Glasteel 9100 revised q4

®
Worldwide Glasteel 9100
More than 100 years
have passed since
Pfaudler bonded glass
to steel and created a
fused composite that
has become the standard for glass-lined
process equipment.
Today, throughout
the world, Pfaudler
Glasteel products are
providing outstanding
service in a broad range
of applications in the
chemical process
and pharmaceutical
industries.
Glass is fused to steel in
vertical firing furnaces at
temperatures between 700˚
and 950˚C.
Why Glasteel?
The benefits of Pfaudler glass-lined equipment are
well known:
• Glasteel is resistant to most corrosive substances
even under extreme thermal conditions.
• Glasteel is essentially inert, so it cannot
adversely affect product purity or flavor.
• Glasteel resists the buildup of viscous or sticky
products, which means better heat transfer, less
frequent cleaning and higher productivity.
• Glasteel is strong. Fusing glass to steel produces a
high strength, corrosive resistant composite.
Now, A Glass for the World
In recent years, because of the expansion of the
chemical process and pharmaceutical industries
worldwide and increased concerns for safety and
quality control, Pfaudler began investigating new
approaches in glass development that would lead
to a glass composition that could be made available
to all users of glass-lined equipment.
Together with the chemical process industry and
with the cooperation of Pfaudler divisions around
the world, Pfaudler established the criteria for a new
composition:
• A non-crystalline structure.
• Increased resistance to acid and alkali corrosion.
• High resistance to impact.
• High resistance to thermally induced stresses.
• A formulation that could be easily produced by all
Pfaudler manufacturing plants.
The result is Glasteel 9100, Pfaudler’s first “international glass,” offering an unmatched combination
of corrosion resistance, impact strength, thermal
shock resistance, non-adherence and heat transfer
efficiency. Now Pfaudler customers, regardless of
where their processing operations are located, can
purchase a single glass system and be assured of
getting the same high quality worldwide. With
Glasteel 9100, Pfaudler sets a standard the world
can depend on.
Technical Data on Glasteel 9100
The remainder of this brochure provides technical
data for Glasteel 9100. In addition to presenting
chemical and physical characteristics, this material
describes performance under various conditions,
identifies testing procedures used by Pfaudler
researchers and provides a variety of other information derived from Pfaudler research and experience
in the field, all of which is intended to help the user.
Molten glass is poured into
a sparger during the frit
manufacturing operation.
1
The resistance of Glasteel 9100 to acids, water,
alkalis and other chemical solutions is presented
in Figure 1. Based on the isocorrosion curve
(0.1 mm/year) of a number of hydrous acids and
alkalis, it describes in general the resistance of
Glasteel 9100 to these substances. Isocorrosion curves
for specific acid and alkali solutions are included in
the sections that follow.
Characteristic Resistance Curves
Acids
300
Not Resistant
These curves are the result of a test procedure
that includes a parameter especially pertinent
to glass-lined equipment in service, i.e. the
ratio between liquid volume and the glass
surface area. The test conditions according
1
to DIN 51174 (see Test Conditions section on
page 8) meet this requirement.
1DIN: Deutsche Industrie Norm.
Not Resistant
200
Resistant Within Limits
˚C
isocorrosion curves for acids most commonly used
in the chemical industry: hydrochloric, sulfuric,
nitric, phosphoric and acetic.
Isocorrosion Curves for Acids
100
Fully Resistant
0
Hydrous
pH Acid
200
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Acid
(H2O)
Alkaline
Hydrous
Base
Hydrochloric Acid
180
HCl
160
140
120
SiO2 Inhibition
Acids
0.5 mm/yr
˚C
Figure 1. Characteristic resistance curves for acid and alkaline solutions
(isocorrosion curve 0.1 mm/year and 0.2 mm/year.)
0.02 mm/year
250ppm SiO2
0.2 mm/yr
0.1 mm/yr
Fully Resistant
100
10
20
30
%HCl by Weight
Volume to Surface Area Ratio (V/O)=20
Outstanding acid resistance under extreme
process conditions is a primary characteristic of
Glasteel 9100. In the charts that follow, we present
Sulfuric Acid
220
0.5 mm/yr
H2SO4
Boiling point test apparatus
is used to determine glass
corrosion resistance
in acid and water
environments.
180
˚C
0.2 mm/yr
140
SiO2 Inhibition
0.02 mm/year
250ppm SiO2
0.1 mm/yr
Fully Resistant
100
20
40
60
80
%H2SO4 by Weight
Volume to Surface Area Ratio (V/O)=20
200
Nitric Acid
180
HNO3
160
˚C
140
SiO2 Inhibition
0.02 mm/year
250ppm SiO2
0.5 mm/yr
0.2 mm/yr
0.1 mm/yr
Fully Resistant
120
100
20
40
60
%HNO3 by Weight
Volume to Surface Area Ratio (V/O)=20
2
100
Reagent-grade acids were used in the laboratory
tests that produced these curves. In a practical operation, these acids are usually of a lower grade and
are mixed with other chemical species. Other factors
such as velocity, phase type, (e.g. liquid, vapor,
condensing vapor, splash zone, hardness and size
distribution of a particulate phase) can also affect the
corrosion rate. Dependent on a variety of complex
interacting factors, increases (catalysis) or decreases
(inhibition) in corrosive reactivity over the pure
chemical rates should be expected. It is for this reason
that statistically oriented testing using the identical
recipes and operational parameters to the actual
process is strongly recommended.
220
0.5 mm/yr
Phosphoric Acid
H3PO4
180
0.2 mm/yr
˚C
140
SiO2 Inhibition
100
0.01 mm/year
200ppm SiO2
0.1 mm/yr
Fully Resistant
20
40
60
80
%H3PO4 by Weight
Volume to Surface Area Ratio (V/O)=20
0.5 mm/yr
CH3COOH 200
˚C
SiO2 Inhibition
0.08 mm/year
100ppm SiO2
180
0.2 mm/yr
0.1 mm/yr
Fully Resistant
160
20
40
60
80
(Using 20% HCl at 160˚C)
0.6
0.4
VL
mm/year
VL =
mm/year liquid
phase corrosion
rate
ppm = parts/million
0.2
50
100
ppm SiO2
Figure 2. SiO2 effect on glass corrosion using 20% HCl at 160˚C.
Note: We present this test data as a guideline only. Extrapolation or
interpolation to actual conditions is next to impossible.
Chemical Inhibition
There are a variety of chemical species that will
inhibit the corrosion rate of glass. However, these are
very recipe sensitive and general statements cannot
usually be made. An exception to this are chemistries
that involve the element silicon (Si), especially when
4+
4ionized, e.g. Si , SiO4. As shown in both Figure 2 and
on the isocorrosion curves, relatively small amounts
of dissolved SiO2 can be highly effective in reducing
the corrosion rate of the Glasteel 9100 system,
thereby greatly extending its use range. It has also
been shown that colloidal silica additions to recipes
containing the highly corrosive fluorine ion (F-)
can drastically reduce the corrosive rate.
Glasteel 9100 has a natural
resistance to most corrosive
materials and resists buildup
of products that adhere to
even highly polished
metal surfaces.
220
Acetic Acid
100
SiO2 Effect on Glass Corrosion
100
%CH3COOH by Weight
Volume to Surface Area Ratio (V/O)=20
3
Water
Pure Water
Pure water in the liquid phase is not very aggressive.
Its behavior resembles highly diluted acid and
corrodes only the surface layer of the glass (“ion
exchange process”). At 170°C, a corrosion rate of
0.1 mm/year can be expected.
But because this water is an unbuffered, pH-unstable
system, even a slight alkalization can change the
situation. If there is a shift toward higher pH values,
the isocorrosion curves for diluted alkaline solutions
have to be consulted for orientation purposes.
Glasteel 9100 is highly resistant to condensing water
vapor. However, to counter the possible danger of
the condensate shifting to an alkaline pH, it is recommended that the vessel contents be slightly acidified
with a volatile acid, e.g. hydrochloric or acetic acid.
It is also highly recommended that the unjacketed
top head be insulated or heat traced to reduce
condensation formation.
Aqueous Neutral pH Media
With these type media, e.g. tap water, salt
solutions, corrosion rate depends greatly on
the type and quantity of the dissolved substance.
Carbonates and phosphates usually increase
the rate while alcohols and some ionic species,
3+
2+
2+
e.g. Al , Zn Ca , may reduce it.
Alkalis
As alkali concentration rises, corrosion rate
increases. Also, the temperature gradient for
alkaline glass corrosion is steeper. The result is
that concentrated alkalis require a more definite
setting of the temperature limits.
The corrosion rate of concentrated alkaline
solutions cannot be expressed by the pH value
alone. For aqueous solutions of alkaline materials
with a pH value of 14, the particular concentration
must also be considered to establish appropriate
operating temperatures. Other factors affecting
alkaline corrosion are the specific reaction and the
dissolving ability of the chemical, the influence of the
nature and amount of other dissolved substances
and agitation.
Isocorrosion curves are presented on page 5 for
sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, sodium
carbonate and ammonia. They take into account
technically relevant parameters influencing the
rate of corrosion; for example, the volume/
surface area ratio, inhibition effects by calcium
ions, alkaline concentration and temperature.
Pipe and fittings are also
available in glassed steel
construction.
4
The information in the graphs is based on pure
alkaline solutions. Under actual operating conditions, even very slight contamination (tap water in
sodium hydroxide, for example) can cause major
changes in the rate of corrosion. Other factors, such
as product velocity and splash zone, can affect the
corrosion rate as well. Due to these interactive
complexities, meaningful testing is strongly advised.
To eliminate the influence of the testing equipment
on the rate of corrosion, procedures were carried out
in polypropylene bottles. For solutions above the
boiling point, autoclaves with PTFE inserts were
used. By comparing the results with control experiments, it was proven that the testing equipment did
not have an inhibiting effect.
Isocorrosion Curves for Alkalis
NaOH
11
12
13
14 pH
0.5 mm/yr
100
˚C
80
0.2 mm/yr
60
0.1 mm/yr
Fully Resistant
0.0001 0.001 0.01
0.05
0.1
0.5
1
5
10 20
%NaOH By Weight
Volume to Surface Area Ratio (V/O)=20
Potassium Hydroxide
KOH
10
120
11
12
13
14 pH
0.5 mm/yr
100
˚C
80
0.2 mm/yr
60
Other Chemicals
0.1 mm/yr
Fully Resistant
40
0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.050.1
Table 1 provides general information on the
resistance of Glasteel 9100 to some other chemical
substances. The data is based on practical experience
and laboratory tests.
NOTE: Pfaudler provides this information without
obligation, and we do not claim it is complete. We
strongly recommend testings for any exposure not
listed in Table 1, especially for combinations of
chemicals. Pfaudler also recommends performing
corrosion tests or contacting Pfaudler even for those
conditions listed, as details of individualized
processes may accelerate or inhibit corrosion.
10
120
Sodium Hydroxide
0.5
1
5
10 20
%KOH by Weight
Volume to Surface Area Ratio (V/O)=20
10
120
Sodium Carbonate
11
12 pH
0.5 mm/yr
Na2CO3
100
˚C
80
0.2 mm/yr
60
0.1 mm/yr
Fully Resistant
40
0.001
0.01
0.1
0.5
1
5
10
%Na2CO3 by Weight
Volume to Surface Area Ratio (V/O)=20
120
Ammonia
NH3
10
11
80
0.2 mm/yr
0.1 mm/year
Fully Resistant
60
40
0.001
13 pH
0.5 mm/yr
100
˚C
12
0.01
0.05
0.1
0.5
1
5
10 20
%NH3 By Weight
Volume to Surface Area Ratio (V/O)=20
5
Standard Procedures
Although the older test equipment and associated
procedures do not completely eliminate inhibition type effects caused by a reduced volume to
surface area ratio, they still can provide, by way
of a detailed standard testing format, valuable
comparative type data.
Welding of jacket
to Glasteel 9100 vessel.
Glasteel vessel with
Cryo-Lock® agitator.
6
Acids
The cut-away view
of this glass-lined
demonstration vessel
shows a fin baffle and
Cyro-Lock® agitator
in position. Some of
the other available
Cryo-Lock® impeller
configurations are
displayed at the foot
of the reactor.
This procedure is suitable for all acids up to the
boiling point. It gives quantitative data for the
condensing vapor phase.
For above the boiling point conditions, Pfaudler
has developed a pressurized autoclave along
with the associated procedure. This has been
standardized in DIN1 51174 and is discussed more
fully under Test Conditions.
Salt Melts and Highly Viscous Liquids
Testing dishes must be covered by glass and
heated in a dryer, oil or sand bath. Qualitative data
is obtained.
Alkalis
This procedure can be used for all alkalis to
provide quantitative data for the liquid phase.
Water
This procedure is used at the boiling point to
yield quantitative data for the condensing
vapor phase.
Water
Procedure
Samples
(Test Plates)
Test Unit
Acids
Procedure
Samples
(Test Plates)
Test Unit
According to DIN-ISO 2744
According to DIN-ISO 2723
According to DIN-ISO 2733, Sheet 2
According to DIN-ISO1 2743, Sheet 1
According to DIN-ISO 2723
According to DIN-ISO 2733, Sheet 2
Alkalis
Procedure
Samples
(Test Plates)
1DIN: Deutsche Industrie Norm; ISO: International Standards Organization.
Test Unit
According to DIN-ISO 2745
According to DIN-ISO 2723
According to DIN-ISO 2734
7
For safety reasons, we need to know the maximum
possible attack of a pure acid on glass coatings.
Inhibiting influences, therefore, must be excluded.
In the last few years, however, when glass-lined
vessels were increasingly used at the limits of their
ranges, Pfaudler tracked down a phenomenon
that is also of major importance in connection with
corrosion in the vessel: the ratio between liquid
volume and glass surface area. The graph in
Figure 3 shows how this ratio changes with the
size of the vessel. This new understanding
required a new set of test conditions for practical
corrosion testing.
Test Conditions (DIN1 51174)
Under the new test conditions, very small
dumbbell shaped immersion samples, completely
coated with glass so as to precisely determine the
weight loss, are exposed to reagent-grade acids
for 24 hours. These samples have a glass-lined
2
surface area of 11 or 25 cm , depending on the type
of dumbbell used. They are immersed in large
acid volumes (500 ml) in autoclaves with a
tantalum lining to prevent any SiO2 inhibition.
1DIN: Deutsche Industrie Norm;
White Glasteel
9100 with blue
calibration lines.
8
The isocorrosion curves shown for hydrochloric acid,
sulfuric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid and acetic
acid, were obtained under these severe conditions.
In addition to the glass coating, other components of
the system, e.g. repairs or seals, must be carefully
evaluated for suitability as they may have
lower resistivities.
Liquid Volume/Glass Surface
Area Ratio with Vessel Filled
60
Volume/Surface Area
(ml/cm2)
Practical Scale Corrosion Testing
40
20
5
10
15
Product Volume V (m3)
Figure 3. Liquid volume/glass surface area ratio
(V/O) with vessel filled.
20
One or more ground coats
(primer) and several corrosionresistant cover coats are applied
to Pfaudler glass-lined equipment.
9
Table 1.
Resistance of Worldwide Glasteel 9100 to Chemical Substances
This data is provided as a ready reference for those in the chemical and pharmaceutical industries.
AGENT
A
acetic acid
acrylic acid
aluminum acetate
aluminum chlorate
aluminum chloride
aluminum potassium sulfate
aminoethanol
m-aminophenol
aminophenol sulfonic acid
ammonia
ammonium-carbonate
ammonium chloride
ammonium nitrate
ammonium phosphate
ammonium sulfate
ammonium sulfate
ammonium sulfide
ammonium sulfide
aniline
antimony (III) chloride
antimony (V) chloride
aqua regia
B
barium hydoxide
barium sulfate
benzaldehyde
benzene
benzoic acid
benzyl chloride
boric acid
boron trifluoride ether complex
bromine
butanol
C
calcium chloride (free of CaO)
carbon dioxide
carbon dioxide
carbon disulfide
carbon tetrachloride
chloride bleaching agent
chlorinated paraffin
chlorine
chlorine water
chlorosulfonic acid
chlorpropionic acid
chromic acid
chromic acid
chromic sulfuric acid
citric acid
cupric chloride
cupric nitrate
cupric sulfate
10
CONC.
˚C
RESISTANCE
–
i
melt
w
10%w
50%w
i
i
i
w
10%w
w
w
w
w
melt
w
100
w
100
100
–
150
200
110
bp
120
170
150
130
–
bp
150
bp
bp
bp
320
80
140
184
220
150
150
sp3
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
sp5
1
1
1
1
1
3
1
3
1
1
1
1
w
w
100
–
i
100
w
–
w
100
bp
150
150
–
150
130
150
–
100
140
2
1
1
2
1
1
1
2
1
1
w
w
w
100
100
w
i
vapor
w
100
w
30%w
w
w
10%w
5%w
50%w
w
150
150
250
200
200
150
180
200
180
150
175
100
150
200
bp
150
100
150
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
AGENT
cyano acetic acid
cyanoacetamide
D
o, m-dichlorobenzene
dichloro-acetic acid
dichloro-propionic acid
diethylamine
diethylamino-propanol
diethyl ether
dimethylamino-propanol
dimethyl sulfate
E
ethyl acetate
ethyl alcohol
ethylene diamine
F
fatty acid diethanolamide
fatty acids
ferric chloride
ferric (II) chloride
ferric (III) chloride
fluoride in aqu. acid sol.
formaldehyde
formic acid
fumaric acid
G
gallic acid
glutamic acid
glycerine
glycol
glycolic acid
H
heptane
hexane
hydrazine hydrate
hydrazine hydrate
hydrazine sulfate
hydrochloric acid
hydrogen peroxide
hydrogen sulfide
hydroiodic acid
hydroiodic acid
I
iodine
iron sulfate
isoamyl alcohol
isopropyl alcohol
L
lactic acid
lead acetate
lithium chloride
lithium chloride
CONC.
˚C
RESISTANCE
w
i
100
100
1
1
100
w
100
100
100
100
100
100
220
150
175
100
150
100
150
150
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
100
100
98%w
200
200
80
1
1
1
i
i
10%w
w
w
–
100
98%w
i
105
150
bp
150
150
–
150
180
150
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
i
i
100
100
57%w
100
40
100
150
150
1
1
1
1
1
–
–
80%w
40%w
10%w
–
30%w
w
20%w
60%w
–
–
90
90
50
–
70
150
160
130
2
2
1
1
1
sp2
1
1
1
1
i
w
100
100
200
150
150
150
1
1
1
1
95%w
w
4%w
30%w
bp
300
80
bp
1
1
2
2
AGENT
lithium hydroxide conc.
M
magnesium carbonate
magnesium chloride
magnesium sulfate
maleic acid
methanol
methyl ester of
o-hydroxy-benzoic acid
monochloracetic acid
N
naphthalene
naphthalene sulfonic acid
nitrogen oxides
nitrobenzene
nitric acid
O
octanol
o-hydroxy-benzoic acid
oleum
ortho chlor-benzoic acid
oxalic acid
CONC.
80
3
w
30%w
w
w
100
100
110
150
180
200
1
1
1
1
1
i
w
150
bp
1
1
melt
w
w
100
–
215
180
200
150
–
1
1
1
1
sp2
100
w
(10% SO3)
w
50%w
140
150
170
250
150
1
1
1
1
1
110
bp
–
200
100
–
90
80
100
110
100
260
150
140
200
bp
bp
–
bp
150
150
bp
90
1
1
2
1
1
sp3
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
sp5
1
1
1
1
1
bp
95
bp
300
2
1
1
1
palmitic acid
i
perchloric acid
70%w
perfluoro cyclic ether, anhydrous –
phenol
100
phenolphthalein
i
phosphoric acid
–
phosphoric ethyl ester
100
phosphorous acid (F-free)
w
phosphorous acid (F-free)
w
phosphorous oxychloride (F-free) w
phosphorous trichloride (F-free) 100
phthalic anhydride
i
picric acid
i
poly phosphoric acid
w
potassium bisulfate
melt
potassium bromide
w
potassium chloride
w
potassium hydroxide
–
pyridine
100
pyridine chloride
i
pyridine hydrochloride
i
pyrogallic acid
5%w
pyrrolidine
100
S
RESISTANCE
w
P
sodium bicarbonate
sodium bicardonate, 1N
sodium biphosphate
sodium bisulfate
˚C
w
w
50%w
w
AGENT
CONC.
˚C
sodium bisulfite
sodium carbonate
sodium chlorate
sodium chloride
sodium ethylate
sodium fluoride
sodium glutamate
sodium hydroxide
sodium hypochloride
sodium methylate
sodium nitrate
sodium sulfide
stearic acid
succinic acid
sulfur
sulfur dioxide
sulfuric acid
2%w
–
w
w
i
–
w
–
w
i
w
4%w
i
w
i
w
–
150
–
80
bp
bp
–
150
–
70
90
320
50
160
200
150
200
–
1
sp5
1
1
1
2
1
sp5
1
1
1
2
1
2
1
1
sp2
w
w
100
w
–
w
w
30%w
w
–
30%w
50%w
5%w
150
140
150
250
–
150
250
80
130
–
80
80
bp
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
3
2
1
1
2
urea
i
150
1
water
–
–
sp2
o, m, p xylenes
–
–
2
w
melt
w
bp
330
140
1
1
1
T
tannic acid
tartaric acid
tetrachloroethylene
tin chloride
toluene
trichloro-acetic acid
triethanolamine
triethylamine
triethylamine
trifluoracetic acid, anhydrous
trimethyl-amine
trisodium phosphate
trisodium phosphate
U
W
X
Z
zinc bromide
zinc chloride
zinc chloride
RESISTANCE
Legend
1
Good resistance
2
Contact Pfaudler
3
Not resistant
i
All concentrations
up to saturation in an
inert solvent
w
All concentrations up
to saturation in water,
unless otherwise noted
bp
boiling point
sp
See page (of this
brochure)
11
Temperature Limits
Although Pfaudler glasses are modified to make
them adhere to steel, and the firing process incorporates helpful compressive stresses in the glass layer,
they are prone to excessive thermal stresses. There
are definite limits beyond which damage can occur.
Reactant Temperature (Chart A) and Jacket
Temperature (Chart B) on the vertical axes.
With Chart B, it is also necessary to know the heat
transfer film coefficient of the jacket media. Three
2
curves are shown: one for steam (8500 W/m K) and
2
two for typical heating oils (1500 and 1000 W/m K).
“Safe” operating temperatures vary with conditions.
Because so many variables are involved, temperature
ranges are given only as a guide for standard vessels,
including those with half-pipe jackets. Operation
below the maximum temperature and above the
minimum is strongly recommended.
Operating Temperature: Practical Examples
Only two conditions must be considered when determining the temperature limits of a Glasteel vessel:
A. Introduction of reactants into a vessel.
B. Introduction of media into a jacket.
Procedure. Since the reactants are being introduced
into the vessel, Chart A applies. Find the temperature
of 100°C on the reactants temperature axis. If you follow
this constant temperature along the wall temperature axis,
you will see it intersects the polygon at wall temperatures
of -30°C (ASME vessel) and -60°C (DIN vessel) at the
lower temperature end and at 210°C at the upper
temperature end.
The limits for condition A are determined from
Chart A; those for condition B from Chart B.
In both cases, the safe operating range lies within
the polygons as outlined on the charts. Wall temperature is plotted on the horizontal axes of both charts;
Example 1.
Determine the maximum and minimum
allowable wall temperatures of a vessel when
introducing reactants at 100°C into the vessel.
Answer. Reactants at 100°C can be introduced safely into a vessel whose wall temperature is between
-30°C ASME/-60°C DIN and 210°C.
Chart A
Vessel Side
250
Lower temperature
limits depend on
code and thickness*
Temperature of Reactants (˚C)
*ASME Code limits
low temperature to
-29˚C for under
25mm (1 inch)
thickness on
standard design.
DIN Standard limits
low temperature to
-60˚C on standard
design.
200
150
100
50
0
ASME
-50
DIN
Heating
Cooling
-100
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
Wall Temperature (˚C)
12
200
250
Example 2.
intersects the polygon at reactant temperatures of 0°
and 232°C.
A vessel with a wall temperature of 100°C is to
be heated using hot oil with a heat transfer film
2
coefficient of 1500W/m K. What is the maximum
temperature oil that can be used?
Answer. The maximum and minimum temperatures of
reactants that can be introduced into a vessel with a wall
temperature of 150°C are 232° and 0°C respectively.
Procedure. Since the media is being introduced into
the jacket, Chart B applies. Find the wall temperature
of 100°C along the wall temperature axis. If you follow
this line along the jacket temperature axis, it intersects
the oil (1500W/m2K) polygon at a jacket temperature
of 257°C.
Example 4.
Steam is being used to heat reactants in a vessel.
The vessel contents are at 125°C. Can steam at
250°C be introduced into the jacket?
Procedure. Chart B applies. The intersection of
a wall temperature of 125°C and a jacket temperature
of 250°C is outside the steam polygon on the chart.
Answer. The maximum allowable temperature of a
1500W/m2K oil introduced into the jacket of a 100°C
vessel is 257°C.
Answer. Steam at 250°C cannot be introduced safely
into a vessel whose contents are at 125°C.
Example 3.
A batch has just been completed and the wall temperature of the vessel is 150°C. What are the upper
and lower temperature limits of reactants that can
be introduced in the vessel for the next batch?
CAUTION: While pressure loads are included in
the Charts, other mechanical stressing effects, (e.g.
nozzle loadings) are not. Since most of these stress
type loads are additive, a combined loading analysis
must be done and the appropriate safety factors incorporated. Contact Pfaudler for further information.
Procedure. Chart A applies. Find the temperature of
150°C on the wall temperature axis. This line
Chart B
Jacket Side
*ASME Code limits
low temperature to
-29˚C for under
25mm (1 inch)
thickness on
standard design.
DIN Standard limits
low temperature to
-60˚C on standard
design.
Oil (1000 W/m2K)
Oil (1500 W/m2K)
Steam
300
Temperature of Jacket Media (˚C)
Lower temperature
limits depend on
code and thickness*
400
200
100
0
ASME
DIN
Heating
Cooling
-100
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
200
250
Wall Temperature (˚C)
13
Thermal Conductivity
Steel allows the glass lining to be kept relatively
thin compared to self-supporting glass equipment.
Thus, the low thermal conductivity of the glass is
counter-balanced by the high heat transfer coefficient
of the steel. Due to the chemical bond between glass
and steel, no interface heat transfer resistance needs
to be taken into account.
Table 2 compares the overall heat transfer coefficients
for pure stainless steel and glassed steel reactors
under four typical process conditions. Note, contrary
to popular belief, that the thinner stainless reactor
in three of the four process conditions does not
show the usually assumed significant heat transfer
advantage over the glassed steel reactor. In actual
operation, the usefulness of Glasteel is further enhanced due to its inherent resistance to heat robbing,
process side fouling.
Table 3 gives pertinent material properties for both
the glass and low carbon steel substrate .
Every Pfaudler vessel
undergoes repeated inspections
from the inside out to assure the
highest performance and reliability.
14
Table 2.
Heat Transfer Coefficients
Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient (Service U)* W/m2K**
Material of Construction
Heating Water
with Steam
Heating Water
with Heat
Transfer Oil
Cooling
Organic Liquid
with Water
Cooling Viscous
Organic Liquid
with Water
Stainless reactor
0.656 in. (16.7 mm) wall✝
512
353
199
95
Glasteel reactor,
0.05 in. (1.3 mm) glass
0.688 in. (17.5mm) steel✝
437
316
185
94
Combined film
conductance,
hi ho
hi+ho
1703
778
284
114
(Barrier Material)
* Fouling factors typical to process fluids and materials of construction are included.
** Divide by 5.678 for conversion to BTU/hr ft2 -˚F.
✝ Thickness based on 1,000-gallon reactors for service at same pressures.
Table 3.
Material Properties for Glass and Low Carbon Steel
Property
Adhesion
(Glass on steel)
Compressive strength
Density
Dielectric strength
Glass
Low Carbon Steel
>100 N/mm2
(14.5 x 103 lb/in2)
–
800 - 1000 N/mm2
(11.6 - 14.5 x 104 lb/in2)
~240 N/mm2
(~34.5 x 103 lb/in2)
2.5 g/cm3
(0.09 lb/in3)
7.8 g/cm3
(0.28 lb/in3)
20 - 30 kv/mm
(508 - 762 v/mil)
0.1%
15 - 35%
1 - 2 mm
(39 - 79 mils)
–
600 Vickers
(5.5 Mohs scale)
100 Vickers
(62 HRB)
88 x 10-7/C
(49 x 10-7 /F)
136 x 10-7 /C
(76 x 10-7 /F)
75,000 N/mm2
(10.9 x 106 lb/in2)
210,000 N/mm2
(30.5 x 106 lb/in2)
Elongation
Glass thickness, average
Hardness
Linear coefficient of expansion
20˚ -400˚C
Modulus of elasticity
570˚C (1058˚F)
–
10 - 10 ohm-cm
12 x 10 ohm-cm
835 J/kg K
(0.2 BTU/lb˚F)
460 J/kg K
(0.11 BTU/lb˚F)
Surface resistance
(R.T., 60% RH)
5 x 109 ohms
–
Surface roughness
0.08 - 0.18 micrometers
(3.1 - 7.1 microinches)
–
–
Tensile strength
70 - 90 N/mm2
(10.2 - 13.1 x 103 lb/in2
380 - 515 N/mm2
(55 - 75 x 103 lb/in2)
Thermal conductivity
1.2 W/mK
(6.9 BTU - in/hr ft2 ˚F)
52W/mK
(360 BTU - in/hr ft2 ˚F)
Softening temperature
Specific electrical resistance (R.T.)
Specific heat
12
14
Glasteel 9100
dual flight Cryo-Lock®
agitator to improve
mixing.
-6
15
Cavitation
Abrasion Resistance
The introduction of steam into liquids of lower
temperature can result in the rapid collapse of the
bubbles through condensation. This collapse, termed
cavitation, can result in a considerable energy release.
If this release occurs near or at the surface of the glass,
an impact type damage may result. Cavitation type
problems may also occur due to the exothermic
volatilization of a low boiling reactant with bubble
collapse effected by condensation, pressure buildup
or kinetic reaction. The partial vacuum created on
the backside of an agitator blade can also cause
formation of low boiling vapor bubbles that may
collapse as they move to higher pressure regions.
Consult Pfaudler for further information.
Glasteel coatings are sufficiently hard (600 Vickers)
to provide excellent resistance to abrasive wear.
Electrostatic Discharge
Abrasion resistance has been measured using
both the ASTM abrasion test C448 and the
DIN test 51152.
Liquid organic media usually do not pose chemical
resistivity problems for Glasteel. However, materials
that possess low specific conductivities, e.g. hexane,
the xylenes, toluene, benzene, heptane, either alone
or in combination with other liquids, solids and/or
vapor phases, may lead to an electrostatic discharge
within the liquid, between the liquid and vapor, or
between the liquid/vapor and the vessel walls
or accessories. Note that this discharge can occur
even in a grounded metal vessel. Addition of static
sensitive powders through a nozzle may also present
a problem.
The electrostatic discharge could ignite a flammable
vapor in a poorly inerted atmosphere, harm instrumentation or produce a pinhole type dielectric breakdown of the protective Glasteel glass coating.
If these type problems are existent or anticipated,
professionals in the area of electrostatics should
be consulted.
16
The abrasion resistance of the glass lining by particulates is dependent on the hardness, shape, size
distribution and concentration of the particles, as
well as the characteristics of the liquid medium,
e.g. polarity.
Testing must be done under actual conditions to
ensure serviceability.
Glasteel 9100 offers the best combination of
abrasion-corrosion resistance available to the
chemical processing industry today.
2
The results were: ASTM = 3.9± 0.3 mg/cm -hr;
2
DIN = 2.5 mg/cm -hr.
Pfaudler makes a glass for your application
In addition to Worldwide Glasteel 9100, Pfaudler
offers a wide variety of unique glasses to meet
special requirements such as these:
• Elevated Operating Temperatures
• Glass Coatings for Austenitic Stainless Steels
• Higher Alkali Resistance
• Increased Resistance to Thermal Stress
• Reduced Polymer Adherence
For solutions to these challenges and others at your
location, contact Pfaudler.
The Numbering System
for Pfaudler Glasses
Many of the people reading this
brochure have had or will have an
opportunity to order glass-lined
equipment from Pfaudler. To assist
you in that process and help you
better understand how our glass
identification system works, the
following decoding information
is offered:
Pfaudler glasses are identified by a
four-digit number also used for
ordering purposes. The first two
digits represent the glass system.
For example, 91 indicates the 9100
Series of glasses. However, you cannot
simply order 9100; you must also
specify the third and fourth digits.
The third digit represents color:
1 = Dark Blue
2 = White
3 = Green
4 = Light Blue
9 = All Other
The fourth digit represents factory
DC test voltage permutations:
1 = Visual, no test voltage
2 = 5,000 Volts
3 = 7,000 Volts
4 = 12,000 Volts
5 = 15,000 Volts
9 = Any non-standard test condition
For example, an order for Pfaudler
9115 glass indicates our 9100 Series
glass in Dark Blue with a test rating
of 15,000 volts. Your Pfaudler representative will assist you in identifying the
proper specification number for your
particular order.
21
SB95-910-5
Pfaudler-Balfour Ltd.
Leven, Scotland
Pfaudler, Inc.
Rochester, New York
Chemical Reactor
Services, Ltd.
Bolton, England
Bilston, England
Glasteel® Parts
and Services
Rochester, New York
Pfaudler-Werke GmbH
Schwetzingen, Germany
Pfaudler S.A. de C.V.
Mexico City, Mexico
GMM Pfaudler
Bombay, India
Pfaudler Equipamentos
Industriais Ltda.
Taubate, SP, Brazil
The information contained
in this bulletin is believed
to be reliable general
guidelines for consideration of the products and
services described herein.
The information is general
in nature and should not
be considered applicable
to any specific process or
application. Pfaudler, Inc.
and Glasteel® Parts and
Services expressly disclaim
any warranty, expressed
or implied, of fitness for
any specific purpose in
connection with the information contained herein.
Suzhou Pfaudler
Glass-Lined Equipment
Company Ltd.
Suzhou, China
US Facilities
Pfaudler, Inc.
Rochester, New York
Tel: (1 716) 235-1000
Fax: (1716) 235-6393
Glasteel® Parts and Services
Rochester, New York
Tel: (1 716) 235-1010
Fax: (1 716) 235-7923
Worldwide Facilities
Chemical Reactor
Services Ltd.
Bolton, England
Tel: (44 1204) 862-777
Fax: (44 1204) 577-484
Bilston, England
Tel: (44 1902) 353-637
Fax: (44 1902) 495-696
GMM Pfaudler
Bombay, India
Tel: (9122) 2047470
Fax: (9122) 2049408
1/00 3M Mech No. 549
Pfaudler-Balfour Ltd.
Leven, Fife, Scotland
Tel: (44 1333) 423-020
Fax: (44 1333) 427-432
Pfaudler Equipamentos
Industriais Ltda.
Taubate, SP, Brazil
Tel: (55 122) 326-244
Fax: (55 122) 217-562
1000 West Avenue
PO Box 23600
Rochester, NY 14692-3600
Tel: 716 235 1000
Fax: 716 235 6393
www.pfaudler.com
Pfaudler S.A. de C.V.
Mexico City, Mexico
Tel: (52 5) 355-0100
Fax: (52 5) 355-0809
Pfaudler-Werke GmbH
Schwetzingen, Germany
Tel: (49 620) 2850
Fax: (49 620) 222412
Suzhou Pfaudler
Glass-Lined Equipment
Company Ltd.
Suzhou, China
Tel: (86 512) 534 1622
Fax: (86 512) 534 0870
1999 Mt. Read Blvd.
PO Box 20857
Rochester, NY 14602
Tel: 716 235 1010
Fax: 716 235 7923
Copyright ©
Pfaudler, Inc. 2000
A Unit of Robbins & Myers, Inc.
All rights reserved
Glasteel® and Cryo-Lock®
are registered trademarks
of Pfaudler, Inc.