in reduction of the smoking dependency in students
Methods
This semi-experimental study comprised all 7th grade students
studying in middle schools throughout Iran in the year 2012-2013.
Students were divided into 4 groups: three study groups (social
skills training, increasing knowledge and poster presentation) and
1 control group. Sampling method used was multi-phase cluster.
The country was geographically divided into 5 districts (north,
south, east, west and central) and the provinces were selected randomly. A questionnaire was used to collect the data. These questionnaires were designed to evaluate the attitude and knowledge
of students with regard to smoking and complications.
Results
A total of 3012 students with the mean age of 13 years were
studied out of which 15.8% were smokers. There were significant
differences between the study groups and the control group regarding the attitude and knowledge about the hazards of smoking
and abuse of illicit substances. In other words, among the study
groups, social skills training, building knowledge and poster presentation had the best results, respectively.
Conclusion
In evaluating the preventive methods, social skills training group
had the most negative attitude and the highest level of knowledge
concerning the disadvantages and hazards of smoking and use of
illegal substances. The greatest decrease in smoking was also observed in this group. Social skills training can be an effective preventive measure to control smoking by emphasizing self-respect,
problem-solving skills and self restraint
Keywords
Attitude, Prevention, Smoking Tendency, Social Skills, Training
Addiction & Prediction
Maryam Emamizadeh1, Hossein Aghajani Mersa2
1. MA of Anthropology Science And Research Branch of Islamic Azad University of Tehran
2. Faculty Member of Azad University
Background and Aim
Addiction is one of problem in human society which is known as
a biological psychological and social disease, we can see it around
us seriously. Arising problems in families, society and increasing
the amount of crime in the society, indicate the need for attention
to this issue and also lack of attention to this social problem, lack
of serious studying and pathological addiction , lack of cohesive
and comprehensive plan all are as factors which led to growing
addiction in the society. Since dealing with addiction problems requires substantial time and cost so prevention is much more effective rather than treatment and the most effective way for a health
society is preventing the proliferation and drug distribution which
is required to much more attention from responsible. General aim
of this study is identifying effective ways in order to reducing ad-
diction and prevention before treatment.
Methods
In this study both quality and quantity methods are combined
and needed information by using of questionnaire technique is
collected and statistical population is composed of 40 peoples
who are addicted and 20 people as experts of prevention offices in
10 region of Tehran are selected.
Results
It shows that all plans which are applied in order to prevention
are as total Maximum agreements among responders who considered to community-based plans (64%) and after that other responses considered to comprehensive and focused plans based on
giving information and awareness. Among aimed groups , people
who have more influence on addicted and can prevent them are
parents (75%) then friends (54%) which are really important and
most of the responders are believed that among four prevention
methods , it is better that needed budgets would be assigned to
the hedging.
Conclusion Keywords
Addiction, Prevention, Drug Abuse, Cultural Poverty, Ten Region
of Tehran
Comparison of Physical Complaint of
Substance Abusers Wives and Normal
Person Considering Mediator Role of
Social Support in MMT Center Client (1391)
Abdolhakim Tirgari1, Babollah Bakhshipour2, Roshanak Eskandari Rad 3,
Seyed Hamzeh Hosseini4, Hamid Reza Eskandari Rad5
1. Behavioral Science and Psychiatric Research Centre , Zare Psychiatric
Hospital, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences , Sari , Iran
2. Department of Counselling, Payam-e-Noor University, Sari, Iran
3. Faculty of Psychology , Payam Noor University, Behshahr , Iran
4. Behavioral Science and Psychiatric Research Centre, Zare Psychiatric
Hospital, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari , Iran
5. Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences,
Islamic Azad University, Sari , Iran
Background and Aim
Addiction is a chronic and progressive disease, with social,
psychological, physical profound implications and it can disturb
the wife emotional and personality balance in family . thus , the
purpose of present study is Comparison of physical complaint of
substance abusers wives and normal person considering mediator
role of social support in MMT center client .
Methods
this study is descriptive ,case - control study. The statistical
population of case group includes all of substance abusers wives
that have record in Behshahr MMT center ( 1391) . The statistical
population of control group includes all of normal person wives
in Behshahr that matched with case group after study and giving
demographic information (age , sex , education) . The sample
in case group consisted of 150 substance abusers wives . The
sample in control group consisted of 150 normal person wives
that selected by available sampling .To collect the data , disease
severity rating scale shokrkon , wax Social support questionnaire
were used. For data analysis independent t test and Spss-16 software were used.
Results
This study show that there are significant relationship between
physical complaint in substance abusers wives and normal person
wives(p=0/05) . also , social support can predict physical health in
normal person wives (determination coefficient= 0/04 ).
Conclusion
The results of this study show social support can predict physical
health in normal person wives
Keywords
Social Support, Physical Complaint, Substance Abusers Wives
and Normal.
National Harm Reduction Program by
Methadone Maintenance Treatment
Sharareh Eskandarieh 1, Ali Nikfarjam 2, Termeh Tarjoman3, Abassali Nasehi4,
Firoozeh Jafari 5, Mohammad-Bagher Saberi-Zafarg-Handi6
1. Bureau of Mental & Social Health and Addiction, Ministry of Health,
Treatment and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
2. Bureau of Mental & Social Health and Addiction, Ministry of Health,
Treatment and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
3. Bureau of Mental & Social Health and Addiction, Ministry of Health, Treatment and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
4. Bureau of Mental & Social Health and Addiction, Ministry of Health, Treatment and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
6. Mental Health Research Center, Tehran Institute of Psychiatry- school of
Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health,
Conclusion
Descriptive aspects of demographic and behavior characteristics among IDUs who took part in MMT program was addressed
in this study. World experience has shown that rapidly starting
a comprehensive program comprised of extensive psycho-education, needle exchange and low thre-shold maintenance treatment
will effectively blunt and limit HIV epidemics in countries with
similar drug scenes (37). In addition, participating in MMT has
been shown to reduce the risk of acquiring blood-borne infection
in communities experiencing high rates of transmission We conclude with some suggestions for action: (1) Prevention programs
including harm reduction programs, treatment programs, and
counseling centers should include young IDUs as a core focus of
their intervention structure; (2) Funding of such programs should
be increased.
Keywords
IDUs, Harm Reduction, Methadone Maintenance Treatment, Iran
The Feasibility of Computer-Assisted
Survey Interviewing in Iran
Nayereh Esmaeilzadeh1, Seyed Abbas Motevalian2, Kazem Mohammad3, Hamid Reza Fathi4
1. MSc, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Mashhad University of
Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
2. Associate Professor, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School
of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
3. Professor, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public
Health,Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
4. PhD Student,School of Advanced Medical Technologies,Tehran University
Background and Aim
Background and Aim
The Ministry of Health, Treatment and Medical Education of Iran
has recently announced an estimated figure of 200,000 injecting
drug users (IDUs). The aim of this study was to pilot a national
program using demographics, types of drug abuse and prevalence
of blood-borne infections among IDUs. The objective of this study
was to describe the demographics, types of drug abuse, and prevalence of blood-borne infections among IDUs in Tehran.
Methods
In order to elicit data on demographics, types of drug abuse and
prevalence of blood-borne infections among IDUs, a questionnaire was designed in the Bureau of Mental-Social Health and
Addiction in collaboration with Iran’s Drug Control Headquarters
of the Police Department. Therapeutical alliance of addiction in
Shafagh Center was based on Methadone Maintenance Therapy
(MMT).The research team included 4 physicians, 4 psychiatrics,
3 nurses, 3 social work-ers, and one clinical psychologist who had
the re-sponsibility of treating and training the drug ab-users.
Results
65.9% and 18.8% for HCV and HIV/AIDS infections, respectively.
Among 402 reported IDUs most of them were male, single and in
age range of 20 to 39 years old with 72.7% history of imprisonment.
Most of them had elementary and high school education and a history of addiction treatment. The majority were current users of opioid, heroin and crack. The prevalence of blood-borne infections was
This study was preliminary study testing a new technology for
survey data collection: computer-assisted self interviewing(CASI).
This technology has the theoretical potential of providing privacy
(or anonymity) of response equivalent to that of paper self-administered questionnaires (SAQs). In addition, it could offer the
advantages such as the ability to implement complex questionnaire logic, consistency checking, etc. we assessed the feasibility of using CASI and evaluating whether CASI can improve the
reporting rate of substance use compared with traditional methods
of interviewing, paper-and-pencil interviewing (PAPI) and face
to face interview(FTFI), in a household survey of adults in two
region of Khorasan Razavi.
Methods
We used multistage cluster sampling of 571 adults aged 18-64
years in kalat town and mashhad city. the adults were assigned to
one of the three interview methods. half of adults were randomly
assigned to CASI (n _ 287) and other half to PAPI and FTFI (n
_ 284). the study was performed with validated questionnaire of
drug problems and a customized CASI program was developed.
We also considered the results of observations and records of interviewers in fieldwork.
Results
The CASI technology performed relatively well during fieldwork, Few problems arose with the CASI software or computer
hardware; the source of most problems derived from the programming and disconnecting the interview. The highest response rate and lowest non response item related to Computer
Assisted Self Interview p <0.05. The adult easily adapted to the
computerized interview and were able to complete the survey,
but they needed more assistance from the interviewing staff
than FTFI. The mean time to complete the survey was shorter in
FTFI than others and CASI had moderate time to complete. For
readily available substances, the lifetime, years and month time
prevalence were no different between methods for cigarettes
and tobacco use. For illicit drug use, the lifetime prevalence
for opium no different between method. Years and month time
the PAPI group was significantly higher for the use of opium.
other illicit drugs were reported rarely and no different were
between methods. In multiple logistic regression analysis, the
differences between the method in the use of opium in year and
month time, remained significant.
confront the drug problem” the scores was: 0.012, 0.009, 0.021,
0.045, 0.037, 0.053, 0.001 respectively.
Conclusion
In an overview, harm reduction measures been implemented under methadone for prisoners to improve their areas of life was effective instrument that can be done and greater things, decreasing
the incidence of disease risk was in prison and the community.
Keywords
Harm Reduction, Methadone, Areas of Life, Prison, Tehran
The Study of Effectiveness of Life Skills
Teachings on Attitude Change towards
Drugs among Conscripts in Tehran Prisons
Iraj Esmaili1
1. Research Manager of Tehran Prisons HQ
Conclusion
However CASI had the highest response rate and item but the
finding related to Substance were Unexpected. also the high
startup costs of equipment and the technical difficulties of field
research were doubtful to use CASI. Yet Its seem if costs of hardware decline and the availability of high-quality survey software
increases, computer-assisted surveys will likely become useful
Keywords
Household Survey, Computer Assisted Self Interview, Paper
And Pencil Self Interview, Face To Face Interview, Substance
Evaluation of Areas of Life under
Prisoner’s Coverage in Tehran Prisons:
Effect of Methadone Maintenance
Treatment in 2013
Iraj Esmaili1
1. Research Manager of Tehran Prisons HQ
Background and Aim
Survey of acts to have been taken in prison such as harm reduction and Monitoring of health condition in prison population is
very important for return the safe force labor to community and
prevention of health potential problems.
Methods
This type of research has been applied studies that the two phases
and length of follow events in 2009 were achieved. The data collection
questionnaire for demographic information and areas of life validated
checklist was used. Statistical analysis of data collected using the software SPSS (xp) XIII and descriptive statistics was performed.
Results
After six months in total, 250 people were responsive to 27
(10.8%) in Evin Prison, 135 patients (54.0%) Qezelhesar in prison
and 88 patients (35.2%) in prison are in the Rajaee Shahr. Decuple
areas studied in areas of life, such as: “the use of services and programs to reduce losses,” “Roads of legal problems”, “improved
family relations,” “ways to improve”, “roads inhibit negative
feelings”, “ways of coping with health problems “, and” ways to
Background and Aim
Since in countries like Iran where drug abuse rate is high ،this
can be troublesome in working environments and barracks. Thus
this study aimed to assess the effectiveness of life skills teachings on attitude change towards drugs among conscripts in Tehran
prisons 2012.
Methods
According to the objectives data collection method ،this study is
both practical and experimental in which there is a case group and
two control groups. A demographic questionnaire and Attitude assessing checklist containg 10 dimention were used in this study.
Results
The selected conscripts were put in three groups: training group
(65) ،inner control group (64) and outer control group (67). After
ten session of training and based on the findings ،the comparison
of the three groups indicated the following Results General attitude towards addiction (p-value =0.001). Attitude towards drugs
(p-value =0.001). Attitude towards drug abuse reason (p-value
=0.001). Attitude towards the personality of the addict person (pvalue =0.004). Public attitude towards addiction (p-value =0.001).
Attitude towards detoxification (p-value =0.001). Attitude towards escape from addiction (p-value =0.011). Attitude towards
addiction as a solution in life (p-value =0.007) has been changed
and it is statistically significant.
Conclusion
According to the results of the present study ،intervention and
teaching life skills affects the conscripts attitude ،and can play important role in reducing drug abuse in the society.
Keywords
Prevention, Drugs, Conscripts, Life Skills
Administration of Venlafaxine after
Methadone Detoxification Reduces
Spontaneous Freezing Withdrawal
Behavior in Rats: Positive
Correlation with Hyperalgesia
Meisam Fadaei kenarsary1, Yaghoob Farbood2, Seyed Mohammad Taghi Mansouri3, Hadi Fathi Moghaddam4
1. Department of Physiology and Physiology Research Centre, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences (AJUMS), Ahvaz, I.R. Iran
3. Department of Pharmacology and Physiology Research Centre, School of
Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences (AJUMS), Ahvaz,
I.R. Iran
Background and Aim
Methadone has been used as a drug to detoxify opioid tolerance.
Naloxane-precipitated morphine withdrawal behaviors were attenuated by venlafaxine as an antidepressant. In contrary, after detoxifying the opioids, spontaneous withdrawal syndrome may be
occurred with pain sensitivity. Therefore the present study aimed
to examine the effects of chronic methadone (70 mg/kg, in drinking water, 7 days), venlafaxine (80 mg/kg/day, intraperitoneally,
7 days) and their sequential administrations on the spontaneous
morphine withdrawal syndrome and pain sensitivity.
Farbod Fadai1
1. Farbod Fadai, Department of psychiatry, University of Social Welfare and
Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Background and Aim
There are numerous debates and unanswered questions about
the moral or criminal responsibilities in drug dependence. So, I
decided to assess the various kinds of responsibilities in people
with drug addiction
Methods
Reviewing the related resources in medicine, social sciences,
law, and philosophy
Results
There are to main points of view emong the thinkers. A group
believe in free will of human beings and regard addiction as a
personal choice. another group think that addiction is beyond the
ideal concept of free will and see the people with addiction as
patients who need treatment
Conclusion
It seems that the truth lies beetween these two contradictory beliefs.
Keywords
Addiction, Responsibility, Illness
Methods
Twenty eight young male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly
divided into 4 groups: control, methadone treated, venlafaxine
treated, and methadone + venlafaxine treated. Morphine sulfate
(10 mg/kg/day, subcutaneously, 4 days) injected to all animals.
Then primary behavioral and tail flick tests were performed. It
followed by methadone or its vehicle administration. Second intervention was venlafaxine or its vehicle injection. Then final behavioral and tail flick tests were performed.
Results
Chronic methadone substitution followed by venlafaxine administration, reduced freezing behavior of spontaneous morphine withdrawal syndrome significantly (p<0.01, 379±144%). Chronic methadone administration induced hyperalgesia significantly (p<0.05,
35±8% difference with venlafaxine treated group). A positive correlation (p=0.001, +63%) was observed between the animal’s final
freezing scores and response latencies to the painful stimulus.
Conclusion
Administration of venlafaxine after chronic methadone detoxification reduces spontaneous freezing withdrawal behavior. Further
investigations on analgesic interventions are needed to overcome
this hyperalgesia.
Keywords
Addiction: A choise or an Illness?
Morphine Withdrawal Syndrome; Methadone; Venlafaxine;
Pain; Rat
Drug use in HIV Vulnerable Women
Attending to “HIV Sexual Harm
Reduction Centers” in Iran
Noushin Fahimfar1, Abbas Sedaghat2, Kianoush Kamali3, Azam Valipour4,
Maryam Sargolzaee Moghaddam5, Mohammad Mehdi Gouya6
1. AIDS Control Office, Center for Communicable Disease Control, Tehran,Iran
6. Center for Communicable Disease Control, Tehran,Iran
Background and Aim
Although HIV epidemic is in the concentrated phase among Injecting Drug Users (IDUs) in Iran, sexual transmission of HIV is
increasing. Vulnerable women are assumed as important population for driving HIV epidemics. For response to this concern,
“HIV Sexual Harm Reduction Centers” have been established in
Iran as the first practice in the region to provide more specific facilities for HIV/AIDS vulnerable women. Having increased risk
of receiving HIV through high risk sexual behavior put women in
our target group. Some important services are routinely offered
in these centers to prevent HIV/AIDS transmission. This study
aimed to explain a number of main services provided for target
population during last month. The results can help the governors
to plan more comprehensive interventions.
Methods
The list of requested questions and activities were reported by
Health Deputies of Medical Universities who are responsible to
supervise these centers.
Results
There are 29 centers throughout the country at April 2014. In
all, more than 6000 vulnerable women were registered in these
centers. During April 2014, 2100 clients attended at least once in
centers to get services; of them 50% had reported drug use besides
high risk sexual behaviors. It should be highlighted that around
61% of these group reported the use of methamphetamines during
this month. It means one third of all women attending to the centers
during one month were met users. Near 45% of drug users have
been under treatment of methadone. Totally, 1762 syringes, 38000
male condoms and 2500 female condoms were distributed in one
month. In parallel, under supervision of the centers, outreach teams
dispersed around 22000 condoms and 7500 syringes to 3500 HIV
most at risk women. Counseling and training sessions were hold
both individually and in groups. Around 30% of attending women
were examined for Sexually Transmitted Infections during one
month; of them 50% were candidate for treatment.
scientiousness., In MMT group neuroticism, openness, agreeableness, conscientiousness, extraversion., in addict group neuroticism, extraversion, openness, agreeableness, conscientiousness.,
in non addict group agreeableness, extraversion, openness, conscientiousness, neuroticism. There was a significant difference in
neuroticism between the MMT group with the addict group and
the MMT group with the non addict group; with the addict group
scoring higher in this trait (p<0.05).
Conclusion
Among personality traits, neuroticism has the highest power to
predict treatment attempt and maintain in addicted patient.
Keywords
Addicted Patient, Personality Trait, Methadone Therapy, Narcotics Anonymous
The Modern Role of fMRI in Drug
Addiction Research
Conclusion
Vulnerable women may play important role in HIV epidemic.
Concentrated epidemics, if neglected, have the potential to change
into generalized epidemics. As results showed, there is strong
overlap between high risk sexual behavior and drug use. The use
of methamphetamine has been detected in most of the drug users.
Regarding the treats of using methamphetamine and the effects
of this drug on high risk sexual behavior, more comprehensive
interventions seem to be necessary. These centers are good opportunity to access to these vulnerable women.
Keywords
HIV/AIDS, Vulnerable, Women, Iran, Methamphetamine
Comparison of Personality Traits in
Addicted Patient, Narcotics Anonymous
(NA), Addicts Under Methadone
Maintenance Therapy, and Non Addict
Farideh Faraji1, Saied Jalil Hosseini2, Ahmad Sohrabi3, Farzin Rezaie4
1. Iran Drug Control Headquarters
2. M. A. of Clinical Psychology, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences
3. Assistant Professor of Psychology, Kurdistan University
4. Assistant Professor of Psychiatry, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences
Background and Aim
Current study conducted to identify personality traits in addicted
patient, members of narcotics anonymous (NA), addicts under
methadone maintenance therapy, and non addict as prediction factors of treatment attempting and maintaining.
Methods
This descriptive cross-sectional study performed on totally 144
drug abusers include 109 male addicted patient, members of narcotics anonymous (NA), addicts under methadone maintenance
therapy and 35 male non addict. Data were gathered using the NEO
Five-Factor Inventory- Revised (NEO-FFI-R). Data were analyzed
using multifactor analysis of variance and post hoc Tukey test.
Results
The highest personality traits In NA group respectively were
include: openness, agreeableness, extraversion, neuroticism, con-
Mohammad Hassan Farhadi1, Mohammad Taghi Joghataei2, Mohammad Ali
Oghabian3, Hamed Ekhtiari4, Ali Farhoudian5
1. Institute for Cognitive Science Studies (ICSS), Tehran, Iran.
2. Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Cellular and Molecular Research
Center, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
3. Research Center for Science and Technology in Medicine, Tehran University
of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
4. Institute for Cognitive Science Studies (ICSS), Tehran, Iran.
Background and Aim
Animal studies of reward processing have been an area of intense
investigation for more than 60 years. These studies have identified numerous neural structures involved in reward processing and
reward-dependent learning. Until recently, this work provided the
primary basis for speculations about the neural substrates of human
reward processing. The widespread use of neuroimaging technology has changed this situation dramatically over the past decade
through the use of positron emission tomography (PET) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Since its development
about 25 years ago, fMRI has become the leading research tool
for mapping brain activity. The technique works by detecting the
levels of oxygen in the blood, point by point, throughout the brain.
Methods
This paper review and introduces the basic principles and techniques of fMRI, and also focus on the role played by fMRI in drug
addiction studies.
Results
In only a few years, fMRI has proven itself to be a powerful
technique in the study of reward processing and has contributed
to our understanding of the function of numerous reward-related
brain structures. Recent work has replicated the animal results in
human subjects and has extended the view of putative rewardprocessing neural structures. In particular, fMRI has identified a
set of reward-related brain structures including the orbitofrontal
cortex, amygdala, ventral striatum, and medial prefrontal cortex.
Current experiments aim to assess the function of human rewardprocessing structures to determine how they allow us to predict,
assess, and act in response to rewards.
Conclusion
These new findings may provide crucial insights into diseaserelated deficits and may contribute to improved treatments.
Keywords
Reward, fMRI, Striatum, Amygdala, Orbitofrontal Cortex,
Brain Function
Nurses’s Experiences of Concealment
Consequences of Drug Dependence
Patients in CCU: A Qualitative Study
Sedigheh Farzi1, Saba Farzi 2, Jafar Moghadasi3, Mohammad Akbari Kaji4,
Saied Foroughi 5, Azam Moladoust 6, Maryam Sohrabi7
1. PhD Student of Nursing, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Faculty of
Nursing and Midwifery, Isfahan,Iran
2. MSc,Lorestan University of Medical Sciences,Lorestan,Iran
3. PhD Student of Nursing, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Faculty of
Nursing and Midwifery, Isfahan,Iran, Faculty Member Sharekord University of
Medical Sciences,Shahrkord ,Iran.
4. PhD Student of Nursing, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Faculty
of Nursing and Midwifery, Isfahan,Iran. Member of Young Reserchers Club,
Islamic Azad University Khoorasgan Branch, Khoorasgan, Isfahan , Iran
5. MSc: PhD Student of Nursing, Faculty Member Lorestan University of
Medical Sciences, Lorestan ,Iran.
6. MSc:Isfahan University of Medical Sciences,Isfahan,Iran.
7. BSc, Mofid Hospital,Shahid beheshti University of Medical
Sciences,Tehran,Iran
Background and Aim
Due to numerous problems of patient in cardiac care unite, nursing care of these patients are sensitive rather than patient in general ward. In addition, the patient’s underlying condition such as
disease, allergies and drug dependence are instances that the nurses in the care of these patients should be considered.This study
aimed to identify nurses’ experiences of concealing outcome of
patients with drug dependence for proper management of care
plan has been made.
Methods
A phenomenological qualitative approach was used. Participants
in this study were nurses working in hospitals of Isfahan had experienced caring of patients with drug dependence in cardiac care
unite. Purposive sampling was adopted in the study and sample
size was dependent on the data saturation with a total 6 participants were chosen at the end. Data collection carried out through
unstructured interviews and analysis through colaizzi method
Results
From the finding of this study, 100 primary code expressing participants experiences were emerged that forming the three secondary code: The negative attitude of the patient, interference in
the process of care, patient dissatisfaction and finally composed
theme Concealment consequences of patient.
Conclusion
Addiction one of the topics that today’s society has suffered and
affected all aspects of society. Addict’s patient may be hospitalized because of illness in health care and nurses should provide
complete care to them. Nurses’ experiences in the present study
indicates that patients and their families concealed problem of
drug dependence from team treatment, including nurses, therefore reduction of care programs and patient dissatisfaction was
occurred. Therefore strategies must be taken into account at the
beginning of the patient care that team treatment and caring become aware of their dependence to follow the care plan to suit
their requirements and these patient receive complete care.
Keywords
Nurses’s Experiences, Concealment ‘s Outcomes, Addiction Patients
Morphine-induced conditioned place
Preference Increases Apoptotic Factors in
Rat Prefrontal Cortex: Involvement of
Physical Stress
Zahra Fatahi1, Abbas Haghparast2, Fariba Khodagholi3
1. Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
Background and Aim
Prefrontal cortex (PFC) is one of the most important areas involved in the rewarding action of opiates such as morphine. It has
shown that this area affect by different kinds of stress. Additionally, both morphine and stress can induce apoptosis in neural cells.
In this study, we investigated the effects of morphine-induced
conditioned place preference (CPP) in the presence and absence
of stress on the changes in the apoptotic factors (Bax/Bcl-2 ratio,
caspase-3 activation and PARP degradation) in the PFC.
Methods
Male Wistar rats were divided into two saline- and morphinetreated supergroups. Each supergroup consisted of control, acute
stress (AS, received forced swim stress just one day) and subchronic stress (SS, received forced swim stress for three consecutive days) subgroups. In all groups, the CPP paradigm was performed; thereinafter the PFC was dissected out and the alterations
of apoptotic factors were measured by western blot analysis.
Results
The results indicated that in the saline-treated animals, AS and
SS significantly enhanced apoptotic factors (except for Bax/Bcl-2
ratio during AS). Similarly, in the morphine-treated animals, AS
and SS increased apoptotic factors significantly (except for Bax/
Bcl-2 ratio during AS and SS).
Conclusion
Our findings suggested that in the saline- or morphine-treated
animals, AS and SS enhanced the apoptotic factors in the PFC
and this increase in the morphine-treated animals was more considerable than that in the saline-treated animals. In other words,
stress potentiated the effect of morphine-CPP on the increase of
apoptotic events.
Keywords
Apoptosis, Reward, Morphine, Prefrontal cortex, Conditioned
Place Preference, Forced Swim Stress
The Comparison of Dimensions of
Activation and Marital Adjustment of
Addicted Persons and Persons Under
Substance Abuse Treatment
(Methadone Treatment )
Narges Fathi Ahmad Saraie1, Narges Fathi Ahmad saraei2, Kianosh Amini3,
Maryam Kalhornia Golkar4, Mehdi Kalhornia Golkar5
1. PhD Student Psychology, Isfahan Sciences and Research Branch , Islamic
Azad University Isfahan , Iran
2. PhD Student Psychology, Isfahan Sciences and Research Branch , Islamic
Azad University Isfahan , Iran
3. PhD.student Ph.D Student Psychology, Isfahan Sciences and Research
Branch , Islamic Azad University Isfahan , Iran
4. PhD.student of Psychology, Science and Research branch , Islamic Azad
University, Tehran ,Iran
5. Master of Clinical Psychology, Tehran ,Iran
Background and Aim
Addiction is one of society’s problems that, changed dimensions
of activation and marital adjustment .The aim of this study was
The Comparison of dimensions of activation and marital adjustment of addicted couples and couples under substance abuse treatment in Karaj.
Methods
This study is expost facto research. 120 couples were assigned
in two groups , ( addicted and couples under substance abuse) and
they were asked that complete family addicted and couples under
substance abuse scales for gathering data, were the revised scales
of. Data was analyzed by SPSS 18 , using by T-test for independent sample .
Results
Research data showed that there are significantly different between family activation and marital adjustment in addicted and
couples under substance abuse.
Conclusion
The result showed that improvement of marital adjustment and
better activation in couples under substance abuse .
Keywords
Dimensions of Activation, Marital Adjustment, Addiction , Substance Abuse Treatment
The Effectiveness of Specific Recall
Trinning on Depression in Drug Abuse
Patients (Methadone Treatment)
Narges Fathi Ahmad Saraie1, Narges Fathi Ahmad Saraei2, Kianosh Amini 3
1. PhD student Psychology, Isfahan Sciences and Research Branch, Islamic
Azad University Isfahan, Iran
2. PhD student Psychology, Isfahan Sciences and Research Branch , Islamic
3. PhD student Psychology, Isfahan Sciences and Research Branch , Islamic
Background and Aim
Introduction : This study was aimed to investigate the effectiveness of specific recall trinning on depression in drug abuse patients.
Methods
Method : In an experimental method, 40 drug abuse patients
were assigned in two groups: experimental group(20 males ) and
control group (20 males) . During 8 weeks, and 1.5 hours per each
week , experimental group participated in specific recall trinning
sessions, while control group had not been trained . The instruments for gathering data were Beck depression inventory (BDI).
The data were analyzed by variance analysis .
Results
The results of this study indicated that specific recall trinning decreased
depression among drug abuse patients in experimental group(0/005).
Conclusion
The results of this study indicated that specific recall trinning decreased
depression among drug abuse patients in experimental group(0/005).
Keywords
Drug Abuse Patients , Depression Specific Recall Trinning
Psychometric Properties of
Coping-Selfefficacy Scale for Substance
use Among Adolescent in Isfahan
Zohreh Fathian Dastgerdi1, Ahmadali Eslami2
1. Medical University of Isfahan
2. Medical University of Isfahan
Background and Aim
This study was aimed to investigate the validity, reliability and
factor structure of the Coping- Efficacy-Model for substance use
among 14-18 year adolescents in Iran, based on European Drug
Abuse Prevention(EU-DAP) questionnaire
Methods
The instrument, using Biton et al. approach, was translated into
Persian and then was back translated. Then, a panel of expert examined the questionnaire with regard to cultural sensitivities, clarity of the question, differences and error in their meaning. After
item analyses and examine clarity in pilot study, exploratory and
confirmatory factor analysis were employed to determine the construct validity of the questionnaire in cross -sectional study used a
multi stage sample of 720 adolescent in Isfahan.
Results
3 item in assertiveness scale replace with Jessor questionnaire
because of lower CVR in cultural adaptation stage and one item
in decision making was deleted in item analysis because corrected
item-total correlation was lower than 0.3 . other items had acceptable CITC . The alpha reliability coefficient was 80.5 for the total
scale and ranged from0.58-0.87 for the subscales. The confirmatory factor analysis related to four-factor model (refusal self efficacy, decision making, assertiveness and communication skill)represented an acceptable fitness(CMIN/df:3.64,TLI:0.91,CFI:0.93,P
NFI:0.76,RMSEA:0.06) and accounting for 61% of the variance.
Conclusion
It is suggested that investigate structural equation model for
estimating causal relations between coping efficacy construct in
Iranian adolescent and use this questionnaire in interventional approach to prevention substance abuse in adolescent.
Keywords
Substance Abuse, Validity, Reliability, Confirmatory Factor Analysis
Zoning Drug Offenses within Women in
Ahwaz City; Using Geographic Information
System (GIS)
Somayeh Fathtabarfirozjaee1, Abdolrahim Asadollahi2, Shahrokh Valizadeh3
1. Dept. of GIS, UAST
2. Assistant Professor, Social Gerontology, Australian Centre on Quality of
Life, Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia
3. Dept. of Social Work, UAST
Background and Aim
The study was aimed to review the social and cultural characteristics of drug women in Ahwaz municipal zones by GIS
Methods
Statiscal and graphical tests i.e. median center test, standard deviation ellipses, interpolation method (Kernel density test). The
community of study is drug women of Ahwaz Women’s Prison
in 2014
Results
The main centers of drug offending are located in the regions
bordering the area of illegal and peripheral settlement i.e. KoutAbdullah, Lashkar-Abad, Xashayar (5 & 6 municipal zones). Illiteracy, population density, and high crime rate areas have significant relationships to each other.
Conclusion
Spatial analysis of crime or Criminal GIS can be a constructive
instrument to security policy in combating the drug.
Methods
Case study
Results
This case is expressed about a 28 old man that after consumption of methanol indigestion, symptoms caused blurred vision and
rapid progressive lethargic. Acidosis and sever decreased bicarbonate level in ABG was characteristic feature.in neuroradiology
evaluation extensive cerebral injuries occurred to basal ganglia.
After establishment of disease, in spite of on time diagnosis of
MA intoxication and remedial attempts the patient eventually
with bilateral optic atrophy and bilateral sever damage and putamen necrosis, rigidity was discharged.
Conclusion
Considering extensive cerebral damage of methanol-blindness,
death ,plegia -high incidence of adulterant alcoholic beverages, prevention of drinking alcohol-methanol-should be thought in media.
Keywords
Methyl Alcohol,Intoxication,Neurologic
Genetic Variation in the OPRM1 Gene is
Associated with Drug Abuse
Hedyeh Fazel Tolami1, Parvaneh Keshavarz2, Laleh Fazel Tolami3,
Mahdiyeh Faraji4
1. Cellular and Molecular Research Center, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences
Background and Aim
Keywords
GIS, Social Pathology, High Crime Rate Areas, Female Drug
Offenders
Introduction of Specific Neurologic
Complication and Manifestation Case due
to Methanol Poisoning
Amirfarshid Fayyaz1
1. Toxicology Department, Aja University of Medical Science,Tehran, Iran
Background and Aim
large amount of sodium bicarbonate,hemodialysis,injection of folic acid and sponsorship measures.
Methyl alcohol-methanol-wood alcohol-is a kind of alcohols
which can be led to MA intoxication due to accidental criminal
conception or industrial colorful solvent beverage and adulterant
alcoholic beverages to MA intoxication. The start of symptom is
variable between 40 mints until 72 hours and 30 to 90 minute after
drinking with empty stomach of serum level reaches peak level.
Methanol poisoning may produce serious degrees of acidosis,
damage to retina, ganglion cells, giving rise to scotoma,vorying
degrees of blindness, dilated unreactive pupils and edema.The
most important aspect of treatment is the Iv administration of
Opioid dependence disorder is a chronic and relapsing disease
causing severe impairment, medical complications and economical distress in patients and families. It is estimated that 4% of the
world population is using opioids. As all substance abuse disorders, opioid dependence is the result of the interaction of genetic,
environmental and drug-induced factors. Methadone, a synthetic
opioid, is commonly used as a maintenance therapy for opioid
dependence. It works as a µ-opioid receptor (OPRM1) agonist.
Genetic association studies have reported that the OPRM1 gene
is involved in the physiology of drug and alcohol addiction. The
present study aims to delineate the frequency of A118G alleles
of OPRM1 among a Iranian population with methadone maintenance treatment (MMT).
Methods
A total of 200 MMT patients with opium dependence undergoing
MMT as outpatients who had referred to Addiction Treatment Clinics in Rasht, were selected. Furthermore 200 controls were selected
from normal population without any kind of drug addiction. Several
interviewer-administered assessments, including a Treatment Outcomes Profile(TOP) for the amount and frequency of alcohol and
other illicit substance uses in the past 28 days and the Clinical opiod
Withdrawal Scale(COWS) for the severity of 11 opioid withdrawal
symptoms were conducted before the methadone was administered.
Urine specimens were sampled prior to the administration of methadone on the study day. 2mL of Peripheral blood was collected and
total genomic DNA was extracted from drug addicts and healthy
control using the Qiagen kit. The A118G single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in OPRM1 gene was selected in the present study
based on previous reports. Genotyping of all samples was done by
ARMS-PCR. Two forward primers which 3’ ends were specified
to detect the normal allele from polymorphic allele at the polymorphism site were designed for this SNP. All statistical analyses were
conducted using SPSS16 software.
Results
According to allele frequency , The frequency of A allele and G
allele were 79.3% and 20.7%, respectively for addicts and about
84% and 16% respectively for healthy volunteers. The frequencies of AA, AG and GG genotypes were 64.6%, 29.2% and 6.%
for addict cases and 75%, 17.8%,and 7.14% in healthy volunteers,
respectively. There were no significant differences between genotype from cases and controls.
Conclusion
This study demonstrated that there is not significant association
between A118G polymorphism in opioid receptor gene and drug
addiction. Considering that, there are other polymorphisms in
other sites of this gene. It s better that all µ-opioid gene exones to
be investigated. In addition, it seems that in this area, other factors
such as epigenetic factors can have an influence on the drug abuse
Keywords
µ- Opioid Receptor, Polymorphism A118G, Drug Addicts,
Methadone
New Technologies for Treatment to
Substance Abuse Disorder
Manijeh Firoozi1
1. University of Tehran
Background and Aim
Emerging technologies may have several advantages over traditional methods in promoting quality care for addicts. Emerging technologies, such as the Internet and text messaging, have an
ever-growing role in providing services to substance abuse treatment.
Methods
This article summarizes selected examples of emerging technologies that have been developed and implemented as standalone
interventions and as part of other face-to-face interventions. It
provides a taste of the different opportunities available for implementing emerging technologies as a way to improve the accessibility and effectiveness of services for substance abuse.
Results
In large part, the types of emerging technologies for use in faceto-face settings mirror. In looking at emerging technologies and
the treatment of substance abuse, it is clear that there is a wide
range of modalities and settings in which these technologies can
be applied.
Conclusion
It has highlighted interventions that are delivered over the Internet via online social support groups, in primary care settings, in
emergency departments, in prenatal care services, and in schools.
One final challenge will be to explore how to integrate these new
treatment modalities into traditional face-to-face treatment.
Keywords
Substance Abuse, Treatment, Intervention, Technology, Computer Technology, Internet.
Compare the Spiritual Health and Vitality
in Patients Undergoing Methadone
Maintenance Treatment (MMT) and
Inpatient Boarding on Welfare
Aliasghar Firoozi1, Farzad Karimnejad 2, Soodabe Basaknejad3,
Ali-Asghar Firoozi 4, Mohamad Vatankhah5, Majid Eydi-Baygi6
1. PhD Student in Clinical Psychology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical
2. Maser of Clinical Psychology, Member Young and Elite Researchers Club,
Islamic Azad University, Thran, Iran
3. Psychologist, Assistant Professor, school of Psychology and Education, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
4. PhD student in Clinical Psychology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical
5. Master of Clinical Psychology, School of Psychology and Education, Shahid
Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
6. Master of Clinical Psychology, Member Young and Elite Researchers Club,
Islamic Azad University, Branch Torbate Heydarie, Iran
Background and Aim
Treatment of addiction is often the form of intervention, the three
outpatient, inpatient and residential is done. Given the enormous
cost to society of addiction imposes the effectiveness of these
treatments is important among the variables that can be demonstrated to be effective treatments is the spiritual health and vitality.
The purpose of this study is to compare the spiritual health and
vitality in patients undergoing methadone maintenance treatment
(MMT) and inpatient boarding on Welfare.
Methods
This study is a causal comparative. The study population includes all clients residing in boarding facilities and clients in
outpatient addiction treatment clinic in Ahvaz. Sampling was a
class of multi-stage procedure. By referring these centers Spiritual
Health Questionnaire and Vitality questionnaire were distributed
to residents at the center. The data were analyzed with the multivariate analysis and with use of software Spss16.
Results
Results show that scores on vitality and spiritual health and spiritual health indicators, including health, religious, existential and
Addicts living in boarding centers being significantly higher in
drug addicts is methadone maintenance therapy.
Conclusion
Due to the fact that the spiritual health and vitality of people
living in boarding centers being significantly higher People are
treated with methadone maintenance therapy is necessary that
these centers of education and health promotion that will help accelerate the healing process to be addicts.
Keywords
Spiritual Health, Vitality, Drug Addicts, Methadone Maintenance Treatment, Inpatient Boarding on Welfare
The Study of the Patterns of Traditional and
Industrial Drug use Among Women Referred
to Addiction Treatment Centers in Tehran.
Salman Ghaderi1, Behnam Shahmohamadi.MD2, Seyedeh Mahastamosallaie3,
Payman Shiri4, Amir Baghani5
1. Welfer Organization,Tehran,Iran
2. Mehrnam Treatment Substance Abuse Center
3. Welfer Organization, Tehran, iran
4. Welfer Organization, Tehran, iran
5. Shafa Treatment Substance Abuse Center
Background and Aim
The present study examines the pattern of drug abuse among
women referred to the drug treatment centers
Methods
This is a survey method. The study sample consisted of women referred to the addiction treatment centers in Tehran in 2013, among
which, 100 patients were recruited from four centers, available sampling
method and were reviewed using discussed focus groups and file studies
Results
Our findings indicate the decrease in age at onset of drug use
amongs women. Given these findings, 32.1% of women have
started using drugs under the age of 18. The statistics show a decrease in age of onset drug use amongs women. In terms of marital status, 68% were married, 14% were divorced, and 14 percent
were single. Most women referred the centers, had a spouse who
is consuming drugs. The results showed that, 38.1% of the study
population had started using drugs by propose it from a family
member, while the role of other factors, including relatives (20
percent), school friends (7.2%), friends at work (20 percent), and
other factors, are subject to other stages. Another important issue
was that, 69.1 percent began using drugs from home. More than
80 percent of women in drug abuse had a family member who
was using drug
Conclusion
Our findings suggest the decrease in the age of initiation among
women, and the changing role of the family in their attitudes toward drug use, and retention of women in treatment. Therefore, it
is essential to design medical interventions as multi-dimensional
and focused on the patient, family, and social factors surrounding
her, and treatment protocols, attention to the issue of gender and
characteristics of women who abuse drugs
Keywords
Addiction, Retention in Treatment, Drugs and Industrial
Investigation of Epidemiology and Trend
of Stimulants Use in Tehran
Salahedin Ghaderi1, Salahedin Ghaderi2, Roya Noori3, Jamal Khosravi4
1. Hashtgerd Azad University
2. Hashtgerd Azad University
3. Free Researcher
4. Bokan Piam Noor Univercity
Background and Aim
Among the substances used, stimulants are the greatest potential contributors to the mental, physical, and social traumas. In
the recent years, substance abuse patterns have been changing in
Iran, so that, nowadays, we are witnessing a considerable growth
of stimulant drugs usage, specially methamphetamines and other
stimulants in our country. The studies on trends in other countries point to the fact that stimulant abuse is rising throughout the
globe. Tehran metropolis, one of the largest cities and capital of
Iran, is subject to this phenomenon, and is considered as a good
ground for an epidemiological study on new industrial substance.
The current study was undertaken to reflect a comprehensive picture of stimulants’ outbreak and trend of usage in Tehran, Iran.
Methods
This cross-sectional study was carried out using both qualitative and
quantitative methods. In qualitative method, in-depth interview techniques and focused group discussion were employed, while quantitative method used procedure analysis technique based on retrospective
approach. In qualitative survey, 6000 participants were chosen among
over-60-year individuals living in Tehran based on their availability.
Results
At the moment, 2.3 % of research samples in Tehran are substance
users, and 15.1 % are daily stimulant users. Furthermore, 75.1 % of
weekly stimulant users live in Tehran, and 9.7 % of them have the
stimulant using experience during their life. Anticipated trends had
estimated the outbreak growth of stimulant consumption around 6 %
by 2012. The growth of crystal meth in the first half of 2001 in Tehran indicated a new trend in using addictive drugs, and this amount,
with a highly significant rate, showed an increasing trend.
Conclusion
The results of the study demonstrated that, among different kinds
of existing substances, use of crystal meth was laid in the first place.
All usage trends and percentage of consumption initiation over the
past years will predict the ascending trend of consumption prevalence in the years to come. It should be noted that the prediction
trend of stimulant use is contingent upon preserving the existing situations; however, this prediction’s validity within time series will not
be more than three years. Continuing the previous increasing trend,
in the absence of intervention, seemed to be rising in the subsequent
years. It seemed that the lack of clear-cut and codified rules for crystal meth smuggling, increased domestic production, and subsequently its sharp reduction of 2000 % in price, the information dissemination silence, and lack of awareness-raising in country’s media and
educational places can be referred to as the fundamental reasons for
the prevalence of this substance in the recent years.
Keywords
Cocaine, Crystal Meth, Ecstasy, Prevalence, Stimulant Use, Tehran
The Effectiveness of Processing Emotion
Regulation Strategies Training in Cognitive
Coping of People with Substance Abuse:
A Single Subject Study
Ali Ghaedniay Jahromi1, Jafar Hasani2, Mohammad Hatami3
1. Alborz University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Department of Health
2. Department of Psychology, University kharazmi
3. Department of Psychology, University kharazmi
Background and Aim
The aim of present study was to investigate the effectiveness
of processing emotion regulation Strategies training in cognitive
coping of People with narcotic and Stimulant substance abuse.
Methods
In an experimental single case design, 4 addicted people (including 2 people with stimulant substance abuse and 2 people with
narcotic substance abuse) who were referred to addiction centers
were selected through convenience sampling method and received
individual processing emotion regulation strategies training in 10
sessions. These patients matched with 4 addicted people and were
evaluated by cognitive emotion regulating questionnaire 6 times
(one time in base line, 4 times during the intervention and one
time in follow up). In order to analyze data, indicators of process
changes, slope change, effect size, Cohen index and review of ups
and downs of diagrams were used.
Results
The results indicated that maladaptive strategies of cognitive coping (i.e. self blaming, catastrophizing, rumination, and others blaming) in subjects with substance abuse were reduced, while adaptive
strategies of cognitive coping (i.e. self blaming, catastrophizing,
rumination, other blaming) in subjects with substance abuse were
increased in comparison with subjects in the control group.
Conclusion
These results implicate that processing emotion regulation strategies
training can improve cognitive coping strategies in people with substance abuse and reduce the rate of getting back to addictive behavior.
Keywords
Processing Emotion Regulation Strategies, Cognitive Coping,
Substance Abuse
Blockade of Orexin Type 1 Receptors
Inhibits the Development of Morphine
Tolerance in Lateral Paragigantocellularis
Nucleus: an Electrophysiological Approach
Masoumeh Ghaemi Jandabi1, Masoumeh Ghaemi-Jandabi2, Hossein Azizi3,
Saeed Semnanian4
1. Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences,
Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
Background and Aim
Repetitive administration of opioid agonists is associated with
development of tolerance to the effects of these substances and
limits their application. Orexin (also known as hypocretin) is involved in morphine tolerance and dependence. The lateral paragigantocellularis nucleus (LPGi) is a key brain region implicated
in the tolerance and dependence to opiates. Orexin type 1 receptor (OXR1) has been detected in LPGi nucleus. In this study the
effect of OXR1 blockade was investigated on neural activity of
LPGi during development of morphine tolerance in rats.
Methods
Male Wistar rats weighing 250-300 g were used in this study.
To incite tolerance, morphine sulfate was injected intraperitonealy (10 mg/kg, i.p.) once a day for 6 days. A selective OXR1
antagonist (SB-334867) was microinjected into the right cerebral
ventricle (10 μg/10 μl, i.c.v.) immediately before each morphine
injection. On day 7, the effect of morphine (10 mg/kg, i.p.) on
neural activity of LPGi was investigated using in vivo extracellular single unit recording.
Results
In this study morphine injection during 6 days led to the development of morphine tolerance in LPGi neurons which was observed as a significant decrease in responsiveness of LPGi neurons to acute morphine injection. Administration of SB-334867
before each morphine injection could reverse the responses of
LPGi neurons to acute morphine injection.
Conclusion
This study showed that OXR1 blockade by SB-334867 prevents
the development of tolerance to morphine in LPGi neurons. Further studies are required to determine molecular and anatomical
mediators which are thought to be involved in this phenomenon.
Keywords
Orexin, SB-334867, Morphine, Tolerance, Extracellular in Vivo
Single Unit Recording, LPGi Nucleus
Evaluating and Ranking the Effectiveness
Factors in the Changing Consumption
Patterns of Drugs from the Traditional
Drugs to the Industrials Stimulants on the
Viewpoint of Drug Users
Fateme Ghaeny Niazabadi1
1. Master of Clinical Psychology, Torbatjam Islamic Azad University
Background and Aim
Identify and classify the factors affecting the consumption patterns of
drugs from traditional drugs to the industrial stimulants according to drug
users in mashhad during the first quarter of 1392.in this study, the causes
of changing in the pattern of using drugs through the addicted people
and rating the corresponding scales are being analyzed and evaluated
Methods
This research is a descriptive research in type of survey and is studied with the use of a statistical population which is comprised of all
the rehabilitation center and transition centers of mashhad. by using
the random sampling four centers selected and 120 people are being
studied on the basis of research questionnaires. the method of cronbach’s alpha is used for reliability that coefficient for the questionnaire was 90% and validity questionnaire validity of content type
has been approved by judging six specialist and arbiter researchers
Results
The results of the ranking with 81/3% of the material in the first
place, and individual factors, and social factors - cultural, familial factors, and economic factors Respectively, were from second to fifth
place.besides, men with 83/3% and divorced women, married men
and also rudimentary education have allocated highest demographic
Conclusion
In the present study, material characteristics, social problems cultural, religious and ideological weakness, economic problems,
personal problems, have been effective in changing patterns of
drug use
Keywords
Industrial Stimulants, Traditional Stimulants, Addictive People,
Changing Sumption Pattern, Affecting Factors
The Socio-Cultural Challenges of Female
Drug Users in Tehran
Sonia Ghaffari1, Jaleh Shaditalab2, Molouk Azizzadeh3, Parisa Nakhaei4
1. UNODC
2. Tehran university
3. UNODC
4. UNODC
Background and Aim
In the society where risk factors are socially and culturally
rooted, women find it difficult to enter and remain in treatment.
Consequently, treatment programs being responsive to female
drug users’ needs require acknowledging the realities of women’s
lives including the culture of drugs. The objective of this article
is to provide information on socio-cultural challenges that affect
women’s drug use initiation and treatment.
Methods
Based on different variables such as type of treatment, 3 treatment institutes were chosen: Khaneh Khorshid, Chitgar Camp
and Congress 60. The study has utilized 48 semi- structured interviews as its methodology in the year of 1389/2011. The study
includes two groups of respondents; service providers and female
drug users. The sampling strategy was purposive.
Results
Powerless relationships Early marriage is common among most
of female drug users. The result is limited knowledge of sexual relations which could increase risk of sexual abuse, unprotected sex
and unwanted pregnancies. • Motherhood role and Responsibility
of children Lack of childcare is probably the most important factor restricting women’s access to treatment service. - Subculture
Women’s status in drug users’ community is inferior too and it
can multiple women’s vulnerability and their weak self -esteem. Stigma Women drug users are more stigmatized than men by their
family members and society. Therefore, they go unrecognized and
awareness of their stigmatized behavior stops them from coming
forward. - Social network Stigma leads female drug users to a
network of other drug users. This network is very small in size and
probably with new types of drugs in the market, is in the diminishing process. - Prostitution When women drug users are poor
and dependent on drugs, they are more likely to exchange sex
for money, shelter and food. - Violence Violence (at home or in
the society) against women drug users’ may take different forms:
physical and psychological abuse, unprotected sex, economic violence, Food deprivation, harassment in workplace, … .
Conclusion
For providing a gender responsive program socio-cultural factors should be considered as well as medical part of treatment.
Achieving these goals depends largely on the understanding of
gender differences and socio-cultural circumstances which influences drug treatment seeking behaviors. Therefore, these steps are
necessary: • Acknowledge that gender makes a difference • Training on cultural norms, values and gender roles, gender based violence, discriminations, and gender differences for service providers is required. Such training would enhance their skills in better
understanding of women drug users’ life and increase the chances
of women’s remaining in treatment.
Keywords
Female Drug Users , Social and Cultural Changes
Effectiveness of Stress Management
Training of Cognitive - Behavioral Therapy
on Perceived Stress of
Wives Addicted People
Faeghe Ghanami1, Samira Soleimani2, Hadi Mansobi3
1. Department of Psychology, Faculty of Educational Sciences & Psychology,
Semnan University, Semnan, Iran
Semnan University, Semnan, Iran
Torbate jam University, Torbate jam Iran
Background and Aim
Socio- cultural risk factors that affect women’s initiation of drug
use and their treatment process can be categorized into 6 interrelated elements: - Family and relationships • Initiation of drug use
In majority of families one or both of the parents were drug users
and daughter has initiated drugs within the family. Also, Women
more often than men have been introduced to drug with their
spouses. • Family’s Support Female drug user usually looses family’s supports when their drug use is disclosed (especially when
there are not any drug users in the family). • Early marriages and
The substance dependency is one of the major problems in the
contemporary world that expansion and the number of victims of
drug is added every day. Not only has negative effects on the life
of drug addicts, but also the family and relatives of addicts are
at risk of multiple injuries of this social phenomena. The present study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of stress management
training of cognitive - behavioral therapy on perceived stress husbands were drug dependent persons.
Methods
This experimental is conducted with pre-test - post-test and follow-up monitoring. The sample included 30 wives of drug-dependent individuals who were randomly assigned to experimental and
control groups. Cohen Perceived Stress Questionnaire standardized variables were used in connection with education and intervention, the experimental group performed 10 sessions. Collected
data were analyzed using univariate covariance in SPSS software
Results
The results showed that perceived stress in the experimental
group after the intervention of stress management training of cognitive - behavioral therapy significantly reduced compared with
the control group.
Conclusion
According to research results, stress management training of
cognitive - behavioral therapy has effective role on reducing the
perceived stress of wives addicted people
Keywords
Stress Management, Cognitive – Behavioral Therapy, Perceived
stress, Marital satisfaction, Wives, Drug Dependent Persons
Efficacy of Psychological Empowerment
Training on Addict men Resiliency in Ivan
Farzaneh Ghanbari1
1. MDEducational Psychology.Allameh Tabatabai University
Background and Aim
Introduction: According to different causes and background s
of addiction, its treatment and breaking the vicious cycle needs
to a comprehensive health care system. One of interventions is
improvement of psychic abilities and increase resiliency that can
help to treatment and rehabilitation.Purpose: The purpose of this
study was efficacy of psychological empowerment training on addict men resiliency in Ivan.
Methods
This study was Quasi-experimental with pre-test and post-test
and control group. The population was all addict men in Ivan and
sample included 30men that with the perform of Conner-Davidson resilience scale (CD_RISC) obtained lowest score. And replacing in the experimental and control groups, randomly. Then
the experimental group was trained psychological empowerment
during 8session. And the control group did not receive any interventions. After end of sessions performed post-test .The data was
analyzed by the analysis of covariance.
Results
The Results of study demonstrated between addict men resiliency before and after training of psychological empowerment there
are significant difference.
Conclusion
Training of psychological empowerment effected on level of resiliency.
Keywords
Psychological Empowerment, Resiliency, Addiction
Prediction of Tendency to Addiction Based
on Social Isolation and Impulsivity in
Female High School Students in Ivan.
Farzaneh Ghanbari1
1. MDEducational Psychology.Allameh Tabatabai University
Background and Aim
Introduction: Many researchers knows personality most important predisposing factor for addiction. So broad and deep study
and recognition of antecedents can an important factor that preventing of tendency to addiction. Purpose: The purpose of this
study was prediction of tendency to addiction based on social
isolation and impulsivity in female high school students in Ivan.
Methods
This study was a correlation. The population included all students of female high schools in Ivan. By using of convenience
sampling was selected 150 students as sample. The assessment
tools were Woodworth social isolation questioner, Barrat impulsiveness scale (BIS) and Dehkordian preparation of addiction
scale. The data was analyzed by Pearson correlation and multiple
regressions.
Results
The Results of Pearson correlation indicated relation between
social isolation and impulsivity with tendency to addiction was
significant. Results of multiple regression indicated linear combination of social isolation and impulsivity have prediction power
of tendency to addiction.
Conclusion
Tendency to addiction is predicted based on social isolation and
impulsivity.
Keywords
Tendency to Addiction, Social Isolation, Impulsivity
The Prevalence of Substance Use in
Inpatients of a General Hospital
Atefeh Ghanbari Jolfaei1, Neda Norouzi2
1. Assistant Professor of Psychiatry, Minimally Invasive Surgery Research
Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
2. MD, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Background and Aim
According to the significant effects of substance use on the
clinical course and compliance of hospitalized patients in general
hospitals, this study aimed at investigating the prevalence of substance use in inpatients of Rasoul- Akram hospital.
Methods
In this cross-sectional study, through one week all the patients
admitted in different wards of Rasoul- Akram hospital, who had
inclusion criteria, completed a self- report questionnaire about the
frequency of cigarette smoking and illicit substances use in past
week, past month, past year and entire life. Data were analyzed
using SPSS Version 20. Group differences were analyzed using
chi-squared, T test and one way ANOVA.
Results
423 patients including 218 males (51.5%) and 205 females
(48.5%) with the mean age of 48.4+/-18.4 years (11-88 years)
were studied. Lifetime prevalence of smoking and illicit substance
use was 37% and 29% respectively. Substance use was more
prevalent in men and low educated patients. Opioids (16.3%), alcohol (8%), grass (2.3%) and amphetamine (2.3%) were the most
abused illicit substances.
Conclusion
The prevalence of substance use in general hospital is high, therefore it is important to screen the inpatients for all of the substances.
Keywords
Prevalence, Substance Use, General Hospital
The Effectiveness of Training Self-Skills &
Problem Solving on Self Confidence in
Opioid Dependences
hosein Sotudeh1, Ameneh Moazedian2, reza Daneshmand3
1. Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies
2. Education. Research & Treatment Center for Substance Abuse 15
Background and Aim
Regarding absence of Self-Confidence is one of the effective
factors on addiction tendency, the life-skills training is necessary
to increase ability feeling. In this research, the effect of the training of life skills and problem-solving on the increasing of selfconfidence was examined.
Methods
The design of this research was semi-experimental design pre and posttest with control group. The population included all addicts under treatment in Tehran Behzisty clinics in spring 2013. 30 addicts were randomly
selected and completed the Izenck’s self-confidence questionnaire in pre
and post-tests. The experimental group was received life skills and problem-solving training for eight sessions. No training given to control group.
Results
The analysis of covariance showed that after training, the selfconfidence was significantly different between experimental and
control groups. The experimental group significantly had higher
self-confidence than the control group
Conclusion
The results of this study indicated that the training of life skills
and problem-solving can increase the addicts’ self-confidence.
Keywords
Self-confidence, life skills training, problem-solving training,
addiction
The Effectiveness of the Life Skills and
Problem-Solving Training on the
Increasing of Addicts’ Stress Coping
under Treatment with Buprenorphine
Hossein Gharaati Sotudeh1, A. Moazedian2, Reza Daneshmand3, M. Noori4
1. Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies
2. Education Research &Treatment Center for Subtance Abuse 15
4. Education Research &Treatment Center for Subtance Abuse 15
Background and Aim
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of life
skills and problem-solving on increasing of stress coping among
addicts.
Methods
The design of the study is semi-experimental with pretest -posttest and control group. The population of the study was all addicts
to opioids Behzisty’s self-referred centers in Tehran. 30 addicts
were randomly allocated into experimental group (N=15) and
control group (N=15). The life skills and problem-solving training was demonstrated in 8 weekly sessions on the experimental
group while the control group received only the Agunist. Stress
coping method (CS-R) questionnaire were completed by both
groups before and after intervention. The data was analyzed using
covariance analysis.
Results
There was significant difference in stress coping between two
groups after intervention. Results demonstrated that the life skills
and problem-solving training led to significant increase in experimental group stress coping.
Conclusion
Regarding to effectiveness of the life skills and problem-solving
on stress coping, it may also be used as a supplement method decreasing stress among addicts.
Keywords
life skills, problem-solving training, stress coping, Addicts
Attitudes of Iranian Population Aged
16 to 45 Years towards the Use
of Crystal (Meth) in 2013
Mariet Ghazarian1, Azadeh Olyaei, MS3, Zahra Esfahani, MS4, Hassan Rafiee,
MD, MPH5, Hooman Narenjiha, MD6, Hamid Reza Khoddami Vishteh, MD.7,
Mohsen Roshanpanjouh, MD8
1. State Welfare Organization, Prevention Deputy, Drug Prevention Office,
Tehran, Iran
Tehran, Iran
Tehran, Iran
6. Research Center of University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences
Tehran, Iran
Background and Aim
The use of Meht crystal has many effects, particularly in teens
and young people, and their attitude towards drug use might play
an important role in the use of this substances. Since the planning
and successful implementation of drug prevention programs is almost impossible without assessing the attitude of the community,
the aim of this study was to investigate the attitudes of Iranian
population toward the use of crystal.
Methods
This cross-sectional study was conducted on 1000 citizens, aged
from 16 to 45 years, in Tehran, in 2013. The participants were
selected using random sampling in 75 places. The measuring instrument was a researcher-made Questionnaire on Assessing “attitude toward the Use of Crystal (Meth) in Iranian Adolescents
and Young adults” with 25 questions. The interviewers were explained the aim of the study to the participants in public places
such as streets, parks, etc, and after taking informed consent, they
asked the demographic information as well as questions on crystal. The participants were divided into high and low risk groups
based on their scores in the questionnaire.
Results
The mean age of the participants was 26±6 years. 551 participants (55%) were male, 371 (37%) were married and 753 (75%)
had high school degree or higher education. Of all the studied
population, 918 people (92%) did not have an experience of crystal use; however 265 people (29%) had seen crystal. Moreover, 42
persons (4%) had previously used crystal for less than five times in
their lifetime; 40 (4%) were crystal users with mean age of 28±5
years and 3 of them (8%) were female. Of those using crystal,
33% were married and 53% had a high school degree or higher
education. From those who did not have any experience of crystal
use or had used for less than five times, 919 people (96%) reported crystal as a hazardous material, 59 (6%) considered themselves
at risk of crystal use, and 39 (4%) had attributed positive effects
to crystal. Overall, based on the total score of the questionnaire,
30% of participants were identified as high-risk. There was no
significant difference between high and low risk groups in terms
of age and education level (p>.05), however most of the people in
risky group were male (p<.001), and single (p=.032).
Conclusion
The findings of this study showed that 4% of the sample population
was crystal users and 4% used crystal for less than five times in their
lifetime. One-third of the all participants were found to have high risk
attitude that most of them were single and male. According the risks
of crystal use especially at adolescents and young people, it is recommended to plan implement drug prevention programs to raise the
awareness and change the attitudes toward crystal use in risky ages.
Keywords
Attitude, Crystal, Substance use, Adolescents, Young adults
The Effects of a Media Campaign on
Attitude of Adolescents’ and Young adults’
towards the Crystal (Meth) Use
in Tehran in 2013
Mariet Ghazarian, MS1, Zahra Esfahani, MS2, Azadeh Olyaei, MS3, Hooman
Narenjiha, MD, MPH4, Hassan Rafiee, MD, MPH5, Hamid Reza Khoddami
Vishteh, MD6, Mohsen Roshanpanjouh, MD7
1. State Welfare Organization, Prevention Deputy,
Drug Prevention Office, Tehran, Iran
6. Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences
Background and Aim
In recent decades media campaigns have been implanted to
change health behaviors. In media campaigns, media messages are
displayed to a large population using different tools within a specified period of time, for specific groups of audience and they could
influence the attitude of population. According to some researches
in our country, the trend of drug use has been changed from opiates
to stimulants such as crystal; however, most studies have focused
on the drug use patterns rather than the attitudes toward drugs. The
aim of this study was to assess the effects of media campaign on
changes in attitudes toward the use of crystal in Tehran.
Methods
This study was conducted in 2013. First, a total of 1,000 people
aged 16 to 45 years were selected from the city of Tehran. Their attitude toward the crystal use was measured via a researcher-made
attitude questionnaire. Based on the findings, a media campaign
was designed and implemented in the city. After the campaign,
a new sample of 1,000 participants was selected in the city and
the attitude was measured again. The total score of attitude and
its subscales were compared before and after the intervention. In
addition, based on the scores, participants were divided into risky
and low risk groups. To analyze the data, chi-square test, t-test and
two-way ANOVA were used.
Results
The mean age of the participants was 27±7 years, 1030 participants (52%) were male; 820 (41%) were married and 1556 people
(78%) had high school degree or higher education. Of all the studied population, 1861 people (93%) did not have an experience of
crystal use. Moreover, 70 persons (4%) of the total population had
previously used crystal for less than five times in their lifetime; 69
people (4%) were crystal users. Total score of attitude toward the
crystal use after the intervention had a significant increase compared with that before the intervention (p<.001). Attitude scores
for subscale of physical and mental symptoms, sexual, recreational and occasional use, psychotic symptoms, and the prevalence of
crystal use had become significantly increased (p<.05), whereas
the score of attitude toward socializing and friendship with crystal
users was not significantly different before and after intervention
(p≥.05). In addition, There was seen a significant decrease in the
number of people in risky group after the intervention (p<.001).
Analysis of variance was conducted in order to assess the effects
of the demographic variables (age, sex, marital status, education)
on the attitude scores; and the results showed an improvement of
attitude toward crystal use after the intervention.
Conclusion
The media campaign had a significant effect in changing adolescents’ and young adults’ attitudes toward the crystal use, and such
effects remained stable even after eliminating the effects of age, sex,
marital status, and education. According to the risks of crystal use,
especially among adolescents and young adults, media campaigns
can be used as one of the effective methods of changing attitudes.
Keywords
Adolescents, Attitude, Crystal, Media campaign, Substance use,
Youth
Comparing Parenting Style Schemas in
Two Groups of Opiates Users and
Normal Individuals
Mahnaz Ghiasi1, Shirin Ezadi2, Sedigheh Safaei3, Farah Mamlekat Doost4
1. PhD. Student of Psychology, Department of Psychology, University of Alzahra, Tehran, Iran
2. M.A. of Psychology, Islamic Azad University- Science and Research
Branch, Tehran, Iran
3. MA. of Educational Sciences, Department of Psychology, University of
Semnan, Semnan, Iran
4. MA in Exceptional Children Psychology, Islamic Azad University- Center
Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran
Conclusion
When parenting schema is formed in an individual as maladaptive, it leads to a special attitude that causes an individual to look
at the world through it. Over time, this issue will result in an individual’s better understanding, emotions and unique thrills, as
a result the comparative performance will continue. One of the
external features of comparative performance is to seek refuge
in opiates. Because when the parenting schemas are activated in
intrapersonal interactions, it will stimulate thrills and negative
schemas, as a result the individual (opiates user) tries to cut down
by abusing drugs. Hence, the parenting schema can make a great
contribution to opiates usage.
Keywords
Substance Abuse, Opiate Addiction, Parenting
Comparison of Early Maladaptive Schema
Between Candidate Adult for Addiction
Withdrawal in Comparison with
Non-Addict Adults
Nafiseh Rafiee1, Maryam Ghorbani2
1. Teacher Assistant in Educational Science, Payam-e Noor University. Tehran. Iran
2. Assistant Professor in Psychology, Payam-e Noor university. Tehran. Iran
Background and Aim
Background and Aim
Family is a kind of structure that because of extensive actions
it influences individual behaviors in a significant way. Parenting
style is one of the factors that plays an important role and will influence individual cognitive process while encountering stressful
and unpleasant situations. According to schema therapy of Young
(1991) if parenting style is not efficacy, schemas based on this approach will be maladaptive and will lead to dangerous behaviors
such as opiates abuse.
Substance abuse is a major issue of concern today is the field
of health. Understanding the emotional, behavioral and cognitive
characteristics of this disorder, can lead to better prevention and
treatment. One of these aspects is cognitive schemas. Schemes,
including templates or themes are deep and widespread that is
composed of memories, emotions, cognitions and physical sense.
The purpose of this study is to identify the early maladaptive schemas in patients with substance abuse and normal individuals.
Methods
Methods
This research was conducted in the summer of 2013. The sample
included 200 opiates users between 16 to 60 years of age (M=34,
SD=9.08) and using accessible sampling. The normal group
consisted of 218 individuals within the age of 16 to 60 (M=35,
SD=7.96) and were sampled by random sampling method. All
participants answered Young Parenting Inventory (YPI). The questionnaire included 72 items and 17 subscales in which the respondents ranked their parents based on their behavior towards them.
Shefield, Waller, Emanuelli, Murray and Meyer (2005) reported
Cronbach’s alpha 0.70–0.92. Yazdandoost and others (2008) reported reliability coefficient of 0.69 for the mother form and reliability coefficient of 0.80 for the father form. Data was analyzed by
the statistical method of T-Test using statistical software SPSS-20.
Results
users and the normal group in the parenting schema relevant to
mothers had a significant difference and resulted in t=9.89. The
result of parenting schema relevant to the fathers was t=12.65 and
had a significant difference (P<0.05).
The descriptive results showed that the period of using opiates
among users was with the mean of 4.41 and standard deviation
of 6.77. The analysis of the data showed that the group of opiates
This was a causal–comparative study. The sample was selected
using convenience sampling and consisted of 50 addicts and 70
non-addicts in Tehran. All participant completed the Young Schema Questionnaire (YSQ). Data were analyzed using the independent T test
Results
Result showed that there were significant differences between
two group in emotional deprivation (t=3/51), abandonment
(t=3/5), dependence/incompetence (t=4/25), defectiveness/shame
(t=3/49), entitlement (t=3/39) and enmeshment (t=2/5).
Conclusion
It seems that early maladaptive schema play an important role in
understanding the fundamental differences between addicts and
non-addicts. Due to the formation of these schemes in childhood,
parenting can provide suitable conditions for the modification of
maladaptive schemas and helped to prevent this disorder.
Keywords
Schema, Early Maladaptive Schema, Addiction Disorder
Effect of Drama Therapy on Impulsivity
and Substance Use Craving
in Addicted People
Behrooz Golchai1, Bahman Akbari2, Reza Vatan khah3, Masoumeh Allahi4,
Ramin Kasb Gar5
1. Guilan Medical University Medical Student
2. Islamic Azad University Science and Research Branch PhD of Psychology
3. Islamic Azad University Science and Research Branch PhD of Psychology
4. M.A in Psychology Clinic
5. Islamic Azad University Science and Research Branch M.A Psychology
Background and Aim
Addiction is among the unwelcome social problems since it
damages their brain and behaviors. Researchers have applied effective prevention or treatment methods to reduce the negative
impacts of substance use craving on people and family. A technique applied to treat mental and emotional problems is drama
therapy. In this work, “effect of drama therapy on impulsivity and
substance use craving in addicted people” was investigated.
Methods
This work was carried out based on a trial work method with
a pre-test and post-test design using a control group selected
from a rehabilitation center in Rasht. Among 330 trials units who
achieved highest score, 30 ones were selected through the convenient sampling method and were controlled into two test and
control groups. The trials were subject to ten 90 minute sessions
of drama therapy training on a weekly basis. To gather required
data, the Bart impulsivity questionnaire and substance use craving
thoughts questionnaire (CBQ) were used.
Results
The findings of present work show that drama therapy trainings
has an effect on reduced impulsivity (p < 0.001, F(1,26) = 17.78)
and reduced substance use craving (p < 0.001, F(1,26) = 18.70)
of addicted people.
Conclusion
The results of this work showed that drama therapy training can
considerably reduce impulsivity and substance abuse of the addicted people by improving their skills such as consciousness,
decision making power, responsibility, and having the ability of
saying “no”.
Keywords
Drama Therapy, Impulsivity, Substance Abuse, Addicted
Investigate the Effectiveness of Lfe Skills
Training Applying Storytelling on the
Shyness of Student of Addicted Parents
Nasrin Goodarzy1, Morvarid Safari Vesal2
1. Semnan University
2. Semnan University
Background and Aim
The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effectiveness of life skills training applying storytelling on the shyness
of children, aged 11 years old. We used an experimental pretest,
posttest with control group paradigm. The population of the study
was included all shy children in Tehran city .The sample consisted
39 children (experimental =20, control =19) who were randomly
selected and the subjects received 14 sesstion of life skills training. A measure of shyness was collected using Stanford Shyness
Scale and analysed by the analysis of covariance(ANOVA).The
research result revelead significant difference between 2 groups
.The life skille training decrease the shyness (p<0/05).Although
the drug abuse by parents has been positive linked to children’s
shyness ,but We concluded that life skills training by storytelling
could be considered as both a way of primary prevention and ,
useful effective treatment for children shyness .
Keywords
Storytelling, life skills, shyness, addicted parents
Methods
Sample consisted 39 children (experimental =20, control =19)
who were randomly selected and the subjects received 14 sesstion of life skills training. A measure of shyness was collected
using Stanford Shyness Scale and analysed by the analysis of
covariance(ANOVA)
Results
The research result revelead significant difference between 2
groups .The life skille training decrease the shyness (p<0/05)
Conclusion
Although the drug abuse by parents has been positive linked to
children’s shyness ,but We concluded that life skills training by
storytelling could be considered as both a way of primary prevention and , useful effective treatment for children shyness .
Keywords
Storytelling, Life skills, Shyness, Addicted Parents
Exercise Addiction, Risk-Taking Behaviors
and Mental Health
Abolfazl Goodarzy1, Hamid Kazemi2, Salman Ghorbani3
1. Department of Physical Education, Payam-e Noor University, Tehran, I.R. Iran
2. Assistant Professor of Department of Psychology, Payam-e Noor University,
Tehran, I.R. Iran
3. M.A Student in Clinical Psychology, Islamic Azad Un. Najaf Abad Branch.
Background and Aim
One of the new addictions that less dealt with is exercise addiction. Occurrence of this addiction has cognitive emotional and
social dysfunctions and these consequences have not been studied
yet. Therefore, the present study examined the relationship between exercise Addiction and risky behavior with mental health
in physical education students as an example that are at risk form
this form of addiction.
Methods
In a correlational study, 150 male and female students in physiS42 Archives of Iranian Medicine, Volume 16, Number 5 (Suppl. 1), May 2013
cal education courses selected and were evaluated with exercise
Addiction Inventory, Risk-Taking behavior Scale and symptoms
the checklist-90-rewised. Data obtained were analyzed via –SPSS
18 and regression analysis.
Results
Regression analysis shows that total score of exercise addiction showed a significant relationship with Risk-Taking behaviors subscales and meaningful contribution in predicting mental
health (R=0.58, R2=0.33, P<0.05). Tendency for violence significantly contribute to predicting somatization (21%), OCD (20%),
interpersonal sensitivity (17%), Depression (16%) and aggression
(39%). Total score of exercise addiction was a significant predictor of anxiety (28%) and total score of exercise addiction and tendency for alcohol are predictor for psychosis (27%).
Conclusion
Explanation of the findings can be made that although exercise is
one of the important components of life style, and have a positive
impact on the mental health, but engaging in excessive exercise or
exercise addiction can be an important factor for improving RiskTaking behaviors and symptoms of mental disorders in individual.
Keywords
Exercise addiction. Risk-Taking Behaviors. Mental Health.
The Efficacy of Matrix Model in Emotion
Regulation and Prevention of Lapse in
Methamphetamine Abusers
Results
Results The results of Mann-Whitney U in comparison between
two groups (In view of the differences between pre and posttest)
shown that there was notany significant difference in emotional
regulation difficulties (p=0/75). But decreased in lapse rate between two groups was significant (p= 0/001).
Conclusion
Conclusion in general, results of this study shown that Matrix
model is not effective in emotion regulation, but reduced lapse
rate in patient.
Keywords
Matrix Model, Emotional Regulation, Lapse, Methamphetamine
Abuser
The Effectiveness of Cognitive Behavioral
Group Therapy on Quality of Life of
Women Treated With Methadone
Nahid Hadavi1, Mohammad Shahkarami2, Mina Papi3, Nooshin Malayeri4
1. M.A Student in Oloum Tahghighat University of Boroujerd
2. M.A Student in Family Terapy Kharazmi University of Tehran
3. Ms in Counseling
4. M.A in Family Terapy
Background and Aim
Rohulla Hadadi1, Mina Noori2, Reza Rostami3
1.University of Tehran
2. Rehabilitation and Welfare Sciences University
3. University of Tehran
Background and Aim
Introduction: The Use of Amphetamines have Stanch and Unpleasant effects on various aspects of abuser`s life that can be
challenges for therapists in this field. One of the prominent effects
of a defect in emotional processing, self-regulation and a decision
making that endures despite abstinence from drug use. Thus, the
formulation of a more comprehensive treatment plan that is consonant with the needs of patients have always been considered.
One of the most effective therapies in recent years has been the
Matrix model. although, many studies suggest that Matrix model
is effective in prevention of relapse but efficacy of this model in
improvement of other problems such as emotional problems is the
question, so this research was conducted to assess the efficacy of
Matrix model in improving emotion regulation and decrease of
lapse rates in methamphetamine abusers.
Methods
dex “ASI” and measures of emotional regulation difficulties scales
“DERS”. Patients lapse through testing, morphine and methamphetamines were evaluated onc a week. for data analysis was used
of Descriptive statistical methods and Mann-Whitney U.
Materials and Method: In this semi-experimental study, 30 men
methamphetamine abusers who referred to substance abuse treatment center in Tehran for receiving medical services, was selected
and randomly assigned to two, experimental and control,groups.
Experimental group were treated by Matrix therapy in 24 sessions
(90 minutes) twice a week and the control group did not receive
serious intervention. All participants in the study completed in pre
intervention and immediately after that, the Addiction Severity In-
Today is undoubtedly one of the factors that led to the foundation of life on the breaks and provide family dispute, an addiction
is. Trauma when the status quo is greater than the wives of smokers are aware of their partners. In such circumstances, spouses
of addicts, life expectancy and quality of life is impaired social
relationships and brief sadness, grief, loneliness, shame and insecurity, psychological domination is the rule of life.
Methods
This quasi-experimental investigation of the pre-test and posttest control group of women drug addicts center Svmsrf 18 persons were selected and divided into two groups and they were
divided into control and experimental groups received 10 sessions
of cognitive behavior therapy, the control group received no treatment. Data collection was carried WHO Quality of Life questionnaire of 26 questions, data analysis and the level of covariance
was performed with spss
Results
The results showed no significant difference between the two
groups after controlling for pre-test results (p <0/005) groups,
quality of life after CBT showed greater.
Conclusion
The results demonstrate the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy CBT has been shown to increase the quality of life
for women who are addicted to research Domari et al (2000) and
Newt and Huron (1992) is consistent with .
Keywords
Cognitive-Behavioral Group Therapy, Improving the Quality of
Life of Patients Treated Women
Gene Expression and Psychiatric Analysis
of 50 Iranian Methamphetamine
Addicted Individuals
Arvin Haghighatfard1, Mozhdeh Amini Faskhodi2
1. Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad
University, Tehran, Iran
2. Department of Biology, Tehran Medical Branch, Islamic Azad University,
Tehran, Iran
Background and Aim
Methamphetamine is a neurotoxin and potent psycho-stimulant
of the phenethylamine and amphetamine classes that is used to
treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and obesity.
Schizophrenia is a chronic multifactorial and multigenic , disabling psychiatric disorder that affects about 1% of the population worldwide. Symptoms of schizophrenia including positive,
negative and cognitive deficits. majority of methamphetamine addicted have the same psychiatric symptoms like hallucination and
bizarre behavior. Researches suggesting that some parts of brain
in schizophrenic patients and methamphetamine addicts are neurodegenrated but the mechanisms of this degeneration is not clear.
gene expression analysis could help to understand the molecular
mechanisms of this neurodegeneration and explain the cause of
same psychiatric symptoms in these two groups .this researches
also can help to understand the pathogenesis of schizophrenia and
methamphetamine effect on brain.
Methods
Blood samples collected from 50 addicted ,50 schizophrenic
not addicted patients and 50 normal controls in the same range
of age(23-30years old). RNA of whole blood extracted by column method kit . cDNA synthesized and expression of 3000 gene
investigated with DNA microarray technique. Microarray results
for two gene NDUFS1 and NDUFS2 confirmed by Real Time
PCR syber green method . PANSS ,positive and negative syndrome scale and Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS)tests operated from all samples by psychiatrist team and results analyzed by
SPSS and Bonferroni statistical software.
Results
Expression of 12 gene had been affected in patients and addicts.
over expression of NDUFS1 and NDUFS2 , and decreasing of
expression in 5HT2a,DRD2,DRD3,BDNF,DISC,NRG1,MAOA,
bcl2,NDUFV1 and NDUFV2 . Over expressions were significant
in schizophrenics & addicts in compare with normal but Over
expressions were significant in addicts in compare with schizophrenic patients.In PANSS and BPRS psychiatric test the negative
symptoms were in same scores for addicted and schizophrenic
groups. but positive symptoms including hallucination and exaggerated behaviors showed significantly higher scores in addicts.
Conclusion
In our samples a significant affects of Metamphetamin and
schizophrenia on expression of several genes especially in mitochondria complex 1 subunits genes have been detected.It seems
that the mechanism of neurodegeneration in both group is the
same but rate of degeneration is higher in methamphetamine
addicts. Also our results suggesting that there is a directed relation between NDUFS1 and NDUFS2 over expression and higher
score of positive symptomes in methamphetamine addicted individuals. same research in future can increase our knowledge about
pathways that methamphetamine affecting on them in human.
Keywords
Methamphetamine-Gene Expression - Schizophrenia - PANSS
- IRANIAN
Effect of 12 Months Exercise and Physical
Activity on the Prevention of Relapse in
Recovered Heroin Male Addicted
Masoud Haji Rasouli1
1. Islamic Azad University ,Branch of Islamshahr
Background and Aim
Opiate Addiction is one of the worst problem ,in approximately all
countries . United Nation Office of Drug and Crime (U.N.O.D.C)
has reported , that there is more than 250 millions peoples in the
world ,who they are drug Abusers {U.N.O .D.C-2009} . Genetical
,Psychological and social Abnormalities are the main reasons for
prevalence of Drug Addiction, HIV/AIDS and other problems.at
the other hand ,Sports and Physical Activity can affect the Health
,mood and Social statues among All the peoples. And can be useful
as a preventative factor against Addiction.The aim of this study w
a s to explore the effect of 12 months exercise and physical activity
on the prevention of Addiction relapse in Heroin Addicted men,
who had managed to quit using Heroin and they were free of drug.
Methods
The Research method is Semi-experimental .Samples were 30
Heroin Addicted who had been treated and all of them do not
use any Addictive substance .The average of age ,duration of addiction and other effective demographic factors were calculated
.samples were divided into two groups of 15 .15 persons as experimental group ,who were given exercise as Aerobic ,non- contact
and widely types of play and games. the training program was 30
-60 minutes submaximal activity ,daily and3 times weekly, Intensity of training were regulated according to each samples Physical
and Mental condition. the other 15 were merely subject to health
monitoring as the Control group .Statistical method including
independent Matched Pair T test ,Mann whitney post hoc and
Pearson correlation test were used . At the end of project period,
all subjects ,were given Urine Test and the Urine samples were
evaluated by using T.L.C Lab method.
Results
The result showed that after 12 months ,12 subjects of control
group had relapsed back into drug Addiction ,but in the experimental group ,there was just 3 persons , who were relapsed again,
there was no any significant difference in age or duration of drug
abuse between samples in two groups ,so the results of this study
may be attributed to the effect of physical Activity during the 12
months ,duration of projects .statistical evaluation showed that the
difference was significant (P<0/05).
Conclusion
From the finding of this study, it can be inferred that divers and
uncompetitive aerobic exercise , can be effective in the prevention of relapse in recovered Heroin addicted and reasonable appropriate exercise with the increased level of Physical and Mental
health of the subjects can be used as a low-cost, non - invasive
and effective method in the treatment and prevention of relapse
to drug abuse.
Keywords
Opiate Addiction, Heroin, Relapse, Exercise, Treatment
The Effect of Family Education on the
Temptation Status of Addicted People
under Treatment
Hasan Hajipour , Elahe Azizi , Maryam Rezaee
1. Welfare Organization
1
2
3
Background and Aim
The Effect of Family Education on the Temptation Status of Addicted People under Treatment H. Hajipour, E. Azizi, M. Rezaei
Boroon Abstract: Considering the importance of family-based
treatment approaches in the treatment and prevention of relapse
in addicted clients, this study aims to determine the effectiveness
of family education on temptation status of addicts, which were
in Methadon Maintenance Therapy (MMT) plan. This research
was conducted in the year of 1390, in the city of Mashhad. 250
of addicted people were being treated which were selected from
the Khorasan Razavi province clinics. A simple random sample of
126 patients in the test group and a control group of 124 patients
were used. Initial interviews with the subjects in the experimental
group and the control group were done. One of the close family
members who was mainly the dependent spouse, selected to be
used in this study. The test group were pre-examined, and then the
close family member which was introduced, trained under specialist to resist temptation by the designed model. This family cooperation model was planned by psychologists and psychiatrists
that work in MMT clinics. The training schedule lasted 4 sessions,
and the test group was post examined finally. The collected data
were analyzed by non-parametric Whitney U-test. The comparison results showed that, the reference temptation status scale, and
his resistance to temptation found significant differences between
the experimental group and the control group. In conclusion, the
statistical analysis showed that, the family education is effective
in reducing the temptations of addicts to leave the drug (s). Key
Words: Family education, Addiction, Temptation.
Methods
Simple random sample
Results
Effectiveness family education on reduced crayving substance
abuser
Conclusion
Family education is effect in reduced cryving in substance abuser in outpationt center
Keywords
Family Education - Crayving-Substance Abuser
The Impact of Mindfulness-Based
Cognitive Therapy for Addicted Women
Prisoners Depression
Mahin Hamidi1, Hojjat Seyed Kaveh2, Sorour Kazemi3, Arash Akaberi4
1. M.A. of Clinical Psychology, North Khorasan University of Medical
Sciences, Addiction and Behavioral Sciences Research Center. Bojnurd, Iran
2. Assistant Professor of Psychiatry, North Khorasan University of medical
Sciences. Addiction and Behavioral Sciences Research Center. Bojnurd.Iran
3. B.A. of Clinical Psychology, Addiction and Behavioral
Science Research Center. Bojnurd
4. M.Sc of Biostatistics, Addiction and Behavioral Sciences
Research Center, Bojnurd, Iran
Background and Aim
Women prisoners have been identified as suffering higher levels
of emotional distress then their male peer. An estimated 73% of
females in state prisons, compared to 55% of male inmates, had
a mental health problem.Major depressive disorder (MDD) is the
most common severe mental illness in prison settings. At present
reported much rates of depression and anxiety in substance abusers so that about 40 percent of people who commit suicide have
had a history of drug abuse. The high rates of depression among
substance-abusing are female prisoners. Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) is a new group-based intervention for
prevention of depression. Mindfulness is “being attentive to and
aware of what is taking place in the present”. The purpose of this
study was to investigate the effect of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy on symptoms of depression in addict women jailed.
( the aim of mindfulness training is not to induce relaxation, but
instead to teach nonjudgmental observation of current conditions,
which might include autonomic arousal, racing thoughts, muscle
tension.)
Methods
A total of sixty patients participated with major depressive disorder and history of drug abuse, aged 18 to 60 years, 28 patients
were in the experimental group, and 32 patients were in the control group. Groups were matched in terms of marital status, educational status and Drug use. Semi-experimental method to test
- retest reliability were used for both test and control groups. The
treatment used in this study was the Mindfulness-Based Cognitive
Therapy protocol detailed in Segal, et al (2002a).The program ran
for eight consecutive weeks, and involved weekly evening sessions of 2.5 hours duration
Results
MBCT was associated with statistically significant reductions
in depression from pre to post treatment. Depression scores in
experimental group decrease -19.1+11.9 then the control group
showed a decrease in depression score was -2.5 +14.3.overall Patients who recovered MBCT showed greater cognitive reactivity
and the mood was better than no intervention group.
Conclusion
Results of this meta-analysis indicate that MBCT is an effective intervention for patients with MDD in remission. MBCT
effects are mediated by enhancement of mindfulness and self-
compassion across treatment. One facet of mindfulness, observing one’s internal state, was associated with more moderate affective forecasts as well as a decreased susceptibility to the impact
bias.Consequently we believe the results of this study will have
significant applications for depression care .It is suggested that
ongoing MBCT skills and practice may be important for relapse
prevention over the longer term. Larger randomized studies of the
mechanisms of MBCT with longer follow-up periods are recommended.
Keywords
Mindfulness-based cognitive Therapy (MBCT), Depression,
Drug of abuse, Prisoners Women
The Comparison of Personality
Characteristics of addicted Men and
Women in North Khorasan
Mahin Hamidi1, Souror Kazemi2, Seyyed Kaveh Hojjat3, Arash Akaberi4,
Ali Rahemi Nasab 5, Golnaz Vahidi Borji6
1. M.A. of Clinical Psychology, Addiction and Behavioral Science Research
Center, Bojnurd
2. B.A. of Clinical Psychology, Addiction and Behavioral Science Research
Center, Bojnurd
3. Assistant Professor of Psychiatry in North Khorasan University of Medical
Science.Addiction and Behavioral Science Research Center, Bojnurd
4. B.A. of Clinical Psychology, Addiction and Behavioral Sciences Research
Center, Bojnurd, Iran
5. Mastudentclnical Psychology . Khorasanshprrisons.Iran.Bojnord
Science Research Center, Bojnurd
Background and Aim
Crime has a long history as the human history and the issues
related to criminal and prisoners, specially their relationship with
personality issues, is one of the most challenging and most active
research fields. Many of addicted people have personality disorders .The main objective of this research is to compare 5 personality factors: neurotic ism , extroversion, openness, agreeableness,
and conscientiousness of addicted male and female prisoners.
Methods
This research is an analytical-sectional research that has been
conducted in 1393. In this study, after gaining their consent, 53
addicted female prisoners and 69 addicted male prisoners were
investigated. All of them completed the 5-neo-factor character
questionnaire. The comparison of the 2 groups was conducted in
terms of qualitative variables using K square test and the comparison of quantitative variables was conducted by independent T test.
5 personality factors were compared in the 2 groups using multivariate test. The analyses of this study were performed by SPSS
22 software and the level of significance was assumed in 0.05.
Results
The investigated men and women had no significant difference in terms of age and marital status. The multivariate analysis
showed that the addicted men and women had a significant difference in terms of personality characteristics(Wills’ Lambda=0.880,
P-VALUE=0.010). The results of comparing 5 big factors of personality in the addicted men and women showed that men have
a significant higher score than women in extraversion as well as
openness (p = 0.015 and p = 0.033, respectively). The average of
neurosis, conscientiousness and agreeableness items showed no
significant difference between men and women
Conclusion
The results of the present research showed that the score of extraversion and openness in addicted men is higher than addicted women.
The level of extraversion in the addicted women is low and they have
a higher level of maladaptive and neuroticism.Therefore, not also they
have a problem in compatibility with others, but also because of their
low level of extraversion they have no interest toward social contribution, and on the other hand, they isolate themselves from the society
because they are addicted and so their incompatibility is intensified.
Addicted people who are extroverted have a tendency toward social
groups in order to communicate with people who have a similar problem. Therefore it can be concluded that special personality characteristics prepare people for drug abuse and consequently it would entail
various social damage and finally crimes.
Keywords
Personality Traits, Addicted Men, Addicted Women
An Evaluation of Substance Abuse
Among Prostitutes
Mahin Hamidi1, Golnaz Vahidi Borji2, Seyyed Kaveh Hojjat3, Arash Akaberi4
1. M.A. of Clinical Psychology, Addiction and Behavioral Science
Research Center, Bojnurd
2. B.A. of Clinical Psychology, Addiction and Behavioral Sciences
3. Assistant Professor of Psychiatry in North Khorasan University of Medical
Sciences. Addiction and Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Bojnurd, Iran
4. B.A. of Clinical Psychology, Addiction and Behavioral Sciences
Background and Aim
Social consequences of prostitution are not clear in law and
society. Prostitution is a sexual violence which entails financial
benefit. The evidence indicate that the majority of female patients
hospitalized for substance abuse are either infants or in later periods of life. Substance abusers with records of prostitution are at
high risks of psychological disorders such as anxiety, depression
and bad health. Thus, this study aims to evaluate prostitutes identified as substance abusers.
Methods
This descriptive study is a covariance research and its population
consists of all prostitutes of northern Khorasan (94 subjects) who
were selected randomly and who then answered a research-made
inventory. Collected data were analyzed by K squared analysis
and SPSS version 22.
Results
57% of population was identified as addicts. Addiction was
declared by 5.39% as the cause for prostitution and 1.8% declared poverty. In the non-addict group no such difference was
found. In this group, the maximum proportion was related to
the proclivity to sex (28.2%), poverty (23.1%), and pressure
(15.4%). Two groups didn’t differ over the cause of prostitution
(p<0.001).
Conclusion here, prostitution was dependent on substance abuse. It cannot be
exactly specified that substance abuse
underlies prostitution or vice versa. However, it is clear that substance abuse is
prevalent among prostitutes and has
many social vile consequences. Therefore,
diagnosis and cure of such groups need
immediate undertaking
Keywords
Prostitution, Substance Abuse, Women.
The Impact of Cognitive Therapy on
Mindfulness in Women Prisoners Anger
Management North Khorasan
Mahin Hamidi1, Seyed Kaveh Hojjat2, Arash Akaberi3, Mehdi Esmaeili4
1. M.A. of Clinical Psychology, Addiction and Behavioral Science
Research Center, Bojnurd
2. Assistant Professor of Psychiatry, North Khorasan University of Medical
Sciences. Addiction and Behavioral Sciences Research Center. Bojnurd.Iran
Science Research Center.Bojnurd
4. MA.Student Clinical Psychology, North Khorasan Prisons. Iran, Bojnourd
Background and Aim
Women account for about 2 to 9 percent of prison population.
Mental health specialists have found that the rate of internalization (depression) and externalization (aggression, delinquency)
problems in prisoners is 2 times more than other people. The investigations have indicated that, one of the most important factors
of tendency toward drugs is impulsivity and anger. Mindfulnessbased cognitive therapy can decrease many disorders; however
there are few researches that investigate the effectiveness of this
intervention on anger. So, the objective of this research is to investigate the effectiveness of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy on
some groups in terms of anger control in female prisoners who
have a history of drug abuse.
Methods
Among the 200 female prisoners 60 women, who had a history
of drug abuse and had aggressive behaviors, were selected in
stratified random sampling method, 28 were placed in Intervention group and 32 were placed in control group. The groups were
matched in terms of mean age, marital status, education status and
the number of children. The therapy was conducted on the basis of
mindfulness-based cognitive therapy in the Intervention groups.
The experimental group was trained during 8 weekly 2-hour sessions and the control group didn’t receive any training. The participants were evaluated in two steps: pretest and post test. We
used semi-experimental test-retest method to analyze the data.
Results
Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy significantly decreases
in anger, so that Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy decreases
the items’ mean (externalization 3.6, internalization 6.0, anger
state 14.5, and anger attribute 9.6). It also has increased the
means of anger externalization control (-4.9) and anger inter-
nalization control (-7.1). The mean of anger index in the experimental group decreased 21.6 units, while in the control group
it increased 3.0 units. It is an indicative of the intervention effectiveness.
Conclusion
The results of the present research showed that Mindfulnessbased cognitive therapy decreases different items of anger in
externalization, internalization; anger state and anger attribute
aspects in female prisoners. The more mindfulness training
people receive, the less they express anger, hostility, and verbal aggression. Training people to pay more attention to the
present (mindfulness), decreases their impulsive behavior. As
such, our intervention exerted more control on anger externalization and anger internalization in male prisoners. Anger expression, whether in its externalized form that leads to
damages to themselves and others, or in internalized form that
leads to psychological problems such as depression. can be
controlled anger by training mindfulness skills such as nonjudging, patience, beginners mind, non-striving, acceptance
and letting go.
Keywords
Cognitive Therapy on Mindfulness, Anger Management, Women Prisoners
The Relationship Between the
Personality Traits and the Life Satisfaction
of the Addicts
Fatemeh Hashemi1, Alireza Feili 2
1. MSc in Psychology & Counseller of Shiraz Education
2. Assistant Professor in Psychology, pnu, Iran
Background and Aim
Addiction is a physiological, spiritual and mental disease. It
threatens the whole family and society for its destroying character
in all aspects of the health status of the person. The aim of the current study is to investigate the relationship between the personality traits and the life satisfaction of the addicts.
Methods
This study is analytical-descriptive. The statistical society of this
study is all addicts who were BEDRIDDEN in “Shourideh Addiction campus” of shiraz city in 1392. The sample is 100 people
who were selected VOLUNTARY from the statistical society and
were examined by personality 5 neo factors and life satisfaction
questionnaires of Professor Edinner. The given datas from the
questionnaires were analyzed using SPSS software and Pearson
Adhesion coefficient test.
Results
The results of the Adhesion test for personality traits and
life satisfaction showed that there is negative significant relationship only in psychoneurosis and life satisfaction aspect
of the lives of addicts. In another word, increasing mental
annoyance lowers the life satisfaction of addicts. But there
is no significant relation in other personality traits with life
satisfaction.
Conclusion
There is Significant relationship between personality traits and
life satisfaction
Keywords
Life Satisfaction, Personality Traits, Addicts, Psychoneurosis.
The Comparison of Family Emotional and
Training Environment, and Style of
Reaction to Problems in Drug Consumer
and Non-Drug Consumer Adolescents
Hajar Falahzade1, Ramin Hashemi2
1. PhD, Department of Counseling, Faculty of Psychology and Educational
Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
2. M.A Student in Family Counseling, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
Background and Aim
Introduction: the family shapes behavioral model in adolescents,
and obviously predispose many behavioral decisions in them. Interaction between adolescent’s characteristics and changes with
family environment will lead to strong effect on health and high
risk, traumatic behaviors. The present study has been done in order to comparison of family emotional and training environment
and style of reaction to problems in drug consumer and non-drug
consumer adolescents.
Methods
Method: in this descriptive study, 105 adolescents (51 individuals drug consumer who living in Correction and Rehabilitation
Center of Tehran and 54 normal student, with 13 to 18 years old
range) were selected by purposive sampling method whom responded to the demographic and scholarship questionnaires.
Results
The Pierson Chi-square Exact significance test shows that there
is a significant difference between these two groups in father and
mother’s behavior with their children, parents’ behavior with each
other, discriminating between children by parents, parents’ marriage statues, reaction to problems, and select consultation figure.
Also the Pierson Chi-square significance test shows that there is
a significant difference between these two groups in family emotional climate.
Conclusion
Conclusion based on the findings, it seems that any failure in behavioral modeling and Psychological conditions in the family will
lead to traumatic effect on adolescents behavior and facilitates
traumatic, high-risk behaviors such as drug consume in them.
Keywords
Family emotional and training environment, style of reaction to
problems, discriminating between children, drug consumer adolescents
The Relationship between Quality of Life
and Depression, Anxiety, and Stress in
members of Narcotics Anonymous and
the Addicts undergoing Methadone
Maintenance Treatment
Ramin Hashemi1, Mansureh Hajhosseini2
1. M.A Student in Family Counseling, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
2. Ph.D, Department of Education and Counseling, Faculty of Psychology and
Educational Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
Background and Aim
Introduction: In addition to abstinence from drug use in addicts,
the outcomes of addiction treatment are also taken into consideration. Quality of life is one of the outcomes of the therapeutic
methods which are delivered to harmed individuals and it is considered as one of the effective factors in preventing the relapse
to drug use. The present study was performed with the goal of
determining the role of life quality in predicting the depression,
anxiety, and stress in members of Narcotics Anonymous (NA)
and addicts who were undergoing the Methadone Maintenance
Treatment (MMT).
Methods
In this descriptive study, 235 men (116 individuals from NA
group, and 119 individuals from MMT group) with age of 20 to
45 years were selected from Shahrekord City through purposive
sampling, and they responded to the Quality of Life Questionnaire
(SF-36), and Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS-42).
Results
Pearson Correlation Coefficient revealed the significance of life
quality dimensions with depression, anxiety, and stress. The results of regression analysis also showed that respectively, the dimensions of general health (beta = -0/49), emotional health (beta
= -0/23) and physical pain (beta = 0/16) determined 57% of the
variance in depression (p <0/01 ); and the dimensions of physical
pain (beta = 0/28), emotional health (beta = -0/28) and physical limitations (beta = -0/19) determined 35% of the variance in
anxiety (p <0/0005); and the dimensions of physical pain (beta =
0/28), emotional health (beta = -0/22), and general health (beta
= -0/19) determined 32% of the variance in stress (p <0/0005).
Conclusion
It seems that the increase in the level of life quality as the outcome of participating in NA or MMT groups, leads to more positive outcomes in depression, anxiety, and stress and it can prevent
the relapse to drug use.
Keywords
Quality of life, Depression, Anxiety, Stress, Narcotics Anonymous, Methadone Maintenance Treatment
Methadone complication: Comparing
Tablet and Syrup Formulations
Soheil Hassanipour Azgomi1, Seyed Abbas Motevalian2, Leila Ghalichi3
1. Tehran University of Medical Sciences
2. Iran University of Medical Sciences
Background and Aim
Medical complication is common in patients who take methadone maintenance treatment (MMT).This study was conduct to
compare the characteristics of methadone complication between
syrup and tablet formulation.
Methods
Subjective Opiate Withdrawal scale (SOWS) questionnaire was
used to measure the side effects of treatment in patients. Of the 60
people for a week in the case of complications were asked questions. The response rate in this study was 91 %.
Results
Gastrointestinal complications were most common complication
among participants. Statistical analysis showed that this effect in
those receiving methadone syrup was greater than those receiving
Tablet (p=0.025). There was no significant different between drug
dose and incidence of complications.
Conclusion
Due to the high rate of gastrointestinal symptoms in the recipients of the syrup, the necessity of preventive activities before
starting maintenance treatment must be recommended.
Keywords
Methadone, Complication, Tablet, Syrup
Effectiveness of Group Therapy Based
on Acceptance And Commitment
Therapy(ACT) on The Co-dependency of A
Group of the mothers of addicted
individuals
Hamid Hassanpour1, Ali Farhoudian2, Elnaz Zakeri3
1. MD in Family Counseling, University of Social
Welfare Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
3. MD in Family Counseling of University of Tehran, Iran, elnazzakeri@yahoo.com
Background and Aim
Introduction: Co-dependency not only is the most prevalent addiction but only becomes the “basis” of what all the other addictions and Obsessions results from it. There is not a good management for it so far. Aim: the aim of the present research is to study
the effectiveness of therapy based on Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) on reducing co-dependency of the mothers
of addicted individuals
Methods
Method: the present research is semi-experimental research with
pre-test and post-test together with control group. The research
population includes 48 of the co-dependent mothers of the addicted individuals in Tehran which have been selected with the use of
availability sampling method. Then with Random assignment half
of them (24) have been allocated to experimental group and the
other half (24) have been allocated to the control group. Research
instrument: co-dependent questionnaire (CODI). For data analysis covariance test has been used.
Results
Findings: the results indicate that there is a significant difference
between the experimental and control group in terms of the overall score of co-dependency (P<0.001).
Conclusion
Conclusion the findings of this research regarding the effect
of group Psychotherapy based on acceptance and commitment
(ACT) on reducing co-dependence of the mothers of addicted
individuals that with accepting the feelings and accepting their
real self and reconstructing and Strengthening efficient values and
committing to performing them, co-dependence of the mothers of
addicted individuals have shown a significant reduction comparing to the period before the therapy.
Keywords
Co-Dependence, Acceptance and Commitment Therapy
Perceived Social Support in Families with
Addicted Member
Mohammad Heidari1, Hamideh Mancheri2, Mansureh Ghodusi3
1. Faculty Member, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shahr-e- Kord University of Medical Sciences, Shahr-e- kord, Iran
2. MSc Degree in Nursing, School of Buieh Nursing and Midwifery, Golestan,
University of Medical Sciences, Golestan, Iran.
3. Faculty Member, School of Nursing Burojen, Shahr-e- Kord University of
Medical Sciences, Shahr-e- kord, Iran.
Background and Aim
Addiction is a psychosocial, physical problem that because of
the progressive nature on existence dimension is a risk for health
of addict person and affected on family function. However, it
seems that social support for families in this status causes improvement and adjustment. Based on this study was to examine
relation between psychosocial problems with perceived social
support in families with addicted member.
Methods
This research study was descriptive that on 1391, 400 first degree family members of the addicted people were selected by randomly sampling. Questionnaire of Northouse social support were
the tool for data collection. For data analysis, SPSS version 16 and
Fisher test, chi-square test was used.
Results
The results showed that most subjects (70.3%) displayed moderate levels of perceived social support. relevance perceived social
supports with sex (p <0.001), family ratio (p<0.001) and employment status (p=0.003) were positive significantly but relevance
perceived social support and age, marital status and educational
level were not significantly.
Conclusion
Because of the high perceived social support had main role on
opposite and better adaptation with stressor, nurses can by creation supportive groups and increase level their knowledge improvements quality of life on the all dimension in families with
addicted member.
Keywords
Social Support, Family, Rehabilitation Center
Emotion Dysregulation as a Mediator
between Attachment Styles and Suicide
Attempt in Patients with Substance
Use Disorders
Masume Heidari1, Seyed Hossein Modjtahedi2, Mojtaba Habibi3
1. Masters In Clinical Psychology, Shahid Beheshti University Of Medical Science,
2. Assistant Professor,Clinical Psychology Department, Shahid Beheshti University Of Medical Scienc,
3. Assistant Professor, Family Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University
Background and Aim
Insecure attachment is discussed as a primary factor in emotion
dysregulation and dysfunctional behaviors such as suicide and
substance abuse. The purpose of this study was to investigating
the effects of emotion dysregulation mediating between insecure
attachment and suicide and between insecure attachment and substance use.
Methods
425 participants completed Experiences in Close RelationshipsRevised (ECR-R) and Difficulties of Emotion Regulation Scale
(DERS) and the 20-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20).
A confirmatory factor analysis and Structural equation modeling
through AMOS-22 software were used for data analysis.
Results
Findings indicated that insecure attachment was significantly
mediated by emotion dysregulation on suicide and substance
abuse.
Conclusion
Emotion dysregulation fully mediates the association between
attachment avoidance and suicide and substance use, and between attachment anxiety and suicide and substance use. Attachment anxiety has a little direct effect on suicide and substance
use. Thus, insecure attachment related to suicide and substance
use through emotion dysregulation. These findings will be useful
clinical implications in the prevention and treatment.
Keywords
Attachment, Emotion Dysregulation, Suicide, Substance Use
Emotion Dysregulation in Substance Use
Disorders and Suicide
Masume Heidari1, Seyed Hossein Modjtahedi2, Mojtaba Habibi3
1. Masters In Clinical Psychology, Shahid Beheshti University Of Medical Science,
2. Assistant Professor,Clinical Psychology Department Shahid Beheshti University Of Medical Scienc,
3. Assistant Professor, Family Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University
Background and Aim
Despite the emphasis on the role of substance use disorders
(SUD) in suicide attempt (SA), no studies have examined difference between the rates of both. Research indicates emotion dysregulation heightens among SUD and SA. This study investigate
could the emotion dysregulation explain why only a small number
of addicts who committed suicide.
Methods
425 participants completed Difficulties of Emotion Regulation
Scale (DERS) and the 20-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS20). A multivariate analysis of variance through SPSS-22 software were used for data analysis.
Results
Findings indicated that suicide attempt and substance use compared to control group have more difficulties in emotion dysregulation. SA patients with or without SUD have no significant differences in emotion dysregulation items (P>1). Emotion dysregulation was significant differences between SUD patients with a
history of SA and no SA (P<0.01).
Conclusion
Severe difficulty in emotional regulation explain as well as the
differences between those who have a history SA in patient with
substance use disorders. Accordingly, Increase emotion dysregulation whether or not the substance use disorders is more likelihood of suicide attempts. The clinical implications of these findings will be useful in the prevention and treatment seeking.
Keywords
Emotion Dysregulation, Suicide, Substance use
Effectiveness of Social Skills Training on
Emotional Intelligence of People with
Substance Abuse
Mona Heidaripour1
1. MA General Psychology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
Background and Aim
The present study investigated the impact of social skills training
on emotional, people with substance abuse has performed the city
of Mashhad.
Methods
Research method was quasi – (using pretest- posttest control
group design(.The statistical society of study contain of all people
with substance abuse in Addiction Treatment Clinic of Mashhad,
That after initial screening, among which 30 selected that were
most insufficient in terms of social skills and emotional intelligence ,using random assignment method were placed in two experimental and control placebo groups Was used to collect data
for research from questionnaire of social skills inventory of Regio, Bar –On questionnaire .Data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of covariance.
Results
Data analysis showed Social skills training was lead to performance difference between the study group in stress ma
nagement(F(1,22)=8/69,0/01<0/05)
Interpersonal
relations
(F(1,22)=13/61,0/01<0/05) Adaptability(F(1,22)=20/47,0/01<0/05)
Intrapersonal
relations(F(1,22)=42/02,0/01<0/05)
general
mood(F(1,22)=13/55,0/00<0/05) and promote emotional intelligence in people with physical disabilities (P< 0/05).
Conclusion
Considering the components of emotional intelligence, social
skills social skills training leading to increased levels of emotional intelligence. The greatest influence on component part to
the interpersonal, public mood, Interpersonal relationships and
compatibility has had minimal effect on the components of stress
management.
Keywords
People with Substance Abuse, Emotional Intelligence, Social
Skills Training
The Impact of Alcohol Abuse on Required
Dose of Opioid Agonist in Substance
Dependent Patients Treated on
Maintenance Program:
North Khorasan Addiction Study
Hojjat Seyed kaveh1, Ebrahim Golmakanie2, Hojjat Seyed kaveh3,
Mina Norouzi khalili4, Sorour kazemi5
2. Assistant Professor of Anesthesia, Mashhad University of Medical Science.
Addiction and Behavioral Science Research Center, Bojnurd, Iran
4. Assistant of Community Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical
Sciences. Department of Community Medicine, Mashhad, Iran
5. MA Student of Clinical Psychology, North Khorasan University of Medical
Background and Aim
Background: Research over the past two decades has shown
that alcohol abuse in patients treated with opioid agonists such as
methadone may affect the healing process through several mechanisms. One of the main challenges is the interactions between alcohol and methadone and other opioid agonist drugs. Purpose of
this study was to evaluate the impact of alcohol abuse on dose of
methadone and other agonist drugs
Methods
We conducted a cross sectional survey of 7133 patients sampled
from” North khorasan addiction rehabilitation clinics database”
in 2013.The method of sampling was multi steps sampling, Stratified-Cluster Sampling. Data was collected using an intervieweradministered questionnaire, which included socio-demographic,
and substance use characteristics and types of opioid agonist drug
and dose of drugs such as methadone, bupronorphine and opium
tincture in maintenance treatment and concurrent use with alcohol. Chi was used for comparison of results. Statistical analyses
were performed using the SPSS 22 software. Differences were
considered significant at P<0.05.
Results
Results showed that 66.6% of patients with concurrent use of alcohol treated on methadone maintenance program, 23.3%treated
with opium tincture and 9.9% treated with bupronorphine. Mean
dose of methadone in alcohol use group was 68 mg and 65mg for
non abuser group. This difference was not significant (p=0.541).
. Mean dose of opium tincture in alcohol use group was 21.9 mg
and 18.8 mg for non abuser group. This difference was significant.
Mean dose of bupronorphine was not significantly difference in
tow groups.
Conclusion
It appears that issue of alcohol abuse most be consider in selection of patients for treatment by opium tincture.
Keywords
Alcohol Abuse, Dose of Drug, Methadone, Opium Tincture
Efficacy of Training Base on Choice
Theory on Marital Satisfaction of Spouse
Addicted Patients Treated on Methadone
Maintenance Program
Hojjat Seyed kaveh1, Hojjat Seyed kaveh2, Ebrahim Golmakani3,
Alieh Saadatmand4, Mina Norouzi khalili5, Ebrahim Ebrahimi Sani6
3. Assistant Professor of Anesthesia, Mashhad University of Medical Science,
North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Addiction and Behavioral
Sciences Research Center, Bojnurd, Iran
4. MA of Family Consueling, Islamic Azad University,
Ghuchan Branch, Ghuchan, IRAN
6. MSC in Counseling and Guidance, After Prison Leaving Care Center,
North Khorasan, Bojnourd, Iran
Background and Aim
Marital satisfaction is an important aspect of family life that
shapes people’s mental health and happiness. It is associated with
less physical illness, less depression and less psychological distress .The substance abuse are longitudinally related to problems
in intimate relationship functioning. Recent studies have reported lower levels of marital satisfaction among addicted couples
marital quality is one of the important aspects of family life that
shapes people’s marital satisfaction. Substance abuse in long-term
cause problems in intimate relationship and sexual functioning.
This study aimed to examine the effectiveness of cognitive therapy based on learning of choice theory on marital satisfaction of
spouse of substance dependents.
Methods
The statistical population of this study composed of thirty patients (and their spouses) who treated on methadone maintenance
program in bojnurd city. We used an Enrich questionnaire to
evaluate marital satisfaction. Spouses of subjects randomly assigned to intervention and control group. The interventions were
performed in 90-minute individually sessions over 8 week. The
content of the training sessions was obtained from the Choice theory a new psychology of personal freedom compiled by William
Glasser. We used ANOVA, independent T, and chi-square for data
analysis. Data was analyzed using SPSS (17.0).
Results
The demographic indicators such as age, length of marriage, education, and type of drug were studied to determine the difference
of these variables between the two groups. The main and standard deviation of marital satisfaction scores were 113.33±27.77
and 114.53±19.98 in pretest and 114.13±27.21 and139.73±18.98
in posttest, respectively. According to ANOVA test there was significant difference in marital satisfaction scores between pre- and
post-test (F=72.76 and P=0.0005).The results of t-test showed that
there was significant difference between control and experimental
groups in marital satisfaction variable (t = -8.27 and P= 0.0005).
Also, Chi-square test showed that there was no significant difference between control and experimental groups in rate of relapse
of addiction (P=0.64, x2= 0.24).
Conclusion
The results of current study showed that the learning choice
theory is effective in increasing marital satisfaction of couples.
Marital problems can seriously impact on process of treatment
and need to special attention in methadone maintenance patients.
Keywords
choice theory, marital satisfaction, spouse, drug dependents
The Relationship between Emotional
Intelligence and Divorce in Drug
Dependent men
2
3
Background and Aim
Many factors go hand in hand at the occurrence of divorce, that
leading to the breakdown of the family. One of the recognized
causes of divorce is the issue of drug addiction in either one or
both of the couples. Research carried out in Iran shows that about
fifty to sixty percent of divorce cases are either directly or indirectly related to drug addiction. Although most studies have referred to the issue of drug addiction as a general cause for divorce,
less attention has been given to indicating which aspect of drug
addiction’s side effects and harms have a greater influence on the
spouse’s decision for divorce. Evidence suggests that emotional
intelligence is involved both in the incidence of drug addiction
and the occurrence of divorce
Methods
Results
Results from this study showed that the overall scores for emotional intelligence in individuals with a history of divorce, regardless of being drug dependent or non-dependent, were significantly
lower than the group without a history of divorce. After considering both addiction and divorce variables, individuals were divided into four groups. Comparison of the groups revealed that
emotional intelligence scores in non-addicted individuals with a
history of divorce are significantly lower than the non-addicted
group without a history of divorce. However, in addicted individuals with a history of divorce, only the component of emotional
intelligence self-control showed a significant difference compared
to the addicted group without a history of divorce.
Conclusion
Hojjat Seyed kaveh , Mina NoroUzi khalili , Mohammad Khajedaluee ,
Reza Erfanian Majid4, Hojjat Seyed kaveh5
3. Associate Professor of Community Medicine. Department of Community
Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences. mashhad. Iran
4. Associate Professor of Infectious Diseases. Department of Community
Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences. Mashhad. Iran
5. Asistant Professor of Psychiatry, North Khorasan University of Medical
1
mographic information checklists were completed for all groups.
Qualitative variables were compared between the four groups using chi-square tests and Quantitative variables were compared using ANOVA. Between-group differences were analyzed using the
Tucky test. In addition, data were analyzed using SPSS, version
11.5. Statistical significance was set at p<0.05 for all calculations.
This cross-sectional study was carried out in the city of Bojnurd
(North Khorasan province, Iran). Two-hundred men were enrolled
in four study groups. First group, which was also our case group,
included drug-dependent men who had a history of at least one
divorce. The second group in this study consisted of married drug
dependent men with no history of divorce. This group of individuals made up our first control group. The third group was nondrug-using men who had a history of at least one divorce. These
individuals made up our second control group. Fourth group in
the study were non-drug-using married men with no history of
divorce. The Shrink Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire and de-
The issue of drug dependency and divorce are not only related
to socio-economic effects on the family, but also linked to emotional intelligence and its components such as self-control. Thus,
psychotherapeutic programs for substance dependents should pay
special attention to this issue.
Keywords
Emotional Intelligence, Divorce, Drug Dependents
A Comparison of Demographic
Characteristics of Men and Women Under
Agonist Maintenance Treatment in
North Khorasan Province
Hojjat Seyed kaveh1, Ebrahim Golmakanie2, Reza Erfanian Majid3,
Mohammad Khajedaluee4, Mina Norouzi khalili5, Hojjat seyed kaveh6,
Ebrahim Ebrahimi Sani7
2. Assistant Professor of Anesthesia, Mashhad University of Medical Science.
Addiction and Behavioral Science Research Center, Bojnurd, Iran
3. Associate Professor of Infectious Diseases. Department of Community
4. Associate Professor of Community Medicine. Department of Community
7. MSC in Counseling and Guidance, After Prison Leaving Care Center,
North Khorasan, Bojnourd, Iran
Background and Aim
Introduction: Drug addiction is one of the four crisis threatening mankind, alongside environmental, nuclear, and population
crisis. Iran is among the countries involved with the problem of
drug addiction due to the fact that it neighbors Afghanistan, the
world’s largest producer of opium and heroin. Although significant progress has been made in understanding the effective causes
and factors of drug addiction, less attention has been given to the
issue of addiction in women. Moreover, therapeutic interventions
are mostly devised based on the characteristics and needs of men.
This is while studies indicate that drug addiction in women is associated with greater physical damage and more serious social
problems.
3. Iran.Shahre-Kord- University of Medical Science ¬- Specialty and
Subspecialty Polyclinic Imam Ali (AS) – BSc laboratory Science,
Tel:0381-2240281-09131833651-Email: Mheidari111@yahoo.com
4. Shahre-Kord- University of Medical Science.Godal cheshmeCorresponding Author: MSc-Medical Education and BSc
Nursing-0381-3349560 – 09131845609- Email: Ayazi_z56@yahoo.com
Background and Aim
Methods
This is a cross-sectional study carried out in the year 2013. All
individuals under treatment in North Khorasan’s addiction treatment centers were evaluated through interviews conducted by the
centers’ psychologists. Items on the checklists were marked off to
record demographic and socio-economic information as well as
methods of substance abuse, type of abused substance, and other
related items. Chi-square test was used for comparing qualitative
variables between the two genders. The t-test and Mann Whitney
test were used for comparing quantitative variables in proportion
to the distribution of the variable. Statistical significance was set
at p<0.05 for all computations.
Results
This study was carried out on 7342 substance-abusing individuals receiving treatment in methadone maintenance treatment centers. Out of this number, 82.5% were men and 17.5% were women. 65.4% of the surveyed drug addicts lived in urban areas while
34.6% lived in rural areas. In addition, 87.5% of the patients under
study were married, 6.6% single, and 5.9% divorced. 95% of the
patients had a history of opium use, 14% heroin and crack use,
and 2.8% methamphetamine use. Just as can be seen in the distribution of the educational level of individuals under study, 28% of
the drug-addicts were illiterate. This ratio is considerably higher
in the female population (60.6%). Also, over half of the examine
individuals had lower than middle school education (56.6%). This
ratio is 81.4% in women
Conclusion
It appears that there are obvious differences in the demographic
pattern of referrals to maintenance treatment centers and other
groups of patients with drug addiction. This difference is more
pronounced in terms of age, ration of female to male referrals,
and type of abused substance. Results indicate that retention in
maintenance treatment using methadone and tincture of opium
has increased in rural populations, especially among opium using
rural women. As time passes, the proportion of opium dependent
patients to heroin and crack using patients is increasing in maintenance treatment centers. This gradual change in the target group
calls for special attention.
Keywords
Demographic Characteristics, Drug Dependence, Maintenance
Treatment
Professional Nursing Roles in Dealing with
Social Problems in Addected Patient
Sayed Jalil Hoseini Irani , Homeira Mohamadi , Mojtaba Heidari , Zahra Ayazi
1. Iran, Shahre-kord- University of Medical Science. MSc NursingTel: 0381-3349560 – 09134133685- Email: jalil_irani_s@yahoo.com
2. Shahre-Kord University of Medical Science, BSc NursingMobile:09131848637-Email: mohamadih7778@yahoo.com
1
2
3
4
In the past, the role of nurses was in providing patient care and
providing comfort during nursing tasks. But modern nursing require different skills and knowledge in order to keep pace with
the changes and improvements to pay for their roles. One of the
major changes or social problems, the prevalence of addiction and
its complications. Which inevitably affect the nursing profession
in all aspects.
Methods
The type of This paper is a describe – library article that is set
in review. It uses scientific research – articles and information
of search engine google scholar and magIran and database and
books in this field that are analyzed and conclusions are discussed.
Results
One of the most important roles in dealing with the patient’s
nurse, caring role is to facilitate the recovery process. However,
because of addicted patient due to physical and physiological condition, require special cares, Nurses must specify his needs and
develop care processes. The family and social support for patients
addicted to drugs, lost And nurses needs the skills necessary to
play a supporting role for him/her. Integral part of the nurse’s role
is education addicted patient who is on admission and at discharge
And nurses rely on it to communicate with addicted patients to facilitate and complete the recovery process. In addition to his managerial role, nurses coordinate other activity of health care team
members to Addiction recovery process chain is not disrupted.
Conclusion
What is certain addiction in our society today is considered as
one of the social problems and promote the professional skills of
health staff, is inevitable. Thus Health nurses as the main link has
to enhance their skills and their roles in dealing with drug addicts.
Keywords
Professional Role, Nursing, Social Problems, Addicted
Opium Withdrawal and Some Blood
Biochemical Factors in Addicts’Individuals
Seyed Mostafa Hosseini Zijoud1
1. Clinical Research Development Unit, Imam Hossein Hospital,
Background and Aim
One of the common misinterpretation beliefs in some societies (especially eastern communities) is the using of opium can
reduce serum glucose and lipids. Opium is a derivative from a
plant family called Papaveracea and contains almost 80 types of
alkaloids. Drug addiction causes physiological de-pendency and
its withdrawal lead to some disorders. The aim of this study was
to determine the effects of opium consumption and its withdrawal
on some blood biochemical factors in addicted people.
Methods
We enrolled fifty-six opium addicted people according to
the especial criteria to this study. Biochemical blood parameter
levels such as fasting blood sugar (FBS), urea, Creatinine (Cr),
Aspartate transaminase (AST), Alanine transaminase (ALT) and
Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) enzymes levels were measured and
urine analysis was also performed before and 3 months after withdrawal. Data were analyzed by using SPSS software version 18
and a P < 0.05 was considered as significant.
Results
Our finding showed that opium withdrawal reduces FBS and
increases AST but these changes were not significant. Never- theless opium withdrawal significantly increased blood urea level (P
< 0.0001). We didn’t find any significant difference in Cr, ALP,
AST and Urea specific gravity (SG).
Conclusion
According to the results of the current study we can concluded
that opium increases FBS, which is in contrast to the most previous studies and withdrawal has opposite effects.
Keywords
Opium, Addiction, Withdrawal, Fasting Blood Sugar (FBS)
A Comparison of Sensation Seeking,
Problem- Solving Styles and
Coping Stress Strategies in Substance
Abuser and Normal Persons
Seyedeh Zahra Hosseininasab Astaneh1, AbbasAli Hossein Khanzadeh2,
Iraj Shakerinia3
1. Islamic Azad University Science and Research Branch,Guilan, Iran
2. The University of Guilan
3. The University of Guilan
Background and Aim
The aim of this study is the comparison of sensation seeking,
problem- solving styles and coping stress strategies in substance
abuser and normal persons.
Methods
The research method was causal-comparative. The statistical
population consisted of all substance abusers and normal ones that
100 members of both groups were selected as a sample by convenient sampling. They completed the Arentt Inventory of Sensation Seeking (1992), Problem-Solving Styles Scale (Cassidy &
Long, 1996) and Moos & Billings Coping Stress Strategies Scale
(1981).
Results
The results showed that there was significant differences between sensation seeking and sensation novelty and intensity subscales, adaptive problem- solving styles (Creative, Confidence,
Approach), non-adaptive problem- solving styles (Helplessness,
Control, Avoidance), coping stress emotion-focused and problemfocused strategies of substance abusers and normal persons.
Conclusion
Findings of this research show the important role of some of the
personality variables such as sensation seeking, problem- solving
styles and coping stress strategies that correlate with substance
abuse disorders in the people.
Keywords
Sensation seeking, problem- solving, coping stress strategies,
substance abuse
An in Vivo Study: The Effect of
Methamphetamine on Xanthine Oxidase
Activity and NO Levels Rats
Alireza Hosseinzade1, Mohammad Hossein Tanipour2, Faezeh Sadrabadi
Haghighi3, Mohammad Soukhtanloo4, Seyed Isaac Hashemy5
1. Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Science and Research Branch of
Islamic Azad University Kurdistan, Iran
2. Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine,
Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
Background and Aim
Methamphetamine is part of a family of drugs more generally
known as “amphetamines” that is also called “glass” in Iran. The
members of this family are synthetic stimulants, similar to the
naturally occurring stimulant ephedrine and hormone adrenalin.
In recent years the pattern of abuse changed from opioids to industrial drugs specially methamphetamine. The abuse of methamphetamine is associated with a range of mental health problems;
but along with these problems, the physiological and biochemical
effects of the “glass” are an interesting field for researchers. Xanthine oxidase catalyzes the hydroxylation of hypoxanthine to xanthine and then to uric acid. In mammalian tissues, xanthine oxidase
is found predominantly in the liver and intestine. Nitric Oxide is a
one of reactive oxygen species (ROS) which is considered as an
oxidative stress marker. We aimed to survey the effect of “glass”
on serum and tissue level of NO and Xanthine oxidase in rats.
Methods
The “glass” was obtained from Khorasan Razavi Drug Control
Coordinating council. The assay to measure Xanthine oxidase is
based on a multistep enzymatic reaction in which xanthine first
produces H2O2 during oxidation of hypoxanthine. In this method
rats received various amounts of methamphetamine injections
from 2.5 mg/kg to 10 mg/kg, and divided in 3 groups, first group
after 3 days, the second one after 13 and the third group after
40 days were killed and tissues were disparted. All experiments
perform on brain and liver homogenization and serum. Xanthine
oxidase activity was analyzed by using Cayman assay kit with a
highly fluorescent compound “resorufin” which produced from
react of H2O2 and ADHP (10-acetyl-3,7-dihydroxyphenoxazine).
Results
In this research, Xanthine oxidase activity was investigated in
the brain, liver and serum of methamphetamine received rats, but
the results did not show any difference between time periods and
different doses compared to control groups. NO level in serum
increased significantly specially in sub-acute and chronic groups.
This raising occurred dose dependently particularly in high doses
including 7.5mg/kg and 10mg/kg.
Conclusion
Methamphetamine is known as a destructive industrial drug
which its effects were evaluated via common oxidative-stress
markers such as Protein Carbonyl, MDA and NO. In this study
NO level as a current marker and Xanthine oxidase activity as unusual marker were examined in brain and liver tissues and serum.
Xantihine oxidase activity in both liver and brain didn’t show
any difference with control groups; it seems methamphetamine
doesn’t have any effect on the activation process of xanthine oxidase. However, according to prior researches about Methamphetamine, our results showed significantly raising amount of NO in
serum. We suggest using of more samples and various doses in
next studies to obtain more confident results.
Keywords
Methamphetamin, Xanthin oxidase, NO
Ebrahim Ijabi1, M Karimlo2, M Rahgozar3, M Tavakoli4
1. University of Social Welfare & Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
This paper aims at evaluating and selecting the most suitable
detoxification method among the following four
Methods
Thirty experts considered the four detoxification methods and rated the 7 criteria on a 1 - 9 scale –basis. Then, after making a decisionmaking matrix, the four methods were prioritized and the best was
chosen through the next six-stage if the TOPSIS technique.
Results
The replacement method was closer to positive criteria and
more distant from negative ones in compare with other methods
(Ci=0,653446).
according to these findings, the replacement method turned out
to be the most suitable method of detoxification.
Addiction, Addiction Treatment, TOPSIS, Detoxification
Background and Aim
This study was aimed to determine the prevalence of drug use
among Prisoners who sentenced for drug trafficking that referred
to Fars Legal Medicine Center.
Methods
In this cross-sectional descriptive study, during 5 years (20092013)721 prisoners who have committed drug trafficking crime
and referred to legal medicine in Fars province to check the status
of tolerated sentence were examined .We used drug use prevalence questionnaire. Finally, the data were statistically analyzed
through Spss19 software and we used chi-square test to find relation between prevalence of drug use and drug trafficking crime.
The results show that 9.8% (71) were female.The mean and standard deviation of age for the cases was 38/12 ± 81/29 years. The
term of imprisonment of 16% (115) were over 15 years and 27%
(195), 10 to 15 years and 31% (223), 5 to 10 years and 26%(188)
were less than 5 years. The results also show that 69 %( 497) of
prisoners have been used drug before. The relation sheep between
drug use and drug trafficking crime was meaningful (p= 0/000).
46% of the prisoners, opium, 27%, heroin, 20%, cannabis and the
other have been used Methamphetamine.
Conclusion
Background and Aim
Keywords
Fattah Jafarizadeh1, Mohammad Zarenezhad2
1. PhD by Criminal Law and Criminology, Legal Medicine Research Center,
Tehran, IRAN
2. MD, PhD by Research, Legal Medicine Research Center, Tehran, IRAN
Results
Evaluating and Prioritizing Addiction
Treatment Methods trough the
TOPSIS Technique
Conclusion
Drug Use Prevalence among Prisoners
Who Committed Drug Trafficking Crime
Referred to Legal Medicine in Fars
Province; 2009-2013
The results of this study demonstrate a significant correlation between drug abuse and drug trafficking crime.so, recommended to
reduce the prison population and drug trafficking crime, the country’s more serious addiction preventive programs to be followed.
Keywords
Drug Trafficking, Prevalence, Drug Use, Prisoner
A Sexual Addiction Case Presentation
Parisa Jahanloo1
1. Tehran University of Medical Science
Background and Aim
An educated high social young man came to our clinic complaining of wasting much time in a day more than 3 hours because of Sexual Fantasia;Sexual imagination and thinking with
Sexual content mostly Paraphilic thought-masochism.Then he
had to watch pornographic movies again with Paraphilic subjects
and finally masturbate.2 or 3 times he tried to have a date with a
known prostitute who had Sadistic desires.Because of compulsive
and sometimes impulsive nature of his thoughts ;we recognized
him as a hyper Sexuality or Sexual Addiction case with obsessiveCompulsive background. According to DSM-5 diagnostic criteria
for Sexual Addiction ,our patient had 4 criteria from 5 criteria in
part A and all other parts B,C and D.
Methods
Interview in 8 session lab test-Serum Testosterone was normal
Results
We found he had a very critic and controller mothert , his father
had also Paraphilic desires. He had brought up with a high Discipline manner,had a weak emotional relationship with his parents
.Also he had a previouse diagnosis as Asperger.
Conclusion
A SSRIs started for him- Citalopram 40 mg per day for about
5 month .More than 4 session the therapist talked to him ,using
CBT Techniques to know his disorder well.Also some other techniques like deep breathing and relaxation was taught .After about
4 months he had a dramatically decrease in his thought and masturbation less than 15 min fantasies in a day and about one time
masturbate in week. Although our case, because of his special
personality didn’t engage in many real Sexual contact: but Sexual
Addiction can act as a risk factor of STDs ;because of Its Impulsive nature and must pay attention to STDs and do necessary
physical examination and lab test.
Keywords
Sexual Addiction;Impulsive or Compulsive Nature;SSRIs;STDs
The Prevalence of Tobacco Use and its
Psychological Determinants among
Iranian Children and Adolescents:
CASPIAN IV Study
Mohsen Jari1
1. Child Growth and Development Research Center of Isfahan University of Medicine
Background and Aim
This study aims to assess the prevalence of tobacco consumption
in Iranian children and adolescents and its psychological determinants
Methods
In this nationwide study, 13486 elementary, secondary and high
school students(50.8 % boys, 49.2% girls) were selected by cluster and stratified multistage sampling method from 30 provinces
in Iran. The Global school -based Health Survey questionnaire of
the World Health Organization ( GSHS-WHO) was used.
Results
Overall 2.7 % of Iranian children and adolescents (3.49% of
boys and1.66% of girls) were current smoker and 5.8% (7.84%
in boys and 4.19% in girls) were ever smoker . 3. 0% of urban
children and adolescents and 1.2% of rural were current smoker.
Also high school students reported higher prevalence of the current tobacco use (6.8%) than secondary (1.46%) and elementary
(0.65%) students. A total of 6.5% of urban children and adolescents and 3.8% of rural were ever tobacco user and this figure in
elementary, secondary and high school student were 2.1%, 4.55%
and 13.3% respectively . The results of this study showed that the
average age of the first attempt to tobacco use was12.40±3.39years
in all which this figure in boy and girls was 12.31±3.37years and
12.56±3.41 years respectively . entertainment and recreation has
been the most prevalent reason of smoking initiation in 2.3 % of
Iranian children and adolescents and continuation of use in 2.1%
of them . Pleasure is stated as the second reason of smoking initiation among 1.6% of Iranian children and adolescents and reason
of use continuation in 1.5% of them.
Conclusion
Conclusion The prevalence of tobacco use among Iranian children and adolescents in early ages and use of these products as a
way of recreation and pleasure suggest that culturally-appropriate
educational and cultural programs should be planned and implemented to prevent this harmful habit. .
Keywords
Cigarette, Children and Adolescents, Tobacco, Iran
Reflections of a Homeless Population’s
Lived Experience With Substance Abuse
Seyed Mohamad Hossein Javadi1, Pilevari . A2, Hamed .,M3
1. PHD Student in Social Work, Tehran Welfare and Rehabilitation University
2. PHD Student in Social Work, Tehran Alame University
3. PHD Student in Social Work, Tehran Alame University
Background and Aim
Substance abuse is recognized as a major health problem among
the homeless. People who cycle in and out of homelessness tend
to cycle in and out of alcohol and drug abuse. The relationship
between substance abuse and homelessness requires that they are
treated simultaneously and not independently. Although there is
an increase in public interest concerning the homeless population,
research on the issues of homelessness has been fragmented and
incomplete. Research is necessary to understand substance abuse
among the homeless so that prevention and intervention measures
can be developed and implemented. The aim of this study was to
describe a homeless population’s lived experience with substance
abuse and to better understand factors that effect to substance
abuse treatment among the homeless.
Methods
This paper fulfilled by the method of grounded theory. The data
were gathered through in-depth interviews with 20 men who participating in Project of rehabilitation of drug user (1393). Data
from the interviews were analyzed by theoretical coding.
Results
Categories that emerged from the data included: experience of
rejection from family and friends, traumatic experience, shame,
social isolation, hopeless, social apathy. The core category in this
investigation was “marginalization” of the homeless addict. Finally in this article we present a paradigm model of marginalization of these groups. Recognizing these categories can assist to
effective planning, make policy and intervention on addiction and
homeless.
Conclusion: Keywords
Lived Experience, Addiction, Homeless, Experience of Rejection
Therapeutic Community Approach is
Effective in Improving Self-care Skills,
Self-awareness, Assertiveness, Emotion
and Hope for Addicts
Masome Kadkhodai1,Reza Dastjerdi2, Javad Beheshti Por3
1.Behzistei Organization
2. Assistant Professor of Psychology, University of Birjand
3. Behzistei Organization
Therapeutic Community, Emotion Management Skills, Self Care
Skills, Assertiveness Skills, Their Skills, Knowledge and Hope.
Effectiveness of Cognitive-Behavioral
Group Therapy for Anger Management in
Reducing the Wife Abuse and Increasing
Marital Satisfaction in Patients with
Substance Abuse
Hurie Karami1, Hamid Khakbaz2, Hamideh Lashgari3, Mohammad Mohammadi4
1. M. A in Clinical Psychology in Allame Tabataba’i university
2. M. A in Counseling
3. M. A in Psychology
4. M. A in Counseling
Background and Aim
Background and Aim
Background and Purpose: The therapeutic community approach
is founded on a clear vision of the four terms is related to the
disorder, substance abuse, or addiction, recovery, and right living.
Addicts socialization, cognitive skills, and emotional and psychological growth are problematic. Improvement of the therapeutic
community approach is the change in lifestyle or identity. In the
present study we examined the effectiveness of the therapeutic
community in promoting life skills and hope people wont pay The
impact of this therapeutic approach in the treatment and prevention of relapse to show material.
Methods
The research method used in this study is a quasi-experimental
pre-test-post-test is performed. The population in this study, people referred to a therapeutic community center in South Khorasan
Province In the first quarter of 1392 Due to the low volume of
sample population, as the sample was used for all statistical population. Given the number of people admitted to 25 people. Questionnaire in order to provide life skills before treatment and after
treatment was performed. After collecting the questionnaires, data
were entered into the statistical software 16SPSS and were analyzed by paired t-test.
Results
The results showed that the therapeutic community program on
improving management skills, feelings and emotions, self-care
skills, assertiveness skills, expertise, knowledge has a positive effect (p ≤ 0/05). However, the results suggest that the therapeutic
community is not effective in promoting hope for patients (p>
0/05).
Conclusion
Keywords
It should be noted that one of the factors or trends comeback
addicts, And the results of this study can be effective therapeutic community as an agent for the prevention of addiction show.
However, hope is one of the basic elements of addiction treatment,
during treatment, the role of which should make it more colorful.
The aim of the current study was to determine the effectiveness
of cognitive-behavioral anger management therapy for reducing
wife abuse and increasing marital satisfaction in patients with
substance abuse.
Methods
The design of this study was quasi-experimental and pretestposttest with control group that attending treatment center for
drug addiction. Statistical population were all men with substance
abuse in Tehran in 2013. 12 patients with drug abuse that showed
high levels of wife abuse and their spouses were randomly selected as sample group and replaced in experimental (N=6) and
control (N=6) groups. Data were collected by using Ghahhari and
colligues Wife Abuse Inventory and Enrich Marital Satisfaction
Scale, analyzed by T and ANCOVA.
Results
Findings indicated that cognitive-behavioral group therapy for
anger management significantly reduced levels of wife abuse
(p<0/01) and increased marital satisfaction (p<0/05, F: 12/36) in
the experimental group compared with the control group.
Conclusion
Cognitive-behavioral group therapy for anger management is
effective in reducing the wife abuse and increasing the marital
satisfaction in men with substance abuse.
Keywords
Cognitive-behavioral therapy, wife abuse, marital satisfaction,
substance abuse.
Effectiveness of Mindfulness-Based
Cognitive Therapy on Reduce Co-Morbid
Anxiety in Drug-Dependent Peoples
Reza Karimi1, Kobra Mosadegh2, Jaber Abipor3
1. Graduate Student, Clinical Psychology, Allameh Tabatabai University, Tehran
2. Master of Clinical Psychology, Allameh Tabatabai University, Tehran
3. Graduate Student, Rehabilitation Counseling, Allameh Tabatabai University,
Background and Aim
Nowadays the third wave therapies in psychotherapy instead of
challenge with cognitions, emphasizes awareness and acceptance
of people’s feelings, emotions, cognitions and behaviors. Recently, there are much discussion about cognitive behavioral interventions “third wave” especially in the area of anxiety and anxiety
disorders. The aim of present study is survey the effectiveness of
Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT) on reduce comorbid anxiety in drug-dependent peoples.
Methods
This study is semi-experimental with pre-test, post-test and control group. Population, including all of addict’s people referred to
Addiction Treatment Center (Taranom) in Tehran that first taken
Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) of them and among those who had
high anxiety, 40 subjects were selected and randomly divided into
experimental and control groups consisted of 20 persons.
Results
A result of covariance analysis shows that mindfulness-based
cognitive therapy for people with addiction have significant effect
on reducing anxiety.
Conclusion
Treatment process and the results obtained in this study suggest
that mindfulness-based cognitive therapy can be effective in treating anxiety in people with addictions.
Keywords
Cognitive Therapy, Mindfulness, Anxiety, Addiction
The Study of Psychometric Properties of
Acceptance and Action
Questionnaire – Substance Abuse (AAQ-SA)
Javad Karimi1
1. Department of Psychology, The University of Malayer, Malayer, Iran
Background and Aim
Experiential avoidance and psychological inflexibility have been
recently found to be important constructs related to a wide range
of psychological disorders and quality of life. Poor psychological
flexibility has been shown to relate to clinical problems as well
as normative life challenges, and efforts to increase psychological flexibility have correlated with improvements for a variety of
psychological difficulties, including substance abuse. This study
focused on the validation of the Iranian version of the Acceptance
and action questionnaire – Substance abuse (AAQ-SA), which
assesses the construct referred to as, variously, acceptance, experiential avoidance, and psychological inflexibility in substance
misusing samples.
Methods
In this cross-sectional study, 113 patients with dependent opioid addiction referred to Addiction Treatment Centers in Esfahan
were selected through convenience sampling method. Partici-
pants filled out demographic questionnaires, “Acceptance and action questionnaire – Substance abuse “, “Acceptance and Action
Questionnaire edition 2”, “Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale” and
“Beck Depression Inventory”. For data analysis, IBM SPSS 21
and IBM SPSS Amos 21 software were used.
Results
The calculated α for the AAQ-SA inventory was 0.80 and 0.81
for values commitment and defused acceptance dimensions respectively and 0.87 for the whole questionnaire. The correlation
of the scale with the psychological flexibility, depression and Selfesteem was 0.44, 0.33 and -0.58, respectively; which represented
the concurrent validity of the scale. Confirmatory factor analysis
results also showed that two-factor model of Acceptance and action questionnaire – Substance abuse has good fitting the Iran’
community.
Conclusion
Psychometric characteristics of Acceptance and action questionnaire – Substance abuse showed that the questionnaire seems
to be acceptable in Iranian society. It is a useful tool for research
in the Addiction Treatment Centers.
Keywords
Experiential Avoidance, Psychological Inflexibility, Acceptance
and Action Questionnaire – Substance Abuse, Validation
Facilitating and Hindering Factors of
Resiliency Against Substance Abuse in
Adolescents and Young Adults
Salah Adin Karimi1, Farahnaz Mohamadi2, Mariam Sharifian Sani3,
Hasan Rafiee4, Zahra Jorjoran Shushtari5
1. PhD Student of Health and Social Welfare, University of Social Welfare &
Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
2. PhD Nursing, Associate Professor University of Social
Welfare & Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
3. PhD Social Policy, Assistant Professor University of Social
5. PhD Student of Social Determinants of Health, Social Determinants of
Health Research Center, University of Social Welfare &
Background and Aim
Substance abuse is a major public health problem in many societies. Resiliency can play key role in substance abuse prevention.
The aim of this study was to explore the facilitating and hindering
factors of resiliency against substance abuse among adolescents
and young adults in Tehran
Methods
This qualitative study was conducted by using the basis theory method based on Strauss and Corbin’s approach. The purposeful sampling
was used to select participants who grow up in high risk neighborhood of Darvazeh Ghar in Tehran. Data was collected through open
unstructured interviews and focus group discussion in 2011. Fourteen
interviews and one focused group discussion were held with 12 and 7
participants, respectively. Lincoln and Goba(1985) criteria was used
for evaluating trustworthiness the findings
Results
Obtained codes consists of individual characteristics, family
support, culture, spirituality, spiritual beliefs, living environment
and social interventions from organizations based on the nature
were as facilitator or hinder the resiliency process of drug abuse.
Each factor based on features of sub categories were classified in
three main categories of micro, mid and macro
Conclusion
Based on the findings from the participants’ experiences , fostering facilitator factors as creating and reinforcing the supportive environments, including Supervision and promote awareness
through education of parents and family, improve interpersonal
relationships in the environment, reinforcing spirituality and spiritual beliefs and social interventions can improve the individual
resiliency against drug abuse. Reducing risk factors and fostering
resiliency are part of a comprehensive approach to prevention,
and are consistent with a public health approach.
Keywords
Conclusion
Growing evidence suggests the role of epigenetic mechanisms
on the behavior of drug abuse. Epigenetic targets may be the attractive targets for prevention and the treatment of drug addiction.
Keywords
Drug Addiction, Epigenetics, MiRNA, Methylation, Histone
The Effect on Pregnancy Outcome of Drug
(Substance) Abuse During Pregnancy.
Maryam Kashanian 1, Hourieh Hatami2
Background and Aim
Substance Abuse, Resiliency, Qualitative Research, Iran
The Epigenetic Mechanisms in Addiction:
Basic Concepts and Future Perspective
Morteza Karimipoor1
1.Molecular Medicine Department, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur
Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
Background and Aim
Epigenetics is the heritable and possibly reversible modifications in gene expression that do not involve alterations in the
DNA sequence. DNA methylation, histone modifications and
noncoding RNAs are main mechanisms of epigenetic alteration
that influence the expression of genes. The understanding of the
epigenetic mechanisms involved in addiction may lead us to prevent or reverse this status. The aim of this presentation is looking
at the epigenetic mechanisms involving in drug addiction that has
been studied in recent years.
Methods
The expression of genes in reward regions of brain may contribute in the pathogenesis and persistence of addiction. Recent studies have focused on the alteration of transcription factors, histon
modification, DNA methylation and microRNAs on the regulation of gene expression that contribute to the addiction to psycho
stimulant drugs.
Results
aspect of addiction. The level of expression of miR-212, miR-124
and miR-9 and therefore, the deregulation of their target genes
make complex networks.
The alteration in the expression of some transcription factors like
deltaFOSB, CREB, NF-kappaB, and MEF2 genes in key brain reward regions like nucleus accumbens and prefrontal cortex. some
drugs change the acetylation and methylation of histon residues
in the brain through the altered expression of histone acetylase
enzyme.Also, some studies indicate the effect of the cocaine administration on the level of expression of Mecp2 DNMT genes.
These genes have key role in methylation of DNA. Increasing
attention has been made on the role of microRNAs in different
Substance abuse during pregnancy is one of the most important
problems in maternal and neonatal health. Being familiar with
the risk of poor pregnancy outcome in these individuals may help
them to reduce that risk. The purpose of the present study is to
evaluate the effects on Pregnancy outcome of substance abuse
during pregnancy.
Methods
The study was conducted as a historical cohort study between two
groups of pregnant women with or without substance abuse. Both
groups were Iranian housewives, with the same socio economical
status, singleton and without any known medical systemic disorder.
Results
1268 women were evaluated in total. 317 women were drug
abusers and 951 women were not. The woman in both groups
had no significant differences according to neonates’ gender, gestational age, pregnancy-induced hypertension, intra uterine fetal
death (IUFD), and ruptured membranes. Maternal age (P=0.000),
maternal weight (P=0.000), neonatal weight (P=0.000) were
found to be lower in drug abusers. History of previous abortion
(p=0.000) and gravidity (P=0.000) were higher in drug abusers.
Also cesarean delivery [(P=0.049, RR=1.1 (1.02-1.12)], placental abruption [(P=0.000, RR=2.7 (1.8-4.1)], meconium passage [P=0.000, RR=2.6 (2.3-2.8)], neonatal weight of less than
2500 gram [P=0.000, RR=1.9 (1.8-2)], Apgar score of less than
7 in minute 5 [P=0. 001, RR= 1.7 (1.5-1.7)], NICU admission
[P=0.000, RR= 3.7 (3.5-3.8)] and neonatal death [P=0.009, RR=
2.1 (1.8-2.5)] were all higher in drug abusers.
Conclusion
Substance abuse causes poor outcomes in pregnancy, and with
control, patients may improve these poor conditions.
Keywords
Substance Abuse, Drug Abuse, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Outcomes,
Low Birth Weight, Birth Weight, Apgar Score, NICU, Pregnancy
Induced Hypertension (PIH), Placental Abruption.
Reconsolidation Memory and Addiction
Fatemeh Kermanian1
1. Assistant Professor, Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Alborz
University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
Background and Aim
The formation, storage and use of memories is critical for normal adaptive functioning, including the execution of goal-directed
behavior, thinking, problem solving and decision-making, and is
at the center of a variety of cognitive, addictive, mood, anxiety,
and developmental disorders. Drug addiction is one such disorder;
it is both chronic and relapsing, and one prominent risk factor for
a relapse episode is the presentation of environmental cues that
have previously been associated with drugs of abuse.
Methods
Addiction is a complex disorder, and one characterised by the
acquisition of maladaptive instrumental (drug-seeking and drugtaking) and pavlovian (cue-drug associations) memories. A leading hypothesis guiding current molecular and cellular research
into drug addiction conceptualizes key aspects of addiction as a
form of memory in which common neuroplasticity mechanisms
that mediate normal learning and memory processes are ‘stealed’
by exposure to drugs of abuse to produce pathologic addictionrelated memories.
Results
These memories markedly contribute to the long-term risk of relapse, so reduction of the impact of these memories on behaviour
could potentially be an important addition to current therapies for
addiction. Memory reconsolidation may provide such a target for
disrupting well-consolidated pavlovian cue-drug memories following an extensive drug history.
Conclusion
The disruption of drug memory reconsolidation could potentially provide a form of pro-abstinence, anti-relapse treatment for
drug addiction.
Keywords
Memory, Addiction, Learning
Effectiveness of Mindfulness Based Stress
Reduction on Reduce drug-Taking and
Drug Abuse Tempting Ideas in College
Students
Masoud Khakpour1, Masoomeh Mehrafarid2
1. Imamreza International University, Mashhad, Iran
2. Cuonselor in Minstry of Educaton, Iran.
Background and Aim
Today, drug abuse because false beliefs in the population are
growing. This study examined the effectiveness of Mindfulness
Based Stress Reduction on Reduce drug-taking and drug abuse
tempting ideas in college students.
Methods
In a semi-experimental study, 39 subjects with diagnosis of high
scores in drug-taking and drug abuse tempting ideas questionnaires were divided into two experimental group (19 subjects) and
control group (20 subjects). The experimental groups received 10
sessions of Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction and the control
groups did not receive any treatment. All subjects were assessed
by drug-taking and drug abuse tempting ideas questionnaires in
pre-test, post-test and after a 3-month follow up stages. Data were
analyzed using covariance analysis.
Results
Covariance analysis showed a significant difference between experimental and control groups in drug-taking and drug abuse tempting ideas in college students in post-test and follow-up phases.
Conclusion
According to the findings Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction
is effective in decreasing drug-taking and drug abuse tempting
ideas in college students.
Keywords
Mindfulness, Stress Reduction, drug-taking, drug abuse tempting ideas, students
The Effect of Psychodrama on Change of
Control Location and Addiction Relapse
in Cured Addicts at Isfahan Social Welfare
and Rehabilitation Center
Hossein Khakshoor1, om Albanin Esmatpanah2
1. M.A psychology,Behzisti Organization of Esfehan,Iran
2. M.A Student Positive Psychology Oriented, Azad University
of Naeen, Esfehan, Iran
Background and Aim
Introduction : Since everyday 500 of country’s youngsters are
getting addicted , researches have shown that the number of addicts in Iran is doubled each 10 years . Start age of addiction has
reached averagely under 15 and national detriments of addiction
reach more than 15 thousands Billions Rails per year all over the
country. high percentage of who can stop addiction will be relapsed again and will make more irrecoverable detriments to society’s facilities .thus needs for performing of continuous scientific
research for recognizing cause and results of addiction and also
methods to preventing its relapse is obvious . for that reason in
this research the issue of psychodrama is used and executed as a
lever to fight addiction and prevention of its relapse.
Methods
This research is an experimental research of pretest and post-test
type with control group which is done in ESFAHAN city with the
aim of determining effect of psychodrama on changing control
position and relapse to addiction in cured addicts . four hypothesis supposed for it and 60 cured male addicts were selected by
random sampling to test them and then were put in each pairs of
control and test group . both groups were pre-tested by questionnaire , Internal –External control questionnaire of RATER and
relapse to addiction scale and then test group particlpated in 16
psychodrama session for 3 months in 16 stages but no variable
exerted to control group. both groups were finally post-tested by
Internal –External control questionnaire of RATER and relapse to
addiction scale. Data was analyzed by co-variance analytic statistical method and SPSS software (version 11/5).
Results
Statistical analytical results showed that psychodrama is operational on changing control position and relapse to addiction ( p <
./..1). it means psychodrama caused that control position of cured
addicts be more internalized and due to this method relapse to addiction decreased in individuals .
Conclusion
It that mentioned psychodrama is operational in changing control position and relapse to addiction . considering experimental
and theoretical history indicate that psychodrama have had prominent role in different countries because of profundity and variety
and its operational view to different aspect of human life in various prevention like prevention of cigarette , alcoholic drinks , narcotics , aggressive behavior and other cases . it is because of this
method’s universality and its practical and operational method of
execution .
Keywords
Psychodrama, Changing of Control Position , Relapse to Addiction , Prevention and Addiction .
Validation of the Amphetamine Cessation
Symptom Assessment Questionnaire for
Evaluation of Methamphetamine
Wthdrawal Symptoms
Yousef Khani1, Saharnaz Nedjat2, Hossein Mirzaei3,
Alireza Khanzade4, Shahnaz Rimaz5
1. Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, School of Public Health,
Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
4. Residential Treatment Center for Homeless Addicts in Alborz Province, Karaj, Iran
5. Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Iran University of
Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Background and Aim
The used of psychiatric substances and drugs has became the
major problem in today world. In recent years, the problem of
abuse and dependence to synthetic substances, especially Methamphetamine (crystal), in Iran has become the serious and
emergency hygienic problem. According to importance of the
existence of appropriate tools in order to Methamphetamine withdrawal symptoms assay and Amphetamine Cessation Symptom
Assessment questionnaire( ACSA) designers’ suggestion that
later researches should survey the application and use of this
questionnaire in withdrawal symptoms assay in the consumption
groups from psychotropic’s such as Methamphetamine and Lack
of generalization of studies and foreign questionnaires inside of
the country, the present study was done for validation of ACSA
questionnaire in patients in homeless addicts’ residential treatment center of Alborz province.
Methods
ACSA was translated from English to Persian by back translation and was analyzed its appearance and content validity in
group discussion sessions among professionals and addicts who
had attempted to quit it recently. Content validity index (CVI)
was used for content validity evaluation. Among people that had
been accepted for methamphetamine withdrawal in homeless addict’s residential treatment center in alborz province, 106 people
were selected by available sampling method and completed the
questionnaire. Cronbach’s alpha was used for internal consistency
assessment of the questionnaire and in order to structural validity
analysis of the questionnaire, was used the principal components
analysis (PCA), Scree test (Scree Plot) and orthogonal rotation
method.
Results
Appearance and content validity of questionnaire were analyzed in the group discussion sessions among professionals and
addicts who had attempted to quit and finally, slight variations
was applied in questions structure. CVI index was 87.5% for total
of the questionnaire. Determination of structure validity by principal components analysis (PCA) showed that this questionnaire
has been composed of three main factors contain of anxiety and
mood, tiredness and Craving. The Cronbach’s alpha value was
calculated for the total questionnaire (84%) and for the first factor
(91%), the second factor (77%) and the third factor (96%).
Conclusion
This study showed the ACSA questionnaire has sufficient reliability and validity for the assessment of methamphetamine withdrawal symptoms and is useful tool for evaluation of Methamphetamine withdrawal symptoms in people who have quit it recently.
Keywords
Amphetamine, Methamphetamine, Crystal, Withdrawal, Validity, Reliability, Factor Analysis, Questionnaire
The Impact of Assertiveness and Refusal
Skills Training on Reduce of Relapse
in Drug Addicts
Bahman Bahmani1, Abdollah Hashemi2, Ozra Jahed Motlagh3,
Mohammad Saeed Khanjani4
1. 3. Substance Abuse and Dependence Research Center, University of Social
2. Tabatabai University
3. University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Department of
Rehabilitation Counseling
4. University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Department of
Rehabilitation Counseling
Background and Aim
Relapse in addicts brings Many problems. The person who returns to drug use after a period of treatment, Involve to Hopelessness, guilt and loss of self-confidence. Objective: The Purpose of
this study was to determine the effectiveness of assertiveness and
refusal skills on reduce of relapse in drug addicts.
Methods
statistical population included drug addicts referred to opiate
withdrawal centers in the Eghlid city that used opium, 30 people
of them were selected purposively as research sample and randomly divided into experimental and control groups. Initially,
both groups complete questionnaire of assertiveness Gambril and
Richey. The morphine test also was performed on both groups,
Then assertiveness and refusal skills were educated to experimental groups during 9 sessions . After completion of training,
post-test was performed for both groups with assertiveness questionnaire and morphine retest. For statistical analysis , obtained
data were analyzed with covariance and chi-square test and using
SPSS.
Results
Findings: Significant difference found statistically between experimental and control groups, in mean scores of assertiveness after training (p˃0/05، F= 4/91، df= 1). Variable size effect in experimental group was 0/15. In other words, the independent variable
is able to explain 15 percent of assertiveness variance. In post test
, from 15 participants in the experimental group, 66/86 percent
were healthy and 33/13 percent were addicted, but In the control
group, These percentages were respectively 33/53 and 66/46 for
healthy and addicted people. According to the results of the chisquare test to determine differences in observed frequencies, Chisquare amount (97/3) showed significant difference in the level of
0/05 between two groups.
Conclusion
This study, using analysis of covariance and chi-square test indicated that the refusal and assertiveness training program significantly reduced the relapse in experimental group than control
group. Therefore, assertiveness and refusal skills training can be
used as a useful intervention for the prevention of relapse in addicts.
Keywords
Addiction, Relapse, Assertiveness and Refusal
The Relationship between Spiritual
Intelligence and Self-Efficacy with the
Tendency Towards Addiction among High
School Female Students in Hamadan
Nahid Kharaghani1, Leila Dehnavi2
1. MA in Counseling and Guidance, Islamic Azad University, Sciences
Kermanshah Research, Iran, nkharaghani.68@gmail.com
2. MA in Counseling and Guidance, Islamic Azad University, Sciences
Kermanshah Research, Iran, leilad6358@gmail.com
Background and Aim
Substance abuse is one of the major health and social problems
of modern society, especially in developing countries. Students
can take a variety of reasons, including frustration, adventure,
pleasure-seeking, variety seeking may be at risk of substance use.
Since the starting age of drug use is on the decline, and focus on
students, according to their readiness for this class for drugs and to
identify variables associated with it will be important. Self belief
is a significant factor in human merit system manufacturer. belief
implies that the Self-efficacy of thoughts, beliefs and feelings that
influence individual behavior and spiritual intelligence also refer
to The ultimate degree of intelligence a person who assists him
in understanding and doing the right things. Self-efficacy is one
of the variables that is associated with substance abuse, including
individual judgments about the capability, capacity and its ability
to perform specific tasks. An other psychological factors associated with drug abuse, is sensation seeking. Sensation seeking,is
defined as thrill seeking , diverse, fresh, sophisticated and also
willingness to take risks. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between intellectual intelligence and selfefficacy with the tendency towards addiction in female students in
secondary schools Hamedan.
Methods
The population study of secondary school students in Hamadan comprise academic year 92-93. The present research sample
of 210 public school students who were randomly selected. For
collecting data the student, self-efficacy scale , sensation seeking
scale and their potential for drug abuse, was used
Results
The results of this study showed that there is a negative relationship between self- efficacy and potential drug abuse among
students. Another part of the results showed that there is a positive
relationship between sensation seeking and talent drug abuse.
Conclusion
The results of this study showed that there is a negative relationship between self- efficacy and potential drug abuse among
students. In other words, with increased efficacy, the drug tends is
reduced. Another part of the results showed that there is a positive
relationship between sensation seeking and talent drug abuse. In
other words, with increased sensation seeking, susceptibility to
drug abuse among students increases. Thrill-seeking behaviors of
persons with drug abuse tend to be higher than in normal people.
Keywords
Spiritual Intelligence, Self-Efficacy, Addiction
Adaptation of School-Based Interventions
Guideline to Prevent Smoking
Fariba Khayyati1, Fatemeh Sadeghi-Ghyassi2, Sakineh Hajebrahimi3,
Hamid Allahverdipour4
1. Tabriz Health Services Management Research Center
2. Iranian Evidence Based Medicine Center of Excellence, Tabriz University of
Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
3. Iranian Evidence Based Medicine Center of Excellence, Tabriz University of
Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
4. PhD Professor, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Department of Health
Education & Promotion School of Health, Tabriz, 14711,Iran
Background and Aim
Tobacco use has a serious impact on health and socio economics situation of general population. Majority of people has started
it in teen age and the most of them will probably be addicted.
Meanwhile, school-based interventions can play an essential role
in prevention or delay tobacco consumption, but there is no structured program for such interventions in Iran. Current study has
been designed to provide a national evidence based guideline for
school- based interventions.
Methods
We conducted wide search main databases and websites considering Pub Med, NICE, GIN, NGC, SIGN and other related websites for defined keywords. Related guidelines were selected and
appraised by two independent experts using AGREE-2 tool. The
highest record was translated to Persian and discussed in panel
of guideline for adopting with Iranian culture and condition. The
preview was sent to experts and stockholders for final edition and
then was published for pilot application.
The results of analysis of Covariance showed that the means of
scores of the training group were significantly reduced as compared to the control group on aggression both in the post test and
follow-up.
Conclusion
Based on the results of this study can be concluded that effective problem solving training on the aggression on drug dependent
patients.
Keywords
Problem Solving-Aggression
Results
Eleven related guidelines retrieved in which only two were
about school-based interventions recommended. The main recommendations for prevention of smoking was as following: Pay
attention and take the organizational wide approaches in schools,
plan and do interventions by adults, plan and do interventions by
peers, train, retrain and develop, and Pay attention and take the
coordinated approach.
Conclusion
Iranian school based guideline is a well adopted tool to prevent
tobacco consumption in teen ages.
Keywords
Guideline, Prevention, School-based Intervention, Smoking
Effectiveness of Problem-solving training
Intervention on the Aggression of
Drug- Dependent Patients in Shiraz
Sadrollah Khosravi , Sadrollah Khosravi , Masoumeh Hamidi(MAs) ,
Eshaq Ebrahimi(MA)4, Tayebeh Shahrivar5, Ali Reza Rahimi6
1. -Assistant Professor,Dep. of Psychology ,FiroozAbad Branch,Islamic
Azad University,FiroozAbad,Iran
2. Assistant Professor,Department of Psychology ,FiroozAbad Branch,Islamic
Azad University,FiroozAbad,Iran.
3. -Dep. of Psychology ,College of Humanity Science,Yasouj,Sciense and
Research Branch ,Islamic Azad University,Yasouj,Iran.
4. Assistance Correcting and training of Fars Prisons Organization,Shiraz,Iran.
5. -Dep. Of Psychology,Fars Science and Research Branch, Islamic
Azad University Marvdasht,Iran.
6. Dep. Of Psychology,Fars Science and Research Branch, Islamic
Azad University Marvdasht,Iran.
1
2
3
Relation of Variables Related to Substance
Abuse with Tendency to Addiction
Treatment in Self Reported Addicts
Hamidreza Khosravi Zade Tabasi1, Farah Madarshahian2, Javad Sohaili3,
Mostafa Abdollahi4
1. Birjand University of Medical Sciences
3. Tabas Treatment Health Center
4. Khomeini Hospital of Tabas
Background and Aim
Addiction and drug abuse is one of the four crises in the world
and Iran is one of high risk countries. For prevention and treatment of addiction, knowing variables relate to addiction has special importance. This research is conducted to determine Relation
of Variables related to substance abuse with tendency to addiction
treatment in self reported addicts.
Methods
In this descriptive analytic study 195 self reported substance
addicts referring to center for addiction treatments of Tabas city
were studied through census sampling. Instrument for gathering
data was a structured interview form with two parts: 1- demographic data and 2- data about their addiction status and tendency
to addiction treatment. Responds were categorized in two categories: agree and disagree for some questions and yes or no in other
questions. Data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential
(chi square, logistic regression) statistics by SPSS software.
Results
Background and Aim
The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of problem
solving on aggression in addicted subjects.
Methods
Results
Therefor addicted subjects were randomly selected and assigned
to the training and control groups. The Aggression Questionnaire
were administered as the pre-post& follow-up tests. After the pre
test the training group received 8 sessions(90 minutes each) of
problem solving training. The follow-up test was administered
one month after the end of training.
Finding showed 90.3% of participants were male and 9.7%
were female. The mean age of participants was 35.3 ± 1.17.
72.8% were married. 42.9% were worker. The most addiction
treatment causes were 36.9% tiredness of substance abuse and
17.4% expense of drug and substances and 11.3% both of them.
There was significant difference between physical symptoms and
tendency to addiction treatment (P=0.05) and also tendency to addiction treatment and family problems (P= 0.04). There was significant difference between vanity and history of being in prison
(P= 0.03). A significant difference was noted between tendency to
addiction treatment and worthlessness (P=0.025) and also despair
(P=0.05). Living with family can increase 1.8 times (P=0.05) and
decision for marriage increase 2.3 times (P=0.03) chance of tendency to addiction treatment.
Conclusion
Tendency to addiction treatment may increase with positive
family factors and expense of drug and substance.
Keywords
Substance Abuse, Treatment Addiction, Self-Reported Addicts
Relationship between Personality
Characteristic and Defense Mechanisms
with Addiction Preparation in Students
Mahnaz Khosrojavid1, Robabeh Delazar2, Maria Firoozshad3,
Razieh Hedayatsafa4
1. Psychology Department, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
2. Psychology Department, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
3. Organization of Traning and Education, Rasht, Iran
4. Organization of Traning and Education, Rasht, Iran
Background and Aim
Addiction Preparation is talent addiction. The people who have
high drug preparation, are more susceptible to addiction. The
present study aimed to examine relationship between personality
characteristic and defense mechanisms with addiction preparation
in students.
Methods
The study design was description and cross-sectional. For the
present study, all students in the Faculty of Letters and Human
Sciences, University of Guilan (4500 thousand people, ages
36/20) who were enrolled in the first semester 93-92 formed.
Of these, 285 patients were randomly selected. NEO-FFI-R, the
Defense Mechanisms and Addiction Preparation Questionnaires
were the research tools. The gathered data were analyzed through
correlation, regression and multifactorial variance.
Results
Pearson correlation test showed a significant negative correlation addiction preparation with 4 dimension of the personality
characteristics and positively correlated with the personality trait
neuroticism respectively. Significant positive correlation with active addiction preparation defensive style immaturity. Addiction
preparation passive defensive style immaturity significant positive
correlation with the 01/0 and a negative correlation with defensive
style developed in 05/0 showed. Regression analysis for the five
personality dimensions the variance addiction preparation Active /
Passive (criterion variables) show that, respectively, about 32 and
22 percent of the variance in the criterion variables already be predictor is projected. The results of the regression analysis of personality characteristics (predictor variables) on mature and immature
defense styles of variance (criterion variables) indicate that about
25 and 17 percent of the variance in pre -criterion by changing
the nose foreseeable. Results of multivariate analysis of variance
showed that the mean scores of boys grown and immature defense
style, significantly higher scores than female students.
Conclusion
Given the high prevalence and negative consequences of widespread abuse in youth, it seems that preventive measures are necessary. Given this context, the role of internal features for efficient
design and implementation of programs that would be helpful.
Keywords
Personality Characteristic, Defiance Mechanisms, Addiction
Preparation, Students.
Mediation of Personality Influences on Alcohol Consumption within the Theory of
Planned Behavior in Adolescents
on Zanjan 2014
Qamar kiani1, Narges Rasoli2
1. Psychologist in Zanjan University of medical sciences, Zanjan, Iran
2. Kashmar Branch ,Islamic Azad University
Background and Aim
This study aimed to explore the role of mediator structures the
theory of planned behavior in relationship between alcohol consumption and personality.
Methods
In a cross - sectional study, were selected 390 students (195 girls,
195 boys) high school on Zanjan with mean and standard deviation
of age (M= 16.4, SD=1.48) with multi- cluster sampling method.
Data were collected using the short form of Big Five personality Inventory and questionnaire designed based on the theory of planned
behavior Ajzen about the behavior of alcohol consumption and was
analyzed with Lisrel 9.5 in causal model frame, using path analysis.
Results
Agreeableness and extraversion had significant correlation between alcohol consumption (p<0.01). Model had goodness of fit.
Direct effect of Agreeableness and extraversion on alcohol consumption was Respectively (β=.37 , p<0.01) (β= .12 , p<0.05).
Descriptive subjective norm, perceived behavioral control and
intention were mediated relation Agreeableness and alcohol consumption . perceived behavioral control and intention were mediated relation extraversion and alcohol consumption , perceived
behavioral control had more total effect in both.
Conclusion
Considering resistance of personality to change , prevention program based on TPB for alcohol consumption could be effective.
Keywords
Personality, Theory of Planned Behavior, Alcohol Consumption,
Adolescence
Comparison the Executive Functions of
Inhibition and Problem Solving in
Adolescents with and Without
Substance Abuse
Tahereh Maasoomi Mofrad1, Hamid Alhzadeh2, Ahmad Khamsan3
1. khorasan Jonuby-Shahrstan Berjand-Khyahan Toohed-Toohed2-Plak6
Background and Aim
Executive functions are self-regulated functions and show the
ability to inhibition, self-changing, planning, organization, using
the working memory, solving problems and targeting for homework and school activities. This study compares the executive
functions of inhibition and problem solving in adolescents with
and without substance abuse
Methods
Causal-Comparative
Results
15 adolescents with substance abuse and 15 normal adolescents
were selected which matched each other with the same age, sex
and education. The research tools were Wisconsin Card, was used
for assessing the inhibition executive functions, and Heppner and
Petersen Questionnaires for problem solving
Conclusion
The results showed that there were statistically significant differences between groups between average score of inhibition
executive functions and solving problem (except trend– avoid
component). There were not statistically significant differences in
the average score of inhibition executive functions and solving
problem according to age, sex and education. It is concluded that
the drug addicts are weaker than those without substance abuse
based on the inhibition executive function and problem solving.
These findings can be used for the prevention program
Keywords
Executive Function, Inhibition, Problem Solving, Substance Abuse
Relation of Social Supports with
Prevention of Re-addiction According to
Treated Addicts View Points
Farah Madarshahian1, Mohsen Hassanabadi2, Elnaz Kheirandish3
1. Birjand University of Medical Science
3. Mashad Azad University
Background and Aim
Social support is one of the most powerful and effective factors
for successful managing stressful conditions. Social support simplifies difficulties for the patients. According to reports only 20%
to 30% of treated addicts do not have recurrence so, this study
conducted to determine Relation of social supports with prevention of re- addiction according to treated addicts view points.
Methods
In this descriptive analytic study 50 treated addicts who refer to
Birjand medical and hygiene centers were selected through census
sampling. Instrument for gathering data was a questionnaire with
two parts: 1- demographic data and 2- data about social supports
with 15 questions such as availability of job, insurance treatment,
settlement, retrieve their children from family or Behzisti center,
availability center for professional education. Responds were categorized in two categories: agree and disagree. Data was analyzed
using descriptive and inferential (student T test, chi square, logistic regression) statistics by SPSS software.
Results
Results showed 72% of participants were male and 38% were
female. The mean age of men was 41.2 ± 3.6 and women 39.3
± 3.6. 80% of men and 86% of women were married. Participants believed that absence of job and enough income 6.2 times
increase the odds ratio of re-addiction (P=0.03). There was no
significant difference between view points of men and women in
this question. Absence of settlement 5.3 times increase the odds
ratio of re-addiction (P=0.025). There was significant difference
between view points of participants according to marriage status
in this question (P=0.05). The odds ratios of re-addiction increase
4.4 times with absence of insurance and 2.3 times with do not
retrieve their children. There was significant difference between
view points of men and women in these questions. Periodic follow up can decrease 5.4 times odds ratio of re-addiction and there
was no significant difference between view points of men and
women (P=0.18).
Conclusion
Social support of treated addicts can decrease odds ratio of readdiction and Periodic follow up can be helpful for early identifying re- addiction factors.
Keywords
Re- Addiction, Social Support, View Point
Deep Analysis of Biopsychosocial Risk
Factors of Addiction According to View
Points of Addict Women
Farah Madarshahian1, Mohsen Hassanabadi2, Elnaz Kheirandish3
3. Mashad Azad University
Background and Aim
Addict women are more vulnerable than men because, substance
abuse is accompany by social hurts such as escape from home,
violence, prostitute and… . One of the most important goals of
WHO in 21 century is involving women in development of industry and social systems. One of the ways for access to this goal
is women empowerment and abates their problems. This study
conducted to determine analysis of biopsychosocial risk factors of
addiction according to view points of addict women.
Methods
In this descriptive analytic study 70 addict women who referred
to Birjand medical and hygiene centers were selected through
census sampling. Instrument for gathering data was a multiaspect
interview form that its questions designed according to researches
and text books. This form consist of three parts: 1- demographic
data and questions about biopsychosocial, religious, recreations,
economic, and addiction conditions 2- questions about their
spouse and children condition of physical, psychic, religious, social, economic status 3-questions about their family and sibling
condition of physical, psychic, religious, social, economic status.
Data was analyzed by descriptive and inferential (student T test,
chi square, logistic regression) statistics.
Results
Finding showed that the most frequency distribution of participants 44% were in the range of 26-35 years, 50% of them were
illiterate, 40% married, 16% divorce and 14% widow. The reason
of addiction according to their view points 41% were physical
problems, 59.2% relief pain, 26% problems in the life. The odds
ratios of addiction increase 6.2 times with somatic pain (P=0.02).
Finding about their children showed that 70% of them have children, 5% of them had children which born in prison, 10% had
ill children, at least one of their children died in 49% of cases.
According to their view points, risk of addiction was increased
8.7 times with child mortality (P=0.01). Data about their family showed 56% of their father or mother or both died. Missing
of Parents increased odds ratio of addiction 4.5 times (P=0.04).
There was significant difference between the age of missing parents and addiction (P=0.04). 56% of them had not any plan for
their future and there was significant difference between absence
of planning for future and treatment of addiction (P=0.03).
Conclusion
Deep analysis of women problems and identifying them can be
helpful for preventive planning of addiction.
Keywords
Biopsychosocial, Addiction, Women, Risk Factor
Alcohol Addiction Recovery and
Nutrition Deficiency
Zahra Maghsoudi1
1. Nutrition Department, Dr. Shariaty hospital, Health Care System of Social
Security Organization of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
Background and Aim
Addiction and drug dependence have multifactorial effects on
various organs and body cell metabolism. Psychological aspects
of addiction dependence accompany with malnutrition and food
sensitivities. This study tries to focus on nutritional deficiencies
which are accompanied with alcohol addiction and it should be
modified in recovery periods.
Methods
Several databases including ISI (web of sciences), Scopus,
PubMed, Science Direct, Iran Medex, and MagIran were searched
for following key words such as “nutrition”, “alcohol addiction”,
“neurotransmitters”, “addiction recovery”, “diet”, “food”, “alcohol” and “nutrients” up to 2014. The search strategy was without
any language or time period restriction. All of the references and
citation of related-articles had been scanned, too.
Results
Abused Substances especially alcohol addiction can play effective roles on neurotransmitters balance and their function including gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), serotonin, endorphins
and enkephalins. This can be associated with occurrence of hypoglycemia and diabetes mellitus, depleting major minerals including calcium and leading to lowering bone mineral density and osteoporosis. In addition, increasing intake of immune and gastrointestinal function effective nutrients as glutamine amino acid, and
food sources rich of magnesium, calcium, vitamin D and Omega
3 fatty acids can be effective in solving its related health problem
Conclusion
Disrupting neurotransmitters which effect on healthy function
of brain and improving physical and emotional damage can be
managed by increasing intake of mineral rich foods such as dairy,
cheese, soya milk, beef, walnut, flax seed, fatty fishes, vegetables
and fruits.
Keywords
Alcohol, Addiction Recovery, Nutrition Deficiency
The effect of nutrition on
addiction recovery
Zahra Maghsoudi1
1. Nutrition Department, Dr. Shariaty hospital, Health Care System of Social
Security Organization of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
Background and Aim
Brain is receiving all the nourishment it needs through food
brain neurons can function properly and naturally maintain a
proper balance of neurotransmitters which are produced by assembling them from the nutrients in the food you eat and their Imbalances can alter mood and behavior. Addictive substances can
disrupt this balance in the brain, Diet can influence the mentioned
balance. This study focused on nutritional deficiencies and addiction recovery in these individuals.
Methods
Scientific databases such as ISI (web of sciences), Scopus,
PubMed, Science Direct, Iran Medex, and MagIran was searched
for main key words such as “nutrition”, “addiction”, “neurotransmitters”, “addiction recovery”, “diet”, “food” and “nutrients” up
to 2013. Our search strategy was without any language or time
duration restriction. References and citation of related- articles
had been searched, too.
Results
Our finding reflected that addiction recovery should be associated with consuming a high protein diet and consuming meals that
consists of protein-rich foods containing tryptophan and serotonin
at meals at regular intervals to regulate the production of neurotransmitters seeds, almonds, hazelnuts sesame seeds, pumpkin,
sunflower, beef, shrimp, chicken, soya, milk and banana can play
effective roles in keeping neurotransmitters balance.
Conclusion
Addiction recovery with consuming a diet that consists of rich
protein foods at regular meal intervals can regulate brain neurotransmitters production and keep the individuals free from cravings
Keywords
Conclusion
Nutrition, Addiction recovery, Diet
The Necessity of Using Standardized
Nursing Cares in Neonatal Born from
Mothers with Substance Abuse
Zahra Mahdavi1, Abbas Abbasszadeh2, Maryam Rasouli3, Farid Zayeri4
1. Shahid Beheshti Medical University
Background and Aim
Substance abuse in pregnant women is one of public health
problems in most countries. Currently, the rate of substance abuse
in pregnant women is 11percent which is more than the rate in
the past and has led to various problems in mother, fetus, and
newborn. Substance abuse during pregnancy has many effects on
the mother and newborn. Premature delivery, abortion, placental
abruption, and postpartum hemorrhage are some effects of substance abuse in women, increased risk of health problems such
as malnutrition, anemia and multiple infectious complications of
substance abuse in women. On the other hand, intrauterine growth
restriction, premature birth and stillbirth, low Apgar score, meconium aspiration, microcephaly, low birth weight and neonatal
withdrawal are the effects of these substances on the health of
newborns. Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome(NAS) is a condition
which is seen in more than half of newborns of these mothers few
days after birth, and causes some symptoms in central nervous
system(Tremor, irritability, seizures, insomnia and muscle stiffness) digestion system(diarrhea, vomiting, dehydration and difficulty in feeding) and respiratory(apnea, tachycardia, tachypnea).
Awareness of nurses and caregivers about the signs and control of
symptoms of NAS in the newborns is essential.
Methods
In this study, nursing care given to 400 newborns were evaluated and compared by the help of a check list arise from the latest medical literature about newborns. This check list contained
two standards of nursing care: pharmacological treatment and non
pharmacological treatment. Symptoms of NAS in the newborn
must be scored with an effective tool. Newborns with minimum
score require no medical intervention. Modified and reduced environmental stimulation, avoiding excessive light and noise, reduction of manipulation and calm control of the newborns can
be effective in controlling these babies. Drug treatment of newborns with a high score and prone to seizures is necessary. Drugs,
including morphine, diazepam and Phenobarbital, are selected
according to clinical symptoms of newborns and drugs used by
mothers. Nurses must provide these newborns with nursing care
based on the latest global standards.
Results
Our findings indicate about 45 percent of newborns require receiving non-pharmacological treatment and 55 percent of newborns require receiving pharmacological treatment. Also this
research identified that nursing care provided to these infants is
about 77 percent of the standard mode.
According to the performed research, it was also identified
that the shortage of nurses’ awareness of evaluating babies with
standard scoring table is a problem. Increasing nurses’ awareness
about preterm identifying and controlling of these symptoms by
standard neonatal care protocols will decrease early and late effects.
Keywords
Neonatal Substance Abuse, Mother’s Addiction, Auditing
The Prediction of Work Addiction Based on
Emotional Intelligence in Education Staff
Mohsen Makhlough1, Zahra Simi2, Elham Izadi3
1. Department of General Psychology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic
Azad University, Arak, Iran.
2. MA in Family Counseling. Allame Tabatabee, Tehran, Iran.
3. M.A in Family Counseling. Ghuchan Islamic Azad University, Iran.
Background and Aim
The purpose of this study was to investigate the predictive role
of emotional intelligence in work addiction among education staff.
Methods
In this multivariate correlation, the subjects consisted of all
education staff in Mamasani. The statistical sampling included
180 employees selected in classification random. In this study
Spinzo Robins (1992) work addiction questionnaire and barberi
and Grievz (2005) emotional intelligence were used. the data was
collected through descriptive statistical methods and inferential
regression and then analysed.
Results
The findings indicate that there is a meaningful relationship between emotional intelligence and work addiction. the more emotional intelligence the less the amount of work addiction is and vice
versa. Also, there is a meaningful relationship between intelligence
in addicted people and non-addicted once. In other words, emotional
intelligence in addicted people is less in non- addictive people.
Conclusion
Subjects with low emotional intelligence are likely to indulge
in work addiction and this couses negative result influencing psychological health and life quality. It is likely that training emotional intelligence prevents this problem.
Keywords
Work Addiction, Emotional Intelligence, Training
The Effect of High Frequency Repetitive
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS)
in Decreases of Smoking
Nastran Mansouriyeh1
1. PhD Student of Health Psychology., Young Researchers And Elite
Club,Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran.
Background and Aim
The aim of this study was to examine the efficacy of the repetitive Trans cranial magnetic stimulation rTMS in reduce of smoking in methamphetamine users.
Methods
Eight methamphetamine users were included in single subject
method with multiple baseline design, comparing 15 days of active
versus sham stimulation and control group. Outcome measures
were high frequency rTMS effects on 4 subjects in experimental
over left and right stimulation DLPFC groups. We measured with
Fagerstrom Question before and during stimulation periods.
Results
Right and left DLPFC stimulation didn’t reduce smoking.
Conclusion
High frequency rTMS maybe don’t useful for reduce of smoking in methamphetamine users.
Keywords
Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS); Dorsolateral Pre-Frontal Cortex; smoking.
Patients’ Views on the Differences
between the Methadone Syrups Produced
by Exir and Daroupakhsh
Pharmaceuticals: A Qualitative Study
Omid Massah1, Ali Farhoudian2, Mandana Sadeghi3, Hamed Bahari4
3. Physician, Addiction Therapist & Researcher
4. Physician, Addiction Therapist & Researcher
Background and Aim
Methadone is the main drug used in maintenance therapy with
agonist drugs in substance abusers, and it is chiefly used in syrup
form. An important aspect of any successful treatment program is
patient compliance. Hence, this study was designed to compare
the methadone syrups produced by two different pharmaceutical
companies from the perspectives of patients and other concerned
individuals.
Methods
A qualitative study was conducted via content analysis. Through
purposive sampling 26 substance abuse patients visiting three clinics applying maintenance therapy with agonist drugs were selected and interviewed through focus group discussions. The patients
had been on maintenance therapy for the past 18 months and had
used both Exir and Daroupakhsh methadone syrups. Other concerned individuals included those who were somehow involved
in the process of treatment: clinic nurses (3), drug experts in the
‘Substance Abuse Office’ of medical universities’ ‘Food and Drug
Administrations’ (2), opiate drugs stock-keeper (1), clinic physician-technicians (2), and, methadone retailers and brokers (2).
The latter underwent in-depth semi-structured interviews. Upon
analysis the data were classified, coded and thematically grouped.
Results
The extracted codes were classified into four main themes: 1.
Physical characteristics: syrup color, odor, taste and consistency.
There was a high consistency among patients and other concerned
individuals opinions regarding the syrups’ physical characteristics,
such that their positive and negative points were highly reliable.
The most outstanding aspect of this theme was Exir’s unpleasant
taste and odor, as opposed to that of Daroupakhsh. 2. Therapeutic effects: onset of effect, potency and duration of effect. In the
second theme however, the opinions greatly varied. The patients’
judgments appeared to be influenced by their mental prejudices,
and somewhat affected by the syrups’ physical characteristics. 3.
Side-effects: generalized, sleep, gastrointestinal, cardiac, respiratory, dermatologic, sexual, nervous, muscular and psychological
problems. The interviewees’ opinions of side-effects were very
different too, and there was little consensus among them. Patients
had usually experienced more than one side-effect at different
times, and were less certain which syrup they had used. In longterm treatments side-effects usually appear after a long time, and
the drug causing the side-effect cannot be specified when more
than one drug is being used. 4. Opinions, feelings, thoughts and
excitements following syrup change: apprehension of unfamiliarity, upset about change without prior notice, unpleasant feeling
about constant changes, feeling disrespected, feeling deceived,
feeling of being imposed. The overall consensus in the fourth
domain was very high among the patients. They felt unpleasant
about the drug change and particularly that it was done without
prior notice. Almost all felt bad and dissatisfied with this aspect
of the treatment.
Conclusion
In a nutshell, patients’ dissatisfaction of the physical characteristics and mode of changing Exir syrup was very prominent.
The latter was also thought to have less potency and maintenance
as opposed to its Daroupakhsh counterpart, though we feel this
information is not very reliable, based on the overall data gathered. In addition to the low consensus on the drug’s side-effects,
it is basically very difficult to attribute such effects to a specific
pharmaceutical product when different products are used interchangeably.
Keywords
MeThadone Maintenance Treatment , Exir Methadone Syrup ,
Daroupakhsh Methadone Syrup , Treatment Compliance
Effectiveness of Gross Model-Based
Emotion Regulation Training on Anger
Reduction in Drug-Dependent Individuals
Omid Massah1, Yousef Aazami2, Faramarz Sohrabi3,
Younes Doostian4, Hamed Choopan5
2. M.Sc. Student of Psychology, Allameh Tabataba’i University, Tehran, Iran
3. Ph.D. in Clinical Psychology, Associate Professor, Allameh Tabataba’i University, Tehran, Iran
4. PhD. Student of Rehabilitation Counseling, University of Social Welfare and
5. M.Sc. Student of Rehabilitation Counseling, Allameh Tabataba’i University,
Tehran, Iran
Background and Aim
Difficulty in regulating emotions is one of the problems drug
abusers face, and teaching these individuals to express and manage their emotions can be effective in reducing their problems.
The present study aimed to determine the effectiveness of the
Gross model-based Emotion Regulation Training on anger reduction in drug-dependent individuals.
Results
Findings showed significant differences between the two groups
after intervention.
Conclusion
Methods
The present study had a quasi-experimental design wherein pretest-posttest evaluations were applied using a control group. The
population under study included all addicts visiting Marivan’s addiction centers in 2012-13. Convenience sampling was used to select 30 substance-dependent individuals who were then randomly
assigned to the experiment and control groups. The experiment
group received its training in 8 two-hour long sessions. Data were
analyzed using analysis of co-variance and paired t-test.
Results
There was significant reduction in anger symptoms of drug-dependent individuals after ERT (P<0/001). Moreover, the effectiveness of the training on anger was persistent in the follow-up period.
Conclusion
The Gross model-based emotion regulation training can reduce
symptoms of anger in drug-dependent individuals. Based on the
results of this study we may conclude that the Gross model-based
Emotion Regulation Training can be applied alongside other therapies to rehabilitate drug abusers undergoing rehabilitation.
Keywords
According to the findings Marlatt’s cognitive behavioral model
is effective in increasing self-efficacy in opiate-dependents.
Keywords
Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment , Marlatt’s Model , Self-Efficacy , Opiate-Dependency
Comparison of Personality Traits Based
on Temperament and Character Inventory
(TCI) in Opiate and Stimulant Abusers
Zahra Karami1, Alireza Pirkhaefi2, Aminollah Kowsarnia3,
Omid Massah4, Ali Farhoudian5
1. M.Sc. of Rehabilitation Counseling, Allame Tabataba’ee
2. Ph.D. in Psychology, Assistant Professor of General Psychology Department,
Garmsar Branch of Islamic Azad University, Garmsar, Iran
3. M.Sc. of Clinical Psychology, Najafabad Branch of Islamic Azad University,
Najafabad, Iran
Background and Aim
Emotion Regulation , Anger , Drugs
Effectiveness of Marlatt’s Cognitive-Behavioral Model on Increasing Self-efficacy
in Opiate-dependents
Younes Doostian1, Ali Shafie’abadi2,
Seyed Mohammad Kalantar Kooshe3, Omid Massah4
1. Ph.D. Student in Rehabilitation Counseling, University of Social Welfare &
2. Ph.D. in Counseling, Professor of Psychology & Educational Sciences Faculty, Allame Tabataba’ee University, Tehran, Iran
3. Ph.D. in Counseling, Assistant Professor of Psychology & Educational Sciences Faculty, Allame Tabataba’ee University, Tehran, Iran
The aim of this study was to compare personality traits based
on the temperament and character inventory (TCI) in opiate and
stimulant users of Yasuj.
Methods
In this descriptive –comparative study, 115 persons (91 opiate
substance users and 24 stimulant substance users) were selected by
simple and convenient sampling from persons who were admitted
to substance abuse treatment centers (MMT centers), addiction
treatment camps and self-help groups and Narcotics Anonymous
(NA) of Yasuj. Subjects were controlled for age. The data collection tool was the ‘Temperament and Character Inventory’ (TCI).
Data were analyzed by SPSS using Levene’s test, ANOVA and
Pearson’s correlation coefficient.
Results
Background and Aim
This study examined the effectiveness of Marlatt’s cognitive-behavioral model on increasing self-efficacy in opiate-dependents.
Methods
ics in Khorramabad were randomly assigned to study and control
groups. The study group went through 12 sessions of cognitive
behavioral therapy; an overall 24 hours. The control group did not
receive any special treatment. All the participants completed the
self-efficacy questionnaire at the beginning and end of treatment.
Analysis of covariance was used to analyze data.
In a pilot project, 30 opiate-dependent clients of addiction clin-
The findings showed significant differences in Novelty seeking,
Harm avoidance, Persistence, Cooperativeness, Self-directiveness, and Self-transcendence between opiate and stimulant users.
In all the abovementioned subscales the mean values of stimulants
were higher than opiates. There were no significant differences in
subscales of personality traits based on age.
Conclusion
Based on the mean values of the TCI, personality traits reflecting personality disorders are detectable and predictable in substance abusers. This is important in the prevention and treatment
of addiction.
Keywords
Personality Disorders, Personality Traits, Temperament and
Character Inventory, Opiate, Stimulants
Teachers and Students’ Perspectives of
the Contents of an
Addiction-Prevention Curriculum
Seyedeh Zainab Moosavi1, Mohammad Hasan Mirzamohammadi2,
Omid Massah3
1. M.Sc. of Educaton, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
2. Ph.D. of Islamic Education Philosophy, Associate Professor of Educaton
Faculty, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
Background and Aim
To design appropriate content for an addiction-prevention curriculum from the viewpoint of teachers and students.
Methods
In this survey 370 male and female students and 210 teachers
were selected from Hamedan’s high schools through clustered
randomized sampling. Eventually, 363 students and 200 teachers participated in the study. Two researcher-made questionnaires
were used for data collection. Data were analyzed with Chisquare, Friedman and independent T tests.
Results
The highest level of agreement reached on the content was on
these skills, in order of importance: the ability to say ‘no’ to others’
unreasonable demands, awareness of how friends can influence the
desire to start or avoid addiction, and the ability to make decisions
and interact with others. There was no significant difference among
the three factors of causes, harms and prevention and they were all
reported to be of equal importance. However, having compared the
means, significant differences were found between the two groups
of teachers and students and also between males and females.
2. M.Sc. of Educaton, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
Background and Aim
The purpose of the present study was to investigate the extent
the concepts of addiction were addressed in high school textbooks.
Methods
Descriptive methods were used to select the components of the
concept of addiction, and content analysis was applied to analyze
the book contents. The study population consisted of 61 high
school books. However, 14 books were purposefully selected for
this study. The data collection tool used was the content analysis
checklist. The validity of the latter has been established by social
and educational experts, and its reliability coefficient has been
reported at 91% (calculated by Scott’s Formula). Sixty-seven
components were identified and classified into three categories,
namely, causes, harms and prevention of addiction. The units of
analysis considered in this study included: statements, themes,
examples, course topics, words, poems, illustrations, questions,
tables and exercises. This research seeks to address these questions in the context of books: To what extent has focus been laid
on the causes of addiction? To what extent has focus been laid on
the harms of addiction? To what extent has focus been laid on the
prevention of addiction?
Results
The concepts of addiction have been addressed 212 times in
the textbooks under study. The frequency of each category addressed was: 52 (24.52%) for causes, 89 (41.98%) for harms and
71 (33.49%) for prevention.
Conclusion
Results demonstrate that little attention has been paid to the concept of addiction in high school textbooks, the majority of which
was observed in biology textbooks (90 (42.44%) instances).
Therefore, it can be concluded that only the biological aspect of
addiction has been addressed, whereas its social, personal, familial and religious aspects have been largely neglected.
Keywords
Content Analysis , Addiction , Causes , Harms , Prevention ,
High school
Conclusion
Teachers and students believed that the inclusion of drug education in high school textbooks is important, especially regarding
the topics agreed.
Keywords
Curriculum , Addiction , Prevention , Causes , Harms
Content Analysis of the Concepts of
Addiction in High School Textbooks
MohammadHasan Mirzamohammadi1, Seyedeh Zainab Mousavi2, Omid Massah3
1. Ph.D. of Islamic Education Philosophy, Associate Professor of Educaton
Faculty, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
The Role of Sensation Seeking and
Coping Strategies in Predicting Addiction
Potential among Students
Omid Massah1, Younes Doustian2, Farideh HosainSabet3, Yousef Aazami4
2. Ph.D. Student of Rehabilitation Counseling, University of Social Welfare &
3. Ph.D. in Psychology, Assistant Professor of Allameh Tabataba’i University,
Tehran, Iran
4. M.Sc. of Psychology, Allameh Tabataba’i University, Tehran, Iran
Background and Aim
This study examined the role of sensation seeking and coping
strategies in predicting high school students’ drug addiction potential.
Methods
This study was of descriptive–correlational nature. Multi-stage
cluster sampling was used to select 230 high school students in
Kermanshah. To measure the variables, Zuckerman Sensation
Seeking Scale (5th Form) (ZSSS), Coping Strategies Questionnaire (Billings and Moos), and the Addiction Potential Scale
(Weed and Butcher) were used. Data were analyzed using Pearson’s correlation and multiple regression analysis.
Results
There was a significant relationship between sensation seeking
and drug addiction potential among the students. Moreover, coping strategies could predict drug abuse potential, where emotionfocused coping was the most powerful predicting variable.
Conclusion
According to our results, those with a higher level of sensation
seeking and those who use emotion-focused coping strategies are
more prone to substance abuse.
Keywords
Sensation Seeking , Coping Strategies , Addiction Potential , Students
The Efficacy of Problem Solving Training
on Decreasing the Male High School
Students’ Addiction Tendency
Amin Khaje Mansouri1, Masoud G. Lavasani2, Elaheh Hejazi3,
Mahdi Mazidi4, Mojgan Bakhshi Nodoushan5
1. Faculty of Psychology, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
4. Department of Clinical Psychology, University of social welfare and rehabilitation sciences, Tehran, Iran
5. Faculty of Psychology, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
Background and Aim
The aim of the current study was to investigate the efficacy of
problem-solving training on decreasing male high school students’ addiction tendency.
Methods
Results
Data were analyzed through (ANCOVA) analysis. The results
showed a significant difference between the pre-test and posttest scores of addiction tendency only in the experimental group
(p<./001) with the efficacy coefficient of 0/55.
Conclusion
The results of this study provide a preliminary evidence of the
efficacy of problem solving training on decreasing addiction tendency in high school students.
Keywords
Addiction tendency, High school students, Problem solving
skills
The Effectiveness of Group Behavioral –
Cognitive Education on Self- Esteem and
Way of Looking to the Opioid in Addicted
People Referred to Health Welfare
Addiction Center of Karaj
Mohammad Mazloumi Rad1, Fatemeh Zalkan2
1. Research Center
2. Research Center
Background and Aim
The current study was done to investigate the effectiveness of
group behavioral – cognitive education on self- esteem and way
of looking to the opioid in addicted people referred to health welfare addiction center of Karaj.
Methods
The statistical society consist of all addicted people who referred
to the health welfare addiction center of san for the first time that
were ll0 people, after choosing to people who had low self-esteem and had positive looking to addiction were put in two groups
of control and experiment. The theorical perspective- assessing
questionouire (2001) and cuper smith (1967) one has been used
to gather the data. Group behavioral – cognitive educational program has been done in twelve 1/5 hour session in experimental
group and after finishing educational program, post test has been
administered for both group and The results obtained were analyzed using statistical methods Mamco covariance.
Results
The method of the study was quasi-experimental with pre-test
and post-test design and control group. A total of 129 first year
high school students (aged between 15 and 16) were selected
by multistage cluster random sampling method and completed
Zargar’s (2006) “Iranian Addiction Potential Scale”. Based on
the scores of the scale, 30 students who scored 2 standard deviation above the mean were selected. Those students were categorized into experimental or control groups (15 students in each
group). The experimental group received 8 sessions (90 minutes
each) of “problem solving skills training” (Dixon and Glover,
1984).
The obtained results, by using Mamco covariance statistical seetor. Showed: according to the meaning of average differences, we
express by 99% security, that the mentioned hypothesis, group
behavioral cognitive education is effective on self esteem and perspective of addicted people referred to addiction center.
Conclusion
according to the calculated F meaning: - the amount of self esteem in the addicted people who are under group behavioral- cognitive education is different from the people who are not under
group behavioral- cognitive education. - the perspective of the
addicted people who are under group cognitive- behavioral edu-
A Comparison of Early Maladaptive
Schemas in Smokers and
Non-Smoker Individuals
cation is different from the ones who are not under group cognitive- behavioral education.
Keywords
Cognitive Education- Group Behavior- Perspective Method –
Self Esteem.
Effectiveness of Cognitive-Behavioral
Therapy (CBT) on Early Maladaptive
Schemas, Quality of Life in
Substance Dependents
Masoomeh Mehrafarid1, Masoud Khakpour2
1. Counselor in Ministry of Education, Iran
2. Imamreza Iiternational University, Mashhad, Iran
Background and Aim
Drug use in the world today has become unsolvable problem.
This study examined the effectiveness of CBT on early maladaptive schemas, quality of life and drug-related beliefs in substance
dependents.
Methods
In a semi-experimental study, 36 subjects with diagnosis of substance dependency who successfully detoxified were divided into
two experimental group (18 subjects) and control group (18 subjects) selected by available sampling method from MMT clinics
(Group 1) and 32 subjects with diagnosis of substance dependency who successfully detoxified in QUCHAN prison were divided
into two experimental group (16 subjects) and control group (16
subjects) selected by random sampling method (Group 2). The
experimental groups received 12 sessions of CBT and the control
groups did not receive any treatment. Overall 66 participants were
asked to complete the Young Schemas Questionnaire-short form,
EQ-5D questionnaire was used to evaluate the quality of life and
morphine test before, after CBT treatment, and after a 3-month
follow up stage. Data were analyzed using 12 test and covariance
analysis.
Results
12 test results showed that experimental and control groups had
a significant difference in early maladaptive schemas, quality of
life at periods of post test and follow up in group 1 and 2.
Conclusion
According to the findings CBT is effective in decreasing early
maladaptive schemas and increasing quality of life in substance
dependants an also it is effective in relapse prevention.
Keywords
CBT, Early Maladaptive Schemas, Quality of Life, Substance
Dependants
Sepideh Memarian1, Saeede Azaraeen 2
1. Master Degree from Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
2. Master Degree from Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
Background and Aim
Cigarette smoking continues to be the single greatest preventable cause of disease and death in the United States (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2004). According to Beck’s
(1976, 2005) cognitive theory of psychopathology, dysfunctional
internal working models can best be considered as maladaptive
schemas. Young (1995) revised the concept of maladaptive schemas into what he termed Early Maladaptive Schemas (EMS) that
are “… extremely stable and enduring themes that develop during childhood and are elaborated upon throughout an individual’s
lifetime” (p. 9) and are assumed to strongly guide the aberrant
cognition, emotion, and behavior as seen in many types of psychopathology (Young 1994). The aim of present study was to examine the severity of reported maladaptive schemas in smoker
individuals in comparison with non-smokers.
Methods
A total of 100 participants, comprising a smoker group (n =
50) and a non-smoker group (n = 50), were recruited. Young
early maladaptive schemas questionnaire short form third revised
(YSQ-S3) (Young 2005) was conducted. The YSQ-S3 is a 90item questionnaire measuring 18 maladaptive schemas. Each
schema subscale comprises 5 items, rated on six-point scales.
Higher mean scores indicate a greater presence of the particular
maladaptive schema.
Results
Data were analyzed using one-way analyses of variance. The
smoker group consisted of 50 men, with a mean age of 28.08
years (SD = 10.07, range 19–39 years). The mean age of nonsmoker group was 30.7 years (SD = 8.66, range 20–41 years) and
consisted of 50 males. The results revealed that there were significant differences between both groups in early maladaptive schemas. As expected, the smoker group endorsed higher levels of
maladaptive schemas in abandonment/instability (F(1.98)= 11.68;
p= 0.001), mistrust/abuse (F(1.98)= 10.44; p= 0.001), emotional
deprivation (F(1.98)= 6.23; p= 0.003), dependence/incompetence (F(1.98)= 19.59; p= 0.000), enmeshment/undeveloped self
(F(1.98)= 23.78; p= 0.000), failure (F(1.98)= 14.28; p= 0.001),
approval-seeking/recognition-seeking (F(1.98)= 9.47; p= 0.002),
negativity/pessimism (F(1.98)= 16.78; p= 0.001), emotional inhibition (F(1.98)= 29.44; p= 0.000).
Conclusion
In cognitive theory, it is assumed that that each type of emotional disturbance is related to a unique cognitive profile characterized by specific cognitive content (Beck 1976). In this study, it
was demonstrated that smoker people display significantly higher
schema scores compared to the non-smoker group, and schema
scores can discriminate reliably between these groups. The find-
ings provided empirical support for the proposition that early
maladaptive schemas may influence on tendency of smoking. The
present results are consistent with Beck’s content-specificity hypothesis, which suggests that psychological disorders and states
ought to be differentiated by the content of their cognitive associates (Beck, 1976; Beck & Emery, 1985; Beck, Rush, Shaw, &
Emery, 1979). In conclusion, these findings are in line with assumptions within cognitive theory on the dimensionality of the
schema concept, on the positive association of maladaptive schemas and psychopathology, and on maladaptive schemas as a vulnerability factor for the development of psychological symptoms
and obviously these findings have important clinical implications.
Keywords
Farzad Jalilian1, Mehdi Mirzaei Alavijeh2, Behzad Karami Matin3, Ahmad Ali
Eslami4, Mohamad Reza Amoei5, Seyyed Nasrollah Hosseini6
1. Substance Abuse Prevention Research Center, Kermanshah University of
Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
4. Department of Health Education and Promotion, School of Health, Isfahan
University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
5. Applied Research Bureau of the Police of Kermanshah, Iran.
6. Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
Background and Aim
Early Maladaptive Schemas, Smokers, Non-Smokers.
The Effect of Problem Solving
Intervention on Aggression and Craving
Substance Abusers
Samira Mesmarian1, Ebrahim Shakeri Motlaq2, Hossein Molavi3, Felora Unesi4
1. M.A Olum Tahghighat Fars University
2. M.A Olum Tahghighat Fars University
3. PhD Isfahan University
4. PhD Isfahan University
Background and Aim
The most tragic that addiction has brought to human society has
been distraction of the fiber of family.the most noticeable problem
of substance abusers are aggression and craving. The purpose of
this study was to determine the effect of problem solving on aggression and craving in addicted subjects.
Methods
Research was carried out in the frame of a quasi- experimental
design with pre-test and post-test assements.Therefor 20 addicted
subjects were randomly selected and assigned to the training and
control groups. The Aggression Questionnaire and Craving Beliefs Questionnaire were administered as the pre- post & followup tests. After the pretest the training group received 8 sessions
(90 minutes each) of problem solving training. The follow-up test
was administered one month after the end of training
Results
The results of analysis of covariance showed that the means of
scores of the training group were significantly reduced as compared to the control group on aggression and craving both in the
post-test and follow-up.
Conclusion
The problem solving skill has been greatly useful to control their
aggression and craving for substance abusers
Keywords
Prevalence of Marijuana use among
Adolescents in Kermanshah County
Addiction, Aggression, Crating, Problem Solving Training
Marijuana use especially among the adolescents is common;
which could be a particularly negative impact (such as: spending
less time studying, cognitive impairment, difficulty concentrating,
missing classes) on the lives of adolescents. The aim of this study
was determination of prevalence of marijuana use among sample
of boy adolescents in Kermanshah County.
Methods
This cross sectional study was carried out among 163 adolescents of Kermanshah County, which recruited with a random
sampling method. Participants filled out a self-administered questionnaire. Data were analyzed by SPSS-20 using logistic regression statistical tests at 95% significant level.
Results
The mean age of respondents was 16.92 [SD: 1.22], ranged from
15 to 19 years. Almost 3.4% of the participants last one marijuana
use in lifetime. Logistic regression showed; parent divorce (OR =
3.276), unprotect sex (OR = 4.252), and ecstasy use (OR = 9.186)
were the more influential predictor on marijuana use.
Conclusion
Comprehensive preventative health education programs need
to emphasize on psychological factors that mediate and predict
adolescents’ and youths health-related behaviors; Regarding the
absence of study of cognitive factors related with marijuana use in
Iran, we suggest the designing theory based studies to determined
cognitive factors related with marijuana use among Iranian boy
adolescents.
Keywords
Adolescents, Marijuana, Prevalence.
Cigarette Smoking, Psychotropic Drug use
and Alcohol Drinking among College
Students: Investigation the Role of
Sensation Seeking
Farzad Jalilian1, Mehdi Mirzaei Alavijeh2, Behzad Karami Matin3, Mohammad
Ahmadpanah4, Ahmad Ali Eslami5
4. Research Institute of Behavioral Disorders and Substance Abuse, Hamadan
University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
5. Department of Health Education and Promotion, School of Health, Isfahan
University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
Background and Aim
Sensation seeking is a character, and several study indicated
sensation seeking is related with a many of illegal and risky behaviors. The aim of this study was determination prevalence of
cigarette smoking, psychotropic drug use and alcohol drinking
and associated with sensation seeking among sample of Iranian
male medical college students.
Methods
A cross-sectional study was conducted among 425 male medical
college students, during 2014 which was randomly selected with
the proportional to size among different faculty. A standard selfreport questionnaire was applied for collecting data and data were
analyzed by SPSS-20 using logistic regression statistical tests at
95% significant level.
Results
29%, 1.1%, and 13.5% of the respondents reported that last one
cigarette smoking, psychotropic drug use and alcohol drinking in
lifetime, respectively. Logistic regression showed, sensation seeking was a predict cigarette smoking (OR=1.154), psychotropic
drug use (OR=1.314) and alcohol drinking (OR=1.903).
Conclusion
Based on our result, it seems that designing and implementation of educational programs to reduce negative sensation seeking
among the young adults may be useful of the results in order to
prevent of substance abuse.
Keywords
Cigarette Smoking, Psychotropic Drug, Alcohol Drinking, College Students, Sensation Seeking.
An Overview of the Causes and
Consequences of Addiction in Women
with Social Approach
Iran ghazi1, Fereshteh Mirzazadeh2, Farhad Hadinejad3
1. Academic Staff :Science Affiliation Research Institute of ShakhesPajouh,
Isfahan, Iran.
2. crisis management PhD student, :Science Affiliation Research Institute of
ShakhesPajouh, Isfahan, Iran. fereshtehmirzazadeh@yahoo.com
3. Department of Industrial Management, Faculty of Management and Accounting, Allameh Tabataba’i University, Tehran, Iran. Email: farhad_hdng@yahoo.com
Background and Aim
Growing trend of addiction, particularly in women and increased
risk of cortical damage in the community,made us to the review of
research and analysis conducted in this field to examine the causes
and consequences of social approach and provide guidelines for
the prevention and treatment.
Methods
We try to find the social roots of addiction in women And treat
ways by surving and reviewing of existing research and relevant
theories.
Results
Women’s Addiction is a social issue, which is needed to make
informed and activation of different sectors of society. To Prevent
and treat for the immediate With the help of measures such as
counseling and treatment centers for women And culturing and
increasing public awareness.
Conclusion
Growing trend of addiction, particularly in women and increased
risk of cortical damage in the community,made us to the review of
research and analysis conducted in this field to examine the causes
and consequences of social approach and provide guidelines for
the prevention and treatment. Framework of research has been
performed on social issues, addiction in women and research and
analysis in this field. We try to find the social roots of addiction
in women And treat ways by surving and reviewing of existing
research and relevant theories. Women’s Addiction is a social issue, which is needed to make informed and activation of different
sectors of society. To Prevent and treat for the immediate With
the help of measures such as counseling and treatment centers for
women And culturing and increasing public awareness.
Keywords
Drugs, Addiction, Addicted Women, Social Deviations, Prevention and Treatment.
Burden of Drug and Alcohol Use Disorders
in Iran: Findings from the Global Burden
of Disease Study 2010
Babak Moazen1, Mostafa Shokoohi 2, Atefeh Noori 3, Shadi Rahimzadeh 4,
Sahar Saeedi Moghaddam 5, Farshad Farzadfar 6
1. Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences,
Tehran, Iran.
2. Regional Knowledge Hub, and WHO Collaborating Centre for HIV Surveillance, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical
Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
Tehran, Iran.
Tehran, Iran.
Tehran, Iran.
Tehran, Iran.
Background and Aim
Due to the specific socio-cultural and geographical situation,
drug and alcohol use are among the most important health problems in Iran. The current study is aimed to report the burden of
substance and alcohol use disorders in Iran, compare the measures
with the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) results, and evaluate
the weaknesses and challenges involved in GBD project.
Methods
The result presented in this paper is a part of the GBD project
conducted by the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation
in 2010. The burden of substance and alcohol use disorders in
Iran has been evaluated in terms of disability-adjusted life years
(DALYs); years of life lost to premature mortality (YLLs), and
years lived with disability (YLDs) for the years 1990, 2005, and
2010.
Results
Death rates per 100,000 found to be 7.7 and 0.16 for men, and
0.62 and 0.02 for women, attributable to drug and alcohol use
disorders, respectively. YLL rates per 100,000 were 351.8 for men
and 24.8 for women attributable to drug use disorders, and 5.8
for men and 1 for women attributable to alcohol use disorders.
YLD rates per 100,000 found to be 452.6 for men and 202.1 for
women attributable to drug use disorders, and 105.8 for men and
23.7 for women, related to alcohol use disorders. DALY rates per
100,000 attributable to drug use disorders were 804.5 for men and
227 for women, while these rates were 111.7 for men and 24.7 for
women, related to alcohol use disorders.
Results
The results showed that these variables (perceived social support, attachment styles, coping styles and personality traits) can
predict the membership in addict and non-addict groups of alcohol in boys adolescents. The 12 predictive variables accounted for
57/8% of the variance between addict and non-addict groups of
alcohol. In stepwise discriminatory model, 82% of participants
were categorized in addict and non-addict group correctly.
Conclusion
The result indicated that perceived social support, attachment
styles, coping styles and personality traits can discriminate between addict and non-addict groups of alcohol.
Keywords
Perceived social support, Attachment styles, Coping styles, Personality traits, Alcohol, Adolescent boys
Therapeutic Role of the Holy Quran
Recitation in Empowering Withdrawal
Mansoor Darvishi Tafvizi1, Sara Moghaddam2
1. Jahrom University Of Medical Sciences
2. Jahrom University Of Medical Sciences
Conclusion
Burden of drug and alcohol use disorders in Iran is mostly related to men than women, which demonstrate the importance of
more attention to men to mitigate the burden of the above-mentioned disorders in Iran. Higher burden of drug than alcohol dependence disorders also doubles the importance of urgent interventions among this core group in Iran.
Keywords
Substance-Related Disorders, Alcohols, Burden, Iran
Predicting the Membership of Adolescents
in Addict & Non-Addict Groups of Alcohol
According to Perceived Social Support,
Attachment Styles, Coping Styles and
Personality Traits
Nahid Mofradnejad1
1. Shahid Chamran University, Ahwaz
Background and Aim
The purpose of the current research was to indentify the role
of perceived social support, attachment styles, coping styles and
personality traits in discriminating between addict and non-addict
groups of alcohol.
Methods
In this causal-comparative study, 50 addict boys of alcohol (age
between 17-19 years old) and 50 non-addict boys (17-19) were selected by available sampling. All the participants were evaluated
by Perceives Social Support Questionnaire (MSPSS), Adult,s Attachment Styles (AAI), Coping Stress Questionnaire (CSQ) And
NEO-FFI. Data was analyzed by SPSS-16 software and discrimination analysis method was used.
Background and Aim
Quran; the greatest miracle of the universe, is a book that has profound
content and healing power. Quran is not only a source of peace, comfort and hope, but also a source of healing and mercy for the believers.
Healing of this scripture has different aspects. One of them is voices and
sounds of Quran, which can be healing many diseases. Addiction is a
disease in health scope that has injured mental dimension of patient in
addition to physical. Therefore, based on the Holy Quran and its miracle
of healing scope and also researches in similar disease can proposed
Quran recitation as an effective way to supplement addiction treatment
and withdrawal in this innovation research, explicitly.
Methods
This study has been conducted with two methods; systematic
review of articles and laboratory research based on fundamental
research approaches. acoustic signals analytic tests is used and
the effect of the Holy Quran recitation on addiction treatment and
withdrawal is validate with a review of the scientific credible evidences and research information, in this experimental study.
Results
Quran voices, has music and harmony of the song that affect
on the meaning of words and phrases in the Quran. Vocal communication with the meaning (Phone-semantic) and acoustic
signals with the natural sounds of similar frequency analysis was
investigated by specialized software. After this stage and proven
effective of Quran in an experimental study and considering its
information on drug addiction treatment, surprisingly healing of
Quran was appearing. Quran recitation or hearing can impact on
the body and helps to flush out toxins and increase physical power
in addition to the effect of increased determination, mental powers, patience and struggle against withdrawal pains and not using
drugs, as Imam Sadeq (AS) has said.
Conclusion
Recitation and hearing the Holy Quran, is preface the remembrance of Allah that is beginning of growing season in human life.
Quran integrated of human body and soul, in addition to meditate
on its verses, can also be the result of Quran voices. In this study
after reviewing the findings, the efficacy of Quran as complementary treatment in increasing the power of quit drugs was proven.
Keywords
The Holy Quran, Quran Voices, Addiction Treatment, Withdrawal
Effectiveness of Guided Adolescent
Problem Solving on Craving, Attitude
Toward Drug Abuse and Coping in
Substance Abusing Adolescents
Leila Mohamadi , Parvane Mohamadkhani , Hadie Mehrazar ,
Masoome Taghizade4
1. Addiction Study Center of University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation
Sciences
2. . PhD of Psychology. Manager of Psychology Group in University of Social
Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences
3. PhD of Psychology
4. M.S of Psychology
1
2
3
Background and Aim
This study considering the effectiveness of Guided Adolescent
Problem Solving on craving, attitude toward drug abuse and coping in Substance abusing adolescents.
Methods
A quasi-experimental design with pre-test, post-test was used.
The statistical population was 250 adolescents who because of
their delinquent behaviors were referred and just 42 of adolescents
had have drug abuse about one years that 30 of them who aged 1420 were randomly selected. They were randomly assigned to two
control and experimental groups. Participants in both groups were
assessed by drug craving Inventory, attitude toward drug use questioner and coping skills questioner and also structured clinical interview to diagnose if they receive full criteria of substance abuse.
Then, experimental group proposed with Guided Adolescent Problem Solving intervention for five session every week. Three week
after last session performanced post test for both of groups.
The Effectiveness of Group Cognitive
Behaviour Therapy on Drop-Out Prisoner
Addict People
Mohidine Mohamadkhani1, Goona Fathi2
1. Kermansh University
Background and Aim
Nowadays addiction is one of the complicated in human communities kills many people annual and one of this paper is The
effectiveness of group cognitive behaviour therapy on drop-out
prisoner addict people.
Methods
This research is semi-experimental and the pre test-post test project is with control group. The society of this research consists of
400 drop-out addict persons. In central prison of Kermanshah. We
selected randomly 40 of them which were divided into two identical number of 20 persons then both of these group were pre-test
with beck depression Inventory Experimental group was tested
with cognitive behaviour therapy during 12 sessions. After interventions both of two groups were post-test. By use of descriptive
statistic method mean and standard deviation and to assess the
theory we utilized the inferential statistic correlated T to compare
in groups and independent T to compare two groups.
Results
Results showed that the group was intervened their depression
mark had diminished significantly and research theory was confirmed about 5 percentage
Conclusion
Considering the results we concluded effectiveness of group
cognitive behaviour therapy reduces the depression among addict
people.
Keywords
Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, Depression, Addict
Drug Testing in Schools
Mohidine Mohamadkhani1, Goona.Fathi2
2. Uromia University
Results
The experimental group showed a meaningfull clinical change
on craving and drugs belief and meaningfull statistical change in
their emotional express as a way of coping.
Conclusion
Guided Adolescent Problem Solving is an effective intervention on
adolescents with drug abuse and could be useful to help them to improve
their coping style. Group Interventions which are specified for adolescents have better consequent for treatment of substance abuse. Emotion
expression has critical role in reduse of craving and drug abuse believes.
Keywords
Guided Adolescent Problem Solving, Drug Abuse, Craving,
Believes, Coping Skills.
Background and Aim
Drug Testing in Schools vii ABSTRACT Despite considerable
recent public and judicial attention to the issue of drug testing,
little empirical research has focused on the relationshi p between
drug testing in schools and the actual use of illicit drugs by students.
Methods
To explore this issue, we use school -level survey data about
drug testing from the Youth, Education, and Societ y study and
student-level survey data from the same schools participating in th
e Monitoring the Future study. Us ing cross-sectional data, we ex-
amine how the presence of drug testing relate s to 12-month use of
marijuana and 12-month use of any other illicit drugs by student
Results
The extended findings continue to show th at (a) relatively few
schools report testing students for drug use, (b) there is little evidence of a time trend in the prevalence of student drug testing in
schooln American schools between 1998 and 2010
Conclusion
More high schools than middle schools reported the use of drug
testing, and (d) most school s that test students repor t that the testing is “for cause.” Of most im portance, drug testing still is found
not to be asso ciated with students’ reported illicit drug use—even
random testing th at potentially subjects the entire student body.
Testing was not found to have significant associa tion with the
prevalence of drug use among the entire student body nor the
prevalence of use am ong experienced marijuana users. Analyses
of male high school athletes found that drug testing of athlet es
in the school was not associated with any appreciably different
levels of marijuana or other illicit drug use. Cr oss-sectional data
were of necessity used in these analyses.we believe the findings
to be buttressed considerably by the fact that st atistical controls
were used fo r a number of known important risk factors for drug
use, which s hould control for most pre-ex isting differences; and
still no statistically significant differences emerged. Ne vertheless,
prospective studies would make a stronger case. Policy implic
ations are discussed.
Keywords
Addiction, School, Drug
Conclusion
Only a minority of people in DSM-5 AUD remission relapsed,
but the risk of relapse increased substantially with the presence of
at least one of the risk factors. Moreover, at-risk current drinking
coupled with other risk factors substantially increased the likelihood of relapse. Therefore, current drinking may provide an adequate reference point for relapse prevention.
Keywords
Alcohol Consumption, Alcohol Use Disorder, DSM-5, Relapse,
Symptoms
High Purity Heroin Use Among Women in
Karaj, Iran: a Pilot Study
1. Kermansh Payamnoor University
Background and Aim
High purity heroin use is a new epidemic health concern among
Iranian drug-using women in recent years. However, the nature
and initial factors associated with this serious health problem have
not been studied yet
Methods
Desipramine Enhances the Ability of
Risperidone to Decrease Alcohol Intake in
the Syrian Golden Hamster.
Background and Aim
Alcohol consumption and symptoms as predictors for relapse of
DSM-5 alcohol use disorder.
To understand this issue, a cross-sectional study was conducted
and sixty treatment and non-treatment seekers who met the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4(th) ed., Text
Revision (DSM.IV-TR) criteria for drug dependence with mean
age of 28.7 (± 8.3) years were recruited from 16 addiction clinics
and drop-in centers (DICs) in Karaj, Iran. First, demographics,
and details of drug use and risky behaviors were collected based
on items elicited from Addiction Severity Index (ASI). Then, initial factors associated with high purity heroin use were collected
by interviewing and applying a researcher-made questionnaire.
Data was statistically analyzed by descriptive methods of statistics, chi-square, and Student’s independent t-test in SPSS software
Results
Methods
Data are from the Netherlands Mental Health Survey and Incidence Study-2 (NEMESIS-2). We selected 506 people in
≥12-month DSM-5 AUD remission at baseline and assessed their
status at 3-year follow-up. AUD symptoms and drinking patterns
were assessed using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview 3.0. Time since remission was assessed retrospectively
at baseline and ranged from 1 to 48 years. Predictors for relapse
were examined using Cox regression analysis
Results
(≥29/43) past alcohol intake, 6+ lifetime AUD symptoms, ‘impaired control over use’, and at-risk (≥8/15) current intake. The risk
of relapse was especially high when medium or high past intake or
6+ lifetime symptoms coincided with current at-risk drinking.
Umulative AUD relapse rate was 5.6% at 5 years, 9.1% at 10
years and 12.0% at 20 years. Relapse was predicted by both
medium (15-28/22-42 drinks weekly for women/men) and high
Initiation of high purity heroin use was facilitated by family/
relatives factor (66.7%), curiosity (60.1%), peers (54%), desire to
experience rapid physical effects of high purity heroin compared
with other opioids (50.1%), and treatment of general medical
problems such as colic pain (33%). Chi-square test showed that
non-treatment seekers were younger (less than 35 years) (66.6%
vs. 56%, p ≤ 0.001) and mostly living with drug-dependent friends
(26% vs. 3.3%, p ≤ 0.001) compared with treatment seekers. No
relation was found among other factors.
Conclusion
Factors facilitating the initiation of high purity heroin use revealed in this study have not been fully addressed by current drug
treatment services in Iran. To design comprehensive treatment
programs, further studies on larger samples with more women are
necessary. Declaration of interest: None
Keywords
Etiology, High Purity Heroin, Treatment, Women
Drinking Motives in the Prospective
Prediction of Unique Alcohol-Related
Consequences in College Students
1. Kermansh Payamnoor University
Background and Aim
Although college students experience a diverse range of alcohol
consequences, most studies focus on global, rather than distinct,
consequence types. One predictor of unique consequences-drinking motives-has been studied only cross-sectionally. We aimed to
examine the prediction of unique alcohol consequence domains
(social/interpersonal, academic/occupational, risky behavior, impaired control, poor self-care, diminished self-perception, blackout drinking, and physiological dependence) by coping and enhancement motives over the course of one year. We hypothesized
that coping motives would directly predict and that enhancement
motives would indirectly (through alcohol use) predict unique
consequences
Methods
Web surveys were administered to a sample of college students
(n = 552, 62% female) at the beginning of the fall semester for
2 consecutive academic years. Structural equation modeling was
used to test direct and indirect paths from motives to consequences.
Results
The data supported hypothesized direct, prospective paths from
coping motives to several alcohol consequences (impaired control, diminished self-perception, poor self-care, risky behaviors,
academic/occupational, and physiological dependence). These
associations were not mediated by alcohol consumption. Enhancement motives were indirectly associated with all eight consequence domains by way of increased alcohol use at follow-up.
Models were invariant across gender, year in school, and symptoms of posttraumatic stress
Conclusion
Findings suggest that whether motives act as a final common
pathway to problem drinking may depend on which motives and
which drinking outcomes are examined. As coping motives demonstrate a direct link to unique alcohol problem types over time,
individuals endorsing these motives may need to be prioritized
for intervention.
Keywords
Alcohol-Related Consequences , Addiction
The Impact of Urbanization and Socialize
with Oppositional Groups and Trends in
Youth Drug LENGEH City
Fatemeh Mohamedi1
1. Master of Clinical Psychology, University of Kish International and High
School Counselor – Bandar lenghe – Iran.
Background and Aim
Social psychologists close to pressures from groups such as
family and peer into a person will have great significance and by
comparing two groups of values and norms influence and pressure from family and peers in their studies, the influence of most
norms Show said. Obviously too young for the group with values
and norms, are under pressure. Sometimes norms and values of
the two groups together and coordinates are sometimes in conflict,
however, both the color to become under pressure to make young.
The aim of this study was to identify factors affecting youth drug
trends and offers ways to reduce their tendency to drug abuse
have been conducted, Researchers regarding the role of family
members and close relatives, the tendency for young people to
socialize with friends, drug addiction and norm-breaking effects
are very stressed.
Methods
This cross - sectional analytic study. Data from a total of 99
young people addicted males in the age group below 25 years,
were selected by random sampling. In order to compare the 99
non-addicted young people in terms of gender, age, education and
place of residence, were matched to a comparison group participated in the test.
Results
Based on the findings, the average age of drug users surveyed
39/29 years of age onset of substance use 7/16 years. The results
indicate that among the relatives of the young addict, 6/60 percent
were drug addicts, while the control group list 4/40 percent was
achieved. Meanwhile addicted youth surveyed, 1 / 12% of fathers
and 1/11 percent were addicted brother. But only 1 percent among
non-drug-addicted father and brother were reported. Average
number of smoking friends, friends and friends of addicts, thieves
or drug addicts among the young people 38/7, 31/4 and 08/2 was
estimated that, compared with the control group (54/1, 19/0 and
04/0 ), significant differences were observed. The exciting thing
is that 6/64 per cent said they were addicted the first time it has
been offered drugs by friends. More importantly, the 9.87 percent
Non-addicted youth with no consort addicted friends who have
not been socialized, while the 9/89 per cent of young people said
that drug addicts are addicted to a friend.
Conclusion
The research has shown that teens who are addicted parents
have got far more drugs. Also, the role of friends and peers in
adolescent drug addiction as one of the factors to be considered.
Keywords
Addiction, Young, Friends, Orientation, Norm, Norm-breaking
The Effectiveness of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Stress
Management on the Recurrence
Prevention of Drug-Dependent Men.
Babak Mohammadi1, Amir Ahmadi2, Shiva Sadeghzadeh3, Hafez Atapour4
3. Master of General Psychology Islamic Azad University of Uromiye
Background and Aim
The present study aimed to assess the effectiveness of stress
management therapy cognitive behavioral on recurrence/ relapse
prevention in drug-dependent men.
Out of random sample of 120 subjects ( 60 were addicts and 60
were non-addicts) the attachment style questionnaire and hardiness were studied
Results
The result showed that: there was a significant difference between addicts and non-addicts in terms to attachment styles. there
was a significant difference between addicts and non-addicts regarding hardiness. there was no significant relationship between
hardiness and attachment styles in addicts . there was no significant relationship between hardiness and attachment styles in nonaddicts people. there was significant difference on avoidance and
secure components and commitment construct between addicts
and non-addicts.
Conclusion
At last the research showed that attachment styles and hardiness
in subjects relatd to substance abuse of them significantly
Methods
In a pilot project, 30 drug-dependent persons who were resident
in the therapeutic community center of Tabriz were randomly assigned to two groups, experiment (n = 15) and control (n = 15)
groups, then, were tested. The experimental group received 10
sessions of 90-minute stress management cognitive behavioral
therapy. The control group did not receive any special treatment.
All participants in the study were tested at the beginning, end and
after the treatment by urinalysis. Statistical methods, descriptive
and chi-square test were employed for data analysis
Results
The result showed no significant different between the experimental and control groups relating to the rate of recurrence in aftertest phase. But the rate of relapse in prevention phase in control
group was significantly more than that of in experimental group.
Conclusion
According to the findings, we can conclude that the stress management therapy cognitive behavioral therapy is an effective way
in prevention of relapse in dependent men.
Keywords
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Stress Management, Relapse/
Recurrence, Drug Dependency
Relationship Between Substance Abuse
with Attachment Styles and Hardiness
between Addict and
Non-Addict People of Sari
Ebrahim Mohammadian Akerdi1, Hoda Babaei Kafaki2
1. Psychology Group, Islamic Azad University Neka Branch
2. Psychology Group, Islamic Azad University Sari Branch
Background and Aim
Methods
The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between
substance abuse on the one hand and attachment styles and hardiness on the other hand
Keywords
Substance Abuse, Attachment Styles, Hardiness, Addict
Capacity Building: a Model for Enhancing
the Capabilities of Actors Involved in
Community-Based Processes
Seyed Babak Moosavi Nejad1, Shahryar Rahmani2, Zahra Esfehani3
1. Baznegar Moaser Institute of Development Studies
3. Bureau of Addiction Prevention of the Well-Being Organization
Background and Aim
This article aims to present the case for implementing a capacity building programme in place of a conventional training programme. The advantages and effectiveness of the two approaches
are therefore also compared. In spite of the long history of training in development, one of the more debatable topics has always
been the effectiveness of training programmes. This has led to
doubts regarding the trend and methods of training. In this article,
it is explained that capacity building is more than mere training.
Throughout the 90’s, capacity building came to be used as a comprehensive term to describe a sustained enhancement of the competency and problem-solving abilities of people and institutions.
However, in order to be effective, a capacity building programme
or process has pre-requisites. These are also assessed in this article.
Methods
The capacity building programme implemented for the staff
of addiction prevention bureau aimed to establish a learning approach amongst individuals and groups, so that they can gradually
gain the capacity to learn from the diverse situations they find
themselves in and to be able to plan for appropriate action. The
basis for the capacity building programme was for the participants
to reflect upon their own activities and to extract lessons and principles for their future activities. This six-month capacity building
programme comprised of meetings, practical work and activities
to be carried out in between the meetings. The intended methodology was experiential learning, an iterative and cyclic process of
action-reflection-action. It was expected that after each experience
the participants would be equipped with a new and more transparent perception of how to implement and support participatory and
community-based processes in their own environments.
Results
One of the more significant findings of this programme were the
driving and prohibiting factors that affect the implementation of
a capacity building programme. The participants’ understanding
of these are touched upon in this article. In some of the provinces
there was also an opportunity to evaluate the capacity building
process in terms of its relevance to the participants real working
environments, as well assessing the requirements of implementing a capacity building programme at community level.
Conclusion
The more the participants could work together as teams in their
practical field work, the more it could be expected that the practical work be more multi-dimensional. Also, like any learning process, the speed, quality and lessons of a capacity building process
depend to a great extent on the trust and motivation of the participants with respect to the process and the facilitating team. Finally,
in terms of opportunities for joint learning, probably nothing can
be as effective as the participants reflecting together on their practical field work. Reflection can be considered as the main component of a capacity building programme.
Keywords
CRF1 Receptor As a Novel Target for
substance Addiction Treatment
Mohammad Javad morabbi , Mohsen Roshanpajouh
1. no affiliation
2. State Welfare Organization of Iran
Background and Aim
Methods
systemic review
Results
Stress system play important role in addiction
Conclusion
Capacity Building, Training, Community-Based
1
thalamic CRFsystems are activated during acute withdrawal from
all major drugs of abuse in animal models, and central infusion of
non-peptide CRF antagonists block the anxiogenic-like responses
observed during acute withdrawal from drugs of abuse, including
cocaine, alcohol, nicotine and cannabinoids. Similarly, systemic
administration of blood–brain-barrier-penetrating CRF1 antagonists reduced the anxiogenic-, aversive- and hypohedonic-like effects of withdrawal from opioids, nicotine, benzodiazepines and
alcohol. Moreover, the decreased brain reward function associated with drug withdrawal is CRF1 receptor-dependent. Elevation
of reward thresholds during nicotine withdrawal is blocked byCRF1 antagonists. As above evidences CRF1 receptore probabely
is a novel target for substance addiction treatment. At the present
time GlaxoSmithKline and NIH are collaboratively evaluating
verucerfont(An Anti-CRF1) for its ability to reduce stress-induced alcohol craving in anxious, stress-reactive alcoholic women (NCT01187511). Similarly, a comprehensive collaboration
of Bristol Myers Squibb and NIH is currently testing oral daily
pexacerfont(An Anti-CRF1) for its efficacy to prevent: (1) stressinduced craving for palatable food in dieters (NCT01656577), (2)
stress-induced craving for tobacco in smokers attempting to quit
(NCT01557556), and (3) stress- or alcohol cue-induced craving
in anxious, alcoholic women (NCT01227980).
2
Drug addiction has been conceptualized as a chronically relapsing disorder of compulsive drug seeking and taking that progresses through three stages: binge/intoxication, withdrawal/negative
affect, and preoccupation/ anticipation. Drug addiction impacts
multiple motivational mechanisms and can be conceptualized as
a disorder that progresses from positive reinforcement (binge/intoxication stage) to negative reinforcement (withdrawal/negative
affect stage). The construct of negative reinforcement is defined
as drug taking that alleviates a negative emotional state.one hypothesis is that the negative emotional state that drives such negative reinforcement is derived from dysregulation of key neurochemical elements involved in the brain stress systems within the
frontal cortex, ventral striatum, and extended amygdala. Specific
neurochemical elements in these structures are CRF, Dynorphine
and NE.Additionally, Excessive drug taking engages activation of
CRF not only in the extended amygdala, accompanied by anxietylike states, but also in the medial prefrontal cortex, accompanied
by deficits in executive function that may facilitate the transition
to compulsive-like responding. both the HPA axis and extrahypo-
CRF1 receptor is an important and novel target in addiction
treatment
Keywords
CRF1 receptor , Antagonist ,Addiction
Microinjection of the Orexin 2 Receptor
Antagonist into the CA1 is Partially
Attenuated the Lateral Hypothalamus
Stimulation-Induced Conditioned
Place Preference
Marzieh Moradi 1, Amir Haghparast 2, Zahra Fatahi 3, Abbas Haghparast 4
1. Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University
2. Faculty of Dentistry, International Branch of Shahid Beheshti University
3. Neurobiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University
4. Neurobiology and Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti
Background and Aim
Evidence from animal models suggests a role for orexins in
reward processing and drug addiction. The lateral hypothalamus
(LH) orexin neurons send projections to the CA1 region of the
hippocampus which is believed to play a pivotal role in reward
processes. In this study, we evaluated the role of orexin 2 receptor
(Ox2r) in the CA1 in the development of LH stimulation-induced
conditioned place preference (CPP).
Methods
Animals weighing 220-280 g were unilaterally implanted by
two separate cannulae into the LH and CA1. The CPP paradigm
was done; conditioning scores and locomotor activity were recorded by Ethovision software. Carbachol (62.5, 125 and 250
nM/0.5 µl saline), as a cholinergic agonist, was administrated into
the LH during conditioning phase to evaluate its effects on CPP
induction. Intra-CA1 administration of TCS OX2 29 as a selective
Ox2r antagonist (1, 3, 10 and 30 nM/0.5 µl DMSO) just 5 min before carbachol microinjection (250 nM; the most effective dose)
during the 3-day conditioning phase was done to investigate the
role of this type of receptor in the LH stimulation-induced CPP.
Results
Our findings showed that intra-LH administration of carbachol
during conditioning phase induced CPP in a dose-dependent manner. The Ox2r antagonist could attenuate the conditioning scores
related to the LH stimulation significantly (P<0.01).
Conclusion
The results suggested that orexin signaling within the CA1 is
involved in the development of CPP induced by chemical stimulation of LH and Ox2 receptors in the CA1 region of the hippocampus have a partial role in this phenomenon.
Keywords
Reward; Lateral Hypothalamus; CA1 Region of the Hippocampus; Orexin 2 Receptor; Conditioned Place Preference; Rat
Investigation of the Causes of Addiction in
Patients Birjand Prison in 1392
Iman Mosaiy1, Iman Moosaie2, Zahra Karimi3, Side Zahra Tabatabayifar4,
Aazam Majdi5
Background and Aim
Addiction is one of the phenomena of social evil. Have adverse
effects on the lives of not only the addict but also the family and
relatives of addicts at risk of multiple injuries this social phenomenon on. According to official statistics, nearly three percent of the
total population suffering from some form of addiction Thus the
study of the causes of drug addiction can be an effective step to
prevent the big problem is our society that this study investigates
the causes of drug addiction in the city of Birjand spent in prison.
Methods
In this cross-sectional analytic study on 186 male prisoners
addicted to prison in the fall of 1392 was done. Samples using
systematic random sample was selected from among male prisoners addicted Birjand Prison And to collect data through questionnaires, based on the design goals was used Its content validity was
confirmed by a number of faculty experts. Students trained health
questionnaire and interviews with prisoners was completed. Data
were collected and analyzed by Spss software. The study of ethical issues in coordination with the General Directorate of Prisons
city was conducted. The questionnaire was anonymous and Family moan.
Results
This study was conducted on 186 male addicts in the city jail.
The mean age of participants was 33/5±13/4 years. In terms of
education, 47/9% of primary school education or less, and only
7/9 percent had a college education. 55/8% married, 37% single,
and the rest were divorced or widowed. 72/3% of urban and 27/7
percent were from rural areas. 58/6% of smoking and 56/6% of
ever smokers. The most common form of addiction in the deal
was Inhalation, with the 25/9 percent and intravenous drug with
8/6% of the cases belonged to the lowest. The most commonly
abused substance in opium (23/5) percentage was determined.
51/1 of the history of alcohol use and 71/5 percent had a history of
smoking hookah. The first drug consumption among the subjects
with the highest prevalence of smoking by 47/6, respectively. The
first time a friend (55/4%) of the drug to have a compliment. Most
people tend to cause addiction, lack of parental control with 14/7
percent were. Most social causes of addiction-related jobs with no
job and 19/1 respectively. According to respondents not having a
job (81 percent) due to their tendency to addiction. While having
fun (73/8 percent) were diagnosed as one of the important causes.
65/6% of people have access to drugs as well as very comfortable.
Conclusion
Considering the high prevalence of drug use, alcohol and other
substance use opium as the most important drug consumption and
Due to the lack of control in addiction and families of prisoners,
is necessary to properly control by family smoking prevention arrangements - substances in alcoholic families, Shall Access, prepare and provide the drug reduced.
Keywords
Aaddiction - Jail - Addicted – Birjand
Addiction , Drugs, Prostitution; Triangular
of Destructed Family
Parvin Moslemi Bidhendi1, Iraj Esmaili2
1. Azad university Roudehen branch
2. Tehran Prisons HQ Research unit
Background and Aim
As a sexual perversion, prostitution has always been considered as a threat to society’s health. It exists more or less in all
societies. However, its consequences not only involves the own
one, i.e. venereal disease such as AIDS, drug addiction, and family disorganization, but also lead to social distortions. This study
attempts to explore the role of addiction of women and men in the
prostitution.
Methods
A questionnaire was used to collect data from 206 women who
were arrested on a charge of prostitution and from November
2009 to March 2010 serve their sentence in Raja Shahr, Evin, and
Varamin prisons. This is a descriptive-analytic study, so data analyzed by using descriptive and analytic statistics and hypothesis
analysis was done by using Pearson correlation coefficient and
one sample T-test.
Results
Findings showed that mean age was 27.3±6.3 years. Marriage
statuses among participants were as 34.3% single, 43.1% married, 15.3% divorced and 8.3% widowed. Seventy seven of participants (37.3%) had a history of drug addiction. At the time of
arrest 53(25.8%) were addicted. Hypothesis statistical test was
shown that a significant correlation between addiction and being prostituted (P=0.001).Prostituted men succeed to make the
women to have sexual connection by offering illicit materials and
drugs in 71.7% cases.
Conclusion
Most of this illicit materials and drugs were used by the women,
their husband, and other sexual partners. The results were shown
that addiction is one of the most important causes of position in
women. (p<0.05)
Keywords
Addiction, Prostitution, Men
Genetic Addiction Risk Score,
a Methodology to Evaluate Genes that Can
Determine Addictive Behavior
Hossein Mostafavi1, Esmaeil Shahsavand Ananloo2
1. Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Zanjan University of Medical
Sciences, Zanjan, Iran.
2. Department of Genomic Psychiatry and Behavioral Genomics (DGPBG),
Roozbeh Psychiatry Hospital, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical
Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran.
Background and Aim
Addiction is a polygenic disorder that can be influenced by environment too. Indeed, genes contributing to addiction may be the
main biological differences that make some people comparatively
susceptible to addictive behaviors. Genetic-based tests were one
approach to determine risk and vulnerability to substance use and
also to assess the extent to which genes can determine addictive
behaviorin addicted people.
Methods
By using the “addiction”,“genetic”and “score” as the key words,
and searching the PubMed between June 2010 to June 2014, we
could find just a few articles.
Results
Blum et al (2010) were coined the term Genetic Addiction Risk
Score (GARS) for probing of polymorphic risk alleles in addicted
male people. They assess multiple candidate genes in preference
to assess single gene association to forecast future substanceuse.
In this method percentage prevalence of risk alleles were cal-
culated to give a conventional severity score. Then scores were
changed to a fraction and expressed as a Genetic Addiction Risk
Score (GARS).
Conclusion
Scientific knowledge of addiction and the assimilation of these
new methods into clinic and most importantly prevention strategies may ultimately lead to improved prevention approachs, better
diagnosis and individualized selection of the type of treatment and
even it may be used to devise gene therapy in the future.
Keywords
Addiction, Genetic, Score
Addiction rates among the homeless in
Tehran, Iran
Ehsan Mostafavi1, Fahimeh Bagheri Amiri2,
Abbas Sedaghat3, Noushin Fahimfar4
1. Department of Epidemiology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
2. Department of Epidemiology, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
3. Center for Disease Control, Ministry of Health and
Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
4. Center for Disease Control, Ministry of Health and
Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
Background and Aim
Homeless people are vulnerable and are predisposed to various
social and health problems, including drug use and specifically
injection drug use. This study was conducted to determine the addiction rates among the homeless in Tehran.
Methods
In this study, homeless individuals were recruited from five centers that service the homeless in Tehran. A researcher-designed
questionnaire was used to study their behavioral patterns.
Results
593 homeless people (513 males and 80 females, all Iranian
nationals) participated in the study. The median age of the participants was 41 years and the median duration of homelessness was
24 months. 64% of participants had an education level lower than
high school and 11.82% were illiterate. 36.08% were using drugs
at the time of study. Drug use was more prevalent in women than
men (61.53% versus 45.26%) (p=0.02). At last drug use, the most
frequent type of drug was methamphetamine (45.53%) and the
most common method of using it was smoking (76.95%). There
was difference between common type of drug consumed between
men (opium: 40.11% and heroin: 44.63%) and women (methamphetamine: 72.50%). 27.45% of individuals with a lifetime history of drug use had injected drugs, and over half of those (52.45%)
had shared needles. The median age at first drug injection was 29
years. Men reported injecting drugs more than women (30.02%
versus 12.30%) (p=0.003).
Conclusion
This study showed a high prevalence of drug use among homeless people in Tehran. Drug use differences between men and
women were verifiable. Future research should focus on identify-
ing effective strategies to improve the living conditions and behavior of the homeless.
Keywords
Homeless, Addiction,Tehran
Attenuation of Morphine Induces Physical
Dependency, Anxiety and Hippocampus
cell Neurodedegeneration with Various
Dosage Regimens of Morphine after
Precipitated Withdrawal Syndrome in Rat
Majid Motaghinejad1, Seyed Morteza Karimian2,
Ozra Motaghinejad3, Behnaz Shabab 4
1. Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Iran University of
Medical Sciences, Tehran ,Iran
2. Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of
Medical Sciences,Tehran ,Iran
3. Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Iran University of
Medical Sciences, Tehran ,Iran
4. Solid Dosage Form Department, Iran Hormone Pharmaceuticals Company,
Tehran, Iran
Background and Aim
Long term consumption of morphine produce dependency, anxiety and induces apoptosis, oxidative stress damage of brain cells
.In this study, morphine on its own has been used for managing
morphine induced dependence , oxidative stress and apoptosis
Methods
40 male rats were divided into 5 groups, 4 groups were induced
dependency by an increasing manner of doses of morphine for
7 days (15-45 mg/kg). then, the animals received morphine for
next14 days by either of the following regimens: 1) once daily 45
mg/kg (positive controls), 2) the same dose at additional intervals
(6 hours longer than the previous intervals each time, 3) the same
dose at irregular intervals (12, 24, 36 hours), 4) decreasing doses
once daily (every time 2.5 mg/kg less than the former dosage).
The negative controls received saline solution only. On day 22 all
animals received naloxone(3mg/kg) and their Total Withdrawal
Index (TWI) and blood cortisol levels were measured. After drug
treatment rats hippocampus cell were isolated and their oxidative,
anti oxidant ,apoptotic and anti apoptotic factors and also inflammatory parameters were evaluated in isolated hippocampus cell.
Results
TWI and Cortisol levels were significantly low in all test
groups. Also various dosage regimen of morphine in comparison
with regular pattern of administration caused decrease in lipid
peroxidation and increased the GSH level, superoxide dismutase
and glutathione peroxidase activity. Also various dosage regimen
of morphine reduced the activity of Bax, caspase-3 , caspase-9
and Tumor necrosis factor alpha and Interleukin 1 beta levels and
increased the Bcl-2 activity in isolated hippocampus cell.
Conclusion
Changing the dosaging regimen of morphine can alter the severity of dependency and also attenuate oxidative stress, apoptosis
and inflammation induce by chronic morphine administration.
Keywords
Morphine, Cortisol, Withdrawal Syndrome, Oxidative Stress,
Apoptosis, Inflammation
Comparative Effects of Various Doses of
Methylphenidate in Anxiety, Depression
and Cognition Alteration in Rat
Majid Motaghinejad1, Manijeh Motevalian2, Mohammad abdollahi3
1. Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine,
Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
2. Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine,
Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
3. Department of Toxicology, School of Pharmacy,
Background and Aim
Methylphenidate (MPH) is a central stimulant that prescribed
for the treatment of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. But
the long-term behavioral consequences of MPH treatment are
unknown. In this study, various doses of Methylphenidate were
compared in anxiety, depression and cognition alteration
Methods
Forty adult male rats were divided randomly to 5 groups. Group
1 served as negative control and received normal saline (0.2 ml/
rat), groups 2, 3, 4 and 5 received methylphenidate 2, 5, 10 and
20 mg/kg respectively for 21 days. On day 17, Elevated Plus
Maze(EPM), Open Field Test(OFT), Forced Swim Test (FST) and
Tail Suspension Test(TST) were used to investigate the level of
anxiety and depression in animals. In addition between 17th and
21th days, Morris Water Maze (MWM) was applied to evaluate
the effect of methylphenidate on learning and memory.
Results
Results of our study showed that the animals in MPH-treated
groups showed a profound depression in a dose-dependent manner and the period of swimming were shorter in FST at all doses
used compared to control group .This study also indicated that
animals treated by methylphenidate at all doses studied, had
displayed profound anxiety dose-dependently and spent shorter
times in open arm of EPM, in comparison to animals in control
group. Mean duration of immobility in methylphenidate treated
animals were significantly increased dose-dependently compared
to animals in control group. The animals in negative control group
had more frequency of central square entries and also spent more
time in the central region of the OFT compared to groups receiving methylphenidate with doses of 5, 10 and 20 mg/kg (p<0.001).
It seems that the animals receiving doses of 5, 10 and 20 mg/kg
of methylphenidate has less ambulation distance in comparison
to control group. Also methylphenidate at doses of 10 and 20 mg/
kg cause decrease in number of rearing in OFT and this decrease
was statistically significant in comparison to control group. Mean
of escape latency and traveled distance during four days training
in the MWM for the group treated by methylphenidate (20mg/
kg) was higher and this increase was statistically significant compared to control group. The swimming speed was not altered during training trials in any of the animal groups, suggesting that exposure to methylphenidate did not cause any motor disturbance
affecting animal performances. Percentage of the presence of
animals in target quarter (quarter in which platform was located
during training days) in probe trial session was investigated and
results showed that there was a significant decrease in group under treatment by 20mg/kg methylphenidate in comparison to control group
Conclusion
According to our data we conclude that methylphenidate at different doses cause impairment in memory and learning and increases the anxiety and causes depression in experimental animals
and this is far more significant at higher doses.
Keywords
Methylphenidate, Anxiety, Depression, Cognition
The Effectiveness of Individual
Counselling on Decreasing Behavior
Disorders of Adolescents with a
History of Smoking
Afrooz Mousavi1, SeyedehAfrooz Mousavi2
1. PhD Student in Sport Psychology of Imamreza University
2. PhD Student in Sport Psychology of Imamreza University
Background and Aim
Introduction: Most people initiate smoking prior to 18 years of
age, with critical periods of experimentation beginning in early
adolescence between the ages of 13 and 16 years.The aim of this
study was to investigate the effects of Individual counselling
based on cognitive-behavioral training on decreasing behavior
disorders of smoker Adolescents.
Methods
In this study 10 smoker Adolescents (10 boys) with behavior
disorders which referred to Tehran health home were selected by
objective sampling method and were randomly assigned to experimental groups (n=5) and control group(n=5). Experimental
group received cognitive-behavioral training 2 sessions a week,
lasting 45 to 60 minutes each, over a 8-week period, while the
control group received no training at all. Data were collected by
Rater behavior disorders questionnaire.
Results
Significant differences were observed between experimental
group and control group. The result indicate that counselling
based on cognitive-behavioral training had significant effect on
improving anxiety-depression, aggression- hyperactive, anti social behaviors, attention Deficit and adjustment disorder of Adolescents with history of smoking.
The Efficacy of N-Acetylcysteine in the
Treatment of Methamphetamine
Dependence: A Double-blind Controlled,
Cross-over Study
Seyed Ghafur Mousavi1, Mohammad Reza Sharbafchizadeh2,
Mohammad Reza Maracy3
1. Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, Isfahan
University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
2. Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, Isfahan
University of Psychiatry, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
3. Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, Faculty of Health, Isfahan
Background and Aim
Preclinical studies and early pilot clinical investigations have
suggested that N-acetylcysteine (NAC) may be useful in the treatment of the methamphetamine (METH) dependence. This study
evaluated the suppressing effect of NAC in METH craving.
Methods
In a double-blind, controlled cross-over clinical trial, 54
METH-dependent volunteers were chose to receive daily doses of
1200mg of NAC or placebo, randomly. They were intervened in
two four weeks sessions. During first session they received either
1200mg/d of METH or placebo. After a three days wash out, the
next session started with the cross-over intervention of the previous regimen. Throughout all of this eight weeks, all participants
received standardized, Matrix Model of treatment. Craving was
assessed using the Cocaine Craving Questionnaire-Brief (CCQBrief).The data were analyzed under SPSS20.
Results
The mean scores of CCQ-Brief reduced with NAC treatment in
both of two sessions of cross-over. There were not any significant
difference between two NAC and placebo.
Conclusion
The NAC showed good efficacy in suppressing METH craving, and may be a useful pharmacological treatment of METH
dependence
Keywords
Methamphetamine, Dependency, Craving, N-acetylcysteine;
pharmacotherapy
Orexin-A Depresses Inhibitory Synaptic
Transmission to the Locus Coeruleus
Neurons in Morphine Dependent rats
Conclusion
Purposeful play is instrumental in reducing children’s stress and
generates feelings of effectiveness and wellbeing.
Keywords
Counseling, Behavior Disorders, Smoking
Sayed Yousof Mousavi1, Hossein Azizi2, Javad Mirnajafi-Zadeh3,
Mohammad Javan4, Saeed Semnanian5
Background and Aim
The locus coeruleus (LC) contains large clusters of noradrenergic neurons which project widely throughout the central nervous
system and implicated in drug addiction and withdrawal syndrome. The noradrenergic neurons of the LC are under the inhibitory control of GABAergic system which participates in the development of drug dependence. Orexin-A and B are hypothalamic
peptides known to modulate arousal, feeding, and reward via
orexin receptors (OX1R and OX2R). Orexin neuropeptides excite
the noradrenergic LC neurons; however, the effects of orexin neuropeptides on inhibitory synaptic transmission to the LC neurons
in morphine dependent rats are unknown. Here, we investigated
the effect of orexin-A on spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic currents (sIPSCs) in morphine treated rat LC neurons.
Methods
We used whole-cell patch clamp recording in rat horizontal
slices containing the LC nucleus.
Results
Our electrophysiological data indicate that orexin-A (100 nM)
application decreased sIPSCs frequency of LC neurons in morphine dependent rats, but did not change sIPSCs amplitude. This
effect was blocked by SB-334867, a selective orexin type-1 receptors.
Conclusion
In this study, our findings suggest that orexin-A depresses sIPSCs frequency through orexin type-1 receptors. It can be deduced
that these changes in inhibitory synaptic transmission may be elicited by prestsynaptic rather than presynaptic mechanisms. These
results provide in vitro evidence for a critical role of orexin signaling in LC neurons.
Keywords
Locus Coeruleus; Spontaneous Inhibitory Postsynaptic Currents; Morphine; Orexin-A
The Comparing of Spiritual Intelligence
and Perceived Social Support in Addicts
and Non-addicts in Tabriz
Yazdan Movahedi1, Hanya Karazi Notash2, Masoumeh Movahedi3, Reza latifi4
1. Ph.D. Student of Cognitive Neuroscience, Psychology,
Psychology and Education, Tabriz, Iran.
2. MSc Clinical Psychology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
3. MA of Family Counseling, Lorestan University of
Medical Sciences, Korramabad, Iran
4. MA Clinical Psychology, Psychology and Education, Tabriz, Iran.
Background and Aim
This study compares the spiritual intelligence and social support
in addicts and normal people.
Methods
In this research, 50 addiction and 50 people from their normal
counterparts by making available in the Tabriz of were selected
randomly questionnaire data with the help of spiritual intelligence
and demographic characteristics and social support were collect-
ed. These data were analyzed using SPSS 20 software. For data
analysis and multivariate analysis (MANOVA) was used.
Results
The results showed that the components of spiritual intelligence
and perceived social support, there is significant difference between addicts and normal subjects.
Conclusion
The results showed that addiction of spiritual intelligence and
social support has lower than normal people.
Keywords
Spiritual Intelligence, Perceived Social Support, Addiction
Comparing Emotion Regulation in
Methamphetamine Abusers with and
without Risky Behavior
Mohammad Najafi 1, Ali Farhoudian 2, Marziye AlivandiVafa3,
Hamed Ekhtiari4, Omid Massah5
1. M.Sc. of Clinical Psychology, Islamic Azad University, East Azerbaijan
Research and Sciences Branch, Tabriz, Iran
3. Ph.D. of Psychology, Associate Professor of Psychology Department,East
Azarbaijan Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University,Tabriz,Iran
4. Physician, Academic Member & Manager of Translational Neuroscience
Program of Institute of Cognitive Sciences Studies, Tehran, Iran
Background and Aim
People may deny stress to get rid of it.In this case, they tend to
exhibit high-risk behaviors. Inability to solve problems and emotional conflicts leads to high-risk behavior in addicts. This study
was designed to investigate the relationship between risky behavior history (prison records and drug injection history) and emotion
regulation in methamphetamine abusers
Methods
In this case-control study, 60 methamphetamine users (13 people with prisons records and 11 people with drug injection history)
were selected purposefully frompersons who had been admitted
to convenient treatment centers (MMT center, addiction treatment
camp and self-help groups and Narcotics Anonymous). Demographic data and risky behavior history were gathered. The ‘Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire’ (CERQ) was used to
assess emotion regulation. Data were analyzed using multivariate
analysis of variance (MANOVA).
Results
The findings revealed no significant difference in CERQ subscales between the groups.
Conclusion
There was no significant relationship between emotion regulation and risky behavior such as prison records and drug injection
history in methamphetamine users.
Keywords
Emotion Regulation , Risky Behavior , Methamphetamine ,
Prison , Drug injection
“Female Drug users in Labor Market: They
Do Not Respond to Expectations”
Parisa Nakhaei1, Jaleh Shaditalab2, Molouk Azizzadeh3, Sonia Ghaffari4
1. UNODC
2. Tehran University
3. UNODC
4. UNODC
Background and Aim
Social reintegration is part of aftercare phase and the focus is
on training, education, development of skills, employment and
housing. The opportunities to learn employment skills, promoting
income-generating projects and providing transitional housing are
the most important factors in the lives of women drug users. The
aim of the present article is to report primary findings of a qualitative study on the experiences of FDUs (Female Drug Users) and
Employers in labor market and try to discuss the challenges and
why FDUs are not responding to the expectations of employers.
Methods
Since there are no research and study in Iran about this objective, qualitative methods such as an exploratory study was selected. In order to acquire a whole perspective and to response some
important questions in this field, a semi–structured interview technique was used for data collection. The interviewees were chosen
from three different groups which their points of view regarding
to the women’s employment situation were influential: • Women
drug users who had the experience of employment (30 interviews)
• Service providers (14 interviews) • Employers who had accepted
to employ treated women drug users (8 interviews) The interviews
were continued until reaching data to saturation point.
Results
The most important findings of the study are expectations and
challenges which the mentioned groups supposed. • In the perspective of women drug users, the most important difficulties were housing, physical health, low incomes, initial capital to start a personal
employment, difficulties in finding an appropriate job, and abuse by
employers and other employees. • In the service providers’ point of
views, housing, mental and physical health, income and employment, and abuse and inappropriate behaviors in work places were
the most overwhelming challenges. • The most outstanding problems that were stated by the employers regarding to the drug users
employees were lack of timeliness, regularity, respecting the hierarchy, and being trusty of women. The women drug users were also
considered as a risk for other employees. Another problem caused
by them was regarding their unsuitable dressing.
Conclusion
Due to the lack of a given plan in order to help the women to
join labor market and based on some similarities between women
drug users’ employment in Iran and other countries, it has to be
mentioned that applying the experiences of other countries in each
process of their employments such as preparing the women for the
job, providing practical help to them for finding a job, and sufficient help after finding the job and for keeping it, is necessary.
All in all, based on our challenges in Iran and regarding the lessons learnt from other countries, paying attention to some pivotal
points is inevitably undeniable. Some of these points are flexibility
in providing services by service centers, supporting the families
and children of the women by peers or institutes, paying attention
to some of their mental problems regarding their permanent jobs,
teaching them soft skills, providing access to micro-finance, trying
to woo supports of trustworthy and local employers, and to provide
the women with vocational training based on their interests
Keywords
Female Drug Users-Labor Market- Employers- Service Providers- Challenges
Characteristics of Drug Demand
Reduction Structures in Britain and Iran
Hooman Narenjiha1, Hassan Rafiee2, Roya Noori3,
Hamid-Reza Khoddami-Vishteh4
Background and Aim
Researchers, policymakers, and administrators at both national
and international levels have neglected the study administrative
structures of drug demand reduction (DDR). By studying these
structures in the UK and Iran, one can shed light on peculiarities
of and shared challenges for policymakers.
Methods
In this study, experts from the addictive behavior department of
St George’s University (London) and a group of Iranian experts in
the field of DDR met and exchanged ideas and knowledge about
the organization of DDR. Then, via teamwork, they drew connections between the organizations involved in the implementation
process and compared the two charts in order to assess the potentialities and liabilities of policies
Results
Overall, seventeen characteristics for the establishment of an efficient implementation structure were agreed. These, inter alia, included: multi-institutional framework; inter-institutional collaboration;
compartmental distribution of inter-institutional activities; to share
experiences; community-based activity; bi-lateral relationships;
feedback systems; to collect data rapidly; grassroots community
roots; flexibility at the local and regional levels; solid connections
with research centers; up-to-date policymaking; empowering the local; and seeking maximum benefits with minimum resources.
Conclusion
By elucidating the impact that these measures could bring about,
this research aims at providing a frame for action to policymakers,
stakeholders and personnel active in DDR. The frame of analysis
casts light on the Iranian case, while providing comparative intuitions for other experiences of drug policy. Recognizing these
characteristics as essential steps of an evidence-based policy
could help policymakers to improving the effectiveness of policy
and bring about effective management of the widespread use of
psychoactive substances.
Keywords
DDR: Drug Demand Reduction. Characteristics.structure. policy makers.
Comparison of Efficacy Based on
Acceptance and Commitment Therapy
(ACT) and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
(CBT) on Craving in
Amphetamine-Dependent Individuals
Rebwar nazari1
1. MA in General Psychology Allameh Tabatabai University, Ghoghnous Substance Abuse Treatment Center
Neda Nikrah1, Bahman Bahmani2, Mahmood Tavakoli3, Ali Farhoudian4
Background and Aim
The aim of this study is to examine the effectiveness of social
problem-solving education program on increase of resiliency of
the mothers have addicted offspring. Addiction to drugs is considered to be an Chronic disease.. Vulnerability towards using drug
abuse and tendency to drugs are affected by combinations of environmental and hereditary.
Methods
Background and Aim
The Third Wave Therapy treatments rather than challenge the
knowledge, awareness and acceptance of people’s emotions and
cognitions and behaviors are emphasized. The approach of cognitive behavioral therapy is believed that cognitions and beliefs
inefficient to have emotional and behavioral modification to be
corrected. The present study compared the efficacy of acceptance
and commitment therapy based on cognitive behavioral therapy
was the craving for amphetamine dependence.
Methods
This clinical trial with two groups receiving intervention based
on acceptance and commitment, and cognitive - behavioral and
control along a track (three months) is. The population study of
patients admitted to an addiction treatment center in Tehran Phoenix that are related to amphetamines, form. Our sample included
36 patients dependent amphetamine addiction after performing
index (ASI), amphetamine -dependent patients were diagnosed.
The research method was an experimental design with pretestposttest and control group. The samples are 40 mothers have addicted offspring whom selected by random sampling in tow experimental group (20 mothers) and control (20 mothers) group.
For experimental group but not for control group, the 10 sessions
of 90 minute Social Problem-Solving Education were did. The
research tool was scale of Conner and Davidson resiliency (CDRISC). The lowest resilience score in this standard was zero
and the highest was 100 and this scale was standardized by M,
Mohammedi in Iran. The data was analyzed by single-variable
ANOVA.
Results
The result of post test showed significant difference statistical
on resiliency variable between experiential and control group
in resiliency enhancement at periods of post test and follow up.
P>0/01
Conclusion
Results
The results of the ANOVA showed a reduction in craving posttest scores of both groups was significant. Tukey test results indicate that both methods are effective in reducing craving patients.
Comparison with the control group, each of the two methods indicates that the scores are based on acceptance and commitment
therapy and cognitive behavioral had a greater increase.
The result of the study showed that social problem-solving education, increase of resiliency of the mothers have addicted offspring and been effective. social problem-solving education can
effective in resolving other problems and we offer that it must section of hygiene ministry’s prediction at the side of other trainings.
Keywords
Resiliency- problem-solving- Addiction.
Conclusion
The study indicates acceptance and commitment therapy and
cognitive behavioral therapy are both based on the reduction of
craving in amphetamine -dependent individuals are effective.
Keywords
Effectiveness of Social Problem-Solving
Education Program on Increase of Resiliency of The Mothers Have Addicted Offspring
Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, Cognitive Behavioral
Therapy, Craving, Amphetamine
Examining Social Factors Affecting
Women Tend to Drug Addiction on the City
in Kerman 93 Years
Samane Niktabe1, Reza Abbasi2, Syed Habib Ullah Hashmi3
1. Young Researchers and Elite Club, Baft Branch, Islamic Azad University,
Baft, Iran. PhD Student in Sociology
2. Director General of Kerman Welfare Department. Doctor
3. Dean of Applied Science and Welfare
Background and Aim
The study of social factors affecting women tend to drug addiction on the city of Kerman 93 in years. The research assumptions,
including the disintegration of domestic abuse, family members,
economic and social base through the theoretical perspectives
learning Sutherland, social theory herechi reviewed
Methods
The present study methods survey data and via and sampling
method available to the volume of the sample 350 reviewed. collecting information with the use of the technique of descriptive
statistics inference and cholera software spss statistical analysis.
Results
According to the results of the results in Table found between
the rupture of the family and the tendency of women to drug addiction to 19 % at the level of significant 01/0 meaningful relationships. between the abuse of family members and a tendency to
drug addiction to 36 % at the level of significant 01/0 meaningful
relationships. between the base of the economic and social tendency to drug addiction to 196 % at the level of significant 01/0
meaningful relationships.
Conclusion
Women half of the population of our society, and all of the international community, the fact is, in fact, the statistical and in
practice, so that it should be in all areas of social life is not extended, because despite the existence of the official admitted to the
presence of women in all areas of social, economic and cultural
and political rights, in all fields and have been ignored. Based on
the findings it was clear that the rupture between domestic abuse,
family members, economic and social base meaningful relationships.
However, a few studies have been conducted on stimulant use in
the region including Iran
Methods
The current cross-sectional survey was conducted in 2010 to determine the prevalence of stimulant use in the general population
of Tehran, Iran. 5,956 participants were recruited from 22 areas of
Tehran. Participants were interviewed on details of demographics
and lifetime drug use by a researcher-designed questionnaire.
Results
More than 90% of participants were men. Participants were in
the age range of 16-60 years. The mean age of the sample was 32
(SD=11) years old. More than half of the participants reported
a high school education. 4.2% of participants reported lifetime
stimulant use. Interestingly, 2.5% reported lifetime use of opiates.
Ecstasy, methamphetamine, Ritalin tablets, and cocaine were the
prevalent stimulants of used among the sample. The mean age of
stimulant users was significantly lower than opiate users (29±10
vs. 36±11 years, p < 0.001). Stimulant users were more likely to
be single compared with opiate users (79% vs. 43%, p < 0.001).
The previous history of drug treatment was significantly higher
among stimulant users than opiate users (52% vs. 20%, p < 0.001).
Conclusion
The study findings showed that compared with opiate users,
stimulant users were younger, more likely to be single and have
a history of drug treatment. Stimulant use has important health
and treatment implications and should be specifically considered
for treatment. Preventive measures and stimulant education are
discussed.
Keywords
Amphetamine, Stimulant, Opiate, Iran, Persian Gulf
Investigation of Students’ Needs
Assessment Towards Crack Abuse
Side Effects
Keywords
Social Factors, Tendency to Addiction, Border City, Drugs
Maryam Nooritajer1
1. Islamic Azad University, Islamshahr Branch
Stimulant use Problem in Iran: the First
Report form the Persian Gulf Region
Roya Noori1, Zahra Alam mehrjerdi2, Abbas deilamizade 3,
Kate Dolan4, Hooman Naranjiha5, Hassan Rafiey6
3. Rebirth Society (NGO), Tehran, Iran
Background and Aim
Stimulant use is a new health concern in the Persian Gulf region.
Background and Aim
Regarding the increasing rate of crack abuse in Iran and also regarding that 25% of Iranian drug abusers (90% of which are under
24 yrs. old) use this substance, the necessity for interventions by
various social groups, esp. students, in the area of educating the
population at risk for substance abuse is increasingly needed; and
as the first step in formulating an educational program is determining students’ needs assessment, the most effective approach for
determining an appropriate educational content is need-analysis.
The present research was aimed at determining students’ needs
assessment towards crack abuse side effects in Islamic Azad University, Islamshahr Branch.
Methods
The present descriptive and analytical research investigated stu-
dents’ needs assessment towards crack abuse side effects at three
levels, namely their knowledge, attitude, and performance. Therefore a student needs education if he/she scores 50% or less in each
area. The research population (n = 906) consisted of all the students of different faculties of Islamic Azad University, Islamshahr
Branch and were selected using the stratified sampling method
and were allocated to respective groups according to gender. The
data collection tool was a questionnaire. The research data were
analyzed using the t-test, and also Chi-square and ANOVA tests
and the Pierson correlation coefficient.
Results
The results obtained regarding students’ needs assessment towards crack abuse side effects at three levels, namely their knowledge, attitude, and performance revealed: (1) The mean short-term
and long-term knowledge’s were 36.77 and 40.48, respectively,
which showed a statistically significant correlation (p ? 0.000; t
= 5.13; df = 905). (2) A statistically significant correlation was
also revealed between the mean short-term (73.57) and long-term
(64.19) attitude (p ? 0.000; t = 17.35; df = 892). (3) Statistically
significant correlations were also revealed between crack abuse
side effects and gender, the faculty and educational level, parents’
educational level, smoking type and duration, having friends or
family members with substance abuse or performing doping, and
the number of family members (p ? 0.000 in all cases).
Conclusion
The results of the present research regarding students’ needs assessment towards short-term and long-term crack abuse side effects revealed that short-term knowledge trends toward low-level
as compared to long-term knowledge; students’ long-term attitude
towards crack abuse side effects trends towards negative; and students’ long-term performance trends towards unfavorable. Generally, students’ needs assessment towards short-term and longterm crack abuse side effects was at the high level, but rendering
needs assessment towards short-term crack abuse side effects had
a higher priority, i.e. their needs assessment is primarily based on
short-term; suggestions are also provided regarding the application of the research findings.
Keywords
Needs Assessment, Crack Abuse, Side Effects, Knowledge, Attitude, Performance.
The Comparison Schema Domains in
Criminal and Normal Individuals
Manije Noshirvani1, Tahere Hasib Hosinabadi2, Monire Eslami Mehdiabadi3
1. M.A. Clinical Psychology .Kharazmi Univercity, Tehran, Iran
2. M.A. Educational Psychology .Tehran Univercity.Tehran, Iran
3. Bachelor of Councelling. Azad univercity. Ashkezar,Yazd
Background and Aim
Young believe that early maladaptive schemas are often underlying characteristics of most mental health disorders, particularly
disorders that are chronic and resistant to change, such as substance abuse .The purpose of this study was to compare schema
domains in criminal and normal individuals in YAZD
Methods
The research method was a causal- comparative approach. The
subjects were divided into two groups of 327 (one group of criminal and one group of normal individuals).They were selected randomly among the prisoners of steal, financial and narcotic Drugs
crimes from Yazd, Ardakan and Tabs prisons. Two groups were
match in age, education, marital status and job. The data were
collected by Young Schema Questionnaire- Short Form(YSQ-SF)
(Young,1998) and were analyzed t-test student for independent
groups.
Results
The findings indicated that there was significant difference between
Schema domains of criminal and normal individuals in: Disconnection and Rejection domains, Impaired Autonomy and performance,
Impaired Limits ,Other-Directedness and Over vigilance/inhibition .
Conclusion
High scores in most of the schema domains could lead to the
tendency to commit steal, financial and narcotic Drugs crimes
.this results show that in cases of prevention of crimes and in treatment more attention must be given to cognitive factors.
Keywords
Schema Domains, Criminal, Normal Individuals
The Effect of Addiction on Quality
of Family s Life
Mehrdad Nourzadeh1, Mahmud Baratvand2
1. Head of Health Department of Khuzestan Prisons
2. Head of Research Department of Khuzestan Prisons
Background and Aim
Addiction has a destructive effect on the structure of family and
its members. The effects can be observed and assessed in educational ،fiscal، the members communication and so on. Based on
the previous studies، it can be expected that addiction leads to
unqualification of family ، however the effect can be modified by
social class and level of income
Methods
Data was gathered from self_referred clients to therapeutic centers of ahvaz in 2012. the Statistical community was all clients to
self_ reffered centers for cure addiction ، among them 115 people
were selected randomly. Research design was post or causal and
the data was collected by applying 2 man_ made questionnaire of
life quality and demographic
Results
indicated the reduction life quality in family. Maximum of reduced was seen in low_income families . There was also a significant relationship between family size and reduction in family
qualification.
Conclusion
in spite of constructive effects of addiction on family there are
some moderator factors which can help the families. These factor
contain the addiction durance،age، family size and other demographic factors.
Keywords
Addiction-Contructive- Indicated
Role of Motivations Behavior Change in
Continuation of Treatment Individuals
Relevant to Drug
Ameneh Oji1, Faramarz Sohrabi2, Farhad Jomehri3, Omid Yahya zade4
1. Ameneh Oji
2. Faramarz Sohrabi
3. Farhad Jomehri
4. Omid Yahya Zade
Background and Aim
Role of motivations behavior change in continuation of treatment individuals relevant to drug
Methods
Procedure: This research is a descriptive analytical research
which is regarding patrons to congress 60 Tehran city, from Farvardin 1392(April 2013) to Tir 1392(July 2013). Studied samples
were individuals who for the first time patrons for treatment and
in first patrons, before beginning treatment had completed mentioned questionnaire. Patrons who were under treatment due to
likeliness of any change in primary reasons and motivation of drug
treatment, were not samples of this research. Tools of collecting
information, was questionnaire of readiness stages for change and
willing for treatment of addiction. Thus from 140 number individuals who had trend to complete questionnaire, after obtaining
satisfaction letter, were part of research samples. These individuals all had background of addiction to at least one of drugs and
voluntarily were patrons. And completed questionnaire in two
parts. Obtained information were collected in designed forms and
by software SPSS21 were analyzed.
Results
Results From 140 individuals who participated in test 66 individuals had remaining in treatment and 74 individuals had not
remaining and exited from treatment
Conclusion
Results showed, individuals who remained in treatment in recognition had received higher scores thus first assumption based
on difference in model of recognition among individuals who had
remaining in treatment and those who had not remaining, was
significant and was confirmed. Also second assumption among
individuals who had remaining in treatment and those who had
not remaining in dualism had difference. Score of individuals who
had not remaining in treatment in dualism are more so second
assumption also was confirmed. Thus third assumption among
individuals who had remaining in treatment and those who had
not remaining in performed actions there are differences. Scores
of individuals who were remained in treatment were higher than
those who had not remaining. Third assumption also was confirmed. Important point in treatment of addiction is that consum-
ing individuals of drug many times had acted for treatment but
again went to consuming drug and this complex process may be
repeated many times, but difference of these repetitions is time of
returning(recurrence) again to drug consumption, and time length
of cleaning (non-consumption drugs).
Keywords
Motivations Behavior Treatment Drug Relevant
In Vivo Effect of Methamphetamine on
Thioredoxin Reductase Activity in liver and
Brain of Methamphetamine Received rats
Hassan Ostadi1, Mohammad Hossein Tanipour2, Alireza Hosseinzade3,
Faezeh Sadrabadi Haghighi4, Zahra Sharghi Shahri5, Seyed Isaac Hashemy6,
Mohammad Soukhtanloo7
1. Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
3. Department of Biology, Faculty of science, Science and research branch of
Islamic Azad University Kurdistan, Iran
Background and Aim
In these days the abuse of synthetic drugs such as Amphetamine
family (as known the “Glass”) is prevalent. These industrial drugs
affect many features of biochemical parameters and lead to different abnormality in body normal functions. Methamphetamine is
a highly addictive drug with potent central nervous system stimulant properties. The stimulant effects of methamphetamine can
last from seven to 24 hours. The thioredoxin system is composed
of thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) and thioredoxin. TrxRs are a family of selenium – containing pyridine nucleotide-desulfide oxydoreduses. Thioredoxin reductase transfers electrons from NADPH
to thioredoxin, which in turn reduces thioredoxin peroxidase and
other important redox proteins.
Methods
The “glass” was obtained from Khorasan Razavi Drug Control
Coordinating council. First step for detecting effects of Methamphetamine on mammalian Thioredoxin reductase activity was
injection of Meth to rats. There were 5 different dosses and 3 different period of exposure time. Each group received one of these
dosses from 2.5mg/kg to 10mg/kg. Rats were killed after 3, 14
or 40 days. The tissues were disparted and analyzed based on the
reduction of DTNB with NADPH to TNB.
Results
Thioredoxin reductase activity was examined in liver and brain
tissues. In brain tissue at chronic group (40 days) Thioredoxin
reductase activity was increased significantly in compare with
control groups. Although, we didn’t find any distinctive results
in other groups (Acute and sub-acute). In liver tissue Thioredoxin
reductase activity did not increase between time periods and also
different doses in compare with control groups.
Conclusion
The “Glass” (the street name for methamphetamine) is a synthetic drug that damage many features of the human’s health. It
was proved that Methamphetamine disrupts the oxidant – anti oxidant balance in favor of oxidant. Thioredoxin reductase has important role on maintenance this balance. This study emphasized
that Thioredoxin reductase activity significantly raised in longest
exposure in rat’s brain. This raising is dose - dependent in chronic
group in compare with control group. Unlike brain results, in liver
tissue Thioredoxin reductase activity didn’t show any change after treat by Methamphetamine. We suggest using of more samples
and various doses in next studies to obtain more confident results.
Keywords
Methamphetamin, Thioredoxin Reductase, Oxidative Stress
Gene Expression of Protein Kinase Cγ in
the Spinal Cord was Decreased During 8
Days of Induction of Morphine Analgesic
Tolerance in rat
Neda Parvini1, Shamseddin Ahmadi2, Jalal Rostamzadeh3
1. Department of Biological Science and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science,
University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran
Background and Aim
Morphine is a widely used opioid analgesic but induction of
morphine tolerance after its repeated injections has limited the use
of the drug. Morphine binds selectively to the µ opioid receptors,
which in turn activate protein kinase C (PKC) in its signaling pathway. PKC, especially its gamma isoform(PKCγ), is considered to
play a key role in the development of morphine tolerance. The
present study was performed to investigate the possible changes
in gene expression of PKCγ in different times during induction of
morphine tolerance in rat spinal cord.
In can be concluded that expression of PKCγ during induction
of morphine analgesic tolerance from day 1 until day 8 has been
decreased and this decrease may account, at least partly, for its
ineffectiveness or morphine-induced analgesic tolerance.
Keywords
Protein kinase C, Gene Expression, Analgesic Tolerance
Effect of Training on Stress Management
Techniques to Reduction of the Ability of
Adaptation in People with Drug-Dependent
Malihe Pashib1, Sara Abdolvahaby2, Zahra Hematy Javanmard3
1. MA in Clinical Psychology Torbat Heydariyeh University of
Medical Sciences , Torbat Heydariyeh,Iran
2. MA in Clinical Psychology Birjand University
3. MA in Clinical Psychology Birjand University
Background and Aim
Objectives: There are numerous factors which play the key rolls
in emerging and continuing addiction. One of these factors, is,
few skills to deal with stress, caused by problems and troubles in
life and also the reduction of the ability of adaptation and positive,
effective behaviors. Training programs in these aspects develop
and improve the psychosocial capabilities and accepting the responsibilities of the social rolls. The independent variable of the
present study is 8 session treatment to deal with stress performed
as a group for the experiment group and the dependent variable
which is the score each subject is acquired in Inventory.
Methods
The statistical community of this study ismale drug addicts living in Mashhad. Subjects were selected randomly and then classified at random into two groups of 15 people of experiment and
control groups. In this study, semi-experimental research method
and pretest-posttest design with control group was used and data
have been analyzed through SPSS software and T test.
Results
Methods
We used male Wistar rats in experiments. Two experimental
groups received morphine (10 mg/kg, i.p.) or saline (1 ml/kg, i.p.)
twice a day for 7 days and induction of morphine analgesic tolerance was assessed with a hotplate test during the schedule on days
1, 4 and 8 (one day after the last injection). For gene expression
study, we used a semi-quantitative RT-PCR method to measure
changes in gene expression of PKCγ at mRNA levels in other experimental groups including control and morphine-treated groups
on days 4 and 8 after the injections.
Results
Conclusion
Expression of PKC? in morphine-treated group compared to
the saline-treated control group on days 4 and 8 after injection
was not significantly altered. However, expression of PKC? in
morphine-treated group on day 8 of the schedule compared to its
expression in the group with day 4 morphine treatment was significantly decreased.
The results of the study showed that stress treatment has been
effective in reduction of the ability of adaptation of drug users.
Therefore, the training program of how to deal with stress plays a
main role in reducing drug-addicted users decided to quit and thus
help them quit more successful in a longer period of time.
Conclusion
The results of the study showed that stress treatment has been
effective in reduction of the ability of adaptation of drug users.
Therefore, the training program of how to deal with stress plays a
main role in reducing drug-addicted users decided to quit and thus
help them quit more successful in a longer period of time.
Keywords
Training to Deal with Stress, Adaptation, Drug-Dependent Individuals
The Prevalence of Ever once Substance
Abuse Among Yazd Pre-University
Students, During 2012
Azar Pirdehghan1
1. Assistant Proffessor in Community and Preventive Medicine Department ,
Medical School, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
Background and Aim
Substance abuse is one of the main health problems in the world
and Iran and awareness about it’s prevalence in the society, particularly the susceptible society of students, is very important with
regard to the population pyramid of Iran. The aim of present study
was assessing the prevalence of ever once substance abuse among
Yazd pre-university students, during 2013.
Methods
This study was performed by cross-sectional method. The
sampling size was 704 Yazd students in pre-university grade by
a multistage cluster sampling. Our research instrument was the
self-administrated questionnaire adapted from the questionnaire
of substance abuse supervised by specialists in social medicine.
The questionnaire consisted of two parts; sociodemographic information and questions about the use of 40 different drugs, in
which the case of experiencing their use for ever once and also
the age of the first experience was asked. The collected data was
analyzed using SPSS.
Results
Of total 704 students, the experience of ever once substance
abuse was 51.4% (58% in boys & 39.8% in girls).The most common substance abuse in the students, respectively, were: hookah
41.3%, cigarette 17.5%, alcohol 10.8%, morphin 6.4%, anabolic
steroids 5.4%, diazepam 3.6%, diphenoxylate 2.8%, opium 2.7%,
tramadol 2.7%, alprazolam 1.8%, snus 1.3%, oxazepam 1.3% &
methylphenidate 1.3%.Those frequencies In girls, were: hookah
28.1%, cigarette 9.8%, morphin 8.2%, diazepam 5.5%, alcohol
4.3%, opium 3.1%, diphenoxylate 2.7%, anabolic steroids 2.3%,
chlordiazepoxide 2.3%, alprazolam 2%, oxazepam 2%, lorazepam
2% , clonazepam 1.6%, & methylphenidate 1.2% ;And in boyes:
hookah 48.9%, cigarette 21.9%, alcohol 14.5%, anabolic steroids
7.1%, morphin 5.4%, tramadol 3.8%, diphenoxylate 2.9%, opium
2.5%, diazepam 2.5%, snus 2%, alprazolam 1.8%, bhang 1.8%
& methylphenidate 1.3%,respectively.The first age of experiencing the drugs was 14.9 years & friends were the most important
person for accessing to drugs to students. Independent Prognostic
factors for substance abuse were: male, older age, having a history
of failure in education, last child of the family & master’s degree
or higher for the student’s father that these factors increased the
risks of substance abuse to 1.7, 1.4, 1.6, 1.6 and 3.6 respectively.
Conclusion
Present study showed that substance and drug abuse in Yazd
adolescents are prevalent. Given up the mean first age of experiencing the drugs was too low, It is recommended that substance
abuse prevention programs might be helpful in the middle school
and first grade high school. Also the most important aim groups
for intervention in future plans might be male students, older age,
last child of the family, studying in the non-profit schools, mathematical discipline, having a history of failure in education and/or
higher education for student’s father.
Keywords
Substance Abuse, Drugs, Student, Pre-university, Yazd, Iran.
The Concept of Phenomics in Addiction
Alireza Pirkhaefi1, Esmaeil Shahsavand Ananloo2
1. Department of Clinical and General Psychology. School of Psychology.
Islamic Azad University Garmsar Barnch.Garmsar.Iran
2. Head. Department of Genomic Psychiatry and Behavioral Genomics (DGPBG), Roozbeh Hospital, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical
Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, I.R.
Background and Aim
The evaluation of the complex traits such as addiction, just
based on the clinical phenotypes (syndromes and symptoms) is a
very superficial evaluation, and is neither valid, nor reliable. Phenomics in psychopathology is a new concept that systematically
studies and evaluates the complex phenomena in a multi levels
approach. In this regard, addiction has to be evaluated systematically based on a multi levels approach, including cognitive, emotional, molecular, genomics, epigenomics, and … levels.
Methods
By using the “phenomics”, “addiction”, and “psychopathology”
as key words, and searching the PubMed database between June
2009 to June 2014, we could find just a few articles.
Results
Phenomics in addiction disorders evaluate their presentations
in levels of clinical (e.g., syndromes, and symptoms), cognitive,
neuronal (e.g., neuronal networks, neuronal synapses), signaling
pathways, molecular (e.g., proteins), genetic and epigenetic levels.
Conclusion
Researches in the fields of genomic psychiatry and behavioral
genomics hope that the phenomics approach to the complex mental traits and disorders (e.g., addiction) will make the diagnosis,
assessment and treatment of these group of traits and disorders
more accurately and also reliably
Keywords
Phenomics, Psychopathology, Addiction
Evaluation of the Clinical Effects of
Acupuncture in the Treatment of
Drug Addiction
Eisa Pirmoradi1, Ali Pirmoradi2, Maryam Pourabdollahi3
1. Research Insitute for Islamic Complementory of Medicine ,Iran University
of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
2. Sharif university
3. Islamic Azad university
Background and Aim
To investigate the effect of acupuncture on the treatment of drug
abuse, 150 patients referred to a private addiction treatment center
in the city of Kerman, Iran were selected. Half of the participants
were randomly assigned to the experimental condition receiving
acupuncture and another half’ to the control condition receiving
drug therapy. The main criterion for participant grouping was the
type of the drug used. Following the detoxification phase, a morphine and methamphetamine tests were conducted on the participants. Moreover, all participants were referred to a psychologist to
receive psychological treatment. Results indicated that compared
to the patients under drug therapy, those receiving acupuncture
had a higher rate of addiction symptoms alleviation
Sciences, Kerman, Iran
4. Center for Disease Control, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
7. Regional Knowledge Hub, and WHO Collaborating Center for HIV Surveillance, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical
9. MSc student of social research, AL-Zahra University, Tehran, Iran
Background and Aim
Methods
150 patients (heroin ,opium and methamphethamine addicts)
who were referred to the Milad drug abuse treatment center in
the city of Kerman, were randomly assigned into experimental
and control groups each containing 75 patients. The experimental
and control groups were treated by acupuncture and drug therapy
(methadone or clonidine along with other supplementary drugs
such as tranquilizers) respectively. All the subjects were matched
in terms of the socio-economic and age factors.
Results
In this study, the treatment results for acupuncture and drug
therapy that were applied to the patients suffering from drug
abuse (opium , heroin and amphetamine) were compared and the
level of improvement, until the end of the detoxification period,
6 months and 1 year following this period, were evaluated. The
findings revealed that acupuncture is more effective than drug
therapy. So, 1 year after the detoxification period, the acupuncture
patients improved 2 times than the drug therapy patients.
Conclusion
Based on the findings derived from the present study, as well
as other research investigating the effects of acupuncture on drug
abuse treatment, it can be concluded that this treatment method
can be used as an effective intervention across all the drug abuse
treatment clinics. However, it should be noted that the physicians
experience, knowledge and skill could have a very considerable
role in the process.
Keywords
Excessive alcohol consumption and stimulant drugs use have
been positively associated with several psychological sequels
such as reduced cognitive capacity, behavioural problems, and
impaired decision-making, and impulsive personality traits. A
substantial body of research indicates that the consumption of alcohol/stimulant drugs can enhance the allure of engaging in sexual contacts while decreasing the individuals’ inhibition and ability
to judge the possible negative outcomes their risky sexual behaviour. Therefore, alcohol has been reported as a major risk factor
for sexually transmitted diseases such as AIDS. This study tries to
assess the prevalence of alcohol and stimulant drug use and risky
sexual behaviours among the 19- to 29-year old age group in Iran
Methods
This national cross-sectional survey was conducted on multistage stratified cluster sample of 3246 participants (aged 19-29)
in 13 provinces. Using a standardized pretested structured questionnaire, data was collected on participants’ history of alcohol
and stimulant drugs consumption, condom use, and risky sexual
behaviours
Results
Based on our findings, 19.5% of the participants had ever had
extramarital sex (31.7% of men and 9.6% of women), of which,
39.9% had consumed alcohol and stimulant drugs before their
sexual contact. Only 21.7% 0f those with a history of extramarital sex reported constant condom use in their extramarital sexual
intercourses
Conclusion
Acupuncture , Drug addiction , Psychological Treatment
Drug and Alcohol Consumption and
Sexual Risk Behaviour among
19- to 29-Year-old Group:
Findings of a National Survey in Iran
Hamid Sharifi1, Ali ahmad Rafei rad2, Ali Akbar Haghdoost3, Abbas Sedaghat4,
Maryam Sargolzaei Moghadam5, Mohammad Mehdi Gouya6, Mohammad Karamouzian7, Samira Hosseini Hooshyar8, Marzieh Mohammadi9
2. Ph.D. student of cultural sociology, Allameh Tabatabaei University, Tehran,
Iran &Regional Knowledge Hub, and WHO Collaborating Center for HIV Surveillance, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical
This study shows that a considerable proportion of Iranian 1929-year old group had consumed alcohol and/or stimulant drugs
before engaging in extramarital sexual intercourse. Prevention
and control programmes should design and implement appropriate interventions targeting this critical age group in particular
Keywords
Alcohol, Stimulant Drugs, Extra marital sex, Condom, Iran.
Evaluation of Drug Addiction in Women in
Substance Abuse Control Centers in
North East of Iran
Mohamad R Mohamdi 1, Reza Barzegari 2, Tina Bagheri 3, Soheil Rafiee 4
1. Specialist Neurosurgeon , Medical Faulty, Golestan University of Medical
Sciences, Gorgan , Iran
2. MD , Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
3. MS Clinical Psychology, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan,
Iran
4. MD MPH , Infetility Research Center , Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
Background and Aim
Women’s role as a consumer or as a person who is facing with
risks is so important in studies of substance abuse. However, major studies on this field aimed at studying on male population.
Therefore, the aim of this study described the pattern of using illegal drugs among women belong to substance abuse control centers of north east of Iran ( Golestan Province ).
Methods
This cross sectional study as a census was done on all authorized
substance abuse treatment centers in golestan province in 2014 .
Information about demographic data, types of drugs, method of
using, duration of addiction and onset age was extracted from the
files of self-referred women.
Results
There were 1143 women in Golestan area abuse treatment centers who were 7.9 % of all registered patients. The Mean age of
drug onset was 49.42 ±15.25 years. 518 persons (45.3 %) used
opium and 330 persons (28.9 %) used Opium sap which were
indicated thatthese two drugs were the two common ones among
addicted women. In this study 89.2 % of women under-study patients were married, 4.6 % were single and 6.1 % were divorced.
Conclusion
Presently, the pattern of drug abuse among women in Golestan province is traditional and is based on the opium derivatives.
However, according to the increasing rate and changes in drugs
type, monitoring the behavior of drug abuser can have an effective
role on the improvement of health in a community.
Keywords
Addiction, Opium, Women
A Comparative Study of Explicit Memory
between Amphetamines Consumers and
Normal people
Mahjobe Rahimi1, Nazila Ariaee22, Mahdi Talebi33, Alireza Ghassemi toussi 4
1. M.Sc. of Clinical Psychology, Addiction Research Center,
Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Address
2. M.Sc. of Clinical Physiology, Addiction Research Center,
Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, IRAN
3. Assistant Professor of Psychiatry, Department of Family Medicine, Addiction
Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences.
4. Specialist in Forensic Medicine, Addiction Research Center, Mashhad
University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, IRAN
Background and Aim
In Modern societies substance abuse become a critical issue,
since it has destructive effects on cognitive function. Memory as
one of the cognitive functions plays a key role in personality, behavior, motivation, emotional processes, and skills of human activity. The purpose of this study was to compare explicit memory
in individuals taking amphetamines and normal subjects
Methods
This was a descriptive-analytic research with comparative design. The population included subjects with and without amphetamines consumption. The sample size in taking amphetamines
group and normal people were 35 each of them both equal, subjects were selected by random sampling method. After Stability of
clinical condition and relieve symptoms of poisoning, memory of
Patients were evaluated with memory recognition test of memory
(explicit memory. Data were analyzed by SPSS-18 software.
Results
Analysis of the data revealed significant differences in explicit
memory between two groups. Results of this study show that
amphetamines consumer in comparison with normal people has
Lower performance in explicit memory (p<0.05).
Conclusion
Memory processes in amphetamine consumers can identify appropriate functional implications in diagnosis, treatment and prevention cognitive effects of substance abuse.
Keywords
Explicit Memory, Amphetamines, Cognitive Function, Poisoning
Neuropsychological Functions in
Tramadol Abusers in Comparison to
Normal Subjects
Mahjobe Rahimi1, Mahdi Talebi2, Afshari Reza3, Alireza Ghassemi Toussi 4
1. M.Sc. of Clinical Psychology, Addiction Research Center,
Mashhad University of Medical Sciences
2. Assistant Professor of Psychiatry, Department of Family Medicine, Addiction
Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences
3. Addiction Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences,
Mashhad, IRAN
4. Specialist in Forensic Medicine, Addiction Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, IRAN
Background and Aim
Prescription drug abuse and especially Tramadol is on the rise
in Iran. Considering the fact that Tramadol is an opioid, it can
be associated with some changes in the content and level of consciousness. According to the psychological effects of long-term
use of this drug, this study compares the neurological function in
Tramadol abusers with normal people.
Methods
This is a causal - comparative controlled study.Intotals 33 overdose
patients including men and women who were admitted in Imam
Reza hospital werecompared to 33 normal subjects. Easy sampling
was applied. Data gathered from subjects by using neuropsychological tests including Wisconsin Card sorting and stroop test.
Results
Analysis of the data revealed significant differences in number
of errors between two groups p<0.01). Two groups did not differ
in terms of the number of errors, but in terms of reaction time,
there was a significant difference between healthy subjects and
consumers of Tramadol (were more in consumers of Tramadol).
Conclusion
Tramadol abuse cans impairs in Cognitive Neural functions
.Identifying and understanding these factors may lead to improvement therapeutic strategies.
Conclusion
Keywords
Tramadol Abuse, Neuropsychological Function
A study of the characteristics of the
Context and the Nature of Activities
Conducive for a Community-Based
Process (based on the experience of Five
Provinces – Mazandaran, Zanjan,
Hamedan, Alborz and T
Shahryar Rahmani1, Seyed Babak Moosavi Nejad2, Zahra Esfehani3
3. Bureau of Addiction Prevention of the Well-Being Organization
This article argues that if the advantages of adopting a community-based approach are to be realized, then it is important to
implement the projects in a real community setting. That is why
identifying a community by characteristics that are discussed in
the article should be considered as one of the more significant
steps in the early stages of a project cycle. As for the phenomenon
of training, the article does not imply that there is no room for
training or educational activities in a community-based process.
What is important is that these trainings complement, and do not
contradict, the community-based nature of the whole process and
this applies to all the activities envisaged for a community-based
process.
Keywords
Community-Based, Community, Training, Projects
Background and Aim
The bureau of addiction prevention of the Well-being Organisation started to adopt a community-based approach to addiction
prevention in 2002, so that communities could begin to take the
initiative and responsibility with respect to addiction prevention.
There have been obstacles along the way, two reasons of which
are examined in this article: (1) aiming to do community-based
work in a context where a community – in the true sense of the
word – does exist; and (2) the lack of coherence between the type
of activities envisaged for community-based projects and the concepts and principles of a community-based approach (with a focus
on educational and training activities).
Methods
The approach to identifying and examining the obstacles to
community-based work was group discussions - using participatory methods and techniques - with the implementing staff of the
projects and assessing the obstacles with respect to the theory of
community-based approaches.
Results
ing activities can not in themselves be considered as communitybased. This article will shed light on why such projects should – at
best – be seen as occasional inputs in bigger, more integrative and
more people-centered process.
An overall review of some of the community-based projects in
the provinces has shown that these projects are often carried out in
contexts where there are no communities, or the features expected
in a community are very faint. In other words, situations in which
it is claimed that community-based activities are taking place do
not necessarily have in them the characteristics associated with
the term ‘community’. To elaborate on the distinction between a
community-based and classic/conventional approach to prevention programmes, this article takes a critical look at some of these
project titles and asks whether the claimed community-based
nature of a project should be reflected in its title. From another
perspective, the type of activities that make up the main components of a project claiming to be community-based should also
be different from those of a conventional approach. For example,
in a conventional approach, it is normal for educational and informative activities to make up significant parts of the process.
However, in a community-based approach, educational and train-
The Investigation of Executive Functions
in Methadone and Buprenorphine
Maintenance Treated Patients
Mojtaba Rajabpour1, Azra Ahmadi2
1. PhD Student in Psychology, Mohaghegh Ardebili University
2. PhD Student in Sport Physiology, Mazandaran University
Background and Aim
Opioid dependent patients under buprenorphine and methadone
treatment often show deficits in cognitive and executive functions. However, only a few studies have compared these this study
aimed to compare deficits in executive functions among methadone and buprenorphine treated patients.
Methods
Data gathered from three groups of patients under methadone
(31 participants), buprenorphine (31 participants) and control
group (31 participants). Stroop test and working memory test
were administered on participants.
Results
Data analysis showed that both patients under buprenorphine
and methadone treatment had deficits in working memory and
response inhibition. Also, buprenorphine treated patients showed
significantly better results in compare with methadone patients in
stroop test (p=0.006) and working memory test (p=0.009).
Conclusion
Our results indicate that although both methadone and buprenorphine result in deficits in executive function, but buprenorphine preserve executive functions better than methadone.
Keywords
Methadone/Buprenorphine Maintenance Treatment, Addiction
Demographic Study of Psychoactive
Substance Overdose in Patients
Presented to Tabriz Poisoning Center
Rouzbeh Rajaei Ghafouri1, Samad Shams Vahdati2, Mehrad Banaei3
1. Emergency Department, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences
2. Emergency Department, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences
3. Tabriz University of Medical Sciences
Background and Aim
Nowadays, substance abuse and drug intoxication are one of the
important medical emergencies and a cause of mortalities in societies. In recent years poisoning cases with opiates and narcotics
increase, so prevention and early treatment of these cases have
great important role to decrease mortality.
Methods
The study was an analytical descriptive research. Samples were
collected during a six-month period among poisoned patients by
psychoactive agents (Amphetamines, Cannabis, Hallucinogens)
and/or narcotics (Opiates, Heroin, Methadone,…) who presented
to Tabriz poisoning center (Sina hospital). A valid questionnaire
was used as a data gathering tool. All patients with diagnosis of
opiate and/or narcotics overdoses enrolled the study. Patients coingested with another drug were excluded.
Results
From total of 227 patients, 167 were poisoned by narcotics,
47 by psychoactive agents and 13 by both of them. Men gender
was more than female (86.7%). Although vital signs were normal in 3 groups; but blood pressure, heart rate and respiratory rate
were significantly higher in psychoactive agents group (P<0.05).
Eighty percent of patients were hospitalized and the rest left the
emergency department (P=0.35). There was also 2.2% in-hospital
mortality (5 persons).
Conclusion
Narcotics and psychoactive agents’ overdoses are common in
our community. The great portion of them should be hospitalized;
however, emergency physicians should be more attentive about
these patients.
Keywords
Narcotics, Emergency Department, Psychoactive Substances
Religious Role and Pray in the Prevention
of Drug Addiction
Parvin Ranjbar Saraydashti1, Aseh Najafnejhad2
1. Education Rasht
2. Education Rasht
Background and Aim
Addiction is a physical illness–The psychic–Social and spiritual. “This means that in addition to the medicinal intervention
for psychological intervention body’s chemical structure change,
cognitive and spiritual intervention, as well as community intervention is also involved in treatment can be effective.Today, drug
addiction is one of the nation’s most human societies, especiallyMuslim, come and take into account the moral degeneration of
the important factor for the weakening of the mental and physical
disability of people.
Methods
Comparison between non-addicted smokers and using the method of interview and questionnaire.
Results
the human life to religion, he protects against the psychological pressures, and as a result mental health reduce problems as
deprresion, anxiety, suicide, low self-esteem and loneliness. as a
result mental health,prevention a person’s recreational use or addiction to drugs and alcohol.:
Conclusion
Based on the clinical interview and questionnaire evaluation
of the religious practices of the addictedgroup people have been
lax in doing or dont believe to pray and faith but non-addicted in
hours of their time to the secret and dread of punishment and their
sponsor, has been facing temptation. The French physician Alexis
Karl has proven that prayer spiritual vitality in human caused, and
decreases the likelihood of drug use, reduces crime in adolescents
and a low incidence of divorce in the family. studies in our country shows that prayer is a very meaningful way to reduce anxiety
over the effect .on the basis of the results of the research. in Tehran, 68.8% of the non-addicted have that tie to the stated Always
read the prayer, but this figure is reduced to 28% in smokers. Also,
non-addicted just 6.8% of people do not read the prayer at all,
while the figure among those addicted to 14%. In this study, between the lack of adherence to prayer andaddiction a very significant relationship..One of the researchers in the country of Egypt
after doing research on it was concluded that the community: on
the 63/5% believed that the addiction drug is Haraam and makrooh to 22.5 percent, and 14 percent are legit, but the first batch
they were emphasizing medical purposes and because of drug use
for therapy, so it will be Two of the researchers in religious groups
as a point of research in more as producer consumption, forecasting. This means that membership in religious groups can be very
effective in the prevention of drug addiction.
Keywords
Religious role, Prevention, Addiction.
The Relationship between Attachment
Styles, Hardiness, Self-Esteem among
their Groups - Assistant Addicts
Anonymous
Narges Rasouli1, Narges, Rasouli2, Qamar Kiani3, Mahvash Mafi4
1. PhD Health Psychology, Department of Psychology, Kashmar Branch,
Islamic Azad University, Kashmar, Iran.
2. PhD Health Psychology, Department of Psychology, Kashmar Branch,
Islamic Azad University, Kashmar, Iran
3. PhD Health Psychology, Medical Sciences University of Zanjan.
4. PhD, Health Psychology, Department of Psychology, Lahejan Branch,
Islamic Azad University, Lahejan, Iran.
Background and Aim
The phenomenon of addiction, the drug as a regulator of mood,
emotion, and seems to be a key factor in the formation of non-attachment and low self-esteem. There’s so vulnerable to emotional
problems in shaping addiction perhaps as the most important factor to be counted as failure in addiction Treatment. Due to this,
the aim of this study was to investigate, the relationship between
attachment styles, hardiness, self-esteem among their groups - Assistant Addicts Anonymous.
Results
Methods
The research sample of 30 patients in their group - Anonymous
Assistant city Kashmar and was used to collect data by questionnaire Kvbasa, Hardiness, Medi and Barton, Reed Collins Adult
Attachment Scale and the Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory.
Results
After collecting the data, the results showed that, although the
comparison average is effective between attachment and self-esteem but did not show a statistically significant relationship. Also
observed a statistically significant relationship between levels of
anxiety and self-esteem in people with substance abuse (p <0.05).
Conclusion
Although past studies have reported showing the relationship
between attachment and addiction, But in the study of anxiety and
its effect on self-esteem predicting drug was approved formation
as an important factor. And it seems to justify indirect, may come
to account anxiety and self-esteem predicted attachment.
Keywords
Addiction, Hardiness, Attachment Styles, Self-Esteem, Groups
- Assistant Addicts Anonymous.
Neuron- Linguistic Programming for
Making Ready to Decline and Give the
Consuming Drugs and Methadone up
Between Prisoners
Iman Lashani , Mohammad Razaghi , Sakineh Akbari Fard
1. Psychology and Training Sciences Department, Zahedan University, Zahedan, Iran
2. Humanity and Litrature Department, Guilan University, Rasht, Iran
3. Psychology and Training Sciences Department, Allameh Tabatabaei University, Tehran, Iran
1
2
3
Background and Aim
Addiction is chronic and harmful disease that affects on all aspects of addicted person’s life. Also addiction to the drugs can be
one of the serious psychosocial traumas. Today one of the most
useful and common ways to treat addicted prisoners in Iran’s jails
is using methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) that is not
only expensive but also causes some kind of serious tribulations
for stickmen. In this study we have tried to investigate the ways
for making addicted prisoners ready to stop or decrease using
drugs by Neuron- Linguistic programming method.
Methods
groups who consume MMT in Doroud’s prison. 30 people were
selected between clients and randomly they were divided in two
groups who due to quitting the study by four addicted prisoners,
we had 11 people in experiment group and 15 in control group.
For collecting data, we have used readiness questionnaire to
change and stop using drugs (Miller, Tonigan, 1996) and changing the amount of consuming drugs between addicted prisoners
weekly. For analyzing covariance and chi2 test has been used.
This study has done by semi test method along with control
According to the results, experiment group’s scores in subscales’
readiness to change and treat consuming drugs, include recognition and ambivalence and going ahead, posttest and following test
showed significant increasing compared with pretest which this
change couldn’t be considered in control group. To investigate
weekly consuming methadone between consumers, significant
decreasing was considered in experiment group and we used chi2
test to be sure about the result which has shown us significant difference between two groups in consuming methadone at the end
of instruction career (2X= 13/23, P = 0/00) and following steps
(2X= 9/01, P = 0/00) . According to the experiment group’s priority compared with control group, in giving consuming drug up
(28/57 opposite of 0/5), investigating significance of the results by
X2 test, significant difference couldn’t be considered (2X= 3/60,
P = 0/058)
Conclusion
Although the method couldn’t show a completed success to stop
consuming drugs between consumers; but, as a motivating and
useful way, it could show its affection on decreasing and going
ahead in primary steps of consuming drug. At the end, we can
say applying Neuron- Linguistic programming method can cause
optimized changes in psychological condition of people and help
them to decline and stop consuming drugs.
Keywords
Addiction, Neuron- Linguistic programming, Consuming Drugs
and Methadone, Prisoners
Comparing the Effectiveness of
Cognitive-Behavioral Group Therapy
(CBGT) with transtheoretical Group Model
in Reduction the Verbal Aggression in
Addicted Offenders
Davood Razi Roody1, Bahramali Ghanbari Hashem Abadi2, Elnaz Foroughi3,
Ali Babaei4, Asadollahi Javad5, Ali Rajaei6
1. Chenaran’s Occupational Camp
2. Faculty member School of Education and Psychology, Ferdowsi University
3. Student Psychology, Azad Islamic University of Torbat-e-Jam
4. Head of Science - Applied the Six Nations, Prisons Organization
5. Student Family Counseling, School of Education and Psychology, Ferdowsi University
6. Faculty Member Azad Islamic Torbat-e-Jam
Background and Aim
One of the sub-layers of aggression is verbal aggression which
includes insults, contempt, slander, backbiting, labeling and
mocking. Although all examples of this type of aggression are
not known as so-called “crime”, they can predispose physical ag-
gression and social misbehaviors in interpersonal relationships,
in particular among addicted Offenders. Using Psychotherapeutic
methods has been considerable research attention to reducing persons’ verbal aggression, especially addicted offenders. The present study is an attempt to compare the effectiveness of cognitivebehavioral group therapy and trans-theoretical group therapy in
reducing the addicted offenders verbal aggression of Chenaran’s
occupational camp.
Methods
statistical socity consists of all of the prisoners in Chenaran’s
occupational therapi’s camp. From 3000 people in this camp,
24 participants are chosen because of the result of the verbal aggression in pretest and also have these two factors: lived there
at least about 6 month and have the minimal cycle, are going to
be statistical samples. These 24 participants are divided randomly
in 3 groups that everyone consis of 8 participants. The groups
are group A, B and C that Group A is cognitive behavior therapy, Group B is transtheoretical therapy and group C is control’s
group that are in the waiting list. This research design is multiple
groups which consist of two kinds of pre-test and post-test with
experimental and controlled groups. The sampling was random
and systematic. Gathering the data’s instrument was aggression
questionnaires of Buss and Perry were used before and after the
interventions. Because there were 3 groups and pre-test was available, the ANCOVA’s model was used. The SPSS software was
used to expedite the results.
tive outcomes, which this response makes it difficult for the addicted person return to the society after treatment. We aimed to
develop a model of rehabilitation proposed, in order to identify
priorities in the allocation of services and support for people with
addiction after leaving treatment. This is a small-scale survey
which was conducted in1391 in the city of Mashhad.
Methods
with the accessible sampling method, which the number of subjects selected are chosen by the grand theory method. The need
assessment in this study consists of two stages. Firstly, semistructured interviews with 42 people with the use of outpatient
facilities, inpatient and community-based treatment were referred
to the city of Mashhad, and 31 cases of the treatment team (physician, psychiatrist, psychologist, social worker), and in the second
stage, semi-structured interviews with a team of specialists, including 18 psychiatrists, 13 psychologists and four social workers in the field of addiction prevention and treatment took. The
collected data were analyzed using statistical descriptive phase
encoded in the first and second stage, and presented as bar graphs.
Results
The graphs of the first stage showed that the most needs of addicts after leaving the treatment is in areas such as; the employment, improving relationship with family, controlling and managing anger, sadness and deal with the temptation was determined.
Conclusion
Results
The results of covariance analysis showed that the degree of
verbal aggression of Cognitive-Behavioral Group Therapy in
post-test was meaningly less than pre-test. The average of verbal
aggression degree of transtheoretical group model in post-test was
meaningly less than pre-test. Also these results showed that the
effect of transtheoretical group model was more than CognitiveBehavioral Group Therapy in reduction the verbal aggression.
Conclusion
Although both of Cognitive-Behavioral Group Therapy and
transtheoretical group model were effective in reduction the Addicted Offenders verbal aggression, But the effectiveness of transtheoretical group model was meaningly more than the CognitiveBehavioral Group Therapy.
Keywords
Cognitive-Behavioral Group Therapy, Transtheoretical group
Model, Verbal Aggression, Addicted Offenders
Rehabilitation Modeling of
Addiction Therapy
Maryam Rezaeeboroon1, Maryam Rezaee-Boroon2, Elahe Azizi3, Hasan Hagipour4
1. Revention Department of Khorasan Razavi Welfare Organization
2. Prevention Department of Khorasan Razavi Welfare Organization
Background and Aim
Substance dependence disorder is associated with many nega-
The results showed that after treatment care for addicts, we can
suggest patterns based on the needs of addicts and experts.
Keywords
Needs Assessment, Grand Theory. Allocation of Services
Nutritional Management In Alcohol
Addiction And Substance Abuse Recovery
Nadia Rezaei1
1. School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Science, Iran
Background and Aim
Mounting interest in the potential value of nutritional management in the treatment of alcohol and substance addiction has
arisen as a result of the growing body of evidence implicating nutritional interventions can play an important role in recovery and
lead to improved outcomes. The purpose of this review is focus on
the role of nutrition (micronutrients/macronutrients) in the alcohol
and substance abuse recovery.
Methods
Articles in this review were identified through an electronic database search.
Results
Good nutrition plays an important role in successful detoxification from alcohol and drugs abuse. Most addictive substances
cause negative lifestyle changes, such as irregular eating and can
significantly damage or even shut down the digestive processes.
The damage of the delicate inner lining of intestines caused by
chronic alcohol or heroin abuse impairs the absorption of amino
acids, vitamins and minerals and many addicts experience digestive problems such as constipation, diarrhoea, indigestion and
poor appetite.Most addictive substances strip the brain of essential fats, as well as impair absorption and utilization of amino acids necessary for neurotransmitter synthesis. Nutritional deficiencies can play a big role in the development and perpetuation of
brain and cognitive dysfunctions and induce immunodeficiency
and may influence susceptibility to other infections such as HIV.
Essential fatty acid deficiency is production of the neurotransmitters adrenalin, dopamine and serotonin. These linked to anxiety
as well as relapse.Phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan are
responsible for compounds are essential for emotional stability,
mental clarity and a general state of well-being. Increased dietare
intake of tryptophan has been shown to stabilise mood, improve
sleep and reduce frequency and severity of alcohol withdrawal
symptoms during early stages of alcohol detoxification and possibly improve cognitive functions of abstinent chronic alcohol
abusers.Supplementation with phenylalanine elevates mood, increase confidence, motivation and energy levels, and indirectly
decrease drug cravings.Tyrosine supplementation increases energy and emotional/mental alertness.Micronutrients(vitamins and
minerals) particularly B-vitamins and antioxidant vitamins (A, E
and C) play crucial roles in brain physiology.The vitamin B complex is essential for the overall cerebral cognitive performance
as a lack of pyridoxine and riboflavin overloads the “gammaamino butyric acid (GABA) shunt, thus resulting in an excess of
glutamate production and neuronal death caused by a glutamate
overexcitement (excitotoxicity). Thiamine prevents the development of Wernicke-Korsakoff psychosis.Medical drugs just block
the action of adrenalin or stimulate temporary excessive release
of pre-existing neurotransmitter stores. They do not increase the
production of neurotransmitters, thus amino acid therapy together
with multivitamin and mineral supplementation should be considered during the early stages of alcohol and drugs recovery and
possibly continued by following a healthy diet. In some worst cases (ie. chronic addicts or when intestines are severely damaged),
short-term intravenous nutritional therapy may be required so that
bypass a severely damaged gut.
Conclusion
Drug addicts have a special need for foods that are high in
nutrients to rebuild damaged tissues and organs. Simple changes in dietary habits, optimising the intake of the amino acids,
vitamins,minerals and essential fatty acids is the long-term way
out of addiction.
Keywords
Micronutrients, Macronutrients, Nutritional Management, Substance Abuse
Correlation between Assertiveness Skill
and Smoking in Male Students Living in
Dormitories of Isfahan University
Background and Aim
The student years, a period that the risk of smoking and become
familiar with the model for the consumption increases. Studies
conducted in the United States indicate that approximately 30 %
of these students smoking in the past 30 days, and 40 % of them
have reported smoking in the past year. Several factors such as curiosity, pretending to maturity, the typical opposing parents, freedom from social pressure, socializing with smokers and smokers
in the family have expressed the tendency of individuals to smoking. One of the most important attitudes that can affect the social,
professional and personal, especially medical students influence
is decisive. Studies in other countries show a determination not to
accept those who have higher skills, less tobacco use .and teach
them to be expensive, recognition, prevention and treatment of
physical and mental health of each factor and the resulting adverse impact on its performance may seem necessary.
Methods
This was a descriptive comparative study in this type of correlation is consistent. To achieve its goals, 171 male students living in
University residences were studied. The questionnaire consisted
of demographic characteristics, smoking and Gmbryl and Ritchie
is firmly scale and sampling was done randomly in two groups of
students were smoking and nonsmoking students completed questionnaires. To analyze the data, descriptive and inferential statistical methods and software spss version 18 was used.
Results
Results of statistical tests show that the mean firmness of the
group of students who smoke 93 ± 59/20 and the mean score firmness research students nonsmokers 91/88 ± 75/20 is the average
score of resolute group of male students , there are significant differences between smokers and nonsmokers, (00/0= P). Statistical correlation between the degree of decisiveness and variables ,
father’s education , family attitudes toward the field of education,
economic status , Discipline and cigarette smokers in the group of
students demonstrated between the number of cigarettes smoked
and the determination of the group of male students who smoke
, according to Pearson correlation test , there was no statistically
significant difference (454/0=p).
Conclusion
According to these findings, it is concluded that smoking is
strongly related skills. According to the results of demographic
factors, such as smoking appears that the participants in this study
might be due to other factors. However, smoking as a cause of
impaired drug dependence can be caused by factors other than
resolution skills. Stress academic environment and separation
from parents, friends also modeled in such environments can be
associated with smoking that more studies are needed.
Keywords
Assertiveness Skills, Smoking, Students
Sara Rezaii1
1. Kashan University of Medical Sciences
Determination of Serum Sodium and
Potassium and Electrocardiographic
Changes in Tramadol Toxicants
Fares Najari1, Ali Roboubiat2
1. Shahid Beheshti Medical College- Forensic Medicine and
Clinical Toxicology Group Office
2. Shahid Beheshti Medical College- Forensic Medicine and
Clinical Toxicology Group Office
Background and Aim
Tramadol or Ultram is an opioid like drug that today extensively
in Iran abused by and its side effects. electrocardiographic changes and other symptoms of a heart that is the new reports from all
of the word in this pateints that can be potential danger of cardiac
arhythmias
Methods
All toxicants only with Tramadol within one year of admission
to the emergency poisoning entered to this prospective survey ,(n
= 1402 patients) venous blood samples for testing serum levels of
sodium and potassium and ECG obtained . Then probably ECG
change associated with drug toxicity, are determined and along
with age and gender was written in the form of special questionnaires.Then all obtained data, based on statistical tests were analyzed by descriptive and inferential spss software.
Results
The total number of 1402 patients were studied that 997 patients were male (71.1% of patients) and 405 females (28.9% of
patients). Minimum age were at 14 years and maximum age 53
years. Lowest serum sodium in patients was 132 and maximum
values was157 mEq/ dL. Hyponatremia observed in 3.6% of patients.hypernatremia in 0/05 % Of patients was seen.Minimum
serum potassium level was 3 and maximum serum potassium
level was 6.1 meq/dl. Hypokalemia was seen in./67% of pateints.
hyperkalemia Were seen in 1.6% of patients. sinus tachycardia
(HR> 100 / min) in 33% of patients was seen . sinus bradycardia
((HR <60/min) in a male patient (/.5/.% of patients) was seen.
evidence of an increase in PR interval was not seen in any of the
patients. Duration of QRS, 120 ms and more In 5/6% of patients
was observed. Duration of, QTC than 440 ms in 18.4% of patients
was observed. A height of R wave more than 1 mm in aVR lead
in 24.3 % of patients was noticed. presence of S-wave dominance
in one of the leads I or aVL in 28.1 % of patients was observed.
pattern of Brugada in./1 % of patients was observed.
Conclusion
With regard to this study and other studies conducted earlier can
be concluded that Tramadol intoxication associated with degrees
of block sodium and potassium channels in the heart and it can
potential theoretical progress in to a severe ventricular arythmia
Keywords
Tramadol-Sodium-Potassium-Toxicants
The Relationship Between Tendency to
cheating, Big Personality Traits and
Educational Self-Efficacy: a Case Study of
High School Students in Yazd Province
Romina Roohi1, Mohammad Nazer1,2, Romina Rouhi3, Nooshirvan Khezri4
1. Department of Psychiatric, University of Medical Sciences, Rafsenjan,Iran
4. Department of Psychiatric, University of Bahonar, Kerman, Iran
Background and Aim
Fraud is committed as a common phenomenon in educational environments such as schools and universities as cheating on examinations and doing homework. In this study, the relationship between
tendency to cheating, educational self-efficacy and five big personality traits among high school students in Yazd province are studied.
Methods
Research method was correlational which was conducted based
on Morgan Table on 260 students who were selected from 6
schools in 3 fields of study using cluster random sampling method. Research tools included neo personality scale, Morgan and
Jinks student efficacy inventory, Sepehrinia test for assessment of
tendency in cheating, and scientific information test.
Results
In boys all big personality traits except openness prognosticated
attempting to cheat. In girls only accountability did prognosticate
attempting to cheat. The highest correlation coefficient was 0.478
in boys which was related to neuroticism. The highest correlation
coefficient in girls was 0.20 which was associated with accountability. The twenty percent variance in the variable tendency to
cheating is defined by self-efficacy in boys, and 15% in girls. The
correlation coefficient between committing cheating and tendency to cheat was 0.474 in boys and 0.230 in girls.
Conclusion
It can be concluded that there is a relationship between educational self-efficacy and five big personality traits. Also the inclination to cheat may foresee cheating.
Keywords
Cheating, Tendency to Cheat, Educational Self-Efficacy, Personality Trait, High School Adolescents.
Effectiveness of Life Skills Education on
Increasing Protective Factors for
Substance Abuse in Adolescents
(Case Study Bidestan)
Kolsoom Roshan Qias1, Ail Ahmadi 2, Ahmad Abrahimi 3, Reza Rishpour4
1. MA, Eductional Managemant, Teacher of Oloom-e Behzisti University of Qazvin
2. MA, Public Managemant , BM of Nursing. , Faculty Member
Manager Nursing Qazvin, Teacher of Elmi Karbordi University
(visitor_5671@yahoo.com)
3. PhD Student in Social Work , Science Centers and Teacher of Oloom-e
Behzisti University of Qazvin
4. MA in psychology Teacher of Oloom-e Behzisti University of Qazvin
Background and Aim
Adolescence is a critical developmental period that is associated
with the process of identity formation Part of this growth process,
risk-seeking the form of unhealthy sexual behaviors and alcohol,
tobacco and other substances may be present. Epidemiological
studies indicate that smoking Alcohol and other drugs among adolescents in different societies in recent decades have witnessed an
increase in the aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness
of life skills training on enhancing protective factors in adolescents was Bidestan
Methods
In this quasi-experimental study of 150 adolescents Shhrbydstan
(experimental group, n = 75, control group n = 75) Randomly
selected as the experimental group received eight sessions of life
skills education. The main instrument questionnaire protective
factors for substance use Mohamadkhani (1390) was
Results
Results showed that scores on the variables of attitude toward the
material, depression and sensation-seeking group was less than control group variables courage and self-control abilities of the group
Conclusion
Teaching life skills in adolescents is increasing protective factors. Drug abuse education, life skills and coping skills may be
particularly attitudes Significantly altered the ratio of drug use and
their tendency to reduced drug use.
Keywords
Education, Life skills, Protective Factors, Adolescents City Bydstan
Drug Abuse and Sex Working in
Tehran Metropolitan
Payam Roshanfekr1, Mohammad Ali Mohammadi 2,
Saeid Madani Ghahfarokhi3
1. Social Determinant of Health Research Center, University of Social Welfare
and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
2. Social Welfare Management Research Center, University of Social Welfare
3. Social Welfare Management Research Center, University of Social Welfare
Background and Aim
while the problem of addiction was always considered masculine, gradually in recent years the share of women drug users’
population have been rising. This paper is trying to explain the
dual relationship between women drug abuse and prostitution in
Tehran, Iran
Methods
This study is a cross sectional random sample survey of female
sex workers in 22 regions of Tehran . A sample size of 300 people
was designed in 40 units of 6 to 8.
Results
The findings are presented in two parts; the first part includes the
factors which are associated with drug use before starting the sex
work; and the second part focuses on the status of drug using after
starting the sex work. Two main factors associated with the drug use
before starting the sex work, are parents’ drug use, as well as husbands’ addiction. 46.2 % of the respondents have confirmed their father use of the drug and 20.2 % that of their father being arrested and
imprisoned before starting the sex work. Moreover, 13.6 % of her
mothers have engaged in sex work themselves, 8.4 % have experienced drug use, and 4.4 % have experienced arrestment or imprisonment. 56.6 % of the husbands of 156 female sex workers, who have
experienced marriage, have a history of drug use. 33.7 % of these
women have used injection of the drug by their husbands. 84.4 % of
the female sex workers who have used drug one month before the
present study have reported drug use before having sex. This behavior indicates women’s low level of consciousness during the sexual
intercourse and thus increases the probability of high risk behavior.
There is a significant relationship between the injection of drugs
during the last month and the period of the sex working. In other
words, the longer the time of the sex work, the more probable the
injection of the drug. The study of the relationship between Risky
behavior and the background and professional variables shows that
the frequency of this behavior is higher in the age groups less than
25 years compared to other groups during the last month. Moreover,
the frequency of this behavior is affected by two factors: an increase
in the income and increase in the duration of sex work. This behavior
is more common among those who have no especial place of standing to attract customers, a group mainly in the West of Tehran, also
divorced sex worker.
Conclusion
Drug abuse before sexual intercourse can reduce the level of
consciousness and increase the possibility of occurrence of high
risk behaviors. Most of the street women possess HIV risk, among
them intravenous drug addict prostitutes who do not use condom
for more money, are heavily at risk.
Keywords
Sex Work, Drug Abuse, Women, Risky Behavior
Harm Reduction Programs as an Effective
Intervention in Iran Prisons
Payam Roshanfekr1, Marziyeh Farnia 2, Masoumeh Dejman3
2. Iran Prisons Organization, Iran
Background and Aim
In Iran since the 1990s various services under the title of HIV/
AIDS prevention and control programs have been initiated in prisons in accordance with the policies set by the Ministry of Health
and Medical education, including education and awareness of
inmates and their families, informing officials and key decision
makers, setting up triangular clinics or consultation facilities on
behavioral diseases in prisons and rehabilitation centers. Therapeutic programs for substance dependency include detoxification, medication-free psychotherapy, agonist treatments, and
prevention and care programs for uncontrolled sexual behaviors
(by providing inmates with private rooms to meet their spouse),
condom availability at triangular clinics, identification and treatment of sexually transmitted disease (STD) patients in triangular
clinics, and counseling of spouses of prisoners by midwives or
health . The current study was designed to statistically assess the
effectiveness of harm reduction programs related to drug use and
substance dependency in 7 large prisons of Iran (Karaj, Gorgan,
Zahedan, Orumiyeh, Bandar Abbas, Yazd, and Kermanshah).
Methods
The study is based on the research-experimental design known
as the before-after or the one-group pretest-posttest design. In this
test, Sample size was 2,200. Filling questionnaires and conducting drug tests using 4 drug-type kits upon admission of prisoners
to the facilities indicates that around 57 subjects were addicted to
at least one of the three drugs of morphine, hashish or amphetamine (52% to morphine, 9.3% to hashish, and 5.4% to amphetamine). Prevention and control services were offered to all newlyadmitted prisoners under study as well as to other inmates. Services included detoxification, maintenance care, self-help group
therapy, motivational interviews, psychiatric treatment, needle
exchange and injection equipment distribution programs, cognitive-behavioral treatment, HIV testing and counseling, disposable
razorblade distribution, and self-help services. Two months later,
a 2nd set of questionnaires and drug tests were administered to
in-prison subjects using the same kits as in the previous phase.
Results
Each of the subjects was tested to determine which of the three
drugs of morphine, hashish, or amphetamines they used most.
56.7% of subjects were addicted to one of the three substances
(47.6% were addicted to morphine, 9.3% to hashish, and 5.4% to
amphetamines). After two months, 605 subjects (or 27.5%) of the
total 2,200 sample population of the 1st phase were still in prison
and the rest were set free. Collected data based on interviews with
remaining prisoner in the 2nd phase indicates that only 10% had
used drugs over this period. We compared drug test results obtained from subjects participating in the 1st and 2nd (two months
later) phase of the study using the paired student’s t-test and difference is statistically significant
Conclusion
This fact and the aforementioned research findings makes clear the
necessity for the continuation of implementing effective intervention
programs supported by strong theoretical and analytical research,
leading to harm reduction and control of drug use in society.
Keywords
Harm Reduction, Prison, Intervention, Drug Abuse, Substance
Dependency, Interventions
High-risk behaviors of women using
substances: a qualitative study in Tehran, Iran
Payam Roshanfekr1, Roya Noori 2, Masoumeh Dejman3
Background and Aim
Behaviors directly and indirectly with profound influences on
individual and society’s health and those with negative consequences for them are called “high-risk behaviors”. Various studies
in Iran have suggested high-risk behaviors in youths and adolescents but there are fewer studies concerning high-risk behaviors
in women. However, findings of a study by Razaghi et al. showed
that women’s proportion rate for addicts population has been
gradually increased since the early decade of 2001. The current
study is one of the few studies that preliminarily explored the initial reasons associated with drug use and sex work among a group
of women who were seeking drug treatment in Tehran.
Methods
Thus, this was a qualitative study with in-depth interviews and
group discussions with 47 women referring to addiction treatment
centers or harm reduction therapy centers for addiction causes and
high-risk sexual behaviors in Tehran, Iran.
Results
Findings showed that approximately half of the women (48.5%)
used to earn money through prostitution. Their mean age was 34.7
years and 85.5% of them have experienced a non-single life. Obtained reasons for women’s addiction were categorized in three
main categories; i.e. enforcement or encouragement by others
(including family, husband, friends, and strangers), underlying
conditions predisposing the consumption (in family and environment) and/or personal need or desire (decreased pain, impotence,
rejection tolerance, joy and curiosity seeking). The reasons of
prostitution in the two groups were also supplying family funds
and costs (substances or living) and living conditions and background. The association between prostitution and substance addiction was both cited as casual (each is the cause of the other) and
co-occurrence and co-variance.
Conclusion
Special drug treatment and supportive services should be provided
for female sex workers in Iran. Additionally, staff training and education should be provided in Iran when female sex workers enter treatment for drug use.The study findings showed a number of reasons
associated with initial drug use and sex work among the sample. The
role of sex work in providing drug has critical health and clinical
implications. This issue should be further studied in more representative samples of drug-using women especially sex workers in Iran
Keywords
High-Risk Behaviors, Health-Risk Behaviors, Prostitution, Addicted Women, Substance Abuse, Co-Occurrence
The Prevalence of Alexithymia in the
Patience who Participated in Rehabilitation
in West of Mazandaran
Shokoofeh Rostamynezhad1, Rostamynezhad Shokoofeh2, Sayadi Daryoush3
1. Master of Clinical Psychology Field, Islamic Azad University of Tonekabon
2. Master of Clinical Psychology
3. MD
Background and Aim
Yet another dimension of mental disorder is claimed to be Alexithymia which plays a crucial role among drug addicts and their
further dependency so this study has attended to establish a link
between Alexithymia and addiction in rehab clinic participants.
Participants and statistical sample for this study was formed 304
male individuals under 50 years old that were randomly selected
among rehab clinic participants in West Mazandaran in 1392. Toronto Alexithymia scale (TAS _ 20 1994) was enabled
Methods
Ferequency, ferequency percentage, T test, one way variance
and Scheffe_test
This study was conducted using the case – control method.
Sampling was non-randomized. Data was collected through interviews and by social control and social support questionnaires.
Data analysis was based on by Chi-square test, independent sample t-test and logistic regression.
Results
Social commitment, social isolation, attitude to drug abuse, use
of recreational facilities, cultural and social support, were significantly higher in resilient Group than in non-resilient (control),
group. There was not any difference between two groups about
social control. Logistic regression analysis of variables showed
that social control, attitude to drug abuse and using recreational
- cultural facilities are predictors of resiliency against drug abuse.
Conclusion
Findings of this study showed that social control, attitude to
drug abuse and recreational - cultural facilities are major determinants of resiliency against drug abuse in the sons of addicted
fathers.
Keywords
Results
201individuals (67%) were diagnosed with Alexithymia ranging from acute to very acute. Furthermore secondary results show
there is no difference in intensity of these signs among single or
married participants, but among people with various literacy level
under BY and diploma, results were meaningfully different.
Conclusion
Alexithymia is a learning trait. With traning people to identify
and describe their emotions, they can be prevented from addiction.
Keywords
Alexithymia, Ranging , Dependency
Resiliency against Drug Abuse in the Male
Offspring of Addicted Fathers:
the Role of Social Variables
Mohammad Sabzi Khoshnami1, Hassan Rafiey2, Hadi Motamedi3, Fardin Alipour4
1. University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences,Tehran,Iran
Background and Aim
Methods
Today, addiction is one of the most essential social deviances.
Many factors influence the tendency of people, especially the
young to drugs .Parents addiction, can a trigger for family distortion and tendency of other members to addiction. However,
in these families, there are people who despite parents with substance abuse and addiction problems, so they have resiliency to
the drugs. In this study we examined the relationship of social
control and social support with resiliency against drug abuse in
the children of addicted fathers
Addiction, Drug Abuse, Male Offspring of Addicted Fathers (Sons
of Addicted Parents), Resiliency, Social Support and Social Control.
The Measurement of Validity and
Reliability of Resiliency Questionnaire
Connor and Davidson (2003) the
Resiliency at Against Addiction father:
from Variable Definition to Case Definition
Hassan Rafiee1, Mohammad Sabzi KHoshnami2,
Gholamreza gheedamini3, Fardin Alipour4
2. Social worker, Faculty of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences
University, Tehran
3. Student , PhD of Social Welfare, University of Social Welfare and
Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran
4. Student , PhD of Social Work, University of Social Welfare and
Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran
Background and Aim
The measurement of resiliency need to a valid and reliable scale.
Resiliency scale Connor-Davidson (CD-RISC), is one of the most
common scales for measure of resiliency. The main objective of this
study was measuring resiliency scale psychometric characteristics
of the Connor-Davidson (CD-RISC) in the sons of addicted fathers.
Methods
This study was conducted using the causal- comparative method. 102 Sons of addicted Parents, that living in Tehran province
were selected via purposeful sampling. For this aim we used criterion validity (known-groups approach) and construct validity and
scale reliability and Cronbach’s alpha coefficient.
Results
The first criterion for the validity of the paired T-test was used and
25 questionnaires asked seven resiliency Between the two groups
were not significant in the new questionnaire were excluded and
the question was reduced to 18. Exploratory factor analysis with
two other items were removed, and finally with 16 items in four
factors (related attributes), having internal and external resources,
Ability and sense of hope, tolerance and strength and hard work
were identified. Confirmatory factor analysis model that is also¬
fit four-factor data are shown. To determine the cut-off point, the
sensitivity and specificity of the questionnaire Connor and Davidson we used ROC curve. the Area under the curve for this the
questionnaire was CI: 0,617-0,817) 0,717 ;( p<0,001).Cronbach’s
alpha for the entire scale as well as 0.91 was obtained.
Conclusion
The results suggest that the short form questionnaire have a good
validity and reliability. But we think for using in other populations
precautions should be considered. And thus to case definition the
resiliency approaches.
Keywords
Male Offspring of Addicted Fathers (Sons of addicted parents),
Conner & Davidson, Cut-off Point, Resiliency.
The Ethical Challenges of Addiction
Medicine in Iran
Said Abbas Sadat Hosseini1
1. Lawyer and assistant professor Of Forensic Medicine,Head Of Medical Ethics Department,Shahid Sadoughi University Of Medical Sciences Of
Yazd,Yazd,Iran
Background and Aim
We aimed at treating addicts as patients and studied the medical
approach towards them from the viewpoint of medical ethics in Iran.
Methods
Library research
Results
The figures and statistics related to the addict population and its
humanistic and financial expenses are worrisome so that it has led
the Iranian state to implement encouragement programs of addiction-cessation and self-treatment in state or private medical centers as a complement to the physical fight against the entrance and
distribution of drugs. Each individual’s participation in any medical issue requires informed consent and maintenance of independence and autonomy. The first and the most basic measures in this
regard is the correct and appropriate introduction of medical centers to the receivers of services. Is “Addiction Treatment Center”
or “Addiction Give-up Center” ethically suitable for the performance of these centers? Is the ability of medical sciences in treating these individuals in order to restore their health and remove
the psychosomatic effects of drug abuse? Is not the term “helping
to give – up addiction” more proper so that these individuals are
not given any unrealistic hopes? Does not the devotion of medical
centers for addicts or their presentation in these centers especially
in small towns, where most people know each other, lead to their
shame and humiliation in front of people and disclosure their addiction? As medical practice is a fully professional job and the
provision of service is superior to any other benefit specifically
personal profiteering, do the practitioners have a strong belief in
solving any of these individuals’ and their families’ problems or
do they add further costs to their current expenses or add a new
addiction to their present ones? Of course, this does not mean the
inadequacy of these centers; rather, it emphasizes the need for the
practitioners’ carefulness in these centers in using the applied scientific methods and also the lack of profit from these individuals
and their relative. One type of justice less dealt with in medical
ethics is equity; namely respect to this golden principle: “behave
the others the way you like to be behaved”. The physician should
not treat the addicts in a way that they think they are untreatable
patients who should be thrown away from the illegal market of
consumption and put into another field that is more controlled. On
the contrary, they should be given the necessary information and
behaved properly so that they can regain their self-confidence,
self-esteem and self-worth.
Conclusion
Addiction caused by several factors that it may not be same or
specified in all individuals. The Medicine should be act cautiously
and based on careful scientific, social, economic, legal, and ethical facts facing addiction. Otherwise, it may lead to lack of confidence in the medical practice and treatment, this being an important ethical issue.
Keywords
Ethical Challenges, Addiction, Approach, Iran
The Nature of Drugs Abuse Insanity from
the Criminal Law viewpoint in Iran
Said Abbas Sadat Hosseini1
1. lawyer And Assistant Professor of Forensic Medicine, Medical
Ethics And Law Research Centre Of Shahid Beheshti University Of Medical
Sciences,Tehran,Iran
Background and Aim
The study of the features and characteristics of Drugs Abuse Insanity from the viewpoint of the Islamic Penal Code of Iran.
Methods
Library research
Results
The definition and identification of insanity have been always
controversial among specialists in medicine and law. It seems that
the definition and diagnostic criteria of insanity are constantly
changing with scientific developments in medical fields while it
has not been the case in legal fields. Furthermore, the jargon used
to describe or refer to the affected individuals has not been the
same; insanity is used in law and psychosis in medicine. In the
law of Iran whenever we point to insanity and insane, for any
reason and any degree, we pursuit a purpose; it is the insane incapability in performing of any legal action or the possibility of
offense. In the new regulation of Iran the law has identified insanity and defined it as a state of a person who is suffering from
mental disorder and who doesn’t have any will and distinction
capability. Regarding mental state resulted from drug abuse, this
act, in article 154, establishes: The drunkenness and passivity due
to voluntary abuse of intoxicants, abused drugs, psychotropics,
etc. do not preclude punishment unless it is proved that the person
committing it did not generally have any free will. The basis of
insanity determination and insane identification is the capacity for
the intention of commitment of a crime and expecting its result.
The cause of insanity is not important unless in the case of insanity resulted from drug abuse. So, if the drugs are abused for crime
and insanity develops as its effect, the responsibility rests. Now,
by this legal definition of insanity, it doesn’t seem that the insanity
resulted from drug abuse corresponds to the medical definition of
insanity. If physicians are asked what the meaning of free will and
power to will is, perhaps they can’t respond scientifically. Also, it
may be the case that the mental disorder based on Abulia doesn’t
have any scientific justification.
Conclusion
Our judges should not limit themselves to psychiatrists’ opinions; rather, they should pay attention to the conditions governing how criminal acts happen and what criminal’s intention has
been. For example, from the medical viewpoint, it may be that the
person commits an insane sexual behavior under the influence of
some drugs. This does not mean involuntariness or lack of intention especially failure to distinguish the criminal act by the poisoned person. Rather, we should study the conditions governing
the crime including whether the victim has been male or female,
elderly or young, incest or not, invasion happened in solitude or in
crowd, the criminal has selected the victim or he/she has invaded
the first available person, what the criminal has done against victim’s or others’ resistance, and many instances that are proposed
and we should consider them.
Keywords
Drugs Abuse; Insanity; Iran; Law
Conclusion
Considering the TC outcome in other countries, it seems that TC
maintains an acceptable effectiveness in Iran. Prospective controlled studies are warranted to investigate the outcomes in more
details
Keywords
Therapeutic Community,TC Program
Repetitive Systemic Morphine Alters
Activity-Dependent Plasticity of
Schaffer–Collateral–CA1 Pyramidal Cell
Synapses: Involvement of Adenosine A1
Receptors and Adenosine Deaminase
Mehdi Sadegh1, Yaghoub Fathollahi2
1. Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares
2. Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares
Background and Aim
The effectiveness of theta-pulse stimulation (TPS) for the reversal of theta-pattern primed bursts (PB)-induced long-term potentiation (LTP) were examined at the Schaffer–collateral–CA1
pyramidal cell synapses of hippocampal slices derived from rats
chronically treated with morphine (M-T).
Methods
Effectiveness of Therapeutic
Communitymodelin Iran (I.R.)
in vitro fEPSP- and PS were recorded.
Results
Nasrindokht Saddir1
1. Behzisty Organization
Background and Aim
Evaluation of treatment programs in addiction field is a prerequisite to improve the quality of care. This study aimed to investigate
the effectiveness of Therapeutic Community (TC) program in Iran
Methods
Individuals who had voluntarily enrolled in the TC center within
a period of seven years, from early 2005 to late 2011, entered the
study. Those who successfully completed the 14-week residential
course were considered as ‘completers’. They were subsequently
called in for urine test and interviews using Maudsley Addiction
Profile. Urine test was conducted to determine if they were positive for heroin, opium, methadone, methamphetamine, buprenorphine, hashish, and tramadol
Results
7.8 enrolled in the TC program during the study period, 240 individuals of whom completed the 14 weeks course (69.0%). At the
end of the sixth year, 22% of the participants were in abstinence.
Physical and mental health in abstainers proved to be of better
conditions than those of non-abstainers (P<0.05).
A number of 378 individuals with mean (± SD) age of 32.5 ±
The results showed that slices derived from both control and M-T
rats had normal field excitatory postsynaptic potential (fEPSP)LTP, whereas PS-LTP in slices from M-T rats was significantly
greater than that from control slices. When morphine was applied
in vitro to slices derived from rats chronically treated with morphine, the augmentation of PS-LTP was not seen. TPS given 30
min after LTP induction failed to reverse the fEPSP- or PS-LTP in
both groups of slices. However, TPS delivered in the presence of
long-term in vitro morphine caused the PS-LTP reversal. This effect was blocked by the adenosine A1 receptor (A1R) antagonist
CPX (200 nM) and furthermore was enhanced by the adenosine
deaminase (ADA) inhibitor EHNA (10 μM). Interestingly, TPS
given 30 min after LTP induction in the presence of EHNA (10
μM) can reverse LTP in morphine-exposed control slices in vitro.
Conclusion
These results suggest adaptive changes in the hippocampus area
CA1 in particular in adenosine system following repetitive systemic morphine. Chronic in vivo morphine increases A1R and reduces ADA activity in the hippocampus. Consequently, adenosine
can accumulate because of a stimulus train-induced activity pattern in CA1 area and takes the opportunity to work as an inhibitory neuromodulator and also to enable CA1 to cope with chronic
morphine. In addition, adaptive mechanisms are differentially
working in the dendrite layer rather than the somatic layer of hippocampal CA1.
Keywords
fEPSP; Sodium-Salicylate; Synaptic Modulation; Theta Pulse
Use of the” Heat Shock” Method for the
Better Separation and Detection of the
Opiates (Morphine, Codeine, Etc.)
Mohamad Sadeghi1, Ali Ajami 2, Sohrab Akbari3, Mohamadreza Beheshti4
1. Manager of Isfahan Ebn Sina Lab
2. Isfahan Medical and Health University
3. Isfahan Medical and Health University
4. Coworker
Background and Aim
At present the most laboratories diagnosis of substance abuse especially state centers exporter of Certificate non addiction ،use the
rapid dipstick tests for initial screening of urine samples positive
or negative. inasmuch as many of drugs produce various metabolites in the human body that for reason the structural similarity،
interfere to opiates group and cause creation “false positive” in the
Stage screening. and this while that for reasons as: legal ، job and
family consequences, for a correct diagnosis use of a verification
method such as test “TLC” is necessary.TLC (thin layer chromatography) is a method of chemical analysis where drugs based on
differences in molecular weight and affinity for the two different
environment moves onto a thin layer and then will separate from
each other in a certain position. at present for final confirmation
used from the” hexa chloro platinum” for staining and decryption
opiates bands.This color because of having Halogen compounds
Is a carcinogenic agent and very dangerous for the Staff user .
So this method for several reasons as: lack of safety ، failure to
identification weaker bands، Instability and etc..is a unreliable diagnosis and must be replaced to a better Method (as heat shock
method).
Methods
In order to compare both of these method in laboratory ، urine
samples were collected from the 80 patients that confess to use
the opiates in different intervals times and doses and in TLC test
was used from both methods (staining and heat shock) for final
confirmation of opiates.
Results
in this survey we found that only some of the samples that had
used of excessive substance was detectable by staining and other
samples (despite ensure positivity) were acquitted by this method
practically. And this while that in heat shock method almost all
selected urine samples presence of morphine were confirmed.
Conclusion
In this Research that is a experimental - comparative study we
find that heat shock method for Several reasons as : high safety
for personnel , fast Recognition ,safe and easy separation , high
stability, detection of weak bands morphine and etc.. have a preference than staining by “hexa chloro platinum” and this while that
most local companies diagnostic kits manufacturer in his visits
from the our laboratory admit the ability of heat shock method .
Keywords
False Positive, Morphine, TLC, Hexa Chloro Platinum, Heat Shock.
Blockade of the Dopamine D1-like
Receptor in the Nucleus Accumbens
Attenuated Acute Food Deprivation-Induced
Reinstatement of Morphine Seeking in Rats
Fatemeh Sadeghzadeh1, Seyed Ali Sadegh Zadeh2, Vahab Babapour3,
Abbas Haghparast4
1. Department of Basic Science, Tehran University of Veterinary Medicine,
Tehran, Iran
2. Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical
3. Department of Basic Science, Tehran University of Veterinary Medicine,
Tehran, Iran
4. Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical
Background and Aim
Dopamine is a predominant catecholamine neurotransmitter
in the central nervous system, which plays an important role in
both priming-and cue-induced reinstatement of extinguished drug
seeking. In contrast, the role of dopamine in food deprivationinduced reinstatement of morphine is not clear. In this study,
CPP paradigm was used to evaluate the effects of intra-accumbal
(NAc) administration of SCH23390 as antagonist of dopamine
D1 like- receptors on food deprivation induced reinstatement of
morphine.
Methods
Adult male albino Wistar rats weighing 200-250 g were bilaterally implanted by a cannula into the NAc. During 3-day schedule
of conditioning Subcutaneous (s.c.) administration of morphine
sulphate (5 mg/kg) produced CPP. Conditioning score and locomotor activity were recorded by Ethovision software. Following
acquisition of CPP animals were placed in CPP box and the time
spent in each compartment was recorded by Ethovision each day.
This procedure was repeated for each animal in control and experimental groups until the calculated conditioning score (CPP scores)
in two consecutive days in extinction period became similar to
those on the pre-conditioning day. On the last day of extinction the
rats were given bilateral injection of different dose of SCH23390
(0.25, 1 and 4 µg/0.5 µl/side or saline 0.5 µl) in the home cage. In
the next set of experiment, the rats were subsequently tested for
reinstatement after acute (24 h) food deprivation.
Results
Results indicated that food deprivation induced reinstatement
of morphine and the dopamine D1-like receptor antagonist dosedependently attenuated food deprivation-induced reinstatement.
Conclusion
It is concluded that acute food deprivation-induced reinstate-
ment may be mediated, at least in some way, by activation of the
dopamine D1-like receptor in the nucleus accumbens
Keywords
Dopamine D1-like Receptor ,Nucleus Accumbens ,Food Deprivation, Addiction, Reinstatement
In vivo Evaluation of Methamphetamine
Effects on Protein Carbonyl,
Total Antioxidant Capacity and
Malondealdehyde Levels as
Oxidative Stress Markers.
Faezeh Sadrabadi Haghighi1, Alireza Hosseinzadeh2, Mohammad Hossein
Tanipour3, Mostafa Akhlaghi bagherjeri4, Mohammad soukhtanloo5, Seyed Isaac
Hashemeyi6
1. .Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
2. Department of Biology,Faculty of Science,Science and Research Brench of
Islamic Azad University of Kordistan,Iran
Protein carbonyl level increased proportionally with dose raising especially in 7.5mg/kg in chronic group but this levels of protein carbonyl didn’t show significant difference. Similarly In case
of MDA the long time periods without focus on different doses
showed the prominent result but the level of MDA by increasing the treatment time had a descending trend. The TAC level in
serum didn’t have any different amount in groups concerning neither time period nor doses.
Conclusion
In previous researches, It is proved that amphetamine family
(“the Glass”) can lead to elevation of oxidative stress markers
such as protein carbonyl,malondealdehyde and Total Antioxidant
Capacity .Our results showed that these markers changed with
increasing in time and dose. For instance protein carbonyl level
increased in 7.5mg/kg and in chronic group. Unlike our expectation about serum levels of TAC and MDA, our results did not
show a significant difference between treated groups and control
groups. Surprisingly the MDA level had a decreasing slope by
time. It seems that in our study condition, METH did not have
worthy effect on oxidative stress markers. We suggest using of
more samples and various doses in next studies to obtain more
confident results.
Keywords
Methamphetamine,Protein Carbonyl,MDA,TAC
Background and Aim
Methamphetamine is one of the most toxic of the drugs of abuse.
Prevalence of the “glass” (The street name of methamphetamine)
abuse is a serious problem in IRAN that menace health and security of social life. Physiologic and biochemical effects of its
abuse besides mental effects are the concern of researches. We
aimed to evaluate the relationship between methamphetamine
and the most important oxidative stress marker including protein carbonyl,malon dealdehyde(MDA) and Total Antioxidant
Capacity(TAC).
Methods
Results
Methamphetamine was supplied by Khorasan Razavi Drug
Control Coordinating Council. This research was carried out on
the effects of methamphetamine on rats in 15 groups involved 5
doses (0,2.5,5,7.5,10 mg/kg) and 3 time periods (3 days,14 days
and 40 days).After these periods rats blood were obtained and
serum was separated by centrifuging. All experiments were carried out on serums. DNPH reaction was utilized to measure the
protein carbonyl content in samples by using Cayman Kit(Item
No.10005020).The amount of protein-hydrozone produced is
quantified spectrophotometrically at an absorbance between 360385 nm. Cayman kit(Item No.10009055) was used to measure
TBARS(MDA).The MDA-TBA adduct formed by the reaction of
MDA and TBA under high temperature(90-100°C) and acidic conditions is measured colorimetrically at 530-540 nm.Similarly,The
Cayman’s Antioxidant Assay(Item No.709901) was used to measure the total antioxidant capacity.The assay relies on the ability
of antioxidant in the sample to inhibit the oxidation of ABTS to
ABTS+ by metmyoglobin.The amount of ABTS+ produced can
be monitored by reading the absorbance of 750nm or 405nm.
The Relationship between Executive
Functions and Mindfulness in Opiate
Dependence and Abstinence Addicts
Saber Saeedpoor1, Farshid Alipoor2
1. University of Kharazmi Tehran
Background and Aim
The aim of this research was to investigate the relationship between Executive Functions and mindfulness in opiate dependence
and abstinence addicts
Methods
40 addicts with sampling accessible selected and completed a
Five Factor Mindfulness Questionnaire and were evaluated Wisconsin card sorting and Tower of London
Results
results revealed that there was a positive relationship between
Executive Functions and mindfulness in opiate dependence and
abstinence addicts. The finding revealed group abstinence addicts
scored higher in Five Factor Mindfulness Questionnaire and better
performance in the Tower of London and Wisconsin card sorting
Conclusion
As a result, there were more deficits in the executive functions
and mindfulness of opiate dependence group in comparison to the
abstinence addicts group. This can help to choose an appropriate
treatment substance abuse
Keywords
Executive Functions, Mindfulness, Opiate Dependence
From Crying for a Candy to Begging for
Drug: Investigating the relationship among
Low Frustration Tolerance, Negative
Affect and Drug Abuse
Mahsa Samee Fard 1, Javad Salehi Fadardi2
1. M.Sc. in General Psychology, Department of Psychology, Faculty of
Education and Psychology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
2. Associate Professor, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education and
Psychology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
Background and Aim
Many theories have clarified the relationship among low Frustration Tolerance (LFT), negative affect and drug abuse. Low
Frustration Tolerance, disability to overcome negative affect and
its emotional disturbance may stimulate the person to abuse in
turn the frustration level will lower and result in ultra-sensitivity
to surrounding stimulant; the cycle in which the impulsive behaviors will be intensified. However, previous research didn’t use
from the specialized tools to measure the frustration tolerance,
particularly in implicit level. Also, these studies considered frustration as a manifestation of negative mood, and didn’t review the
role of frustration alone. In the current research, we investigate the
frustration tolerance in the two level of self-reported and implicit.
Also, we examined the role of negative affect as a mediator in the
relationship between frustration and drug temptation.
Methods
Drug abusers (n=70) and non-abusers (n=70) completed the
Discomfort-Frustration Scale (FDS), Drug abuse Temptation
questionnaire (drug abusers only), Positive and Negative Affect
Schedule, and computerized interpretation bias assessment task.
FDS measured self-reported frustration, and computerized interpretation bias assessment task assessed implicit frustration. In
order to confirm the replicability of the results, the self-reported
part of the study was repeated on 62 new drug abusers and 62
new non-abusers. 29 of abusers who scored high in FDS and
Drug abuse Temptation questionnaire, Positive and Negative Affect Schedule, and 29 of non-abusers who scored high in FDS and
Positive and Negative Affect Schedule completed the computerized interpretation bias assessment task.
Results
Results showed that self-reported frustration tolerance level in
drug abusers was significantly lower than non-abusers. This relationship was repeated in the replicability study. Furthermore, implicit frustration tolerance level in drug abusers was significantly
lower than non-abusers. The correlation was verified among the
low frustration tolerance, negative affect and drug abuse.Moreover, the results showed that negative affect didn’t play a mediator
role between frustration tolerance level and drug abuse temptation.
Conclusion
According to the results, the presence of low frustration tolerance and negative affect was confirmed among abusers. These
conditions contribute to the development and maintenance of
substance abuse. Besides, these findings highlight the importance
of frustration tolerance level and also underline complementary
studies in the field.
Keywords
Frustration Tolerance Level, Drug Abuse, Frustration-Discomfort Scale (FDS), Interpretation Bias
Mental Health in Addicts Under Methadone
Maintenance Therapy (MMT)
Alireza Sargazi1, Mojtaba Ghalandarzadeh2, Zahra Sepehri3, Mohammadmahdi
Sargazimoghaddam4, Ali Mohasebi5, Aliyeh Sargazi6, Morteza Salarzayi7,
Abolfazl Mohammadi8, Fatemeh Sargazi9
1. Medical Student, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran
3. Internist, Assistant Professor, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran
8. Public Health Student, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran
9. Medical Student, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
Background and Aim
Globally, there are around 16 million illicit opioid users; 0.4%
of the total population in the 15 to 64 age group. Of those, 11
million people abuse heroin, according to the 2007 World drug
report. Opioids are naturally occurring opiates and synthetic
and semi-synthetic drugs that act on opioid receptors in the
brain and can cause dependance due to their euphoric effects.
Heroin is an opioid. Other examples are morphine, methadone
and buprenorphine, widely used as pain-killers. Mental health
refers to a broad array of activities directly or indirectly related
to the mental well-being component included in the WHO’s
definition of health: “A state of complete physical, mental and
social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease”. It is
related to the promotion of well-being, the prevention of mental
disorders, and the treatment and rehabilitation of people affected by mental disorders. The purpose of the present study was
to surveys mental health of Addicts under Methadone Maintenance Therapy (MMT)
Methods
This is a cross – sectional study. Jackson mental health screening
form III is used for data collection that included 17 questions. This
questionnaire included 2 sections, in the first section, demographic questions were asked and in the second section mental health
information was assessed. This questionnaire conducted among
80 addicted persons that are under treatment with methadone in
Zabol addiction treatment clinics by census sectional method and
then data analysis with descriptive statistics.
Results
From the 80 Addicts under Methadone Maintenance Therapy
that are studying by mental health questionnaire, 72.7 were male,
27.3 were female. Our study results indicate that mental health of
18.2% of addicts is good, 45.5% are moderate and 36.4% have
considerable mental problems. Also there is no considerable relation between sexuality and mental health.
Conclusion
According to the results, considerable rate of Addicts under Methadone Maintenance Therapy are involving with mental problems
which can be create some problems in personal life and social relations, So treating by a psychologist is recommended for this people.
Keywords
Mental health, Addicts, Methadone Maintenance Therapy (MMT)
Effectiveness of Life Skills Training on the
Reduction of Addicts’ Psychological
Distress to Narcotics
Mostafa Sekhavat1, Rahimiyanpour, L2
1. Dezful University of Medical Sciences and Health Services
2. Islamic Azad University, Sciences and Research Branch, West Azerbaejan
Objective: the present research aimed to examine the effectiveness of stress management with behavioral – cognitive mode on
impulsivity diminished of drug abusers who are under methadone
maintenance treatment.
Methods
the research design in this study was quasi – experimental , 20
drug abusers who were under methadone maintenance treatment
were selected by available sampling mode from one of the Tehran
province clinic , then were put into two experimental group ( 10
individuals ) and control group ( 10 individuals ).The stress management with behavioral – cognitive mode has been educated in
10 sessions for experimental group, and Barratt Impulsivity Scale
(BIS), in first , the end and two month after education were completed by participants.
Results
Background and Aim
Life skills training programs are among applications of psychology in different individual and social arena organized with the aim
of promoting physical and mental health and preventing psychological, physical and social damages. The purpose of this study
was to examine the effect of life skills training on the reduction of
Addicts’ psychological distress to Narcotics.
Methods
The population included all addicts referring to Dezful self-report
centers. The sample included 40 who were selected by simple random sampling method and were assigned to two experimental and
control groups. The instruments used in this study include Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scales (DASS-21) and life skills training
guide. The design of the study was pre-test/post-test with a control
group. After random selection of experimental and control groups,
the pre-test was conducted on two groups, then the experimental intervention (life skills training) was performed and after completing
the training program, the post-test was administered to both groups.
To analyze data, multivariate covariance analysis method was used.
Results
The results show that life skills training reduce psychological
distress the experimental group compared to the control group.
Conclusion
The results of this study indicated that the life skills training can
reduce the addicts’ psychological distress to narcotics.
Keywords
Life Skills, Psychological Distress, Addicts’ Narcotics
The Effectiveness of Stress Management
with Behavioral – Cognitive Mode on
Impulsiveness Reduction of Drug Abusers
who are Under Methadone
Maintenance Reatment
Zahra Sepehrinasab1
1. Allame Tabatabaee
Background and Aim
The results of covariance analysis showed that, experimental group
scores mean in total and motor impulsivity subscale compared to
control group there were significant decrease, but between scores
mean of experimental and control group in attention and non- planning impulsivity subscales there werenʾt significant difference.
Conclusion
The results of this study had shown that stress management education with behavioral – cognitive mode can be an effective mode
for drug abusers who are under methadone maintenance treatment.
Keywords
Stress Management , Impulsivity, Drug abuse.
NA and Social Morality in
Drug Rehabilitation
Ziya Hashemi 1, Maryam Shaban2
1. Hashemi
2. Shaban
Background and Aim
The growing problem of addiction is ringing the bells for families. Drug addiction as a disaster leads to the deviation of moral
and cultural values and norms and endangers social health. The
current research entitled NA and Social Morality in Drug Rehabilitation is seeking efficiency of moral-based approaches in drug
rehabilitation. In this regard the theories of Durkheim, Merton,
Howard Becker and Harry Triandis in the fields of deviances, addiction, social morality and collectivism have been used
Methods
The population of study consists of 4700 persons taken part in
NA meetings held in the city of Boroujerd and they were categorized in 23 groups (male and female). The qualitative research
method has been used and tried to investigate the training programs presented in NA meetings by content analysis technique in
three levels of Traditional, Step and Concept by focusing on social
morality and collectivism. In addition, depth interview technique
was used to measure the changes in moral tendencies and their
improvement trends.
Results
Final results shows the existence of un-ideological and moralbased approaches in three steps NA programs and also their positive influence of these programs on reinforcing the patients moral
mind in drug rehabilitation and health recovery.
Conclusion
Final results shows the existence of un-ideological and moralbased approaches in three steps NA programs and also their positive influence of these programs on reinforcing the patients moral
mind in drug rehabilitation and health recovery.
Keywords
NA Anonymous Addiction Association, Drug Rehabilitation,
Social Morality, Collectivism, Individualism
The Need for Gender Responsive Social
Support Programs
Jaleh Shaditalab1, Sonia Ghafari2, Molouk Azizzadeh3, Laila Khanjaninejad4
1. Prof.TUNiversity of Tehran
2. Reseacher
3. Researcher
4. Researcher
Background and Aim
In recent decade it is acknowledged that the root of HIV infection diffusion is gradually moving from male injecting drug users to their sexual partners. As the result drug treatment programs
have turned to female population; mostly as residual to drug programs. Now we are learning that there are challenges and issues
specific to women’s vulnerability; gender norms, socio-cultural
factors, fewer resources, drug as coping mechanism for physical
and psychological problems, different reasons for relapses,….
Assessment studies conducted on female drug users’ report some
common needs but different priorities which are mostly shaped by
structural ad socio-cultural factors in each society. In responding
to gender issues in drug treatment programs ,experiences proves
that different stakeholders take responsibility; health care providers, police, housing corporations, justice department, 24 hours
emergency services, night shelters, training and education centers,
health insurance and social benefit agencies. The aim of present
article is to provide information on FDU’s (Female Drug User)
needs for social supports from both FDUs and service providers’
perspective. Hopefully it would help to recognize the importance
and criteria for development of gender responsive support programs in Iran.
Methods
information gathered through 48 semi-structured interviews
with service providers and FDUs seeking treatment and supports
by entering 3 types of institutions in Tehran in 2011: Khaneh
Khorshid; drug substitution treatment (south), Chitgar Camp ;
residential abstinence (West) and Congress 60 out-patient abstinence treatment (Center of the city).
Results
Findings on needed social supports show two distinct groups
among FDUs; higher and the lower socio-economic and there
are discrepancies on their need for social supports. While higher
socio-economic group believe; when they get over drug use they
and their family are able to support them, the Lower socio-economic group could not comprehend the question on “their needs
for social supports”. With more explanation, we had two different
sets of responses: (a)”whatever we have and we receive from DIC
is very good and enough” (b) “We need a room (a place to live)
and income (work)”. A list of 9 most important supports based on
literature, and previous interviews was prepared and questioned.
The responses were in this order: 1) Employment and income,
2) housing, vocational training and 3) health (physical and psychological). Only two FDUs mentioned education and nobody
mentioned the need of legal assistance, protection against violence and child care. Regarding the cooperation of stakeholders
the very least was observed. Service providers emphasizing the
importance of social supports for FDUs acknowledged that they
are not able to provide the needed supports.
Conclusion
Delivering only one service cannot be a stand-alone strategy; we
need engagement of different organizations for FDUs recovery
and reintegration and overcoming structural barriers in providing
gender responsive social supports. Any program should integrate
social supports of education, legal assistance, childcare, violence
protection and the most important supports for them; economic
(employment, vocational training & income generation) and
housing (shelter and transitional accommodation) and health.
Keywords
Women, Drug Use, Social Support
The Examining of Replicable the Model for
the Relationship between Families’ Mental
Health and Prediction of Substance Abuse
Farhad Shafiepoor1, .Farhad Shafiepour Motlagh2, Monireh Torabi Nahad3
1. Department of Educational Administration, Mahallat Branch, Islamic Azad
University, Mahallat, IRAN
2. Department of Educational Administration, Mahallat Branch, Islamic Azad
University, Mahallat, IRAN
3. Department of Educational Administration, Marand Branch, Islamic Azad
University, Marand, IRAN
Background and Aim
Examining of Replicable the Model for the Relationship between Families’Mental health and prediction of substance abuse
Methods
The methodology of this research was correlation. Statistical
community included all of Mahallat Branchs’ students. The way
of sampling was due to percent of educational groups that selected
(n=220) students randomly. the data were gathered by two questionnaires: 1. Families’ Mental health(=α 0.89),2. Prediction of
substance abuse (=α 0.93). The data of the research analyzed by
step by step regression and SEM
Results
The total findings revealed that families’ internal and external
mental health influence on substance abuse( P<0.05).Also the
findings revealed that prediction of substance abuse influence
on families’ internal and external mental health (P<0.05 ).finally
there were interactional relationship between families’ internal
and external mental health and substance abuse(P<0.05).
greater side effects on cognitive performance, cognitive functioning can fluctuate as a function of both time since last dose and
treatment duration
Keywords
Methadone Maintenance, Methadone Dose, Cognitive Impairment
Conclusion
when the families have internal and external mental health, they
avoid from substance abuse. Also avoiding from substance abuse
results to families’ mental health and no problems for families
such as divorce, depress,...). However, the variables of this research have interactional relationship.
Keywords
Families’ Mental Health, Prediction of Substance Abuse, Students
Cognitive Impairments in Methadone
Maintained Patients as a Function of Dose,
Time Since Dosing and Treatment Duration
Zeynab Shahabazi1, Usha Barahmand2, Zeynab Shahbazi3, Ali Khazaee4
1. Young Researchers and Elite Club, Ardabil Branch, Islamic Azad University,
Ardabil, Iran
2. Associate Professor, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili
Ardabil, Iran
Background and Aim
Methadone maintenance treatment is a standard evidence-based
treatment for opiate-dependent individuals. However, there have
been many reports suggesting that this treatment is associated with
cognitive impairments as side-effects. Aim: The present study compared the cognitive performance of methadone maintained patients
Methods
A sample of 53 methadone maintained patients, divided into
two groups. One group (25 patients) was assessed 90 minutes to
3 hours after methadone administration, while the other group (26
patients) was assessed just before methadone administration, that
is, 24 hours after the last dose. Tests on cognitive flexibility, working memory, psychomotor speed, response inhibition, decision
making and emotion perception were administered. All patients
were pure opioid addicts and were in methadone maintenance
treatment for a period of 6 months to 3 years.
Results
Findings revealed that the two groups differed significantly only
on decision making. That is, decision making was poorer during peak sessions than during trough states. In other words, as
time since last dosing increased, methadone maintained patients
made better and more safe decisions. Higher doses were associated with deficits in cognitive flexibility, working memory and
response inhibition. The effects of treatment duration were mixed,
with longer treatment resulting in worse performance on working
memory, improved performance on emotion perception and no
effects on psychomotor speed
Efficacy of Trainings Healthy Lifestyle
Based on the WHO Model on Resiliency,
and Life Satisfaction in Women
with Addiction Husbands.
Maryam Shahbazi1
1. MD. Clinical Psychololgy. Allameh Tabatabai University
Background and Aim
Introduction: Drug addiction is one of the most important social
problems that cause will be the disintegration of societies and loving families, divorce, suicide and other social and psychological
damage. Healthy Life Style Training is learning the proper solutions to mitigate the effects of disasters and the impact of health
on quality of life in the four components of physical health, mental health, social health and spiritual. Purpose: The purpose of
the following research is to study the effect of Healthy Life Style
Training based on the World Health Model on resiliency, and life
satisfaction in women with addiction husbands .
Methods
The population of this research includes all the women with addiction husbands in Ivan at year 1393. Sample of the research includes 30 of the population who were chosen through convenience
sampling (15 as experimental group and 15 as control group). Conner and Davidson resiliency scale and Denier’s Life Satisfaction
questionnaire are the assessment tools which were used in this research. Both groups were given pre- tests before the training. Then
the experimental group was trained Healthy Life Style for 7 sessions, each session lasting for 90 minutes and the control group did
not receive any interventions. Right away after finishing the training sessions, both groups were given post-tests. The analyze was
done with use of a Descriptive Statistics including mean, standard
deviation and inferential statistics including covariance analysis .
Results
The result showed (pre-test and post-test) within the 2 groups
by 95% of confidence confirms the efficiency of the Healthy Life
Style Training on the women resiliency, and life satisfaction.
Conclusion
Due to family members, especially spouses can support their
healthy spouses are encouraged to try to quit drugs.Given the focus
on women’s health as an important supportive family is essential
Keywords
Healthy Life Style, WHO, Resiliency, Life Satisfaction
Conclusion
The results suggest that while higher doses of methadone have
The Comparison of Sensation seeking and
power of risk-taking in adolescent
smokers and non-smokers.
Maryam Shahbazi
1. MD. Clinical Psychololgy. Allameh Tabatabai University
1
Background and Aim
Introduction: Adolescence is a critical developmental period that
is associated with the process of identity formation. A Part of this
process is to save the growing risk of unhealthy behaviors, alcohol
use, smoking, and other materials may be present. purpose: The
aim of this study was therefore the compare of sensation seeking and the power of risk-taking in adolescent smokers and nonsmokers .
Methods
The population of this research includes all the adolescent smokers and non-smokers in Ivan at year 1393. Sample of the research
includes100 members of the population who were chosen through
(n = 50 per group) the convenience sampling method. The assessment tools which were used in this research are Zuckerman sensation seeking questionnaire and Reza-Khan power of risk Scale .
For the data analysis, descriptive statistics, including mean and
standard deviation and inferential statistics were used in the Tindependent.
Results
The results showed there were significant differences at 0/05
level between groups.
Conclusion
The results of the data analysis showed were differences in power of risk-taking and sensation seeking adolescent smokers and
nonsmokers in the extreme. Attention to the emotions of adolescent and encourage them to apply for the outflow of the healthy
aspects need to be.
Keywords
Sensation Seeking, Risk-Taking, Adolescent
Demographic and High Risk Behavior
Profile of Substance Abusing Women
Inmates in Iranian Prisons
Background and Aim
2
3
Methods
With a grounded theory design, the present cross-sectional study
was designed and conducted in 2012 in Iran. The study population
included 694 women inmates in 5 random selected prisons with
more than 100 inmates. Our data collected using questionnaires
filled in by trained interviewers. Regarding to illicit drug use, data
was divided to four groups: inmates who have 1) Only opioid use,
2) Only stimulant use, 3) Opioid and stimulants use, 4) Without
history of drug use. Data was analyzed by SPSS 21
Results
The mean age of inmates in the study was 34.1 (CI95%: 33.234.3) and the average age of starting using drugs such as opium,
heroin, crack and methamphetamine respectfully was 22.3 (21.223.5), 23.5 (22.2-24.7), 25.4 (23.8-26.9) and 25.6 (24.6-26.6).
11.5% of inmates just had history of opioid use, 8.5% just stimulant use, 26.2% both opioid and stimulants. Regarding to educational level they divided level into three groups: unlettered, under
diploma and academic education, the percentage of each groups
were respectfully 33.8-66.3-0.0 in opioid users, 13.3-73.3-13.3
in stimulant users, 12.6-78.6-8.8 in multi drug users and 18.571.5-9.9 in no drug users. This research was shown 71% of drug
abusers had history of sex with Non-spouse and the prevalence
of non-condom using in drug users was 2.8 times more than no
drug users. This rate in concurrent drug users was 4.8 Sex with
nonspouse was 12.7(69% noncondom use) in opioid users,
28.3 (30% noncondom use) in stimulant users, 42.6 (72% noncondom use) in multi drug users and 11.6 (65% noncondom use)
in no drug users.
Conclusion
According to the research, the pattern of drug abuse and condom
use in sexual activities has changed with higher education level.
It seems that drug-users had more sexual relationship with nonspouse and high risk behaviors Therefore proper training methods
with safer alternatives to high-risk behaviors, harm reduction programs and drug treatment are necessary for women inmates iside
prisons and after released.
Keywords
Women, Prison, Addiction, Harm Reduction
Mohammad Shahbazi , Marzieh Farnia , Zahra Vaezi , Amin Setarehdan
1. GFATM-UNDP project in Prisons Organization
2. Prisons Organization
3. GFATM-UNDP project in Prisons Organization
1
gard to drug-using and can be considered in any plan for harm
reduction programs among addict women.
4
At the end of 2013, there were almost 7,800 imprisoned women
in Iranian prisons and although they make up less than 4% of the
prison population, regarding to their high risk behavior, they do
act as a bridge to transfer the blood-born infections to the whole
community. The aim of this abstract was to study demographic
and high risk behavioral profile of women inmates in Iran in re-
To Implement an Innovative Method of
Peer Education in Iranian Prisons to
Improve Inmates’ Knowledge
on Harm Reduction
Mohammad Shahbazi1, Marzieh Farnia2, Mohammad Reza Keramati3
1. GFATM-UNDP Project in Prisons Organization
3. Emam Khomeni Hospital
Background and Aim
CANDIDATE FOR PREVENTIVE AWARD OF WELFARE
ORGANIZATION Weakness of knowledge of prisoners on drug
abuse and high risk behavior is a critical problem all across the
world and it is not limited to a country or an especial society. Peer
Education Program(PEP) is one of important harm reduction programs in prisons for providing information to change behavioral
patterns. In this method members of the target group are selected
and trained to transfer key information to their peers through face
to face training or small group discussions. Peer education is a
behavioral change strategy that has a known theoretical basis.
Methods
Fission Model of Peer Education (FMP)for incarcerated inmates:
Each inmate was first educated by designated health professionals
on harm reduction issues then requested to educate three other inmates with the assistance of pamphlets. Each of these three inmates
in turn trained three more inmates, and the process continued in a
spontaneous tree manner. In each prison block, the initial training
was just given to the one or two first-level inmate(s) and the knowledge passed on to the next levels spontaneously. The feedback was
then retrieved by means of questionnaires attached to the educational pamphlets to be filled by the inmates. The goal of educating
two leader inmates was to create two networks in a competitive
atmosphere. The information was recorded and analyzed using a
special software program designed for this purpose, and participating inmates were ranked in four levels and rewarded (financial and
non-financial such as family visits, leaves and ...awards) according
to the number of inmates they educated. The financial award has
been delivered to inmates’ bank accounts. The level of award has
been determined by software, therefore intervention of personnel
in the above processes was limited.
Results
This protocol were developed over a period of two years and
implemented in a six-month pilot in prisons in 2010-2011. Then
it has implemented in 17 prisons for 24 months up to end of
March 2014, Now the program is running in 28 prisons with
population more than 1000 and trained more than 128,515 inmates. The educational topics were Methamphetamine, harm
reduction, HIV/AIDS issues. Pre-test, post-test study was
performed in 2 sites of program in November 2012 (unpublished study), the univariate analysis indicated that the knowledge of prisoners participating in PEP increased dramatically
(p<0.0001).
Conclusion
The goal of the above models was to install a spontaneous, ongoing
educational system with a competitive environment, and we seem to
have been successful in achieving this goal. On the other hand, the
M&E system of the protocols improved the efficacy of the process.
Keywords
Drugs, Prisons, Peer Education
Network Location as the Main Predictor of
HIV Transmission Risk in Injecting Drug
Users: Results from Multiple Membership
Multilevel Modeling of Social Network.
Armita Shahesmaeili1, Hamid Soori2, Ali Akbar Haghdoost3
1. Depertment of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shahid Beheshti
2. Depertment of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shahid Beheshti
3. Regional knowledge Hub, and WHO collaborating centre for HIV
surveillance, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of
Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
Background and Aim
Injecting drug users (IDU) are the key group contributed to HIV
transmission in Iran. Despite the large-scale coverage of harm reduction program, some IDU continue to engage in high risk behaviors. It seems that there are some Macro/Social-level factors
that contribute to risk of HIV transmission in IDU. The aims of
present study was to analysis the social network of IDU and examine the adjusted effect of network location on HIV transmission risk using the multiple membership multilevel model.
Methods
From October 2013 to March 2014 we conducted face-to-face
interviews on 147 IDU . We asked participants to nominate up to
20 people whom they had more than causal contact with them during the past 30 days and specify if each nominee is drug injector
or not. We defined four locations based on component and K-core
analysis of sociometric network including: Core of main component, Peripheries of main components, members of other small
components, isolates / unlinked. The risk of HIV transmission for
each individual was measures based on 7 item scale that we constructed by Principal Component Analysis. We applied Multiple
Membership Multilevel Linear Regression analysis to examine
the relationship between network location and HIV transmission
risk adjusted for other variables.
Results
The mean age of participants was 37± 9.32.Most of individuals were male (91%) single (50.1%) and educated up to guidance
school (73.5%). Most of participants experienced the first occasion of injection before the age of 30(66.7%) and declared the
“friendship with an IDU” as the prominent cause of The mean age
of participants was 37± 9.32.Most of individuals were male (91%)
single (50.1%) and educated up to guidance school (73.5%).Being a core member of main component as like as being a member
of other small components in comparison with Isolates/unlinked
significantly increase the HIV Transmission risk. IDU who are not
under the Methadone Maintenance Therapy (MMT) compared to
IDU who engage in MMT have an increased risk of HIV transmission.
Conclusion
Network analysis can act as a useful guide to find the core or
most influential members of IDU network. This subpopulation
may act as key individuals in the transmission of HIV to other
IDU as like as bridging population Furthermore it provides the
harm reduction staff to find the broader number of IDU who are
usually hard to reach by routine outreach case-finding tasks. The
efficacy of interventions programs among IDU can be reinforced
by addressing them to more influential individuals within the network.
Keywords
Social Network Analysis, Injecting Drug Users, HIV Transmission Risk, Iran
Predictive Role of Religious Orientation in
Reducing Suicidal Ideation and
Vulnerability to Stress in Subjects Treated
with Methadone and Ordinary People in
Khorramabad
Mohammad Shahkarami1, Sirous Moradi Zadeh2, Somaye Abassi3, Mina Papi4,
Nahid Hadavi5
1. M.A in Family Therapy in Kharazmi University of Tehran
2. M.A in Phychology
3. M.A in Family Therapy
4. M.S in Psychology
5. M.A in Psychology Oloum Tahghighat University of Boroujerd
Background and Aim
addicted patients treated with numerous psychological problems
buckle that can affect their health, the goal of the research is the
role of the religious orientation in reducing suicidal ideation and
vulnerability to stress in individuals methadone treatment and
normal individuals is Khorramabad.
Methods
The following research is descriptive and correlation between
the availability of methadone treatment, 91 individuals were selected. After completing the questionnaire, religious orientation,
Allport (1986) and Beck and Beck questionnaire of 19 questions about suicidal thoughts Varan vulnerability to stress and Tal
(1997), data were analyzed by 18 spss software.
Results
The results showed that there is a negative relationship between
religiosity and suicidal ideation between religion and vulnerability to stress is negatively related to the other hand, multiple
regression analysis showed that the predictor variables, criterion
variables significantly to the explanation
Conclusion
The results showed that with the increase of religious and spiritual orientation can reduce its vulnerability in the face of threats
of suicide and mental health, including stress and depression, and
took action.
Keywords
Religious Orientation, Suicidal Thoughts, Vulnerability to Stress
Determining the Effectiveness of Social
Skills Training on Drug Addiction
Treatment in Mehr Tabriz Clinic
Hossein Shahmohammadi1, Shahram Yaghooti Azar2, Mina Fakhri3
1. Yung Reaserchers Club Islamic Azad University Tabriz-Iran
2. General Psychologist MA
3. Educational Planning MA
Background and Aim
The aim of this research was determining the effectiveness of social skills training on the prognosis of the treatment of addiction.
Methods
The method of this experimental research is pretest &posttest
with control group. The subjects were 22 patients with drug abuse
disorders, they selected with convenience sampling among patients that referred to the clinic of Tabriz and were placed randomly in two groups: experimental (12 subjects) and control (n = 12).
In the experimental group social skills training was provided for
two-hour eight sessions and the control group just in a waiting list.
The Subjects of both groups were evaluated by a self-assessment
questionnaire that included questions regarding family relationships and employment status and also by the ACIS questionnaire
and clinical examination to determining the rate of slip and recurrence. Data were analyzed by paired-samples T test, independent
T test and Mann-Whitney U.
Results
After a month follow-up, communication and interaction skills
increased in experimental group and in comparison with control
group were significantly different.
Conclusion
Social skills training can be used as an appropriate method for
enhancing communication and interaction skills in individuals
with drug abuse disorders to be applied.
Keywords
Social Skills, Drug abuse
The Effect of Prevention Program of
Addiction on Self-Efficacy, Self-Esteem
and Adolescent’s Awareness of Drug Abuse
Hossein SHahmohammadi1, Shahram Yaghooti Azar2, Mina Fakhri3
1. Yung Reaserchers Club Islamic Azad University Tabriz-Iran. Educational
Psychology MA
2. General Psychology MA
3. Educational Planning MA
Background and Aim
The present study was examined, the effect of a prevention program
of addiction on self-efficacy, self-esteem and adolescent’s awareness of
drug abuse. This program was included the ways to coping with stress
and increasing assertiveness, also the methods of resisting peer pressure
and presenting the correct information about drugs and drug abuse.
Methods
For this purpose, statistical sample was included 120 male students of high school in Tabriz that divided into two experimental
and control groups. At first both of groups were assessed pretest
and then the independent variable (training) was conducted. Data
were analyzed by correlated T test and independent T test.
Results
At first correlated T test the mean of pretest and posttest of
groups was compared. The results indicated that the training program increased self-efficacy, self-esteem and awareness in the experimental group. In the second method with independent T test,
mean differences between the two groups were compared.
Conclusion
The results indicated that program only reduces the tendency
toward drug abuse in experimental group than the control group.
However, there weren’t a significantly difference of self-efficacy,
self-esteem and awareness between groups.
Keywords
Prevention of Addiction, Self-Efficacy, Self-esteem, Awareness,
Adolescent
Assessing the Effect of Stress
Management Training on the Readiness
for Addiction Treatment Among Hamadan
Drug Abuse Treatment Centers, Based on
Applying Health Belief Model
Babak Moeini1, Seyed Mohammad Mehdi Hazavehei2,
Reza Shahrabadi3, Javad Faradmal4, Saeed Dashti5
1. Social Determinants of Health Research Center & Department of Public
Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
2. Research Center for Health Sciences & Department of Public Health,
Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
3. PhD student in Health Education and Health Promotion, Tehran University
of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (*Corresponding Author)
4. Assistant Professor, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, school of
Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Iran
5. PhD student in Health Education and Health Promotion,Yazd University of
Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
Background and Aim
Phenomenon of drug abuse is one of the social crises that
disrupt the cycle of society development. Of the factors affecting increasing readiness for addiction treatment in addicted
persons is learning stress management methods. Considering the importance of education to promote readiness for addiction treatment, this study determined the effect of stress
management training on the readiness for addiction treatment
among Hamadan drug abuse treatment centers, based on applying Health Belief Model.
Methods
In this quasi-experimental study, 85 addicts from two drug
abuse treatment centers assigned to intervention and control groups. The tool of gathering data was a questionnaire
based on Health Belief Model (perceived severity, susceptibility, benefits, barriers, self-efficacy and cues to action),
the readiness for addiction treatment, referral regular, use of
stress management methods and demographic variables that
reliability and validity was assessed and reported appropriate.
The educational intervention included four educational sessions of 60 minutes. Applied only in the intervention group
and one month after the four sessions, educational booklet
was distributed as a reminder among intervention group. Two
months after intervention, two groups were followed and data
were analyzed by using SPSS16.
Results
There were not statistical significant differences in demographic
factors in two groups. There were statistical significant differences before and after intervention in the intervention group compared with control group in mean scores constructs of the Health
Belief Model (perceived severity, susceptibility, benefits, barriers,
self-efficacy and cues to action), the readiness for addiction treatment, referral regular and use of stress management methods. (Pvalue=/05)
Conclusion
Findings showed that educational intervention based on HBM
may be an effective method for promoting readiness for addiction
treatment in addicts.
Keywords
Drug Abuse Treatment Centers, Readiness for Addiction Treatment, Stress Management, Health Belief Model.
Studying the Effect of Hookah Smoke on
Blood Parameters in Rats Exposed to Acute
Esmat Shahriary1, Abdol Ali Khammari 2,
Ebrahim Miri-Moghaddam3, Ramazan Mirzaei 4
1. Master of Science Health, Safety and Environment . Department of Health
2. Master of Science Health, Safety and Environment . Department of Health
3. Health Promotion Reserch Center, Zahedan University
Of Medical Sciences, Zahedan
4. Health Promotion Reserch Center, Zahedan University
Of Medical Sciences, Zahedan
Background and Aim
One of the most common means of smoking tobacco is Water
Pipe; it’s called (Arghile or Narghile) in the Middle East countries. Various studies reveal that smoking can affect the blood parameters. Being exposed to hookah and cigarette smoke leads to
facing a complex mixture of over 4000 chemicals, including some
well-known carcinogenic. One of these toxic materials is carbon
monoxide which enters into bloodstream through the lungs and
combines with hemoglobin, and thus the numbers of hemoglobin, red blood cells and hematocrit are increased. Unfortunately,
at present time, hookah use is increasing among girls and women.
The aim of this study was survey of hookah smoke effect on white
blood cells and red blood cells in rats.
Methods
In this experimental-laboratorial research, 20 rates of Albino
race were randomly divided into control group and the group of
acute receiving smoke hookah; and each group contained 10 rats.
After one month, blood sampling was performed by heart bleed;
afterwards, the amounts of white blood cells , red blood cells, hemoglobin, and Hematocrit were determined by using cell counter
device. Finally, descriptive statistics such as central distribution
indexes, frequency distribution tables, and statistical diagrams
were utilized to describe data; and inferential statistics such as
T- test was used to analyze the data.
Results
The results showed that the average number of white blood cells
in the acute group and in the control group were 5.17and 4.60 (
×10 6 mm3 ) respectively (P = 0.54). The average number of red
blood cells in the acute group was 9.37 and in the control group
was 8.82 ( ×10 6 mm3 ) (P = 0.04). The average number of hemoglobin in the acute group and in the control group stood at 18.44
and 15.09( gr/dl) respectively (P = 0.00). The average number of
Hematocrit was 56.61 for the acute group and 50.20 (%) for the
control group (P = 0.03).
Conclusion
The results of this research manifests that the hookah smoke affect the blood parameters; and the smokers are subjected to several diseases as well as cancer. This can be prevented by proper
planning; thus the risks of hookah smoking will be decreased.
Keywords
Hookah Smoke, Red Cells, White Cells, Hemoglobin, Hematocrit
Study of Social Factors , Individual and
Environmental Effects of the Phenomenon
of Addiction in Ilam City.
Jafar Sharafkhani1, Ziba Mirhousainy2
1. PhD in Sociology, Univercity of Bakhtar in Ilam, Iran
2. Master of Scicology
Background and Aim
The purpose of this study, which was conducted in 1392 to investigate the social factors affecting personal and environmental
trends to the phenomenon of drug addiction in Ilam city
Methods
The method used in this research has been the case study. The
author has designed a questionnaire to collected data.The study
population is 270 subjects who have been in prison at least once
and data is obtained through the General Directorate of Prisons
Ilam province. Based on the data obtaining through questionnaire, addiction intensity compare with each independent variables (severe aggression,depression, attitude to drugs, dropout,
associate with bad friends, drug availability, unemployment) that
causes social, environment and individual tendency to addiction
is examined. Frequency of the Pearsontest showed that these
variables have a significant affected of the addiction intensity
variables.
Results
At descriptive level we used of frequency, density, averaging, averaging standard deviation and variance parameters.
And inferential level, Pearson correlation, T-test and the contribution of independent variables to explain the dependent
variable, the multiple regression and variance (ANOVA) was
used.Addiction intensity is as integrated dependent variable
that contains a combination quality and type of drug used and
the frequency and method.In this research studied relationship with independent variables such as “severe aggression,”
“attitude to drugs”, “depression”,”contacts with bad friends”,
“drop out”, “availability of drugs”, “unemployment” examined is taken
Conclusion
The result indicates that there is a significant direct correlation
between addiction intensity and aggression, attitude of drugs,
associated with bad friends, depression, drug availability, and
unemployment but showed a significant inverse relationship between leaving educationswith highly addictive.
Keywords
Addiction Intensity, Aggression, Depression, leaving Education, Drug’s Quality, Unemployment
Prevalence of Crystal Meth and Ecstasy
Users among 19-to 29-Year-Old Group in
Iran: Findings of a National
Cross-Sectional Survey
Ali Ahmad Rafie-Rad1, Hamid Sharifi2, Ali Akbar Haghdoost3,
Abbas Sedaghat4, Maryam Sargolzaei Moghadam5,
Mohammad Mehdi Gouya6, Mohammad Karamouzian7,
Samira Hosseini Hooshyar8, Marzieh Mohammadi9
1. PhD. Student of Cultural Sociology, Allameh Tabatabaei University, Tehran,
Iran &Regional Knowledge Hub, and WHO Collaborating Center for HIV Surveillance, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical
2. Regional Knowledge Hub, and WHO Collaborating Center for HIV
4. Center for Disease Control, Ministry of Health and Medical Education,
Tehran, Iran
Tehran, Iran
Tehran, Iran
Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
9. MSc Student of Social Research, AL-Zahra University, Tehran, Iran
Background and Aim
Crystal meth and ecstasy use has raised rapidly in Iran in the
past few years. This increased popularity is mostly seen among
the younger population, probably due to the feelings attributed to
the use of these substances such as high energy, lack of fatigue,
alertness, increased sexual desire, increased feelings of joy, power, and high self-esteem. Although these substances have been in
the Iranian market for a while, the size and characteristics of their
users are poorly understood. This study tries to estimate the size
of crystal meth and ecstasy users in Iran; an information that is
essential for policy makers and healthcare providers.
Methods
The present study was a sub-study of a national survey conducted on a representative sample of 3246 Iranian adolescents
and youths (aged 19-29) in 13 provinces. Using a standardized
pretested structured questionnaire, data was collected on participants’ history of crystal meth and ecstasy use. They were also
asked if they knew any crystal meth or ecstasy user. Knowing
someone was defined as “recognizing each other by sign or name
and having had contacted within the past year either in person,
phone or email”. Data was analyzed using frequency and probability approaches.
Results
Based on our findings, 5.7% and 3.6% of the participants had
a history of crystal meth and ecstasy use, respectively. Moreover, 30.1% of the respondents knew at least one crystal meth
user. Around 34.9% of participants knew one, 24.3% knew two,
and 14.5% knew three individuals as crystal users. On the other
hand, while 10.1% of the participants knew at least one ecstasy
user, 33.3% of them reported to know one, 26.3% knew two, and
12.8% knew three ecstasy users.
Conclusion
Although this self-reported data is subject to an underestimation
of the size of crystal meth and ecstasy users in our sample, our
findings reveal a considerable size of young people with a history of crystal meth and ecstasy use. Prevention programs should
target this critical age group with proper educations regarding the
emerging synthetic substances.
Keywords
Crystal Methamphetamine, Ecstasy, Youth, Survey, Iran.
This study indicated that the majority of our understudy subjects
had a history of previous attempts to treat their addiction with a
maximum abstinence period of 6 months
Keywords
Treatment, Rehabilitation, Centers
Relationship between Resiliency and
Psychological Hardiness with Tendency to
Substance Use in High School Students
Maryam Sharifi1, Jamal Sourah2
1. Consultant, University of Applied Science and Technology, Bookan, Iran
2. University of Ardabil
Background and Aim
This study was carried out to assess the relationship of psychological hardiness and resiliency with the tendency to substance
use in high school students’ areas of Bookan, Urmia, khoye, Makoo, Mohabad and Salmas. Also, to determine the contribution of
each of the predicting variables
Methods
Common Methods to Treat Addiction Used
by Patients Checked into
Treatment- Rehabilitation Centers in Tehran
Hooman Sharifi1, Mohammad Reza Masjedi2, Sepideh Sigari3
1. Tobacco Prevention and Control Research Center (TPCRC)
This research is a descriptive -correlation study. A group of 450
high school students (225 girls and 225 boys from schools) were
selected through cluster sampling method for this research. Measuring instruments were Ahvaz Hardiness Inventory (AHI), Connor- Davidson Resilience (CD-RIS) and tendency to substance
use Inventory. Data was analyzed using, Pearson correlation coefficient and Stepwise multiple regression analysis.
Results
Background and Aim
This study was to determine common methods to treat addiction
used by patients checked into Outpatient Treatment and Rehabilitation Clinics in Tehran.
Methods
This study was conducted in Social Security affiliated outpatient
clinics including 3 governmental and several private centers in
22 districts of Tehran. Demographic data, personal information,
social characteristics and information regarding prevention, treatment and follow-up records of 1,372 patients were obtained and
analyzed.
Results
Conclusion
Our findings showed that a significant majority of cases referring to the treatment centers were males (95.2%). Patients were 14
to 75 yrs. of age (mean 35.48 ± 10.57 years); 61.7% were married
and lived in rented homes in the city; 938/1372 (68.4%) had at
least one previous attempt failure when seeking re-treatment. A
significant majority of them (77.8%) had a history of 1 to 4 quit
attempts; a significant number 63.1% had an abstinence period of
1 week to 6 months.
The results showed that psychological hardiness (r=0 .34) is
positively related to resilience (P<0.000). Psychological hardiness
(r=-0.35) and resilience (r=-0.33) are negatively related to tendency to substance use (P<0.000). Also, the results showed that
hardiness and resiliency are able to predict tendency to substance
use significantly (P<0.000).
Conclusion
The findings indicate that hardiness and resiliency are important
in the predictiing of tendency to substance use in high school students. The two mentioned variables are able to explain the high
rate of substance use in high school students in adverse conditions; and considering them in disaster mental health is essential.
Keywords
Resilience, Psychological Hardiness, Tendency to Substance
Use, High School Students
Barriers Against Use of Dental Services
among Addicts Receiving Methadone
Maintenance Treatment in
Rehabilitation Centers in Tehran
Hajar Shekarchizadeh1, Mohammad R. Khami2, Simin Z. Mohebbi3, Jorma I.
Virtanen4, Hamed Ekhtiari5
1. Community Oral Health Department, Tehran University of Medical Science,
Tehran, Iran
Tehran, Iran
Tehran, Iran
4. Department of Community Dentistry, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
5. Neurocognitive Laboratory, Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies,
Background and Aim
Addicts usually have low use of dental services and ask for only
emergency treatment at advanced stages of disease. The aim of
the present study was to investigate barriers against dental service
utilization among addicts receiving methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) in Tehran, Iran.
Methods
Applying a stratified cluster random sampling method, we collected the data from 813 MMT patients in eight addiction treatment centers in Tehran in 2011. Participants reported their perceived barriers against use of dental services via a structured selfadministered questionnaire. Face to face interviews also requested
patients’ demographics and addiction history. A logistic regression model served for statistical analysis.
Results
As high as 96% of the participants were men with the mean
age of 40.5 (SD±11.5; range 20-86). Most of the patients were
married (70%), employed (72%) and had higher than a primaryschool education (89%). The most prevalent main drugs of abuse
were opium and crystalline heroin, and the main routes of drug
administration were smoking and oral routes. The mean age of
starting drug abuse among the patients was 24.8 (SD 8.2), and
the mean duration of addiction was 10.8 years (SD 7.9). About
half the participants reported to experience dental pain during the
previous year. Among them, 44% had visited the dentist for pain
relief, as high as 67% self-medicated with painkiller, and 25%
abused illicit drugs. More highly educated patients, residents of
more affluent areas of the city, and those who had started using
drugs at an older age were more likely to visit the dentist to relief
dental pain. Low priority for dental care was the most prevalent
barrier against use of dental services reported by more than three
quarter of the patients. High cost of dental services was the second most prevalent barrier reported by half the patients. Less than
a quarter indicated low access to dental treatment among which
lack of dentist was the most reported one. Pain and fear of dentists
was also revealed by half dentate participants.
Conclusion
High prevalence of self-medication for toothache and low dental service utilization call for provision of appropriate policies
and education to overcome the barriers and to increase dental
services utilization among this group of special health care need
patients.
Keywords
Addiction, Use of Dental Services, Barriers
Determine the Effect of Treatment on
Retention Among Drug Users
Peymaneh Shirinbayan1, Hassan Rafiey2, Afshin Vejdani Roshan3,
Asgar Dadkhah4, Mohammad Reza Kooshesh5, Ali Farhoudian6
1. Pediatric Neurorehabilitation Researh Center, University
of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation
3. University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation
4. university of social welfare and rehabilitation
5. Pediatric Neurorehabilitation Researh Center, University
of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation
Background and Aim
NTRODUCTION Iran is a country with 70,000,000 populations, which are mostly young. About 2,000,000 Iranians abuse
drugs, with the main drug of abuse opiates.
Methods
METHODS This multi-center prospective study was conducted
at 7 outpatient treatment facilities in 4 cities in Iran, in 2007, 282
consecutive opiate dependent people were followed for 6 months.
All patients were select after a complete physical and psychiatric
evaluation. Criteria for Opioid Dependence in this study was presence of at least three of the following symptoms must occur during a 12 month period: 1) Tolerance, 2) Withdrawal, 3) Opioid use
in greater quantities or for longer periods of time than planned,4)
Failed attempts to quit or cut back (at minimum, a wish to cut
back), 5) Considerable time devoted to obtaining drug, using drug
or recovering from use of drug, 6) Interference with social, occupational or recreational activities, and 7) Ongoing use despite
awareness of drug problem (American Psychiatric Association,
1994). Dependent variable Length of retention in treatment (0 - 6)
considered as dependent variable (main outcome).
Results
Result At the start of 1.2 patients discontinued treatment and
among those who continued treatment, lowest of treatment group
received bopre norfin and the highest percentage of people receiving methadone and methadone maintenance At second month, 6.4
subjects discontinued treatment and among those who continued
treatment had the lowest percentage of family therapy and individual psychotherapy received the highest percentage of people
receiving methadone maintenance. At third month, 7.9 subjects
discontinued treatment and among those who continued therapy,
individual psychotherapy received the lowest percentage and the
highest percentage of people receiving methadone maintenance.
At forth month 9.1 of subjects discontinued treatment and among
those who continued therapy, cognitive therapy had the lowest
and the highest percentage of people receiving methadone maintenance. At five month, 10.9 of the people discontinued treatment
and among those who continued treatment had the lowest percentage bopre norfin, group therapy and cognitive therapy had the
highest percentage of people receiving MMT and Naltroxan, And
the last month, 13.9 patients discontinued treatment and among
those who continued therapy, family therapy and group therapy
were lowest and the highest percentage of people receiving methadone maintenance
Conclusion
Type distribution during the treatment was difference significant
(P<0.05) In other words, in each of the months of study, in all
cases investigated during methadone maintenance treatment was
most consuming. Treatments such as bopre norfin, family therapy,
cognitive therapy, group therapy and individual psychotherapy
have had the least indication.
Keywords
Chronic Schizophrenia, Cigarette Smoking, Impulsivity
Keywords
Retention, Drug Use, Opiate, Family Therapy, Cognitive Therapy, Individual Psychotherapy
Comorbidity Cigarette Smoking, among
Patients with Schizophrenia:
Relationships to Psychopathology, Impulsivity
Somayeh Shokrgozar1, Reza Ahmadi2, Masoume Allahi3,
Mahboobeh Roshandel rad4
1. Assistance Proffessor of Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Shafa
Hospital, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
2. Department of Psychiatry, Shafa Hospital, School of Medicine,
Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
Background and Aim
Co-occurring substance use and cigarette smoking in people
with schizophrenia is more common in the general population
and is associated with poor clinical and social outcomes. In this
regard, there are limited data about the relationship between cigarette smoking and psychopathology and impulsivity in patients
with schizophrenia. The main objective of this work is to examine
the relationship between smoking use and impulsivity, positive
and negative symptoms, OCD and demographic Information in
the patients with schizophrenia in Iran.
Methods
In this cross - sectional study, 100 inpatients with chronic schizophrenia in north of Iran were enrolled according to DSM-IV diagnosis and interviewed for nicotine dependency. Psychopathological
variables were assessed using the instruments including assessment
of positive and negative symptoms (PANSS), scale structured interview DSM-IV (SCID-II), the Yale-Brown obsessive–compulsive
scale (YBOCS) and Barratt impulsiveness scale (BIS).
Results
The results disclosed that smoker with schizophrenia are mostly
men with low education and indicate positive symptoms as compared to non-smoking patients with schizophrenia. In the present
research unlike other studies, no relationship was found between
the severity of negative symptoms and some demographic information such as family history, age of first hospitalization, number
of hospitalization times, and smoking. Another important result
of this work is that, A significant relationship was found between
impulsivity and of nicotine addiction.
Conclusion
alarmingly high among individuals with schizophrenia in routine psychiatric settings. Occurring cigarette smoking in patients
with schizophrenia and communicating with increased morbidity
and mortality in them means that coordinated efforts are urgently
needed to promote quit smoking in this group.
A Comparison of Emotional Intelligence
and Self-Esteem with Tendency to
Addiction in Orphanage Teenagers
and Home Teenagers
Zahra Simi1, Om-al-banin Bagher Nezhad2, Mohsen Makhlough3
1. MA in Family Counseling. Allame Tabatabaee, Tehran, Iran.
2. MA in Clinical Psychology. Islamic Azad University, Research Science Unit
Mazandaran, Iran.
3. Department of General Psychology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic
Azad University, Arak, Iran.
Background and Aim
The present study was performed with the purpose of comparing emotional intelligence and self-esteem with tendency to addiction in orphanage teenagers and inside home teenagers.
Methods
This is an applied study in terms of purpose and causative –
comparative in term of method. the subjects included all high
school students in Mamasani in 1392-1393 who lived in orphanage. the sample consisted of 31 subjects in each group. orphanage
students were selected through available sampling and ordinary
students were selected through multi-phase clustering. The data
was collected through Bardbery and Quiz (2005), copper smith
self- esteem (1976) and Farchad tendency to addiction questionaires and were analysed using spass- 18, descriptive statistics and
meaningful test of mean difference (T-test).
Results
The results of the study indicated that there is a meaningful difference between orphanage and ordinary teenagers in terms of emotional intelligence and self – esteem and tendency to addiction. Also,
the comparition of means indicate that orphanage teenagers showed
more inclination towards addiction. there is also a meaningful relationship between emotional intelligence, self-esteem and inclination
towards addiction. In other words, the more emotional intelligence
and self-esteem the less inclination towards addiction is.
Conclusion
It can be said that subjects with low emotional intelligence and
low self – esteem are likely to be subjected to drug abuse. Also
orphanage life has negative effects on some psychological aspects
in teenagers. There is a meaningful relationship between childrens, emotional relationship with affection level and interpersonal
relationship with parents and emotional intelligence.
Keywords
The results of our study showed that prevalence of smoking is
Emotional Intelligence, Self-esteem, Addiction, Teenagers
Antisocial but not Narcissistic Personality
Disorders Features among Polysubstance
Users Under MMT
Ahmad Sohrabi1, Asrin Rahimmi2, Shahin Fakhraei3
1. Department of Psychology, University of Kurdistan
2. Department of Psychology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad
University, Sanandaj
3. Behavioral Diseases Counseling Center, Medical University of Kurdistan
Background and Aim
Patients with poly-substance use disorders and their personality disorder features have recently attracted attention among researchers (e.g., Preti et al., 2011). This population may have some
personality features that draw them into seeking more gains and
personal advantages regardless of the cost to others. Personality
disorder features, especially those known as cluster B including
antisocial and narcissistic personality disorders, are great measures that predict these behaviors, as they mainly involve how one
makes a balance between one’s and others’ benefits. Therefore, in
the current study we were interested in comparing patients with
mono- and poly-substance use disorder regarding these types of
personality disorder features.
Methods
Twenty five addict outpatients under Methadone Maintenance
Therapy (MMT) were selected as a convenient sample. They were
divided into a couple of groups, mono-substance users (12 opium
users) and poly-substance users (13 users of more than a drug).
The two groups were homogeneous in terms of age and education as there were no significant differences between the two. All
patients filled out a 16-item Narcissistic Disorder Inventory (NPI16, Ames et al., 2006) and antisocial (psychopathy) questionnaire
(Levenson et al., 1995), shown good psychometric properties in
our previous studies.
Results
An independent t-test showed a significant difference among
the two groups in terms of antisocial personality disorder features (t23=2.1; p < .05, Levene’s Test for Equality of Variances
assumed). Both groups were very low on narcissistic disorder
features, with no significant differences between the two groups.
Further analysis of the data from both groups using Pearson correlation showed a significant negative relationship between age and
narcissistic personality disorder (r = -.43; p < .05) and a significant
negative relationship between education and antisocial personality disorder (r = -.49; p < .01). No other significant correlations
were found.
Conclusion
The results of the current study showed a higher level of antisocial personality disorder features among poly-substance compared with mono-substance users. However, narcissistic personality disorder features were low among both groups with no significant differences. Moreover, the results also showed a negative
relationship between age and narcissistic personality disorder and
between education and antisocial personality disorder. Although
this was a small study, we can conclude that poly-substance users
pursue more benefits and personal gains regardless of possible so-
cial consequences, as evident in the antisocial/psychopathy scale
items employed in the current study. Surprisingly, they showed
very low narcissistic personality disorder features even less than
those observed in ordinary people found in previous studies. This
might be due to the small sample size or underestimating of features when self-report inventories are employed. Other methods
are worth considering, especially more objective scales such as
computerized games, as used in our previous studies on topics
other than addiction. More details regarding subscales of the questionnaires to be discussed.
Keywords
Antisocial, Psychopathy, Narcissism, Personality Disorders,
Polysubstance, Addiction
Alcohol and Traffic Accidents
Fatemeh Sokhanvari1, .Mohamemad erisian2
1. Medical Univercity
2. Forensic Center
Background and Aim
Background: Alcohol has a significant effect on driver behavior, including reducing restraint and caution in the feelings and
gain a sense of aggressiveness and risk. While such changes in
behavior in a significant impact on traffic safety will only increase
due to death. Given alcohol has Very low speed excreted from the
body (1/0 g per hour) will surprise even the most cautious drivers .
Studies show that the risk of a fatal crash increases two times with
a half grams of alcohol per liter of blood flow And 30 percent of
fatal accidents with drunk drivers.
Methods
This study is an cross-sectional descriptive study. study population
of drivers who died in traffic accident that referred to the forensic
center.Information related to the deceased have been completed by
a forensic expert through a questionnaire. Then drug and alcohol
testing done for all the dead driver . After receiving the test results
recorded. The data obtained were analyzed using SPSS software.
Results
All subjects studied were male, 53% of primary school education, 21% of college students, 11%% High School education ,
10% School education and 5% are illiterate. 84% of the drivers
were driving out of city and 16% were driving within the city.
53% of them have driving experience over 10 years, 31% between
1-5 years and 16% were between 5 -10 years. 74% of them were
cigarette smokers and 26% had no a history of smoking. 16% of
these patients had a history of drug abuse. In 68% of cases has
been driving per day and 32% at night. Survey shows that 83%
of deaths from accident occurred at accident scene and in 17% of
deaths in a week after the incident. In 53% of cases, an accident
has been with another vehicle, 31% has been reversal and 16%
has been other cases . in toxicology in 37% of cases test positive
have been reported. Of which 71% has been alcohol use and 29%
has been morphine consumption .
Conclusion
great damage that alcohol causes in traffic accident due to a lot
of preventive action. Although many advances have been made,
but alcohol still is one of the major factors in traffic deaths in
communities where alcohol is used. The results of this study also
suggests the creation of fatal accidents are due to alcohol. Thus,
according to the official and unofficial reports of high alcohol use,
particularly among young people we Need for further cooperation
with the Traffic Police and the Transport and Traffic center in our
area. Strategies such as using alcohol detector, serious encounters
with the drivers of consumer and inform the community about
the dangers of alcohol use while driving can also be effective in
preventing this problem. It is noteworthy alcohol ue is illegal and
forbidden in our country and in the new law, traffic offenses and
fined up to 2000000 rials and deduct points from the anticipated
license.
Keywords
Alcohol, Accidents, Death, Forensic
Analysis of Amphetamine Type Stimulants
in Biological Samples: Forensic and
Clinical Aspects
Kambiz Soltaninejad1
1. Legal Medicine Research Center, Legal Medicine Organization, Tehran, Iran
Background and Aim
Nowadays, substance abuse is increasingly shifting from conventional substances like opium, heroin and cannabis to synthetic
drugs. One of the important classes of the synthetic abused drugs
is central nervous system (CNS) stimulants. In this group, amphetamine-type stimulants (ATS) are the main class which has
been illegally manufactured and abused in the world. ATS refer to
a group of drugs whose principal members include amphetamine,
methamphetamine, ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, methylphenidate, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and other
related compounds. In Iran, abuse of methamphetamine (with
street names such as: Shisheh, Crystal and Glass) is relatively
new and growing quickly problem with medical, social, political
and legal dimensions. From this view, analysis ATS in bio-samples in amphetamine related addiction/abuse treatment programs,
workplace drug testing, driving under influence, treatment of ATS
overdoes cases, evaluation of neonatal drug exposure by pregnant
woman and differential diagnosis and confirmation of cause of
some medical disorders such as substance induced seizures have
been used in clinical and forensic toxicology. This article summarizes the biological samples, sample preparation methods and
various analytical methods used for the analysis of ATS in biosamples in clinical and medico-legal settings.
Conclusion
Confirmation and quantification of ATS in bio-samples need to
sophisticated and high tech instrumentations especially in medico-legal cases. Method selection related to multiple factors such
as sensitivity and accuracy of method, nature of the sample, budget and workload of laboratory and technician experience.
Keywords
Amphetamine-type Stimulants, Analysis, Abuse, Biological
Samples
Epidemiological Investigation of Women
Visiting DIC Center in Birjand
Maryam Soroush1
1. University of Birjand
Background and Aim
half of our society is women and this statistical truth should be
taken into consideration in all social vital aspects of human. Drug
addiction is one of prevalent disorders and problems that apply
serious and huge damage on individuals and families. Women are
prior victim of drug addiction and due to their sensitivity and roles
in the families the difficulties in women are more severe. Some
of important factors in women’s drug addiction as follow: illness
and physical pains, pleasure attainment and curiousness, parent’s
spouse and friend’s addiction, economic problems, poverty or
high welfare, spiritual and moral problems and so on.
Methods
Methods
We searched the words “Amphetamine-type Stimulants”,
“Analysis”, “Determination”, “Biological samples” and “Abuse”
in Pubmed and Google Scholar databases from 2000-2014 and
the retrieved articles were reviewed.
Results
forensic settings. Also, other biological samples such as saliva,
hair and meconium have been used for the analysis of ATS both
in clinical and forensic cases. Tissues especially liver has been
only used in forensic cases. Analytical techniques such as onestep rapid immunochromathographic techniques, Thin Layer
Chromatography (TLC), High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC), Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
(ELISA), Fluorescence Polarization Immunoassay (FPIA) and
Enzyme Multiplied Immunoassay Technique (EMIT) are used as
screening methods for ATS analysis in bio-samples in clinical and
medico-legal investigations. High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) with Photodiode Array (PDA) detector or mass
spectrometry (LC-MS) and liquid chromatography with tandem
MS (LC-MS-MS), Electrospray Ionization Time-of- Flight Mass
Spectrometry (ESI-TOF-MS), Capillary Electrophoresis with MS
detection (CE-MS) and Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography (UPLC) have been used for conformational analysis of ATS
abuse in biological samples in clinical and forensic cases.
Urine and blood samples are the most widely used conventional
biological samples for the detection of ATS abuse in clinical and
This research has been carried out descriptive over 30 medical
records of women visited pass healthcare center of Birjand via
interview, record compiling and data analysis by SPSS
Results
Investigating of current study data show the average ages of
visitors are 36 among whom %96.7 is married with average of
two children. Regarding the type of consumed drug, %33.3 used
opium and %50 used glass and crystal. %13.2 of visitors used
more than one type of drug and %87 used the drug for more than
3 years of consumption practice. %70 of them used the drug via
smoking and %83.3 has been using the drug between 1-3 times
per day. %53.3 of them held prison records and %30 with more
than two times addiction treatment records. In terms of effective
factors in addiction their self-reported show friends with %70,
spiritual disorders with %6.7, physical illness with %6.7 and finally %16.7 pointed out more than one factor effective in their
addiction.
Conclusion
Drug addiction is one of prevalent disorders and problems that
apply serious and huge damage on individuals and families. Unfortunately in recent years drug addiction has been prevalent
among women as men. Several factors play roles in women addiction and outcomes of women addiction are bigger than men.
Prevention of addiction is more effective than treatment and solutions such as education of women with properties of drugs, values
and religious believes reinforcement, children control, helping in
selection of friends and issuing suitable criminal codes in prevention of addiction in women are most effective and high lighted
Keywords
Addiction, Women, Pass center, Addiction Treatment
The Comparing of Defense Mechanism
and Style Among People with Subestance
Depanted Disorder and Normal People
Reza Soveyzi1, Hossein Mojtahedi2, Mojtaba Habibi3
1. Shahid Beheshti University Of Medical Science
Masters In Clinical Psychology,
2. Assistant Professor, Shahid Beheshti University Of Medical Science
3. Assistant Professor, Shahid Beheshti University
Background and Aim
Introduction:The purpose of the present research was to comparethe the defense styles among patients with substance abuse
disorder with non-addicted individuals.
Methods
The research method was expost factor and statistical population
consisted of one group of addicted individual and normal individuals in Tehran. 100 addicted patients were selected by convenient sampling method among the patients that were referred to
selected addiction treatment centers in Tehran.The control group
with 100 people was selected from normal people. The research
instruments were defense style Questionnaire(DSQ-40, Andrews,
Sing & Bond, 1993). Data was analyzed using ANOVA.
Results
Findings revealed significant differences in immature (P<0.01),
mature (P<0.001) and Neurotic (P<0.0001) defense styles between addicted and healthy groups.
Conclusion
It is concluded that awareness of effects of defense styles on substance abuse, can be effective to decrease the addiction disorder
and probably to prevent this disorder.
Keywords
Addiction, Defense Styles.
The Role of 1,25 Dihydroxyvitamin D3 in
Blood Brain Barrier of MA
Addicted Patients
Soheil Tahani1, Vahid Shaygannejad2, Leila Dehghani3
1. Department of Neurology, Isfahan Neurosciences Research Center, Isfahan
Background and Aim
Methamphetamine also called meth, chalk, ice, and crystal
with long-lasting neurotoxic effects is a drug that is considerably
abused worldwide. Recent studies in animal models have indicated that MA can induce impairment of the blood-brain barrier
(BBB).In addition, functional changes in EC and macrovascular
injuries lead blood brain barrier disruption in MA addicted patients. Also it has been suggested that some of the neurotoxic effects of MA abuse could be the consequence of barrier disruption.
In the previous studies, it has been proven that vitamin D play a
prominent role as strong antioxidant also able to scavenge different ROS. Current study is the first investigation to elucidate positive influences of vitamin D against EC apoptosis in MA addicted.
Methods
Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were cultured and then treated with sera from MA addicted patients (30)
and sera from healthy volunteer individuals as control group (each
group n=20). For evaluation effects of 1,25(OH)2D3 on HUVECs
treated with sera of MA addicted patients, we arranged different
groups; in the first group, HUVECs were only treated by sera from
patients for 24 h, in the second group HUVECs were treated by
10–7 M 1,25(OH)2D3 24 h and then sera from patients was added
to these cells for 24 h. In the third group, HUVECs were exposed
in the sera of patients for 24 h and then 10–7 M of 1,25(OH)2D3
was added to these cells for 24 h. In the fourth group, HUVECs
were treated by sera from healthy individuals for 24 h. MTS assay
was carried out for cell surveillance and cell death detection kit
and flow cytometry (by annexin V–propidium iodide staining) for
evaluating apoptosis were used in this study.
Results
There was a significant decrement in apoptosis rate by the serum of patients, just when 1,25(OH)2D3 applied before treating
HUVECs with sera from MA addicted patients. Furthermore,
the cells surveillance improved evidently with the presence of
1,25(OH)(2)D(3) in culture, too.
Conclusion
With regard to increment in EC apoptosis rate, which treated by
the sera from MA addicted patients and decrement in apoptosis
rate by the presence of vitamin D in culture media, it could be
proposed that vitamin D can be used for MA addicted patients to
keep EC from high disruption.
Keywords
Vitamin D3, Apoptosis, Endothelial Cells, Methamphetamine
Missing Link in the Tendency to Cybersex
Maryam Tavakkoli
1. Tehran Subway, Tehran. Iran
1
Background and Aim
This study examined the role of individualindexes organizations
took cybersex
Methods
In this study a sample of 1500 subjects referred to pornographic
sites in 93 Were selected. Among these 480 patients were married and
were married in 1020. Mental health questionnaires to collect data
from Goldberg, Young’s Internet Addiction Scale and Quality of Life
Questionnaire for all the samples and the Enrich marital satisfaction
and sexual satisfaction for married Hardsvn and those with a sexual
partner, were used. data Use Model Regression Case Analysis And
Analysis Be Was And Coefficient Determine Calculation Were.
Results
Results Analysis Regression Show The Evaluation of mental health,
marital satisfaction was a significant amount of variance is explained.
Conclusion
The results provide necessary training, appropriate to their use
of alternative mechanisms and above all free from any bias due to
the selection and employment of qualified personnel in all areas
to address these issues in the period between effective Kvtahtrv
other mechanism for pressure responsive.
Keywords
Methods
The method of research is descriptive. Among the addict women have selected 30 subjects who have referred for treatment and
they have had formally of 2 years addiction. Then, they have interviewed by open response inventory
Results
Almost of women were in age of 26-30 years old. The prevalence of
crack (60%) and glass (46.6%) has reported as most abuse. Amount of
abuse was 1 till 1.5 gram. The way of abuse was smoking (80%), inhalant (6.7%), and injection (13.3%). About 73.3% of women changed
their drug in the short time. The cause of drug change was the more
hedonism, and the cause of addiction in women was their addict spouse.
Conclusion
Process of drug abuse in women is more hazardous and different from men.
Keywords
Dependency, Process of Abuse, Substance, Women
The Effectiveness of Matrix
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy on
Improvement of Emotional Dependency
and Relapse Prevention in
Stimulant Drug Abusers
Mahnoosh Tavakoli Fard1, Saeed Sadat Mansoori2, Reza Jafari3
1. PhD.Student of Addiction Studies of Tehran University
2. Medical Doctor .Specialist
3. PhD.Student
Background and Aim
The purpose of this study was the investigation effectiveness
of Matrix Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy on improvement of
emotional dependency and relapse prevention on stimulant drug
Abusers who admitted in therapeutic centers in Rasht.
Syber Sex.single, Married
Evaluation of Processing the Substance
Abuse and Drug Dependency in
Iranian Women
Mahmood Tavakoli1, Lla Mohamadai2, Mosaieb Yarmohamadi3,
Ali Farhoudian4, Frooze Jafari5, Mohammad Hassan Farhadi6, Marjan Rahimi7
2. PhD Student of Clnical Psychology
3. PhD of Psychology Assstant Professor of Booali Unversty Hamedan Iran
7. Psychologist and Addicton Consultant
Background and Aim
Methods
The method was semi-experimental design with witness group.
The population consisted of all methamphetamine users who admitted in therapeutic centers in Rasht during spring in 1393 . By
available sampling 30 individual selected and divided randomly
to two experimental and witness groups (N=15,per group). Experimental group received 24 sessions of matrix therapy and witness
group was not under any training . After the completion of the 12
weeks follow-up period, data were analyzed by independent t-test
and covariance and Levens method.
Results
The results indicated the homogeneity of variance. Also the covariance test showed significant effect of matrix therapy training.
Conclusion
The aim of this study is evaluation of substance abuse and drug
dependency in addicted women in Iran.
The results indicated that matrix training was effective in improvement of emotional dependency and relapse prevention towards stimulant drug abusers.
Keywords
Keywords
Matrix, Cognitive Behaviore Therapy, Stimulant Drug Abusers,
Emotional Dependency
Perceived Attachment, Parenting Styles, Emotion Regulation,
Resilience
Investigating the Anticipating Role of
Perceived Attachment and Parenting
Styles in Emotion Regulation Strategies
with Mediating Role of Resilience in the
Two Normal and Addicted Groups
Investigating the Anticipating Role of
Sensory Processing Threshold and
Perceived Attachment in Emotion
Regulation Skills with Mediating Role
of Self-Conscious Emotions in
Addicted and Normal Groups
Alireza Tolooee Qarachanaq1, Aliakbar Pormouzeh2, Mohamad Mirzaloo3
1. MA in Clinical Psychology
2. MA in Translation Studies
Background and Aim
Based on the issues and theories related to relationship of cognition, affection and importance of personality constructs in facing internal and external stress, the anticipating role of perceived
attachment and parenting styles in skills of emotion regulation
with mediating role of resilience. Lack of an equilibrium ratio of
kindness and parental control causes the sense of insecurity and
formation of ineffective cognitive psychological constructs (insecure internal functional models) including anger, self-blame, the
automatic negative thoughts and ineffective emotion regulation
skills. Contrary, transferring the sense of security provides free
self-discovery opportunities and reaching at a state of cognitive
integrity and also mature and efficient cognitive regulation skills.
Literature shows that secure attachment style with appropriate and
flexible compatibility against emotional experiences and high resilience is related to facing internal and environmental stresses.
Methods
In this descriptive study participants including 300 individuals
were normal (n=150) and addicted (n=150) individuals who referred to the addiction treatment centers in the Tehran city. Participants answered perceived attachment and parenting styles, emotion regulation strategies and resilience questionnaires. Research
hypotheses were analyzed using Pearson correlative coefficient,
two-way variance analysis and multivariate regression tests.
Results
The perceived attachment and parenting styles together were
able to anticipate resilience. Resilience variable was a feature with
personality stability in anticipating the skills of efficient emotion
regulation in addicted and normal individuals. Perceived attachment and parenting styles as negative affection anticipation result
in inefficient affection regulation in the addicted group (P<0.01).
Conclusion
A part of research findings support the role of training and family factors in stabilizing the positive personality constructs like
resilience. The variable of resilience as an individual personality
variable anticipates emotion regulation skills in normal and addicted individuals. In addition findings of this study about interaction of interpersonal and intrapersonal factors in resilience against
stressful conditions including social pressures offer application
and theoretical implications.
Alireza Tolooee Qarachanaq1, Aliakbar Pormouzeh2, Mohammad Mirzaloo3
2. MA in Translation Studies
Background and Aim
During last decades there were clear interpretations of individuals’ tendency to drug abuse that involved a wide range of
genetic, psychological, family and social factors. Sensory processing threshold as a personality and biological factor along with
the theory of attachment as an environmental factor can explain
individual differences in regulation and perception of emotions.
Individuals with different mental attachment models try to regulate and manage emotions and affections based on previously
learnt and supported practices. Meantime, introducing mutual relationship between infants’ biological features and environmental
features may well explain stable personality features in addiction
including self-conscious emotions and emotion regulation skills
and causes taking an etiology and monotonous approach toward
emotional problems in addicted individuals.
Methods
This study is a descriptive analysis of participants containing
320 individuals in the two normal (n=160) and addicted (n=160)
groups. Samples were selected from among individuals who referred to addiction treatment centers in the city of Tehran. Individuals answered sensory processing threshold, perceived attachment
styles, and self-conscious and self-regulation questionnaires. Research hypotheses were analyzed using Pearson correlative coefficient, two-way variance analysis and multivariate regression tests.
Results
The mutual impact of sensory processing threshold and perceived attachment styles causes self-conscious affections and significant anticipating self-conscious emotions for self-regulatory
skills in normal and addicted individuals (P<0.01).
Conclusion
A part of results reinforces mutual impact of sensory processing threshold as a biological fundamental factor and perceived
attachment as environmental factor in justifying the impacts of
self-conscious affections on emotional functions. In addition,
findings of this study about affection and cognitive mutual styles
and also the role of positive affect offers applications and theoretical implications in improving regulation of emotions and solving
interpersonal and intrapersonal issues.
Keywords
Sensory Processing Threshold, Perceived Attachment, SelfConscious Emotions, Emotion Regulation Skills
Orexin Receptor Antagonists as a Novel
Approach in Treating Insomnia Among
Stimulant Abusers; Evolving Evidence
and Practical Implications
Mohammad Totabi Nami1, Mohammad Torabi Nami2, Bijan Zare3
1. Department of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Medical Science and
Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
2. Department of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Medical Science and
Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
3. Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical
Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
Background and Aim
The dual orexin receptor anatagonists -DORAs- are a newly
introduced class of sleep promoting agents which has shown to
properly induce sleep without inhibiting the neural activity. Stimulant abuse and methamphethamine dependence in particular, are
shown to facilitate the brain stem wake-promoting system. Druginduced insomnia and stimulants withdrawal-related hypersomnolence are deemed as the most frequent and serious sleep disturbances among methamphethamine abusers. Although evidence
have supported the potent hypnotic actions of orexin-A and-B
antagonist, suvorexant (MK-4305), little is known about neurocognitive performance in the presence of such a newly introduced
medication. DORAs are known to induce sleep by disfacilitation
of wake-promoting systems whereas GABA receptor modulators
such as zolpidem induce sleep through inhibition of neural activity. The hypothesis of less functional compromise following the
use of DORAs as compared to GABA receptor agonists deserves
precise evaluation.
Methods
In a pilot study, we evaluated rats’ performance in elevated plus
maze -EPM- in the presence of MK-4305 versus vehicle. Performance in aversive memory retrieval task and locomotor activity
were assessed upon the retest EPM evaluation after 100 mg/kg,
po administration of MK-4305 or vehicle following 24 hrs of undisturbed and sleep-deprived condition through gentle handling.
Results
Our interim results analysis suggested equivalent performance
in MK-4305- vs. vehicle-treated animals with regard to memory
retrieval and anxiety indices such as open-arm time (OAT%),
open-arm entries (OAE%) and locomotor activity. We hypothesized that stimulants-induced insomnia in rats can also be appropriately modulated by the sleep-promoting effects of MK-4305
while the cognitive performance is less affected as compared to
GABA agonists. Methamphetamine abusers frequently complain
of insomnia and withdrawal-related hypersomnia. As sleep disorders in addiction is bidirectional (poor sleep may promote the risk
of relapse and substance abuse induces persistent sleep disorders),
treating sleep disturbances in substance abusers is expected to
contribute to their more effective management.
Conclusion
Suvorexant (MK-4305) is currently approved by FDA to be
used in most patients at 10 mg starting dose which can be increased to 15 and 20 mg if well-tolerated in patients. The role of
this dual orexin receptor antagonist, as a novel sleep promoting
agents in treating stimulant-dependent sleep disorders needs further evaluation in clinical setting and well-designed head to head
comparative clinical trials. The possible comparative advantages
of suvorexant versus benzodiazepines or GABA receptor agonists
including zolpidem should be more clearly defined.
Keywords
Insomnia; Sleep Disorders; Addiction; Stimulants; DORA; Suvorexant
The Effect of Escalating Dose, Multiple
Binge Methamphetamine Regimen,
and Alcohol Combination on Spatial
Memory and Oxidative Stress
Markers in Rat Brain
Ladan Vaghef1, Shirin Babri2, Mohammad Moghaddam Vahed 3
1. Faculty of Education and Psychology, University of Tabriz; Tabriz, Iran
2. Drug Applied Research Center (DARC) of Tabriz University of Medical
Sciences; Tabriz, Iran, 5166614776
3. Faculty of agriculture, University of Tabriz; Tabriz, Iran.
Background and Aim
Polydrug abuse is a major problem around the world. Methamphetamine (MA) and alcohol (AL) are two abused drugs which
are frequently used together. Chronic abuse of either MA or AL
causes oxidative stress in the brain and is associated with impairments in cognitive functions including various aspects of memory
and learning. The present study examined the effect of escalating
dose, multiple binge MA regimen, AL and MA-AL combination
on spatial memory and the induction of oxidative stress in the hippocampus.
Methods
Adult male Wistar rats were exposed to ethanol, an escalating
dose of MA either individually or in combination for 28 consecutive days. In order to examine the short- and long-term effects of
chronic exposure to the drugs, each group was then subdivided
into two further groups. Thereafter, spatial memory was tested using a Morris water maze, either one day or 14 days after the drugs
were withdrawn. At the end of the behavioral testing, oxidative
stress markers including superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), Catalase (CAT), and Malondialdehyde
(MDA) were measured.
Results
Our results showed that MA, but not AL, impaired spatial memory. Although AL alone had no effect, it exacerbated the impairment due to MA when the drugs were co-administered. In addition, while both drugs significantly induced oxidative stress in the
hippocampus when given alone, co-administration of these drugs
resulted in a greater oxidative stress and an impairment of the antioxidant enzyme glutathione peroxidase in rat hippocampus.
Conclusion
Taken together, this study demonstrates that MA in combination
with AL has synergistic effects on increased oxidative stress in the
hippocampus, as well as spatial memory impairment.
Keywords
Background and Aim
Addiction is characterized by the pathological pattern of drug
seeking; the state in which an individual loses control over the use
of substances despite the adverse consequences associated with
substance use. It is the most troubling aspect of dependency.
Methamphetamine, Alcohol, Spatial Memory, Oxidative Stress,
Hippocampus
Methods
Effects of Different Treadmill Running
Protocols on Ethanol-Induced Spatial
Memory Impairment in Adult Rats
Results
Touraj Hashemi1, Ladan Vaghef2, Shirin Babri3
1. Faculty of Education and Psychology, University of Tabriz
2. Faculty of Education and Psychology, University of Tabriz
3. Neuroscience Research Center of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences; Tabriz, Iran
Background and Aim
Chronic ethanol consumption is often accompanied by numerous cognitive deficits and may lead to long-lasting impairments in
spatial learning and memory. The aim of the present study was to
evaluate the therapeutic potential of regular treadmill exercise on
hippocampal-dependent memory in ethanol-treated rats.
Methods
Adult male Wistar rats were exposed to ethanol (4 g/kg, 20%
v/v for four weeks) and effects of three exercise protocols (preethanol, post-ethanol and pre-to-post-ethanol treatment) were examined. Spatial memory was tested in a Morris Water Maze task.
Results
Results showed that ethanol exposure resulted in longer escape latencies during the acquisition phase of the Morris Water Maze task.
Moreover, all three exercise protocols significantly decreased the latency to locate the hidden platform. During probe trial, ethanol led to
the decreased time spent in target quadrant. In contrast, performance
on the probe trial was significantly improved following the post- and
pre-to-post-ethanol, but not pre-ethanol, exercises.
Conclusion
These findings suggest that treadmill running can attenuate the
adverse effects of chronic ethanol exposure on spatial memory,
and may serve as a non-pharmacological alcohol abuse treatment.
Keywords
Forced Exercise, Ethanol, Spatial Memory, Hippocampus, Morris Water Maze, Rat
Addiction Susceptibility and Adolescents:
Evidence for Psychosocial
Development of Addiction
Rogayeh Vahdat 1, Ali Zeinali2
1. Assistant professor, Department of Educational Sciences, Islamic Azad University; Urmia Branch, Urmia, Iran.
2. Assistant professor, Dept. of Psychology, Islamic Azad University; Khoy
Branch, Khoy, Iran
This paper is a review study.
Studies show the disease of addiction can not be created immediately. Despite access to addictive drugs, if a person is not
prone to addiction; he or she won’t develop addiction. The addicts
are individuals that some substance is added to their pathological
development backgrounds. Tendency for substance and abuse it,
developmental unhealthy background and special personal proneness is necessary that without it addiction disease is not caused.
Conclusion
This preparation has been described as addiction susceptibility
that an adolescence stage is the peak of its expression. Therefore,
in addiction, the prevention is the only solution to prevent the disease of addiction. In addiction treatment, in addition to the drug
therapy, six pathological development background and destroyed
psycho-social aspects, should be paid attention strictly.
Keywords
Addiction Susceptibility, Adolescent, Psycho-Social Development, Addiction
The Effect of Methadone and Valproate
Combination on Morphine
Withdrawal-Induced Anxiety and
Depression in Male Mice
Samira vahidi1, Mohsen Khalili2, Zahra Kiasalari3, Esmat Yaghoutpoor4
1. Dept. of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
2. Neurophysiology Research Center, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
3. Neurophysiology Research Center, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
4. Dept. of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
Background and Aim
Today, opioids are used to control and relieve acute and chronic
pain. But patients after withdrawal, experience unpleasant conditions such as anxiety and depression. On the other hand according
to the inefficiency of existing treatments, and the new sciences
recommendation of drug combination therapy for diseases in
modern pharmacology, the present study has examined the effects
of methadone and valproate combination on morphine withdrawal-induced anxiety and depression.
Methods
Ninety-eight male mice were divided into acute and chronic categories that allocated into 7 groups of 7mice following: saline, morphine, methadone, valproate, three groups of
valproate+methadone, i.e 1 to 1, 2 to 1 and 1 to 2 ratio. Except
saline group the others were received escalating dose of morphine
for 8 consecutive days. In chronic group, drugs were injected for
30 minutes before morphine administration. But in acute group,
the drugs were used only at 8th day (test day) as mentioned method. Anxiety and depression due to naloxone precipitation was
investigated by Elevated Plus-Maze, Tail-Suspension and Open
Field tests. Data were analyzed using Sigma Stat, one-way ANOVA, Tukey, and Kruskall-Wallis tests.
Results
Chronic administration of drugs in Plus-Maze test,
valproate2+methadone1 combination therapy group had
shown a significant increase in the percentage of open arm entries (53.86±1.9) and percentage of time spent in the open arm
(58.58±4.15) compared to the morphine group, with a percentage
of entering (28.12±2.03) and percentage of time (17.88±1.77) and
also in Open Field test, the ratio of the number to the duration of
time spent in the central square, in the combination therapy groups
of methadone+valproate(27±2), valproate1+methadone2 (26±2)
and valproate2+methadone1 (23±3) compared to the morphine
group (7±3) was significantly increased that indicates an anxiety
decrease in above groups. In Tail-Suspension test, duration of immobility as an indicator of depression, in the treatment group of
valproate2+methadone1 was significantly decreased (P<0.001).
Conclusion
Our results shown that probably methadone and valproate combination treatment could reduce morphine withdrawal-induced
anxiety and depression more than single treatments.
Keywords
Anxiety, Depression, Methadone, Valproate, Mice
Study Relationship between Marginal
Settlement with Kind of Opioids in
Izadshahr’s Ahangarmahalleh
in Mazandaran.
Ali Vatandost1, Mitra Shaabanpoor2
1. MA Student of Psychology .Manager and Psychologist of Wean Opioids
Bozorgmehr Center in WO’s Amool. Manager of DIC Omid in Noor.
2. Social Science Expert, Technical Liable in DIC in Noor.
Background and Aim
Introduction: Marginal settlement as one of big social problems
is a phenomenon that is a challenge and social harm in most cities
because there are suitable situation for crime and social harms in
this area, sociologist and criminologist consider it, especially buying and selling of opioids is one of serious harms in this area. Purpose: The purpose of this research show the influence of marginal
settlement an addiction in areas (Izadshahr Ahangarmahalleh ) in
Mazandaran. So answer the question this research that: are there
only more pollution of opioids in this areas and are there meaningful relationship between marginal settlement and man addiction.
Methods
This research is field method. Prepared inventory was given to
answer, and then answers were analyzed as descriptive and statistical.Statistical population was 860 man of shanty towns inhabitant in Izadshahr’s Ahangarmahalleh and ketty ya. Sample were
selected 130 man among 860 men by random of inhabitant Izadshahr’s Ahangarmahalleh and ketty ya. Data collection instrument
was inventory .Inventory involved individual information ,question about ill as AIDS, Hepatitis so, individual antecedent about
crime ,prison , use opioids ,kind , period of use then antecedent
wean of opioids and main factor of use opioids.
Results
Research area was Izadshahr’s Ahangarmahalleh and ketty ya
.Range of age answerer was from 20 to 30 years old that they
were selected by random method The results show that there isn’t
meaningful relationship between shanty town areas and social deviation because there is as this deviations less or more in other
areas.
Conclusion
Shanty town people enjoy less participant and rights urban and
they don’t satisfy to prepared services. Consider to spread poverty
and unemployment, shanty town people encounter social harms.
Shanty town areas have unique particular but some part of particular involve poverty, risk behavior and social harms have same
situation. Study of addiction situation in shanty town people show
that studied areas (Ahangarmahalleh and ketty ya) have same portion in this situation. That mean there are areas with more and
more crime and use opioids and are center of immorality, crime,
addiction and social harms. We can’t say social harms as addiction is more and more in shanty town than other urban areas. We
can only think to strong and weak it because there is more harm
in modern urban areas.
Keywords
Marginal Settlement, Social Harms, Crime, Traditional and Industrial Opioids.
Development of Immunochromatographic
Assay for Detection of Amphetamine
in Human Saliva Sample
Nazanin Vaziritabar1, Mohammad Javad Rasae2
1. Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences,
Tarbiat Modares University ,Tehran – Iran
2. Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences,
Tarbiat Modares University ,Tehran – Iran
Background and Aim
Methamphetamine is a psycho-stimulant and one of the main drugs
around the world. In recent decades, industrial production and abuse
of methamphetamine has increased dramatically, and this has led to
a threat in world health and welfare. In order to reduce the growing methamphetamine abuse and its devastating effects on the community, effective methods for detecting methamphetamine abusers
are required. Due to the simplicity, sensitivity, and the availability
of suitable locations where immune-assays can be done, they are
used for screening of biological samples for drug abuse detection. In
this study an Immunochromatographic assay was designed to detect
methamphetamine in human saliva samples.
Methods
In order to make the antigen which is used in the assay the car-
boxylate derivative of methamphetamine was synthesized and
with carbodiimide-method, it has been conjugated with BSA. The
synthesized antigen was injected to two rabbits in 11 innings to
produce the polyclonal antibody. The produced antibody was investigated by ELISA method and after purification was conjugated with (attached to) gold nanoparticles. By the immobilization of
produced antigen at the test line on the nitrocellulose membrane
and placing the gold labeled antibody in the sample pad position,
immunochromatographic assay for methamphetamine detection
in the saliva was designed.
Results
Data obtained from IR spectroscopy spectrums confirmed the
synthesis of carboxylate derivative of methamphetamine. UV
spectrophotometry spectrums in 278 nm showed the formation of
BSA-METH conjugate. The ELISA data indicated the production
of polyclonal antibodies against methamphetamine.
Conclusion
Using antigen and produced antibody, the immunochromatographic assay for identification of methamphetamin in saliva sample with 50 ng/ mL cut off, which is a suitable cut off for detecting
methamphetamin in the saliva, was designed.
Keywords
Methamphetamine, Immune Assays, Immunochromatographic
Assays
A Comparison of Parent – Child
Relationship in Alcohol Users and
Non-alcohol Users’ Students
Mahboobe Taher1, Aida Yahyazadeh2, Mahsa Mojallal3,
Abbas Ali Hosein Khanzadeh4
1. PhD Student in Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili
2. Graduate Student in Clinical Psychology, Islamic Azad University of Rasht,
Research and Science Branch
3. Master of psychology, University of Guilan
4. Assistant Professor at Department of Psychology, University of Guilan
Background and Aim
The parent – child relationship factors such as poor familial attachment quality, low levels of parental monitoring and strict, inadequate parental supervision, and lack of compassion, concern,
and involvement of parents, are association with drinking alcohol
in children.the aim of present study was to compare of parent child relationship in alcohol users and non-alcohol users’ students.
Methods
The statistical population of this causal-comparative study consisted of all students of Guilan University in 2012-2013 academic
year that from among them a sample of 241 students (97 users
and 144 non-users) were selected by purposive sampling and responded to the Parent-child Relationship Scale and Information
Demographic Questionnaire.
Results
t-test results showed that there is significant different between
parent - child relationship in alcohol users and non-alcohol users’
students. Also, MANOVA results indicated that alcohol users students’ scores on the total score of the relationship with mother and
positive affect, hurt/ confusion of roles, and replication dimensions, was lower than non-alcohol users significantly.
Conclusion
Negligence of parent, especially mother, in connection with the
child`s affection needs, lake of the supportive people that to obviate the care needs of child, non-responsive and non- sensitive
parent, lake of a common sympathy in face with difficulties, numerous criticisms, exceeded expectations and lack of the skills
to adaptation with new situations, attract youth toward alcohol
consumption.
Keywords
Parent – Child Relationship, Alcohol Users’ Students, Non-alcohol Users’ Students
Effectiveness of Methadone Maintenance
Treatment on the Mental Health of
Harm Reduction Services’
Recipients in Drop-In Centers
Mosaiyb Yarmohamadi Vasel1, Ahmad Bayat2, Mahmoud Tavakoli3,
Ali Farhoudian4, Mohamad Hasan Farhadi5, Fatemeh Sharifi6
1. PhD. of Psychology, Assistant Professor of Psychology Department, Buali
Sina University, Hamadan, Iran
2. M.Sc. of Psychology, Tabriz University, Iran
5. PhD. Student of Cognitive Neuroscience, Substance Abuse and Dependency
Research Center, University of Social Welfare & Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
6. B.Sc. of Psychology, Buali Sina University, Hamadan, Iran
Background and Aim
Objective: The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) on the
mental health of harm reduction services’ recipients in Hamedan’s
drop-in centers (DIC).
Methods
This research was a quasi experimental study. The statistical
population consisted of 200 subjects. Sixty individuals (30 MMT
recipients and 30 harm reduction services’ recipients) were selected through convenient sampling. The data was collected with the
SCL 90 Inventory. Data was analyzed with T-Test for independent
groups.
Results
The findings showed significant differences between the mental
health of MMT recipients and harm reduction services’ recipients
in DIC. The mental health of MMT recipients was higher than
harm reduction services’ recipients (P < 0/001).
Conclusion
In conclusion, MMT is more effective than harm reduction services (DIC) in improving clients’ mental health status.
Keywords
Mental Health , Methadone Maintenance Treatment , Drop In
Center , Harm Reduction
Factors Associated with Prevalence of
Drug Abuse and Substance Dependence
In Hamadan Villages
Mosaiyb Yarmohamadi vasel1, Fatemeh Ghannadi2, Omid Massah3
1. Ph.D. of Psychology, Assistant Professor of Psychology Department, Buali
2. M.Sc, psychology of Kharazmi university,Tehran, Iran
Background and Aim
In recent years according to the the development of drug use and
a wrong culture of drug abuse in Iran country, prevalence drug use
has increased in the city of Razan and subsidiary villages. Thus,
The aim of this study was to investigate the causes of prevalence
of drug abuse and substance dependence in the Razancity.
Methods
The method in this study was qualitative. The statistical population consisted of all the key individuals and drug users Razan
city. The research sample included 100 individuals who included:
1) 30 drug abusers, 2) 10 family members of drug abusers and
dependents, 3) 30 expert of addiction knowledge, 4) 30 key individuals in Razan city. Data was collected by 1) semi-structured
questionnaire of “determining the drug abuse situation” 2) indepth individual interview and focus group discussion. The qualitative data obtained from semi-structured questionnaires and focus group discussions, were extracted and analyzed using content
analysis methods.
Results
The findings indicated that the age of initiation into injection
drugs is 24 and the education level of drug abusers was low. The
most common drug used is opium but the use of new substances
such crystal was expanding. Findings suggest wrong wedding
ceremony traditions, circumcision celebrations, positive attitude
to drug use, agriculture farms, mosaic manufacturers, combine
drivers, availability of drugs, insignificant punishments for drug
distributors and users, Parents’ lack of knowledge and awareness
about the effects and consequences of drug use, Lack of necessary
skills against with substance abuse, Lack of the environmental
accommodations for the leisure time of adolescents and young
adults, Poor parenting styles, Lack of parental supervision on their
children’s behavior, were among the most important reasons of
drug use prevalence in Razancity and subsidiary villages.
Conclusion
This study revealed that several factors contribute to the onset
of drug use in Razancity, That preventive interventions should to
consider this risk factors in initiation of drug use.
Keywords
Prevalence, Drug Abuse, Substance Dependence, Hamadan Villages
Psychosocial Predictors of Initiation
into Injection Drugs
Fatemeh Ghannadi1, Mosaiyb Yarmohamadi vasel2, Ali Farhoudian3
1. MSc, psychology of kharazmi university,Tehran, Iran
Background and Aim
Many underlie factors affects injecting drug and conditions
around the first injection experience is full of complex psychological and social factors. Thus purpose of this study was identify
of psychosocial predictors of initiation into injection drugs among
substance abusers.
Methods
Study method was cross- sectional study. Research Statistics
universe constitutes of all People suffering substance dependence
disorder with pattern of injection usein Tehran and Hamedan
citys. This study conducted among 255 individual with substance
dependence disorder that selected from harm reduction centers in
Tehran and Hamedan citys, The sampling selection method was
simple random. The instruments used for data collection was included: demographic information, patterns of drug use and initiation of injection scales, SCL90-R questionnaire, Data analyzed
using multivariate regression analysis.
Results
Results showed psychosocial predictors of initiation into injection drugs were homelessness, unemployment, Euphoria, aggression, curiosity, age of initiation drug use, peer pressure, faster effect of injection drugs.
Conclusion
Finally, should be said that injection drug use is a very complex
phenomenon that in studies transition from drug abuse to initiation of injection drug use is associated with different factors, that
understanding of these factors is useful to design successful prevention approaches or delaying the to initiation of injection.
Keywords
Psychosocial Predictors, Initiation, Injection Drugs, First Injection
The Relationship between the Place of
Residence and Initiation of Injection
in Drug Users
Mosaiyb Yarmohamadi vasel1, Fatemeh Ghannadi2,
Mohammad Hasan Farhadi3
2. MSc, Psychology of Kharazmi University,Tehran, Iran
Background and Aim
Residents of risky areas may find themselves in danger of using
drug abuse as a consequence of socioeconomic structure of their
surroundings. Studies have indicated that being exposed to environments in which drug use is prevalent, may be the leading cause
of injection initiation hazards. Hence, the objective of this study
is to investigate the relationship between living in risky neighborhoods and initiation of injection.
Methods
This was a cross-sectional study. The Statistics universe included
all the drug abusers with pattern of injection use in Hamedan and
Tehran cities. The participants were 255 individual with substance
dependence disorder that selected from harm reduction centers in
Tehran and Hamedan ,The sampling method was simple random.
The instruments used were demographic information and patterns
of drug use and initiation of injection scales.
Results
Findings showed that people were living in risky areas initiated injection of drugs much sooner than other addicts. Also, they
mostly chose ruined areas after adopting pattern of injection use.
Conclusion
Thus, risky areas are considered a great hazard regarding injecting drug use among youth. In this sense, preventative interventions and preventative education programs in such areas are to be
considered seriously for this purpose.
Keywords
Risky place, Initiation, Injection, Drug users
Effectiveness of Resiliency Skills Training in
Reducing High-Risk Behaviors of Students
Farideh Piri1, Mosaiyb Yarmohamadi vasel2, Khosro Rashid3, Ali Farhoudian4
1. MSc, Psychology of Buali Sina University, Hamadan, Iran
Background and Aim
Resilience indicates an individual’s ability to re-adapt in face
of unpleasant circumstances in life and if one is trained in this
regard, one would be able to increase capacity against stress, unpleasant events and hardships in the surroundings and to solve
problems. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the
effectiveness of resiliency skills training in reducing high-risk behaviors of students.
Methods
Study method was quasi-experimental and research design was
pre-tests and post-tests with control and experimental groups. The
research Statistics universe of the study included all the female
high school students of Hamedan province in 2014. The participants were 15 students in control group and 15 in the experimental
group who were selected randomly. Then, the resilience-training
program was administered for 12 sessions, 1.5 hours per week for
the experimental group. The instruments used were The ConnorDavidson Resilience scale (CD-RISC) and high-risk behaviors
questionnaire. To compare the effects of the intervention, pretest
and posttest was given to both groups. Data analyzed using Covariance analysis test.
Results
Results showed resiliency skills training was effective in reducing high-risk behaviors of students. Also, The resiliency skills
training was effective for high-risk behaviors of violence and substance use of students.
Conclusion
Therefore, according to the effectiveness of resiliency skills
training program in reducing high-risk behaviors, it is suggested
that teachers and educators incorporate resiliency training in their
curricula for reducing students’ high-risk behaviors.
Keywords
Resiliency, High-Risk Behaviors, Violence and Substance Use
The Role of Deterministic Thinking in
Mental Health of Substance Abusers Who
Involved Rehabilitation Program
Seyyed Jalal Younesi1, Mohammad Ebrahimi2, Hadi Gholam Mohammadi3
Background and Aim
The current research is to investigate the relation between deterministic thinking and mental health among the drug abusers, in
which it considers and clarifies the role of cognitive distortions by
focusing on deterministic thinking.
Methods
The present study is descriptive and correlative. All the individuals with experience of drug abusing who referred to Shafag rehabilitation center located in Kahrizak were considered as statistical
population. 110 individuals who were addicted to drugs (stimulus
and Metamephtalin) were selected from the population by the purposeful sampling method to answer the questionnaires of deterministic thinking and general health (GHQ). For data analysis were used
Pearsonian coefficient correlation and regression analysis was used.
Results
The results showed that there is a positive and significant relation between deterministic thinking and the lack of mental health
at the statistical level [R=%22, P<0/05] and had the closest relation with deterministic thinking among the factors of mental
health anxiety and depression. It was found that definitiveness in
predicting tragic events and then in future anticipation (two factors of deterministic thinking are the most vigorous variables that
predict the lack of mental health.
Conclusion
It seems that the drug abusers to suffer deterministic thinking,
when they to confront with difficult situations, they would be
more affected by depression and anxiety. This way of thinking
may play a major role by impelling or restraining drug addiction.
Keywords
Deterministic Thinking, Mental Health, Drug Abuse, Rehabilitation
Keywords
Oral Cancer, Alcohol, Tobacco, Smoking
A Study of Structural Factors Affecting the
Propensity to Addiction in Iranian Society
Fatemeh Zandi1, Maryam Rezaie Dareh Deh2
1. Bualisina University Hamedan Iran
2. Bualisina University Hamedan Iran
Alcohol, Tobacco, Smoking and the
Risk of Oral Cancer
Samira Yousefnorozi 1, Elham Davari Dolatabadi2
1. Ba Nursing Student, Khorasgan Azad University, Young Researchers Club,
Isfahan, Iran
2. Faculty Member, Department of Nursing, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch,
Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran
Background and Aim
Worldwide, oral cancer represents approximately 5 per cent of
all malignant lesions, with over 800 new intra-oral squamous cell
carcinomas .Despite recent advances in therapy, the five-year survival rate remains around 50 per cent and the sequelae of treatment can be seriously debilitating. It has been long established
that smoking, alcohol consumption, as well as tobacco chewing
are risk factors linked to the development of oral cancer.
Methods
This review assesses the epidemiological evidence, supportive
in vitro studies and mechanism by which alcohol tobacco and
smoking is involved in the development of oral cancer with extensive searches in PubMed, ProQuest, science direct and google
scholar databases by oral cancer, alcohol, tobacco, and smoking
keywords.
Results
These studies have shown that among alcoholic consumers and
smokers the risk of oral cancer tended to combine more in a multiplicative than additive fashion and were increased more than 35fold among those who consumed two or more packs of cigarettes
and more than four alcoholic drinks/day. Cigarette, cigar, and pipe
smoking were separately implicated, although it has shown that
risk was not as high among male lifelong filter cigarette smokers.
In other researches it have found that Cessation of smoking was
associated with a sharply reduced risk of this cancer, with no excess detected among those having quit for 10 or more years, suggesting that smoking affects primarily a late stage in the process of
oral carcinogenesis. Another research has shown the risks varied
by type of alcoholic beverage, being higher among those consuming hard liquor or beer than wine.
Conclusion
In summary these studies implicates tobacco smoking and alcohol drinking as the major determinants of oral cancer. Either product alone can induce this cancer although most studies result from
the combined effect of smoking and drinking. Thus measures to
prevent oral cancer should be aimed at reducing intake of both
alcohol and tobacco. These studies also provide new leads regarding differential effect by type of product, including the lower risk
associated with filter cigarettes and with intake of wine compared
to beer or liquor.
Background and Aim
Addiction has become a social issue of concern for researchers and social planners due to its destructive nature that affects
the mental and social health issues. To investigate the structural
causes of addiction propensity in the Iranian society today, this
study firstly briefly discusses these factors: the transition from
traditional to modern (or pre-modern) society in the contemporary Iran; revolution and the changes it has caused; the population
explosion in the sixties; and the increase in the urban population
without the provision of culturally appropriate structures.Then,
the effects of these factors are discussedthrough the theories of
“Social Identity” by Tajfl, “Social Control” byHyryshy, “Failing
Dignity” by Albert Cohen,“Anomie” by Merton, and finally, “Leisure” by Simmel. Some of these effects are “the generationgap”,
“low social capital”, “inaccessibility of goals” and ultimately, “individualism and the desire to be different”.
Methods
Meteanalysis
Results
Conditions of the transition from traditional to modern and semimodern, Revolution and the changes it caused some changes in
the population explosion of the sixties and the increase in population structure and culture of cities without providing the proper
urbanization Factors in society has created The tendency of the
population, especially young people, addiction has contributed to
These factors include: 1. Create a generational gap between parents and children, leading to a lack of understanding toward each
other in the family environment (as the first and most established
resort identity and emotional) is 2. Their low social capital resulting from the transition from traditional to modern society and the
lack of timely and appropriate shaping component of modern relationships such as community relations, trust administrators, trust
unfamiliar, sense of belonging to others and social acceptance;
group identity and social identity, thus disrupting the drug is causing widespread social damage. The theory of “social identity”
Tajfl and social control theory Hyryshy of theories that explain
the causes are..
Conclusion
Failing to achieve its objectives, the factors that explain the development of societies in transition to modernize and media advertising and encouraging the consumption Modern society encourages people to earn a livelihood can But most of them do not
make it possible to achieve Dhdbh explain why people tend to
deal with addiction.¬ These factors also explain the failure of theoretical theories of Albert Cohen and dignity are Merton’s theory
of anomie. 4. Individualism and the desire to be different, these
factors also born the modern world’s increasing dependence of intense social and personal freedoms in modern society In response
to a compulsory social constraints action does the non-normative
Explain the tendency to addiction, especially in the upper stratum
of society pays It also explains the theory and Leisure Simmel’s
theory is used in.
Keywords
Addiction, Structures, Failure Status, Anomie, Leisure, Generation gap
The Efficacy of Motivational Interviewing
on Decreasing Male Addicts’ Sexual High
Risk Behaviors
Farshad Zarei1, Seyyed Jalal Younesi2, Farshad Bahari3, Mahdi Arabzadeh4,
Mahmoud Tavakoli5
1. MA Student of Rehabilitation Counseling, Substance Abuse and Dependence
Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences,
Tehran, Iran. (Corresponding author). farshadzm@yahoo.com
2. PhD. of Clinical Psychology, Assistant Professor of Counseling, University
of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
3. University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran.
4. Assistant Professor of Educational Psychology, Kharazmi University.
Background and Aim
Studies have shown that high-risk sexual behaviors are one of
the main reasons for AIDS transmission. The rate of high-risk sexual behaviors is high among addicts. The aim of the current study
was to determine the efficacy of motivational interviewing on decreasing male addicts’ high-risk sexual behaviors in Kermanshah.
Methods
The method was quasi-experimental with pretest-posttest and
control group. The population of the study consisted of male
addicts in Kermanshah. Three addiction treatment centers were
selected by convenient sampling. The high-risk sexual behaviors questionnaire (Zarei et al. 2010), was given to participante.
From whom; 71 persons achieved higher normal scores. 24 clients frome all participants went in two experimental and control
groups with equal numbers (n = 12).
Results
Motivational interviewing was performed on the experimental
group in the frame of 5 sessions .each lasted for 90 minutes. Post
test was taken two weeks after the last session of the intervention. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics (mean and
standard deviation) and inferential statistics (covariance analysis).
The results indicated a significant difference between the mean
of high-risk sexual behaviors between experimental and control
groups (p<0/05). Also results revealed that motivational interviewing is probably efficacious for reducing high-risk sexual behaviors among addicts
Conclusion
therefore this approach can be used in order to prevent HIV incidence through decreasing high-risk sexual behaviors in high-risk
groups.
Keywords
Motivational Interviewing, High-risk Sexual Behaviors, HIV,
Addicts.
Effectiveness of Fara Roshd Training
Program on Social Adjustment, Problem
Solving Skills, Creative Thinking and
Relaxation of Opioid-Dependent Patients
Kiumars Arjomand Ghujur1, Mohammad Zavvar Chartagh2
1. Dehkhoda University of Applied Science and Technology of Tekab
2. Dehkhoda University of Applied Science and Technology of Tekab
Background and Aim
A multi-pronged psychological interventions can have positive
effects on opioid-dependent patients. Present study aims to determine the effectiveness of Fara Roshd training program on social
adjustment, problem solving skills, creative thinking and relaxation of opioid-dependent patients of town of Takab.
Methods
This study is a kind of clinical trial which its content of training
program using external studies, for the first time was designed
in Dehkhoda University of Applied Science and Technology of
Tekab. The statistical population included all Opioid-dependent
patients of town of Tekab in 1392 who referred to addiction treatment centers of this town and among them 40 cases were selected
as samples using available sampling and were divided into two
groups of experiment (20 subjects) and control (20 subjects). This
study investigated the effects of a multi-pronged psychological
training program for a period of two months (2 sessions per week)
on the experimental group. Instruments include the Bell Adjustment inventory (BAI), Heppner and Petersen Problem Solving inventory (PSI), Torrance creativity test and researcher made questionnaire. To analyze the data, in addition to descriptive statistics,
the analysis of variance test with repeated measure (ANCOVA)
was used.
Results
The results showed there is significant difference between the
experimental group and the control group, and the experimental
group showed a higher level of social adjustment, problem solving skills, creative thinking and relaxation compared with the control group (P<0.001).
Conclusion
Fara Roshd training program is effective in raising the level of
social adjustment, problem solving skills, creative thinking and
relaxation of opioid-dependent patients and this training program
can be used in treatment and rehabilitation centers in order to enhance the quality of life of drug-dependent patients and prevention of relapse in them.
Keywords
Fara Roshd Training Program, Social Adjustment, Problem
Solving Skills, Creative Thinking, Relaxation
Reproductive Health Status of Women
Referring to Addiction Centers Under the
Supervision of Urmia City’s
Welfare Organization
Zhaleh Zeinaly1, Parvin Mohammadpouri2, Zahra Amirkhanzadeh Barandouzi3,
Mahnaz Mohammadpouri4, Zahra Ahmadnezhad5, Javid Behnam6, Iran Khalili7
1. Clinical Research Development Center, Motahari Teaching Hospital,
Urmia University of Medical Science, Urmia, Iran
2. Prevention Department, Welfare Organization of West Azarbayjan, Urmia, Iran
Conclusion
Considering to the high prevalence of drug abuse during pregnancy and its complications and the low average age at marriage
and low education and the relative prevalence of risky sexual behaviors in this stratum of society, the need to give awareness and
education on reproductive health issues and improve the quantity
and quality of reproductive health services seem to be a necessity.
Keywords
Reproductive Health, Woman, Addiction
Background and Aim
Addiction is one of the major health, mental and social problems in the world and the main causes of the breaking up families
and communities. According to a recent report by the Center for
Combating Drugs, today, about 65 percent of addicts are married,
leading to fourfold increasing addicted woman over the last ten
years in Iran. According to statistics, 75% of addicted women are
in fertility age and importance of reproductive health in providing family health, particularly in women and girls, the need to
assess their health, is necessary. This study assesses the women’s
reproductive health status referred to addiction treatment centers
in Urmia city.
Methods
In this descriptive study the reproductive health status of women who admitted to addiction centers under Welfare Organization
Urmia city, were evaluated. Sampling method was census so,
all women in the reproductive age participated in the study. The
questionnaire included demographic information, drug abuse,
menstrual history, obstetric history used in this study. Validity and
reliability of this instrument was determined by Content Validity
Index and Inter Rater Reliability (r=0.95). Data were analyzed by
SPSS version 20.
Results
undergone Pap smear screening test. Average age at first pregnancy was 19/68 ± 3/83 years, the average number of conceptions
was 2/85 ± 1/61, 58/8% were terminated by NVD and 41/80% by
C/S. In terms of pregnancy outcome, 35/2 % of pregnancies result
in abortion, 20/6% of the preterm births, 16/8 % of infants born
with low birth weight, 8/6% had abnormalities and 21/33 % of the
births were stillbirths.
Average age of women was 35/14± 1/55, mean of married
age 17/91 ± 0/61 , the highest level of education, under diploma
(58/8%), the first drug consumed by more women was opium
(55/90%), the age range of onset of drug abuse, in most women
was (35/30%) 15-20 years, and mean duration of methadone using in the more women (35/30%) was more than one year. The
mean age of menarche was 13/23± 0/21 years, the mean duration
of menstruation was 5/93 ± 0/24 days, and the average intervals
between menstruation days was 26/13 ± 0/61. 84/4% of women
had regular menstrual cycle, 67/5% of the women were suffering
from moderate to severe dysmenorrhea, among them only 38/2%
of women had used pain medication to relieve their dysmenorrhea. 57/6 % of those were sexually active apply one of the contraceptive methods, the most applied was LD (36/4 %). Among
sexually active women 22/6 % had more than one sexual partner
in the last two years, 44/1 % of sexually active women, who had
Phosphodiesterase Inhibitor 4, Ibudilast,
Can Control The Hippocampal
Neurodegeneration Caused by
Chronic Morphine Addiction.
Mohsen Zhaleh1, Ghasem Saki2, Mehri Ghafourian Broojerdnia3,
Rostam Ghorbani4
1. Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Paramedical Faculty,
Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
2. Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medicine Faculty,
Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
3. Department of Immunology, Medicine Faculty, Ahvaz Jundishapur
University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
4. Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medicine Faculty,
Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
Background and Aim
Following long-term administration of morphine, neurogenesis
can be impaired and specifically decrease. Many researchers believe this is due to suppression of endogenous opioid system and
overstimulation of classical opioid receptors, especially opioid receptor type Mu (MORs) by the morphine agonist drug receptor.
And more detailed studies found that morphine can act as a ligand
for a Toll-like Receptor type 4 (TLR4) and after stimulation of this
receptor cause increase stimulation of innate immune system and
increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. This cytokines
can disrupt their neurological environment situation and neurological degenerative process. This study was undertaken to determine whether chronic administration of morphine stimulates neuronal degeneration and whether that action dependent on TLR4
receptors in male rat hippocampus.
Methods
32 mature male rats (200-250 gr) were randomly divided in four
(n=8) group. All animals in the first 7 days, to intercept the newly
divided cell immunohistochemistry, the intraperitoneal administration of di-BromodeoxiUridin (BrdU) were used. The groups
are; Control: These animals were received in their drinking water
at a rate of 4% sucrose. Morphine dependent: These animals were
received morphine in the form of solution in the drinking water
(maximum concentration 0.4 mgr/ml) with 4% sucrose for elimi-
nation of bitter and nasty taste. Coadministration of morphine and
non-specific phosphodiesterase inhibitor drug, (Ibudilast): These
animals in addition get the same morphine such as group B , as
well as Ibudilast drug as inhibitor of TLR4 receptor stimulation
effects, twice a day and the 10 mgr/kg/day by Intraperitoneal injection. Coadministration of morphine and non-reversible antagonist of Mu opioid receptor, (β-Funaltrxamine, β-FNA): These animals in addition get the same morphine such as group B, β-FNA
drug also 20 mgr/kg by intraperitoneal injection of once every
four days. After 30 days, the left hemisphere freezed and stored at
-20 �. Then, on the basis of brain map Paksino, frozen serial sections were prepared for the immunohistochemistry experiments.
Prepared slides were examined for presence and supply of specific protein and characteristics of each cell during neural differentiation (immature granular cells for the presence of Doublecorthin
protein, mature granular cells for the presence of NeuN protein,
mature astrocyte cells for the presence of S100-b) and also BrdU
marker to identify newly divided cells by immunohistochemistry.
After imaging, the number of positive cells were calculated from
immunohistologic in three-dimensional and per unit volume specific in each of the groups under study.
Results
The results and statistical analysis showed that the greatest reduction in neurogenesis, including proliferation, differentiation
and cell fate was in morphine-dependent group (Group B). This
is a significant difference between the control group entirely
(p<0.001). Co administration Ibudilast as TLR4 receptor inhibitors has been able to maintain control over the conditions of nerve
regeneration. Effects of Mu opioid receptor blockade (MOR) by
β-FNA is always weaker than the effect of the drug Ibudilast and
the difference is quite significant (p<0.04).
Conclusion
Our results suggested that phosphodiesterase inhibitor drugs
like as Ibudilast can be used for controlling and treatment of morphine-induced CNS degeneration.
Keywords
Hippocampus, Morphine, Ibudilast, Neurodegeneration, TLR4, BrdU.
Capacity Building: a Model for Enhancing
the Capabilities of Actors Involved in
Community-Based Processes
Seyed Babak Moosavi Nejad
Baznegar Moaser Institute of Development Studies in Collaboration with
Addiction Prevention Bureau of Welfare Organization
Objective
This article aims to present the case for implementing a capacity building programme in place of a conventional training programme. The advantages and effectiveness of the two approaches
are therefore also compared.
In spite of the long history of training in development, one of
the more debatable topics has always been the effectiveness of
training programmes. This has led to doubts regarding the trend
and methods of training. In this article, it is explained that capacity
building is more than mere training. Throughout the 90’s, capacity
building came to be used as a comprehensive term to describe a
sustained enhancement of the competency and problem-solving
abilities of people and institutions. However, in order to be effective, a capacity building programme or process has pre-requisites.
These are also assessed in this article.
Methodology
The capacity building programme implemented for the staff
of addiction prevention bureau aimed to establish a learning approach amongst individuals and groups, so that they can gradually
gain the capacity to learn from the diverse situations they find
themselves in and to be able to plan for appropriate action. The
basis for the capacity building programme was for the participants
to reflect upon their own activities and to extract lessons and principles for their future activities. This six-month capacity building
programme comprised of meetings, practical work and activities
to be carried out in between the meetings. The intended methodology was experiential learning, an iterative and cyclic process of
action-reflection-action. It was expected that after each experience
the participants would be equipped with a new and more transparent perception of how to implement and support participatory and
community-based processes in their own environments.
Findings
One of the more significant findings of this programme were the
driving and prohibiting factors that affect the implementation of
a capacity building programme. The participants’ understanding
of these are touched upon in this article. In some of the provinces
there was also an opportunity to evaluate the capacity building
process in terms of its relevance to the participants real working
environments, as well assessing the requirements of implementing a capacity building programme at community level.
Conclusions
The more the participants could work together as teams in their
practical field work, the more it could be expected that the practical work be more multi-dimensional. Also, like any learning process, the speed, quality and lessons of a capacity building process
depend to a great extent on the trust and motivation of the participants with respect to the process and the facilitating team. Finally,
in terms of opportunities for joint learning, probably nothing can
be as effective as the participants reflecting together on their practical field work. Reflection can be considered as the main component of a capacity building programme.
A Study of the Characteristics of the
Context and the Nature of Activities
Conducive for a Community-Based
Process (Based on the Experience of Five
Provinces – Mazandaran, Zanjan,
Hamedan, Alborz and Tehran)
Shahryar Rahmani
Baznegar Moaser Institute of Development Studies in Collaboration with Addiction Prevention Bureau of Welfare Organization
Objective
The bureau of addiction prevention of the Well-being Organisation started to adopt a community-based approach to addiction
prevention in 2002, so that communities could begin to take the
initiative and responsibility with respect to addiction prevention.
There have been obstacles along the way, two reasons of which
are examined in this article: (1) aiming to do community-based
work in a context where a community – in the true sense of the
word – does exist; and (2) the lack of coherence between the type
of activities envisaged for community-based projects and the concepts and principles of a community-based approach (with a focus
on educational and training activities).
Methodology
The approach to identifying and examining the obstacles to
community-based work was group discussions - using participatory methods and techniques - with the implementing staff of the
projects and assessing the obstacles with respect to the theory of
community-based approaches.
Findings
An overall review of some of the community-based projects in
the provinces has shown that these projects are often carried out in
contexts where there are no communities, or the features expected
in a community are very faint. In other words, situations in which
it is claimed that community-based activities are taking place do
not necessarily have in them the characteristics associated with
the term ‘community’.
To elaborate on the distinction between a community-based and
classic/conventional approach to prevention programmes, this article takes a critical look at some of these project titles and asks
whether the claimed community-based nature of a project should
be reflected in its title.
From another perspective, the type of activities that make up the
main components of a project claiming to be community-based
should also be different from those of a conventional approach.
For example, in a conventional approach, it is normal for educational and informative activities to make up significant parts of the
process. However, in a community-based approach, educational
and training activities can not in themselves be considered as
community-based. This article will shed light on why such projects should – at best – be seen as occasional inputs in bigger, more
integrative and more people-centered process.
Conclusions
This article argues that if the advantages of adopting a community-based approach are to be realized, then it is important to
implement the projects in a real community setting. That is why
identifying a community by characteristics that are discussed in
the article should be considered as one of the more significant
steps in the early stages of a project cycle.
As for the phenomenon of training, the article does not imply
that there is no room for training or educational activities in a
community-based process. What is important is that these trainings complement, and do not contradict, the community-based
nature of the whole process and this applies to all the activities
envisaged for a community-based process.
The Efficacy of Cognitive-Behavioral
Stress Management Training on Mental
Health and the Sense of Group Therapy for
Drug Abusers
Ameneh Aalivand 1, Reza Zilabi2
2. General Medicine
Objective
The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of cognitivebehavioral stress management training on mental health and the
sense of group therapy for drug abusers.
Method
36 Nfrazafrad rehab center in Ahwaz method selected and divided into two groups, training and monitoring.
Findings
Cognitive-behavioral stress management training and Mnadrmany a significant difference in promoting mental health and
drug abusers has provided.
Conclusion
The results of the experiment showed that the training sessions,
increasing mental health, drug abusers have been effective.
Keywords
Stress Management Training, Cognitive - Behavioral Group
Therapy Concepts, Mental Health, Drug Abusers
Factors Influencing the Orientation of the
Drug in Poor Neighborhoods
Narges Hedayati, Muhammad Baqrsfvt, Narges Hedayati
Province Welfare - Department of Social Welfare Shiraz city
Introduction
“God and everyone else was the same place I was living in a
ruined neighborhood like this, so she was addicted ...”
The words and phrases like, most of the languages of many addicts to treatment centers for drug addiction Welfare (which constitute most impoverished neighborhoods inhabited the customers) are referred to, are heard.
Methods
The project is in the form ((case - control)) and research is a
marginal population of the city neighborhoods, the Neighborhood
((ten cup), respectively).(non-addicted youth) and 30 controls
(Youth Addict) were selected.Research tool to obtain demographic data (researcher) and then to reviews. (GHQ) mental health test.
After data collection, using statistical methods to test the hypothesis whether Vmnadar scores in the two groups, are investigated.
Research findings
Based on the findings of the youth group (non-drug) compared
with other groups, have better academic achievement, in terms of
employment status, working mainly in Vmshaghl service, shops,
super mechanic, sometimes with military occupations or office.
These Vghalba had more interest in the sport was a sport activity.
Households in the experimental group than the control group,
often between 4 and 6 Nfrbvdnd public health in the total test
scores for this group over other groups.
Discussion
This research is based on 1 - ((proactive approach)) is a 2 - rather
than the process (risk factors), 3 - (protective factors) note, Vlzatmrkzan not on the drug, the other drug, causes of its tendency to
addiction is.
1-Preventive Approach
2-Risk factors
3-Protective factors
To maintain control and discipline in the home, community and
family values, respect for rules, carefully chosen friends and having more mental health, substance abuse prevention, have been
effective in this area, but there are factors such as marital status
and group Lack of family or addict, addiction does not show the
little reluctance.
Creating spaces and sports and recreational facilities, such as the
employment of youth,)) and NGO) and 2 ((C.B1 (as is required in
the form of long-term prevention programs such as
Local, to provide training to strengthen (protective factors) Mzkvrv institutionalize their families should be paid.
1-Communty Base
2-Nongovernment organization
Research conclusion
It shows that all plans which are applied in order to prevention
are as total Maximum agreements among responders who considered to community-based plans (64%) and after that other responses considered to comprehensive and focused plans based on
giving information and awareness. Among aimed groups , people
who have more influence on addicted and can prevent them are
parents (75%) then friends (54%) which are really important and
most of the responders are believed that among four prevention
methods , it is better that needed budgets would be assigned to
the hedging.
Key Words
Addiction, Prevention, Drug Abuse, Cultural Poverty, Ten Region of Tehran
Recovery Based on Spirituality in
Substance Abusers in Iran
Abbas Shamsalina1, Kiyan Norouzi2, Masoud Fallahi Khoshknab3,
Ali Farhoudian4
1- B.Sc. ,M.Sc. ,PhD Student, Nursing Department, University of Social
2- Corresponding Author: PhD, Assistant Professor,,Nursing Department,
University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
3- PhD. Associate Professor, Nursing Department,University of Social Welfare
4- Substance Abuse and Dependence Research Center, University of Social
Background
Seyydeh Maryam Emamizadeh1, Hossein Aghajani Mersa2
1- Anthropology Science And Research Branch of Islamic
Azad University of Tehran
2- Faculty Member of Azad University
Background And Aim
Addiction is one of problem in human society which is known as
a biological psychological and social disease, we can see it around
us seriously. Arising problems in families, society and increasing
the amount of crime in the society, indicate the need for attention
to this issue and also lack of attention to this social problem, lack
of serious studying and pathological addiction , lack of cohesive
and comprehensive plan all are as factors which led to growing
addiction in the society. Since dealing with addiction problems requires substantial time and cost so prevention is much more effective rather than treatment and the most effective way for a health
society is preventing the proliferation and drug distribution which
is required to much more attention from responsible. General aim
of this study is identifying effective ways in order to reducing addiction and prevention before treatment.
Method of research
In this study both quality and quantity methods are combined
and needed information by using of questionnaire technique is
collected and statistical population is composed of 40 peoples
who are addicted and 20 people as experts of prevention offices in
10 region of Tehran are selected.
One of the effective factors in the decrease of substance abuse
severity and maintenance of recovery is spirituality. This research,
investigates the effect of spiritual experience in the recovery of
substance abusers.
Methods
This study used qualitative approach.16 men and 6 women were
selected through purposeful sampling and with maximum variety
from among both genders and from different recovery periods.
Data were collected via semi-structured interviews.
Results
Data analysis two main categories:“Mutual relationship between spirituality and recovery” with the four subcategories of
religious background, religious teachings, experience exchange
and support by family and society, and “A new perspective toward life” with the two subcategories of access to calmness, and
spiritual development. A repetitive code was named under the title
of “spirituality meaning religion”.
Conclusions
The results of this study can be useful for the policy makers,
care providers, families, and addicts. Promotion of spirituality in
substance abusers for struggling with temptation, encouraging
of substance abusers and their families to participate in spirituality-based psycho-therapy sessions held in addiction treatment
centers, multi-disciplinary cooperation for completing the treatment programs among the organizations involved in addiction
phenomenon, and training the families regarding the importance
of spirituality in the mental health of their children through the
mass media are of the effective strategies for drug abstinence and
maintaining of recovery.
Keywords
Recovery, Substance Abuse, Spirituality, Qualitative study
Reflections of a Homeless Population’s
Lived Experience With Substance Abuse
Javadi .S. M.H1., Pilevari . A2., Hamed .,M3.
1- PHD Student in Social Work, Tehran Welfare and
Rehabilitation University -javadismh4@gmail.com
2- PHD Student in Social Work, Tehran Alame University
3- PHD Student in Social Work, Tehran Alame University
Background And Aim
Substance abuse is recognized as a major health problem among
the homeless. People who cycle in and out of homelessness tend
to cycle in and out of alcohol and drug abuse. The relationship
between substance abuse and homelessness requires that they are
treated simultaneously and not independently. Although there is
an increase in public interest concerning the homeless population,
research on the issues of homelessness has been fragmented and
incomplete. Research is necessary to understand substance abuse
among the homeless so that prevention and intervention measures
can be developed and implemented. The aim of this study was to
describe a homeless population’s lived experience with substance
abuse and to better understand factors that effect to substance
abuse treatment among the homeless.
Method of research
This paper fulfilled by the method of grounded theory. The data
were gathered through in-depth interviews with 20 men who participating in Project of rehabilitation of drug user (1393). Data
from the interviews were analyzed by theoretical coding.
Research conclusion
Categories that emerged from the data included: experience of
rejection from family and friends, traumatic experience, shame,
social isolation, hopeless, social apathy. The core category in this
investigation was “marginalization” of the homeless addict. Finally in this article we present a paradigm model of marginalization of
these groups. Recognizing these categories can assist to effective
planning, make policy and intervention on addiction and homeless.
Key Words
Lived Experience, Addiction, Homeless, Experience of Rejection
CRF1 Receptor As a Novel Target for
Substance Addiction Treatment
Roshanak Mostofialmamaleki1, Javad Morabbi2
1- MS candidate in Cellular & Molecular Biology
2- MD, PhD Candidate in Addiction Studies
Drug addiction has been conceptualized as a chronically relapsing disorder of compulsive drug seeking and taking that progresses through three stages: binge/intoxication, withdrawal/negative
affect, and preoccupation/ anticipation. Drug addiction impacts
multiple motivational mechanisms and can be conceptualized as
a disorder that progresses from positive reinforcement (binge/intoxication stage) to negative reinforcement (withdrawal/negative
affect stage). The construct of negative reinforcement is defined
as drug taking that alleviates a negative emotional state.one hypothesis is that the negative emotional state that drives such negative reinforcement is derived from dysregulation of key neurochemical elements involved in the brain stress systems within the
frontal cortex, ventral striatum, and extended amygdala. Specific
neurochemical elements in these structures are CRF, Dynorphine
and NE.Additionally, Excessive drug taking engages activation of
CRF not only in the extended amygdala, accompanied by anxietylike states, but also in the medial prefrontal cortex, accompanied
by deficits in executive function that may facilitate the transition
to compulsive-like responding.
both the HPA axis and extrahypothalamic CRFsystems are activated during acute withdrawal from all major drugs of abuse
in animal models, and central infusion of non-peptide CRF antagonists block the anxiogenic-like responses observed during
acute withdrawal from drugs of abuse, including cocaine, alcohol,
nicotine and cannabinoids. Similarly, systemic administration of
blood–brain-barrier-penetrating CRF1 antagonists reduced the
anxiogenic-, aversive- and hypohedonic-like effects of withdrawal from opioids, nicotine, benzodiazepines and alcohol.
Moreover, the decreased brain reward function associated with
drug withdrawal is CRF1 receptor-dependent. Elevation of reward thresholds during nicotine withdrawal is blocked byCRF1
antagonists.
As above evidences CRF1 receptore probabely is a novel target
for substance addiction treatment. At the present time GlaxoSmithKline and NIH are collaboratively evaluating verucerfont(An
Anti-CRF1) for its ability to reduce stress-induced alcohol craving in anxious, stress-reactive alcoholic women (NCT01187511).
Similarly, a comprehensive collaboration of Bristol Myers Squibb
and NIH is currently testing oral daily pexacerfont(An Anti-CRF1)
for its efficacy to prevent: (1) stress-induced craving for palatable food in dieters (NCT01656577), (2) stress-induced craving
for tobacco in smokers attempting to quit (NCT01557556), and
(3) stress- or alcohol cue-induced craving in anxious, alcoholic
women (NCT01227980).
Drug Prevention History and Current
Addiction Prevention Programs
in Germany
Juliet Roudini1
1- Leipzig University, Germany
The presentation will focus on the addiction prevention in Germany over the last years and discuss the prevention programs of
addiction in recent years.The prevention of addiction is together
with addiction therapy and repressive actions – an integral part of
the comprehensive addiction and drug policy of the Federal Republic of Germany. Apart from severe psychological and physical
harm done to the individual, substance abuse and addiction also
cause huge damage to the national economy. Prevention of addiction therefore assumes a central position in Germany. Prevention
is one of the four main areas of German addiction and drug policy
is based on.
Primary drug prevention in Germany has been in a constant state
of transition since the early 1970s. Themain goal of prevention
is to promote the health of the individual, maintain abstinence,
prevent and decrease abuse and addiction. Five consecutive
phases can be identified: (1) drug deterrence and repression; (2)
drug education and drug information; (3) primary drug preventionthrough alternatives to risk-taking, and the strengthening of
personal resources;(4) primary drug prevention through strengthening of personal and social resources,promotion of resistance
and life skills; (5) primary drug prevention throughstrengthening of personal and social resources, promotion of resistance and
lifeskills, the promotion of harm reduction and competence in
risk-taking with young people who may already consume legal
or illegal drugs.
The second focus of the presentation is related to the currentaddiction prevention programs in Germany. With Germany’s history of beer brewing and pharmaceutical drug manufacturing,
perhaps its current problems with substance abuse and addiction
should come as no surprise.Drug prevention that systematically
addresses the relevant target groups in their settings is particularly effective as regards achieving a health-promoting change in
knowledge, attitudes and behavior. In this presentation we will investigate drug prevention programs in Germany for children and
young people in the family, at school, community, and in their
leisure time, and will be discussed about Dot.sys - Documentation
system for drug prevention.
Ecstasy- Induced Neurotoxicity Improves
Following N-Acetylcysteine Administration
Sara Soleimani Asl 1, Mehdi Mehdizadeh2
1- Research Center for Behavioral Disorders and Substance Abuse, Hamadan
University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
2- Cellular and Molecular Research center, Faculty of Advanced
Technologies in Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Iran University of Medical
Introduction
Exposure to 3, 4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)
can lead to spatial memory impairments and hippocampal cell
death. Numerous evidence indicates that the antioxidant Nacetylcysteine (NAC) exerts protective effects in the brain. The
present study evaluates the effects of NAC on MDMA-induced
neurotoxicity.
Methods
We intraperitoneally injected 28 adult male Sprague-Dawley
rats (200-250 g) with either 0, 10 mg/kg of MDMA, or 10 mg/
kg of MDMA plus 100 mg/kg of NAC. Spatial memory was
assessed with a Morris Water Maze (MWM). At the end of the
study, rats’ brains were removed to study the structure and ultrastructure of CA1, and measure Bcl-2 and Bax expressions in the
hippocampus.
Results
rant in MDMA-treated animals was attenuated by NAC (p < 0.01).
NAC significantly protected against MDMA-induced apoptosis
and the up- and down-regulation of Bax and Bcl-2, respectively.
Conclusion
These data have suggested that NAC could protect against behavioral changes and apoptosis in the hippocampus following administration of MDMA. NAC might be useful for the treatment of
neurotoxicity in MDMA users.
A Review of Group Therapy in Drug Abuse
Saeed Momtazi M.D.
Zanjan Medical University and NIDA Research Fellow at UCLA
Although group psychotherapy has been used for a variety of
mental health problems, it is one of the most common and the
most beneficial treatment modalities for drug abuse patients seeking treatment.
Irvin Yalom, the most influential person in the field of group
psychotherapy described 11 therapeutic factors that influence the
processes of improvement and recovery among mental health clients. All of them are functional in drug abuse group therapy:
1. Instillation of hope – encouragement and acceptance that recovery is possible
2. Universality - feeling of having similar problems like other
people
3. Imparting information - teaching about addiction processes
and recovery
4. Altruism - supporting others in the process of recovery
5. Corrective recapitulation of family of origin – identifying and
changing the dysfunctional roles that are played since childhood
6. Developing social skills - learning new ways to talk about
feelings, observations and concerns and dealing with others in order to keep recovery
7. Imitative behavior – modeling others’ adaptive behavior and
recovery skills
8. Interpersonal learning - finding out about their own and others
experiences in the path of drug use recovery
9. Group cohesion - feeling of belonging to a group and being
valued by others
10. Catharsis – release of emotional tension which can be related
to drug use
11. Existential factors – addressing haman basic concerns like
loneliness and death realities
Different kinds of group psychotherapy are used for drug abuse
clients. The most common treatment models include:
1. Psycho-educational groups
2. Skills development groups
3. Cognitive–behavioral/problem solving groups
4. Support groups
5. Interpersonal process groups
6. Relapse prevention groups
7. Expressive art therapy groups
Each model or a combination of two or more modalities should
be matched with the needs of different clients.
In the MWM, NAC treatment significantly attenuated the MDMA-induced increase in distance traveled (p < 0.05) and escape
latency (p < 0.001). The decreased time spent in the target quadS138 Archives of Iranian Medicine, Volume 16, Number 5 (Suppl. 1), May 2013
The First Step of the Program for the
National Alcohol Service Providing in Iran
Ali Farhoudian1, Alireza Noroozi2
2- Head of Substance Abuse Prevention and Treatment Office (SAPTO),
Ministry of Health, Tehran, Iran
Iran has encountered an outbreak of alcohol use as well as alcohol use disorders these years. Alcohol was the first illicit substance
which people have consumed during the last year. Although fortunately we have the chance of having more than 5300 substance
use disorder treatment centers with educated staff that is a special
opportunity to develop and implement alcohol treatment in the
addiction program services.
In this presentation we will talk about the inclusion criteria for
recruiting volunteer physicians and psychologists, the criteria
which a treatment center should own, and the supplementary educations a therapist should pass for fulfilling the criteria. Then, the
method of this health system research will be discussed.
A Review of Researches on
Psychotherapy of Addiction in Iran;
a 12-Year Evaluation
Ebrahim Rezaei Dogaheh (PhD)1, Farima Anbari(MSc)2
1- Department of Clinical Psychology; Substance Abuse and Dependence Research
Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
2- Department of Clinical Psychology; Substance Abuse and Dependence Research
Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Ira
The purpose of this study was to provide an overall perspective of researches on psychotherapy of addiction to identify the
strengths and weaknesses. Using approved journals list of the
Ministries of “Science, Research and Technology” and “Health
and Medical Education”, the journals at the fields of addiction,
behavioral science and psychology were identified. All scientific
papers in the field of psychotherapy, substance abuse and dependence during a 12- year period beginning from 2003 to 2014 in
national scientific journals were assessed. Then several variables
including article information, scope and subject, methodology
and location of publications were gathered. Research indicators
were recorded in designed forms and finally analyzed using SPSS
software.
Keywords
Addiction, Substance Abuse, Trend, Psychotherapy, Iran.
Social Work Services for Women and
Children in Substance Abuse Treatment
and Harm Reduction
Leila Arshad1
1- Sun House Society, Tehran, Iran
More than 20% of substance abusers are women. The growing
increase of substance abuse (especially methamphetamine use) by
women and decreasing the average age of first substance abuse
among them is a major health issue affecting women and families.
Most of Women Substance Abusers (WSAs) hesitate to seek treatment and supports because of the stigma around using a substance
and limitations of providing services for them. Social workers can
markedly improve treatment and support services for WSAs and
their children. Social workers in substance abuse treatment and
harm reduction settings focus on providing special services for
WSAs in case of pregnancy, sexual abuse, sex-working, child
care giving, domestic violence, poverty, homelessness, etc.
Keywords: Substance Abuse, Women, Child, Social Work
Coping with Sress, Traumatic
Experience and
Disaster – The Role of Addiction and
Specific Situations in Germany and
South-East-Asia
Evelin Witruk1
1- University of Leipzig, Germany
Thepresentationwill focus on the addiction problems in Germany over the last years and discuss the psychological problems
of addictionin the aftermath of traumatic experiences by natural
disasters in South-East-Asia.
On the basis of the psycho-biographical model of addiction,the
following characteristics will be discussed: the degree of severity of drug problems (problematic use, abuse, addiction and dependency), the types of substances and non-substances which are
used, the reasons or motivation for this abuse, the biographical
background including the genetic factors, the living-, workingand family conditions and previous traumatic experiences as well
as the physiological, psychological, and environmental consequences of the addiction, particularly the drug caused comorbidity, traffic accidents and criminal behavior.
The both foci of the presentation will integrate research from
two complete different territories, different cultural backgrounds,
and reasons for addiction. First of them is the current situation in
Germany and the second one is the addiction integrated into coping behaviorin the aftermath of natural disasters in South-EastAsia.
The German drug report (2014) shows the predominance of
Nicotine- and Alcohol abuse and addiction in comparison to illegal drugs such as Cannabis, Opium or Cocaine. The prevalence
of alcohol problems in the adulthood can be predicted by the biographical onset of regular drinking and show an increase during
the last five decades not only for men but also for women (Kraus
et al., 2000). Among the illegal drugs, Opiates show the highest
and increasing prevalence in adolescents and young adults (Perkonigg et al., 2004). Non-substance related addiction,particularly
Internet-and Computer addiction, alsoincreased in German adolescents over the last years.
The second focus of the presentation is related to the role of
drug abuse and addiction in the context of coping with the experience of a natural disaster.One year after the earthquake on Java
in 2006, we found a significant impact of psychological affectedness ondrug abuse as coping behavior (Witruk et al., 2014). In
ourstudyregarding2 months, 1, 3 and 5 years after tsunami 2004
in Sri Lanka, we found in2007 and 2009 significant correlations
between drug abuse included in an individual coping strategy an-
dgender, experience of the loss of home, the loss of job as well as
the post-traumatic stress factor “Intrusions”(Witruk et al., 2009).
The current findings show the complexity of relations between
drug abuse and drug addiction and the biographical and environmental context.Moreover, traumatic experiences and chronic stress have
special relevance.In this presentation, Escapism will be discussed as
an important motivation for all kinds of abuse and addiction.
Keywords
Substance and Non-Substance Addiction, Legal and Illegal
Drugs, Escapism as one of the Motives, Traumatic Experience.
Addiction: A Choise or an Illness?
Farbod Fadai
Department of psychiatry, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation
Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Background and aim
There are numerous debates and unanswered questions about
the moral or criminal responsibilities in drug dependence. So, I
decided to assess the various kinds of responsibilities in people
with drug addiction.
Methods
Reviewing the related resources in medicine, social sciences,
law, and philosophy
Results
There are two main points of view emong the thinkers. A group
believe in free will of human beings and regard addiction as a
personal choice. another group think that addiction is beyond the
ideal concept of free will and see the people with addiction as
patients who need treatment.
Conclusion
It seems that the truth lies beetween these two contradictory beliefs.
Keywords
Addiction, Responsibility, Illness
Addiction in the Youth vs. Adults:
How Different are They?
Javad Alaghband rad, M.D.
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Adolescence is a transitional developmental period in which
enormous biological, cognitive and psychological changes occur.
During this stage of ontogeny, however, substance use is commonly initiated. Among a fraction of users the consequences of
consumption leads to problematic use or addiction. Typically,
consumption begins with substances that are cheap and readily
available. However, the particular drugs used and the pattern of
progression are neither due to the pharmacological properties of
the drugs nor constitute a developmental process. Rather, magnitude of individual predisposition in conjunction with opportunity
to access a particular drug determine the outcomes. Age-related
events such as disengagements from parental authority, socialisation, adult status (financial resources, independent transporta-
tion), jaundiced view towards society, they all contribute to the
outcome. In this presentation a conceptual model is described in
which the interplay of liability- enhancing and liability- attenuating phenotypes interact with the environment during ontogeny.
Psychiatric co morbidities are far more important than adults as
will be described in this presentation.
National Standards for Establishment of
Inpatient Alcohol Treatment Programs:
A Case of I. R of Iran
Alireza Noroozi1, B RoshanaieMoghadam2, Ali Farhoudian3,
N Beyraghi4, SV Shariat5, Jamal Shams6, A Hajebi7
1- Psychiatrist, Head of Substance Abuse Prevention and Treatment Office
(SAPTO), Ministry of Health
2- Psychiatrist, Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies (INCAS), Tehran
University of Medical Sciences (TUMS)
4- Assistant Professor of Psychiatry, ShaheedBeheshti
Medical University (SBMU)
5- ssociate Professor of Psychiatry, Iran University of
Medical Sciences (IUMS)
6- Associate Professor of Psychiatry, ShaheedBeheshti
Medical University (SBMU)
6- Assistant Professor of Psychiatry, Iran University of Medical Sciences
(IUMS), Director General, Mental Health, Social Health and
Addiction Department (MeHSHAHD)
There is a total religious and legal ban on alcohol consumption
in Iran, however in response to epidemiological data on alcohol
use disorders and incidence of few cases of methanol intoxication mass epidemics in Iran, Ministry of Health and Ministry of
Interior have formulated national policies on “Prevention, Tackle,
Treatment, Harm Reduction and Rehabilitation of Alcohol Use”
which were ratified in high rank national councils. One of the
main strategic objectives of national policy document is to increase utilization of treatment, harm reduction and rehabilitation
services in urban and rural areas.
In order to develop standards of inpatient treatment models necessary to respond to alcohol treatment demand the MoH Alcohol
Treatment Expert Group reviewed international evidence and
guidelines and while considering context of addiction, psychiatric
and health services in the country, suggest a two tiers approach
including (i) low intensity inpatient care [medically managed residential services] and (ii) high intensity inpatient treatment services.
To decrease cultural sensitivity and stigma attached to alcohol use
from one hand and insufficiency of resources to develop new standalone programs on the other hand, MoH Alcohol Treatment Expert
Grouprecommend to integrate alcohol programs within currently
available network of inpatient psychiatric and health facilities.
In this presentation the especial considerations to establish an
inpatient alcohol treatment program are discussed. The suggested
standards are going to be piloted in many private and governmental inpatient services and will be subject to further adjustments
according to the results of pilot phase.
Alcohol Screening Presentation in
the Abstract
Amir Ghanbari1
Aftabe Mehrvarzi Substance Abuse Treatment Center; Substance Abuse and
Dependence Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation
An old adage about alcoholism is it’s “the only disease that denies it exists and resists treatment.”
There are hundreds of alcohol screening tests available, including many detailed examinations with dozens of questions.
In recent years, shorter tests have been developed to encourage
screening for alcohol problems in urgent care centers and primary
healthcare settings, which have been shown to be excellent opportunities to reduce harmful drinking with brief interventions.
This presentation includes the Definition of Screening, it’s goals
and it’s relation to the treatment plan and describes Different
Types of Alcohol Screening Tests.
Assessment of Sex Addiction
There’s an ongoing debate in the psychiatric community about
exactly how to define compulsive sexual behavior, because it’s
not always easy to determine when normal sexual behavior crosses the line into problem sexual behavior. And also differential diagnosis with paraphilia, GID, hyper sexuality and…
Assessments in this article is a reviewing of Drs. Pat Carnes and
Ken Rosenberg that have 4 categories :Sexual Addiction Screening Test (SAST),The Ten Sexual Addiction Types Scales, Consequences Scales(Family/Friends, Financial/Business ,Legal and
Preoccupation/Loss of Control) and Motivation for Change Scale .
The Sexual Addiction Screening Test (SAST) is designed to assist in the assessment of sexually compulsive behavior which may
indicate the presence of sex addiction. Developed in cooperation
with hospitals, treatment programs, private therapists, and community groups, the SAST-R provides a profile of responses which
help to discriminate between addictive and non-addictive behavior. Ten Sexual Addiction Types Scales(Fantasy Sex, Seductive
Role Sex ,Voyeuristic Sex, Exhibitionistic Sex, Paying for Sex,
Trading Sex, Intrusive Sex Anonymous Sex, Pain Exchange Sex,
Exploitive Sex).after assessment a report with stratification help
therapist for management.
and messages that encourage non-use.
ATS clearly represent a considerable cost and range of harm
to individuals, families and communities. Prevention must be a
central part of a response to ATS use problems because the other
options cannot, in themselves, be expected to address these problems fully. A general drug prevention strategy cannot be expected
to address ATS concerns without additional specific attention. An
adaptation of prevention research points to the principles outlined
below:
 Locate the amphetamine-type stimulant use prevention plan
within a larger drug strategy and youth development frameworks;
 Base the prevention plan on a clear knowledge of the amphetamine type stimulant use problem and the resources that can be
applied to it;
 Clarify the targets of amphetamine-type stimulant use prevention;
 Engage the youth target group meaningfully in policy and
programme design and implementation;
 Strive for a comprehensive, coordinated response
 Choose programmes that are proven or show promise
 Ensure that activities are evaluated
 Pay attention to workforce development and organizational
capacity
No drug group has grown in use as ATS have in the past 15 years
and there is a range of harm associated with their use. Problematic
youthful ATS use can take a great toll on the young person and
those who are close to them. It can also result in long-term social
welfare, criminal justice, health and lost productivity costs to the
community.
Consequently, while addressing ATS-specific concerns, it is important to build infrastructure for the prevention of all substances.
If that infrastructure does not currently exist in a community, a
comprehensive, sustained approach to addressing ATS use—
while effective in preventing or delaying ATS use— will also be
a step in the direction of building capacity for substance use prevention generally. When this happens, the benefits to individuals,
families and communities will be substantial.
Keywords
Sex Addiction. Assesment, Sexual Addiction Screening Test
(SAST),
Amphetamine Type Stimulant (ATS)
Use Prevention Programmes
in the World and Iran
Hamidreza Taherinakhost1
1- National Programme Manager, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime
(UNODC), Country Office of Iran, hamid.taherinakhost@unodc.org
Abstract
A specific focus on ATS is necessary in many countries and
communities because of their prevalence, the culture of hazardous
use within some populations and the significant harm associated
with these substances.
There is currently a gap in the knowledge on how to prevent
or delay use of ATS among young people. In any population of
young people, whether among the mainstream of society or not,
there is a large portion of individuals that are not using ATS, or are
using them experimentally, and who would benefit from measures
Person Centered Care: A Key Concept in
Treatment for ATS Users
Over the past 25 years, efforts to find effective treatments for
ATS use have been extensive. Strategies have been adapted from
the psychology-behavior therapy literature (CBT, Motivational
Interviewing, Contingency Management, Matrix Model). A major effort has been conducted to discover medications that have
efficacy for treating ATS users. Public health/harm reduction
strategies have been devised and delivered to reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with ATS use. While no medications
have been proven efficacious, several of the behavioral treatments
are considered “evidence-based” and harm reduction efforts have
been widely implemented in areas with heavy ATS use.
As a result of all of these efforts, a variety of services now exist
for ATS users in many parts of the world. In many of these efforts
(at least in the United States) the development of the services have
often involved extensive literature review, expert consultations,
technical assistance and major (and in some cases, expensive)
training programs. However, one critically important group has
often been overlooked as an essential and arguably the most important source of information for developing ATS services…….
ATS users themselves. This step, of carefully and extensively
assessing what the ATS users want as “help” or “treatment” or
“low threshold” services is often overlooked. Efforts to collect
this information using surveys and focus groups are important and
useful first steps, but they are just first steps. There is a diversity
of patient perspectives and priorities on this issue and the perspective and priorities change over time.
As ATS treatment/harm reduction strategies are implemented, it
is critically important to collect data on the patients’ perspectives
on these approaches and helping strategies. Of course surveys,
feedback questionnaires and focus groups are useful, but additionally, a critical measure is: When strategy X is implemented,
do patients return to receive more of strategy X? When patients
return over time, do their perspectives and priorities change? Do
they like the service to be “as needed” or would they like a schedule of activities? Would they like some type of curriculum and/or
information? On what topics? If they are attempting to reduce or
abstain from use, and they relapse, is there any way that treatment
could help them avoid relapse in the future.
In our efforts to implement evidence-based treatment and harm
reduction methods, we may forget the essential step of talking
with the patients; their perspective and their priorities are essential to the success of any helping effort.
programme design and implementation;
 Strive for a comprehensive, coordinated response
 Choose programmes that are proven or show promise
 Ensure that activities are evaluated
 Pay attention to workforce development and organizational capacity
No drug group has grown in use as ATS have in the past 15 years
and there is a range of harm associated with their use. Problematic
youthful ATS use can take a great toll on the young person and those
who are close to them. It can also result in long-term social welfare,
criminal justice, health and lost productivity costs to the community.
Consequently, while addressing ATS-specific concerns, it is important to build infrastructure for the prevention of all substances.
If that infrastructure does not currently exist in a community, a
comprehensive, sustained approach to addressing ATS use—
while effective in preventing or delaying ATS use— will also be
a step in the direction of building capacity for substance use prevention generally. When this happens, the benefits to individuals,
families and communities will be substantial.
Proven and promising universal and selective
ATS use prevention programmes
Amphetamine Type Stimulant
(ATS) Use Prevention Programmes
in the World and Iran
Hamidreza Taherinakhost1
1- National Programme Manager, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime
(UNODC), Country Office of Iran, hamid.taherinakhost@unodc.org
Abstract
A specific focus on ATS is necessary in many countries and
communities because of their prevalence, the culture of hazardous
use within some populations and the significant harm associated
with these substances.
There is currently a gap in the knowledge on how to prevent
or delay use of ATS among young people. In any population of
young people, whether among the mainstream of society or not,
there is a large portion of individuals that are not using ATS, or are
using them experimentally, and who would benefit from measures
and messages that encourage non-use.
ATS clearly represent a considerable cost and range of harm to individuals, families and communities. Prevention must be a central
part of a response to ATS use problems because the other options
cannot, in themselves, be expected to address these problems fully.
A general drug prevention strategy cannot be expected to address
ATS concerns without additional specific attention. An adaptation
of prevention research points to the principles outlined below:
 Locate the amphetamine-type stimulant use prevention plan
within a larger drug strategy and youth development frameworks;
 Base the prevention plan on a clear knowledge of the amphetamine type stimulant use problem and the resources that can be
applied to it;
 Clarify the targets of amphetamine-type stimulant use prevention;
 Engage the youth target group meaningfully in policy and
Universal prevention
Communication methods
These messages can be delivered through a number of avenues,
but the most common are the media (Internet, television, comics,
etc.), peers, parents, dance clubs and youth mediators (for example, disc jockeys, recreation leaders, coaches and teachers). Combining several of these avenues helps to reinforce the messages,
maximize exposure and increase effectiveness.
 World Practices: Meth Project, …
 Iran Practices: State Welfare Organization Meth Prevention
Campaign
School-based skill building models
Based on a review of school programmes that rigorous evaluation has shown to be effective in preventing substance abuse, an
intensity of one session per week over 10 weeks could be suggested as the minimum to produce results in school programmes.
Sometimes this is simply not possible, so between three and five
“booster” sessions in years that follow an initial 10-session programme to reinforce earlier lessons help to sustain effects. To be
effective, school-based programmes need to combine elements of
knowledge and skill development.
 World Practices: UpFront program operating in Oakland, CA,
Life Skills Training Programme, Unplugged, & Party Drugs, …
 Iran Practices: Ministry of Education Life Skills Training (LST) Programme, Strengthening Schools, & Families and
Schools Together (FAST)
 World Practices: In the United States, the Fast Track project, …
 Iran Practices: Families and Schools Together (FAST), Programme for Street Children
The alternatives approach
The alternatives approach is a commonly used prevention strategy. Although there is little research to support this approach at
this point, it has an appealing logic to it: if they are involved in
other satisfying activities, young people are less likely to use substances. Moreover, substance use is an important avenue for socializing, so those who choose not to use substances need other
opportunities to make and build friendships. There is some indication that youth who are attracted to ATS use are sensation seeking; it would therefore make sense to work with young people to
design activities that appeal to this need (for example, outdoor
adventure or extreme sports). In other cases, there may simply
be a need for a place to meet and belong to, such as club houses,
chill-out cafés and Internet cafés.
 World Practices: Stockholm’s “Clubs Against Drugs” Project,
Australia, drug-free dance parties, …
 Iran Practices: University of Tehran, Annual Tour for Freshmen (Dizin),
Family programming for higher risk families
It appears that “family-based” interventions are more effective
than “parent-only” programming in building protective factors.
Research has found that even relatively brief (five to seven sessions) family programmes that address communication, coping
and disciplinary skills can be effective in delaying the onset of
substance use among adolescents in at-risk families, compared
with a comparison group after a four year follow-up
 World Practices: The Strengthening Families Program (SFP),
FAST, …
 Iran Practices: Parenting, FAST, SFP 6-11, Healthy Youth
Policy-based or environmental approaches
Some public health experts contend the nightclub industry has a
responsibility to contribute to the healthy socialization of young
people because it looms so large in their lives and because other
institutions (for example, the family and religious institutions)
are now less influential with youth. By developing a firm policy
against use of illegal substances, including ATS, on premises and
training staff to identify drug use and exchanges, it is possible to
reduce use by both guests and staff in these venues. We must remember, however, that such initiatives work only when there is a
minimum critical mass of very popular venues participating in the
campaign. Training staff from one or two out-of-the-way clubs
will not have any impact at all.
 World Practices: Shawnee County Meth Awareness Project,
North Coastal Prevention Coalition, Hood River County Alcohol
Tobacco And Other Drug Prevention Coalition, Salt Lake City
Mayor’s Coalition on Alcohol Tobacco and Other Drugs, …
 Iran Practices: Some Parenting Programmes !!?
Selective prevention
Selective prevention aims to build protective factors among
young people exposed to one or more risk factors. Selective prevention programming that has multiple, integrated elements involving more than a single domain (such as the family, school or
community), is more likely to have positive results than standalone interventions. Several selective prevention measures have
been shown to prevent or delay use of substances (including ATS
use) and are briefly described below.
Early childhood and early school interventions
Children living in difficult environments clearly benefit from selective prevention interventions in their pre-school (age 0-6) and
early school (age 7-12) years. Programmes that combine child
and parent components (often including home visits) have shown
benefits in preventing a number of later behaviours—including
substance use—in long-term studies at both the early childhood
and early school period.
School connection programmes
School programmes that select at-risk young people (those who are
not succeeding in school, have few peer contacts or are not involved
in extra-curricular activities, for example) have proven effective in
re-engaging students and reducing the risk of substance use.
 World Practices: The Reconnecting Youth programme, …
 Iran Practices: Parenting, FAST, SFP 6-11, Healthy Youth
Outreach approaches
The most vulnerable young people are often hard to reach, particularly if they no longer attend school. Outreach services are
often necessary to reach and engage these young people. Accordingly, programmes for vulnerable youth may be situated in shopping malls, in hospital emergency wards, or in one-stop service
centres on the street.
 World Practices: The MPowerment programme, …
 Iran Practices: Programme for Street Children
Brief Motivational Home-Based Social
Work Intervention
Morteza Danaei Far
Department of Social Work, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation
Despite all the problems addiction causes for drug addicts and
their families, less than 10% of addicts are volunteer for treatment. A qualitative study was conducted to design a Brief Motivational Home-Based Social Work Intervention to enhance drug
abuse treatment entry rates and outcomes. Data was collected
with semi-structured interviews with social workers who are
working in drug abuse treatment setting. Interviews were recorded, transcribed and coded thematically and interventions were
categorized. The Brief Motivational Home-Based Social Work
Intervention was extracted according to the social work literature
and proposed interventions. Social workers revised and finalized
intervention (including family members awareness raising and
preparation, motivational interviews at home, referring and following up) in focus group discussions.
Keywords
Home Based Social Work, Motivational Intervention, Drug Abuse
Overview of Child Abuse and Neglect in
Family with Drugs Abusers
Asghar dalvandi1, Saeideh Bahrampuri2, Fatemeh Pashaei Sabet3
1- PhD in Healthy Ageing, Nursing Department, University of Social
2- PhD student of health in disaster and emergency , University of Social
Welfare & Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
3- PhD student of Nursing in Nursing Department, University of Social
Welfare & Rehabilitation Sciences,Tehran, Iran
Introduction
Addiction is one of the main social, psychological and health problems in recent century. The physical, emotional and social addiction’s aspects affect both the addicted person and the family and
society itself. pesons are social creature and baby’s first communication to take place within family environment. Therefore family
would play a significant contribution in the socialize children and
shaping social behavior. Drug abuse by parents anxious incident
that disrupted the balance of family and other members of the family responsibilities and roles affected parents are addicts. On the
other hand, parental substance abuse, social constraints and reducing operating systems support for the children. This paper aims
to present an overview Child Abuse and Neglect in Family with
Drugs Abusers as a social problem.
Content
Child abuse and neglect are social and public health problems, as
well as that considered the issue of children’s rights in any country. Abuse and neglect can be caused a wide range of negative outcomes for children and teenager in addict’s families (family lead
addicts). Subgroup of child abuse and neglect in addict’s families
can be noted physical, emotional and sexual abuse, neglect, and
violence in the family and also forcing them to sell drugs. This reviews article explains the effects of parent’s addiction problem on
child abuse and neglect, in the various types of abuse in childhood
and adolescence, associated with certain adverse. Therefore, it
seems to explain problems of children who have substance abuse
dependent fathers could indicate their unhealthy and difficult life
to authorities, their daily life.
Contingency Management (CM) is a systematic use of reinforcement of desired behaviors in the treatment of alcohol and
other drug use disorders. It encourages positive behavior change
in patients. Most of the researches support CM’s efficacy in treating various behavioral disorders, including drug abuse treatment.
Social workers apply CM techniques to reward positive behaviors
by reinforcing consequences when patients meet treatment goals
and or providing punitive measure when patients engage in the
undesired behaviors. For example, positive consequences for abstinence may include receipt of vouchers that are exchangeable
for retail goods, whereas negative consequences for drug abuse
may include withholding of vouchers.
Keywords
Contingency Management, Social Work
Addiction Monitoring, A Brief Review
Abstract
Hobbies are hobbybecausetheyhadthepower to attractpeople to
them, but as theseattractionsbecomesmore, andthepeopleare interestedmore, the pathologic phenomenonarisesknown as behavioral
addiction.
Monitoraddiction in theforms of activeandpassive are among one
of the behavioral addictionssuch as gamblingandshoppingorsexaddiction. Asthemonitorprogramsdevelopedmany subcategories
especially in thedomain ofactivemonitoraddictionraised, such as
computeraddiction, Internet addiction, cyber-sex addiction, etc.
This article is trying to give a briefreview of thehistory, trend, terminologyandresearchdomains that could be feasibleaccording to
the Iran situation as a developingcountry.
Keywords
Monitor Addiction. Internet Addiction, Computer Addiction,
Sex Addiction Treatment:
a Task-Based Approach
Conclusion
Therefore, it seems to explain problems of children who have
substance abuse dependent fathers could indicate their unhealthy
and difficult life to authorities, planners and researchers and also
provide a wider vision than the problems these children face in
their daily life. Here the present review article is done with our
current identifying community needs and the necessity of providing appropriate services to these children.
Keywords
Child Abuse Neglect, Family Addiction, Social Problem
Contingency Management in
Social Support
Zahra Saberi
Prevention Deputy, Drug Prevention Office, State Welfare Organization,
Tehran, Iran
Abstract
sex addiction is the use of sex or pornography to address nonsexual emotional needs. Sex addiction is relatively common behavioral addiction. Treatment for compulsive sexual behavior
typically involves psychotherapy(Individual Therapy ,Group
Therapy, Family Participation ,Family Recovery, Couples Recovery ,Exercise/Nutrition) medications and self-help groups.
Certain medications may be helpful like Antidepressants,Mood
stabilizers,Naltrexone,Anti-androgens, and (LHRH)But best
treatment is Task-Based approach.that contain three phase
First phase(Recovery Start) is about intervening in the cyclical
compulsiveprocess The therapist must extend the patient’s sexual
history to include all aspectsof the problematic behavior.During
the initial phase of treatment, therapy focuses on teaching the
patientabout the illness. In addition to coaching from the therapist, the patient must readand learn about the problem. The next
section provides a list of resources wherepatients can obtain such
information, refer the patient to a local 12-step group for sex addiction or sexual compulsion, start confronting areas of significant
denial in the patient, patient agreement to report any problems.
Second phase(Creating Personal Recovery) of treatment can
begin (during the first 4 to 8 weeksof treatment) 12-Step attendance, Complete first step of 12-step process, Agree on writing
an abstinence definition, Written relapse-prevention plan, Complete period of celibacy, Develop a sex plan, Partner and family
involvement, Multiple addiction assessment,Trauma assessment,
Group therapy, Shame reduction Once a period of relapse-free behavior has taken place,
Third phase(Creating Family Recovery) of treatment may begin. This phase focuses on underlying developmental issues and
family-of-origin issues, Grief resolution ,Marital and family therapy, Career issues, Trauma therapy .
behavioral addictions in the proposed categorization scheme
A number of experts have argued that the concept of addiction
will expand to four category : Substances (e.g. alcohol, street
drugs, food, tobacco/nicotine, pharmaceuticals, etc.) Activities
(e.g. work, sex, gambling, exercise, worship, cleaning, etc.) Relationships (i.e. codependency) Mind/body states (e.g. anger, arousal, histrionics, etc.)
This new approach said that addictive behaviors relations are more
than coexist, they interact, reinforce, become part of one another.
They become packages.
Keywords
Addiction Interaction Disorder, Addiction and Related Disorders
Keywords
Sex Addiction Treatment, Task-Based Approach
An Introduction to Multiple Addictions:
Addiction Interaction Disorder
RabertFarnam
Psychiatrist
Abstract
With the new edition of the DSM, the revised category
of“Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders” moves beyond
a focus onwithdrawal and tolerance (i.e., classical dependence
symptoms),towards the strength of motivation for substance use
and engagementin behavior as well as the lack of control to resist craving. This reconceptualization allows for the inclusion of
both,substance-related as well as behavioral addictions in the proposedcategorization scheme.
A number of experts have argued that the concept of addiction
will expand to four categories: Substances (e.g. alcohol, street
drugs, food, tobacco/nicotine, pharmaceuticals, etc.), activities
(e.g. work, sex, gambling, exercise, worship, cleaning, etc.), relationships (i.e. codependency, love addiction, traumatic bonding, etc.) and mind/body states (e.g. anger, arousal, histrionics,
etc.). This new approach said that addictive behaviors relations
are more than coexist, they interact, reinforce, become part of
one another. They become packages. Understanding addiction
interaction disorder could help addiction therapists to understand
changing patterns of addictions during the treatment and could
help them to develop more appropriate treatment plan addressing
complexity of the multiple addiction within a client.
Seyed Ramin Radfar1
Amphetamine-type Stimulants (ATS) are known as one of the
most important stimulants of abuse in the world with an increasing trend, so much that currently amphetamines are ranked second after cannabis as the most abused drug in the world.
In recent years, the rate of stimulant use has grown dramatically, and such drugs are getting to a significant level that they
are changing the old traditional pattern of addiction in Iran, In the
other hand, the amount of seized ATS in Iran highly increased in
recent years while Prior to 2004 there were no reported seizures
of ATS in Iran and the first reported of ATS seizure was in 2005
but in less than 5 years an increasing number of seizures reported
in Iran. The amount of methamphetamine seized qualified Iran
for ranking 5th in ATS seizures in 2010 and 2011 . Comparing
the ratio of seized ATS in each year shows a 400% increase in the
amount of ATS seized in Iran between 2010 and 2011, this oneyear rate of increase compares to increases of 238% in Mexico
166% in Thailand, 153% in USA (153%) and 140% in China, puts
Iran in the first ranking for increase in seizure.
Some very recent studies show that the prevalence of ATS use
among people who injects drug is almost equal to prevalence of
opium use with a long history in Iran.
This article is trying to follow trend of ATS use prevalence and
changes in the pattern by a desk review from the available documents.
Keywords
Keywords
Addiction Interaction Disorder,Addiction and Related Disorders
Addiction Interaction Disorder
Abstract
Trend of ATS Abuse among Iranian Drug
Users, a Decade Follow up
With the new edition of the DSM, the revised category of “Addiction and Related Disorders” moves beyond a focus on withdrawal
and tolerance (i.e., classical dependence symptoms), towards the
strength of motivation for substance use and engagement in behavior as well as the lack of control to resist craving. this reconceptualization allows for the inclusion of both, substance-related as well as
Amphetamine Type Stimulants, ATS, Methamphetamine, Iran
Latent Tuberculosis (TB) Prevalence and
Challenges for Integration of TB Diagnosis
and Treatment programs in Harm
Reduction activities in Iran
Seyed Ramin Radfar1 ,Alireza Noroozi, Katayoun Tayeri, Abbas Motavalian,
Pardis Nematollahi, Setareh Mohsenifar
Background
Injecting Drug Users (IDUs) are one of the most at risk groups
for HIV and other blood born infectious disease. Tuberculosis
(TB) is another infection which could be spread out from this
group to the other part of the community through daily contacts.
LTBI situation with or without HIV among IDUs is important
for designing better harm reduction services in Iran for providing
better services for both IDUs /DUs and community.
But the problem is that merging holistic TB services in harm reduction services is not easy due to many factors that some of them
will be described later in this article.
Methods
This is a cross-sectional survey with laboratory and/or radiologic
tests, has been conducted in Tehran, Isfahan, Mashhad, Shiraz,
Gorgan and Kermanshah in Iran in 2013. Cities has been selected
by joint committee of United Nation Office on Drug and Crime in
Iran (UNODC), Drug Control Head Quarter (DCHQ) and Center
for Disease Control at Ministry of Health (CDC) as the supporters of the study .Participants were active (had injection in past
month) and recent (had injection in past 6 months) IDUs receiving
services from drop in centers recruited by convenient sampling.
The second part that is describing challenges for merging TB
services in the harm reduction services that are mainly taken from
a roundtable report that conducted by United Nations Office on
Drugs and Crime office in Tehran in the current year with this
topic.
Results
420 IDUs (97.4% Male,2.6% Female) interviewed and checked
for tuberculin skin test and HIV test and then based on selection
criteria’s chest X-ray and sputum smear has been requested for
190 (45.2%)of them.
HIV / PPD results are available for 99.3% and 94.8% of participants, respectively. HIV prevalence was 8.6% (0 to 18% in different cities; overall 9.1% of females, 8.6% males) and average positive tuberculin test was 35.7% (14.3% to 67.1% in different cities;
overall 54.5% of females, 35.1% of males) of study participants.
Odds ratio for positive tuberculin test calculated 3 (1.5<CI<6.4)
in HIV positive IDUs comparing to HIV negative participants.
PPD negative participants were younger than PPD positive (P
value<0.04) but age difference for HIV positive VS negative participants were insignificant. All of the smear test were negative
but radiologic findings were seen in 14.5% of patients with Chest
X-ray.
Conclusion
Latent TB is very common among Iranian IDUs and the participants’ knowledge and information regarding TB is very low,
therefore harm reduction programs should consider TB as one of
the priorities in the current harm reduction services.
Among the activities in the field of TB prevention, diagnosis and
treatment in this group, the hardest feasible activity is treatment,
because of the nature of the effective TB treatment and in the other
hand the poor adherence of drug users for TB treatment regimens
which can potentially result multi-drug resistant TB.
Ethnography as Applied Research Method
in Explaining and Understanding the
Phenomena of Substance
Abusers Recovery
Asghar Dalvandi1, Saeideh Bahrampuri2
1- PhD in Healthy Ageing, Nursing Department, University of Social
Fatemeh Pashaei Sabet: PhD Student of Nursing in Nursing Department,
University of Social Welfare & Rehabilitation Sciences,Tehran, Iran
2- PhD Student of Health in Disaster and Emergency, University of Social
Welfare & Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Introduction
Ethnography is a written description of a particular culture, customs, beliefs and behavior, based on the information collected
through the fieldwork. In this study, the researchers using the observation with the participation of, the subjects in an absolutely
natural and free chats with them .According to assumptions of
study, the individual’s behavior in groups are affected by a complex interaction which that has elements more than facts, statistics
and evidence sums, as well as the behavior of individuals directly
affected by the situation in which the behavior occurs placed.. The
main objects of Ethnography is understand about values and beliefs of the people rounding in a social phenomenon like addiction
and inform from their behavior through observation and participation in a selected social context, such as drug addiction.
In this way, participants are enabling researchers to take an
active role in public life with minimal disruption to the normal
flow of social life on it the cortex to detect and help to explain
the phenomenon of interaction and behavior of addicted peaple .
Therefore, this paper introduces Ethnography as applied research
method in explaining and understanding the phenomena of substance abusers recovery.
Content
Today, addiction as a health, social, and cultural have been facing all countries. The phenomenon of drug addiction is a multifaceted nature and rapid and/or privacy changes, therefore its need to
comprehensive, accurate and also fast and dynamic interventions.
In addition, the basis for policy-making, planning and selection
of the proper procedures for drug abuse rehab is detailed knowledge of the information and the process of establishing terms and
conditions governing the people involved with the quest for this
phenomenon.
Conclusion
The experiences of researchers expressing, the surface review of
this complex issue and inattention to deep cultural layers around
behavior and interactions created in drug abuse is one of the
causes of past failure in achieving comprehensive rehabilitation
programs and the prevention of drug consumption, respectively.
Keywords
Ethnography Research,
Abusers Recovery
Keywords
Tuberculosis, HIV, Injecting Drug Users, Iran, Multi-Drug Resistant TB
Qualitative Approach, , Substance
Family –Based Intervention in Substance
Abuse Treatment and Harm Reduction:
A Systematic Review
Masoomeh Maarefvand
Department of Social Work, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation
Little evidence exists regarding the Family Based Social Work
Interventions (FBSWIs) in substance abuse treatment and harm
reduction settings. In this study, FBSWIs in substance abuse
treatment and harm reduction standards, protocols and programs
reviewed systematically. Electronic search of SAMHSA, NIDA
and NASW databases with no limits to publication year was conducted to find proposed FBSWIs. Social worker as a case manager could provide various FBSWIs including family support (i.e.
meeting basic needs and conditional supports), child protection,
family group conferencing, domestic violence intervention, family therapy and family training were the most important suggested
FBSWIs.
Keywords
Family –Based Intervention, Substance Abuse, Social Work
Conclusion
Methamphetamine use among patientsundergoing methadone
treatmentprograms in Iran is verycommonand could reverseorwastessome of theresources that are spendingfor HIV epidemic.
Phenomenology of methamphetamine use among MMTpatients
based on thefindings of thisstudy could be described as thatsomepatientswho are going to startMMT, alreadyhadpositiveattitude and/or experience of methamphetamine, ifthesepatientshad
not thissituation a peergroup of theotherpatients and/ or friends/
families recommend them to use methamphetamine forreducingsideeffects of methadone that are prominentespecially in theinductionphase of methadone.
Drug Prevention History and Current
Addiction Prevention Programs
in Germany
Juliet Roudini1
1- Leipzig University, Germany
Phenomenology of
Methamphetamine Abuse Among
Patients Undergoing Methadone
Maintenance Treatment
Background
Formal data shows that annually about 500,000 patientsregisteredforOSTtreatment in Iran. Stimulant use among patients under OST potentially can wasteparts of thehugeresources which
spentfor HIV/AIDS prevention. Thepurpose of thestudy is to explorefactorsandmechanismassociated with methamphetamine use
among patientsundergoing methadone maintenancetreatment.
Thisstudy is approved by boththe University of California at
Los Angeles (UCLA) Human Subjects’ committeeandthe Tehran
University of Medical Science Ethics Committee and is part of
an IAS/NIDA-funded fellowship at UCLA Integrated Substance
Abuse Programs.
Method
This qualitative studywasconductedusingfocusgroupdiscussion
(FGD) in Isfahan, Iran, within varyingsettings of private, governmental, drop in centersandwomenfriendlyfacilities. Thematic
analysis was conductedusing a thematic approach by ATLAS.tiversion 6.0.15.
Results
continue methamphetamine during MMTbecausethis two drug
are verymatched with eachotherwhile methamphetamine and/or
methadone are not matched with other opioids such as heroin oropium.Positive attitude toward methamphetamine
Methadone cons, Methamphetamine pros and cons were extracted as the most important factor for methamphetamine abuse.
Totally 7 FGDs (two for female participants and 5 for male participants) conducted between December 2013 and February 2014.
Findings from eachsectorandgenderdid not showmajorvariation in participantperceptions. All of themaleandmajority of femaleparticipantsexpressedthat methamphetamine use among
MMTpatients is verycommon, near half of them expressedthatmany of patients before to startMMTalreadydecided to use/
The presentation will focus on the addiction prevention in Germany over the last years and discuss the prevention programs of
addiction in recent years.The prevention of addiction is together
with addiction therapy and repressive actions – an integral part of
the comprehensive addiction and drug policy of the Federal Republic of Germany. Apart from severe psychological and physical
harm done to the individual, substance abuse and addiction also
cause huge damage to the national economy. Prevention of addiction therefore assumes a central position in Germany. Prevention
is one of the four main areas of German addiction and drug policy
is based on.
Primary drug prevention in Germany has been in a constant state
of transition since the early 1970s. Themain goal of prevention is
to promote the health of the individual, maintain abstinence, prevent and decrease abuse and addiction. Five consecutive phases
can be identified: (1) drug deterrence and repression; (2) drug education and drug information; (3) primary drug preventionthrough
alternatives to risk-taking, and the strengthening of personal resources;(4) primary drug prevention through strengthening of personal and social resources,promotion of resistance and life skills;
(5) primary drug prevention throughstrengthening of personal
and social resources, promotion of resistance and lifeskills, the
promotion of harm reduction and competence in risk-taking with
young people who may already consume legal or illegal drugs.
The second focus of the presentation is related to the currentaddiction prevention programs in Germany. With Germany’s history
of beer brewing and pharmaceutical drug manufacturing, perhaps
its current problems with substance abuse and addiction should
come as no surprise.Drug prevention that systematically addresses
the relevant target groups in their settings is particularly effective
as regards achieving a health-promoting change in knowledge, attitudes and behavior. In this presentation we will investigate drug
prevention programs in Germany for children and young people
in the family, at school, community, and in their leisure time, and
will be discussed about Dot.sys - Documentation system for drug
prevention.
Study on Situation of HIV, Latent
Tuberculosis Infectious (LTBI) and Active
TB Infection among Injecting Drug Users
Receiving Harm Reduction Services in
Tehran and 5 large cities in Iran
Seyed Ramin Radfar1, Alireza Noroozi2, Katayoun Tayeri3,
Abbas Motavalian4, Pardis Nematollahi5, Setareh Mohsenifar6
2- Ministry of Health, Iran
3- Isfahan University of Medical Science
4- Iran University of Medical Science
5- Isfahan University of Medical Science
6- Unitted Nations Office on Drugs and Crime ,Tehran
Background
Injecting Drug Users (IDUs) are one of the most at risk groups
for HIV and other blood born infectious disease. Tuberculosis
(TB) is another infection which could be spread out from this
group to the other part of the community through daily contacts.
LTBI situation with or without HIV among IDUs is important
for designing better harm reduction services in Iran for providing
better services for both IDUs /DUs and community.
Methods
This is a cross-sectional survey with laboratory and/or radiologic tests , has been conducted in Tehran, Isfahan, Mashhad, Shiraz,
Gorgan and Kermanshah in Iran in 2013. Cities has been selected
by joint committee of United Nation Office on Drug and Crime in
Iran (UNODC), Drug Control Head Quarter (DCHQ) and Center
for Disease Control at Ministry of Health (CDC) as the supporters
of the study .Participants were active (had injection in past month)
and recent (had injection in past 6 months) IDUs receiving services from drop in centers recruited by convenient sampling.
Results
420 IDUs (97.4% Male,2.6% Female) interviewed and checked
for tuberculin skin test and HIV test and then based on selection
criteria’s chest X-ray and sputum smear has been requested for
190 (45.2%)of them.
HIV / PPD results are available for 99.3% and 94.8% of participants, respectively. HIV prevalence was 8.6% (0 to 18% in different cities; overall 9.1% of females, 8.6% males) and average positive tuberculin test was 35.7% (14.3% to 67.1% in different cities;
overall 54.5% of females, 35.1% of males) of study participants.
Odds ratio for positive tuberculin test calculated 3 (1.5<CI<6.4)
in HIV positive IDUs comparing to HIV negative participants.
PPD negative participants were younger than PPD positive (P
value<0.04) but age difference for HIV positive VS negative participants were insignificant.All of the smear test were negative
but radiologic findings were seen in 14.5% of patients with Chest
X-ray.
Conclusion
Latent TB is very common among Iranian IDUs and the par-
ticipants’ knoeledge and information regarding TB is very low
,therefore harm reduction programs should consider TB as one of
the priorities in the current harm reduction services.
Keywords
Tubercolusis, HIV, Injecting Drug Users, Iran
Social Work Services for Women and
Children in Substance Abuse Treatment
and Harm Reduction
Leila Arshad
Sun House Society, Tehran, Iran
More than 20% of substance abusers are women. The growing
increase of substance abuse (especially methamphetamine use) by
women and decreasing the average age of first substance abuse
among them is a major health issue affecting women and families.
Most of Women Substance Abusers (WSAs) hesitate to seek treatment and supports because of the stigma around using a substance
and limitations of providing services for them. Social workers can
markedly improve treatment and support services for WSAs and
their children. Social workers in substance abuse treatment and
harm reduction settings focus on providing special services for
WSAs in case of pregnancy, sexual abuse, sex-working, child
care giving, domestic violence, poverty, homelessness, etc.
Keywords
Substance Abuse, Women, Child, Social Work
Substance Use Disorders in Medically
Ill Inpatients
Atefeh Ghanbari Jolfaei, MD1
1- Mental Health Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences
Substance use disordersare frequent in medically ill inpatients.
The prevalence of substance use disorders in the general hospital
inpatients ranges from 40% to 70% which is significantly higher
than the rate of these disorders in general population. Although
the frequency ofsubstance use problems within psychiatric consultation is up to 30%,substance use disorders often remain unrecognized in medically ill inpatients.
It was reported that the rate of hospitalization increased among
these patients and it was also shown that comorbidity of substance
use disorders in medically ill inpatientsare associated with more
complications and can influence the course and prognosis of underlying medical diseases.
With regard to the complicationsof substance use disorders and
their importantrole on the course of diseases andquality of life,
diagnosis and management of substance use disorders are particularly important in inpatients of a general hospital.
The aim of this paper is to describe the importance and methods
of assessment and management of substance use disorders in inpatients of general hospitals.
Early Onset Substance Use:
Comorbid Psychiatric Disorders
Elham Shirazi
Child and adolescent psychiatrists, Mental Health Research Center, Tehran
Institute of Psychiatry- Faculty of Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, Iran
Substance use disorder (SUD) in children is comorbid with
ADHD and bipolar disorder in up to 80% of cases, with major
depresive disorder in up to 50% of cases, and with anxiety disorders in up to 40% of cases. It is common in early onset schizophrenia, borderline personality disorder, history of physical and
sexual abuse, learning disorder, language disorder, and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD). Comorbidity may precede, exacerbate, or follow the onset of SUD. Childhood psychopathology is
associated with earlier onset of SUD in adolescence, more persistent course of SUD, and early return to it. Externalizing disorders
are the most frequent comorbid disorders in early onset SUD and
are more common in boys. Internalizing disorders are more common in girls with SUD. Comorbidity is more common in clinical
population vs general population which is called Berkson’s bias.
In clinical population of adolescents with SUD, 80% have cooccurring non-substance related mental disorder and more than
50% have at least 3 comorbidities. More than 80% have disruptive behavior disorders (DBD) including ADHD, conduct disorder (CD), and ODD. CD, ADHD, and mood disorders are the
most common comorbid disorders, and more than 50% have
mood and anxiety disorders.
In general population of adolescents with SUD, 70% have comorbid psychiatric disorders. CD and ODD are the most common. Sixty percent have DBD, up to 32% have ODD, up to 32%
have mood disorder, and up to 20% have anxiety disorders.
Key words
Adolescent, Comorbid Disorder, Substance Use
Factors Influencing Transition to
Methamphetamine among
Youth Opioid Users in Tehran
AlirezaNoroozi1, Mohsen Malekinejad2, Afarin Rahimi-Movaghar3,
Minoo Mohraz4, Hossein Malekafzali5, William McFarland6, Kimberly Page7
1- Psychiatrist, Head of Substance Abuse Prevention and Treatment Office,
Ministry of Health
2- Assistant Professor, Institute for Health Policy Studies, University of
California San Francisco
3- Associate Professor of Psychiatry, Director of Iranian National Center for
Addiction Studies (INCAS), Iranian Institute for Reduction of High-Risk
Behaviors, Tehran University of Medical Sciences
4- Professor of Infectious Diseases, Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS
(IRCHA), Iranian Institute for Reduction of High-Risk Behaviors,
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
5- Professor, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public
Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences
6- Associate professor of epidemiology, Public Health and Global
Health Sciences, University of California San Francisco
7- Professor of epidemiology, Dept. of Epidemiology and Biostatistics,
Division of Preventive Medicine and Public Health and Global Health
Sciences, University of California San Francisco
introduced to Iranian drug users. Twin epidemics of drug use and
HIV infection emerged during late 1990s among people who inject drug particularly in prison settings. In response to that, a harm
reduction policy adopted and scaled up across the country since
2002. During last 6 years the country encountered with an emerging epidemics of methamphetamine use. The epidemics spread
rapidly parallel to domestic production of methamphetamine and
currently it is the second most prevalent drug of use among people
who use drug in the country. To explore factors influencing transition to methamphetamine we conducted a qualitative study on a
diverse sample of 42 purposefully selected groups of youth noninjecting opioid users, injecting opioid users and stimulant users,
as well as health care professionals in Tehran. The interviews
were audio-recorded, transcribed and coded in Farsi using OpenCode 3.6 software, and then translated to English. We categorized
perceived factors to approach or avert from methamphetamine
use in 4 level including individual, drug specific, social/environmental and macro level/structural. Here we are going to present
the perceived factors for transition to methamphetamine in details
and discuss its implications for current national harm reduction
program.
Substance Use Disorders in
Women in Iran
Afarin Rahimi-Movaghar, MD, MPH*
Associate Professor of Psychiatry, Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies (INCAS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences
This is a review on substance use and substance use disorders
in women in Iran. Substance use in women is considered a more
hidden problem than men. Although in many countries, women
consist of up to 40% of substance users, in Iran this rate is less
than 10%. According to the 2011 national household mental
health survey (IranMHS), 3.1% of women aged 15-64 had used
an illicit drug or alcohol in the last 12 months, and 4 per 1000 met
the criteria for a substance use disorder (SUD) in the same period. Although women start using substances years later than men,
women with SUD have fewer resources (education, employment,
income) than men and are more likely to live with those with
SUD. They are more probable to suffer from a comorbid mood or
anxiety disorder than men. In Iran, most women with substance
use problems have children and are responsible for their care. HIV
prevalence is around 10% and 1% in women who inject drugs
and women with non-injecting drug use, respectively. Health service use for substance problem is very low among women with
SUD. Women encounter significant barriers in accessing treatment, which consists of cultural, structural, financial and personal
problems. Many women with SUD avoid mixed-gender treatment
programs. More researches are needed to understand various aspects of initiation, patterns, consequences, and needs of women
with substance use problems.
Key words
Women, Gender, Drug use, Addiction
Opium has been the main drug of use in Iran drug scene for
centuries. During last few decades heroin and injecting drug use
Transition to Injecting Drug Use among
Youth in Tehran, Iran; a Qualitative Study
Afarin Rahimi-Movaghar, MD, MPH1*; Mohsen Malekinejad, MD, PhD2;
Alireza Noroozi, MD3
1- Associate Professor of Psychiatry, Iranian National Center for Addiction
Studies (INCAS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences
California San Francisco, USA
3- Psychiatrist, Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies (INCAS), Tehran
Background and objectives
Iran has a large population of opioid users that are potentially
at risk of initiation of injecting. This study was carried out to investigate the factors facilitating transition from non-injection to
injection drug use.
Methods
In this qualitative study, conducted in 2011, a total of 42 injecting and non-injecting drug users and health workers participated
in the in-depth interviews. The interviews were audio-recorded
and transcribed. OpenCode 3.6 software was used for analysis.
Results
The most frequently mentioned factor for transition from noninjecting drug use to injecting use was the high level of drug dependence. Injection decreased the cost of drugs several folds in
short-term. Influence of others, either by learning from others,
encouraged by them or feeling a force or pressure imposed by
others, or similarities in the lifestyle of a non-injector with an injector also resulted in the transition. A desire to experience the immediate rush was rarely mentioned. Rather, the need to maintain
function and reduce pain and suffering and overcoming financial
difficulties, much far from the concept of pleasure-seeking behavior, were reported more frequently. The two main reasons to prevent drug users from initiation of injection were health concerns
and control and pressure of the family.
Conclusion
After around a decade of adopting harm reduction policy and
providing extensive treatment and HIV prevention services for
drug users, Iran is facing a considerable extent of injecting drug
use among youths, and it is necessary to plan for effective measures to prevent transition to injecting drug use and promote shifting back to non-injection.
Keywords
Route of Administration, Injecting Initiation, Risk Factors for
Injecting, Protective Factors for Injecting, First Injection Episode.
Factors Influencing Transition to
Methamphetamine among Youth
Opioid Users in Tehran
Alireza Noroozi1, Mohsen Malekinejad2, Afarin Rahimi-Movaghar3,
Minoo Mohraz4
1- Psychiatrist, Head of Substance Abuse Prevention and Treatment Office,
Ministry of Health
California San Francisco
3- Associate professor of psychiatry, Director of Iranian National Center for
Addiction Studies (INCAS), Iranian Institute for Reduction of High-Risk
Behaviors, Tehran University of Medical Sciences
4- Professor of infectious diseases, Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS
(IRCHA), Iranian Institute for Reduction of High-Risk Behaviors, Tehran
Opium has been the main drug of use in Iran drug scene for
centuries. During last few decades heroin and injecting drug use
introduced to Iranian drug users. Twin epidemics of drug use and
HIV infection emerged during late 1990s among people who inject drug particularly in prison settings. In response to that, a harm
reduction policy adopted and scaled up across the country since
2002. During last 6 years the country encountered with an emerging epidemics of methamphetamine use. The epidemics spread
rapidly parallel to domestic production of methamphetamine and
currently it is the second most prevalent drug of use among people who use drug in the country. To explore factors influencing
transition to methamphetamine we conducted a qualitative study
on a diverse sample of 42 purposefully selected groups of youth
non-injecting opioid users, injecting opioid users and stimulant
users, as well as health care professionals in Tehran. The interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed and coded in Farsi using
OpenCode 3.6 software, and then translated to English. We categorized perceived factors to approach or avert from methamphetamine use in 4 level including individual, drug specific, social/
environmental and macro level/structural. Here we are going to
present the perceived factors for transition to methamphetamine
in details and discuss its implications for current national harm
reduction program.
P
EO
R
T
S
POSTER
Condition of Management of Prevention
and Treatment Program of Drug Abuse in
the Network System of Ahvaz University of
Medical Sciences: 1392
Zohreh Abbasi1, Abbasi Z(MA)2, Davasaz Irani R(MPH)3, Barzkar A(MA)4,
Mansouri S(BA)5
Khuzestan Province, Ahvaz Jundishapour University of Medical Science
2. General Psychology
Khuzestan Province, Ahvaz Jundishapour University of Medical Science
4. Clinical Psychology_Manager of DIC
5. General Psychology-Center of Local Mental Health Avaye Zendegi - Ahvaz
Background and Aim
Improving the nation’s health care system is possible only when
all the sub-systems and components subsidiary are possessed of a
dynamic management. This study aimed to evaluate management
of prevention and treatment program of drug abuse in the network
system of Ahvaz University of medical sciences
Methods
This was an applied study that conducted in descriptive- analytic
method. The study sample consisted of all managers at various level
of management of prevention and treatment program of drug abuse
in the network system of Ahvaz University of medical sciences (n =
115) that were selected by census method. Data was gathered by a
researcher- made questionnaire that its validity was cheked by expert
opinion. This questionnaire included four subscales: programming,
organizing, functioning and control that was graded on a five-point
Likert scale from very low to very high. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistical methods by SPSS16 software.
Results
The Results showed that overall ,condition of management of prevention and treatment program of drug abuse in the network system of Ahvaz is moderate. In fact performances of managers in all aspects of management were moderate. In comparing Results, the best performance
belonged to monitoring and control,then planning. Executive functions
and organization were ranked respectively the third and the fourth.
Conclusion
Due to the moderate majority of managers in management of
prevention and treatment program of drug abuse, this program is
in need of reform in order to provide basic services to the field of
substance abuse prevention and treatment with better quality in
Ahvaz University of Medical Sciences.
Keywords
Drug Abuse Program, Management, Network System
Investigate the Role of Additional
Behaviours and Impulsivity in Forecasting
the Reactions of Bipolar Patients
Moslem Abbasi1
1. Department of Psychology, Faculty of Literature and Human Sciences,
Salman Farsi University of Kazerun, Kazerun, Iran
Background and Aim
Introduction:The aim of this study is to investigate the role of
additional behaviours and Impulsivity in forecasting the reactions
of bipolar patients.
Methods
The design of this investigation is descriptive- cross sectional.
It is also a correlation design. The statistical society of this investigation is all outpatients and combined to bed patients who are
affected to this disorder, in Isar and Fatemi hospital of Ardabil
from Shahrivar to Esfand 1390 (Sep- March of 2011-2012). The
statistical sample of this investigation include 60 individual of bipolar patients. (30 of them are affected to typ 1 and 30 of them
are affected to typ 2 bipolar disorder). They were selected among
patients who were combined to bed or out patients of Isar and
Fatemi hospital of Ardabil in coincidently. Togather the needed
information it was used of questionnaire. To resolve the data of
this investigation, it were used of Pearson,s correlation coefficient
and multi variable regression analysis and multi variance analysis
test.(MANOVA).
Results
The result of the investigation showed that there is negative relation between additional behaviours and the reaction of the patients and a possitive reactionability between Impulsivity (& them
dimansions) and additional behaviours. (P≤ 0.01).
Conclusion
Also the Results showd that there is meaningful relation between bipolar patients from the respect of additional behaviours
and their reactionability and Impulsivity.
Keywords
Additional Behavior, Impulsivity, Reactionability& Bipolar Patients.
Compare Alexithymia, Self-Injury Behavior
and Emotional Processing in Single
Substance Drug Addicts and
Normal Controls
Moslem Abbasi1, Z. Pirani, P.h.D2, A.R. Mehrabi MSc3
1. Department of Psychology, Faculty of Literature and Human sciences,
Salman Farsi University of Kazerun, Kazerun, Iran
2. Department of Psychology, Faculty of Literature and Human sciences,
University of Islamic Azad University of Arak.
3. Department of Psychology, University of Islamic Azad University
of Khorasan Razavi,Neyshabur, Science and Research Branch Khorasan
Razavi,Neyshabur.
Background and Aim
The purpose of this study is to compare Alexithymia, Self-Injury
behavior and emotional processing in single substance drug addicts and normal controls.
Methods
The study of 1200 addicts individual in Arak drug addiction
treatment centers formed in 1393 that passed the stage of detoxifi-
cation. The sample consisted of 120 addicts single-substance drug
addiction treatment centers in Arak in 1393 who were selected
by using convenience sampling from among those detox. Data
were collected using the Toronto Alexithymia Scale, emotional
processing scale, self-injurious behavior and addiction severity
index. Data were analyzed using t-test.
Results
The Results indicated that there is significant discrepancy between single-agent drug addicts and normal subjects in terms of
Alexey Time, Khvdasyby behavior and emotional processing.
Conclusion
In total, the inability to express emotions, self-injury behaviors
and difficulties in emotion regulation difficulties women addicted
to drugs. Therefore, these variables can be used in the interpersonal behaviors of drug users, is affecting society.
Keywords
Alexithymia, Self-Injury Behavior ,Emotional Processing, Substance Drug Addicts
A Qualitative Study on Stereotypical
Beliefs and Experiment of Addicts About
the Influence of Taking Drugs on
Sexual Life and Family
(Case Study of Addicts in Arak City)
Ebrahim Abbasi1, Mahmood Abbasi2, Ahmad Abbasi3, Sepideh Kamyani4
1. Expert at DCHQ
4. Reporter
Background and Aim
A qualitative study on Stereotypical beliefs and experiment of
addicts about the influence of taking drugs on sexual life and family Research method: the population includes addicts who are taking a especial drug that are chosen by available sampling method.
According to the research that is done qualitative, data gathered
by empathic observation and interview method. The method of
analyzing data is by analyzing content.
Methods
the population includes addicts who are taking a especial drug
that are chosen by available sampling method. According to the
research that is done qualitative, data gathered by empathic observation and interview method. The method of analyzing data is by
analyzing content
Results
Conclusion
It is appear that the lost item in the prevention of addiction is
not paying attention to the positive influence at the beginning of
taking drugs. In other words performing the risky preventive programs not only cannot prevent from taking drug, but acting as
an anti advertisement. It should be noticed that by reducing the
sexual function, it affects the relation with the spouse and leads
to other problems (such as divorce, emotional divorce, illegal
sexual relation, violence, disputations, etc). Also most of addicts
believe to their friends about the positive influence of drugs rather
than governmental organizations, so that Stereotypical beliefs as a
strong effect on addiction
Keywords
Stereotypical Beliefs, Addiction, Experiment of Addicts.
Comparing Sexual Dysfunction in
Addicted Women Before and After
Addiction Treatment
Ebrahim Abbasi1, Ahmad Abbasi2, Mahmood Abbasi3, Sepideh Kamyani4,
Narges Akbary5, Hamid Reza Shamsi6
1. Expert at DCHQ
4. Reporter
5. Expert at DCHQ
6. Expert Addiction
Background and Aim
In this research we compare sexual disorder in addicted women
before and after addiction treatment.
Methods
This is a quasi-experimental study.duo to research factor, we
choose 70 addicted women who were in their treatment period
(medically or not medically). We choose those who passed at least
one month of treatment and their sexual function analyses before
and after treatment. For taking information we use demographic
questionnaire and made questionnaire (which its validity is approved) and sexual satisfaction questionnaire. For analyzing the
data we use descriptive statistics and tests.
Results
The level of sexual desire and sexual satisfaction in the period of
taking drugs and in the period of maintenance treatment has a big difference. In other words treated people have more strengthful sexual
desire and more qualified intercourse. Also by treating the addicted
woman and therefore improving sexual function, family issues (like
violence, disputations, illegal sexual relations and…) will reduce.
Conclusion
Most of addicts express the strengthening of sexual desire as the
reason for taking drugs, after a while of taking drugs, the relish of
taking it will be double, however after a period, the sexual desire
will reduce and therefore it leads to violence and disputation in the
family. Most of addicts get the positive influence of drugs from
their friends which are differing from what they experience
Addicted women that are treated have less sexual dysfunction
comparing to the time that they taking drugs. More important,
because of improving sexual function, the illegal sexual relation
will increase, that indirectly can lead to family disputations and
violence. This issue should be noticed by the experts and therapists to have addiction treatment side by side sexual dysfunctions
in women
Keywords
Sexual Disorder, Drug Abuse, Addiction Treatment
The Effect of Comprehensive
Psychological Interventions on Decrease
the Tendency to the Use of Substance
in Drug Removed
Hossein Abbasi Molid1, Shahram Sheikhani2, Mohhammad Reza Miri 3,
Sarif Barati4
1. Research Institute of Police Sciences and Social Studies (naja)
2. MA of Clinical Psychology , Preventive Assistant Welfare South Khorasan
3. Associate Professor of Medical Sciences University of Birjand
4. Professor of Allameh Tabatabai University
Background and Aim
Introduction and purpose: In this research, the researchers studied the efficacy of comprehensive psychological interventions on
decrease the tendency to the use of substance in drug removed in
Birjand city, Iran. The population consisted of all men who were
under antitoxic treatment, at least for one year. The number of
qualified people for the research was 2100 from among which 80
people were chosen with available sampling and then they were
divided randomly into two 40- people groups (test and control
groups).
Methods
Tool and Method: A researcher- developed questionnaire was
used to measure the amount of tendency to the Use of substance in
selected sample. Then, integrative comprehensive psychological
interventions including family- therapy (8 session), couple- therapy (8 session), group- therapy (8 session) and Self -help groups (8
session) were conducted on test- group members based on a compiled didactic- psychic package during 3 months. There were no
interventions for control group. When the interventional programs
were completed, two groups were examined with the post- test
and the Results were analyzed statistically. To analyze the data,
descriptive approaches and also multi- variable quariance analysis
test and t-test were used.
Results
The Results show that there is a meaningful difference between
the difference of the average of pretest- posttest scores in test
group and control group. The Results of quariance analysis with
F= 28.25 indicates that there is a meaningful difference between
two groups (P≤ 0.001).
Conclusion
The Results of this research show that the comprehensive psychological interventions decrease the tendency to the use of substance in drug removed, meaningfully. The findings of this research are compared to the findings of previous researches and
discussed.
Keywords
Addiction Survey of Women Involved with
the City of Kerman
Reza Abbasiraeni1, Samira Ashrafganjooi 2, Reza Abbasiraeni 3
1. Welfare Directorate General of Kerman Province.
2. Ashrafganjooi
3. Abbasiraeni
Background and Aim
Drug dependency and it is one of the most important social issues in the world. However, over the past few years more or less
in some women who use drugs, but addiction is generally considered to be an issue for men, But in recent years, along with the
changing social roles of women, raising the possibility that the
material has increased, Global and regional changes in food consumption patterns to extend the field of drug abuse among women
is provided Objective: This study examined the experience of
women involved in drug addiction and drug-dependent women
living in the city of Kerman. The main research questions: 1- the
addiction of drug-dependent women 2 - due back to addiction after quitting the drug-dependent women, 3 - emotional experience
drug-dependent women consume 4 - emotional experience of
non-drug-dependent women consumption 5 - feels towards drugdependent women66 - determine the type of social relationships,
drug-dependent women from their own perspective.
Methods
Method, which has been accompanied by a qualitative research
approach. In order to understand the experience of addiction from
an interpretative phenomenological approach was used. Interview and observation method of data collection techniques and
data analysis methods were colaizzi. Haas R snowball sampling
method selected. Number of study subjects was 30people., That
most of them were in the age group of 21-25 years
Results
The main drug respondents crack. The main causes of addiction tends to respondents are: family history of addiction, mental
health problems, a feeling of frustration, poor family relationships, family torn apart, the social environment, with friends,
individual factors, the medical aspects of addiction They have
been effective The social disorganization theory, social bonding,
stigma woman, and economic deprivation can be explained. Respondents returned the leading cause of addiction, social stigma,
coercion theory of social stigma and negative evaluations of the
identity of a woman can be explained and individual factors can
not be explained in sociological theories of earlier
Conclusion
In this study it was observed that the objectives focus on sociological theories do not exist and can not be explained. The Results
for the basic concepts of extension Mvdjvd theory is applicable.
Keywords
Addiction, Women
Comprehensive Psychological Interventions, Decrease the Tendency to the Use of Substance, Drug Removed.
Addiction and Divorce
(With Emphasis on Article 1130 of the
Civil Code)
Shahrzad Abbaslou1
1. MS ShahrzadAbbaslou - Graduater Student of Law - Shahid Bahonar
University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran.
used in this study include self-esteem and self -efficacy. The design of the study was pre-test/post-test with a control group. After
random selection of experimental and control groups, the pre-test
was conducted on two groups, then the experimental intervention
was performed and after completing the training program, the
post-test was administered to both groups.
Results
Background and Aim
Today, in addition to the many problems of addiction is a phenomenon that has to be considered as one of the causes of divorce.
Divorce is actually a way to end the failed marriage. Marriage in
Islam is respected. Divorce, legal way to end this sacred bond in
this study, According to the Article 1130 of the Civil Code the
role of addiction in to the realization or non-realization of divorce,
Was evaluated.
The Results show that emotional intelligence training enhancing of self-esteem and self -efficacy the experimental group compared to the control group.
Conclusion
The Results indicated that the emotional intelligence training
can enhancing of addicted women’s self- esteem and self -efficacy
Keywords
Methods
The Civil Code investigated in this study, the addiction was considered as one of the causes of divorce.This study describes and
analyzes the role of addiction in divorce . acording to the article
1130 of Results The Results of this study indicate, if the drug
caused life continues to be difficult, it can be considered as one of
the causes of divorce and Finally, the court examined the circumstances and conditions governing the issue of the divorce decree
to prove hardship.
Emotional Intelligence, Addicted Women, Self-Esteemm, Self
-Efficacy
The Impact of Spiritual Intelligence on the
Happiness of Addicted Men Attended
Shahid Famili Clinic in East of Tehran
Zahra Abdikhan1, Masomeh Sahabikia2
1. M.S.c Azad Univercity
2. M.S.c Azad Univercity
Conclusion
In general, the hardness of wife’s life gives her the right to divorce if she can prove it According to the second paragraph of
Article 1130 of the Civil Code amendments: wife can divorce if
living with addicted man be so hard and Intolerable
Keywords
Addiction, Divorce, Hardship, Marriage, Proof of Extreme
Hardship
The Effectiveness of Emotional
Intelligence Training on Enhancing
of Addicted Women’s Self-Esteem and
Self -Efficacy
Elham Abde Pour Sabzghabaei1
1. Islamic Azad University, Sciences and Research Branch, Ellam
Background and Aim
The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of
emotional intelligence training on enhancing of addicted women’s
self-esteem and self -efficacy
Methods
The population consisted of all addicts’ women who were referred to Ahvaz self-report centers. The sample included 24 who
were selected by simple random sampling method and were assigned to two experimental and control groups. The instruments
Background and Aim
The present investigation, which was a practical research and a
descriptive-survey one in terms of method of collecting data, was
aimed to study the impact of spiritual intelligence on the happiness
of addicted men attended Shahid Famili clinic in east of Tehran
Methods
Using random sampling method, 180 individuals were chosen
as a sample size and answered to the questionnaires of King’s
standard spiritual intelligence (2008) and Oxford’s happiness
(1989). The data analysis was carried out using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) and Smart PLS 2.0 software in two parts of
measurement and structural.
Results
Technical features of the questionnaire were checked in the
measurement model and required reforms were carried out. Moreover, the structural coefficients of the model were used in order to
check the research hypothesis in the structural section
Conclusion
The Results demonstrated that spiritual intelligence and its dimensions have positive and significant impact on individuals’
happiness.
Keywords
Spiritual Intelligence, Critical Thought of Being, Creation of
Personal Meaning, Transcendental Consciousness, Development
of Consciousness State, Happiness
Personality Disorders and Substance
Abuse in Kermanshah Central
Penitentiary Convicts
Jalal shakri1, Nasrin Abdoli2,Vahid farina3
Background and Aim
prevent mental disorders and substance abuse and its related
crime happen has attracted psychologists and lawyers. Year of
mental illness or neurosis or behavior that is not an essential part.
Psychological distress in patients with dementia in a person’s
health can arise. Psychologists believe that concerns one of the
most important signs of neurosis and is the most common type.
The temporary type is concerned, both continuous.are.
Methods
The questionnaire consisted of 71 questions that diagnostic
software in their effortless for individuals diploma education was
incomplete and over diploma has been used. Rating scales and
questionnaires three and nine clinical scales. And analysis was
performed using spss software.
Results
The method of sampling for the men sentenced to penitentiary
center in Kermanshah be convicted of women due to the limitations of prison rules were excluded from the age of the lowest and most age groups, respectively, 18 to 60 years maximum
percentage of convicts between the ages of 26 toAnd a history
of drug abuse, 46 percent were reported., And most consumables
and drugs, opium and heroin, crack glass ... And 68 per cent of
the consumer experience all the ingredients were., And the employment percentage of 71% of self-employed and unemployed,
respectively., And disorders common to 56% of personality disorder and 18.5 percent of mental disorders.11.5 percent disorders
psychotic and 21.5 had a personality disorder and neurosis together. between in communication disorders, neurosis and substance
abuse (p = .019). Significant relationship exists.
Conclusion
This study shows an association between substance abuse,
neurosis as anxiety and depression have underlying personality
disorder, and diagnosis and treatment of these disorders to abuse
Prevention Materials and social harms family Compensation psychological and economic to the individual and to society.
Keywords
Substance Abuse Disorders, Neurosis, Psychosis, Personality Disorders.
Techniques to Reduce Anxiety and
Depresion in People with Drug-Dependent
Sara Abdolvahaby1, Malihe Pashib2, Zahra Hematy Javanmard3
1. MA in Clinical Psychology, Islamic Azad University of Birjand
2. Master of Clinical Psychology Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical
Sciences , Torbat Heydariyeh,Iran
3. MA in Clinical Psychology, Islamic Azad University of Birjand
Background and Aim
The main objective of this study is to investigate the effect of
training in stress management techniques to reduce anxiety in
people with drug-dependent
Methods
The tool used in this study is Beck’s Anxiety Inventory. The independent variable of the present study is 8 session treatment to deal
with stress performed as a group for the experiment group and the
dependent variable which is the score each subject is acquired in
Beck’s Anxiety Inventory. The statistical community of this study
ismale drug addicts living in Mashhad. Subjects were selected randomly and then classified at random into two groups of 15 people
of experiment and control groups. In this study, semi-experimental
research method and pretest-posttest design with control group was
used and data have been analyzed through SPSS software and T tes
Results
The Results of the study showed that stress treatment has been
effective in reducing depression of drug users. Therefore, the
training program of how to deal with stress plays a main role in
reducing drug-addicted users decided to quit and thus help them
quit more successful in a longer period of time.
Conclusion
effective in reducing depression of drug users. Therefore, the
training program of how to deal with stress plays a main role in
reducing drug-addicted users decided to quit and thus help them
quit more successful in a longer period of time.
Keywords
Training to Deal with Stress,), Drug-Dependent Individuals
Analyzing the Effectiveness of Lazarus
Multimodal Therapy on Craving and Health
Promotion of Drug Abuse
Maryam Abedi1, Roghayeh purshahbaz2, Marziyeh sattari3
1. Science and Research Branch Islamic Azad University,Arak
2. Science and Research Branch Islamic Azad University,Arak
3. Payam Noor University, Azarshahr
Background and Aim
Addiction is a complex disease which is identified with features
such as compulsive behaviors, irresistible temptations, constant
search for drug and its consumption, even in situations with negative consequences. Therefore, in order to treat addiction it is essential to use psychotherapy techniques beside detoxification.
The main objective of this study is to provide a method based on
cognitive - behavioral techniques which is entitled Lazarus Multimodal Therapy to be used in hospitals.
Methods
The present research is a kind of Quasi-experimental research
with pre-test, post-test and control group. The research population
of the present study includes all patients with drug abuse in Azarshahr. Among those people who were volunteers to participate in
the study, after reviewing some criteria (the duration of drug use
at least for 6 months, at least one or more previous unsuccessful
treatment, no severe mental illness), 40 people were selected and
then they were randomly and equally replaced in experimental
and control groups. To collect data, General Health Questionnaire
GHQ and Tiffany Craving Questionnaire were used. Lazarus
Multimodal treatment was performed in 12 sessions of 90 minutes during 3 months in the experimental group, and craving and
general health was measured before and after the treatment.
Results
The Results of MANCOVA test showed that Lazarus multimodal therapy significantly decreased depression (P=.0005), anxiety
(P=.0005), and social dysfunction scores (P=.0005), but it did not have
a significant effect on physical symptoms subscale (P=.308), and the
reduction of craving (craving (P = .001)) was observed in individuals.
.53 Severity of addiction was less in resilience addicts.
Conclusion
Severity of addiction was less in resilience addicts. These findings could be an explanation for regression addiction. Due to the
low resiliency , addicts taken down regress quickly and lose their
normal functions in a quick break away from the family and society. Resiliency skills can be acquired with teaching .the social
harm that caused by addiction can reduced with teaching Resiliency skills. These findings to help contribute to the better understanding of addiction, Prevention of addiction and social damage,
can also help to the Professionals to provide the best specific treatments in this field
Keywords
Resiliency, Severity of Addiction
The Comparison of the Addiction Potential
in Resilience Soldiers and
Unresilience Soldiers
Conclusion
It can be claimed that Lazarus Multimodal Therapy was effective in the general health promotion of people with drug abuse,
and it reduced craving in individuals.
Somayeh Abedi1
1. Payame Noor University of Shahrood
Background and Aim
The aim of this study was to The Comparison of the Addiction
Potential in resilience Soldiers and unresilience Soldiers.
Keywords
Multimodal Therapy ,Health Promotion , Drug Abuse
Investigate The Relationship between
Resiliency and Severity of Addiction in
Methadone Treatment Addicts
Somayeh Abedi1, Ahmad Borjali2, Ezatollah Kordmirza3
1. Allameh Tabatabai University-Tehran Iran
3. Assistant Professor of Alborz University
Methods
50 soldiers were selected from the shahrood garrison, their rate
of graduates were high school .they were selected through random
sampling. Then Resiliency Scale Connor and Davidson (2003)
(CD-RISC) Addiction Potential Scale (APS) was performed.
Results
T-test was significant (t = 1.98). The Results showed Addiction
Potential is significantly higher in unresilience Soldiers.
Background and Aim
Addiction is one of society’s problems that, has weakened the
foundation and institutions of human society in recent years. And
the capital cost for the fight, treatment, and it, s damages are spent.
The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between
relationship between resilience and severity of addiction in methadone treatment addicts.
Methods
So, 56 addict that was in treatment with methadone that are range
18-30 years old and they had diploma ,Associates And BA Degree
selected with used simple random sampling. They are responded
to Resiliency Scale Connor and Davidson (2003) (CD-RISC) and
severity of addiction Semi-structured interviews Mac lellan and
co-workers (ASI) (2006) was performed.
Conclusion
Addiction Potential in un resilience Soldiers was greater than resilience soldiers. Resiliency skills can be acquired with teaching. incidence of addiction among soldiers can reduce with Resiliency training
Keywords
Addiction Potential, Resiliency
The Relationship between Irrational Beliefs
and Resiliency in Methadone
Treatment Addicts
Somayeh Abedi1, Ahmad Borjali2, Ezatollah Kordmirza3
1. Allameh Tabatabai University-Tehran Iran
3. Assistant Professor of Alborz University
Results
The Results showed negative and significant relationship between resiliency and severity of addiction. The correlation was 0
Background and Aim
Nowadays , we can better recognize addiction and its outcomes
and can improve Appropriate encounter. The aim of this study
was the relationship between irrational beliefs and resiliency in
methadone treatment addicts.
Methods
So, 56 addicts that was in treatment with methadone that are
range 18-30 years old and they had diploma ,Associates And BA
Degree. They were selected with using Simple random sampling
method. They answer to Jones irrational beliefs scale(1968)(IBT),
Conner and Davidson resiliency scale(2003)(CD-RISC) .
Results
The Results showed negative and significant relationship between irrational beliefs and resiliency . The correlation was 0 .37
Conclusion
Irrational beliefs was less in resilience addicts. This finding suggests that to increase resiliency and prevention of social harms
and treatment of addiction, irrational beliefs must be modified
Keywords
Resiliency, Irrational Beliefs
Study of the Relationship between
Personality Traits of Addict and
Non-addict Youths of Esfahan
Zahra Adham1, Azam Shamohammadi 2
1. M.A. in General Psychology,Department of Justice Crime Prevention Isfahan
2. M.A. in General Psychology, Esfahan Public Education
Background and Aim
The main aim of the present research is to investigate the relationship between personality traits including: neuroticism, extroversion, agreeableness, openness and conscientiousness on selfreferred substance abusers and the normal group.
Methods
This is a discriptive research in which the relationship between
30 addicted persons who referred to treatment centers and 30 normal persons is investigated. In order to collect data, NEO inventory (revised abridged form) was utilized. The collected data were
analyzed by correlation coefficient.
Results
There is a significant relation between the addicted group and
the normal one in most personality disorder indices (p< 0.05). The
addicts acquired different scores in comparison with the normal
group in all five dimensions, acquired higher scores in neuroticism
dimension, and obtained lower scores in all other dimensions.
Conclusion
Results of this research revealed that the scores of addicted people in personality factors continum generally tends to the negative
side (for instance, high neuroticism and low openness, agreeableness and conscientiousness). And it can be finally asserted that
unhealthy personality traits are seen more in these people.
Keywords
Personality Traits, Youth, Addict.
Drug Abuse Pattern and Frequency of
High Risk Behaviors the Cliens to
Outpatient Addiction Treatment Centers
Abolhassan Afkar1
1. PhD Management of Health and Cure Services, Social Determinants of Health
Research Center (SDHRC), Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
Background and Aim
Today, the issue of addiction to narcotics or drug abuse has
evolved into a global and universal problem. This study was performed with the goal of determining of the drug abuse pattern and
high risk behaviors among the clients to DIC of Private sector of
Rasht.
Methods
This is a cross-sectional study in 2013.The questionnaire contained 10 general questions about demographic characteristics and
30 specific questions about drug abuse and high-risk behaviors.
This questionnaire was completed via interviewing the addicts.
The reliability of the questionnaire was checked using Cronbach’s
alpha (α=0.86). SPSS software was used to analyze the Results
and, descriptive statistics such as frequency tables and inferential
statistics including the chi-square test were used.
Results
The average age of patients was 38.8. Opium and crack were
the most widely used narcotic among subjects, respectively before
referring to DIC centers. In addition, 9.8% of them had a history
of using injectable drugs, among which 20.6% had used shared
needle for injection. 80.9% had experienced sexual intercourse,
among which 48.4% were unmarried. There was a significant statistical relationship between men and women (p=0.001). There
was a significant statistical relationship between running away
from home and the consumption of narcotics (p=0.002). Results
also indicated that committing suicide had a positive significant
relationship with the variations of age (p=0.001), the age of smoking onset (p=0.002) and method of use (p=0.003).
Conclusion
This study knows the following items as the main high-risk behaviors of addicts: taking narcotics by injection, using common
syringe and needle, blood playing background, imprisonment
background, making homosexual intercourses, suicide, and using
no condom during sexual intercourse.
Keywords
Drug abuse, High Risk Behaviors, Addiction Treatment
Some of Characteristics of Women
Referred to Drug Addiction Treatment
Centers in Kermanshah
Touraj Ahmadi-Jouybari1, Masoud Moradi2, Farid Najafi3, Vahid Farnia4, Abbas Aghaei5
1. Internist, Substance Abuse Prevention Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
2. MSc of Psycology, Substance Abuse Prevention Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
3. PhD of Epidemiology, Substance Abuse Prevention Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
4. Psychiatrist, Substance Abuse Prevention Research Center, Kermanshah
University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
5. PhD student in Epidemiology, Substance Abuse Prevention Research Center,
Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
Background and Aim
The prevalence of substance abuse in women’s society, have
been rising in recent years. Therefore, this study whit aim to assessing some characteristics of women admitted to addiction
treatment centers in Kermanshah province was conducted.
Methods
This is a cross-sectional (descriptive - analytical), in which all
women attending drug treatment centers in Kermanshah province
in 2102 were enrolled. According researcher check list, list of the
required information was obtained from medical records and, if
necessary to extra information or the patient’s files were incomplete, with treating physician or expert individuals in the center
getting connected.
Results
Number of 72 women referred to health centers treated with
conservative therapy were studied, mean age was 38.33 (11.88 ±).
50 patients (70%) referred to center of the city of Kermanshah and
22 patient referred to treatment centers in other city of province.
Average age at first abuse was 27.2 (4.8 ±) and opium (75%) was
the must consumed in first abuse. 54 of these patients had a family
history of addiction and 33 (61%) of whom have husband whit
substance abuse. The age of onset of smoking and age of first drug
abuse correlated significantly (p <0.001). 6 (8%) patients had a
history of injection and 3 of them (100% of participants attempted
suicide), have a history of suicide attempts.
Conclusion
Less than thirty years of age have the highest risk of addiction
and family history (especially addicted husband) is one of the major risk factors for drug abuse is a tendency to substance abuse
in women. So along with treatment and patronage of men with
addiction at the community, supporting to their families is very
necessary and important.
Keywords
Addiction, Women, Substance Abuse
Epidemiology of Substance Abuse and
Dependence in Patient Referred to
Substance Abuse Treatment Centers in
Kermanshah Province, Year of 2012
Masoud Moradi1, Touraj Ahmadi-Jouybari2, Farid Najafi3,
Vahid Farnia4, Abbas Aghaei5
1. MSc of Psycology, Substance Abuse Prevention Research Center,
2. Internist, Substance Abuse Prevention Research Center, Kermanshah
3. PhD of Epidemiology, Substance Abuse Prevention Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
4. Psychiatrist, Substance Abuse Prevention Research Center, Kermanshah
5. PhD student in Epidemiology, Substance Abuse Prevention Research Center,
Background and Aim
Substance abuse is one of the most comlex problems in all of
the contries. This study aimed to specifying the substance abuse
and dependence in patient referred to substance abuse treatment
centers in Kermanshah province in year of 2012 .
Methods
This cross-sectional study carried out among patients referred
to substance abuse treatment centers in Kermanshah province in
2012. Necessary information collected by trained colleagues. Patients files in all of the treatments centers (80 center in 2012) was
assessed. And if necessary to extra information or the patients files
was incomplete, with treating physician or expert individuals in
the center getting connected. For analysis SPSS version 16 was
used.
Results
Overall, 2562 patients, information on substance abuse treatment centers in 2012 were collected. The mean age of subjects
was 37.98 (± 11.18) years. More than 97 percent were males. Opiates, tramadol and cannabis respectively have highest proportion
among the materials that consumed in first time by the subjects.
Average years of traditional substance abuse was much higher
than this average among industrial materials. Proportion of substance abuse did not differ significantly between men and women,
while this proportion about non-narcotic and synthetic materials
were significantly different.
Conclusion
Considering the The Results of this study can be said that substance abuse is a problem that has plagued our community, and
the size, cost and burden of that is increasing. And Synthetic drug
abuse is on the rise too. For the treatment and prevention of access
to these new materials, new ways of treating of these materials
should be searched.
Keywords
Drug Abuse, Drug Addiction, Drugs, Synthetic Substance
The Effectiveness of Self- Management
Skills Training on Junior High School
Students’ Self-Esteem to
Drug Abuse Prevention
Parvaneh Aghajari1, Sousan Valizadeh2, Mohammad Hashtrudizadeh3
3. Medical Sciences Faculty, Maragheh, Iran
Background and Aim
One of the healthy people objectives to 2020 is the health edu-
cation programs in schools to prevent health problems such as
violence, suicide, and drug abuse. Life skills training (LST), according Bandura’s Learning Theory, are offered to this aim and
communication skills is an integral part of LST. This study was
performed to determining the effectiveness of self-management
skills training on junior high school students’ self-esteem to drug
abuse prevention.
Methods
This study is a pre and post test quasi- experimental study with
control group that 417 students participated in 2 and 3 grades of
Maragheh’s middle schools. Eight girls’ and boys’ schools were
selected randomly through the schools list of Education office
and after pre-test, were divided in 2 groups. In the case group,
we performed the LST program in the 8 session, and then tested
both of the case and control groups. The questionary included the
demographic questions PSC, CPSC, and HSS scales. Data were
analyzed by SPSS/15 and t-test, and χ2.
Results
After intervention, differences between post test’s and pre test’s
mean and standard deviation of self-esteem and problem solving
skills in intervention group were significantly increased (P=0.02,
P<0.001) but in case group they were decreased. There are not
any difference between gender and grade with decision making
and problem solving skills, self-control, and self-esteem.
Conclusion
In the case group self-management skills training had positive
effect on self esteem, and then it is recommended to be used in
school as a protective factor for drug abuse.
Keywords
Students, Problem Solving, Decision Making, Self Concept,
Prevention & Control
Study of Abandon and Tendency to
Addiction in Addicts who Referred to
Health Setting in Urmia
Nader Aghakhani1,Nader Aghakhani2, Ali Eftekhari3, Abbas Zarei4,
Narges Rahbar5
1. Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
3. Legal Medicine Research Center in Urmia, Iran.
5. Faculty of Nursing of Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Nazloo Road,
Urmia, Iran
Background and Aim
Addiction is a widespread phenomenon that requires a comprehensive vision that specialists and researchers should be involved.
There isnot a detailed study about the factors at the onset of addiction based on cultural and economic in Urmia, Iran, the study
about this title was performed to determine abandon and tendency
to addiction in addicts who referred to health setting in Urmia.
Methods
In this descriptive and analytical study, 400 addicts who referred
to the forensic drug abuse abandon center based on the multistage
cluster sampling in Urmia city were studied by a questionnaire
that its content validity confirmed by experts and the members of
the scientific board and reliability was confirmed by test of internal index.
Results
It was clear that encouragement of friends and spending time
with friends and their tendency that didnot not allow to leave the
drugs were the most important cause to determine abandon and
tendency to addiction in addicted men who referred to health setting in Urmia. There was a significant relationship between their
tendency with level of literacy and cigarette smoking in their father ((p>0.05).
Conclusion
According to the findings, determining rules about awarment,
decreasing the tendency to addiction in addicts and establishment
of consulting centers can useful to reduce the problems
Keywords
Abandon, Tendency, Addicts, Urmia
Study of Psychological Dimensions of
Addicts who Referred to Health Settings
in Urmia, Iran
Nader Aghakhani1, Dr. Nader Aghakhani2, Dr. Ali Eftekhari3, Dr.Abbas Zarei4,
Narges Rahbar5
Urmia, Iran
Background and Aim
Addiction is a chronic and reversible disorder with deep social,
psychological and physiologic and economic impression on human being. This problem is one of the most important, widespread
concern and a preventable risk to health. So far, no efforts in the
field of accurately study about the psychological aspects of psychological profile in addicts in Iran, in general and specifically ‫ﻩ‬
n Urmia has not been carried out. This study determined psychological dimensions of addicts who referred to health settings in
Urmia to shoe the present condition of them.
Methods
The survey included demographic information of 400 addict
who were selected based on the multistage cluster sampling. Data
were collected by using SCL-90 – R .All data were analyzed by
SPSS16 software and presented with T test in 95% confidence
level.
Results
It was obvious in the study that depression, severe anxiety, severe neglect patients, severe obsessive-compulsive, interpersonal
sensitivity, extreme aggression, paranoid ideation, severe phobias
and psychosis, severe mental health problems in this population
is comprised respectively. There was a significant relationship between psychological health with marriage status and duration of
addiction. (p>0.05).
Conclusion
Regarding to the Results, addiction is a multifactor phenomenon that impact on all of socio-psychological conditions, and to
have effective preventive intervention, it need to integrate individual, family, and health providers’ cooperation, simultaneously.
Keywords
Psychological Dimensions, Addicts, Health Settings, Urmia,
Iran.
Study of Knowledge & Practice of Male
High School Students in Urmia
Nader Aghakhani1, Nader Aghakhani2, Ali Eftekhari3, Abbas Zarei4,
Narges Rahbar5
Urmia, Iran
Background and Aim
As a dangerous phenomenon, addiction threatens adolescents
and requires a comprehensive vision that specialists and researchers should be involved. There is not a detailed study about the
factors at the onset of addiction based on cultural and economic in
Urmia, Iran, the study about this title was performed to determine
Knowledge & Practice of Male High School Students in District
One & Two about Addiction in Urmia.
Methods
In this descriptive and analytical study, 306 students who were
selected based on the multistage cluster sampling were analysed
by using student’s t. test were studied by a questionnaire that its
content validity confirmed by experts and the members of the
scientific board and reliability was confirmed by test of internal
index.
Results
In this study, most of samples mentioned that they introduced
their friends to the parents that show the control on their relatoons
with others that is important to prevent addiction in the youth. Demographic charactristics like age, settlement, average of marks,
and education level of parents had a significant relation with
knowledge & practice of male highschool students about addiction (p>0.05).
Conclusion
Regarding to the Results, knowledge in students is fairly good,
an effective and preventive intervention is necessary to promote
their knowledge that needs to integrate individual, family, school,
peers, and neighborhoods factors, simultaneously. It should be
concern in conducting prevention programs.
Keywords
Knowledge, Practice, High School Students, Addiction, Urmia
The NEO-Five Factor Indicators and Adult
ADHD Rating the Anticipated
Return of Addicts
Vida Aghazadeh1, Behzad Asbaghi2, Zahra Babazadeh3, Najibe Najafi4
1. Yong Researchers club, Ardabil Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ardabil, Iran.
2. Department of Clinical Psychology, Ardabil Branch,
Islamic Azad University, Ardabil, Iran.
Background and Aim
The purpose of this study, the NEO-Five Factor indicators and
adult ADHD rating was anticipated return in addicts.
Methods
The population of the study drug addiction clinic in Tabriz in
2014 with a mean age (20 to 40) were formed. The number 60
was chosen sampling method, respectively, 26% of glass, 22% of
heroin, and 11 percent were taking opium. Data collected from the
questionnaire, the NEO Five-Factor personality (NEO-EFI), the
Conner’s Adult ADHD Rating Scales PCAARS-S: SV, and return
to drug questionnaire used. Data using Pearson correlation and
linear regression, and SPSS 16 were analyzed.
Results
The findings showed that ADHD significant level (P value
<0/04) and Neo indices, the index of agreeableness (P value
<0/023), return in addict the two-level power consumption and
desires linearly predict. beween other indicators Neo significant
relation between the variables did not exist. Also a significant correlation between ADHD and neuroticism index, respectively, with
a significance level (P value <0/04), and (P value <0/028), with
return in Addict existed.
Conclusion
The study shows index of agreeableness and ADHD rating return to predict drug involved and these variables can be used as
a marker for increased rehabilitation for addicts return into drug
use.
Keywords
The NEO-Five Factor Indicators, Adult ADHD Rating, Return
of Addict.
Comparison of Alexithymia and
Depression between Addicts
and Healthy Subjects
Vida Aghazadeh1, Behzad Asbaghi2
Background and Aim
Aim: This study compared the Alexithymia and Depression between addicts and healthy people.
Methods
The study sample addicts referring to addiction camps in Tabriz in 2014 with a mean age (18 to 55) were formed. A total of
122 patients (60 addicts and 62 healthy subjects) were selected
for sampling. Data collected from the questionnaire, the Toronto
Alexithymia Scale -20 (FTAS), and depression scale (DASS),
were used. Data with Mean and Independent T-test and SPSS 16
were analyzed.
Results
The Results showed that the alexithymia addicts and control
group, a significant differences) P value< 0/000(, addicts mean
(M = 66.96) and control group (M = 48.57). And there was significant difference between two group in depression scale (P value
<0/000), and mean in addicts and control group was respectively
(M = 18.07), (M = 10.93).
Conclusion
This study shows that significant differences in alexithymia and
depression between addicts and healthy people.
Keywords
Alexithymia , Depression , Addicts.
The Primary Exploration of Sexual
Dysfunctions of Men Who were Infected
with Substance Abuse Laudanum under
the Methadone Maintenance Therapy
Hossein Aghazadeh vazifekhah1, Mehdi Sedghi2,
Saeede Sanee3, Rozna Asgharnejhad4
Science and Research Branch.
3. B.A of General Psychology- P.N.U University of Fariman- Khorasan Razavi
Background and Aim
The sexual dysfunction is one the most common problems which
people who are dependent to laudanum substance are included. So,
the goal of the present study is the primary exploration of sexual
dysfunction in a group of patients who depended on laudanum under the treatment of Methadone preserving and after 6 months
Methods
The present research is a temporary research. 30 patients who
were dependent on laudanum were selected from Kosar clinic in
Tabriz and evaluated. At first, the demography information of patients was gathered, and then the sexual application of patients
was evaluated before and after the treatment by the international
index of the erection application
Results
The erection application showed the middle improvement by
increasing the, while the sexual status was improved completely.
The level of the sexual desire and the score of the sexual satisfaction were improved in slight, while the orgasmic function was not
improved
Conclusion
The Results of study showed the outbreak of sexual dysfunction
and the improvement of some factors through the treatment.
Results show that on interring the treatment, the patients should
be evaluated in sexual problems points of view; therefore, the
great studies and investigations are needed to explore the other
factors’ roles.
Keywords
Sexual Dysfunction, Laudanum, Methadone Maintenance Therapy
Effect of Physical Training and its
Components on Smoking
S SOMAYEH Ahamdi1, Somayeh Ahmadi2, Ayyub Sheikhi3, Reza Kazemi4
1. Department of Physical Training, Science and Research Branch, Azad Univ., Kerman
2. Department of Physical Training, Science and Research Branch, Azad Univ., Kerman
3. Department of Statistics, Shahid Bahonar University, Kerman, Iran
4. Department of Physical Education, Valiasr University, Rafsanjan, Iran
Background and Aim
Smoking has been recognized to be a risk factor for progression
of disease and kills about 5.4 million people a year, an average of
one person every six seconds. Research on smoking and physical
activity provides strong evidence of smoking’s negative impact
and physical activity’s positive impact on long-term health. Many
researchers pointed out that Regular use of tobacco products leads
to addiction in many users. So, physical training can be used as
a type of therapy to prevent people, especially young adult students, from smoking. The aim of this study is to assess the effect of physical training and its components, i.e., environmental
training facilities and motivation of students, on their tendency
to smoking cessation between students of physical education in
Rafsanjan city.
Methods
The research method was correlational. The research population
consisted of all students of physical education, Rafsanjan city in
the academic year 2013-14 (1392-93s.c.). From among them 214
were selected via cluster random sampling and filled a Researcher-build questionnaires.
Results
Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) and Confirmatory Factor
Analysis (CFA) were used to determine factors using SPSS20 and
Amos Graphic 22. Path Analysis had been conducted to obtain
the best fit model of SEM. The fitness parameters of the modified
model (chi-square: 3.15, goodness of fit: .91, normal fit index:.93,
root mean square error of approximation: .06 and comparative fit
index: .95) indicated its suitability as the research model.
Conclusion
Physical training should be improved to prevent people especially young adult students, from smoking. Meanwhile, increasing the motivation of students and preparation of suitable training
facilities will decrease tendency to smoking.
Keywords
Addiction - Smoking- Motivation - Structural Equation Modeling
A Comparison of Defense Mechanisms,
Dysfunctional Attitudes and Self-esteem
among Glass Addicted and
Non- Addicted People
zohreh Ahangar Ghorbani1, Abbas Ali Hossein Khanzadeh2
1. M.A. in Psychology, University of Guilan
2. Assistant Professor of Psychology, University of Guilan
Nafiseh Ahmadi1, Parvaneh Sarkeshikzadeh2, Hassan Mirza Hosseini3,
Abolfazl Amirian4, Mohammad Taghi Rajabi5, Sayed Jafar Mir Hosseini6
1. MA in General Psychology Allameh Tabatabai University
2. Ma in Psychology
3. Department of Psychology, Islamic Azad University, Qom
4. MA in Psychology
5. Bachelor of General Biology
6. Bachelor of Science
Background and Aim
The main aim of this study was to examine the effectiveness of
training health programs on prevention of addiction in high school
students in the 90-91 academic year in Qom.
Methods
Background and Aim
Addiction as a social crisis has many negative psychological
consequences in society. Previous studies have suggested relationship among dysfunctional attitudes, defense mechanisms and
self -esteem. This factors could cause depression, similar disorders and finally tendency to addiction The aim of this study was
conducted to compare the defense mechanisms, dysfunctional attitudes and self-esteem among persons with glass addiction and
non-addicted people.
Methods
The method of this research was causal-comparative. The sample consisted of two groups, 60 persons of people with glass addiction and 60 non-addicted people. Two groups were matched
in terms of gender and age. The Defense mechanisms questioner
(Andrews and et al, 1993), Self-Esteem Scale (Rosenberg, 1965)
and the Dysfunctional Attitudes Scale (Beck and Weismann,
1978) were completed by participants. Data analysis was conducted using independent-t test and analysis of variance.
Results
The Results showed that there is significant difference in the defense mechanisms, dysfunctional attitudes and self-esteem among
two groups of with grass addiction and non-addicted people. The
result of independent-t test between two groups showed that the
persons with addiction had more dysfunctional attitudes and poorly self-esteem when compared with non-addicted people. Also,
based on analysis of variance, persons with addiction exhibited
more used the neurotic and immature style.
Conclusion
According to the Results of this research, dysfunctional attitudes, self-esteem and defense mechanisms can to be important
factors for predict, realize and effective therapy in addiction.
Keywords
The Effectiveness of Training Health
Programs on the Prevention of Addiction
in High School Students in Qom
Defense Mechanisms, Dysfunctional Attitudes, Self-Esteem
The research method used was semi-experimental with pre -test
- post-test and control groups design. The population consisted
of all high school students in Qom with 358 (176 males and 182
females ) of the randomly selected using clustering technique and
divided into two experimental and control groups. The experimental group received 10 sessions of training health promoters.
Inventory APS (Addiction Preparation Scale) as a pre-test and
post-test were used for both groups.
Results
Showed that health promoting educational programs were effective in decreasing students’ tendency to drug abuse, active tendency and passive tendency. Further studies of the effectiveness
of educational programs on males and females showed that health
promoting educational programs were effective in decreasing female students’ active and passive tendency to drug abuse. They
were not effective on male students.
Conclusion
Health promoting educational programs is effective in decreasing students’ tendency to drug abuse, active tendency and passive
tendency.
Keywords
Health Promoters, Prevention of Addiction, Active Tendency to
Addiction,, Passive Tendency to Addiction.
Study of High School Students’
Knowledge in the Field of Addiction and
Psychoactive Drugs In Order to Design
Preventive Training Programs in
Noor Abad Mamasani City Education.
Nahid Ahmadi1, Hasan Maleki2, Esmaeel Sadipour3,
Seyede Maryam Noormohamadi 4
1. MA in Educational Planning: Allame Tabatabaee University.
2. PhD in Educational Planning, Academic Member
of Allame Tabatabaee university.
3. PhD in Educational Psychology, Academic
Member of Allame Tabatabaee University.
Background and Aim
Drug addiction is one of the most important social problems that
is decline in human societies and the institution of family breakdown, divorce, murder, suicide, robbery, being orphaned children,
AIDS and other social harm. This study aimed to Study of high
school students’ knowledge in the field of addiction and psychoactive drugs In order to design preventive training programs in
Noor Abad mamasani city education done.
Methods
This is a descriptive study.The population that is consisted of
all boys and girls high school students in the academic year 92-93
Nurabad mamasani city which between them 350 were randomly
selected as the sample. Research tools, test from the Addiction
National Institute and Drug Abuse America and have 6 units.
Results
The Results showed that students’ knowledge about addiction,
drugs and their side effects is low, but awareness of drug marijuana is the least.
Conclusion
According to the Results of the present study should be noted
that Best goal of the community to prevent and reduce drug demand, is Training and awareness of contacts, particularly students
and students.
Keywords
Knowledge, High School Students’ ,Addiction.
Results
The Role of Thought Suppression,
the Meta-Cognitive Factors and Negative
Tensions in Predicting the Drug
Dependency Disorder
Conclusion
Amir Ahmadi1, Babak Mohammadi2, Saeede Sanee3, Mahdi Zare4
3. B.A of General Psychology- P.N.U University of Fariman- Khorasan Razavi
The Results showed that the level of knowledge in the unit 6, is
very low. The situation is far from satisfactory knowledge; Also,
information and knowledge in all six of the unit, with no significant difference.
According to the Results of the present study should be noted
that Best goal of the community to prevent and reduce drug demand, is Training and awareness of contacts, particularly students
and students.
Keywords
knowledge, addiction and psychoactive drugs ,preventive training programs
Survey of high school students’
knowledge in the field of addiction
Nahid Ahmadi1, Hasan Maleki2, Esmaeel Sadipour3,
Seyede Maryam Noormohamadi4
1. MA in Educational Planning, University of Allameh tabatabaee
2. phd in Educational planing, academic member of Allame tabatabaee university.
3. phd in Educational psychology, academic member of Allame tabatabaee
university.
4. MA in clinical psychology, University of Allameh tabatabaee
Background and Aim
Addiction is one of the injuries and problems of the modern
world that Form taken a risky and very complicated at the same
time, the spread is global. This study aimed to Survey of high
school students’ knowledge in the field of addiction done.
Methods
This is a descriptive study.The population that is consisted of all
boys and girls high school students in the academic year 92-93
Nurabad mamasani city which between them 350 were randomly
selected as the sample. To assess the level of awareness of drugs,
used of Questionnaire Addiction and Substance Abuse America
the farmer is the norm in 1390, the level of knowledge with respect to nicotine, cocaine, alcohol, cannabis, heroin, marijuana
and club drugs measures.
Background and Aim
The goal of the present research is to investigate the role of
thought suppression, meta-cognitive factors and the negative tensions in predicting the drug dependency disorder
Methods
The research plan in one side is solidarity and by attention to
the other goal it is causative- comparative. The samples of the
research were 70 populations who were infected with the drug
dependency disorder and 70 populations were normal people.
The people who were dependent to drug were selected from the
men who referred to an outpatient treatment center and the normal samples were selected from normal population. The sampling
method in both methods was accessible. Two groups’ people were
evaluated by using meta-cognitive questioner, white bear suppression inventory and the anxiety and depression questioners. For
analyzing the data, the recognizing analysis was used
Results
The negative meta-cognition believes about concern, depression
and thought suppression had the highest power of significant predicting of the drug dependency disorder.
Conclusion
It is possible to predict the dependence to the drug disorder by
using the meta-cognitive factors, thought suppression and negative emotions, the drug dependency disorder. In base of this plan,
it is possible to supply the prevention approach from drug dependency and a psychotherapy approach in base of cognitive and
meta-cognitive therapy and to use the
Results
Of the present research in the environment and clinical consultation for helping the people who are dependent to drug
Keywords
Self-Regulatory Executive Function Model, Meta-Cognitive
Believes, Thought Suppression, Drug Dependency
Keywords
Life Skill, Avoiding, Get Further Into Drug, University Students.
Evaluation of Impulsivity of Cognitive
Flexibility Base on Type of Consumptive
Dugs in Substance Dependent Individuals
Influence of Teaching Life Skills Programs
for Avoiding of Drug Taking
on University Student
Teymor Ahmadi1, Atefe VahediGajari2, Seyed Yousof Seyednezad Jeludar3
1. Islamic Azad University,Qhaemshahr Branch , Young Researchers Club,
Qhaemshahr, Iran
2. Staff of Educational, Babol, Babol, Iran
3. Staff of Educational, Babol, Babol, Iran
Background and Aim
Impulsivity is a core element of plenty of individual and social
deficits. The purpose of this study is to evaluation impulsiveness
and cognitive flexibility based on the type of drug- addicted people.
Methods
Background and Aim
Background and Objective: life’s skill because of great theory and researching background is very important in avoiding of
getting further into drug. “Teaching life skill’s s” collection by
Dr.Botvin is the same and tries by contrasting sense of person to
increase great self-independency and self-confidence. It is an important key on taking drug. Because there is no influence avoiding
program on universities, we verified this program on this research.
life’s skill because of great theory and researching background is
very important in avoiding of getting further into drug. “Teaching
life skill’s s” collection by Dr.Botvin is the same and tries by contrasting sense of person to increase great self-independency and
self-confidence. It is an important key on taking drug. Because
there is no influence avoiding program on universities, we verified
this program on this research.
Methods
All university student of Payam noor, Babol branch on the years
of 2014-2015 are of research collection. Research sample of about
100 girl and boys student were chosen and divided on two 50 persons groups. (Control and testing) testing group students passed
life skills course but the other did not passed. The two groups
were compared by health and good behavior of Dr.Botvin’s Questionnaires and on the base of dependent and independent group of
T-teaching statistic.
Results
The mean score of university student have had differences to the
scores on pre-testing phase. Because after- testing we had increasing information about materials, changing attitude to material and
increasing skills.
Conclusion
Fariba Ahmadian1, Zahra Rashid Tavallaie2
1. Zahedan University of Medical Science
2. Zahedan University of Medical Science
Teaching life skills increased testing group’s skills level. In this
case, this program is an avoiding factor and decrease drug taking
on future. Teaching life skills collection is an avoiding factor on
drug taking.We propos to teach this as an optional course on all
universities. To do research on all other factor on life skills and
noticing to time of teaching (long term, short term) is very interesting.
The present study is descriptive cross-sectional .The sample
consisted of 80 substance dependence. Baratt Impulsiveness Scale
and Wisconsin Card Sorting Test were used. We used ANOVA
and Kruskal-Wallis to analyze the data.
Results
The finding indicated there is a Significant difference between
Drug and impulsivity, groups of Hashish and Crystal had the highest score impulsiveness (P < 0/05). Also, there is no statistically
Significant difference between Drug and cognitive flexibility ,but
group using hashish and crystal had the highest score cognitive
flexibility (P < 0/05).
Conclusion
This study showed that using hashish and crystal in comparison with other drugs ,can be leading to greater impulsiveness in
people ,and taking these drugs can damage to neuropsychological
functions related to the cognitive flexibility of the frontal lobe.
Keywords
Impulsivity, Cognitive Felexibility, Substance Dependent Individuals
The Relationship between Narcotic
Substance Abuse and Duration of
Exclusive Breast Feeding Mothers
Hoda Ahmari Tehran1, Rogieh Javan2, Yaser Tabaraei3, Maryam Yavari4,
Maryam Hashemian5
1. Faculty of Midwifery,Research Center for Medicine and Religions, Qom
University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
2. General Practitioner, Sabzevar University of Medical Science, Sabzevar ,Iran
3. Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Health, Sabzevar University
of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran.
4. Msc of Medical Education .Hospital Shahid Beheshti .Kashan University of
Medical Sciences.
5. Msc of General Health, Faculty of Health Center, Sabzevar University of
Medical Science, Sabzevar ,Iran
Background and Aim
Today substance abuse is a major health problem in many
population groups, such as mothers and their newborns are put
at serious risk. Since breast-fed infants is an important need for
which can be affected by many factors such as substance abuse
This study aimed to determine the association between drug abuse
and duration of exclusive breastfeeding was the mother city of
Sabzevar
Methods
The study was a cohort study. In order to assess the nutritional
status of 75 pregnant women exclusively breastfeeding for 2, 4
and 6 months of age infants were studied. Data Analysis was done
using SPSS.Confidence coefficient of 95% was considered.
Results
31/4% of mothers who substance abuses have had exclusive
breastfeeding up to 6 months. 85% of mothers who not substance
abuses have had exclusive breastfeeding up to 6 months. The
feeding status at 2 and 4 months of age was significantly different
between the two groups (P=0/0001).
Conclusion
Drug use by the mother during pregnancy and lactation can
reduce the duration of exclusive breast feeding .Therefore; preventive educational programs during pregnancy should focus on
reduction and elimination of using such drugs.
Keywords
Narcotic Substance Abuse , Breast Feeding , Mothers
The Association between Narcotic
Substance Abuse and Duration of
Exclusive Breast Feeding Mothers
Hoda Ahmari Tehran1, Roghieh Javan2, Yaser Tabaraei3, Maryam Yavari4,
Maryam Hashemian5
1. Faculty of Midwifery,Research Center for Medicine and Religions, Qom
University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
2. General Practitioner, Sabzevar University of Medical Science, Sabzevar ,Iran
3. Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Health, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran.
4. MSc of Medical Education .Hospital Shahid Beheshti .Kashan University of
Medical Sciences.
5. MSc of General Health, Faculty of Health Center, Sabzevar University of
Medical Science, Sabzevar ,Iran
Background and Aim
Today substance abuse is a major health problem in many population groups, such as mothers and their newborns are put at serious risk. Since breast-fed infants is an important need for which
can be affected by many factors such as substance abuse This study
aimed to determine the association between drug abuse and duration of exclusive breastfeeding was the mother city of Sabzevar
Methods
The study was a cohort study. In order to assess the nutritional
status of 75 pregnant women exclusively breastfeeding for 2, 4
and 6 months of age infants were studied. Data Analysis was done
using SPSS.Confidence coefficient of 95% was considered.
Results
31/4% of mothers who substance abuses have had exclusive
breastfeeding up to 6 months. 85% of mothers who not substance
abuses have had exclusive breastfeeding up to 6 months. The
feeding status at 2 and 4 months of age was significantly different
between the two groups (P=0/0001).
Conclusion
Drug use by the mother during pregnancy and lactation can
reduce the duration of exclusive breast feeding .Therefore; preventive educational programs during pregnancy should focus on
reduction and elimination of using such drugs.
Keywords
Narcotic Substance Abuse , Breast Feeding , Mothers
How Abuse is Related to Methadone
Maintenance Tratment Outcomes
Elaheh Ahounbar1, Behrouz Dolatshahi2, Ali Farhoudian3
1. Clinical Psychology Dept., University of Social Welfare
Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran, Clinical Psychology Dept.,
University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Background and Aim
More than half of substance abusers entering addiction treatment
report a history of physical or sexual abuse. It is unclear if such
a history impacts treatment outcomes. (1) This study investigates
the prevalence and effective variables on men with sexual, emotional and physical abuse histories who were treated at an outpatient methadone treatment program.
Methods
Opioid-dependent, methadone-maintained patients were recruited in the present study. A structured abuse questionnaire was used,
in order to assess the life time prevalence and effective variables
on men with sexual, emotional and physical abuse histories, during Methadone Maintenance Treatment (MMT) admission.
Results
An extremely high portion of participants experienced sexual,
emotional and physical abuse histories. The highest level of abuse
was found to be emotional(76%), and sexual abuse was reported
least among three kinds of abuse evaluated (27%).
Conclusion
In this study of opiate-dependent men who participated in outpatient methadone treatment, we see evidence that many clients experienced sexual, emotional and physical abuse histories and with
regard to behavioral and emotional functioning, patients with an
abuse history reported significantly more problems in the psychiatric and family domains upon initiation of treatment as compared
with those without an abuse history.
Keywords
Sexual, Emotional and Physical Abuse - Methadone Maintanace Treatment
Prevalance of Birth Orders in People with
Opioid use Disorders
Elaheh Ahounbar , Behrouz Dolatshahi , Ali Farhoudian
1. Clinical Psychology Dept., University of social welfare and rehabilitation
sciences, Tehran, Iran
2. Clinical Psychology Dept., University of social welfare and rehabilitation
sciences, Tehran, Iran, Substance Abuse and Dependence Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
1
2
3
Background and Aim
The study of birth order in substance related disorders is crucial.
First, past research in this area was short-lived creating the need to
revive it. Second, literature suggests that very few studies investigated the phenomenon making it difficult to conclude whether a
birth order effect exists (Weeks & Newlon 1984; Lerner & Linder
1975; Smart 1963; Schachter 1959).
Methods
The study included 100 participants from different MMT centers in Tehran, Iran. All the participants were male and their age
ranged from 25 to 60 years of age. An interview was used to collect information concerning the participant’s birth order.
is an unavoidable part of human life. On the other hand, soothing the stress can immune people against mental disorders and
diseases specially drug addiction? The goal of this research is to
investigate mental toughness with and strategies to calm down the
stress among HIV afflicted male prisoners
Methods
This research in descriptive and mental toughness the community of research consists of all male drug addicted prisoners in
the camp of Kermanshah. By simple random sampling, 120 drugs
addicted as samples. Then, COOBASA questionnaire (1984) and
LAZAROOS and FALKMAN strategies (1985) were distributed
among the addicted people and obtained information was analyzed by SPSS.
Results
Considering the analyzed data, we find that there is a significant
relation between the mental toughness with strategies of Problemfocused and emotion-focused.
Conclusion
Considering the Results, we find that are those challenges, committed and qualified to know more manageable, less stressful and
threatening to evaluate the benefit of more effective coping skills
And contrary to what people uncontrollable circumstances threatens to assess coping strategies less.
Keywords
Prisoners, HIV Afflicted, Mental Toughness
Results
Since the aim of the research was to assess whether particular ordinal birth orders were more prevalent than others when it
comes to substance related disorders. Descriptive statistics were
used to investigate the objectives of the study. The majority of
patients were the last child of family (67%). Their mean number
of siblings was 5 ± 2 (range 20–70 years of age).
Conclusion
From the descriptive statistics noted above, it was evident that most
of the population sampled was characterized by participants who were
youngest children from their families of origin. All in all, the Results illustrate that indeed birth order does play a role when it comes to addiction.
Keywords
Birth Orders, Opioid use Disorders
Investigation on Psychological Mental
Toughness and Strategies to Calm Down
the Stress among HIV
Afflicted Male Prisoners
Ajdare Asaddagi1, Reza Akbari2, Abozare Azimi3
1. M A in Management
2. M.A in Counselling Psychobiology
3. M A in Education Psychology
Background and Aim
Studying the Effectiveness of Group
therapy “Cognitive-Behavior” and “Stages
of Change” on Craving
Heroin Addicts in Kabul
Sayyed Hussain Hussaini1, Sediqa Akbari2
1. Teacher, Departent of Psychology, Education
University Kabul, Kabul, Afghanistan
2. Department of Clinical Psychology, Shiraz University, Iran.
Background and Aim
A high number of people suffer from addiction in Afghanistan.
Existing treatment provision is still dominated by residential and
home based approaches which focus on detoxification, residential
rehabilitation and low-intensity aftercare. Treatment must shift
to more evidence-based modalities such as structured psychosocial interventions, as international research proves they yield
better treatment outcomes including a lower rate of relapse and
improvements in social functioning. The main objective of this
research is “Studying the effectiveness of Group therapy “Cognitive-Behavior” and “Stages of Change” on heroin craving among
in-treatment heroin abusers in Kabul”.
Methods
Nowadays, stress and neural pressure are widespread and stress
This fundamental research-application is a quasi-experimental
study on 42 heroin addicts male conducted in summer 1392. 42
addicted male individuals assigned into two experimental groups;
CBT (13 persons), Change stages (14 persons) and a control
group (15 persons). The Change Stages and CBT groups received
8 ninety minutes long intervention sessions. The control groups
received nothing. A Heroin Craving Questionnaire (HCQ) was
administrated to assess craving to heroin use before and after intervention. Data was analyzed using ANCOVA method.
Results
CBT and Change stages experimental group rather than control
group had differences significantly in craving to heroin use. However, there was no difference between the effectiveness two types
of interventions.
Conclusion
Cognitive behavior therapy is based on beliefs; Change stages
intervention is based on motivational structures. Many researches
were supporting as effective psychotherapy methods in the world.
So, both of CBT and Change stages are new and effective methods
as evidence-based therapy in drug abuse treatment in Afghanistan.
Keywords
Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT); Stages of Change; Group
Therapy; Craving; Heroin; Motivation
Reviewing the Causes of Epidemiology
and Industrial Addiction
Students Applying Preventive
Mohamad Akbari1
1. Hospital Staff Najaf Abad Fateme Zahra of Social Security - Prevent
Instructors Barking Culture Parsfarhang Center
Background and Aim
Problem: Today, not only in Iran but in the epidemiology and
etiology of numerous studieson student target population has been
But incidence of drug addiction and provoke much speculation in
the industry Addiction phenomena that arise victimization (crime
victim) is effective Drug Addictive orientation bias in consumption patterns among college students need to explain the prevalence and etiology addiction The purpose of this research brief
evaluation of studen Student Hype t prevalence emphasizing the
underlying Probable risk factor That Significant correlation between Industrial (ice)Materials addictive University of Southern
California (UCLA, etc), is present Finally preventive is practices
(Marilyn (Marilyn, etc.)
Methods
Methods A review of the new approach is to study that 8 reviews
important research and other resources with a brief summary of
risk factors The prevalence rate among students in the traditional
drugs are estimated as a percentage
Results
Rigorous screening has not done to students about drugs and
quasi-drugs Drug Industry material such as addictive drugs (Ritalin) and hookah smoking Although the incidence of drug abuse
among students is very troubling Not worrying but the stress system. Lifestyle and especially null and positive beliefs Industrial
materials and medicines to some one hand and rapid spread Regardless of gender, legal materials, such as cigarettes and shisha
(range 15 to 21.1 percent) as the gateway drug of concern and is
attention
Conclusion
The best method of prevention methods are based on the consumption patterns of and risk factors based particularity Rectifier
(Low stamina Obtain energy) is the target group of students Cortical Precautionary models must include precautionary principle
and interactive contingency This article reviews some research on
college campuses will attempt to present recommendations for the
preventive model
Keywords
Prevalence and Etiology Student Hype Materials Addictive prevention, Risk Factors
Brain Imaging and Treatment Interventions
Mohamad Akbari1
1. Mohammad Akbari PharmD Student in Pharmaceutical Sciences Of Hospital
Socialworker - Instructor Prevent Kanun Pars Farhang Culture Center
Background and Aim
Introduction: MAMP addictive substance is easier than amphetamine was built in 1919 in Japan and 1 950 were used amphetamines in treating severe depression. Problem: The duration of
the treatment, monitoring and withdrawal from drugs a nd other
atherapies bottle of challenges, the recovery of ice addiction(meth
amphetamines) a lengthy process and at each stage, the patient
may experience certain symptoms and problems Failure to inform
the patient of his or her progress Recovery lead to fatigue and
frustration To be able to deal with potential problems and effective
intervention can be planned. General purpose: To evaluate the applicability of the idea of non-invasive brain imaging Motivational
interviewing is a new attitude and matrix methods(mrs.mri.EE G
pets .spet)
Methods
are reviewed That and qualitative methods which can be
Results
Early stages of recovery skills, knowledge of development disease relapse temptations andobjective methods of brain imaging
sensor Illustration objective medical team can help Program objective perception of improvement and progress toImages of the
brain, avoiding the temptation of short-term risk in the first week
of a monthb will determine In the poisoning long term is also used
to avoid poisoning such depression withdrawal symptoms and decreased the Vmax receptor limbic dopamine and Non-dopamine
pet.spect Prefrontal shows the relevant portions of the limbic pleasure seeking as part of logical thinking rational and orbital frontal
damage is shown after one month abstinence
Conclusion
Brain imaging using pharmacologic interventions making it
possible to design and effective medication protocols, follow-up
and monitoring to provide medical Non-pharmacological interventions in the management of cognitive and behavioral therapy
techniques, and evaluation matrix times of temptation Prove the
treatment of recurrent periods of critical illness Avoiding Addicts
imaging is useful to the psychologist and consultant The idea of
basic research and applied research, and qualitative case study of
drugs and otherinterventions will be
Keywords
Methamphetamine, Brain imaging, Interventions, Monitoring
ions and lack of happiness can be regarded as a criteria for propensity of the addiction. Also from the both groups point of view
political challenges can have a very small effect for propensity of
it and usability for decelerating the emotions or difficulties can
cause propensity for the addiction. The camp groups and students
had different ideas, but it is not significant meaning. From the
both groups point of view, the family’s mental health can be effective in decreasing the propensity to the fix and accompanying
with bum friends can be up to high level regarded as a criteria for
propensity of addiction.
Conclusion
Investigate the Relationship between the
Amount of the Familys Anarchy and
Propensity to the Addiction in the
Damghan’s Payamenoor University
and Camp (the Samans Deduction
Damage Institute) in the S
Mohammad Akbari , Hosin Abrahimi , Masomeh Alamoutiniya
1. Azad Univarsity
2. Azad University Shahrood
3. Azad University Shahrood
1
2
3
Keywords
Addiction, Accomplishment and Human Value, Spiritual, Ethical Social Anarchy.
Use of Ritalin among Students,
a Systematic Review
Background and Aim
Today, rarely we can find a country who weather from addiction problem and did not all cater various price. it is obvious
that en country this huge predicament will be useful which is accompany with scientific invasion from its different perspective.
human and societies which forget accomplishments and human
values and with the excuse of freedom and liberality stick from
the God’s servitude and slavery of party, nationality, pylon and
even worse gravitate to their own concupiscence, achieved a abjection humility, so they encounter with different spiritual, ethical
and social investigate the relationship between the amount of the
familys anarchy and propensity to the addiction in the Damghan’s
Payamenoor university and camp (the Samans deduction damage institute) in the Shahrood city this research in the level of
Damghan’s Payamenoor university and of the Shahrood’s camp
can be an effective step for recognizing the reason for propensity
to the addiction. The research population included the student’s
who were studying at Damghan’s Payamenoor university and the
Shahrood’s camp which we choose 50 people with this sample
population’s and we have chosen the final analysis the descriptive
method such a research in the university level and camp can be an
effective step in recognizing the reason for addiction.
Methods
In the present research a method has been chosen which the necessary accuracy, aggrades the way for doing the similar and comprehensive research. Descriptive research is a definite and specific
research process which its aim meaning the real and regular characteristics or a subject. The research aim that report whatever is it
without any interferential and conceptual deduction.
Results
the result of this research shows that probably one of the elements can have a positive role in the people’s propensity to the
addition, which is caused by the anderfin’s recreation in the brain
which the people shelter to it naturally and unintentionally for securing it.
The sample groups (student and camp) according to the chi do
test result for answering the research question had similar opin-
Mohammad Akbari kaji1, Jafar Moghaddasi 2, Sedigheh Farzi 3,
Esmaeil Mohammad Nejad 4
1. PhD Student of Nursing in Isfahan University of Medical Sciences. Member
of Young Reserchers Club, Islamic Azad University Khoorasgan branch,
Khoorasgan, Esfahan , Iran
2. PhD Student of Nursing,Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Faculty
Member of Shahrekord University , shahrekord,Iran
3. PhD Student of Nursing,Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Faculty of
Nursing and Midwifery,Isfahan,Iran
4. PhD Student of Nursing, International Branch, Shahid Beheshti University
Background and Aim
Although methylphenidate(Ritalin) is considered first-line pharmacotherapy for the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity
disorder (ADHD) , it has potential for abuse and diversion . The
licit and illicit use of methylphenidate has increased dramatically
over the past 10 years specially in student . The use of Methylphenidate for cognitive enhancement is a subject that has received
much attention in the literature and academic circles in recent
times globally. Medical doctors and medical students appear to
be equally involved in the off-label use of Methylphenidate. Pharmacological neuroenhancement has increased in the academic
environment, mainly among college students, to such an extent
that the use of psychostimulating drugs to improve academic performance is considered a public health problem in various countries. Aim of this study is review the effects of methylphenidate
on cognitive enhancement, memory, and performance in students
Methods
A review of six databases (ProQuest, PubMed ,scopus, iran medex
, ScienceDirect, SID ) analyzing the abstract and full text of all articles published between 2010 to april 2014. We Search terms “methylphenidate”, “Ritalin”, “Ritalin-SR” . From 65 Results found in the
mentioned databases, 18 articles were included in the final analysis
Results
Most students began using the drug after entering the university,
and the reasons cited to justify it are related to enhancing academic performance. Ritalin simply increases wakefulness , alertness and reducing the time of sleep but any article not determined
it is definitely effect on memory and learning or not ? it has side
effect in long use or not ? More research is needed to promote
understanding and awareness of this problem among student and
the risk for substance use in different population and More educational programs regarding the use of methylphenidate are required
and should be focused on the students
Conclusion
we don’t find any article in iran about this title and we have not
any statistical for prevalence use of methylphenidate in student.
Therfore the healthy responsible must have more attention to this
subject.
Keywords
Methylphenidate, Ritalin , Ritalin-SR, Systematic Review
Effects of Methamphetamine Use on
Sexual Function and Male Fertility
Pouran akhavan akbari1, Marefat Ghaffari Novin2, Farzaneh Zaheri3
1. Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science-Tehran- Iran
Background and Aim
Exposure to drugs and toxins can play an important role in
male infertility. Methamphetamine (MAMP) is a central nervous system stimulant that is increasingly abused especially by
young adults. Sexual disorders are the most important effects of
stimulants and addictive drugs. Regarding to the excessive use of
methamphetamines (crystal) among men of reproductive age, this
study aimed to investigate the effects of methamphetamines on
sexual function and male fertility.
Methods
This article reviews the research on the methamphetamine effects on Sexual function and male fertility. A literature search was
conducted in June 2014 using the electronic databases Google
Scholar, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and SID. Search terms
used were methamphetamine, fertility, men and reproduction.
Results
The studies of amphetamines on male fertility are modeled
through animal studies. Studies showed that addictive stimulant
drug use initially reinforced sexual function through reducing
anxiety and raising the mood temporarily but continued use of
drugs gradually decreased libido which is followed by Lack of
sexual arousal, orgasm or ejaculation. Findings from animal and
human experiments indicate that amphetamines can reduce sperm
quality. Methamphetamine use caused inflammation in seminiferous tubules of male testes and decreased quantity and motility of
sperm. In vitro and in vivo male rat studies showed that a single
injection of amphetamine led to decreased plasma testosterone in
a dose-dependent manner. Amphetamines Inhibited testosterone
production by Gonadotropin reducing. Increasing Methamphetamine consumption, increased serum levels of LH and testosterone, while FSH concentrations decreased with increasing levels
of methamphetamine. Studies have found that regular high doses
consumption of methamphetamine decreased the number of mature sperm in the epididymis. Acute injection of methamphetamine at different doses (5, 10, or 15 mg/kg) induced apoptosis
in seminiferous tubules in male mouse testis .Methamphetamines
led to disruption of normal testicular homeostasis by reducing the
reproductive cells and increased apoptosis of spermatogenic cells
in the testes.
Conclusion
Use of methamphetamines is often during reproductive years
or during critical periods of testicular development .Methamphetamine use affects the hormonal axis and causes impairments in
semen analysis and functional sperm parameters. Negative effects
of methamphetamine have been proved on male fertility, including sperm function and testicular structure.
Keywords
Methamphetamine, Fertility, Men, Reproduction
Study of the Intra-Accumbal and
Peripheral Effects of Memantine on
Withdrawal Syndrome in
Morphine-Dependent NMRI Male Mice
Zeinab Akhtari1, Hedayat Sahrai2, Mahboobeh Kamali3
1. Neuroscience Research Center, Baqyiatallah University of Medical Science,
Tehran, Iran.
2. Neuroscience Research Center, Baqyiatallah University of Medical Science,
Tehran, Iran.
3. Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
Background and Aim
Different investigations have showed a role for nucleus accumbens in animals’ response to morphine dependence.
Methods
Male NMRI mice (30g) were used. In a primary study, the effect of peripheral Memantine (0.1, 1, and 5 mg/kg) on withdrawal
syndrome sings including number and the high of jumping and
the amount of fecal material was investigated. In another groups,
canulation was performed in the right, left or both sides of nucleus
accumbens and seven days later, the effects of intra-accumbal memantine administration on morphine withdrawal was investigated.
Results
Our Results showed that peripheral memantine administration
caused a reduction in the number and high of jumping in all doses
used. The drug reduced the amount of fecal material in dose of 5
mg/kg. Memantine reduces the number and high of jumps when
injected in right, left or both sides of nucleus accumbens.
Conclusion
In Conclusion, it seems that NMDA glutamate receptors within
the nucleus accumbens have a crucial role in withdrawal syndrome signs in morphine dependent mice. On the other hand,
there is no difference between right or left sides of nucleus accumbens in this regard.
Keywords
Social Factors, Psychological Factors, Drug Use, Tehran
Keywords
Physical Dependence, Morphine, Nucleus Accumbens, Memantine
Effect of Psycho-Social Factors on the
Prevalence of Addiction in Tehran
Hassan Ali Veiskarami1, Ezatollah Ghadampour2, Roghayeh Alaei Khoraem3,
Sarah Alaei Khoraem4
1. Assistance Professor, The Department of Psychology, Lorestan University,
Lorestan, Iran.
2. Assistance Professor, The Department of Psychology, Lorestan University,
Lorestan, Iran.
3. PhD. student, The Department of Psychology, Lorestan University, Lorestan, Iran.
4. MA. The Department of Psychology,University of Mohaghegh Ardabili,
Ardabil, Iran
Background and Aim
Addiction is a problem which should be considered of more
social and psychological dimensions than the political and economic. The Results of some studies show that young adults and
adolescents dealing with substance abuse are most involved in
theft, violence, academic failure, disorganized thinking, reduced
psycho-social adaptation, reduced the ability of problem solving,
the high degree of social isolation and depression (Newcomb and
al, 1998; Sussman et al, 1996). This study aimed to identify of
psycho-social factors on the prevalence of addiction in Tehran.
Methods
This research method is qualitative, library and documentation
has been collected through 12 in-depth interviews (with addicts)
and five structured interviews (with staff associated with the drug).
Results
The Results of these interviews, after the coding and extraction
components are the followings. the social factors are: lack of employment, unemployment and seasonal unemployment; income
gap and the distance between the top, middle and lower-class
society; the inability to subsistence; irresponsibility and indifference mode about everything; no education and social skills; addicted friends, unsafe families and unclean neighborhoods; easy
access to drugs and the lack of a proper fight with its distribute;
depending many families on the income from the retail drug and
very high turnover for wholesalers. The psychological factors are:
state of confusion and lack of peace; caught in complete boredom; stress and anxiety; lack of access to satisfy the needs and
demands; ignorance and lack of knowledge about life skills, a
sense of emotional loss and not to be in desired social status; not
receiving the respect and self-esteem from others.
Conclusion
ate and effective coping with drug use. Therefore, these Results
could have important impacts on training and consulting services.
The main factors for substance use in social institutions are: the
family, school, peers, community and the individual. The psychosocial factors have the greatest role in the prevalence of substance
use in Tehran. The Results suggests that drug users )whether adults
or adolescents( do not have mental and social skills for appropri-
Women Treatment Seekers and
Methamphetamine Use: the First Report
from the Persian Gulf Region
Zahra Alam Mehrjerdi1, Kate Dolan2, Abbas Deylamizade3
3. Rebirth Society (NGO), Tehran, Iran
Background and Aim
The transition from using opiates to methamphetamine is a newly emerged health problem among some Iranian opiate-dependent
women. Yet, the underlying reasons associated with initial methamphetamine use are not well-studied especially among treatment
seekers.
Methods
In 2011-2012, a cross-sectional survey was conducted at the largest women therapeutic community center in Tehran to explore the
initial reasons associated with methamphetamine use. All women
(N=500) were recruited and interviewed using a semi-structured
questionnaire during one year.
Results
The mean age of the women was 31.8 (SD= 8.5) years old. Half
of them were married (51.8%). The remaining respondents were
separated or divorced. At admission, 30.2% of women reported
making a transition to co-use of methamphetamine with other
drugs. 30% of women were methamphetamine users while the
remaining women were still opiate users. The mean year of dependence on methamphetamine use was 4 (SD=4.5) years. Initial
reasons associated with methamphetamine use included curiosity,
a desire for increased energy and job-related outcomes, increasing
sexual performance, a desire for staying awake, self-treatment of
depression and anxiety, increasing concentration, substituting opiate use with methamphetamine use, increasing mental abilities, a
desire for being slim, and improving the quality of skin.
Conclusion
Methamphetamine use could have important clinical and treatment implications for some Iranian drug-dependent women. The
initial reasons associated with this problem should be considered
in designing and implementing drug education and prevention
programs for this group.
Keywords
Iranian Women, Methamphetamine, Opiates, Treatment, Persian
Gulf
Examining the Predictive Role of Child
Abuse Background and Perceived Social
Support in Forecasting the Tendency of
Youth to Addiction : a Case Study of Youth
Aged 20 to 30 in Yasuj , Yazd and Kashan
Anise Alfoone1, Nahid Akrami2, Maryam Naiemi3, Neda Lotfi4
1. Student
2. PHD
3. Student
4. Student
Background and Aim
The tendency to addiction is one the main challenges in nowadays society and necessary topics for research. In line with this
need, examining the predictive factors of the addition could help
preventing the addiction and misuse of addictive materials. Hence,
the purpose of this study is examining the predictive role of child
abuse background and perceived social support in predicting the
youth (aged 20 to 30) tendency towards addition in Yasuj, Yazd,
and Kashan. The hypothesis in this study is the predictive role of
these variables for the tendency towards addiction.
Methods
The method of this study was correlation. The population of this
study was the youth aged 20 to 30 in Yasuj, Yazd, and Kashan.
The samples of the study were 150. From each city 50 participants
were selected through simple random sampling and child abuse
questionnaire, and tendency towards addiction and perceived
social support questioners were distributed. To analyze the data,
regression and SPSS were used to deterring the predictive role of
perceived social support and child abuse in tendency towards the
addiction.
Results
The findings of the study showed that both child abuse and perceived social support can predict youth aged 20 to 30 tendency
towards addiction. According to the Results of child abuse questionnaire, physical child abuse is the strongest predictive factor
for the tendency towards addiction in comparison with other types
of child abuse.
Conclusion
Regarding the predictive role of child abuse background and
perceived social support in tendency towards addiction, it could
be expected that controlling child abuse and maximizing perceived social support can have a preventive role for tendency towards addiction in youth.
Keywords
Child abuse, Perceived Social Support, Tendency Towards Addiction, Youth
Relation between Control Resource
and Addiction.
Hadi Aliabadi1, Fateme Rahnama2, Fateme Mirieskandari3, Reza Ghlekahe4
1. Tabatabaye Alame Tehran Iran
2. Slamik Azad University Torbate Jam Iran
3. Tabatabaye Alame Tehran Iran
4. Slamik Azad University Mashhad jam Iran
Background and Aim
Purpose of current research is relation between addiction and
control resource.
Methods
The research method was correlational and statistical society
was the addicted at clinics of Neyshabour city at 2013 that 70
individuals were selected by available sampling. Rater’s control
resource questionnaire was used. Data was analyzed by correlational coefficient.
Results
The findings showed that there is significant relation between
addiction and external control.
Conclusion
Results show the relation between addiction and control resource.
Keywords
Control Resource, Addiction,
A Comparative Study of Factors
Associated with Repeated Drug
Addiction Treatment Center va Bakhtiari
Groups in 1392
Reyhaneh Alikhany1, Davoud Zamani2
1. MSc
2. MSc
Background and Aim
One of the main issues and problems from the past and present,
human society is threatening, abusive consumption and drug addiction phenomenon that has a variety of severe consequences in
political, economic, social and psychological different levels of
society between generations is young.
Methods
A cross sectional study of patients referred to the clinic for addiction Demographic information is performed . Units during the
year were selected by convenience sampling method , data collection tool was a questionnaire .which included family factors ,
economic and personal , social and cultural
Results
The 258 patients , 244 patients ( 58/94 %) men and 14 ( 42/5 %)
were female , mean age 85/7 ± 56/28 years and the mean age of
onset of addiction 24/5 ± 87/19 years and all of the addiction had
more than one type of substance abuse . , and most consumables
such opium , molasses, heroin , crack , crystal and hashish .had
. The Results showed that 244 patients ( 100% ) subjects had a
previous addiction and drug re- recorded the majority of them (
76.8% ) having a mental illness ( signs symptoms psychosis depression ) , respectively. Demographic factors , relieve loneliness
and isolation ( 44% ) , family factors , poor relationships with parents, children ( 38.85 %) in singles and inappropriate relationship
with the wife of his wife and children , and misunderstanding ,
respectively ( 36.6 percent, 28.3 percent ) in the field of social factors are addicted friends ( 34.6 percent ) , economic factors , unemployment ( 58.9 percent ) and cultural factors , lack of healthy
entertainment in their leisure time (41.4% ) of anglers and recreational drug use with ( 46.9% ) , respectively, were the most important reasons why Back to the smallest physical problems with
drug use ( 1.3% ) with refractory disease ( 0.6 %) were formed.
Conclusion
the study Results indicated that Education, interpersonal relationships with clients and dealing with the patient’s family members after the cessation of drug use is essential And recommended
authorities for proper employment of these addicts, more than
they planned.
Keywords
Relapse, Opioid, Addiction Clinics,Chaharmahal&Bakhtiyari
Investigating the Level of
Metapsychoplasticity and Behavioral
Inhibition/activation Systems of Brain in
Patient with Substance Addiction
Abbas Alimadadi1, Sima Mazraeh2
1. Faculty Member if University- PhD Clinical Psycgology
2. General Psychology-NDC
Background and Aim
The term called Plasticity is the specific endowment of nervous
system to develop and also to react or adjust to the internal/external environment changes. While, Neuroplasticity refers to
changes of neurons or glial cells while the brain develop. neuroplasticity mechanisms are triggered by various natural/artificial
stimuli, which may arise in the internal/external environment
and they may differ quantitatively/qualitatively. plasticity effects
can lead to the Positive/Negative development. which occurs by
learning with regard to the cell changes. based some study ,substance addiction is a kind of learning, it has a special plasticity of
it down which is negative .Metaplasticity is a level higher than
plasticity and also includes the prior synaptic process. The concept of Metapsychoplasticity is consisted of three basic construction sets(Temperament, Attachment style, Defense mechanisms)
which of occurs more older than the other psychological phenomena such as personality. the formation type of these construction
leads to health or pathology in mental or biological level. It seems
that these structures( Metapsychoplasticity)are probably related to
brain functions of behavioral inhibition/activation systems, which
define affective style and individual behaviors. studying the relation of this factors can be a guide in clinical section especially in
the prevention programs. The aim of this study was investigating
the level of Metapsychoplasticity and behavioral inhibition/activation systems of brain in patient with substance addiction.
Methods
18 male patient with substance addiction participated in research. The control group consisted of 25 normal persons. Short
form adult temperament questionnaire(ATQ), adult attachment
scale(AA) and defense mechanisms questionnaire(ESQ/40) were
used as instrumental research.
Results
Data analysis showed that the metapsychplasticty elements and
behavioral inhibiation/activation systems are significant different
between patients and control groups. Patients had insecure attachment, abnormal temperament,Immature defense mechanisem and
disturbance in behavioral inhibition/activation systems.
Conclusion
The concept of metapsycholplasticity refers to the basic formation psychological function which have a main role in health and
pathology. It seems that dependency to substance is under the influence of these basic factors and also the result of brain inhibition/
activation systems functions. These issues may refer to the strong
correlation between the metapsychoplasticity and neuroplasticity
phenomena. The recent finding would have very important positive effects in therapeutic and preventive plans.
Keywords
Plasticity- Neuroplasticity -Metapsychoplasticity-BISBAS
Investigating the Level of
Metapsychoplasticity and Behavioral
Inhibition/activation Systems of Brain in
Patient with Substance Addiction
Abbas Alimadadi1, Sima Mazraeh2
1. Faculty Member if University- PhD Clinical Psycgology
2. General Psychology-NDC
Background and Aim
Introduction: The term called Plasticity is the specific endowment of nervous system to develop and also to react or adjust to
the internal/external environment changes. While, Neuroplasticity
refers to changes of neurons or glial cells while the brain develop.
neuroplasticity mechanisms are triggered by various natural/artificial stimuli, which may arise in the internal/external environment
and they may differ quantitatively/qualitatively. plasticity effects
can lead to the Positive/Negative development. which occurs by
learning with regard to the cell changes. based some study ,substance addiction is a kind of learning, it has a special plasticity of
it down which is negative .Metaplasticity is a level higher than
plasticity and also includes the prior synaptic process. The concept of Metapsychoplasticity is consisted of three basic construction sets(Temperament, Attachment style, Defense mechanisms)
which of occurs more older than the other psychological phenomena such as personality. the formation type of these construction
leads to health or pathology in mental or biological level. It seems
that these structures( Metapsychoplasticity)are probably related to
brain functions of behavioral inhibition/activation systems, which
define affective style and individual behaviors. studying the relation of this factors can be a guide in clinical section especially in
the prevention programs. The aim of this study was investigating
the level of Metapsychoplasticity and behavioral inhibition/activation systems of brain in patient with substance addiction.
Methods
18 male patient with substance addiction participated in research. The control group consisted of 25 normal persons. Short
form adult temperament questionnaire(ATQ), adult attachment
scale(AA) and defense mechanisms questionnaire(ESQ/40) were
used as instrumental research.
Results
Data analysis showed that the metapsychplasticty elements and
behavioral inhibiation/activation systems are significant different
between patients and control groups. Patients had insecure attachment, abnormal temperament,Immature defense mechanisem and
disturbance in behavioral inhibition/activation systems.
Conclusion
The concept of metapsycholplasticity refers to the basic formation psychological function which have a main role in health and
pathology. It seems that dependency to substance is under the influence of these basic factors and also the result of brain inhibition/
activation systems functions. These issues may refer to the strong
correlation between the metapsychoplasticity and neuroplasticity
phenomena. The recent finding would have very important positive effects in therapeutic and preventive plans.
Keywords
Plasticity- Neuroplasticity -Metapsychoplasticity-BISBAS
The Relationship between Meta-Cognitive
and Cognitive Emotion Regulation with
Mental Health in Females Opiate Addicts
Farshid Alipoor1, Saber Saeedpoor2
Background and Aim
Mental Health is affected by many factor this study aimed to
investigate the possible relationship between females opiate addicts Meta-cognitive and cognitive emotion regulation with their
Mental Health
Methods
In this descriptive-explanatory study,42 females were selected
accessible sampling method .the females completed the Wells
Meta-cognitive Beliefs Inventory, Goldbergers General Mental
Health Questionnaire and Cognitive Emotion regulation Questionnaire.
Results
The data analysis showed that there were negative correlations
between maladaptive Cognitive Emotion Regulation strategies
(Catastrophizing, rumination, self blame and other blame) with
mental health .also positive correlation between adaptive Cognitive Emotion Regulation strategies with mental health. And significant positive relationships between meta-cognitive beliefs and
general health. In other words, individuals with higher scores in
meta-cognitive scale revealed worse general health status. There
was also a significant relationship between total scores of both
scales and scores on uncontrollability, positive beliefs, cognitive
confidence and need to control thoughts.
Conclusion
Meta-cognitive and adaptive Cognitive Emotion Regulation strategies are effective factors in general health female’s opiate addicts.
Keywords
Meta-Cognitive, Cognitive Emotion Regulation, Mental Health,
Female’s Opiate Addicts
The Relationship between Magnitude of
Spirituality, Anxiety and Depression in
Addict Anonymous and Opiate
Dependence Patient under
Methadone Maintenance
Background and Aim
Aim of the present Study was to determinate relation between
Magnitude of Spirituality, Anxiety and Depression in addict anonymous and opiate Dependence Patient under Methadone Maintenance Treatment and also to access the predictability of anxiety
and depression from the levels of spiritual in addict anonymous
and opiate Dependence Patient under Methadone Maintenance
Treatment
Methods
42 addicts among addict anonymous and opiate Dependence Patient under MMT Program with sampling accessible selected and
answered completed depression, anxiety and stress scales [DASS]
as well as Palutzian& Ellison spiritual health Questionnaire
Results
Revealed that there was a negative relationship between anxiety
and spirituality and also negative relationship between Depression and spirituality. The finding revealed addicts anonymous
scored higher in spiritual than opiate Dependence Patient under
MMT Program also Dependence Patient under MMT Program
scored higher in Anxiety and Depression than addicts anonymous
Conclusion
According to this finding negative relationship between Anxiety
and Depression and spirituality in opiates addicts. This can help to
choose an appropriate treatment substance abuse
Keywords
Results
Anxiety, Depression, Spirituality, Opiate Dependence
Effectiveness of Detached Mindfulness
Techniques in Treating a Craving in
Addiction Disorder
Conclusion
Results demonstrated the effectiveness of Quality of life therapy
On improvement of quality of life of opiate addicts.
Keywords
Background and Aim
The objective of this study was to introduce and explore the effectiveness of detached mindfulness techniques in the treatment
of a craving in addiction disorder
Methods
In a single-subject experimental trial of A-B type, the detached
mindfulness techniques were carried out on a subject with craving
in addiction disorder. The subject s were assessed at tree stage,
A(base line) , stage B(last session) and both month follow-up by
Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS-21),General Self Efficacy Scale(GSES),Desires for Drug Questionnaires Franken and
Tiffany Heroin Craving Questionnaire.
Results
After treatment, scores’ patients who received detached mindfulness techniques declined in craving .other finding include score
reduction in depression, anxiety and stress score increase in GSES.
Conclusion
Detached mindfulness techniques were effective in craving in
addiction disorder.
Keywords
Detached Mindfulness Techniques, Craving
Effectiveness of Quality of Life Therapy on
Improving Quality of Life in Opiate Addicts
Jaber Alizadehgoradel1
1.Young Researchers and Elite Club, Ardabil Branch, Islamic Azad University,
Ardabil, Iran
Quality of Life Therapy, Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, Opiate
Addicts
Techniques to Reduce Depression in
People with Drug-Dependent
Jaber Alizadehgoradel1
Ardabil, Iran
Background and Aim
The main objective of this study is to investigate the effect of
training in stress management techniques to reduce depression in
people with drug-dependent
Methods
The tool used in this study is Beck’s depression Inventory. The
independent variable of the present study is 8 session treatment
to deal with stress performed as a group for the experiment group
and the dependent variable which is the score each subject is acquired in Beck’s depression Inventory. The statistical community
of this study is male drug addicts living in Mashhad. Subjects
were selected randomly and then classified at random into two
groups of 15 people of experiment and control groups. In this
study, semi-experimental research method and pretest-posttest
design with control group was used and data have been analyzed
through SPSS software and T test
Results
effective in reducing depression of drug users(P<0.005)
Conclusion
Background and Aim
This study was aimed to assess the Effectiveness of Quality of
life therapy on Improving Quality of Life in Opiate Addicts.
Methods
Data analysis revealed that the mean WHOQOL-BREF score
in the experimental group had significant higher increase when
compared with that of the control group.
This was a semi experimental study using control group also
pre-test, post-test. Thirty six patients were selected between the
entire opiate addicts referred to addiction centers in Ardabil city
within judgmental sampling and were randomly assigned into
experimental and control groups. They were all administered the
WHOQOL-BREF. In experimental group, Quality of life therapy
was performed in 8 sessions and the control group was registered
in the waiting list for the CB-GT.
Therefore, the training program of how to deal with stress plays
a main role in reducing drug-addicted users decided to quit and
thus help them quit more successful in a longer period of time.
Keywords
Training to Deal with Stress, Depression, Drug-Dependent Individuals
Efficacy of Group Problem-Solving
Training and the Effective Communication
on Improved Life Quality and Happiness
Level in Wives of Addicted People
Masoumeh Allahi1, Bahman Akbari2, Behrooz Golchai3, Fatemeh Pourgholi4
1. M.A in Clinical Psychology,Azad University Branch Tonekabone,Iran
2. PhD in Psychology,Azad University Science and Research Branch Guilan,Rasht.Iran
3. Medical Student
4. PhD in Psychology ,Azad University Science and Research Branch
Guilan,Rasht.Iran
Background and Aim
Addiction is among the most unwelcomed social phenomena which
has many harmful impacts on families. This work analyzes the effect
of group problem-solving training and effective communication on
life quality and happiness level in women with addicted husbands.
Methods
This study is a semi-empirical research with a pretest-posttest
design by a control group conducted in centers supported by Social Welfare in Rasht. Among the centers covered by Social Welfare, 5 centers were selected using clustering sampling method.
Among 200 wives of the addicted people undergoing the detoxification and rehabilitation phases in these centers, 45 were selected using the sample size formula and divided into two test
and control groups. The trials of test group were subject to eight
90 min sessions of group problem-solving training and effective
communication, once in a week. To gather required data, life quality questionnaire of world health organization (WHO) and Oxford
questionnaire of Happiness were used.
Results
The findings of present work revealed that group problemsolving training significantly enhances life quality (p = 0.001,
F = 33.335) and happiness level (p = 0.001, F = 16.620) of the
wives of addicted people. Besides, the effective communication
group training improves significantly the life quality (p = 000, F
= 79.954) and happiness level (F = 10.880, p = 0.003) of these
women. Moreover, the findings show noticeable improvement of
physical health and social communications among the women.
Conclusion
The Results of this work indicate that by offering a long-term
plan for group problem-solving training and the effective communicationto the wives of addicted people or intervention in their
families it is possible to improve the mutual communications between them and solve their problems and improve their life quality and happiness level.
Keywords
Wives of Addicted husbands, Problem-Solving, Effective Communication
Assessment of Parent-Child’s
Relationship Quality Among Addicted and
Non-Addicted Adolescent
Omid Amani1, Saeed Ghodrti2, Sana Peykani3
1. Shahid Beheshti
2. Shahid Beheshti
3. Shahid Beheshti
Background and Aim
Nowadays addiction is a global issue that kills thousands of
people annually and one of the groups which are more vulnerable
to this social and mental problem are adolescents. This research
conducted to assess the quality of parent-child relationship among
addicted and non-addicted adolescents.
Methods
To conduct this research, 34 adolescents who were clients of
Qazvin addiction treatment centers and they were between 14-18
years old were chosen for this purpose by the use of convenience
sampling method, Also 34 non-addicted adolescent were chosen
from high school level and those adolescents were paired by their
age, gender and educational level who answered the quality of
parent-child relationship questionnaire. In order to do statistics
analyses, independent sample t-test was used.
Results
The Results of this research showed that the quality of motherchild relationship and all of its component (positive affect, communication, role confusion, replication ) in non-addicted adolescents were meaningfully better than addicted adolescent. Also the
quality of father-child relationship and its subscales (positive affect, communication, anger and father involvement) were meaningfully better in non-addicted adolescents than addicted adolescents.
Conclusion
The quality of parent-child relationship in addicted adolescents
is worse than non-addicted adolescents.
Keywords
Parent-Child’s Relationship.Adolescent .Addicted
Assessment of The Relationship between
Spiritual Intelligence and Sensation
Seeking among Drug Addiction
Omid Amani1, Saeed Ghodrti2, Sana Peykani3
1. Shahid Beheshti
2. Shahid Beheshti
3. Shahid Beheshti
Background and Aim
Nowadays, drugs addiction is one of the important problem and
prominent social deviance in human life which can harm sociocultural base of every country and will afflicted by problems caused
by abusing the drugs has some negative impacts in the wellbeing
of members of nations. This research has been conducted to assess the relationship between spiritual intelligence and affectivity
among drug addictins.
Methods
The sample consists of 132 addicted persons which has been
sampled with convenience sampling method from the private and
governmental clinics of Qazvin city. The questionnaires which
has been used for this purpose was the self-report questionnaire
of spiritual intelligence and Zukerman’s affectivity scale (zukerman, 1980).
Results
Data analysis by using the step by step regression and correlation coefficient showed that there is a negative meaningful correlation between the spiritual intelligence and the sensation seeking among the drug users (p<0.5). In other words, the affectivity scores decreased with increasing in the spiritual intelligence
scores. Also the sensation seeking components had negative relationship with addiction scores.
Conclusion
By this research we can conclude that people with low levels of
spiritual intelligence are so prone to addiction and will do more
risky jobs.
Keywords
The Results showed the first book covers more theories of social control and labeling and the second book contains the theories
of cultural transmission, whereas the third book more encompasses the theory of anomie. Altogether Anomaly theory, Merton isolation theory, Labeling Theory and Cultural transmission theory
had the highest frequency and Social control theory and theory of
social development model had the lowest frequency in the texts
Conclusion
In high school social science courses, the subject which directly
relates to the problem of addiction or social deviance does not
exist. The discussion of addiction in the education system of Iran
has not been considered as serious and it is still not considered to
as a phenomenon. But statistics indicates increasing the addiction
among the youth. Alongside the media, the formal education system, are considered an important means to inform people that can
discuss ways to prevent of addiction. Although the high school is
not a good epoch to education of the dangers of addiction, but the
consequences of some risky behaviors can be considered in this
texts.
Keywords
Spiritual Intelligence.Sensation Seeking. Drug Addiction
The Survey of Components to Preventing
Addiction in High School Sociology
Textbooks
Osman Amini1, Jafar Ahmadi2, Mohammad Adib Hesami3
1. MA in Knowledge and Information Science, Urmia University of Medical
Sciences, Boukan Nursing Faculty
2. MA in Cultural Studies, Urmia Municipality
3. MA in Nursing, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Boukan Nursing
Faculty
Background and Aim
The textbooks are critical resource for education of prevention
of addiction. For this reason, its inclusion in textbooks is useful to
understand addiction in teenager. This paper aims to survey the
components of addiction in educational textbooks. For this purpose, we used the theories of addiction. The most popular theories
are Anomaly theory, Merton Isolation theory, Labeling Theory,
Cultural Transmission theory, Social Control theory, Theory of
social development model. In this paper we intend to realize the
theories are reflected in the texts.
Methods
Results
The High School Textbooks of Humanities include three books
entitled “Sociology 1, Sociology 2, Sociology New World Order”
which are taught in this course. The first book contains three chapters that have 18 lessons. The second book involves three chapters
and 14 lessons and thirds contain 4 chapters and 14 lessons. The
quantitative content analysis method was used for analysis the
textbooks. This means that each course in terms of content is analyzed to determine the courses which cover the theories of addiction prevention. For the analysis of texts, each theory was divided
into categories and the text contents were adapted in categories
Addiction, Textbooks, High School Sociology, Theories of Addiction
Investigation of Reproductive Health
Condition of Women Gone to the Selected
Drug Detoxification Centers
Sediigheh Amir Ali Akbari1, M Bahri Khomami2, H Alavi Majd3
1. Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical
2. Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical
3. Professor, Dept. of Biostatistics, Faculty of Paramedical, Shahid Beheshti
University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Background and Aim
Scientific evidences show that drug abuse and addiction create
different challenges for women compared to men; therefore, the
current research has been carried out in order to Survey study of
reproductive health condition of women referred to the selected
drug detoxification centers in Tehran, Iran.
Methods
The present study has been conducted by means of descriptive
method with the sample size of 200 women referred to the selected drug detoxification centers in Tehran. Materials of study
were questionnaires containing questions about demographic information, status of drugs being used, and general health by the
General Health Questionnaire (GHQ), obstetrics, cyclic period,
family planning history and menopause status. SPSS-16 software
was applied to analyze the data collected.
Results
Opium and crack, in the priority, were the most prevalent drugs
used and the most common age of the consumption onset was 14
to 20 (34%). General health status was undesirable in 46.5% of
women. 27/6% of pregnancies led to the birth of LBW infants.
After getting addicted, women reported a change in the amount of
menstrual bleeding (45.5%).Women having sexual intercourses
have applied one of contraceptive methods, the most common
of which was the withdrawal method. The average age of menopause was 40.18 ± 8.03 years old and 47.3% had desirable quality of life among the menopause ones and 7.3 %of them suffered
from cancer.
Conclusion
Based on the Results of this research, it is concluded that the reproductive health conditions of women who are addicts or drugs/
substances abusers requires more study and supervision.
Keywords
Reproductive Health, Women, Addiction
Compare the General health Status of
Socially Harmed and No Socially Harmed
Women in Tehran
Sediigheh Amir ali akbari1, Gohar Mohammadi2
1. Dept. of Midwifery, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Shahid Beheshti
2. Dept. of Midwifery, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Shahid Beheshti
Background and Aim
With regard to the problem due to harmed- women in societies,
due consequences and the importance of women health, this study
was carried out to comparison general health between the Socially
Harmed and No socially Harmed Women in Tehran.
Methods
This analytical research was conducted on 75 socially
harmed women who were clients of harm reduction centers,
and 170 non-socially harmed women in the city of Tehran. socially harmed was defined based on the two main components
violence,addiction,Data collection tools included questionnaires
of general health status(GHQ), and social harm assessment. The
data collection method was structured interviews. All women
were interviewed as an organized construction method. Gathered
data analyzed as descriptive (frequency, mean and percentile) and
Analytic(x2) statistic methods by spss18.
Results
Results showed that the mean of the women age was 34.27±9.6
in case group and 34.05 ±7.9 in control group.24% of women
with and 100% without social harmed were married . Considering general health there was a significant statistical difference between the two groups (p<0.001) – 89.3% of the socially harmed
women suffered from inadequate general health.
Conclusion
As result, social harmed had significant impacts on women general health status and it is necessary to have a special program in
health system for supporting women in purpose of preventing of
physical and emotional problems.
Keywords
Social Harmed Women, General Health, Women
Drug Abuse Background and Mental
Health Status of a Sample of Methadone/
Buprenorphine Maintenance
Patients in Iran
Pegah Amiri1, S. Momtazi, N. Musavinasab2, B. Daneshvar, A. Moradi3, I. Omidi4
1. State welfare organization of Iran, East Azerbaijan, Marand
2. Zanjan University of Medical Sciences and Substance Abuse Prevention and
Treatment Office, Iran
3. Agonsit Treatment Center, Iran
4. Private Researcher, Canada
Background and Aim
Methadone and buprenorphine maintenance treatment is an
approved drug policy in Iran. There are numerous maintenance
treatment centers using one of these drugs run by public and private sectors. In this study, we aimed to find out about the mental
health status of patients under treatment in these centers.
Methods
We assessed 150 patients under treatment with methadone or
buprenorphine maintenance in different centers in Tehran and two
other cities—Zanjan and Karaj. We built a questionnaire including drug use history and demographic features. For assessment of
patients’ mental health, we used General Health Questionnaire–28
(GHQ). SPSS version 16 software was used for data analysis.
Results
Our sample was 150 male patients, including 108 people on
methadone and 42 on buprenorphine. The age range was between
21 and 55 with mean age±standard deviation of 32.2±8.21 years.
In all, 102 people were married, and 48 (32%) were single or divorced. Duration of drug use before entering treatment was 0.25
to 20.00 years with a mean of 6.37 years and mean age of first
drug use of 22.6±7.36 years. Seventy-three people (48%) had
a history of injecting drugs at least two times. Duration of drug
injection before treatment for this group was 0.15 to 4.0 years
with a mean duration of 1.88 years. Age of first drug injection
was 25.9±8.36 years. Nine people (6%) had a history of needle
sharing. All patients had a diagnosis of opioid dependence according to DSM-IV-TR criteria. The most frequent opioid used was
opium, which was the main drug in 123 patients (82%). Heroin
was used by 104 (69%). Thirty-three persons (22%) also had a
history of crystal methamphetamine abuse. With a cut-off point of
6 or more, GHQ showed that 28 percent of the patients had mental health problems. In GHQ subscales, social dysfunction was
the most frequent problem (38%), while depression was the least
frequent problem (20%); anxiety and insomnia were present in 32
percent, and somatic symptoms were present in 24 percent. Nonparametric analysis and the Mann-Whitney test—used to analyze
data without normal distribution—showed that the GHQ-28 score
of people who used heroin or opium as the main drug was not
significantly different, but those patients who also had a history of
crystal methamphetamine abuse showed significantly more mental health problems, with a mean GHQ score of 9.0 and a median
equal to 8.0, compared with those who did not use methamphet-
amine, with a mean score of 4.4 and a median of 2.0 (p<0.005).
There was no considerable difference between methadone and buprenorphine groups regarding their drug use behavior or mental
health, and there was no significant difference between opium and
heroin abusers regarding their GHQ score.
Conclusion
Mental health problems are frequent in methadone maintenance
and buprenorphine maintenance treatment patients. The most
frequent problem is social dysfunction. History of methamphetamine abuse was associated with more mental health problems.
Keywords
Methadone,Buprenorphine,Drug,Abuse
3
4
Borzoo Amirpour1, Mehran Farhadi2, Maryam Hashemi3
1. Psychology Department, Payame Noor University
2. Department of Psychology, Faculty of Economics and Social Sciences,
Bu-ali Sina Universitiy, Hamadan, Iran
3. Department of Psychology, Faculty of Economics and Social Sciences,
Bu-ali Sina Universitiy, Hamadan, Iran
Methods
5
Background and Aim
Internet addiction in the diagnostic and statistical manual of
mental disorder, 5th edition (DSM-5) specifically, has been investigated and it is characterized as poorly controlled internet use, so
can lead to impulse-control disorders. This study was conducted to
Comparison of impulsivity and its dimensions among high-school
female students with and without internet addiction disorder.
Methods
This descriptive-comparative causal study was performed on
200 high-school female students were selected from Kangavar
city, Participants were chosen by Single-stage cluster sampling.
Subjects completed two scales impulsiveness scale (Barratt et al,
1995) and internet addiction test (Young, 1988). Data were analyzed and processed using descriptive statistics and T test, by
SPSS18.
Results
result revealed that Overall, 17 out of the 200 students identified with internet addiction that they obtained significantly higher
scores on impulsivity in addition, among the three dimensions of
impulsivity(non-planning impulsiveness, motor impulsiveness
and cognitive impulsiveness) in cognitive impulsiveness students
with internet addiction obtained significantly higher scores.
Conclusion
The Relation between Attending at
Narcotics Anonymous (NA) Groups, and
Mental Illness and Health in Addicts
Addiction is a disease that has many bio-psycho-social consequences, and its treatment programs have different outcomes. This
study investigated the relationship between attending at Narcotics
Anonymous programs, with mental health and illness in addicts.
Borzoo Amirpour , Rahim Goli , Abedin Darabi , Naser Veysi , Zinab Ahmadi ,
Neda Isfandiyari6
1. Payam e Noor university
2. Kermanshah University of Applied Science and Technology
3. Payam e Noor University
5. Kermanshah University of Applied Science and Technology
2
Internet Addiction Disorder, Impulsiveness, Student
Background and Aim
Comparison of Impulsivity and Its
Dimensions among High-School Female
Students with and without Internet
Addiction Disorder
1
Keywords
This study like, numerous studies showed associations between
Internet addiction and mental health problems, So with regard to
Internet access in multiple setting such as home, school, Parents
and teachers is essential to monitor the Internet use rate.
A sample of 110 subjects (55 subjects in each group) of male
anonymous addicts in Isfahan was selected. Ninety-item checklist
of the mental health, mental well-being questionnaire, and self-esteem questionnaire were performed in the two groups (one group
participated at the program for six months or less, and another
group for a year and a half or more. Data were analyzed with
independent t-test and Pearson correlation methods.
Results
indicated that participation in Narcotics Anonymous programs
were associated with reducing mental problems and increased
mental health. Furthermore, mental health and mental illness dimensions were correlated in addicts.
Conclusion
Addiction creates problems such as work, financial, physical,
social, and psychological problems. Therefore, multi-faceted
Narcotics Anonymous programs can reduce drug addiction and
increase mental health.
Keywords
Narcotics Anonymous, Mental Illness, Mental Health.
Effectiveness of Gratitude Training on
Psychological Burden and Quality of Life
Among The Wives of Male Addicted
Patients in Shahreza City
Hamidreza Andalib1, Gholamreza Manshaee2
1. MA Student of Psychology, Esfahan Science and Research Branch, Islamic
Azad University,Esfahan, Iran.
2. Assistant Professor, Department of Psychology, Esfahan Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Esfahan, Iran
Background and Aim
This study aimed at investigating the effect of teaching gratitude on the decrease of the psychological burden of spouses and
improvement of the matrimonial life quality of those who have
requested for help in order to abandon their addiction.
Methods
The applied method in the present study was semi-experimental
in which both pre-test and post-test were conducted and two experimental and control group were investigated. To this end, 30
spouses were selected randomly as participants, 15 of which were
identified as experimental group and other 15 as control group.
The experimental group experienced 9 sessions of treatment to
learn how to show their gratitude. The instruments used in this
study consisted of the psychological burden questionnaire of Zarit and et all (1980) and matrimonial life quality questionnaire of
World Sanitary Organization (1996). The data were analyzed by
multi-variances statistical methods of covariate analysis and variance analysis
Results
Based on the revealed Results, detected F in showed a significant
difference between the post-test averages scores of experimental
and control group for psychological burden and matrimonial life
quality
Conclusion
Results
Findings showed that 80% of the sample had personality disorders, %56/7 of them had more than one disorder, % 23/3 had only
one disorder, and no schizotypal personality disorder was presented in the subjects. Passive - aggressive Personality disorder and
depression were seen more than other disorders. Among coping
strategies, somatization (%10), cognitive assessment (%3/3), social support (%3/3), problem-solving (%6/7), and coping method
of emotion-centered) %76/7) were used.
Conclusion
Considering the high prevalence of personality disorders in this population, and dealing with life events and difficulties with emotional
manipulation of emotion-centered strategies used by them, teaching
life skills and problem solving skills are recommended for this group.
Keywords
Drug Abuser Women, Personality Disorders, Coping Strategies
Comparison of Methods for Problem
Solving and Religious Orientation of the
Individuals Abuse Substances
and Normal Bushehr
Based on the findings of this research teaching gratitude has
been suggested an effective method for promoting quality of life
and decreaseing of Psychological Burden in Wives of Male Addicted Patients.
Keywords
Teaching of Gratitude, Psychological Burden, Spouses, Matrimonial Life Quality, Addiction
The Study of Personality Disorders and
Coping Strategies in Drug Abuser Women
Sara Ansari1, Banafsheh Ghoraei2, Parvin Afsar-Kazerouni3, Mozhgan Patoo4
1. Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Department of Mental Health
2. Assistan Prof. of Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Mental Health
Resrarch Centre, Tehran Psychiatric Institute
3. PhD. in Social Medicine, Center for Disease Control, Shiraz University of
Medical Science
4. PhD student in psychology, TarbiatModares University
Background and Aim
Today women are more than before drugs abuse and affected by
its consequences. Drug abusers women than men are experienced
severe physical and mental problems. The present study aims to
assess personality disorders and coping strategies in drug abuser
women in Shiraz
Methods
This research study is ex post facto (cross sectional - descriptive) sectional.30 women used drugs were selected by accessible
sampling. All subjects were evaluated and compared by Moss and
Billings’ Coping Style Questionnaire and the Structured Interview
of DSM-IV disorders (SCID-II). Data were analyzed by using descriptive statistics.
Mojtaba Ansari1, Maryam Farhadi2, Adibeh Tammari3
1. Social Security Organization
2. Education and Training Organization
3. Free
Background and Aim
This study aimed was to compare methods of problem solving
and religious orientation of the Individuals abuse substances and
normal Bushehr.
Methods
This study was a comparison, the research sample of 160 selected sampling and questionnaire methods of problem solving
and religious orientation responded.
Results
Data analysis using multivariate analysis of variance showed that
inhibition of the problem Individuals abuse substances is significantly
lower than normal. Between Individuals abuse substances and normal
of religious orientation and its dimensions are significantly different.
Conclusion
Substance abusers of religious orientation and problem solving
methods are faced with problems that could be causing substance.
Keywords
Problem Solving, Religious Orientation, Individuals Abuse Substances
Tendency to Addiction Causes of Women
in the Cty of Shahreza
Keyvan Arabi1
1. Master of Clinical Psychology, Islamic Azad University of Tonekaboon,MaZa
ndaran,Iran,Welfare Employee of City Shahreza, Consultant and Clinical
Psychologist for Chronic Psychiatric Patients
Background and Aim
The present study the causes of the trend of women in the township shahreza addiction.In the same context, the present study
aims to investigate the causes of the tendency to abuse of women
in the social dimension, economic, emotional sexual behavior,
and later.
Methods
The study of the kind of descriptive survey.Therefore all treatment centers and counseling in the city operated a list was prepared by randomly (sampling cluster), a center of the center samples consisted of 100 women who turn to It had been selected as
age, sex, drug and education have been controlled in this study.
All subjects completed the test questions tend to cause addiction
in the social, economic, emotional, sexual, behavioral Cronbach
923/0 responded. The data obtained were analyzed using spss
software.
Results
Results indicate that Atyadznan trends in social, economic, emotional, and sexual behavior at ? <0/01 was approved.
Conclusion
The Results indicate that it is all the dimensions of the tendency
to drug addiction among women in the social dimension, economic, and then, emotional sexual behavior can and cannot be drug
addiction to explain the next one.It can also be concluded that are
related to the social dimension and emotional later. - the needs
of the emotional and social needs of the most important causes a
tendency to addiction in women and the lowest many due to the
sexual dimension.
Keywords
Addiction Women,social Dimension,economic Dimension,Emotional
Dimension,Sexual Dimension
Comparing the Effectiveness of
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy(CBT) on
Violence Rate and Life Quality of Addicted
Prisoners in Rasht City
keyvan Arabi1
1. Master of Clinical Psychology, Islamic Azad University of Tonekaboon,MAz
andaran,Iran,Welfare Employee of City Shahreza, Consultant and Clinical
Background and Aim
Present research was executed aiming to study the effectiveness
of cognitive – behavioral therapy on decreasing violence and increasing life quality of Rasht’s city prisoners.Therefore, the aim
of this study 1. Examine the impact of education, cognitive - behavioral (CBT) on aggression among prisoners was a drug addict.
Methods
The sample society of present research is 350 client of social
service in Rasht city prison.40 of individual who their score in violence questionnaire was higher than cut edge and lower than normal
in quality of life questionnaire were chosen by random sampling
method after scanning and replaced in two test and control groups.
The test group received 12 sessions of 45 minutes each session
cognitive – behavioral therapy and the control group received no
education. The each group answered the questionnaires once again
and Results were analyzed by covariance analyze method.
Results
Analyzes Results indicate that in a synthetic variance, cognitive
– behavioral therapy is effective on decreasing violence and increasing quality of life and also in decreasing prisoners’ violence
(P<0/0001). But it had no meaningful effect on increasing prisoners’ quality of life (P>0/0001).
Conclusion
Based on Results obtained in this research the cognitive-behavioral therapy could be a proper method to decrease violence.
Keywords
Cognitive-Educational Education, Violence, Life Quality
The Effectiveness of Music Therapy
Methods and Token Economy of Scale
Aggression, Drug Addicts
Leaving the Camps Isfahan
Keyvan Arabi1
1. Master of Clinical Psychology, Islamic Azad University of Tonekaboon,MAz
andaran,Iran,Welfare Employee of City Shahreza, Consultant and Clinical
Background and Aim
The present study investigated the efficacy of music therapy
methods and token economy of scale aggression, drug are leaving
camps in Isfahan. Therefore, the objectives of this study: 1. Examine the effects of music therapy on aggression 2. token Economic
Effects on Aggression 3. Compare these two approaches is the
extent to which aggressive treatment approach was more effective
in reducing aggression addicts are leaving.
Methods
The study sample included 200 addicts had left the camps Isfahan are among the people after the test run aggression in 30 patients
who score in aggression over 45 achieved using random sampling
in three groups: control and 10 who were assigned to collect data
from the aggression Questionnaire (AGQ) was used. program of
music therapy in 6 sessions of 90 minutes in the first trial, week
2 sessions as well as strengthening the token economy 6 sessions
of 90 minutes in the second group experimental sessions took 2
weeks and the control group were managed without any training
and after training, post-test was administered to all three groups.
The Results obtained with the use of one-way analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was performed. In addition to determining the
difference between the means of the Bonferroni method was used.
Results
The Results showed that the two methods of music therapy and
token economy on reducing aggression among addicts leaving
has been significant.and (F(2,26)=41/851 ، P=0/000 ،ETA=0/763)
Conclusion
Thus it can be concluded that music therapy methods and token
economy are leaving the drug is effective in reducing aggression
was defined as the difference between the average using the Bonferroni method token economy (12/538) is greater than the average
effect of music therapy methods reduction in aggressive addicts.
Keywords
Music Therapy Methods, The methods Token Economy, Aggressive, Drug Addicts Leaving
Compare the Effectiveness of the Two
Education Cognitive Group - and the
Analysis of Mutual Treatment Centres on
the Happiness Drug Addicts Improved
Over the Feet of the County Shahreza.
Keyvan Arabi1
1. Master of Clinical Psychology, Islamic Azad University of Tonekaboon,
Mazandaran,Iran,Welfare Employee of City Shahreza, Consultant and Clinical
Background and Aim
This subject, study comparing the effectivenss of the training
group cognitive – behavioral and analyzing the research 1.Effect
of training cognitive –behavior happiness. 2. Effect of education
analyzing the behavior of mutual on general health and happiness.3. Comparing the tow educational methods on happiness is
,and which educational methods are more effective on the happiness improved drug addicts.
Methods
There fore community study 500 drug addicts improved over
the feet of the city centres shahreza. 200 improved drug addicts
responded to questionnaires and 70 people from the Oxford Happiness Questionnaire score was below 42 had won 36 randomly
selected individuals and groups open to the crash test and control group were replaced . subjects in experimental groups trained
seven sessions of cognitive – behavioral analysis and interaction
behaviors were studied . All subject again responded to the questionnaire . Data obtained with covarians analysis were analyzied .
Results
The finding showed that educational method cognitive – behavioral and analyzing of mutual happiness was effective and the first
hypothesis was confirmed .
Conclusion
Keywords
Cognitive – Behavior, Behavior Analysis of Interaction, Happiness, Improved Drug Addicts
Compare the Effectiveness of the Two
Education Cognitive Group - and Mutual
Behaviour on Public Health Centres of
Drug Addicts Improved Over the Reet of
the County Shahreza.
Keyvan Arabi1
Background and Aim
This subject, study comparing the effectivenss of the training
group cognitive – behavioral and analyzing the research 1.Effect
of training cognitive –behavior on general health and. 2. Effect of
education analyzing the behavior of mutual on general health.3.
Comparing the tow educational methods on general health is ,and
which educational methods are more effective on general health
improved drug addicts.
Methods
There fore community study 500 drug addicts improved over
the feet of the city centres shahreza. 200 improved drug addicts
responded to questionnaires and 70 people from the general health
questionnaire score above 22 had won 36 randomly selected individuals and groups open to the crash test and control group were
replaced . subjects in experimental groups trained seven sessions
of cognitive – behavioral analysis and interaction behaviors were
studied . All subject again responded to the questionnaire . Data
obtained with covarians analysis were analyzied .
Results
The finding showed that educational method cognitive – behavioral on general health has been instrumental in the out come of
the second hypothesis was confirmed by tow methods and the
educational component of anxiety and social dysfunction but was
effective on depression and physical symptoms have been ineffective . But generally the two methods statistically , none of the
dependent Variables was not statistically different .
Conclusion
There fore ,it con be concluded that training cognitive – behavior and analyzing the behavior of both the increasing interaction
of general health of improved drug addicts and con be effective of
these methods to increase these components con be used.
Keywords
Cognitive – Behavior, Behavior Analysis of Interaction, General
Health, Improved Drug Addicts
There fore ,it con be concluded that training cognitive – behavior and analyzing the behavior of both the increasing interaction
of happiness of improved drug addicts and con be effective of
these methods to increase these components con be used.
Prioritize of Fears Improved Drug Addicts
and their Coping Behavior.
Keyvan Arabi1
Background and Aim
Drug addicts who have left are in a position to encounter all
kinds of fears and tensions, and make decisions about what to do
when confronting the person in need of his judgment. We aim to
prioritize their fears addicts improve their coping behaviors were
investigated.
Methods
430 addict improved (25 to 35 years) men and women available Isfahan participated in this survey. Questionnaires, personal
and family information, his fears after drug withdrawal, stress and
severity of their exposure, and examine ways to improve the treatment of religious beliefs filled and methods of descriptive statistics ranks of percent and Order priorities have been us.
Results
The Results showed that the majority of drug addicts have improved in the first priority of the pain caused by the body of the
Withdrawal of the drug fear of special to stress the greatest fear of
(hangover and lassitude ).
Conclusion
The most common fear among addicts improved The Hangover
again fear And then the fear of craving and desire. Most oppose
them, using the experience of the coaches, knowing and talking
about a situation they are in and saying Prayers .
Keywords
Fears of the After Leaving the Drugs, Hangover and Lassitude,
Improved Drug Addicts, Coping Behavior
The Effectiveness of Group Metacognitive
Therapy on Dysfunctional Attitudes in
Addicted MenTreating with Methadone
Hamzeh Arbab1, Maliheh Rahmani2, Hassan Zarei Mahmoodabadi3
1. MA of Counseling, Kashan University of Medical Sciences
2. Postgraduate Student of Clinical Psychology, Kashan University of Medical
Sciences, Student Research Committee
3. Assistant Proffessor in Counseling, Yazd University
Background and Aim
Nowadays, there are many psychological factors in field of addiction treatment that especially effect oneffectiveness of pharmacotherapy alone in a long time. In most cases their effects on
outcomes, are unknown.Even despiteunderstanding these factors,
appropriate psychological interventions have been less for control
of these.The goal of this study is“the effectiveness of group metacognitive therapy on dysfunctional attitudes in addicted mentreating with methadone.
Methods
Measurement: Dysfunctional Attitudes Scale (DAS) (beak and
Weissman, 1978) (α=0/89), metacognitive therapy (MCT) protocol (Adrian Wells, 1999). Sample: 24 addicted men (M=35/33
& SD= 2/35) that was treating by methadone in Kashan’sOmid
methadone therapy institute. Samples were dividedtwo groupsrandomly. Two groups were randomly assigned to experimental
group and control group. Method wasquasi-experimental with
pre-test and post-testusing cloning and taking entrance criteria.
Results
Results show a significant different betweenexperimental and
control group.Experimental grouptook significant reduce in posttest in DAS. This finding is consistent with most previous studies
in this field.
Conclusion
Thus, MCT can be effective in a short treatment. We consequence that group metacognitive therapy is effective to moderatedysfunctional attitudes and negative emotions and affects (anxiety, depression and…).Thus this method can Strength addicted
men in front of most important stimulates encouraging substance
dependence. Moreover MCT help addicted men to promote their
meta-beliefs about thought and affects. In this method participants were educatedsome techniques like mindfulness, InsteadChallenge with contents of cognitions.Finally an adaptive thought
style develops by dropping mind ruminations and reducing maladaptive self-monitoring. Our findings are supported by several
researches.
Keywords
Metacognitive Therapy, Dysfunctional Attitudes, MethadoneMaintenance Therapy
Comparison between the Amount of life
Skills among Patients Men (With Drug
Abuse or Drug Dependence) and Healthy
Men In the Area of Arasbaran in 1393
Batool Arhami Khage1, Kolsom Arhami Khage2, Uagob Kamrani3
1. Province of Azerbaijan Shargy– City of Harris – City of Khwaja -Street of
Behzisti - Office Behzisti Khwaja
Background and Aim
Today, drug addiction and drug abuse become as a social problem and mental different country and that are threatens highly
different countries and societies. According to the World Health
Organization in 2004 ‫؛‬life skills can be used also as a strategy
for improving mental health and also as a tool in the prevention
of social damages like addiction and .... The aim of this study is
Comparison between the amount of life skills among patients men
( With drug abuse or drug dependence) and healthy men In the
area of Arasbaran in 1393
Methods
Research Methods This study is descriptive. The population of
this study is including all men over 20 years In the area of Arasbaran. Arasbaran including the counties of Harris, Ahar,khodafain,
Varzeqan and kaleubar of province of Azerbaijan shargi. There
were 155 patients men (ReferredWithdrawal and addiction treatment centers.and medium-term residence (Kamp) under behzisti
or medical university located in Arsbaran) and 155 healthy men
who were randomly selected. Measuring instrument is questionnaire of life skills with 144-item . All participants have responded
to the questionnaire And for to analyze the data obtained from
the questionnaire were used of methods independent t, and the
Results were analyzed using spss software.
Results
The Results obtained show that there were significant differences in the means of patients men ( With drug abuse or drug
dependence) and healthy men in the variable life skills. (p <0/05)
Conclusion
Healthy men have higher levels of life skills compared with men
patients ( With drug abuse or drug dependence) These skills may
be effective in prevent of their tendency to drug abuse or dependence. And accordingly is suggested to prevent The tendency of
individuals to drug abuse or dependence are trying to improve
their life skills.
Keywords
Life Skills. Drug Abuse . Drug Dependence
Preventive Methods in
Addictionof Specific Groups
(Adolescents and Young adults)
Mohammad Ariana1, Heydar Khenari2
1. Psychological and Counseling Center
2. Psychological and Counseling Center
Background and Aim
Addiction Prevention in the Youth: Nowadays, drug addiction
is a mental, social and health problem in the world. In the last
few decades,addiction to legal and illegal drugs has been widespreadand suggested the emergence of a serious problem in terms
of physical, mental and social health. From a sociological and
psychological perspective,one of causes of people’s tendency
of individuals to narcotics is the psychological rediness and behavioral disorders in the youth such as mental pressures,thinking
problems,anxiety, failures,and so on.That’s why they tend tonarcotics to get relieved and of the pressure,which is an astray.
Methods
The primary preventive methods are applied to decrease emotional demonstration in the society through combating the stressors and other moders.ods which potentially cause mental disorders. Secondary preventive methods are the programs which are
meant to decrease (lower) the mental disorders by holding low
and, or intermediate disorders.This method is applied in early diagnosis and quick treatment. Level three preventive methods are
the programs applied to decrease the effects of early and, or late
complications in mental illnesses. The purpose of these programs
is to restore the total social role of the individual in the shortest
possible time.
Results
Strategies and Suggestions: - With an emphasis on the primary
preventions method, the most basic way in prevention is to teach
adolescents life skills, in other words, making them able to resist
against life difficulties.The researchers have been able to run various courses and workshops in Qaemshahr based on CBO plans
under the supervision of Behzisti organization, and have achieved
some objectives in this regard. There are indexes showing this
claim. - The most effective way in making people (adolescents)
aware, is setting up homogeneous group meetings (workshops)
and monitoring discussion about a topic. - Deciding on the topics
to be discussed with adolescents in small groups. - Deciding the
necessary contents to be discussed with parents. - - The influence
of popular figures (charactors) in any region and neighborhood to
help prevent drug abuse in adolescents.
Conclusion
Addiction Prevention in the Youth: Nowadays, drug addiction
is a mental, social and health problem in the world. In the last
few decades,addiction to legal and illegal drugs has been widespreadand suggested the emergence of a serious problem in terms
of physical, mental and social health. From a sociological and
psychological perspective,one of causes of people’s tendency
of individuals to narcotics is the psychological rediness and behavioral disorders in the youth such as mental pressures,thinking
problems,anxiety, failures,and so on.That’s why they tend tonarcotics to get relieved and of the pressure,which is an astray. Some
misinformation of the youths on addiction: - Trying narcotics
once does not cause addiction. - Using drugs is useful when one
is working at night and, or doing extra work for example indrivers
and students. -Addiction does not affect all negatively in physical, social and economic aspects. - Narcotics are offered always
by criminals. Adolescence needs: Physiologic,Affective,Sexual,
Cognitive,Social,Reccognitional,Spritual needs. Adolescencedevelopments: 1- Physical. 2- Cognitive: Failure in understanding other people’s emotions, Difficulty logical thinking,Wishful
thinking. 3- Affective: Emotion intensity,Hormone release
increase,Sense of independence,Failure in understandingParents.
Adolescence psychological features: Hastiness,Narcissism,Rapid
decision making,Sense of competition,Valuation,Passionate
friendship,Pessimism to life,Sense of criticism,Sense of adventures.
Keywords
Addiction - Youth - Prevention
The Comparison of Personality
Characterstics between Dependence Adult
with Normaladult (Not Dependence)
Nasim Arjhang1
1. Azad University.Tehran.Rodehan.Iran
Background and Aim
Introduction:The purpose of the current study was,comparison
of personality characterstics between dependence adult with normaladult.
Methods
The method of present study was Ex-post(after the occurrence),is
a researcher looking to discover and explore the relationship between personality characteristics and the phenomenon of drug addiction.Thesampels were 60 persons included boy adults between
15-20 ages.30 persons of ordinary and 30 people arrested for drug
addicts in the prison of Isfahan province statistical society ,people
are examples of simple random sampling took place. the tools
used to create personality questionnaire form has been the 370 of
Minnesota. In order to analyze the data from the t-test was used in
99% confidence level.
Results
Findings: the Results indicated a significant difference between
the two groups in the means community characteristics, depression, paranoia, personality features of a patient’s own, mental fatigue, hysteria, schizophrenia and scaleL (lie detector) ‫ﻭ‬f (mental
disturbances) with 99% there is a significant difference. and more
than of the addicted teens were normal, but in Hypomanya and
scale properties of the k (the defensive aspect) significant differences were observed between the two groups.
Conclusion
Conclusion The Results of this research and the specific characteristics of thedrug is approved.These features and characteristics can be used as factors underlie and sustain an addiction or
drug addiction has been exacerbated by the formation and and it
is better to treat drug addicts not only body characteristics but also
to the characteristics of attention is also paid to the personality
problems.
Keywords
Drugs, Personality Characteristics,Addiction
Relationship between Loneliness,
Excitement Seeking and Drug Industrial
betwen Addicted Youth
Nasim Arjhang1
1. Azad University.Tehran.Rodehan.Iran
Background and Aim
The aim of this research was relationship loneliness, excitement
seeking and drug addiction among young people between the ages
of 20-30 industrial centers addiction .
Methods
This descriptive correlation study that aims to explore the relationships between variable. Samples included 150 people addicted to drugs addiction Mkhdrsnty center of Isfahan city that is
randomly selected. Instruments used, Loneliness Scale (UCLA),
sensation seeking scale Arendt (AISS) is. Mnzvrtjzyh analyzing
the data, the correlation coefficient r and regression analysis were
used.
Results
The Results showed a significant relationship between sensation
seeking and drug addiction, drug addiction industrial industrial
Loneliness is confirmed.
Conclusion
Two variables predicted loneliness and sensation seeking drug
industry have made a significant variable, but between these variables based on stepwise regression method, the best predictor for
loneliness, drug addiction industrial be.
Keywords
Loneliness, Excitement Seeking; Drug Industry
Evaluation of Smoking Pattern and Its
Correlation with Addiction among
Substance Abusers
Mahshid Aryanpur1, Zahra hessami2, Homan Sharifi3, Gholamreza heidary4
1. Tobacco Prevention and Control Research Center, National Research Institute of
Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences
2. Tobacco Prevention and Control Research Center, National Research Institute
of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences
Background and Aim
Since tobacco consumption is not illegal, people are often not
considering it as an addictive substance. Cigarette and hookah
contain nicotine which is highly addictive and Results in development of dependence. Nicotine, heroin and some opioids have a
similar effect on the brain. It has been revealed that young smokers have a stronger desire and tendency to experience high risk
behaviors and have a greater risk of substance abuse compared
to non smokers. Also, rate of smoking among addicts is several
times greater than this rate among non-addicts. In this study we
are evaluating Smoking Pattern and Its correlation with Addiction
among Substance Abusers.
Methods
In this descriptive cross sectional study. 487 cases referred to the
rehabilitation centers and substance abuse clinics in Tehran were
evaluated and smoking pattern and its correlation with initiation
of substance abuse was studied by using a standard questionnaire.
Results
A total of462 person (95.9%) mentioned a history of smoking.
There were 435 (92.4%) smokers which 261 (57.7%) had moderate or high nicotine dependence. A significant correlation was detected between first substance abuse experience or daily substance
abuse during the first 2 years following smoking onset (P=0.006).
Those who started smoking at a younger age in our study started
substance abuse significantly sooner than others or developed a
daily addiction to it. Using below formula, we can anticipate how
long after smoking experience one would probably experience
their first substance abuse (P=0.001). First substance abuse experience age=7.72+0.78 (first smoke experience age)
Conclusion
A significant correlation exists between smoking and future substance abuse. Therefore, efforts must be made to prevent tobacco
consumption in the first place. For those who are already smokers, preventive and supportive measures must be undertaken to
prevent substance abuse especially in the first two years following
smoking initiation.
Keywords
Smoking, Substance Abuse, Experience, Initiation
The Efficacy of Group-Reality Therapy
Approach in Reducing Depressive
Symptoms and Preventing Relapse in
Drug-dependent Adolescents
Javad Asadolahi1, Mohammad Javad Asghari, Ebrahimi. Abad2,
Sayed Ali Kimiaee3, Davood Razi Roodi4
1. MSc. Student- Department of Family Counseling, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
2. Assistant Professor Department of Psychology,Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
4. MSc.of clinical psychology.Islamic Azad University Torbatjam of Mashhad
Background and Aim
One of the important things in reversion (relapse) of drug-dependence adolescents is the comorbidity of depression and substance
abuse. The group-reality therapy is designed to help individuals
monitor and control over their behaviors, take their responsibilities and make appropriate choices. The aim of this study was to
evaluate the efficacy of the approach of group-reality therapy in
reducing the symptoms of depression and preventing relapse in
drug-dependent adolescents
Methods
In a quasi-experimental design, 20 drug-dependent adolescents
were selected through availability sampling. All adolescents were
resident in Mashhad Anonymous Addicts Forum, completed detoxification period successfully, and scored 14 or higher of symptoms of depression in Beck Depression Inventory (Second Edition). Then they were randomly assigned to both experimental
groups (n = 10) and control group (n = 10). Experimental group
received 10 sessions of group-reality therapy training and control
group took no treatment during this period. The subjects of the
study were evaluated by Beck Depression Inventory (Second Edition), morphine test before and after treatment, and after a twomonth follow-up. Data analysis was done by using chi-square test,
z-test comparing test and analysis of covariance.
Results
The Results showed that group-reality therapy training can cause
a significant decrease in symptoms of depression in addicted adolescents. Moreover, x2 Results showed a significant difference in
the relapse frequency between the two groups (experimental and
control).
Conclusion
Overall, the survey Results showed that group-reality therapy
training is effective in reducing depressive symptoms and preventing relapse in drug-dependent adolescents
Keywords
Reality Therapy, Depression, Drug Dependence, Relapse Prevention, Adolescents
The Efficacy of Mindfulness-Based Stress
Reduction (MBSR) Group Therapy in
reducing aggression of Addicts treated
with Methadone Maintenance
Javad Asadolahi1, Sayed Ali Kimiaee2, Zahra Tabibi3, Nafise Nezakati4,
Masoumeh Mohammadi5
1. MSc. Student- Department of Psychology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
Background and Aim
Aggression is one of the most prevalent problems among drug
addicts which has lead them to abuse drugs. The aim of current
study is to survey the effect of mindfulness based stress reduction
therapy on aggression reduction of addicts treated with methadone maintenance.
Methods
The plan type of quasi-experimental study was pretest – posttest
with a witness group. Sampling was targeted and the case study of
this quasi-experimental survey contained 20 addicts of Cheneran
Occupational therapy camp who had gained high scores in Buss
and Perry questionnaire. These 20 people were randomly placed
into two groups as a witness group and an experiment group. Then
the experiment group was subjected to 8 sessions of mindfulness
based stress reduction therapy (mbsr) while the witness group
didn’t receive any intervention. The data were analyzed through
Univariate variance analysis.
Results
One way covariance showed that mindfulness based stress reduction therapy was effective in the posttest stage (P<0.05)
Conclusion
According to prevalence of aggression among drug addicts and
effectiveness of mindfulness based stress reduction therapy, offering psychological services in order to reduce aggression and its
underlying factors seems necessary.
Keywords
Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction, Aggression, Opiate Addicts
Investigate the Correlation between
Indicators the NEO-Five Factor and Trust
Interpersonal Relationship in the Addicts.
Behzad Asbaghi1, Zahra Babazadeh2, Vida Aghazadeh3
1. Department of Clinical Psychology, Ardabil Branch, Islamic
Azad University, Ardabil, Iran.
2. Department of Clinical Psychology, Ardabil Branch, Islamic
Azad University, Ardabil, Iran.
3. Yong Researchers Club, Ardabil Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ardabil, Iran.
Background and Aim
Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the correlation between indicators the NEO-Five Factor and trust interpersonal relationship in the addict.
Methods
This study is a correlation. The research population of addicts
referring to addiction camps in Tabriz in 2014 with a mean age
(18 to 50) comprised. A total of 62 patients were selected for sampling, and collection of data from NEO Five-Factor Personality
Inventory (NEO-EFI), and interpersonal trust scale Rempel and
Holmes (IRS) was used. Data using Pearson correlation analysis,
and were analyzed by SPSS 16.
Results
The Results showed that the index NEO neuroticism indexes the
loyalty subscale (P value <0/02) and of the openness and predictability subscales (P value <0/008) had a significant negative correlation. Also indicators agreeableness with subscale predictability
and the Conscientiousness of the whole scale interpersonal trust,
respectively (P value <0/013), (P value <0/04) had a significant
positive relation.
Conclusion
The Results indicate that these variables can be used as a counseling strategies used to help addicts.
Keywords
Indicators the NEO-Five Factor, Trust Interpersonal Relationship.
The Role of Alexithymia in Predicting Of
Depression, Anxiety and Stress
Substances Abusers
Behzad Asbaghi1, Tavakkol Mousazadeh2, Mohammad Narimani3
1. Department of Clinical Psychology, Ardabil Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ardebil, Iran.
2. . Department of Clinical Psychology, Ardabil Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ardebil, Iran.
3. Department of Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran.
Background and Aim
Objective: This study aimed to determine the role of alexithymia in
predicting depression, anxiety and stress, drug abuse was conducted.
Methods
randomly. Depression scale, anxiety and stress (DASS), the Toronto Alexithymia Scale -20 (FTAS), was used for data collection.
Statistical software SPSS 17, and methods of Pearson correlation
and regression analysis were used to analyze the data.
Results
The Results showed that the total scale and subscales between
alexithymia whole scale of depression, anxiety and stress subscales were significant positive correlations between the 0/22
there (P<0/05). Alexithymia (difficulty in identifying feelings
with difficulty describing feelings) predicted depression drug
abusers (P<0/001). Alexithymia (difficulty in identifying feelings
and difficulty describing feelings with concrete thinking) predicted anxiety drug abusers (P<0/001). Alexithymia (difficulty in
identifying feelings with difficulty describing feelings) predictors
of stress in drug abusers (P<0/001).
Conclusion
Based on the Conclusions of this study, alexithymia predictive
of anxiety, depression, stress and drug abusers.
Keywords
The Alexithymia, Depression, Anxiety, Stress, Substance Abuse.
The Role of Psychosomatic Indicators
in Predicting of Depression, Anxiety and
Stress Substances Abusers
Behzad Asbaghi1, Tavakkol Mousazadeh2, Mohammad Narimani3
3. Department of Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran.
Background and Aim
This study aimed to determine the role of psychosomatic factors in
predicting depression, anxiety and stress, drug abuse was conducted.
Methods
This study is a correlation. 132 cases of drug abuse among patients referred to Tabriz addiction camps were selected randomly.
Depression scale, anxiety and stress (DASS), Psychosomatic Inventory Index subscale (SCL-90) was used for data collection.
Statistical software SPSS17, and methods of Pearson correlation
and regression analysis were used to analyze the data.
Results
Findings showed that the overall scale of psychosomatic indices
depression, anxiety and stress and its subscales were significantly
correlated with 52/0 is (P<0/05). With the arrival of all of the regression equation determined psychosomatic psychosomatic indices that is capable of %32/3 of the variance in depression, anxiety
and stress can predict (P<0/001).
Conclusion
Method: This study is a correlation. 132 cases of drug abuse
among patients referred to Tabriz addiction camps were selected
Based on the Conclusions of this study, psychosomatic factors
predictive of anxiety, depression, stress and drug abusers.
Keywords
Psychosomatic Index, Depression, Anxiety, Stress, Substance
Abuse.
Comparison of Alexithymia and Anxiety
and Stress between Addicts
and Healthy Subjects
Behzad Asbaghi1, Vida Aghazadeh2
1. Department of Clinical Psychology, Ardabil Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ardabil, Iran.
Background and Aim
This study compared the alexithymia and anxiety and stress between addicts and healthy people.
Methods
The study sample addicts referring to addiction camps in Tabriz in 2014 with a mean age (15 to 45) were formed. A total of
122 patients (60 addicts and 62 healthy subjects) were selected
for sampling. Data collected from the questionnaires, the Toronto alexithymia Scale -20 (FTAS), and anxiety and stress scales
(DASS), were used. Data with Mean and Independent T-test and
SPSS 16 were analyzed.
Results
The Results showed that the alexithymia addicts and control
group, a significant differences) P value< 0/000(, addicts mean (M
= 66.96) and control group (M = 48.57). And there was significant
difference between two group in anxiety and stress scales (P value
<0/000), and mean in addicts and control group was respectively
in anxiety (M = 21.77), (M = 12.77) and stress (M = 19.39), (M
= 10.22).
Conclusion
This study shows that significant differences in alexithymia,
anxiety and stress between addicts and healthy people.
Keywords
Alexithymia, Anxiety, Stress, Addicts.
Smoking and Acute Myocardial Infarction
(Female Versus Male)
Elnaz Asghari1
1. Nursing and Midwifery School of Tabriz. Tabriz Medical University
Background and Aim
Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI) has traditionally been considered a disease affecting mostly men because of smoking and
hormonal issue. But nowadays it seems that the role of smoking
as the main risk factor has changed in both genders. This study
was to examine the smoking role among risk factors of AMI in
both genders.
Methods
The study was conducted as a prospective cohort survey among
patients admitted to CCU. All patients in one of the CCUs, selected accidentally, admitted with documented diagnosis of AMI
were assessed during one year. Some socio- demographical characteristics of the patients recorded at the first day of the admission.
Then those patients were followed up until discharge or death.
Statistical analyses were performed with SPSS version 13.0. The
data was analyzed by descriptive and inferential statistics. Regression analysis is used to predict the risk factors
Results
A total of 182 patients (140 men (68.6%) and 42 women
(20.6%)) admitted with AMI were enrolled in the study. There
were no difference in previous admission, death, or need for Coronary angiography among both gender. Women were on average
2 years older (64.74 versus 62.21, P< 0.0001), and had a greater
prevalence of hypertension (76.2% vs 44.3%, P< 0.0001) but Men
more often were smokers (45.7% vs 11.9%, P< 0.0001). Regression analysis indicated that smoking could predict 16 % and 18%
of SD changes of AMI in men and women respectively.
Conclusion
In this study smoking is one the main risk factors for AMI in
both genders. Although smoking is more prevalent among men,
it is more harmful for at risk women. So the awareness needs to
be directed towards eliminating controllable risk factors of fatal
heart disease.
Keywords
Smoking, Acute Myocardial Infarction and Gender
Decision to Quit among Female Substance
Abusers, a Qualitative Study
Elnaz Asghari1
1. Nursing and Midwifery School of Tabriz, Medical Sciense University of Tabriz
Background and Aim
Introduction: addiction in woman has too many disadvantages
for their own and family members, so recognizing addiction
quit reasons especially in women, is very important. The aim of
this study has to explore effective factors on the decision to quit
among female substance abusers.
Methods
This is a qualitative study undertaken with grounded theory approach. The Participants were 7 married addict females who were
undertaken in quit rehabilitation course for the first time. Participants were selected using purposeful sampling and maximum
variation. Data were gathered through face-to-face interviews
and semi-structural questions. Data analysis was conducted using
content analysis method.
Results
the main category explored in this study is “the wish to survive”,
which includes three subcategories: 1- to feel threatened, 2- to get
tired of the current condition and 3- “to keep family”. Most of the
main threat and encourage messages were from their spouse.
Conclusion
The Results of this study show that “husband” has the main role
in females’ addiction condition and it’s quit, so if family background and context support the addict women, they may try rehabilitation. If governments and addiction treatment institutes make
families show more compassion, motivation and support the result of quit decision seems to get better.
Keywords
Addiction, Married women, Decision to Quit, Qualitative Study
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for the
Treatment of Personality Disorder in
Crack Dependents
Fatemeh Asgharzadeh1, Yahya Bahrini2, Faryma Naghdi3,
Seyed Morteza Mosavi4, Ensyeh Sadeghi5, Ali Salesh Tabar6,
Hossin Ali Ghanazadegan7, Masome Fadavi8, Katayon Razjoyan9
1. Clinical Addiction
2. Doctor
3. M.A Psychology
4. M.A Psychology
5. PhD.Olom Tarbiati
6. M.A Psychology
7. PhD Psychology
8. Clinical Psychology
9. Doctor
Background and Aim
Cognitive behavioral therapy for the treatment of personality
disorder in crack dependents
Methods
In this research , we have used cognitive-behavioral therapy
(CBT) for the treatment of 12 kinds of personality disorders
in crack dependents . Personality diagnosis questionnaire used
for measuring. 20 of dependents randomly placed in experimental group .They have used METHADON and CBT for
treatment , but control group only received METHADON .
We studied personality disorders of experimental & control
group in 12 sessions. In this research we used of ANCOVA
statistic.
Results
Showed that personality disorders improves in crack dependents
in experimental group . Improvement in 3 personality disorders
(schizoid - antisocial & narcissistic) didn’t show up.
Conclusion
After passing 9 months ; only one patient suffered a relapse in
experimental group , but in control group , 4 patients relapse .
Crack dependents were well to respond the CBT treatment
Keywords
Personality Disorder , Cognitive Behavioral
The Relationship between Personality
Characteristics and Social Support with
Depression, Addiction
Mojtaba Ashouri1, Shamsi Mohammadi2, Parvin Zolghadri3, Sara Abdi4, Ziaadine Rafiee5, Esmat Nasiri6, Rahim Ganjkhanlu7
Background and Aim
We aimed to investigate the relationship between personality
characteristics, social support and depression were addictive.
Methods
350 cases of drug sampling were chosen using a random sample
of 16 personality factors, social support questionnaire, completed
the wax and colleagues and Beck Depression Inventory. Data obtained using the t test and stepwise regression were analyzed.
Results
The Results showed that the social Mtghyrhmayt and depression (p <0/01), personality characteristics, social support and depression in substance abuse (p <0/01), there is a correlation
Conclusion
The characteristics and social support could predict depression
in addiction.
Keywords
Characteristics, Social Support, Depression and Addiction.
The Relationship between Personality
Traits and Personal Values and Attitudes
Towards Drug Addicts
Mojtaba Ashouri1, Masuome Rahbar2, Eskandare Rahbar3, Farzane Piran4, Sara
Abdi5, Parvina Zolghadri6, Shamsi Mohamadi7
3. MB in Physiotherapy Assistant Rehabilitation Organization Intelligence city
Background and Aim
This study examined the relationship between personality traits
and personal values and attitudes towards drug addiction.
Methods
Among 310 cases of population addicts Zanjan, 186 patients
(99 females and 87 males) randomly selected and tested 16-factor
personality Cattle Inventory attitude questionnaire about finding
value, Schwartz completed. Data analyzed using correlation, regression and chi-square test (x2) was analyzed.
Results
The Results showed that the relationship between drug attitude
and personal values ??(except for power values??, tradition and
self-reliance) are not significant. And the relationship between
personality traits and attitude towards drug addicts in ¬ factor of
16 different. ¬ Draml of A (the painting - misanthropy), F (vitality
- the heart of the dead), L (skeptical - the gullible), Q2 (dominant
self - reliant on others) is significant and not significant Sayraml.
Between personal values ??and personal characteristics in some
variables, there is a significant relationship between the two forms
Conclusion
Correlation between factor A People - stained with the values
of benevolence and conformity - Agent E rule - obey the values
of strength and self-reliance - the F vitality - Dell ¬ dead values,
universalism and conformity - the L skeptical - gullible value
benevolence - the Q2 dominant self - reliant on others the value
of self-reliance and negative: I Draml critical - factor stubborn
self-reliance and distrust values disquieting - Atmadtvam calmly
values of benevolence and self-reliance - Q4 operating nervous
tension cents worth. No other variables are significant.
Comparison Emotional Intelligence,
Coping Strategy and Cognitive Emotion
Regulation in Addict and None
Addict people.
Mahdiye Ashouri , Rogayeh Ashourpour , Reza Kazemi , Azra Gaffari
1. ashouri
2. ashourpour
3. kazemi
4. gaffari
1
2
3
4
Background and Aim
drug abuse and addiction problem one of the important problem in
the current world that accompanied with healthy, socially and economical pathology. Psychiatry association of USA said that the main
feature of dependency to drug abuse cause that despite of problems
in drug abuse, addicted person continue to abuse. The main purpose
of this research, comparison Emotional Intelligence, Coping strategy
and Cognitive Emotion Regulation in addict and none addict people.
Methods
This present research is descriptive and comparative model. The
population is persons applicant person to MMT center in Tehran.
they were selected by convenience sampling that compose of 150
addicted person and 150 none-addicted person
Results
Conclusion
indicate that emotional intelligence and coping strategy have
significant correlation among addicted and none-addicted person.
Keywords
Emotional Intelligence, Drug abuse, Addiction
Effectiveness of Positive Psychology
Interventions on decreasing the
Depression, stress, Social Malfunction in
women with Drug Abuse
in Hamedan Town Ship
Maedeh Ashrafi1, Behrouz Karkhaneie2, Sareh Roshanpour3
1. M. A Degree in General Psychology.Hamedan Science and Research Branch,
Islamic Azad University
2. Assistant Professor in Hamedan Medical Science University
3. MSc of Food Since Engineer Islamic Azad University of Damgan
Background and Aim
Since the Vulnerability and Psychological depression and Stress
signs in addicted Women are more high in compare with the
other women, so, Performing mental investigations and Servicing beside the positive psychological interventions from the Mental Health Systems absolutely Results in highly improving their
life levels. Purpose: The goal of this research is formulate and
determing the effectiveness of positive psychology Interventions
on dereasing the depression, Stress, Social malfunction in women
with drug abuse in Hamedan township.
Methods
About 30 volunteers woman Selected as a sample group. (15
women as experimental group and 15 women as Control group).
The research plan based on pre- test and post- test on the Control
group. The research tool is GHQ- 28 method. The teaching intervention performed on the experimental group during 8 Sessions
(90 minutes). Data analyzed based on the multi variables Covariance Statistical test.
Results
The Results showed that teaching the Psychological Positive interventions Results in increasing the Psychological health level
and decreasing the levels of depression, Stress, Social mal function of addicted woman with drug abuse.
Conclusion
According to the investigation from the hypothesizes analysis,
it can be nor the worthing to said that the levels of Psychological
disorders in the women decreased during the teaching Sessions,
as well.
Keywords
Psychological Positive Interventions, Mental Health, Women, Drug
show that Emotional Intelligence have significant difference
among addicted person and none-addicted person. Coping strategy and self-regulation also have significant difference among addicted and none-addicted person.
Social Support and Drug Tendency
in Student
indicated that the material craving scores, there was no significant
difference in NA. And the Results showed that the number of slip
and craving scores in the methadone group there was a significant
relationship.
Saeid Askari1, Saeid Sadeghi2, Zahra Hasani3, Zahra Sahragard4
1. Razi University
2. Shahid Beheshti University
3. Razi
4. Razi
Conclusion
Background and Aim
The purpose of this study is the relationship between social support (family) with a tendency to addiction.
Keywords
Methods
The study sample consisted of all students in the Faculty of Social Sciences, Razi University, selected using random sampling.
Correlation coefficient was used to analyze the data.
Results
Showed that social support has a significant negative correlation
with the tendency to addiction.
Conclusion
Increasing social support resources and enhance social supports
quality can reduce the tendency to be addictive.
Keywords
Social Support , Drug Tendency , Student
NA group, Methadone Maintenance Treatment, Craving
Evaluation of Self and Spiritual Health and
Marital Satisfaction among Male
Addicts Recovering in NA and MMT
Groups in the City of Susa
Satar Kaikhavani1, Koorosh Sayemiri2, Mahre Asmael Chegani3
1. Assistance Professor. Department of Psycology, Ilam Science and Research
Branch, Medical Sciences University, Ilam, Iran
3. MA in Psycology, Department of Psycology, Ilam Science and Research
Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran.
Background and Aim
Comparison of Craving Score Based on
Imagery-Induced Craving in Addicts under
Methadone Treatment in NA and
Associations Referred to these
Centers in the City of Susa
Satar Kaikhavani1, Koorosh Sayemiri2, Mahre Asmael Chegani3
3. MA in Psycology, Department of Psycology, Ilam Science and Research
Nranch, Islamic Azad University, Ilam, Iran.
Background and Aim
Drug addiction, is today one of the fundamental problems of human life is considered. This study compares craving scores based
on imagery-induced craving in addicts treated with methadone
detox Narcotics Anonymous, which has been carried out.
Methods
In this study the cause - a comparison of 80 patients (40 men
and 40 women methadone NA) man recovering addict who spent
detoxification period is included.
Results
The test evaluates the different groups of drug craving, as well
as the validity and reliability of the localization is perfect, most of
the features of this phenomenon can be detected before and after
treatment to determine how successful protocols in reducing craving and relapse prevention addiction help.
showed that the highest score among test-related cravings is tramadol test. Results also showed that there was no significant difference between the two groups cravings. And the chi-square test
Drug abuse is a disaster for consumers, their families and society, Therefore, as a major cause of social, economic, health,
criminology known. This study aimed at comparing spiritual
health, restraint and marital satisfaction in married male addicts in
Narcotics Anonymous (NA) and methadone maintenance therapy
(MMT) was performed.
Methods
In this comparison, the number of 25 persons men volunteers
(members of Narcotics Anonymous and the 25 subjects MMT,
with an age range of 60-30 years with at least 6 months of abstinence from food, the city of Susa, the scale of spiritual well
Pvlvtzyn and Ellison restraint, self-made and completed marital
satisfaction.
Results
Significant test of Leuven (0/697) more than 5 0/0 indicating
equal variances between the two groups. So the average recurrence rate was not significantly different between the groups.
Conclusion
The following Results were obtained from this study: 1. Between
the two groups in terms of marital satisfaction na and there are significant differences 0.2 mmt. Mmt between na and there are significant differences in terms of spiritual health. Three. Between the two
groups in terms of self-mmt na and there are significant differences.
Keywords
Spiritual Well-Being, Self-Control, Sexual Satisfaction
Effect of TCS-OX2-29 Orexin-2 Receptor
Antagonist Microinjected into the
Nucleus Accumbens on Morphine
Sensitization by Conditioned Place
Preference Paradigm in Rat
Nasim Assar1, Dorna Mahmoudi2, Seyede Zahra Mousavi3, Abbas Haghparast4
1. Department of Toxicology & Pharmaceutical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad
University (IAUPS)
University (IAUPS)
University (IAUPS)
4. Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Background and Aim
It has been reported that orexins (hypocretin) are important neuropeptides in reward. Previous studies have shown that orexin receptor in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) is necessary for development of morphine place preference. The present study extended
the role of orexin receptors within the NAc in opioid sensitization.
In this study, the effects of bilateral administration TCS OX2 29
of, orexin-2 (OX2) receptor antagonist, on the acquisition of morphine sensitization by morphine-induced conditioned place preference (CPP) in rats were investigated.
Background and Aim
because ability to regulating emotions is very important in human behavior, recognizing affect of them in tendency to substance
abuse and addiction can be useful in primary prevention. The aim
of this research is comparing Difficulties in Emotion Regulation
between people with substance abuse and people without.
Methods
50 men aged 25-50 with substance abuse and 50 men with the
same age range without substance abuse were participated in this
study. Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS) administered on both groups. Means of Difficulties in Emotion Regulation score in both groups were analyzed by SPSS and independent
t-test.
Results
the mean of Difficulties in Emotion Regulation (x=128.72) in
substance abuse group was higher than normal group (x=65.32).
In other word the difference between two groups in mean of
scores was statistically significant (p> 0.05, t= 33.31).
Conclusion
Difficulties in Emotion Regulation in substance abuse group are
higher than normal group.
Keywords
Methods
Adult male albino Wistar rats were used in this experiment.
Rat were bilaterally implanted by two cannulae in the NAc, and
received intra-NAc infusions of OX2 receptors antagonist TCS
OX2 29 (2, 10 and 20 nM/side) 10 min before injection of morphine during sensitization period. In this period, animal received
repeated administration of morphine once daily for three days
(sensitization period) followed by 5 days free of the drug. Then,
CPP paradigm has been performed for evaluation of morphine rewarding properties.
Difficulties in Emotion Regulation (DERS), Addict, Non Addict.
Cigarette Smoking Evaluation of
Prevalence and Causes of Male Students
in Tabriz University
Hafez Atapour1, Mahdi Zare2, Babak Mohammadi3, Amir Ahmadi4
Results
Data showed that bilateral administration of TCS OX2 29 into
the NAc dose-dependently reduced acquisition of morphine sensitization.
Conclusion
Our findings indicated that OX2 receptors within NAc are involved in acquisition of morphine sensitization.
Keywords
Orexin, Nucleus Accumbens, Morphine Sensitization, Conditioned Place Preference, Rat
Comparing Difficulties in Emotion
Regulation between People with
Addict and Non Addict.
Rozita Astaneh1
1. Tehran
Background and Aim
Tobacco is the most common form of nicotine that is being
smoked in forms of: cigarettes, cigars and pipe. Nicotine is addictive, just like cocaine and heroin. According to the world Health
Assessment, there are approximately one billion smokers in the
world that consume 6 trillion thread cigarettes each year. In addition, tobacco is contributed to the death of 3 million. Smoking effects include: urinary tract and bladder cancer, lung cancer,
laryngeal cancer, obstructive pulmonary disease, and etc. It also
increases blood cholesterol, and causes coronary artery disease.
The Results also show that there is a significant negative relationship between mental health and addiction potential.
Methods
This study is aimed to determine the outbreak and the causes
of tendencies toward cigarette smoking among male students in
Tabriz University. 169 male students in Tabriz University were selected by random cluster sampling. This study was cross-sectional, descriptive analysis of the data required were collected through
a questionnaire. The data were analyzed by chi-square test lead.
Results
The Results showed that 38/5 % of students smoke. Also, there
was a significant relationship between the age of entering college,
academic failure of students and the tendency toward smoking.
The chi-square test Results showed that there is a significant relationship between cigarette smoking and smoking in the families
of the students (p=0/001).
Conclusion
This study showed that there exists a significant relationship
between the age of entry to university, academic failure, family
smoking, and smoking in students. So we can say that the most
important factors of smoking among students are: family, friends,
and academic problems. The Results of these researches are consistent with the findings of Ghasemi (1382).
Keywords
Prevalence, Causes, Trends, and Smoking; Students
Reviews Using Drugs, Alcohol and
Psychotropic Drugs Among Adolescents
and Youth 15-35 Years Old Students
and Non-Students in Tabriz.
Hafez Atapour1, Mahdi Zare2, Amir Ahamadi3, Babak Mohammadi4
Background and Aim
One of the important issues and challenges in recent years that
have been appeared seriously in Iran among youth, students and
non-students, is the issue of drugs, alcohol and psychotropic
drugs. Therefore, the need to scientific study and as far as possible
accurate state of the current substance abuse to develop prevention programs by community mental health practitioners at the
national level makes it necessary.
Methods
The aim of the present research was to study drugs, alcohol and
psychotropic drugs among adolescents and young adults, 20-35
years old students and non-students in Tabriz. The study sample
of this research were youth 15-35 years old in Tabriz that was
conducted from 4 region of Tabriz by cluster random sampling.
And a sample of survey data from 1600 was used to calculate
and collect demographic questionnaire and the Beck Depression
Inventory and a questionnaire.
Results
To investigate the prevalence of stimulants, alcohol, psychotropic drugs, Scheffe and chi-square tests were used. Results showed
a significant difference between students and non-students of the
smoking and alcohol (p=0/05); and, psychotropic drugs and stimulant medications of this groups showed no significant difference
(p=0/243).
Conclusion
Results of this study showed that smoking rate among students is
18/5 percent and among non-students is 20/1 percent. Chi-square
test showed that there are significant differences of smoking and
alcohol between the two groups. In other words, students have to
consume more alcohol. Students compared to other students in the
use of stimulant medications do not show significant differences.
Results showed that depression is significan

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