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Of Sea and Shore
26:2:149
Description of a new Cymbiola species from small Islands in the Java Sea, Indonesia
Oentoeng Sutanto 1 & Somwang Patamakanthin 2
1
2
Jalan Pajajaran 6-8, Surabaya, Indonesia 60265
P.O.Box 123, Montri Road, Muang, Phuket, Thailand 83000
See Front & Back covers, color pages 148, 151, 152 and 214
Keywords. – Gastropoda, Volutidae, Cymbiola, Cymbiola tamariskae n. sp.
Indonesia, Java Sea, new species
Textfigs. A1-4 Plate 1, B1-4 Plate 2, C1 & C4-9 Plate 3,
bottom right shell Plate 4
Abstract
A species of Cymbiola from Masalembu Islands &
Kangean Islands, Java Sea, Indonesia, is described as
new to science. This new species, Cymbiola tamariskae
n. sp., is compared with the related species Cymbiola
nobilis (Lightfoot, 1786). These are considered to be two
valid species. C. nobilis has its widespread distribution
in South East Asia from the southernmost of Andaman
Sea at Malacca Strait, West Malaysia from south of
Penang down to southeast of Singapore Straight up to
Ca-mau Peninsula (Vietnam) and along the coast of
Vietnam up north to the western Hainan island and to
Macau, while the new species is known so far from some
small islands in the channel between the southern part
of Indonesian Borneo and the island of Java.
Cymbiola (Cymbiola) nobilis (Lightfoot, 1786) (in-part) –
Poppe & Goto, 1992: p. 165 (pl. 73 fig. 1-2 as “Kalimantan
form, Borneo”)
Cymbiola (Aulica) nobilis Lightfoot – Dharma, 1992: 5455, pl. 5 fig. 7c.
Description of Holotype
Shell of medium size, heavy, rectangularly ovate in
outline, with a low, smooth rounded yellowish orange
protoconch, the teleoconch whorls are covered with a
callosity; body whorl large, with some strong-wavy knobs
on its shoulder which subside on the posterior outer lip
margin; aperture wide, somewhat rectangular elongate,
the outer lip is solid and glossy, fairly straight then curved
and suddenly terminated at the top end, columella with
4 plaits, and the parietal wall is slightly calloused; color
pinkish cream with brownish zigzag lines throughout the
body whorl with 2 visible light spiral bands superimposed
with the frequent smaller zigzag brown patterns.
Introduction
For many years this new species of Cymbiola has been
known and regarded as a “knobby” form of the regular
Cymbiola nobilis, several specimens in the collections
of the two authors display dense characters with their
shell structures and made a study and comparison
possible and this resulted in the recognition of them as
a new & separate species.
Type material
The chart indicates the repository, the size in mm (length x width x height)
Type locality
All specimens described were collected by local divers
in the area of Masalembu Islands & Kangean Islands
between the southern Borneo and northern side of Java
Island, in Java Sea, Indonesia.
Plate 1 - Page 148
Fig. A1 Cymbiola tamariskae n. sp., Holotype,
Fig. A2 Cymbiola tamariskae n. sp., Paratype 1,
Fig. A3 Cymbiola tamariskae n. sp., Paratype 2,
Fig. A4 Cymbiola tamariskae n. sp., Paratype 3
Geographical distribution
Cymbiola tamariskae n. sp. seems to be widely spread
in area between the southern coast of Borneo and the
northern coast of Java; most type material was collected
from several small islands in the Masalembu Islands &
the Kangean Islands, Java Sea, shells live on the muddy
sand bottoms at approximate 50-60 m deep.
Etymology
The specific epithet tamariskae is from the name of Miss
Tamariska Victoria Sutanto, daughter of the first author,
Mr. Oentoeng Sutanto.
Of Sea and Shore
26:2:150
Diagnosis
Cymbiola tamariskae n. sp. is similar in shell morphology
to C. nobilis (Lightfoot, 1786). In comparison, every
specimen of C. tamariskae has a smaller protoconch
with their distinctive yellowish orange color while all
forms and sizes of C. nobilis from various localities have
larger, somewhat more protruded, dark brown protoconch
(see fig. C2, pl.3 for C. nobilis and C3, pl. 3 for C.
tamariskae), the shoulder of C. tamariskae has the
formation of wavy knobs, in some specimens strong (see
Holotype, paratype 2 and 3, pl. 1), others may subside,
but are still visible as a wavy thickening of the shoulder,
with notable spacing steps and low eminents
intermediate (see paratype 1, pl. 1, paratype 4, 5 and 6,
pl. 2) while in C. nobilis this character is absent.
Acknowledgements
We thank our families for supporting our lives with the
best of their love and efforts, our friends and scientists
worldwide for the interest in shells that we have learned
and shared, and editor, Tom Rice, who kindly checked,
corrected and gave our text the chance to be published,
making this description possible with his kind
permission.
References
Dharma, Bunjamin, 1992, Indonesian Shells II,
p. 54- 55, pl. 5 fig. 7c.
Poppe, G. T. & Yoshihiro Goto, 1992, Volutes,
p. 165 & pl. 73 fig. 1-2
Springsteen F.J. & F.M. Leobrera. 1986.
Shells of the Philippines. p. 181 - 182 pl.49, fig. 4
Plate 2 - Page 151
Fig. B1 Cymbiola tamariskae n. sp., Paratype 4,
Plate 4 is on page 214
Photography for this article and the
front and back covers of this issue by
Somwang Patamakanthin
Map below shows range of new species
Cymbiola tamariskae n. sp.
Of Sea and Shore
26:2:153
Plate 3 - Page 152
Fig. C1 Cymbiola nobilis (Lightfoot, 1786), 160mm, dry specimen on the shore of Bang Lamut, south of
Penang, Malacca Strait, West Malaysia, Indian Ocean. Population statistics by percentage of total
amount supplied by Mr.Gary Heit, USA., from more than 3,000 specimens from his mentioned
locality, 20% has dark color like this specimen and the rest of 80% are the lighter form.
Fig. C2 Closeup Protoconch of Cymbiola nobilis (Lightfoot, 1786),
Fig. C3 Closeup Protoconch of Cymbiola tamariskae n. sp., Paratype 6
Fig. C4 Cymbiola nobilis (Lightfoot, 1786), 167 mm, sample from Songkhla and Pattani, southern Thailand,
Gulf of Thailand, South China Sea, Pacific Ocean.
Fig. C5 Cymbiola nobilis (Lightfoot, 1786), 170 mm, sample from Pattani, by crab net, offshore in Gulf of
Thailand, but close to Vietnam.
Fig. C6 Cymbiola nobilis (Lightfoot, 1786), same specimen as C5.
Fig. C7 Cymbiola nobilis (Lightfoot, 1786), 175 mm, sample from Vietnam, a form along to coast of
eastern to southern Vietnam, South China Sea.
Fig. C8 Cymbiola nobilis (Lightfoot, 1786), 84.4 mm, a dwarf specimen found assorted with the sample of
Fig. C1., specimen supplied by Mr. Gary Heit, USA..
Fig. C9 Cymbiola nobilis (Lightfoot, 1786), 86.8 mm, “dwarf form” that lives together with larger
specimens widespread throughout the Gulf of Thailand.
Of Sea and Shore
26:2:154
A PHOTO STUDY OF THE EASTERN PACIFIC
HYBRID ABALONES (GENUS HALIOTIS)
Buzz Owen
P.O. Box 601
Gualala, Calif. 95445
buzabman@mcn.org
Part 5
Haliotis corrugata Wood, 1828 x H. sorenseni Bartsch, 1940
See color pages 155 & 156
ABSTRACT
Ten specimens of the extremely rare hybrid
abalone, H. corrugata x H. sorenseni are illustrated in
color. Two specimens of both H. corrugata and H.
sorenseni are also illustrated for comparison. Reasons
for the necessity of this review of the Eastern Pacific
hybrid Haliotis are discussed.
INTRODUCTION
The present work is the fifth in a series of ten
papers that will illustrate each of the fourteen interspecific
Eastern Pacific Haliotis hybrids that are currently known
to have been retrieved from natural populations. Parts
one and two treated H. rufescens Swainson, 1822 x H.
corrugata (Of Sea and Shore, Vol. 25, No. 2), and H.
corrugata x H. walallensis Stearns, 1899 (Vol. 25, No.
3), parts three and four covered H. corrugata x fulgens
Philippi, 1845 (Vol. 25, No. 4), and H. rufescens x H.
kamtschatkana assimilis Dall, 1878 (Vol. 26, No. 1).
The series will be concluded with an eleventh paper which
will illustrate two unique specimens that represent
hybridization of two of these hybrid varieties with a third
Haliotis species. Hybridization of the Eastern Pacific
Haliotis has been well documented. Owen (1961)
presented a report on six varieties found in Southern
California and the adjacent Channel Islands. Owen et
al. (1971) expanded this report to include six additional
hybrids. These 12 crosses involved all west coast species
with the exception of H. cracherodii Leach, 1814, however
Owen and Leighton (2002) described two hybrids of H.
cracherodii crossed with H. corrugata and H. fulgens.
Additionally, hybrid Haliotis have been reported in South
and Western Australia, by Owen and Kershaw (2002,
2003).
Beginning in the early 1980s, a severe
population decline was noticed in all Haliotis species
native to the Southern California Channel Islands.
Simultaneously, few, if any, of these hybrids were
retrieved by commercial Haliotis divers (C. Sites, J.
Marshall pers. comm.). The reasons for this decline
remain unclear. Commercial overfishing doesn’t appear
to be a major factor as two species that were never taken
commercially in that area, H. walallensis, and H.
kamtschatkana assimilis, suffered a severe decline
during the same period as well.
This severe population decline continued in all
Haliotis species throughout Southern California and the
adjacent Channel Islands and finally led to closure of
the sport and commercial fisheries in these areas in
1997. This closure is still in effect. It appears clear that
few, if any, of the very rare hybrid varieties (hybrids other
than the most common: H. rufescens x H. sorenseni)
were taken after the period from 1975 to 1980. Thus,
virtually all known specimens exist in either the Buzz
Owen Collection (BOC), Gualala, California, or in the
Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History (LACM).
The LACM specimens were deposited by Owen as
reference for the earlier paper on Eastern Pacific hybrids
(Owen et al. 1971). The primary purpose of this first work
was to prove the actual existence of hybrid Haliotis
specimens. Thus, only a single shell specimen was
photographed in black and white for each hybrid variety
illustrated. This led to much confusion in subsequent
years when Haliotiphiles tried to use this paper as an
identification guide during searches of commercial
Haliotis shell piles, where the vast majority of hybrid
Haliotis specimens have been found to date. This has
proven to be especially true in Lower California, Mexico,
where a commercial fishery still exists (2003). Therefore,
the primary impetus for this reappraisal is to illustrate a
number of specimens of each hybrid in color so as to
facilitate a greater understanding of each variety and
make it possible to accurately identify hybrid Haliotis
shell specimens.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Abbreviations of Collections: LACM: Los Angeles
County Museum of Natural History; BOC: Buzz Owen
Collection.
All of the nine illustrated specimens are from
the BOC and were taken from the California Channel
Islands by Owen or by divers with whom he worked.
None are known from mainland populations in either
California or Lower California, Mexico. Photography was
performed with an Olympus C-2100 Ultra Zoom digital
camera and the resulting images were processed with
an iMac computer using Adobe Photoshop version 7.
Of Sea and Shore
26:2:157
RESULTS
Hybrid: H. corrugata x H. sorenseni.
The first known specimen of this hybrid was livetaken by Clarence Brown, a diver with whom Owen
worked, in September, 1961, at Smugglers Cove, Santa
Cruz Island. It was recognized by Owen minutes later
when the bag containing it was emptied and the specimen
examined, as the epipodial processes and pigmentation
of the animal very equally combined characters of the
two parent species. Subsequent examination of the
partially cleaned shell confirmed this identification. This
particular specimen is in the hybrid reference collection
in the LACM. To commercial Haliotis divers familiar with
the parent species, the epipodium of this hybrid makes
it extremely easy to identify due to the black tentacles
of H. corrugata being combined with the extremely
ornate, complex, and regularly-spaced, papillose
structures of H. sorenseni occurring between the
epipodial margins. This combination of epipodial
characters from the parent species occurs in all known
hybrids and greatly facilitates their identification (Owen
et al. 1971). Shell sculpture is intermediate in all
parameters, with the strongly corrugated surface and
strong, deep spiral ribbing of H. corrugata being much
reduced by the weaker cording and smoother, noncorrugated surface of H. sorenseni. Shell coloration is
generally pinkish-red with diet banding of lighter or darker
colors common to both parent species. In addition, most
specimens have some blue and green diet banding, most
often observed in H. corrugata. The interior of the shell
consists primarily of highly silvered nacre, often with
reflections of pink, blue, and green, but all known
specimens lack the well developed muscle scar of H
corrugata. However, very mature specimens have partial
development of the scar combined with irregular patches
of nacreous material in the area of attachment. Ten
examples are known of this hybrid, making it one of the
rarest forms – especially considering that over three
million Haliotis were examined to retrieve that number
of specimens. Were it not for the fact that the commercial
harvest of abalones afforded the opportunity to survey
very large numbers of individuals, it is very probable that
this form would not have been discovered. This hybrid
has also been cultured in a marine shellfish hatchery
(Owen and Meyer, 1972). More descriptive text and
detailed information on the soft parts of the animal can
be found in the earlier work (Owen et al. 1971). The 10
specimens range in size from 142 to 213 mm.
DISCUSSION
Extensive notes taken during the period when
most of these specimens were collected (1959–1966)
indicate little pattern to their distribution, other than the
fact that nearly all live-taken specimens have come from
a depth of over 20 meters. It resembles no other hybrid,
and the fact that it also appears dissimilar to both parent
species, yet combines characters of both equally, make
it a very easy hybrid to identify for anyone with broad
experience and familiarity with West Coast Haliotis.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
All field observations, the drafting of this report,
and all photography and photo processing were provided
by the author. I would like to thank David Leighton for
his constructive review of the manuscript, and Stephen
Browning for providing helpful comments. I also want to
thank Bob McMillen, who provided many of the shell
specimens used in this study.
LITERATURE CITED
Owen, R. S. 1961. Hybridization in Western American
Haliotis (Abstract). American Malacological Union
Annual Report. 28:34.
Owen, B., J. H. McLean and R. J. Meyer. 1971.
Hybridization in the Eastern Pacific Abalone
(Haliotis). Bulletin of the Los Angeles County
Museum of Natural History. Science 9:1-37.
Owen, B. and R. J. Meyer. 1972. Laboratory Studies of
Hybridization in California Abalones (Haliotis).
Unpublished MS. Pacific Mariculture, Inc., Pigeon
Point, California. 38 pp.
Owen, Buzz R. S. and D. L. Leighton. 2002. Shell
Specimens from Natural Populations Identified as
Hybrids of the Black Abalone, Haliotis cracherodii
Leach, 1814. Of Sea and Shore 24:3:135-138.
Owen, B. and D. Potter. 2002. A Photo Study of the
Eastern Pacific Hybrid Abalones (Genus Haliotis).
Part 1: Haliotis rufescens Swainson, 1822 x H.
corrugata Wood, 1828. Of Sea and Shore 25:2:103106.
Owen, B. and R. Kershaw. 2002. Hybridization in the
South and Western Australian Abalones (Genus
Haliotis): A Photo Study and Guide to the
Identification or Shell Specimens. Of Sea and Shore
25:1:55-66.
Part 2: H. corrugata Wood, 1828 x H. walallensis
Stearns, 1899. Of Sea and Shore 25:3:177-180.
Owen, B. and R. Kershaw. 2003. A New Hybrid Haliotis
From Western Australia. Of Sea and Shore 26:1:5053.
Part 3: H. corrugata Wood, 1828 x H. fulgens
Philippi, 1845. Of Sea and Shore 24:4:246-250.
Part 4: H. rufescens, 1822 x H. kamtschatkana
assimilis Dall, 1878. Of Sea and Shore 26:2:119123.
Continued on page 212
Of Sea and Shore
26:2:158
CHILE “A long petal of sea …”
E. Shary Almasi
See color pages 159, 160, & 165
In one of his poems, Pablo Neruda, winner of the Nobel
Prize in Literature, described Chile as “a long petal of
sea, wine and snow”. After visiting this beautiful country
one can see what he was talking about. Chile has a
coastline 2,687 miles long stretching from Peru in the
north to the Strait of Magellan in the south but the country
is an average of only 125 miles wide. The beautiful and
rugged Andes with their beautiful volcanoes gave us plenty
of snowy vistas and the wine drinkers certainly had no
trouble in finding one fine wine after the other … and at
reasonable prices. The sea not only held treasures of
the seashell variety but Chile’s islands were scenically
memorable.
agricultural with a good amount of commercial fishing
going on. The mornings were cool, but warmed up and
the days were most pleasant.
We made a stop at a picturesque little town where
there was a beautiful old church dating back to the
1700’s. We walked the beach at Canal de Chacao, on
the northern tip of the island and found venerid bivalves
and lots of crepidulids of the genus Crepipatella. Then
we traveled on to the city of Castro (49,000) where we
were to stay for two nights. After settling into our hotel
we did a walk through the central part of the city taking
in the old cathedral which had beautiful woodwork within,
while the outside of the building was covered with metal
In January 2004, Trevor Roberts and I traveled to Chile (maybe tin?).
with Emilio Garcia, John and Jeanette Wolff, Emily
Vokes, Debbie Duval, Janet Graviss, Cecil and Helen The dining room in Hotel Castro has a glass wall three
Bankston, Nancy and Dave Barziza, Hank Chaney, and stories high and looks out to huge Arucaria (monkeyAnne and David Joffe. We flew from Miami to Santiago puzzle) trees with a view of the water beyond. Nesting
and then south to Puerto Montt, a lovely little city of in the trees were at least 10 pairs of Buff Necked Ibis.
about 175,000 in a truly spectacular setting with the They provided a real show for us and while we enjoyed
sea to the west and several snow-capped volcanoes to our dinner we could watch them enjoying theirs!
the east and south. Our hotel was situated across from
the ocean boardwalk and we had splendid views of the The next morning we wakened to a cacophony of ibis
Andes as well as the sea. On the boardwalk we found calls and roosters crowing. As it is daylight by 4:30 a.m.
souvenir and craft stands, though the best area for crafts it was an early wake up call. We headed for Isla Quinchao
was Anselmo … at the northern tip of the island. Anselmo (just off the east coast of Chilo ) via a small ferry. The
was where we had dinner, after catching a local bus for ferries look like World War II landing crafts – perhaps
250 pesos – about 45 cents U.S. (the U.S. $ dollar was they are. The bus backed on and we walked aboard.
equal to about 560 pesos, depending on where you Cars, trucks and buses either backed on or they backed
changed your money). Emilio had found this little off. I don’t know if it was the drivers’ choice or the
restaurant on a previous trip years ago. Out of curiosity, ferrymen’s. At Quinchao we walked rocky beaches and
Emily ordered the “Chilean Abalone”. It was very tasty, took Crepipatella dilatata (Lamarck, 1822) on rocks at
but didn’t look like or quite taste like the abalone we the low tide as well as Fissurella radiosa Lesson, 1831,
know (when we can get or afford it). She guessed (and it Nacella magellanica (Gmelin, 1791) and live Venus
turned out to be right on) that it might be Concholepas antique (King & Broderip, 1832) in the sand. We found
concholepas. When we came out of the restaurant we V. antique all along Chile’s coast. At Mateo, the end of
encountered another pleasant surprise. As we are in the the road, we parked near an old church turned barn and
southern part of the continent during summer we found shelled here then moved on to the town of Achao where
that it doesn’t get dark until 10:45 or 11:00 at night. It we walked in the plaza, admired the church and had
lunch overlooking the water. Upon our return to Castro,
was still daylight.
we went to the public market and the local fish market
The morning after we arrived in this beautiful Lake looking for shells, but were disappointed – only a few
Country, we drove a short way to Paragua and then ferried bivalves were purchased.
to Isla Grande de Chilo – a beautiful 30 minute ferry
ride, escorted by terns, pelicans and geese. Chilo is The next day we headed for Ancud (pronounced with a
approximately 110 miles long and 30 miles wide and is hard C) and beyond. Just west of Ancud, on a rocky
very picturesque with over 150 wooden churches which beach, we found Concholepas concholepas (Bruguiere,
have interesting patterns of shingles. Besides this, there 1789), a muricid related to Purpura. Later, we found that
are rows of houses built on pilings over the water. Chilo this shell is referred to as “Chilean Abalone” … which
is hilly with small farms and almost everyone has a view explains what we had been seeing on various restaurant
of the water. But the island is overrun with introduced menu’s listed as abalone! Emily was right. We also found
gorse and scotch broom which was in full bloom when Acanthina monodon (Pallas, 1774), Nassarius gayii
we were there. We also spotted several pairs of oxen (Kiener, 1834), Tegula ater (Lesson, 1831), Collisella
pulling carts and working in the fields. The area is
Of Sea and Shore
dalcahuuina Ramirez-Bohme, 1974, Collisella zebrina
(Lesson, 1830), Fissurella costata Lesson, 1831,
Fissurella picta (Gmelin, 1791), Scurria zebrina (Lesson,
1832) plus a small black trochid, Prisogaster niger
(Wood, 1828), and tiny limpets I won’t even take a guess
at identification.
26:2:161
In the morning we boarded our bus and headed south
to the small town on La Arena. We made several stops
with so so shelling results. Fun though. Ate a lunch of
empanadas in La Arena – even had an apple filled
empanada, which wasn’t nearly as good as the ones
filled with meat or sea-food. Just north of La Arena we
found Acanthina monodon crassilabrum (Lamarck, 1816)
and Siphonaria lessoni Blainville, 1824. At one stop we
found friendly fishermen who were opening mussels. By
visiting them we found a new crepidulid, Crepipatella
fecunda Gallardo, 1979, and a lined mussel – Aulicomya
gallardo. The crepidulid were attached to the mussels,
which the men collect by diving once a week. In this
area around La Arena we spotted many salmon farms
and mussel farms. The mussels are attached to lines
connected to large buoys, and are harvested by divers.
Back in Puerto Montt, once again, Emilio, Emily, Debbie,
Janet, Trevor and I headed back to “our” restaurant in
Anselmo for dinner.
Just before arriving at Pinguinera Punihuil, situated
northwest of Ancud, we stopped at a beautiful little bay
and walked about 1/3 mile down the hill to the beach to
do some collecting. Some nice Fissurella nigra (Lesson,
1841) and Scurria zebrina (Lesson, 1870) were found
there. After we climbed back up to the bus Juan Carlos,
our driver, found we had a flat tire and while he fixed it
we picnicked on smoked salmon that Emily had
purchased. When we reached the Pinguinera Beach
most of the group opted to get a boat and go out to look
at the penguins, which were on a small island.
Unfortunately, they couldn’t get out of the boat and just
did a quick tour around the island and came back within
20 minutes. The best collecting at Pinguinera Beach We are now nearly a full week into our trip and are
was done next to the hole-in-the-wall restaurant at the heading north to Iquique. But this morning before leaving
beach, were many fissurellids had been discarded by Puerto Montt I walked to the church near the central
the cook.
plaza, which is located next to the hotel. The dome and
part of the church is “wrapped” in copper. Quite
Hotel Ancud is where we spent the night – it’s interesting. A ten-story cruise ship is anchored off shore
picturesque and rustic, with log walls and heavy woolen and we later found out that this is a floating
bedspreads. It sits above the town and has pleasant condominium. Just imagine what the maintenance fees
gardens. Emilio did some land-snailing here. The snails, would be for a floating condo. At the airport several of
which turned out to be Plectostylus vagabondiae Brooks, our shellers had problems with overweight luggage. I think
1936, were even climbing a couple of windows, thus were this is the first trip I’ve been on where the overweight
easy to spot! We walked down into town and back, again fines were so expensive there is a 20 kilo weight limit
looking for shells in the markets, nearly doing Trevor in. on flights within the country and some had to pay
He’d rather snorkel a half mile than walk any distance! $120.00 (U.S.) per person for their heavy luggage.
Happily, I travel light and was especially glad of it on
With regret, we left Ancud and Chilo and ferried back this leg of our journey. We figured the reason for such
to the mainland, then drove southeast to Petrohu in hefty overweight fines might be because we were taking
the Lake Country. For most of the day we were in Vicente two flights to reach our destination.
P rez Rosales National Park. At one point we boarded
a catamaran on Lake Todos los Santos and after about In Iquique we met our new guide, Judy Fraser, who is
1 hour and 45 minutes, and an approximate distance of petite and enthusiastic, unlike her southern counterpart
20 miles, we arrived at Puella, a resort area very close who didn’t have many answers to our questions and was
to the Argentine border. The views of Volc n Osorno and always on her cell phone. A good guide makes all the
Volc n Puntiagudo were absolutely stunning. The day, difference on a trip like this.
weather wise, was just perfect. Upon arrival at Peulla
we took a very short bus ride to the hotel for lunch. It Hotel Gavina, our hotel in Iquique, is situated on the
was very warm and the flies here are the biggest ever! edge of town, on rocks overlooking the ocean. Waves
Happily, they are “house trained” and do not enter the pounded away while gulls, terns, pelicans, cormorants
dining room from out-of-doors! How can that be? But it and one vulture perched at the shore. This was a very
was! They are even larger than our bumblebees and are busy portion of the coastline giving one lots to look at.
more colorful. Very pesky though and they do bite. After After settling in we went to the bar for our free “welcome
we returned to Petrohu we boarded our bus and, on the drink” a pisco sour. One by one the group wandered in
return trip to Pueto Montt, before leaving the park, made and after about forty minutes we had almost taken over
a stop at Petrohu Falls. This involved a very short hike, the whole bar. We were not very quiet “Americans” at
but it was worth the effort. The falls are wide, about 50 that point.
feet high in several sections, and massive volumes of
water tumble over. That evening we stayed in Puerto Iquique has a populaton of over 200,000 and was, for
Montt.
many years, the largest port for nitrate export. Now fishing
has supplanted mining and the port of Iquique ships more
fishmeal than any other port in the world. This part of
Of Sea and Shore
the country is barren. We are within 200 miles of the
Peruvian border and this Province is a part of the Atacama
Desert – the most arid desert in the world. Rainfall here
is 0.01 mm per year! Judy says that the last time there
was “measurable” precipitation in this area was in 1992!
The cities get their water from the Andes via the rivers
heading to the sea. However, dense fog covers the area
in the mornings, due to the warm air and the ocean’s
proximity and this fog gives some measure of moisture
to the plants in the areas near the ocean. The hills are
beautiful shades of beige, brown, etc. and are well used
by the local people. Iquique sits on a “shelf” next to the
sea with the hills rising 600 feet to the east above the
city.
At breakfast in the small dining room, looking out to
the ocean, we spotted a sea otter making its way across
the rocks to the sea. As we prepared to leave we were
joined by Jorge Basly Santa Maria who is an avid shell
collector living in Iquique. Emilio had been in touch with
him prior to the trip and he looked forward to our coming
to town. Jorge is a retired civil servant and knows much
about local shells. He became our “shelling” guide. We
headed south stopping at any spot that looked like it
might be “shellworthy”. If there was a fishing village, we
stopped to ask about shells and were usually directed
to yet another village where we would be directed to a
further village. And so it went! At Puerta Chanavaya we
found Crasilabrum crassilabrum Sowerby, 1834,
Calyptraea pileus (Lamarck, 1822), Littorina peruviana
(Lamarck, 1822), L. araucana (d’Orbigny, 1840) and
many dead Turritella cingulata Sowerby, 1825. Our next
shelling spot was Puerto Patillos, and there we found
Fissurella maxima Sowerby, 1832, F. picta (Gmelin,
1791), F. crassa Lamarck, 1822, Trochita trociformis
(Born, 1778), Priene rude (Broderip, 1833), Diloma
nigerrima (Gmelin, 1791), and Aulacomya atra (Molina,
1782) … a juvenile ribbed mussel. For Patellidae you
travel to South Africa, but for Fissurellidae you come to
Chile!
Upon our return to the city, we dropped Jorge off and
went to the market to pick up empanadas, water and
some fruit; then headed east up into the coast range
and into the Atacama Desert. On a plateau, out in the
middle of nowhere, we made a stop at Humbertone, an
old ghost town. We did a tour of it … dusty, windy, old
and sure to trigger any allergies you might have. I made
an early retreat. This was a very busy and important
mining area and some of the largest nitrate mines were
to be found in this part of Chile until the collapse of the
nitrate market after World War II. After Humbertone we
headed further east until we got to an area where we
could see huge geoglyphs on the sides of the mountains.
No one seems to know for sure exactly how old these
geoglyphs are, but it is estimated that they are between
600 and 900 years old, though some feel they date back
more than 1,000 years. As to who did them, there were
several indigenous groups at different periods who created
them. They are cut into the mountain and depict human
26:2:162
and animal figures, geometric figures and forms that are
just a mystery. This is true desert. There is no plant life
to be seen except the occasional tree or plantings in
someone’s yard. Emily tells me that this whole area is
a dry lake bed and thus the rough, uplifted ground.
The next morning we headed for the market, looking
for the usual, then traveled south again to shell. The
market turned out to be a bust as far as shells or
souvenirs were concerned so we did a walk in the old
section of town and were impressed by the handsome
houses. They are doing a lot of restoration to these old
colonial-style buildings. The Customs House is a
handsome building, and has already been restored and
is used for city government functions as well as an
occasional wedding. The central plaza was also worth a
visit boasting a fine clock tower. We made a quick visit
to one huge mansion where there is a modest collection
of Chilean and tropical Pacific shells.
Next day our monster bus picked us up and we again
headed south for our first stop, Playa Bellavista. There
were many small arcs – Carditella tegulata (Reeve, 1843)
and juvenile Crassilabrum crassilabrum, Prisogaster
niger (Wood, 1878) and also what turned out to be
Tagelus dombei (Lamarck, 1818). About a quarter of a
mile north of Pozo Toyo I finally found my first exciting
micros A white Rissoina inca d’Orbigny, 1840, Mitrella
unifasciata (Sowerby, 1832) and a beautiful golden turrid
– about 8mm – Agathotoma ordinaria (E.A. Smith, 1882).
Jorge and Emilio very kindly identified these for me. They
were found under small rocks and in grunge. After
collecting and upon our return to Iquique, we went to
Jorge’s home to buy local shells. He is the author of the
booklet Moluscos marinos del Norte de Chile, and has
a very fine collection of Chilean shells. It is always a
treat to be invited into someone’s home when you are
traveling.
Today we headed south to Antofagasta. The trip takes
anywhere from 6 to 12 hours … depending on the number
of stops made. We crossed the Rio Seco, which is a
small dry river bed this time of year, but still considered
an important river in this desert area. Our first stop was
at the fishing village of San Marcos, where we found
mounds of shells stacked about 4 feet high and running
about 50-100 feet long with a path down the middle. If
you were patient enough to dig through this stack you
could make some good finds. Here I found Fissurella
maxima Sowerby, 1834 and two more “tinies”:
Brachiodontes granulatus (Hanley, 1843) and Bittium
peruvianum (d’Orbigny, 1841) to add to our goody bag.
Several species of Fissurella, Xanthochorus, Priene and
Mitra orientalis were found here. A fisherman brought in
his catch – octopus, crabs, fish and tunicates. He cut
one tunicate in half and it looked like a raw red oyster
on the half shell. These tunicates are supposed to be
very high in iodine content and the local people eat them
raw! He demonstrated! Emilio explained to me later that
they seldom eat them as the tunicates fetch a good
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26:2:163
price in the markets and usually the wealthier people giganteus (Lesson, 1829). Our next stop was the Palacio
eat them.
de La Moneda. This was formerly the presidential
residence but was originally the colonial mint, thus the
As we came into the city of Tocopilla, Trevor was name, until it was bombed on 11 September 1973, the
looking out the window and laughed, “At home when we day Salvador Allende was killed and his democratic
have something we don’t know what to do with, we put it government fell to the military. The Chileans too have
in the basement or the attic. Here they put it on the their 9/11. Then we took a drive up Cerro Santa Lucia.
roof!” We stopped for lunch at a hosteria (a small motel This park is a rock, covering several blocks and years
or hostel) which had a dining room. The lunch was ago someone decided to make it a park. Soil was hauled
catered by a family – a mother and two children. We in by the ton and trees were planted. There are now
had a surprise dessert – a lovely cake to celebrate our huge trees, gardens, fountains, a narrow roadway to the
guide Judy’s birthday, provided by the tourism company. top of the rock and many walking paths – all right in the
We arrived in Antofagasta at a decent hour and checked middle of the city. There are wonderful views of the city
in to the Carrera Club. A Chilean 5 star hotel. Another from different locations. We then headed for what we
beautiful view of the ocean. Too fancy for shellers! We’re thought was to be an artesanos market but we ended
not exactly fashion plates when we drag into the lobby up at an upscale shop in a beautiful neighborhood. They
after a hard day on the beaches.
had really quality crafts and jewelry with lapis lazuli but
everyone was a bit miffed as it wasn’t what we expected.
Our first morning in this area wasn’t too productive. We were looking for folk art at more reasonable prices.
We made several stops and checked for shells. The Still, a few of us helped to improve their economy.
highlight of the day, for me, was dinner. We ate with
several in the group and one of our ladies ordered wine. Later, when Trevor and I checked into our room we got
The waiter brought a small “split” to her for her perusal. one big surprise. It was the largest room/suite we’ve
Our friend said, “No, no. no. Grande, grande.” He nodded ever encountered. It was truly elegant. But the best thing
and returned with a display bottle about a meter long was the fact that we had bath scales and could weigh
and showed it to her. He got a big laugh.
luggage … for the next leg of our journey … as we were
only to be allowed 10 kilos, total, on the flight to Robinson
Late this morning we shelled off Isla Santa Maria which Crusoe Island in the Juan Fern ndez Archipelago.
is a few kilometers north of Antofagasta. I again found
crabbed Agathotoma ordinaria, a tiny Liotia cancellata In the morning we headed for a small airport in the
and more Mitrella unifasciata, plus more live Rissoina eastern part of the city. Happily, we had no trouble with
inca. Also found were more Fissurella maxima, F. picta the weight allowance. We flew Lassa Air in a French
picta (Gmelin, 1791), F. picta lata Sowerby 1835 on the Dornier plane that carried 16 passengers, so we had
rocks along with Nacella magellanica chiloensis (Reeve, one lady in addition to our group. The airline sent another
1855), Scurria scurra (Lesson, 1841) [beached], and small 6 or 8 passenger plane off just ahead of us. It was
several nice Crassilabrum crassilabrum (Sowerby, a two hour and twenty minute flight to Robinson Crusoe
1834). Just when I’d started finding good stuff Emilio Island which is the largest island in the archipelago. The
blew the whistle which was the signal for us to move on. Juan Fern ndez Archipelago is 425 miles off the coast
Isn’t that always the way? At the last shelling stop of of Chile and Robinson Crusoe Island was the island where
the day we headed back to our first location – land of the English sailor, Alexander Selkirk was marooned for
the single scallop valves – Argopecten purpuratus four years and four months from the year 1704 through
(Lamarck, 1819) where the tide had really receded in 1707. Later, Daniel Defoe met Selkirk in London and
our absence. An abundance of Thais chocolata (Duclos, loosely based his Robinson Crusoe tale on Selkirk’s
1832) were found along with Tegula luctuosa (d’Orbigny, experiences.
1840), more Priene, both P. rude and P. scabrum King,
1832, many live Xanthochorus and nice reddish Our landing on the island was spectacular as we came
Fissurella peruviana Lamarck, 1822.
down between two huge rocks to our left and right and
landed on the edge of a plateau that dropped back down
Back at the hotel after cleaning up, we walked to a to the sea after a few hundred yards. We stepped out
restaurant and happily, were joined moments later, by into an arid area with nothing but a couple of shacks in
John and Jeanette. They advised us not to send any the distance and an outhouse just off the runway. After
laundry out as they had paid nearly $60 to have a few a while, along came a jeep with a small trailer attached.
pieces cleaned! Hard to believe.
A young man and the pilot began unloading our bags.
Finally, someone asked where we should be going and
We departed Antofagasta before noon the next day, we were told to start walking down the dirt road to the
and arrived in Santiago in time to do a city tour. We hit beach where our launch would take us to the town of
the Central Market (looking for shells, of course), which San Juan Batista. We began.
is inside a huge building and is very colorful … but few
species of shells were found there. The most important
finds were some large, clean, unusually colorful Chorus
Of Sea and Shore
After hiking about two plus kilometers down some of
the steepest road I could imagine, we arrived at the base
of the cliff and our launch was awaiting in a little sheltered
bay, near about 40 brown fur seals that were basking in
the sun, out in the water. We boarded the launch and
began our ride to the other side of the island. There is
no road connecting the airport with the town; however, I
later read that if you wished you could walk from the
town to the airport, but your should allow about 5 hours
for the walk. This is IF you are a hiker! It would have
taken me about 12 hours, without luggage! After more
than an hour, we arrived in San Juan Bautista, a
picturesque village of about 500 people situated on Bahia
Cumberland (Cumbeland Bay).
Most people here are either fishermen or lobstermen.
Tourism is at a minimum as it is very expensive to get
here and the weather is reliable only about five months
of the year. Planes can’t land on a regular basis during
the other 7 months and sometimes it’s pretty “iffy” as to
whether they can land during the remaining five! I read
that the tourist season (mid-November thru mid-April)
brings an average of 50 tourists per month. That’s 250
total per year! This means our group of 15 made up 6%
of their visitors for the year.
26:2:164
Juan Bautista, we met two young German travelers and
when we got to the homestead we met them again. It
turns out that one was a relative of the German couple
who had settled here, but who had returned to Germany
in the 1930’s. The young man had old photos of the
homestead and the family – which made our visit even
more interesting. From this point we continued on a 45
minute walk through the forest. It was stunningly beautiful.
There are 230 different plants here and 70% are endemic.
There are 55 species of fern alone on the island and of
these about 40 are endemic. At this point I really missed
Bill Clendenin … the shelling world’s fern expert. It was
like walking through a rain forest. Lush, but not wet.
Pedro, our guide, came looking for Emilio at one point
in the forest, to show him a tiny (about one inch long)
vestigial snail. It was a translucent, pearly white and
you could see a “saddle” of a shell under the skin. That
started the land snail hunt. I think the men came away
with two species of land snails. I went on, as did several
others and found along the way an interesting insect.
Emilio thought it was a bag worm, which I had never
heard of, Later I learned it made its cocoon of leaf and
wood bits and the cocoon was shaped like a quiver that
came to a point. The worm would poke his head out,
see me, and pull it right back in. My next encounter
was with a small brown wren, which came within two
feet of me. I was also eaten by mosquitoes, an irritating
and close encounter. Back home, I learned that the bag
worm is a very hungry pest to be found in the Midwest
and in the east, but we don’t hear of them in the Pacific
Northwest part of the United States.
After arrival in San Juan Bautista, half of us transferred
to a smaller boat and we took a short ride to Hosteria El
Pangal, the boat then returned for the rest of the group.
This little hotel sits on a cliff about 200 feet above the
ocean and appears to have about 12 rooms. Our new
guide, Pedro, said that the day before had been extremely
hot and when it was hot it meant that the next day should The next morning most of the group boarded the boat
be cool and misty as it was today. That meant that and went into town for lunch. Three of us stayed behind
tomorrow should be beautiful.
after the boat had problems with the line used to come
in to the dock. The waves were high and it was tricky
And it was! A sunny, clear morning and you can see getting in and out of the boat even in calmer waters. The
the town from the hosteria. I looked down from our room group split after arriving in town. Emilio, Cecil and David
and watched John on the beach collecting Nacella and took a hike up El Mirador, which is also known as
trochids. The three species we found here were: Cellana Selkirk’s Lookout. This is the highest point on the island
ardosidea (Humbron & Jacquinot, 1841), Diloma and was where Alexander Selkirk climbed to look for
crusoeana (Pilsbry, 1889) and Littorina araucana ships, hoping to be rescued. At one time he spotted a
(d’Orbigny, 1841). This was a very rocky and slippery ship coming close to the island. When the ship let down
beach but at least, to us, it was accessible and it turned small boats and the sailors started rowing in he really
out to be our only shelling spot on the island. However, got excited, ran down, and took a closer look and realized
in town we found a lady who had some Argonauta nodosa they were Spanish. This was not good news for an
Lightfoot, 1786 for sale. These had appeared on the Englishman in those days. He high-tailed it back up the
beach at San Juan Bautista in 1994, at the same time mountain and being fleet of foot from chasing goats all
as a very strong earthquake had occurred in Japan.
day, outraced the Spaniards. He spent the night in a
tree and didn’t come down until they went back to their
Endemic hummingbirds are flitting all over the place ship. Unfortunately, for our men, it was foggy and there
as there is one particular plant they like and it’s just was little or nothing to see after they had made the climb.
below our window. Twelve of us head into town for a hike Good exercise though. The rest of the group went on a
into the National Park. It was uphill all the way for 1
tour, by boat, to an archaeological dig. Treasure is
hours. We didn’t set any track record for time here as supposed to be buried on the island and some wealthy
we made many stops to look at plants and take pictures American has been digging for years for it. Along the
and catch our breath. We ended up having lunch, if we’d way the group spotted the beautiful brown fur seals that
thought to bring one, at Plazoleta El Yunque. This was are native to this island group. Back in San Juan Bautista
once a German homestead in the middle of the island. several people had the opportunity to buy beautiful
The previous day, on the boat that brought us to San
Of Sea and Shore
26:2:167
THE HALIOTIS BRAZIERI ANGAS, 1869,
COMPLEX OF EASTERN AUSTRALIA: A REVIEW AND
PHOTO STUDY OF A CONTENTIOUS GROUP OF TAXA.
Buzz Owen
P.O. Box 601
Gualala, California 95445
buzabman@mcn.org
See color pages 166, 169, 170 & B/W Pl. Pg. 171
ABSTRACT
MATERIAL AND METHODS
A rare, confusing, and little understood group of
Haliotis taxa from New South Wales and Queensland,
Australia, are examined and illustrated with highresolution color photography. The probable synonomy
of several of these taxa is discussed and comparisons
are made to other species which exhibit similar
morphological variants.
Abbreviation of collections: BOC: Buzz Owen Collection;
TGC: Tom Grace Collection; BKC: Bob Kershaw
Collection; BSC: Bob Spinale Collection.
INTRODUCTION
Specimens used in this study were obtained by
a diligent search of a number of private highly specialized
Haliotis collections. It proved to be extremely difficult
finding specimens of H. melculus and H. ethologus, due
to their extreme rarity and almost total lack of knowledge
and confusion as to what these taxa represent. However,
over 100 specimens representing the four forms were
finally obtained. All closely conformed to the original
descriptions. These were measured, details of sculpture
studied, and prepared for photography with a trace of
mineral oil applied with a toothbrush to enhance natural
colors. They were then photographed with a Canon A70
digital camera and processed with an iMac G4 computer
using Adobe Photoshop 7.
The Haliotis species found in Queensland and
New South Wales, Australia, are mostly well known and
understood. Haliotis rubra rubra Leach, 1814, is a large
species (to 194 mm. Hutsell et al. 2003) that is the object
of an extensive commercial fishery. It occurs throughout
N.S.W. to as far north as Iluka, about 220 km south of
the Queensland border (R. Kershaw, pers. comm.).
Haliotis coccoradiata Reeve, 1846, occupies a roughly
similar range. It is a much smaller species, attaining a
maximum size of around 70 mm, and is fairly common RESULTS
and well known to shell collectors. Further, to the north,
This section will consist of a brief overview and
from southern Queensland to Indonesia, are found H.
description
of the 4 taxa:
ovina Gmelin, 1791, H. varia Linnaeus, 1758, H. asinina
Linnaeus, 1758, and H. clathrata Reeve, 1846. The latter
species is often referred to in error as H. crebrisculpta 1. Haliotis brazieri Angas, 1869. (Plate 1). Presently
known to occur only in New South Wales, from the
Sowerby, 1914 (Stewart and Geiger, 1997). All these
Solitary Islands/Coffs Harbour area south to Aden.
forms are common and well known to those familiar with
This form has been collected live and the morphology
the Haliotis species of eastern Australia.
of the animal studied – in particular the epipodium.
Attains a maximum size of 46 mm (R. Kershaw,
However, four other taxa exist which are the
pers. comm.). Lacks strong spiral ribbing, though
source of much confusion, and are very uncommon to
specimens exist with extremely faint narrow ribs.
extremely rare. These are: H. brazieri Angas, 1869; H.
Intermediate specimens with form hargravesi exist
hargravesi Cox, 1869; H. ethologus Iredale, 1927; and
which have areas of strong spiral ribbing combined
H. melculus Iredale, 1927. They are all small (usually
with smooth sculpture. Usually found in depths in
<50 mm), exist in deeper water (over 15 m), and are
excess of 12 meters.
usually found as dead shell specimens on the beach
after rough sea conditions. Their combined ranges are
from North Keppel Island, Queensland, to near Aden, 2. Haliotis brazieri form hargravesi Cox, 1869. (Plate
2). Though in the past considered by most workers
New South Wales. In past works, they have usually been
to be a distinct species (Geiger, 1998; Geiger &
grouped as separate species (Kaicher, 1981), or with
Poppe, 2000), recent studies have demonstrated it
various combinations of synonomy (Geiger, 1998; 2000;
to be a polymorphic form of H. brazieri, having a
Geiger & Poppe, 2000).
shell with extremely strong and wide spiral ribbing
but an animal with identical epipodial morphology
to the latter species. Polymorphism is defined as
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the existence of individuals of more than one form
within a species (Abbott, 1954) The ribbed
hargravesi form most frequently has 7-8 flat ribs
arranged from the spire to the tremata line. This
is very consistent and extremely few exceptions
exist in the 20+ specimens examined for this
study. It is also much less common than the
smooth form, with a ratio of approximately 1:12 –
1:15 in the Coffs Harbour area. It tends to be more
restricted to the northern part of its distribution,
with the entrance to Sydney Harbour being the
furthest south a specimen is known to have been
found (R. Kershaw, pers. comm.) It appears to
reach a maximum size of about 35 – 40 mm.
Specimens often tend towards a more greenish
color than the much more common H. brazieri
(smooth) form, which is most often dominated by
shades of light to dark red, though exceptions exist.
Both forms are commonly marked with strong
flamules and chevron markings of contrasting
colors (Plates 1 and 2).
3.
4) Haliotis melculus Iredale, 1927, and H.
ethologus Iredale, 1927. (Plate 3). Considered in
the present writing to be synonymous, both taxa
were described by Iredale in 1927 from single
specimens, and the holotypes of both taxa are
illustrated on Plate 4. The holotype of H. melculus
is a somewhat worn and broken beach shell with
extremely weak, shallow, almost non-existent
spiral ribbing, while the holotype of H. ethologus
has very strong and deep ribs, which are somewhat
narrower than in H. brazieri form hargravesi (Plate
3), and are round and scaly – not flat as in the
latter taxon. Only one of the 20 specimens
available for this study was as smooth and lacking
in spiral ribs as the holotype of H. melculus. The
remainder possess spiral ribs, which are
extremely variable in width and strength (Plate 3).
This ribbing is much narrower in 75% of the
specimens than is the ribbing of the holotype of
H. ethologus. None of these 20 specimens have
the wide, flat, ribbing of H. brazieri form hargravesi.
The H. melculus/ethologus complex also appears
to reach a much larger size: four of 20 specimens
being over 50 mm in size (largest 56.5 mm), while
only one of >80 specimens of the H. brazieri/
hargravesi complex studied exceeded 40 mm.
Both type specimens are from Colundra,
Queensland, and define the current known
southern limit of the complex. The presently known
northern limit appears to be North Keppel Island,
Queensland. Both forms are excessively rare, and
the accumulation of the 20 specimens used in
this study was extremely difficult, taking over 3
years of intensive searching with the help of the
collections of several long time Haliotis
specialists. Few specimens of this complex
appear to have been live taken (<5) and no animals
26:2:168
are known to exist or were available for study during
preparation of this report.
DISCUSSION
After studying the large amount of material
obtained for this report, a number of questions arise
which have to be dealt with, one of the most important
being whether or not the northern H. melculus/ethologus
complex is synonymous with the southern H. brazieri/
hargravesi complex. Animals of the latter are available
for study, but none appear to exist of the northern
complex. The two complexes certainly appear to be well
separated by distance and effectively isolated from one
another, as over 500 km. separate Caloundra (the extreme
southern limit of the H. melculus/ethologus complex)
from the Solitary Islands/Coffs Harbour area (the
northernmost point of distribution for the H. brazieri/
hargravesi complex). This region is predominately sand
beaches with occasional headlands that stop abruptly
at the sea. There also appear to be few known
outcroppings of rock at depths offshore that would
support these species complexes (D. Thorn; R. Kershaw,
pers. comm.) This would seem to support the rationale
that there may be an effective break in the distribution of
the two species complexes with little or no genetic
contact between them. Also, intensive searching through
large collections of material from this area has failed to
reveal any Haliotis (D. Thorn; R. Kershaw, pers. comm.).
Two strong differences in shell morphology
become apparent after study of a large number of
specimens of the two complexes. The southern ribbed
form, H. brazieri form hargravesi, nearly always has very
wide and flat spiral ribs numbering seven to eight from
the spire apex to the tremata line, while extreme variation
exists in the ribbed specimens of the northern complex
– 19 of the 20 specimens studied having 11 to 30 ribs
which are highly variable in width and strength, being
also rounded and quite scaly. The second difference is
a slightly raised mid dorsal rib which has regularly
spaced tiny “bumps” in very early stages of growth (1.01.5 cm), that change to larger bumps which somewhat
resemble short folded ridges (Plate 3). This detail of
sculpture is present (to a greater of lesser degree) on all
specimens of the H. melculus/ethologus complex, but
appears to be absent on all shells of the southern (H.
brazieri/hargravesi) complex.
In other recent opinions, Kaicher treats all four
taxa as valid (1981), and Geiger suggests the synonomy
of H. brazieri and H. melculus, and H. ethologus and H.
hargravesi (Geiger, 1998), later suggesting that all 4 taxa
are synonymous (Geiger & Poppe, 2000). Final resolution
as to the relatedness of the northern and southern
complexes will await the discovery of an animal (or
animals) of the northern complex and comparisons of
DNA made to animals of the southern complex. If the
animals are larger (>35 mm or so) the epipodium may
prove useful as well.
Of Sea and Shore
Continued from page 168
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This photo study could not have been done were
it not for the generosity of three shell collectors who
contributed a large percentage of the material used. I
am extremely grateful for the trust they placed in me,
and their willingness to share their precious material with
the world of Haliotis lovers. I wish to express my sincere
thanks to these people, and list them here in
alphabetical order: Tom Grace, Bob Kershaw, and Bob
Spinale. I also would like to thank Steve Browning and
Doug Thorn for their helpful comments and advice.
LITERATURE CITED
Angas, G. F. 1869. Descriptions of Twelve New Species
of Land and Marine Shells from Australia and
the Solomon Islands. Proceedings of the
Zoological Society 4:45-49, pl. 2.
Cox, J. C. 1869. On a new species of Haliotis from New
South Wales. Proceedings of the Zoological
Society 4:49.
Geiger, D. L. 1998. Recent Genera and Species of the
Family Haliotidae Rafinesque, 1815
(Gastropoda: Vetigastropoda). The Nautilus
111:85-116.
Geiger, D. L. 2000. Distribution and Biogeography of the
recent Haliotidae (Gastropoda: Vetigastropoda)
World Wide. Bollettino Malacologico 35:57-120.
Geiger, D. L. and G. T. Poppe. 2000. Family Haliotidae.
In: Poppe, G. T. and Groh, K. (Eds). A
Conchological Iconography. Conchbooks,
Hackenheim, Germany. 135pp, 83pls.
Iredale, T. 1927. Caloundra Shells. Australian Zoologist
4:331-336.
Hutsell, K. C., L. L. Hutsell, & D. L. Pisor. 2001.
Registry of World Record Size Shells. 3 rd
Edition. Snails Pace Productions, San Diego.
185pp.
Kaicher, D. 1981.
Card Catalogue of World Shells. Pack 28,
Haliotis. Kaicher, St. Petersburg, Florida.
26:2:172
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26:2:175
SHELLS FROM FIM DO MUNDO
In our last issue (Vol. 25 #2) you read of the adventures of Trevor Roberts and Tom Rice during their April 2004
collecting trip to Mozambique, in East Africa. Trevor has been busy identifying his treasures and the following
is a listing of approximately 325 he has identified thus far. (Thanks to Emilio Garcia for identifying several and
to Shary Almasi for typing Trevor’s list.)
Anadara antiquate Linn , 1758
Anadara erythraeonensis
Ancilla marmorata fm. pura
Antigona puerperal Linn , 1771
Arca avellana Lamarck, 1819
Architectonica perspective Linn , 1758
Asaphis violascens Forskaal, 1775
Atys naucum Linn , 1758
Austromitra analogica Reeve, 1845
Austromitra volucra
Barbatia setigera Reeve, 1844
Bassina foliacea
Batillaria sp.
Bequina gubernaculum
Bufonaria foliata Broderip, 1825
Bursa granularis R ding, 1798
B. muehlaeusseri Parth, 1990
Bursa rhodostoma Sowerby, 1835
Cancilla granatina Lamarck, 1811
Cancilla praestantissima R ding, 1798
Cantharus fumosus Dillwyn, 1817
Cantharus iostomus Gray, 1834
Cardita variegate Bruguiere, 1792
Casmaria ponderosa ponderosa Gmelin, 1791
Casmaria ponderosa ponderosa (smooth)
Cellana capensii Gmelin, 1791
Cerithium alveolus Hombron & Jacquinot, 1854
Cerithium columna Sowerby, 1834
Chicoreus brunneus Link, 1807
Chicoreus ramosus Linn , 1758
Chlamys senatoria porphyrea Gmelin, 1791
Clanculus flosculus Fischer, 1878
Clanculus puniceus Philippi, 1846
Clypeomorus petrosum gennesi
Codakia punctata Linn , 1758
Codakia species
Codakia tigerina Linn , 1758
Colubraria muricata Lightfoot, 1786
Conus acutangulus Lamarck, 1810
C. arenatus Hwass, 1792
C. arenatus form granulose Lamarck
C. bayani Jousseaume, 1872
C. betulinus Linn , 1758
C. capitaneus Linn , 1758
C. chaldeus R ding, 1798
C. coronatus Gmelin, 1791
C. espicopatus da Motta, 1982
C. gubernator Hwass, 1792
C. imperialis fuscata Born, 1778
C. iodostoma Reeve, 1843
C. janus Hwass, 1792
C. lithoglyphus Hwass, 1792
C. lividus Hwass, 1792
C. magus Linn , 1758
C. miles Linn , 1758
C. omaria Hwass, 1792
C. orbignyi Auduoin, 1831
C. rattus Hwass, 1792
C. striatellus Link, 1807
C. taeniatus Hwass, 1792
C. tessulatus Born, 1778
C. textile Linn , 1758
C. tulipa Linn , 1758
C. typhoon Kilburn, 1975
C. varius Linn , 1758
C. virgo Linn , 1798
Costellaria malcolmensis Melvill & Standen, 1901
Crassostrea gigas Thunberg, 1793
Cronia margariticola Broderip, 1833
Cymatium berryi
C. moniliferum Adams & Reeve, 1850
C. muricinum R ding, 1798
C. nicobaricum R ding, 1798
C. pileare Linn , 1758
C. potorium
C. pyrum Linn , 1758
C. raderi
Cypraea annulus Linn , 1758
C. aquatile Reeve, 1844
C. arabica Linn , 1758
C. argus contrastriata Perry, 1811
C. caputserpentis Linn , 1758
C. carneola carneola Linn , 1758i
C. caurica elongate Perry, 1811
C. chinensis variolaria Lamarck, 1810
C. clandestine Linn , 1758
C. contaminate Sowerby, 1832
C. diluculum diluculum Reeve, 1845
C. erosa Linn , 1758
C. fimbriata durbanensis Schilder & Schilder, 1938
C. helvola argella Melvill, 1888
C. Isabella Linn , 1758
C. kieneri kieneri Hidalgo, 1906
C. lamarckii fainzilberi Lorenz & Hubert, 1993
C. lynx Linn , 1758
C. mappa geographica Schilder & Schilder, 1933
C. miliaris Hwass, 1792
C. moneta Linn , 1758
C. nitidula Sowerby, 1833
C. rubeculum rubeculum Linn , 1758
C. talpa Linn , 1758
C. teres teres Gmelin, 1791
C. vespaceum Lamarck, 1822
C. vitellus dama Perry, 1811
C. vitellus Linn , 1758
Cypraeacassis rufa Linn , 1758
Of Sea and Shore
Decatopecten plica Linn , 1758
Diplomeriza fictilis
Discinisca lamellose
Distorsio smithi von Maltzan, 1884
Dolabella auricularia Lightfoot, 1786
Donas faba Gmelin, 1791
Donax lubricus Hanley, 1845
Dosinia hepatica Lamarck, 1818
Dosinia lupinus orbignyi
Duplicaria duplicate Linn , 1758
Engina mendicaria Linn , 1758
Eucithara stromboides Reeve, 1846
Favartia brevicula Sowerby, 1834
F. minatauros Radwin & D’Attilio, 1976
F. salmonea Melvill & Standen, 1899
Ficus ficus Linn , 1767
Fragum hemicardium Linn , 1758
Fulvia australe
Fusinus arabicus Melvill, 1898
Gafrarium divarticatum Gmelin, 1791
Gari weinkauffi
Gibbula species A
Gibbula species B
Glycymeris connollyi Tomlin, 1925
Glycymeris queketti
Gyrineum pusillum Broderip, 1833
Harpa amouretta R ding, 1798
Harpa cabritti Fischer,1860
Hastula lanceata Linn , 1758
Hastula solida Deshayes, 1859
Heliacus areola Gmelin, 1791
Hipponix conicus Schumacher, 1817
Hydatina amplustre Linn , 1758
Imbricaria punctata Swainson, 1821
Jujubinus suarezensis
Laevicardium biradiatum Bruguiere, 1789
Lambis lambis Linn , 1758
Latirus polygonus Gmelin, 1791
L. turritus Gmelin, 1791
Lima lima vulgarisKrauss, Link, 1807
Lophiotoma indica R ding, 1798
Loripes clauses Philippi, 1848
Lottia species
Lutraria rhynchaena Jonas, 1844
Macoma litoralis Krauss, 1848
Mactra lilacea Lamarck, 1818
Malea pomum Linn , 1758
Mitra latruncularia Reeve, 1845
M. litterata Lamarck, 1811
M. luctuosa A. Adams, 1853
M. mitra Linn , 1758
M. paupercula Linn , 1758
M. punctostriata A. Adams, 1855
M. rubritincta Reeve, 1844
M. subrupelli
M. ustulata Reeve, 1844
Mitrella albina Kiener, 1841
M. bella Reeve, 1859
Modiolus auriculatus Krauss, 1848
Modulus tectum
26:2:176
Monilea obscura Wood, 1828
Murex brevispina Lamarck, 1822
M. carbonnieri Jousseaume, 1881
M. haustellum Linn , 1758
Muricodrupa fiscella Gmelin, 1791
M. stellaris
Naquetia triquester Lamarck, 1816
Nassa francolinus Bruguiere, 1789
Nassaria acuminate Reeve, 1844
Nassarius albescens gemmuliferus A. Adams, 1852
N. arcularia plicatus R ding, 1798
N. bicallosus Smith, 1876
N. clarus Marrat, 1877
N. gemmulata Lamarck, 1822
N. horridus Dunker, 1847
N. kraussianus Dunker, 1846
N. papillosus Linn , 1758
Natica arachnoidea Gmelin, 1791
N. areolata R cluz, 1844
N. onca R ding, 1798
N. qualtieriana R cluz, 1844
N. tecta Anton, 1839
Nemocardium lyratum Sowerby, 1840
Neocancilla circula Kiener, 1838
N. clathrus Gmelin, 1791
N. papilio Link, 1897
N. pretiosa Reeve, 1844
Nerita albicilla Linn , 1758
N. chamaeleon Linn , 1758
N. picea R cluz, 1841
N. plicata Linn , 1758
N. polita Linn , 1758
N. scabricosta
N. textilis Gmelin, 1791
Oliva bulbosa R ding, 1798
O. caroliniana Duclos, 1835
O. paxillus Reeve, 1850
O. tigrina Lamarck, 1811
O. tigrina forma fallax Johnson, 1910
O. tigrina forma glandiformis Marrat, 1871
Otopleura nodicincta A. Adams, 1855
Paphies striata Gmelin, 1971
Peristernia forskalii T.-Canefri, 1875
Phalium areola Linn , 1758
Phasianella solida Born, 1778
P. variegatus Lamarck, 1822
Philippia radiata R ding, 1798
Phos nodicostatus A. Adams, 1851
Phos roseatus Hinds, 1844
Phramidella acus Gmelin, 1791
Pitar pellucidus Lamarck, 1818
Planaxis sulcatus Born, 1780
Polinices albumen Linn , 1758
Polinices mammatus R ding, 1798
Polinices tumidulus Swainson, 1840
Pseudovertagus clava Linn , 1758
Pterygia scabricula Linn , 1758
Pterynotus bipinnatus Reeve, 1845
Pterynotus elongatus Lightfoot, 1786
Pupa solidula sp.
Of Sea and Shore
Pusia bernhardina R ding, 1798
Pyramidella maculosa Lamarck, 1822
P. sulcata A. Adams, 1854
Pyrene ocellata Link, 1807
P. testudinaria Link, 1807
P. turturina Lamarck, 1822
Rapana venosa Valenciennes, 1846
Rhinoclavis aspera Linn , 1758
R. kochi Philippi, 1846
R. sinensis Gmelin, 1791
Scabricola casta Gmelin, 1791
S. coriacea Reeve, 1845
S. fissurata Lamarck, 1811
Scalpia crossei Sempler, 1861
Scutus unguis Linn , 1758
Sinum quasimoides Kilburn, 1976
Siphonaria oculus Krauss, 1848
S. concinna
S. serrata
S. tenuicostulata E.A. Smith, 1903
Strombus aurisdianae Linn , 1758
S. fusiformis Sowerby, 1842
S. gibberulus Linn , 1758
S. mutabilis Swainson, 1821
S. plicatus sibbaldii Sowerby, 1832
S. terebellatus afrobellatus Abbott, 1960
Subcancilla flammea Quoy & Gaimard, 1833
Tapes litteratus Linn , 1758
Tawera torresiana sp.
Tellina capsoides Lamarck, 1816
T. palatum Iredale, 1929
T. perna Spengler, 1797
T. rastellum Hanley, 1844
T. sericata
T. sulcata
T. virgata Linn , 1758
T. yemenensis
Terebellum terebellum Sowerby, 1842
Terabra affinis Gray, 1834
T. anilis R ding, 1798
T. babylonia Lamarck, 1822
T. areolata Link, 1807
T. casta var. natalensis
T. cerithina Lamarck, 1822
T. columnellaris Hinds, 1844
T. crenulata Linn , 1758
T. deshayesii Reeve, 1860
T. dimidiate Linn , 1758
T. funiculate Hinds, 1844
T. parkinsoni Cernohorsky & Bratcher, 1976
T. pertusa Born, 1778
T. punctatostriata Gray, 1854
T. quoygaimardi Cernohorsky & Bratcher, 1976
T. radiatus Gmelin, 1791
T. subulata Linn , 1767
T. turrita E.A. Smith, 1873
Thais lacera Born, 1778
T. savignyi Deshayes, 1844
Tivela platyalux
Tonna chinensis Dillwyn, 1817, juvenile
26:2:177
T. cumingii Reeve, 1849
Trachycardium enode Sowerby, 1834
T. maculosum Wood, 1815
T. vertebratum
Trapezium bicarinatum Schumacher, 1817
Trigonostoma scalariformis Lamarck, 1822
Tritonoturris capensis E.A. Smith, 1882
Trochus fenestratus Gmelin, 1791
T. nigropunctatus Reeve, 1861
Turbo brunneus R ding, 1798
T. laetus
T. sarmaticus Linn , 1758
Turridrupa cerithina Anton, 1838
Turris garnonsii
Turritella sanguinea Reeve, 1849
Vexilla vexillum Gmelin, 1791
Vexillum acupictum Reeve, 1844
V. aureolineatum Turner, 1988
V. coronatum Lamarck,1811
V. cruentatum Gmelin, 1791
V. daedalum E.A. Smith, 1903
V. echinatum A. Adams, 1853
V. helena
V. michaudi Crosse & Fischer, 1864
V. michaudi Crosse & Fischer, 1864 forma
V. modestum Reeve, 1845
V. osiridis Issel, 1869
V. pardalis K ster, 1840
V. semicostatum Anton, 1839
V. unifascialis Lamarck, 1811
V. vulpecula Linn , 1758
V. zelotypum Reeve, 1845
Volema pyrum Linn , 1758
Volva volva Linn , 1758
Xenoturris cinquilifera Lamarck, 1822
Zeb fulgetrum Reeve, 1844
Of Sea and Shore
26:2:178
driver know, the young man jumps from his vehicle and
Fusitriton magellanicus (R ding, 1798) which are brought
claims his penguin, still looking pretty angry and away
in by the lobstermen.
we go. We wished that penguin well as we think it has a
very crabby companion. After settling in at the same
After dinner a local gentleman named Marcos
Santiago hotel where we stayed before (and, no, we didn’t
entertained us dressed as Robinson Crusoe – in goatskin
get that wonderful room a second time), we had out last
and all. After “Robinson” finished his talk on how he
group dinner.
survived his long ordeal the group watched a video and
headed back to their rooms to pack. Heavy rain had
On our last morning in Chile, we met Dulack Richards,
started to fall, assuring us a wet departure.
a shell collector and curator of a small shell museum he
and his wife have in the city. We headed out via the
Today we depart but we have learned that the air strip
metro to visit the museum and to buy local shells from
is fogged in this morning, so we are to wait until the fog
him. After returning to our hotel and a short rest, Trevor
lifts. Our plane will not take off from Santiago to come
and I found a little caf serving empanada and cold draft
pick us up until it can land safely. But even when we
cerveza. We walked to the craft market but the walk
think we will be able to fly out we have a problem because
was mostly to kill time as we were all packed and ready
the sea is rough and getting on the boats will be difficult.
to travel … our plane was not scheduled to leave until
The jeep can’t make it on the back road as it rained last
late afternoon. When we got back to the hotel we spotted
night and part of the road is now covered by a mud slide.
John in the courtyard getting his shoes shined for 250
We wait. Finally we leave in two groups. I’m in the second
pesos. He said it was a good price and the shoes looked
group and watch as my bag is one of two left behind on
like new! Took his picture … last one on the roll. I usually
the dock. It has my passport in it so I’m a little nervous
end my travel talks with the typical photograph of a
about it though I am assured that they will come back
sunset, but this time it’s going to be a shoe shine!
for it.
We boarded the large launch in San Juan Bautista,
packed with people heading for the airstrip and we go
out into the bay to wait for the two suitcases coming
across in a small launch. After the bags have been
transferred, we head out for a rather rough ride. The brown
fur seals are waiting for us – beautiful to see, upon our
arrival, and we begin our walk back up from the launch
to the airfield. Happily, Trevor and Debbie (who has had
a recent knee operation) catch a ride in the jeep along
with the luggage.
The hike up isn’t nearly as bad as it was going down
and it was wonderful to see that Dorner 228 sitting on
the runway waiting for us. Again, they had sent an
additional small plane for the extra passengers, which
immediately loads up and takes off. We notice as we
board our plane that two young men with a penguin have
“saved” the two seats in the back. We wonder how this
will turn out – 17 passengers on a 16 passenger plane.
And what about the penguin? This critter is going along
in a cardboard box and the men are to transport it to
“points south”. After much argument between the young
“penguin” man and the pilot, the pilot gives an ultimatum.
He tells him that this plane is essentially “ours” and that
the extra person can either sit on the floor or get off the
plane. The young man (and he ain’t too happy) sits on
the floor with his penguin and we take off. It’s a beautiful
take off into the fog, but only for a moment, then all is
clear.
An hour later and a few minutes before we spot the
mainland we look down and see our first “red tide” from
the air. It is impressive. And red. Back at the little airport,
we board the bus and we watch as the penguin is loaded
onto our bus in error! Someone runs out and lets the
My interest in Chile began over thirty years ago, when
that country was going through great political change. A
dear friend of mine, whom I met at the Pacific Northwest
Shell Club, Evelyn Adkins, cheered me on when she
heard that Trevor and I might travel to Chile. Evelyn has
read extensively about Chile, has visited Chile, loves
Chile and her boundless enthusiasm for that country is
catching. So, in regard to this trip to Chile, I owe a great
deal of gratitude to Evelyn, to Trevor for getting me there,
Emilio for planning the trip and making it exciting for me
shell-wise and the Wolffs for making any trip a great
deal more fun.
Of Sea and Shore
RECENTLY DESCRIBED
SHELLED MARINE MOLLUSKS
Marginella lamarcki Boyer, 2004
Pl. 2, fig. 13
Type locality: la Petite Cote, Centre-Senegal
Distribution: Senegal and Cape Verde
Size: to 28+mm
Boyer, Franck. Description d’une esp ce jumelle de Marginella
aurantia Lamarck, 1822. Bolletino Malacologica XXIX 2003 39(912): 141-148 (issued in 2004)
Chrysallida rinaldi Micali & Nofroni, 2004
B/W Pl.1 , fig. 24
Type locality: Marettimo Island, Sicily, Italy
Distribution: appears widely distributed
along the Italian coast
Size: to 2mm
Micale, Pasquale and Italo Nofroni. On the specific validity of
Chrysallida penchynati (B.D.D., 1883) and description of
Chrysallida rinaldii n.sp. Bolletino MalacologicaXXXIX 2003
39(9-12): 177-180 (issued in 2004).
Terebra suduirauti Teryn & Conde, 2004
Pl. 2, fig. 11
Type locality: Aliguay Island, Philippines
Distribution: known only from type locality
Size: 30+mm
Terryn, Yves and Javier Conde. Terebra suduirauti sp. nov., a
new Terebridae species from the Philippines. Gloria Maris 43(1):
1-6, March 2004.
Neocancilla baeri Turner & Cernohorsky, 2003
Pl. 2, fig. 14
Type locality: Balut Island, Mindanao, Philippines
Distribution: southern and central Philippines, N.E.
Taiwan, off south coast of central Honshu
Island, Japan
Size: to nearly 41mm
Turner, Hans and Walter O. Cernohorsky. Neocancilla baeri, a
new species of the Mitridae from deep waters off the
Philippines, Taiwan and Japan. Archiv f r Molluskenkunde 132
(1/2): 147-152. Dec. 12, 2003
Conus garywilsoni Lorenz & Morrison, 2004
Pl. 1, figs. 1 & 2
Type locality: Exmouth area, Western Australia
Distribution: type locality
Size: 15-20mm
Lorenz, Felix and Hugh Morrison. A new species of Conidae
(Gastropoda: Toxoglossa) from Western Australia: Conus
garywilsoni sp. nov. La Conchiglia Issue #309 (Oct.-Dec. 2003,
but released in 2004)
Gibberula rachmaninovi Kellner, 2003
B/W Pl. 4, fig. 41
Type locality: Santa Maria, Sal Island, Cape Verde
Archipelago
26:2:183
Size: 7.3mm
Kellner, Lars. A new species of Gibberula Swainson, 1840
(Cystiscidae) from Cape Verde Islands (Mollusca: Gastropoda).
Club Conchylia Informationen 35 (1/6): 7-9. December 2003.
Rapanuia disalvoi
Dell’Angelo, Raines & Bonfitto, 2004
B/W Pl. 1, fig. 22
Type locality: Rapa Nui (Easter Island)
Distribution: known only from Easter Island
Size: to 5.3mm
Dell’Angelo, Bruno, Bret Raines and Antonio Bonfitto. The
Polyplacophora of Easter Island. The Veliger 47(2): 130-140.
April 2004.
Crassispira (Crassispirella) tuckeri
Bonfitto & Morassi, 2004
B/W Pl. 1, fig. 23
Type locality: off Mogadishu, Somalia
Size: up to nearly 15mm
Bonfitto, Antonio and Mauro Morassi. Crassispira
(Crassispirella) tuckeri, New Species from Somalia, Eastern
Africa. The Veliger 47(2): 157-160. Apr. 2004 .
Gemixystus fimbriatus Houart, 2004
B/W Pl. 1, fig. 27
Type locality: east of D’Entrecasteaus Channel,
Tasmania
Distribution: New South Wales, South Australia and
southern Tasmania
Size: up to 4.1mm
Gemixystus rhodanos Houart, 2004
B/W Pl. 2, fig. 32
Type locality: east of Malabar, Sydney, New South
Wales, Australia
Distribution: eastern Australia from southern
Queensland to Tasmania
Size: up to 5.9mm
Houart, Roland. A review of Gemixystus Iredale, 1929
(Gastropoda: Muricidae) from Australia and New Zealand.
Novapex 5 (HS 2): 1-27. 10 Feb. 2004 .
Spikebuccinum stephaniae
Harasewych & Kantor, 2004
B/W Pl. 2, fig. 33
Type locality: off South Georgia Island
Distribution: found in the Scotia Sea and adjacent
abyssal plains, depth 1967-4645m
Size: to 19.9mm
Drepanodontus tatyanae
Harasewych & Kantor, 2004
B/W Pl. 3, figs. 34 & 36
Type locality: NE of South Shetland Islands
Distribution: Scotia Sea and adjacent
Argentine Abbysal Plain, 2740-5798m
Of Sea and Shore
Size: to 43.1mm
Muffinbuccinum catherinae
Haresewych & Kantor, 2004
B/W Pl. 2, fig. 30
Type locality: Argentine Abyssal Plain, 5685-5798m
Size: to 26.6mm
Germonea rachelae Haresewych & Kantor, 2004
B/W Pl. 2, fig. 31
Type locality: off South Georgia Island
Distribution: known only from the abyssal plain of the
Scotia Sea, 2196-3714m
Haresewuch, M.G. and Yuri I. Kantor. The deep-sea Buccinoidea
(Gastropoda: Neogastropoda) of the Scotia Sea and adjacent
abyssal plains and trenches. The Nautilus 118(1): 1-42. 2004.
Conus bodarti J. Coltro, 2004
Pl. 1, fig. 4
Type locality: 125km NE Abrolhos Archipelago, off
Alcobaca, Bahia, Brasil
Distribution: only from the type locality
Size: to 16mm
Conus henckesi J. Coltro, 2004
Pl. 1, fig. 5
Type locality: Mar Grande, Itaparica Island, Bahia
State, Brasil
Distribution: only from the type locality
Size: to 18mm
Conus delucai J. Coltro, 2004
Pl. 1, fig. 7
Type locality: 75km E Abrolhos Archipelago, off
Alcobaca, Bahia State, Brasil
Distribution: only from type locality
Size: to 15mm
Conus schirrmeisteri J. Coltro, 2004
Pl. 1, fig. 6
Type locality: Sulfur Bank, 125km NE Abrolhos
Archipelago, Brasil
Size: to 11mm
Conus baiano J. Coltro, 2004
Pl. 1,fig. 8
Type locality: 25km SW Abrolhos Archipelago, Brasil
Size: to 30mm
Conus cargelei J. Coltro, 2004
Pl. 1, fig. 9
Type locality: 75km NNE Abrolhos Archipelago, Brasil
Size: to 25mm
26:2:184
Conus mauricioi J. Coltro, 2004
Pl. 1, fig. 10
Type locality: off Rio do Fogo, Rio Grande do Norte State,
Brasil
Size: to 22mm
Conus pseudocardinalis J. Coltro, 2004
Pl. 1, fig. 3
Type locality: 125km NE Abrolhos Archipelago, Brasil
Size: to 24mm
Coltro, Jose, Jr. New Species of Conidae from Northeastern Brasil
(Mollusc: Gastropoda). Strombus #011, 1-16. 11 Feb. 2004
Calliostoma madagascarensis
Vilvens, Nolf & Verstraeten, 2004
Pl. 2, fig. 15
Type locality: northwestern Madagascar
Distribution: western Madagascar, 400+m
Size: to 29mm high, 39mm width
Vilvens, Claude, Frank Nolf and Johan Verstraeten. Description of
Calliostoma madagascarensis n. sp. (Gastropoda: Trochidae:
Calliostomatinae) from Madagascar. Novapex 5(2-3): 49-55. 10
July 2004 .
Cycloscala armata Garcia, 2004
B/W Pl. 1, fig. 25
Type locality: Reunion Island
Distribution: Loyalty Ridge and Reunion
Size: 4.7mm
Cycloscala montrouzieri Garcia, 2004
B/W Pl. 3, fig. 35
Type locality: Secteur de Touho, New Caledonia
Distribution: only from type locality, 5-25m
Size: to 2.6mm
Cycloscala sardellae Garcia, 2004
B/W Pl. 1, fig. 26
Type locality: Lifou, Santai Bay, Mepinyo, Loyalty Islands
Distribution: New Caledonia and the Loyalty Islands., 810m
Size: 7.2mm
Garcia, Emilio Fabian. On the genus Cycloscala Dall, 1889
(Gastropoda: Epitoniidae) in the Indo-Pacific, with comments on
the type species, new records of known species, and the
description of three new species. Novapex 5(2-3): 57-68. 10 July
2004.
Granulina globosa Wakefield & McCleery, 2004
B/W Pl. 3, fig. 37
Type locality: west of Mamanuca Islands, Western Fiji
Distribution: Fiji, 80-106m
Size: to 1.75mm
Of Sea and Shore
Granulina mamanucensis
Wakefield & McCleery, 2004
B/W Pl. 3, fig. 38
Type locality: west of Mamanuca Islands, Western Fiji.
Distribution: Fiji, 80m
Size: 1.29mm
Gibberula marinae Wakefield & McCleery, 2004
B/W Pl. 4, fig. 39
Type locality: west of Mamanuca Islands
Size: 2.57mm
26:2:185
Distribution: type locality, 2286-2962m
Size: 4.7mm
Melanella guenteri Engl, 2004
Pl 3, fig. 19
Type locality: Scotia Ridge, Drake Passage, South
Shetland Islands
Distribution: type locality, 5194m
Engl, Winfried. Antarctic Mollusks Part 5 Revision of the Antarctic
Eulimidae with the description of three new species. La Conchiglia
#310: 11-18
Cymatium norai Garcia-Talavera & de Vera, 2004
Gibberula vomoensis Wakefield & McCleery, 2004
Pl. 3, fig. 18
B/W Pl. 4, fig. 40
Type locality: off Cabo das Correntes, Maputo,
Type locality: off island of Vomo, Western Fiji
Mozambique, 25m
Distribution: Mozambique
Size: to 1.64mm
Size: to 30mm
Wakefield, Andrew and Tony McCleery. New species of Granulina Garcia-Talavera, Francisco and Alejandro de Vera. Description of
and Gibberula (Gastropoda: Cystiscidae) from offshore subtidal a new species of Cymatium (Gastropoda, Ranellidae) from the
habitats in the westernj Fijian Islands. Novapex 5(2-3): 69-78. 10 Indian Ocean. La Conchiglia #310: 19-26
July 2004.
Conus atlanticoselvagem Afonso & Tenorio, 2004
Volvarina bayeri Gracia & Boyer, 2004
Pl. 3, fig. 17
Pl. 2, fig. 12
Joao Valente Bank, 30 miles SW of Sal Rei, Boavista,
Type locality: off Bahia Honda, Peninsula de la Guajira,
Cape Verde Islands
Colombia, 493m
Size: to 55.7mm
Size: to 13mm
Afonso, Carlos M.L. and Manuel J. Tenorio. Description of a new
Gracia, Adriana and Franck Boyer. Distribution of Volvarina offshore species of Conus from the Cape Verde Arhipelago
hennequini Boyer, 2001 in the Western Caribbean Sea and (Gastropoda, Conidae). La Conchiglia #310: 33-39
description of a new bathyal Volvarina from Northern Colombia.
Novapex 5(2-3): 79-84. 10 July 2004.
Cypraeovula (Crossia) volvens
Nassaria cirsiumoides Fraussen, 2004
B/W Pl. 1, fig. 28
Type locality: between Taiwan and Japan
Distribution: South China Sea between Taiwan and Japan,
800-900m
Size: to 31+mm
Manaria callophorella Fraussen, 2004
B/W Pl. 1, fig. 29
Type locality: between Taiwan and Japan
Distribution: above by fishermen from Kyushu, Japan,
500-900m
Size: to 21.7mm
Fraussen, Koen. Two new deep water Buccinidae (Gastropoda)
from western Pacific. Novapex 5(2-3): 85-89. 10 July 2004.
Melanella boscheineni Engl, 2004
Pl. 3, fig. 20
Type locality: Weddel Sea, close to Antarctica
Distribution: continental shelf of Antarctica
Size: 5mm
Melanella sankurieae Engl, 2004
Pl. 3, fig. 21
Type locality: east of Montagu Island (South Sandwich
Islands)
Fazzini & Bergonzoni, 2004
Pl. 3, fig. 16
Type locality: NE of Port Alfred, eastern coast of South
Africa. 88-100m
Size: to 23.3mm
Fazzini, Pasquale and Mirco Bergonzoni. A new species of the
subgenus Crossia Shikama, 1974 (Mollusca: Gastropoda:
Cypraeidae). La Conchiglia #310: 50-56
Of Sea and Shore
26:2:194
PROPOSED RECLASSIFICATION OF
HALIOTIS ROBERTI McLEAN, 1970, AND PHOTO STUDY AND
BRIEF REVIEW OF THE TROPICAL AMERICAN HALIOTIS
Buzz Owen
P.O. Box 601
Gualala, California 95445
buzabman@mcn.org
See color pages 195, 196 & 201
material presented herein was accumulated and
PART 1
Haliotis dalli Henderson, 1915 and Haliotis roberti photographed. Part 1 will treat the two Western American
forms, while Part 2 will explore the Atlantic forms, H.
McLean, 1970.
pourtalesii Dall, 1881, and H. aurantium Simone, 1998.
In both Parts 1 and 2, a question of synonomy and/or
ABSTRACT
probable subspecies status will be suggested, the
Forty specimens of the somewhat contentious resolution of which will have to await future DNA studies.
and poorly understood tropical American Haliotis species, These two papers will serve as preliminary reports to
H. dalli from the Gal pagos Islands, Ecuador, and explore this probability.
Gorgona Island, Colombia and H. roberti, from Cocos
Island, Costa Rica, are presented in a photo study. The MATERIALS AND METHODS
existence of two shell forms of both taxa is described,
as is the probability of H. roberti being subspecific to H. Depository Collections: BOC: Buzz Owen Collection;
dalli rather than a distinct species. Measurement SBC: Steve Browning Collection; DGC: Dave Green
statistics and photography demonstrating the differences Collection; TGC: Tom Grace Collection; BKC: Bob
between the two morphological variants are presented. Kershaw Collection; SBMNH: Santa Barbara Museum
of Natural History; BMC: Bob Meistrell Collection; DPC:
Don Pisor Collection; BSC: Bob Spinale Collection; DDC:
INTRODUCTION
Dwayne Dinucci Collection; MCC: Mark Center
Geiger (1998a) recently discussed all 200 Collection.
species level-taxa and the 17 genus level taxa in the
family Haliotidae Rafinesque, 1815. Most temperate Material examined: H. d. dalli, 27 shell specimens; H.
species are fairly well known, however some of the less dalli roberti, 23 shell specimens
common, tropical species occurring at deeper water
All shell specimens used in this study were
depths are not as well understood, as insufficient
collected
by dredging. Nearly all specimens of H. dalli
material has been available for a thorough study. This is
roberti
were
collected live, attached to small red
particularly true of the tropical American Haliotis that
branching
coral
snared in tangle nets while dredging at
basically consist of four taxa, all of which are generally
or
near
Chatham
Bay, Cocos Island, Costa Rica. These
found in depths greater than 30–40 meters. These are
specimens
were
mostly
between 8–14 mm in length and
listed here: H. dalli Henderson, 1915; H. roberti McLean,
appear
to
be
rapidly
growing
juveniles and sub-adults.
1970; H. pourtalesii Dall, 1881; and H. aurantium
The
large
percentage
of
H.
d.
dalli specimens dredged
Simone, 1998. A fifth taxon, H. barbouri Foster, 1946,
appear
to
have
been
found
dead,
with most appearing
exists, but its validity is in question due primarily to
quite
mature.
They
were
found
at several stations
being known only from the type specimen (Abbott, 1954;
scattered
throughout
the
Gal
pagos
Islands, mostly at
Geiger, 1998a).
depths
of
50
to
75
meters.
All
specimens
of H. dalli
In the introduction of the present work and
roberti
had
very
clean
dorsal
surfaces,
and
were
henceforth, H. roberti will be treated as a subspecies of
photographed
after
being
brushed
with
only
a
trace
of
H. dalli: H. dalli roberti McLean, 1970, as the
mineral
oil.
Many
of
the
more
mature,
dead-collected
H.
examination of the large amount of material available for
this study strongly suggests that this is the case. Further d. dalli needed light cleaning with an X-Acto knife and
confirmation will await DNA studies of the animals from other prep work before being photographed.
Morphological comparisons between the two Gal pagos
the Gal pagos, Gorgona, and Cocos Islands.
This will be the first of two papers whose Islands shell forms were made by photographing the
purpose is to illustrate and better understand some of shells at several angles. Photography was performed
the least known of the world’s Haliotis species. Generally with either a Canon A70 or Nikon 5700 digital camera,
poorly represented in all but a few collections, it was and the resulting images were processed with an iMac
only due to an extensive search and the generosity of a computer using Adobe Photoshop version 8.
number of Haliotis specialists that the large amount of
Of Sea and Shore
RESULTS
Haliotis dalli dalli Henderson, 1915.
Examination of the initial 27 specimens of the
Gal pagos Island subspecies used in this study clearly
demonstrated the existence of two morphological variants
with dramatically different shell characteristics. For the
purposes of this report, they will be referred to “Type 1”
and “Type 2”, and are illustrated in Plate 3, Figs. A and
B. They are described as follows:
Type 1. Until recently, the seemingly more
common of the two forms (21 of 27 specimens – see
“Remarks” at end of “Discussion”), the shells of Type 1
specimens, are deep and round in proportion, having a
high spire with a steep angle, and a length to height
ratio of 45-50%. They are smaller in size than Type 2
specimens, with 20 of the 21 shells being less than 25
mm in length. The area below the line of holes toward
the columella slopes sharply downward and the carina
is generally weakly developed (Plate 3, Figs. A and B).
The columella is short and slopes strongly inward. The
base color of the shell is usually light to medium yellow
orange
Type 2. This form initially appeared to be much
less common than Type 1 specimens (six out of 27
examples), and is very flat with a very flattened spire
(see “REMARKS” at end of “DISCUSSION”). The length
to height ratio of the six specimens is 28-30%. This
form appears to reach a larger size than Type 1
specimens, with three of the six examples being in
excess of 29 mm in length (29.0, 32.3, and 37.0 mm).
Below the line of holes to the columella, the carina is
extremely wide, forming an expanded ridge following a
deep groove, which is in dramatic contrast to Type 1
specimens (Plate 3). The columella is flatter and much
longer than on Type 1 specimens (Plate 3). The tremata
are more rounded in shape with thicker walls than the
Type 1 form. Five of the six specimens are a darker
chocolate color than the yellow orange color of the Type
1 shells (Plate 1, top row, illustrates four). These
differences become more pronounced as the specimens
become larger.
Haliotis dalli roberti McLean, 1970.
Examination of the first 17 specimens of the
Cocos Island subspecies revealed a striking
resemblance in shell morphology to Type 1 shell
specimens of H. d. dalli from the Gal pagos Islands.
Most specimens of the Cocos Island subspecies were
slightly more round in proportion, but the most apparent
difference was the generally stronger and wider spiral
ribbing on the dorsal surface. H. dalli roberti also
appeared to be smaller (maximum size of the first 17
specimens examined was 18 mm). In March, 2004, five
more specimens became available for study, three of
which were live taken, with two of these three measuring
19.6 mm – larger than any of the first 17 mentioned
above. However, the two remaining, dead and badly
26:2:197
broken, partial, shells found by dredging, measured 34
and 42 mm! The general proportions and spiral ribbing
of the 34 mm specimen appeared similar to the earlier
live-taken H. dalli roberti (Plate 2), but the 42 mm shell
was virtually identical to the extremely large, 37 mm
Type 2 specimen of H. d. dalli found at the Gal pagos
Islands. It thus became apparent that the larger, flat
morphological variant occurs in both subspecies. Plate
3 illustrates the similarities and differences discussed
in this section.
DISCUSSION
Haliotis dalli dalli Henderson, 1915, is easily
the most well known of the five tropical American Haliotis
taxa, and is the species most likely to be found in the
collections of serious Haliotiphiles. Though not actually
described until 1915, it was first given recognition by
Dall in 1889 who mistook it for H. pourtalesii, which he
had described eight years earlier. This error occurred
due to the destruction of the only existing specimen of
H. pourtalesii (the holotype) in the Chicago Fire 18 years
earlier, which forced Dall to rely only on his memory for
comparison. Although it appears that many, if not most,
specimens in collections have been dredged in 50 meters
or deeper, the species has been found much shallower
as well. A small specimen was taken, live, in 16 m. at
Academy Bay between 1994 and 1995 (P. Hakker, pers.
comm.). Two specimens were also live-taken in a lava
tide pool at Punta Espinosa, Isla Fernandina, in 1972.
The latter, extremely strange occurrence may have been
due to an earthquake that lifted the seafloor several
meters in parts of the Gal pagos Islands several years
earlier (D. Geiger, pers. comm.).
Haliotis dalli roberti McLean, 1970, has been
so infrequently collected that comparatively little is
known of its distribution. It appears to exist primarily in
very deep water (~100 m.) where it has most often been
found on thin, branching red coral snagged and brought
to the surface on tangle nets. This method of collecting
may explain why live-collected specimens have been
so much smaller than many of the dredged, dead shells
of the Gal pagos Islands subspecies. This thin coral,
which provides a substrate for the smaller animals to
attach to, as well as a possible food source, may preclude
larger animals from gaining a secure foothold. Should
any be partially or poorly attached, they could be easily
dislodged on the long, arduous journey to the surface.
In any case, the two large, broken shells retrieved by
dredging prove that specimens of the Cocos Island
subspecies larger than 25 mm exist – they just haven’t
been found attached to branching red coral. Prior to the
discovery of the Type 2 specimen at Cocos Island, it
was speculated that the two morphological variants found
at the Gal pagos Islands might actually represent
different species. As animals of the larger Type 2
specimens weren’t available for study when this report
was being prepared, an examination comparing the two
forms could not be made (though casual examination
has demonstrated that the radula of both subspecies
Of Sea and Shore
Type 1 forms share a very narrow lateral tooth and the
cephalic tentacles of both have concentric rings (Geiger,
1998a). Should animals of both variants become
available for more detailed examination, DNA studies
would probably resolve this question better that
comparisons of the epipodia, due to the small size of
the animals. The discovery that the large, flat, Type 2
form also exists at Cocos Island would seem to make it
more likely that the Gal pagos and Cocos Island
populations represent two subspecies which both have
this shell form. However, should animals of the two forms
be found and prove different, indicating two species are
represented, it would be especially important to know
which form Henderson selected for the holotype of H.
dalli. It seems clear from the sketch and dimensions
figured in Henderson’s original description of 1915, and
also in Dall, 1889, that the holotype is a Type 2
specimen. Should future DNA studies indicate that the
two forms do represent different species, it would mean
that H. roberti from Cocos Island is a valid species, and
the similar appearing deep, round form from the
Gal pagos is a subspecies of H. roberti. It would also
mean that any Type 2 specimens from Cocos Island
represent H. dalli, as it appears the single large Type 2
specimen from Cocos Island is identical to Type 2
specimens from the Gal pagos Islands. It is my current
opinion based on the material that I have studied that
this is not the case, but only the discovery and
26:2:198
the latter group of 15 had incrustations of red coral (?)
spots which are common on exposed rocks and many
of the earlier uncleaned Type 1 specimens. The
uncleaned Type 2 shells from this group had soft whitish
deposits with virtually no encrusting hard, red coral spots.
Similar light colored soft encrusting deposits are
common on Haliotis shells protected under rocks and
in crevices from other localities - H. walallensis and
juveniles of other species on the West Coast of North
America, for example (Owen, pers. obs.). This may
suggest that Type 1 and Type 2 forms have different
habitat preferences as adults. Further, this could suggest
that the two forms represent different species and strongly
increases scientific interest in obtaining animals for
further study that may hopefully resolve this problem.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This photo study could not have been
accomplished were it not for the generosity of the
numerous collectors, dealers, and curators who loaned
me specimens. I will be forever grateful for the trust they
placed in me, and their willingness to share their precious
material with the world of Haliotis lovers. I wish to express
my sincere thanks to these people, and list them here
in alphabetical order: Steve Browning, Mark Center, Dr.
Hank Chaney, Dwayne Dinucci, Tom Grace, Dave Green,
Bob Kershaw, Bob Meistrell, Don Pisor, and Bob Spinale.
examination of more material will answer this question. I also wish to thank Steve Browning and Tom Grace for
their helpful comments and encouragement. Finally, I
Remarks: Recent studies of large numbers of wish to express my gratitude to Del Potter for setting up
shell specimens of several uncommon and/or the photo plates and layout of the text.
contentious taxa have demonstrated that it is possible
LITERATURE CITED
for a species of Haliotis to have two distinct forms with
pronounced variations in shell morphology. Haliotis
supertexta Lischke, 1870, is one such taxon (Owen, Dall, W. H. 1881. Preliminary Report on the Mollusca.
In: Reports on the Results of Dredging, under
2004). One form has extremely strong and scaly spiral
the Supervision of Alexander Agassiz, in the Gulf
ribbing, while the other almost entirely lacks ribbing and
of Mexico, And the Caribbean Sea, 1877-79,
has a very smooth shell. Both forms will be found living
By the U.S. Coast Survey Steamer “Blake”.
in the same habitat, and the animals appear identical.
Bulletin
of the Museum of Comparative Zoology
The “hargravesi” form of H. brazieri provides another such
9:
33-144.
example (Owen, 2004).
Dall, W. H. 1889. Preliminary Report On the Collection
of Mollusca and Brachioipoda Obtained in 1887Just prior to submission of this paper for
88. Proceedings of the United States National
publication, a group of 15 specimens of H. d. dalli were
Museum. 12:219-362, Pl. 5-14.
sent to the author for inclusion in this study. They were
Foster,
R.
W. 1946. The Family Haliotidae in the Western
live-taken in 1972 by a SCUBA diver at or near Academy
Atlantic.
Johnsonia 2:37-40, Pl. 23.
Bay at the Gal pagos Islands. Nearly all were found
Geiger,
D.L.
1998a.
Recent Genera and Species of the
under a single flat rock at a depth of 30 m. Fourteen of
family
Haliotidae
Rafinesque, 1815
the fifteen specimens were the large flat Type 2 form
(Gastropoda:Vetigastropoda).
The Nautilus 111:
similar to the holotype figured by Dall (1889) and
85-116.
Henderson (1915). This group was in marked contrast
to the initial 27 specimens of H. d. dalli used in this Henderson, J.B. 1915. Rediscovery of Pourtales’ Haliotis.
Proceedings of The United States National
study (only six of which were Type 2’s) that were dredged
Museum 48: 659-661, Pls. 45-46.
from the bottom as dead shells in small rubble rock and
Lischke,
C.E. 1870. Diagnose neuer Meeresconchylien
loose broken pieces of coral. This might suggest the
von
Japan. Malacologische Bl tter 17: 23-25.
possibility that the larger Type 2 form was most often
McLean,
J.
H.
1970. New Species of Tropical Eastern
found under rocks and not attached to broken red coral
Pacific
Gastropoda. Malacological Review 2:115and small rocks in rubble bottom. This possibility was
116.
reinforced by the fact that the single Type 1 specimen in
Of Sea and Shore
Owen, Buzz. 2004. Proposed Revisions To Haliotis
diversicolor Reeve, 1846, and Validation of
Haliotis supertexta Lischke, 1870. Of Sea and
Shore 26:2:99-105.
Owen, Buzz. 2004. The Haliotis brazieri Angas, 1869,
Complex of Eastern Australia: A Review and
Photo Study of a Contentious Group of Taxa. Of
Sea and Shore Vol. 26, No. 3 (current issue).
Simone, L.R.C. 1998. Morphology of The Western
Atlantic.
Haliotidae
(Gastropoda,
Vetigastropoda), with Description of a New
Species from Brazil. Malacologia 39: 59-75.
26:2:199
Of Sea and Shore
Shelling Surprises in
New Zealand
Arthur R. Casement
New Zealand has long been near the top of the list of
places we would wish to visit when we had the time.
Having put it off because of the travel time, my wife Carol
and I decided that it was time to bite the bullet and start
the planning for our trip to New Zealand. We decided
that the end of the Southern Hemisphere Summer would
be our best time, especially since it would get us away
for several weeks of the New Jersey Winter(which turned
out to be pretty cold and snowy). After looking at several
tour guides and internet websites the decision was made
to do six days on each of the islands, spending three
days in Auckland and three days up in the Bay of Islands
on the North Island and three days each in Queenstown
and Christchurch on the South Island. Having used Swain
Tours for an earlier trip to Australia we contacted them
and they customized the trip for us including sightseeing
tours.
So, on February the 27th, 2004 we started the long
journey from New Jersey by taking a Continental flight
from Newark to Los Angeles, staying overnight at our
favorite hotel in scenic Marina Del Rey, not far from the
airport. We have been using this area as a stopover spot
for many years on trips to the Pacific and took this
opportunity to visit some of our favorite restaurants and
drive up and down the coast to take in the sights. In the
evening of the 28th we left for the airport boarding Air
New Zealand’s flight # 1 departing at 7:45 for the overnight
flight to Auckland, crossing the International Dateline
and arriving at 5:30 in the morning two days later. We
chose the Quay West Hotel, in Auckland, a short walk
from the waterfront and the America’s Cup Village. Quay
West is an apartment hotel with full services but providing
comfortable apartments with living/dining area and
kitchen at a price lower than the bedroom you would get
at a first class hotel.
The first day we took walking tours of the city, exploring
for restaurants where we might like to eat during our
three day stay. I can tell you that all that we tried were
very good. The second day we began our planned tours
with a City tour by coach with about thirty or so other
tourists. One of the last stops on this tour was the
Auckland Museum which, as I am not a real fan of most
museums (a shell museum in Port Gamble being an
exception), I thought that this would be a waste of time.
Well, little did I know how wrong I was. The first floor
was interesting enough with depictions of the Maori
people and their history, but the second floor changed
our expectations of our vacation, for it was there, at the
science exhibits, that we found an exhibit of local
seashells. You probably noticed that, up to this point, I
made no mention of shelling for we had come to New
26:2:200
Zealand for the purpose of touring, especially the beautiful
Fiords of the South Island. I never gave serious shelling
a second thought in the planning of this trip. This
particular exhibit showed the shells that could be found
on the beach at Waiheke Island, a short ferry ride from
Auckland. As luck would have it, our third day was left
open so we got ourselves a ferry schedule and planned
to get an early boat to the island and spend a good part
of the day exploring as many beaches as possible. We
still had an afternoon tour of the countryside around
Auckland, which was very interesting, but our minds were
already thinking of the next day when we would be doing
the Sanibel Stoop on Waiheke Island. The afternoon tour
was not without interest as we visited Piha Beach,
northwest of Auckland, and found Spirula spirula by the
millions along with some Tellina liliana.
The next day was sunny and comfortably warm as we
got the 10 A.M. ferry to Waiheke. By shortly after 11,
we were on a bus with passes that allowed us to get on
and off all day for one price. We stayed on the bus until
the end of its route at Onetangi Beach having only 45
minutes before the return bus to Oneroa, the main village,
where we wished to have lunch. So we took our plastic
bags and started towards the shoreline. To our surprise
and delight the beach was just about completely covered
with shells and we knew that we would have to find the
best specimens quickly before the bus returned. The
most common univalve on the beach was Struthiolaria
papulosa, many alive, which was not really a problem
as we did have cooking facilities at the hotel. Also found
in large numbers were some very good specimens of
Cominella adspersa. We took several of each and
continued our search. Quickly we came upon Umbonium
zelandicum, Cellana radians, Monilea califera,
Maoricolpus rosea and Crepidula costata. As the time
was quickly passing, we were almost in panic mode
about choosing what to take and what must be left to
other shellers. There were also a large number of bivalves which were also in great shape for beach finds.
We found Glycymeris, Perna, huge Pecten
novazelandiae, Chlamys dieffenbachi, Ruditapes
largillierti, Paphia gallus and many others which I will
provide with a complete list at the end of this article.
Sadly we had to give up as the bus was due to arrive
and 45 minutes of shelling gave us both good appetites.
We selected restaurant Vino Vino on a cliff overlooking
the beach which provided a spectacular view as well as
some delicious food and drink. New Zealand beer and
wine, in my humble opinion, is some of the best around.
After lunch, we had some time before catching the bus
to the ferry and decided to see what the beach below
had to offer. We were not disappointed. Most of the shells
we saw out at Onetangi were also here in droves, so it
was up to us once more to select the better specimens
while also looking for anything new. We found some
Diloma nigerrima and Nerita picea in good shape also
Dosinia subrosea, Dosinia zelandica and Myadora striata
to name just a few. I would later find out that most of the
Of Sea and Shore
shells found in New Zealand were unique there. Having
left all my shell books on the South Pacific at home I
did not have any idea as to what families many of these
new species belonged - very frustrating with 12 days
before returning home. Back at the hotel I cleaned off
the shells, as best as possible, at least so they would
not smell too much, and started to salivate over the
prospects of finding more shells up in the Bay of Islands
during the next 3 days.
26:2:203
We continued on, had lunch, visited spectacular Cape
Reinga where the Pacific Ocean and Tasman Sea meet
and then were off to 90 Mile Beach. On the way to the
beach we stopped at the Te Paki Sand Dunes where
some brave souls slid down the dunes on some sort of
board. After that stop the driver promised that we were
off to the beach. Understand that these coaches drive
through the water at the waterline at a very fast clip.
Finally we stopped at a spot on the beach where the
driver announced that we had 10 minutes to take photos
and otherwise explore. Ten Minutes, only ten minutes.
It all got worse as I saw the remains of shells such as
Tonna, Buccinulum and what I am sure was a Penium
ormesi. I did manage to collect a Purpura haustorium
as well as Spisula aequilateralis, Paphies subtriangulata
and a Dosinia subrosea before being herded back onto
the coach. We continued to drive along the beach,
smashing shell after shell into oblivion. What a waste.
On the way back we, naturally, had to stop for tea at the
same tourist trap where we stopped this morning. The
scorecard read, tourist trap, one hour, shelling beach,
ten minutes. I was,” expletive deleted”. You get the
picture. We got back to Opua and found that Molly had
arranged dinner for us a a wonderful restaurant.The day
was almost saved as we ate well, but I will always have
dreams over what might have been if we had more time
on 90 Mile Beach.
The next morning our driver picked us up at the hotel for
a leisurely drive to Opua where we would be staying at a
B & B overlooking the harbor. Although the South Island
is known for its spectacular scenery, the North Island
has some really pretty water views and the road that we
took up to Opua went through some rolling farmland along
with the occasional beach.We stopped and bought some
honey along the way and had a lunch stop at pretty
Whangarei Harbor at a restaurant right on the docks. All
in all a very nice experience. Our journey to the Bay of
Islands ended at Ataahua B & B in the tiny village of
Opua. Molly was our hostess and we were her only
guests. Our room, with bath, was on the back side of
the house with a deck overlooking the harbor. Molly was
a gracious and very helpful hostess, making reservations
for us at the local restaurants in Pahia, the main town in
the Bay of Islands and several times driving us to the
restaurants. She was up early in the morning preparing
us sumptuous breakfasts before we were off on tours to The next morning, Molly drove us to Pahia where we
Cape Reinga and around the Bay of Islands.
were determined to shell the beach prior to an afternoon
boat tour of the Bay of Islands and the Hole in the Rock.
On that first afternoon, after deciding on dinner Again, we found that the beach drift provided us with a
reservations, Carol and I took a walk down the steep hill good assortment of shells in reasonable condition. Here
to the harbor where a ferry connects Opua with Russell. we found Batillaria zonalis, Littorina undulata,
While down there we walked around a seawall to a small Tasmeuthria clarkei, Cominella quoyana, Gari stangeri
beach, which we were lucky to catch at low tide. Looking and Hiatula nitida. We then broke for lunch at a restaurant
down I saw a beautiful Maurea pellucida. It must have right on the water. You will have noticed by now that I
just washed in. With that find we pressed on and found have mentioned eating in restaurants as much as I have
Melagraphia aethiops, Cancellaria lactea and Amphibola shelling. New Zealanders know how to eat and they do
crenata.I was pleased that these shells were in good excel in the cooking of seafood. Life was indeed good.
condition as I did not want to impose on Molly to clean After lunch we climbed over the seawall and I spotted
smelly shells in her beautiful home.
something in the mud, which when I dug it out I was
sure that it was in the Volute family. When I got it home
The next morning we waited outside Molly’s B & B at 7 I identified it as an Alcithoe arabica, a nice find, even
a.m. for the Fullers coach tour to Cape Reinga. Cape though Compendium Of Seashells lists it as “moderately
Reinga is the northern most point of New Zealand and common”. It was now time to board the boat for the
Fullers conducts a full day tour from the Bay of Islands afternoon tour of the Bay of Islands.
to the Cape, including a very nice picnic barbeque. After
an hour’s worth of picking up the tour group from Opua This boat trip took us through the Bay of Islands and
and Pahia we were finally on our way. Carol and I were through the Hole in the Rock, an arch at the outer
excited at the prospect of doing some shelling on 90 reaches of the Bay of Islands. On the way back we
Mile Beach, one of the stops on the tour. However stopped at Urupukapaka Island for about a half hour .
sometimes things don’t turn out the way that you Another stop for the tourist to spend some money.
envision. After driving through the countryside the driver Rather than spending money we combed the beach for
of the coach announced that we would be making a stop shells finding Cellana strigilis, Astraea sulcata,
at the Ancient Kauri ( that’s a tree that is prized as is Zeatrophon ambiguus, Gracilispira novaezelandiae and
our Redwoods) Museum where we could have tea and Paphies ventricosa. Once again we had to leave sooner
purchase some crafts. I am sure that he got a kickback than we wanted. As Molly had arranged dinner for us at
on any sales. From our point of view this was a waste of a local winery for our last dinner in the Bay of Islands we
valuable time as we were neither sightseeing or shelling. were anxious to get back, change and get out to dinner.
Of Sea and Shore
26:2:204
It turned out to be a great dinner with fine wine and New Again we returned to the hotel tired and as this was our
Zealand Lamb. A memorable ending to our stay on the final night in New Zealand Carol had to do the packing
North Island.
which now consisted of over a hundred shells in addition
to our clothes. Packing the shells very carefully, we would
The next morning, saying our farewells to Molly, we just be able to close the suitcases. But now back to our
boarded a Beech 1900 for the flight to Auckland, other favorite pastime, eating. We had discovered a
connecting to a larger plane to Queenstown to explore wonderful Spanish restaurant, Pedro’s, not far from our
the Fiords. Queenstown is a really nice little city on hotel. As it received excellent reviews in the Frommer’s
Lake Wakatipu in the Remarkables Mountain chain; the guide book we tried it on our first night in Christchurch
gateway to the Fiord’s district and Milford and Doubtful and were not disappointed. The waiter was friendly and
Sounds. Getting to both Sounds include long coach rides helpful in describing the menu. We ordered well, seafood
, followed by boat trips. Although tour books showed with a good dose of garlic that was very well prepared.
photos of these Sounds in bright sunshine, with clear We returned on our last night and ate just as well. Pedro’s
blue skys, we saw them only in grey mists, if not is one of those restaurants, that you find in your travels
constant downpours. We were told by a crew member from time to time, that you would love to bring home
of one boat that the weather we experienced was the with you. No matter how much I pleaded I could not get
norm and, honestly, there was a kind of a mysterious a pledge from the owner to open a branch in New Jersey.
beauty in it all with waterfalls streaming down the cliffs, We will just have to be content with our memories of
although we would have loved to have seen them in Pedro’s as well as everything else we experienced in
sunlight.
New Zealand.
On a rainy morning we took the flight to Christchurch, a
very British city in the South Island, north of Queenstown.
Here we had two days of tours planned with Brian, owner
of the tour operation, Canterbury Trails. Thankfully the
weather improved and Brian proved to be a very capable
tour guide dropping us off at the train station in
Christchurch to catch the TranzAlpine train to Arthur’s
Pass National Park in the Southern Alps. After a train
trip that took us across the Canterbury Plains winding
through gorges and into the Alps, Brian was there at the
end of the train ride to give us a personalized tour of the
Park in his van. We stopped to take short hikes and
viewed spectacular scenery along the way. We returned
to our hotel late in the afternoon tired but looking forward
to our tour the next day of Akaroa.
The next day we left for the airport and our flight to
Auckland to connect with our flight to Los Angeles where,
in turn, we would get our flight back to Newark. All
connections were easily made and we were again home
where I quickly turned the pages of my shell identification
books looking to see what we had picked up. As I said
earlier most of the shells in New Zealand are unique to
that area so, although we had shelled in the South Pacific
before, including Australia, most of the shells we
collected were new to our collection. In fact, we added
so many new shells to our collection that our shell
cabinets are very close to being completely filled. Not a
good situation when in a couple of weeks of writing this
we will be off to Fiji where our expectations are high for
bringing home many new specimens.
Akaroa is a quaint town on a beautiful harbor on the
east coast , surrounded by rolling hills of green farmland,
populated by more sheep than we could count. This was
to be our stop for lunch followed by a boat ride to explore
the harbor. Akaroa had one other attribute that interested
us and that was it had beaches. We told Brian our
interest in collecting shells and although he seemed
perplexed that we should have a hobby like this, he
stopped the van and we all headed for a stretch of beach
that was deserted but was covered with shells. We
started hunting quickly as our time was limited by the
necessity to get lunch and still be in time to catch the
boat. Soon Brian was by our sides and it seemed that,
for the moment, he had caught shelling fever, picking up
everything in sight. We collected Lunella smaragdus,
Aeneator comptus, Buccinulum lineum and Protothaca
crassicosta along with different colored Maoricolpus
rosea, which probably numbered in the thousands along
one stretch of shoreline. The lunch and the boat ride
around the harbor were certainly worthwhile, but the
shelling made the day special.
I remember past shelling vacations where we came home
disappointed as we did not find certain shells which we
were sure when we left that we would certainly bring
home. New Zealand, without advance expectations, came
to us as a complete surprise and on this occasion one
very nice surprise. I just wish that we could have spent
more time on 90 Mile Beach. Maybe some other time.
Shells Collected In New Zealand
North Island:
Cellana radians, Cellana strigilis, Maurea pellucida,
Diloma nigerrima, Melagraphia aethiops, Diloma
subrostrata, Monilea califera, Umbonium zelandicum,
Lunella smaragdus, Astraea sulcata, Nerita picea,
Littorina undulata, Maoricolpus rosea, Batillaria zonalis,
Crepidula costata, Calyptraea novaezelandiae,
Struthiolaria papulosa, Purpura haustorium, Zeatrophon
ambiguus, Tasmeuthria clarkei, Cominella adspersa,
Cominella quoyana, Buccinulum lineum, Gracilispira
novaezelandiae, Alcithoe arabica, Cancellaria lactea(?),
Bulla quoyi, Amphibola crenata, Ischochiton australis(?),
Of Sea and Shore
26:2:207
2005 SHELL SHOWS & RELATED EVENTS
- Following information is subject to change. Please verify with individual organization Jan. 21-23 SPACE COAST SHELL FESTIVAL,
Melbourne, FL. The Melbourne Auditorium, 625 E.
Hibiscus Blvd. Jim & Bobbi Cordy, 385 Needle Blvd.
Merritt Is., FL 32953 (321) 452-5736
E-mail: corshell@earthlink.net
May 7 - 8 XV BELGIUM INTERNATIONAL SHELL
SHOW, Antwerp, Belgium Schijnpoort, Schijnpoort
Straat L. Broekmans, Gerststraat 4 B-2861
O.L.Vrouw-Waver Belgium 32 - 15 76 15 77
E-mail: bvc.international@pandora.be
Feb. 4 - 5 BROWARD SHELL SHOW, Pompano
Beach, FL. Pompano Beach Recreation Center, NE
18th Av. & NE 6th St. Jim VunKannon, 2219 NE 16th
Court Ft. Lauderdale, FL 33305 (954) 561-0120
(*)
Oregon Shell Show, Portland, OR Oregon
Museum of Science & Industry, Portland Maxine Hale,
347 N.E. 136 Avenue Portland, OR 97230-3308 (503)
253-5379
Feb. 18-20 SARASOTA SHELL SHOW, Sarasota, FL.
Sarasota Municipal Auditorium, Tamiami Trail Lynn
Gaulin, 4407 33rd Ct. East Bradenton, FL 34203
(941) 755-1270
E-mail: shellhunter@att.net
Jun. 26-30 JOINT AMERICAN MALACOLOGICAL
SOCIETY/WESTERN SOCIETY OF MALACOLOGY
MEETING, Pacific Grove, California Asilomar
Conference Grounds, Asilomar Avenue Dr. Dianna
Padilla, Dept. of Ecology & Evolution SUNY at Stony
Brook, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA (631) 632-7434
E-mail: padilla@life.bio.sunysb.edu
Feb. 25-27 ST. PETERSBURG SHELL SHOW,
Treasure Is., FL.Treasure Is. Community Center, 1
Park Place Bob & Betty Lipe, 348 Corey Avenue St.
Petersburg Beach, FL 33706 (727) 360-0586; FAX:
360-3668 E-mail: rlipe1@tampabay.rr.com.
Exhibit form available at
web site: http://web.tampabay.rr.com/shellclub
Mar. 12-13 XVII me RECONTRES
INTERNATIONALES DU COQUILLAGE, Paris,
France Bourse de Commerce, 2 rue des Viarmes,
75004 Paris, France M. & D. Wantiez, 88, Rue du
General Leclerc 95210 Saint Gratien, France 33 (1)
34-17-00-39 E-mail: wantiez.mada@libertyserv.fr
Mar. 3 - 5 SANIBEL SHELL SHOW, Sanibel, FL.
Sanibel Community Center, Periwinkle Way Anne
Joffe, 1163 Kittiwake Circle Sanibel, FL 33957 (239)
472-3151 E-mail: sanibelchiton@aol.com
Mar. 10-12 MARCO ISLAND SHELL CLUB SHOW
XXIV, Marco Is., FL. Marco Presbyterian Church,
Elkcam Circle Amy Tripp, 961 Swallow Ave., #208
Marco Island, FL 34145 (239) 393-1770
April 30 BRITISH SHELL COLLECTOR’S CLUB
CONVENTION, N. Romford, England North Romford
Community Centre, Clockhouse Lane, Collier Row
Tom Walker, 38 Redlands Road Reading, Berkshire
RG1 5HD, England 44 (118) 987-4294
E-mail: tom@tmwalker.co.uk
Jul. 19-24 CONCHOLOGISTS OF AMERICA
ANNUAL CONVENTION, Ft. Myers, FL. Sanibel
Harbor Resort Hotel, Fort Myers Anne Joffe, 1163
Kittiwake Circle Sanibel, FL 33957 (239) 472-3151
E-mail: sanibelchiton@aol.com
( * ) - Date to be announced
DONALD DAN, COA Award Chairman • 6704
Overlook Drive • Ft. Myers, FL 33919 • U.S.A.
Tel. Voice & Fax (941) 481-6704 • E-mail:
donaldan@aol.com
Of Sea and Shore
Glycymeris laticostata, Perna canaliculus, Pecten
novaezelandiae, Chlamys dieffenbachi, Monia zelandica,
Crassotrea glomerata, Felaniella zelandica,
Plagiocardium setosum, Spisula aequilateralis, Paphies
subtriangulata, Paphies ventricosa, Tellina liliana, Gari
stangeri, Gari lineolata, Hiatula nitida, Dosinia subrosea,
Dosinia zelandica, Paphia gallus, Ruditapes largillierti,
Chione stutchburyi, Chione crassa, Lioconcha tigrina,
Protothaca crassicosta, Myadora striata, Spirula spirula.
South Island:
Cellana radians, Melagraphia aethiops, Diloma
subrostrata, Lunella smaragdus, Maoricolpus rosea,
Aeneator comptus, Tasmeuthria clarkei, Cominella
quoyana, Buccinulum lineum, Amphibola crenata,
Chlamys dieffenbachi, Chlamys zelandiae, Chione
stutchburyi, Protothaca crassicosta.
26:2:208
Of Sea and Shore
THE “BUZZ” ON ABALONES
BUZZ OWEN
See color pages 209, 210 & 213
This month, I thought that it might be fun and
somewhat dazzling to try and produce two (or three?)
color plates which would be real “eye candy” to Haliotis
fans! What collector, even a bit familiar with our West
Coast species of abalone, hasn’t lusted for a beautiful
example of this popular and sought after “stunner”: an
“orange-banded” specimen of the “Threaded Abalone”,
Haliotis kamtschatkana assimilis Dall, 1878. This
spectacular genetic color phase occurs in approximately
5-10% of specimens in populations of both subspecies
– the “Pinto Abalone”, H. k. kamtschatkana Jonas. 1845
(those found in Northern California), and H.
kamtschatkana assimilis (the form occurring from roughly
Point Conception, California, to central Lower California,
Mexico). I have always been fascinated by this color
variant and have placed many in the collection over the
past fifty plus years. I observed thousands of these
subspecies while diving commercially for abalones
between 1959 and 1966. (got my first one in the Point
Loma area in 1954)
There is simply so much to get into surrounding
this topic that I hardly know where to start! I will briefly
cover a few points and mostly rely on the photo images
for demonstration. Should anyone want to pursue the
subject further, please contact me at my e-mail address
and fire away!
When I first became familiar with this genetic
color phase in the early 1950’s, virtually no one believed
that the “Threaded Abalone”, H. assimilis (the
“kamtschatkana” came later!) had anything to do with
H. kamtschatkana, the “Japanese Abalone” (as it was
known at that time). A few people today even have trouble
accepting this! This wild color phase was what first made
me suspect that the two “species” were actually
“subspecies”, or “northern and southern” shell forms of
a single species, as I preferred to think of them back
then. My intensive collecting efforts in the mid to late
1950’s were about to “blow the whistle” on this situation
as I was accumulating more and more southern “looking”
H. assimilis and northern “looking” H. kamtschatkana
that had orange bands, together with orange banded
“intergrades” which exhibited a shell morphology between
the two “species”. It was becoming only TOO obvious
what I was observing: two shell forms of the same
species! So, I went to work and obtained animals from
Point Loma, in Southern California (very typical southern
H. assimilis), and Morro Bay and Monterey in Central
California (very typical Northern California H.
kamtschatkana – the Monterey area in particular). It
became immediately apparent that the morphology of
the animals, especially the epipodium, was identical.
Immunological work with blood proteins confirmed this
as well. I will outline a few points very briefly here so
that you may proceed to enjoying the photographs!
26:2:211
Again, contact me if any of you reading this have any
questions!
1. The color of the “orange band” (and the remainder of the dorsal surface of the shell, for that matter)
is controlled by the “type” of alga in the animal’s diet
during the time the shell increment is being deposited.
The more brown alga, the lighter yellow to almost white
the genetic band will be; the more red alga, the deeper
orange to almost red-orange the band will be. This effect
is illustrated dramatically on a number of shells on the
color plates with the lighter and darker bands often alternating.
2. In the 14 years that I worked with abalone in a
marine shellfish hatchery, I carried out numerous experiments culturing these animals. These studies demonstrated that the inheritance of the “band” was controlled
by a “single dominant gene” as the following illustrates:
If one parent was banded, 50% of the progeny would be
banded; If both parents were banded, 75% of the progeny would be banded.
3. For some reason, in populations of H. k.
kamtschatkana from British Columbia and Alaska, virtually NO orange-banded specimens will be found. I have
seen one taken near the Marine Station in Nanaimo,
B.C., and one specimen from Dall Island, Alaska. This
is out of a total no of specimens observed which is easily in excess of 3000 over the past 50 years. On the
other hand, populations of H k. kamtschatkana from
Northern California (Point Arena to Fort Ross) have a
high incidence of the orange-banded color phase – I’d
estimate at least 10%, and possibly higher (sample size
300-400). In the Morro Bay area in Central California
(Point Buchon to San Simeon), I observed about the
same percentage – 10% - in the over 4000 total specimens I collected over a five year period. I’m not sure
why the color phase is almost nonexistent in British
Columbia and Alaska, but I do have a few ideas (I will
not open a “Pandora’s Box” here, however!).
4. A number of other species have been observed
with a similar, or nearly similar, color phase. Here is a
list of these species that I have observed with “orange
bands” thus far (not necessarily complete). Specimens
of those species illustrating this will be found on Plate 3:
A)
Haliotis walallensis Stearns, 1899. In adult
specimens. (extremely rare), this is usually very
subtle. Juvenile specimens sometimes have a
wide, orange to red-orange band that disappears
at around 25 mm in size.
B)
Haliotis queketti Smith, 1910. Various
shades of yellow to yellow-orange. Some shells
have a very bright-red band in this area (Plate 3).
C)
Haliotis sorenseni Bartsch, 1940.
Approximately 25% of juvenile specimens (to 4045 mm or so) have a strong, orange band that
slowly fades past 50 mm or so.
D)
Haliotis semiplicata Menke, 1843. This
species commonly has an orange band that is
very “bright”, and similar to the color and width of
the band in H. kamtschatkana assimilis.
Of Sea and Shore
E)
Haliotis squamata Reeve, 1846. A unique
specimen exists in the collection of R. Kershaw
(Plate 3).
F)
Examples of the hybrid H. rufescens x H.
sorenseni frequently have this band which fades
beyond ~50 mm as it does in H. sorenseni.
I will conclude this brief discussion by adding that
one of the most spectacular sights this crazed
Haliotiphile has ever witnessed occurred frequently in
the Morro Bay area in 1961 – 1966. A fast growing
“exploding” population of H. k. kamtschatkana existed
– the result of huge mass spawnings that occurred in
the area in 1959. These animals would often be
distributed on small, low rocks in sand in 20-25 meters.
When growing thusly, the exterior surface of the shell
was frequently only partially covered by a sparse coating
of tiny barnacles, and the wildly contrasting colors would
be visible from a distance of 5 m or so. Often, when
approaching a group of maybe 15-25 specimens, living
virtually side by side, several “orange-banded” specimens
would be seen mixed in with the group, with the bands
so brilliantly visible they seemed to almost leap off the
shell at you – a truly spectacular sight that I shall never
forget!
26:2:212
ADDITIONAL REFERENCES
Cox, K. W. 1962. California Abalones, Family Haliotidae.
California Department of Fish and Game Fisheries
Bulletin 118:1-131, pls. 1- 8.
Geiger, D. L. 1998. Recent Genera and Species of the
Family Haliotidae Rafinesque, 1815 (Gastropoda:
Vetigastropoda). The Nautilus 111:85-116.
Geiger, D. L. 2000. Distribution and Biogeography of the
Recent Haliotidae (Gastropoda:Vetigastropoda)
World Wide. Bollettino Malacologico 35:57-120.
Geiger, D. L. and Poppe, G. T. 2000. Family Haliotidae.
In: Poppe, G. T. and Groh, K. (Eds). A Conchological
Iconography. Conchbooks, Hackenheim, Germany.
135 pp., 83 pls.
Mu oz Lopez, T. 1975. Descripci n de los H bridos
Interspec ficos
del
Genero
Haliotis
(Mollusca:Gastropoda). Tesis Bi logo. Universidad
Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, M xico. (In Spanish).
A Supscription to
Of Sea and Shore
Magazine
makes a great Christmas gift
see page 174

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