Archaeozoological investigation of the La Tène A-C1 salt

Transcription

Ann. Naturhist. Mus. Wien, Serie A
118
245–288
Wien, 15 Jan. 2016
Archaeozoological investigation of the La Tène A-C1 salt-mining
complex and the surrounding graves of Putzenkopf Nord
(Bad Dürrnberg, Austria)
Konstantina Saliari1, 2, Erich Pucher1 & Matthias Kucera3
(With 10 figures and 7 tables)
Manuscript submitted on May 27th 2015,
the revised manuscript on October 23th 2015.
Abstract
The present study investigates the faunal material from Putzenkopf Nord at Bad Dürrnberg
(Austria). Animal remains, dated to the La Tène A-C1 period, were retrieved from the settlement and the surrounding graves. A total of 12,573 bones have been identified and analyzed for
the present study, demonstrating that the faunal composition fits well to previous samples from
Dürrnberg (Ramsautal, Ramsaukopf, Putzenfeld, and Putzenkopf). The analysis of domesticated
specimens indicates that cattle are by far the prevalent species. The majority of finds belong to
adult individuals, suggesting that they were mainly introduced in the complex after their exploitation for products by the farmers, in the vicinity of Dürrnberg. The examination of the wild fauna
exhibits that game contributed minimally to the bone deposits.
The comparative study conducted for the mixed material of the graves indicates some significant
differences in comparsion to the domestic refuse assemblages: the grave goods were principally
long bones of cattle and pig, and a relatively high percentage of animals was slightly younger.
Another very interesting aspect is the existence of bone artifacts with polished surfaces or engravings. These findings provide valuable information for the interpretation of daily activities. Within
this frame the comparative study among the assemblages excavated at Dürrnberg and other Celtic
sites has provided additional knowledge.
Keywords: Dürrnberg, Putzenkopf Nord, La Tène A-C1, animal bones
Zusammenfassung
Die vorliegende Arbeit behandelt 12.573 Tierknochenfunde aus den Grabungen im Bereich Putzenkopf Nord auf dem Dürrnberg bei Hallein (Salzburg, Österreich). Das Material wird den Phasen
1
2
3
Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, 1. Zoologische Abteilung, Archäozoologie, Burgring 7, 1010 Vienna,
Austria; e-mail: Konstantina.Saliari@nhm-wien.ac.at; Erich.Pucher@nhm-wien.ac.at
Vienna Institute for Archaeological Science (VIAS), Franz-Klein-Gasse 1, 1190 Vienna, Austria.
Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Archaeological Prospection and Virtual Archaeology, Hohe Warte 38,
1190 Vienna, Austria; e-mail: Matthias.Kucera@archpro.lbg.ac.at
246
Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien, Serie A, 118
La Tène A-C1 zugeordnet. In vieler Hinsicht ähneln die Ergebnisse den bereits vorgelegten Analysen der Fundkomplexe vom Ramsautal, Ramsaukopf, Putzenfeld, und Putzenkopf. Nach der
Fundzahl dominieren mit Abstand Hausrinder vor Schweinen und kleinen Hauswiederkäuern.
Die Siedlungsbefunde deuten auf die Verwertung adulter, schlachtreifer Tiere hin, die von den
Bauern der Umgebung geliefert wurden, und besonders im Falle der Rinder, auch auf ausgeprägte
Sekundärnutzung. Die Jagd spielte eine minimale Rolle.
Die Analyse des Materials aus den Gräbern zeigt Unterschiede in Bezug auf die Verteilung der
Elemente (mehr fleischreiche Regionen) und die Altersstruktur (höheres Prozent der jungen
Tiere). Einen anderen interessanten Aspekt liefert die Untersuchung der Knochen mit Bearbeitungsspuren. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit liefern wir vergleichende Studien mit anderen Fundstellen
weiterführende Informationen über das tägliche Leben.
Stichwörter: Dürrnberg, Putzenkopf Nord, La Tène A-C1, Tierknochenfunde
Introduction
Putzenkopf Nord is part of the famous archaeological site Bad Dürrnberg, which is
located near the town of Hallein, south of Salzburg at an altitude of 700 m from the sea
level (Austria) and close to the Bavarian border. The occurrence of the ancient salt-mining complex and the excellent preservation of the archaeological and biological findings
make Dürrnberg one of the most significant sites of the European Iron Age (Stöllner
2003). For the sake of a more efficient study, the site has been divided into various localities (Ramsautal, Ramsaukopf, Simonbauerfeld, and Putzenkopf), including Putzenkopf
Nord (Fig. 1).
Previous archaeozoological analyses have proven that the inhabitants of Dürrnberg
were not a typical example of a peasant society (Pucher 1999; Stöllner 2002: 77–94;
MoSer 2010). The analysis of the animal remains has contributed to the interpretation
and reconstruction of the socioeconomic background of the site. The results of the first
large assemblage from Ramsautal showed a clear prevalence of cattle (78.4 % according
to NISP data) followed, in a significantly less percentage, by sheep/goats (8.5 %) and
pigs (11.5 %). Wild animals, such as the brown bear, wild boar, beaver, and elk, contributed minimally to the bone assemblages; however, the wide variety of wild fauna should
be understood not only as part of the ecological spectrum, but also as an indicator of the
cultural significance of these animals in the Celtic tradition.
The obvious, extreme dominance of cattle was the first sign of the uniqueness of the site;
this is because research that has already been conducted at other La Tène settlements has
demonstrated a very particular socioeconomic character and organization (Pucher 1998:
56–67; Pucher 2006: 197–220). The dwellers of Dürrnberg had a different way of life
that was determined by salt mining. The non-agricultural character of Dürrnberg society
is additionally supported by the scarcity of young individuals of any animal species.
Nevertheless, no specialized meat production is indicated, as has been observed in the
previous Bronze Age Hallstatt (Hallstatt culture A and B). The data more strongly indicate a compromise among the mining workers and the peasants; this compromise was
Saliari et al.: Animal remains from the La Tène Period at Dürrnberg near Hallein
247
Fig. 1. Location of Putzenkopf Nord, modified from SMitzberger (2012: fig. 1).
regulated not only by human needs and economic development, but also by the laws of
nature, as will be further argued in this paper. Thus, it seems that the peasants had first
exploited the secondary products of cattle and sheep/goats (milk, cheese, meat) and used
them as labor animals before they were sent to Dürrnberg (Pucher 1999).
Additionally, the high number of animal bones offered the opportunity to study the shape
and size of the animals (Pucher 1999); concerning cattle, the form of the cranium indicated relatively small and fragile individuals in comparison to the type that is known
248
today (Fleckvieh and Pinzgauer; Pucher 1999). For the withers height assessment we
should take into consideration the fact that the majority of the samples belonged to
female specimens, thus affecting the final estimation. Therefore, the mean withers height
in the local Celtic animals has been estimated at around 105–107 cm.
Sheep present a mean withers height of 66 cm (Pucher 1999). The data for pigs show
that they belonged to one of the tallest breeds of the period with a mean withers height
of 75 cm. The horses were only around 126 cm tall, and the dogs 59 cm (Pucher 1999).
The results of the first investigation of the faunal remains were confirmed by more material that was excavated and studied during the following years (Pucher 2002; SchMitz
berger 2012; abd el KareM 2009, 2012a, 2012b). All these bone assemblages produced a relatively homogenous picture of the Dürrnberg samples (Tab. 1).
The aim of the present paper is to investigate the material from Putzenkopf Nord, in
order to add further information regarding the animals found at the site of Dürrnberg and
to detect possible similarities or changes and local alterations concerning the taxa and
their profile as known by the research already conducted.
Material and Methods
In the present study, a total number of 12,573 bones were identified and analyzed. The
material derives from the archaeological site Putzenkopf Nord, which is slightly north
of the site Putzenkopf that was analyzed in an earlier contribution by Schmitzberger
(2012). The identification and study of species was carried out via comparison with the
reference collections of the Museum of Natural History in Vienna (1st Zoological Department, Archaeozoology). The bone material studied was excavated from 1990 to 1994 by
K. Zeller and is stored at the Museum of Natural History in Vienna (Archaeozoology)
under the designation A 2006–5.
In total, 9,820 animal remains dating to the La Tène A-C1 periods were retrieved from the
settlement of Putzenkopf Nord and 2,753 remains from bone assemblages attributed to
graves corresponding to people from Dürrnberg and not only from Putzenkopf Nord. It
should also be mentioned that the grave material was heavily mixed with settlement waste.
The material was in a relatively good state of preservation, although post-depositional
Table 1. Estimated withers height of the domesticated taxa (Pucher 1999).
Animals
cattle
sheep
Withers height (mean value)
105–107 cm
66 cm
pigs
horses
dogs
75 cm
126 cm
59 cm
Observations
relatively small and fragile individuals
common in the north Alpine region. Exceptionally
some bigger individuals have been recorded.
one of the tallest breeds
common in La Tène period
comparably tall
249
fractures occurred during the excavation and cleaning. Gnawing marks, mainly from
carnivores, were observed on a small number of bones. A relatively low percentage of
mammals were not identified, due to the small size of the fragments and the lack of characteristic anatomical details. No sieving or flotation was used.
The number of identified specimens (NISP) and minimum number of individuals (MNI)
are mainly applied for presenting quantitative data analysis. The age profile is based on the
state of fusion of the epiphyses, the dental eruption and wear stages (Pd4, M3) according
to haberMehl’s criteria (haberMehl 1975). We have addressed sex ratio utilizing metrical methods and morphological observations on horn cores, teeth, pelves and metapodials
of adult body size. The standard of von den drieSch (1976) is used for the measurements.
On three bones cut marks were observed. From closer examination of the type of these
cut marks possible artifacts, which might have been used, could be identified. For this
purpose a complete 3D documentation of these artefacts was carried out using a ZScanner 700 CX (Z Corporation). The system provides an accuracy of 50 µm and was set to a
resolution of 200 µm. Every artifact was scanned from two opposite sides using feature
targets for the positioning of the scanner. The two halves were aligned and postprocessed
using Geomagic Studio 12 resulting in a 3D model of every artifact for further measurements and analysis.
Results
Domestic refuse assemblage
The composition of the bone assemblages confirms our knowledge from the previous
investigations. According to NISP the faunal profile demonstrates that domesticated species clearly prevail (98 %), whereas game contributes only minimally (2 %) to the bone
assemblages. The quantification of the material reveals that cattle were the dominant
species (79.5 %) followed – in a significantly lower percentage – by pig (12 %), sheep/
goat (6.5 %) dog (0.3 %), horse (0.2 %) and chicken (0.08 %). Wild animals were rarely
recorded and in a limited number (Tabs. 2, 3).
Bos primigenius f. taurus (cattle)
Cattle represent 79.5 % of the remains corresponding to 89.2 % of the total weight. The
skeletal element distribution suggests that whole individuals were present. Anatomical
regions rich in meat and proteins are found in high percentages as well as compact bones
that can survive the taphonomical processes. Human intervention is also responsible for
the loss of material; the lack of horn cores from the assemblage might be attributed to the
fact that they were probably used in handcrafts (Fig. 2), also indicated by marks at the
surface of the cranium. The loss of small and fragile bones such as hyoid, sesamoidea,
patella and fibula might be attributed not only to the taphonomical factors but also to the
recovery techniques.
250
Table 2. Skeletal element distribution of the animals recorded from the domestic structures.
Abbreviations: Pf: processus frontalia, Cv: calvaria, Mx: maxilla, Md: mandible, Hy: hyoid, Vt:
vertebrae, Co: costae, Sc: scapula, Hu: humerus, Ra: radius, Ul: ulna, Ca: carpalia, Pa: patella, Se:
sesamoidea, Mc: metacarpus, Pe: pelvis, Fe: femur, Ti: tibia, Fi: fibula, Tita: Tibiotarsus, Tl: talus,
Cc: calcaneus, Ta: tarsalia, Mt: metatarsus, Tmt: tarsometatarsus, Mp: metapodia, Ph1: phalanx
1, Ph2: phalanx 2, Ph3: phalanx 3, BT = cattle, OA = sheep, CH = goat, O/C= sheep/goat, SD =
pig, EC = horse, CF = dog, GGD = chicken, ARD = goose, CC = roe deer, CE = red deer, UA =
brown bear, CA = beaver, AA = elk.
Domesticated faunal remains
Domesticated?
Wild faunal remains
Element BT
OA O/C CH SD EC CF GGD
ARD
CC CE UA CA AA
Pf
37
2
2
[2] Cv
218
7
43
Mx
729
- 107 95
4
5
3
Md
1253
- 131 - 253 5
7
1
2
Hy
Vt
835
36
67
1
Co
774
- 105 - 137 Sc
235
4
18
73
Hu
375 25 42
2
88
1
2
1
Ra
306 13 36
2
34
2
2
Ul
109
1
7
1
54
2
1
Ca
165
6
1
Se
11
Mc
211
2
12
3
17
3
2
Pe
282
4
41
83
1
Fe
234
5
23
41
2
4
1
1
Pa
28
4
Ti, Tita
251
47
57
3
4
Fi
5
1
3
Tl
246 22 12
1
22
1
Cc
221
4
2
2
35
1
1
Ta
79
Mt, Tmt 275
8
13
11
1
3
3
Mp
219
10
12
Ph1
319
5
1
1
10
2
1
1
Ph2
224
2
11
1
Ph3
182
3
Total
7823 97 650 14 1157 21 31
8
1
1 12 1
3
1
MNI
103 17 37
2
4
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
Weight 112451 762 2917 113 8592 732 239 7
1
1 205 1 25 4
Weight % 89.2 0.6 2.3 0.1 6.8 0.6 0.2 0.0
0.0
0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0
251
Fig. 2. Skeletal part distribution of the three most important economically animals: cattle, sheep/
goat, and pig. The percentage of NISP data has been calculated and used for the analysis. Abbreviations: Pf: processus frontalia, Cv: calvaria, Mx: maxilla, Md: mandible, Hy: hyoid, Vt: vertebrae, Co: costae, Sc: scapula, Hu: humerus, Ra: radius, Ul: ulna, Ca: carpalia, Pa: patella, Se:
sesamoidea, Mc: metacarpus, Pe: pelvis, Fe: femur, Ti: tibia, Fi: fibula, Tl: talus, Cc: calcaneus,
Ta: tarsalia, Mt: metatarsus, Mp: metapodia, Ph1: phalanx 1, Ph2: phalanx 2, Ph3: phalanx 3.
The age profile suggests that a plethora of cattle were slaughtered between 5–8 years
(M3++) followed by individuals not older than 4–5 years (M3+). The frequency of immature individuals was relatively lower together with animals older than 8 years (Fig. 3).
The sex assessment demonstrates that cattle were mostly represented by female and
castrated individuals and only a very small percentage was male (Fig. 4).
Table 3. Number of identified specimens (NISP), Minimum Number of Individuals (MNI) and
weight of the fauna from the complex of domestic structures.
Animals
Cattle
Sheep/goat
Pig
Horse
Dog
Chicken
Goose
Elk
Roe deer
Red deer
Brown bear
Beaver
NISP %
79.5
6.5
12.0
0.21
0.30
0.08
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.12
0.01
0.03
MNI %
60.0
9.95
21.5
1.16
2.0
1.0
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
Weight (gr) %
89.0
3.00
7
0.6
0.2
0.15
0.02
252
Fig. 3. Age distribution for cattle, sheep/goat, and pig based on the existence and wear stages of
the deciduous and permanent teeth (calculation of the precentage of the NISP data).
Ovis orientalis f. aries and Capra aegagrus f. hircus (sheep/goat)
Sheep and goats are found in a relative small percentage, after cattle and pigs, namely
6.5 % corresponding to 3 % of the total weight. The anatomical element distribution indicates that whole individuals were present. A relatively good representation of the meaty
regions is observed (fore and hind limbs) together with other compact bones such as
mandibles and tali. The lack of hyoid, carpalia, sesamoidea, fibula and phalanges might
be attributed to the recovery techniques (Fig. 2).
Although a variety of age at death is recorded, the age profile suggests a tendency
towards animals between 5–8 years (M3++) followed by individuals no older than 4–5
years, similar to cattle. Fewer were the immature individuals as well as animals older
than 8 years (Fig. 3).
Sus scrofa f. domestica (pig)
Pigs constitute the second most important animal with 12 % corresponding to 6.82 %
of the total weight. However, they are found in a very low percentage, when compared
to cattle. The skeletal element representation is similar to that observed for cattle and
sheep/goats. Namely, the survival of the robust bones and of the regions that are rich in
meat, whereas the loss of smaller and fragile bones is a product of the excavation and
recovery techniques (Fig. 2). It also indicates the existence of some whole individuals,
together with an overrepresentation of the meaty regions especially during the later La
Tène phases.
Typically, the age distribution shows that the majority of the animals were 18–20
months old, followed by individuals between 2–3 years. Comparing pigs with ruminants
253
Fig. 4. Sexual assessment of cattle based on the
calculation of the precentage of the NISP data.
illustrates the slightly younger age of the pigs (M30, M3+). Older animals constitute an
exception, whereas the number of immature individuals is relatively high when considered in the context of the total relations (Fig. 3). Although for pigs both males and
females are recorded, it should be highlighted that the existence of castrated animals is
not detectable by the metrical data or the morphological observations.
Equus ferus f. caballus – Canis lupus f. familiaris – Gallus gallus f. domestica
(horse-dog-chicken)
Horses constitute a small part of the assemblage with 0.2 % together with dogs 0.3 % and
chickens 0.08 %. The skeletal distribution of the horses shows that the compact bones
have survived, namely mandibles, long bones, calcaneus, and phalanges, similar to dogs.
However, concerning chickens, the bones derive from the hind limbs. The majority of
the remains from all the three species belong to adult individuals.
Wild animals
The number of the remains coming from wild animals is minimal (Tab. 2) and they
contribute a small percentage to the bone deposits. However, a variety of taxa have been
recorded, representing the roe deer, red deer, brown bear, beaver, and elk. Their presence
in the assemblage might indicate hunting or just bone collecting activities.
Cervidae
Roe deer, due to their morphological structure’s relation to ecological adaptation, are
mainly found at small-placed bush/scrubland regions, and at the upper margins of forests. However, this taxon is ecologically and ethnologically very adaptable. When there
are good food opportunities, it can be found at an altitude of 1,800 m during the winter
(SPitzenberger 2001: 725–727).
254
Red deer are found in broad-leaved forests. In Austria, they are mainly found in two
different zones: in forested steppes with water-meadows and in the Alps. Their habitat’s
peak altitude ranges from 100 to 500 m and 1,200 to 1,700 m (SPitzenberger 2001:
705, 709).
Elk are relatively big animals that settle in economically advantageous areas, in order to
have easy access to available food. Elk thus need to change habitat in the course of the
year. In spring and summer they are found in humid places with semi-aquatic and aquatic
vegetation, whereas, during the winter, they are located in dry habitats where they can
consume scots pine (Pinus sylvestris). Elk avoid human presence, similar to red deer,
whereas roe deer seem to be more tolerant. The highest known altitude peak is 1,800 m
(SPitzenberger 2001: 719).
Rodentia
Beavers settle in ideal habitats with slow or standing water flow characterized by good
flow conditions and banks rich in vegetation. Once beavers were common in almost
every river of Austria. The highest known altitude of beaver habitation is 700 m (SPitzen
berger 2001: 373).
Carnivora
Brown bears settle in a variety of habitats: woodlands, isolated in smaller habitats with
trees, forest canopies, along the margins of rivers and sometimes very close to human
settlements, similar to roe deer and in contrast to red deer. They are found in Austria at
up to 1,200 m (SPitzenberger 2001: 592–593).
Bone deposits in the graves
The remains found in the graves are mixed with material from the domestic structures
of the complex. For this reason it was not always easy to separate the grave goods from
the domestic waste. Nevertheless, the authors have made an effort to sort out the faunal
remains, based on what is already known of the Celtic funerary traditions in the broader
region of Austria and from the archaeozoological evidence. The main criterion used for
the separation was the grade of fragmentation of the bones, and then the species identification together with the age stage. Usually the grave goods represent whole bones,
not typical for the settlement. Concerning the species, pigs have been regularly found
representing young individuals. Still species and age stage may vary. According to our
observations, 25 % of the graves have probably exhibited grave goods:
Grave 349A: one right humerus of mature pig
Grave 323B: two right femora of mature cattle
255
Table 4. Skeletal element distribution of the animals recorded from the mixed contexts of the
graves. Abbreviations: Pf: processus frontalia, Cv: calvaria, Mx: maxilla, Md: mandible, Hy:
hyoid, Vt: vertebrae, Co: costae, Sc: scapula, Hu: humerus, Ra: radius, Ul: ulna, Ca: carpalia, Pa:
patella, Se: sesamoidea, Mc: metacarpus, Pe: pelvis, Fe: femur, Ti: tibia, Fi: fibula, Tita: Tibiotarsus, Tl: talus, Cc: calcaneus, Ta: tarsalia, Mt: metatarsus, Tmt: tarsometatarsus, Mp: metapodia,
Ph1: phalanx 1, Ph2: phalanx 2, Ph3: phalanx 3, BT = cattle, OA = sheep, CH = goat, O/C= sheep/
goat, SD = pig, EC = horse, CF = dog, GGD = chicken, CA = beaver, VV = red fox, SS = wild boar.
Element
Pf
Cv
Mx
Md
Hy
Vt
Co
Sc
Hu
Ra
Ul
Ca
Mc
Pe
Fe
Pa
Ti/Tt
Fi
Tl
Cc
Ta
Mt
Mp
Ph1
Ph2
Ph3
Sesam
Total
Weight
Weight %
BT
80
187
OA
1
Domesticated faunal remains
O/C
CH
SD
EC
12
2
429
10
535
5
58
1
10
104
5
15
97
1
17
49
3
26
3
75
1
8
128
1
8
110
10
1
63
12
3
38
4
4
41
1
1
19
119
2
62
3
63
2
3
42
1
23
1
5
2357
17
118
24088.2 1175.7 2519
85.0
4.1
8.9
13
2
1
3
349.5
1.2
27
44
13
19
6
18
4
2
17
14
4
20
1
6
13
CF
GGD
2
1
1
Wild faunal remains
VV
SS
CA
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
4
1
2
5
245
113.9
0.4
3
81.1
0.3
4
0.8
0.0
3
32.4
0.1
1
2.7
0.0
1
1
256
Grave 35: two right tibiae of pigs, younger than 3.5 years.
one right fibula of mature pig
one left femur of a pig younger than 3.5 years
Grave 106: one left humerus of a pig younger than 3.5 years
In total, the whole mixed material coming from the graves demonstrates a similar profile
with the remains from the complex, due to the mixture with normal settlement waste.
It is clear that cattle (85 %) are the dominant animal, while pigs (9 %) and sheep/goats
(4.3 %) are found in a much lower percentages as well as dogs, horses and chicken (Tabs.
4, 5).
Bos primigenius f. taurus (cattle)
Cattle represent 85.7 % of the total remains corresponding to 85 % of the total weight.
The skeletal part representation is very similar to that already noted for the domestic
structures; namely almost all the bones are present, showing that a number of individuals were brought alive in order to be further exploited and finally slaughtered. Compact
anatomical regions are found in higher percentages such as the mandibles, whereas the
overrepresentation of costae and vertebrae is associated with the high fragmentation.
Meaty regions are well presented and more fragile bones have not survived (Fig. 5).
The age distribution demonstrates a wide distribution of slaughter age, but with higher
percentages of immature and young individuals. Animals with milk teeth constitute
41.7 % of the total number. Additionally, young mature individuals with permanent teeth
show that the majority of the animals were mainly slaughtered at around 4–5 years of
age, and a smaller percentage at 3 years (Fig. 6). Older individuals are rarely recorded
(M30, M3+). The sex assessment shows that female (72.7 %) and castrated (27 %) individuals were more prevalent.
Table 5. Animals recorded from the graves.
Animals
Cattle
Sheep/goats
Pig
Horse
Dog
Chicken
Red fox
Beaver
Wild boar
NISP %
85.5
5.00
9.0
0,10
0.10
0.10
0.03
0.03
0.03
% Weight (gr)
85.00
4.15
8.90
1.00
0.50
0.30
0.01
257
Fig. 5. Skeletal part distribution of the three most important economically animals found in the
graves: cattle, sheep/goat, and pig. The percentage of NISP data has been used for the analysis.
Abbreviations: Pf: processus frontalia, Cv: calvaria, Mx: maxilla, Md: mandible, Hy: hyoid, Vt:
vertebrae, Co: costae, Sc: scapula, Hu: humerus, Ra: radius, Ul: ulna, Ca: carpalia, Pa: patella, Se:
sesamoidea, Mc: metacarpus, Pe: pelvis, Fe: femur, Ti: tibia, Fi: fibula, Tl: talus, Cc: calcaneus,
Ta: tarsalia, Mt: metatarsus, Mp: metapodia, Ph1: phalanx 1, Ph2: phalanx 2, Ph3: phalanx 3.
Ovis orientalis f. aries and Capra aegagrus f. hircus (sheep/goat)
Similar to the domesticated structures, sheep/goats are found in the small percentage of
5 %, following cattle and pigs and corresponding to 4.1 % of the total weight. The anatomical element distribution shows an overrepresentation of the meaty regions (fore and
hind limbs), whereas the loss of material is related to the recovery techniques or possible
utility of the material for further processing (Fig. 5).
The age-at-death profile shows a complete absence of young animals. The majority of
the remains come from mature individual less than 3 years old (87.5 %) and a smaller
percentage (12.5 %) belongs to animals between 4–5 years old. Female individuals are
mainly noted for sheep/goats.
Sus scrofa f. domestica (pig)
Pigs are the prevalent species after cattle but in a much lower percentage (8.9 %). The
skeletal part distribution illustrates that whole individuals were present; high percentages (48 % for the fore and hind limbs) are noted for the meaty regions, such as hind and
forelimbs (Fig. 5).
The age profiles show a total absence of individuals older than 2–3 years. Individuals
with milk teeth constitute 25 % of the material and 75 % belong to young mature animals
(M30, M3+). The sexual ratio suggests that male, possibly castrated, and female pigs are
found in comparable percentages.
258
Fig. 6. Age distribution of cattle based on deciduous and permanent teeth (calculation of the precentage of the NISP data).
Equus ferus f. caballus – Canis lupus f. familiaris – Gallus gallus f. domestica
(horse-dog-chicken)
Horses, dogs and chickens constitute a small part of the assemblage with 0.1 % of each.
The anatomical element distribution shows that mandibles and long bones have mostly
been recorded. According to the study of the epiphyseal fusion the remains belong to
adult individuals.
Wild animals
Only 0.1 % of the material belongs to the wild fauna (Tabs. 4, 5). The material is composed of single bones of red foxes, beavers, and wild boars.
Carnivora
Red foxes are located in well-lit habitats close to water, on the shores of lakes and ponds,
or in deciduous and mixed forests. They can attain a height of 825 m (SPitzenberger
2001: 581).
Artiodactyla
Wild boar can be found in a wide variety of habitats from the tropical to the deciduous
forests, where aquatic vegetation and shadow exist. In winter they are found at as high
as 1000 m and during summer between 1,500 and 1,700 m (SPitzenberger 2001: 692).
259
Fig. 7. The three artifacts recovered from
the graves of Putzenkopf Nord bearing
engravings. A: first
phalanx
of
cattle
(Inv.Nr. D-PN 6; 50.5
mm length) B: first
phalanx
of
cattle
(Inv.Nr. D-PKG 343;
50.0 mm length), C:
second phalanx of
cattle (Inv.Nr. PF 43;
32.5 mm length).
Fig. 8. 3D models of
the three engraved
bones. For details see
Fig. 7.
This file includes three interactive 3D PDF models that can be activated by
clicking onto the respective image (requires Adobe Reader version 8.0 or higher).
Artifacts
During the study of the material, three interesting artifacts have been recorded. Two of
them are made of the 1st phalanx of cattle and one out of the 2nd phalanx (Fig. 7).
The first artifact comes from one of the grave’s mixed deposits and bears engravings on
the dorsal side – made by humans – resembling letters. However, the survey proved that
they do not fit with any of the known alphabets during that period and thus most likely
do not represent real letters or numbers.4
The second artifact was found in the settlement and bears engravings, the representation
of an X, at the dorsal side.
Finally, a second phalanx that was unearthed from the mixed grave deposits bears
engravings at the distal side, an X representation.
Such engravings were compared with various taphonomical phenomena including natural processes or other anthropogenic factors such as butchery marks. Our opinion is that
these engravings were anthropogenic, but they do not depict an accidental product. The
interpretation of these artifacts faces difficulties as they could have served many roles
4
Personal communication with Prof. Dr. Stefan SchuMacher (Institut für Sprachwissenschaft, Universität
Wien).
260
according to parallels with other cultures: part of a game, tool usage, mark for location/
calculation etc. This observation has been confirmed by the examination of the objects
using the detailed 3D documentation (Fig. 8). A parallel to the artifacts b. and c. has been
recorded in Celtic settlements of Northern Tirol. In this case it was a talus artifact with
an X representation and bearing a hole (urban 1989: 219).
Discussion
Dürrnberg and Putzenkopf Nord
Dürrnberg offers a unique example of a well-organized economy based on the exploitation of natural resources. The excavated sites, including Putzenkopf Nord, present a
homogenous picture for the character and the logistic organization of Dürrnberg, suggesting that cattle are obviously the prevalent taxon among the animals exploited (Figs
9, 10).
The environmental framework in which these natural resources were exploited is very
similar to the picture that we have today, as only slight changes have occurred in the
landscape. It seems that the region set on which we focused was ecologically characterized by shadowy and open areas found in small patches of forest and open areas
with sparse/bush vegetation, together with water sources in the form of slow or standing
streams. The fact that cattle are recorded in such a high percentage should be attributed
to the economic activities but also to the ecological optimum, showing a unique combination of human initiatives and environmental framework. The region of Dürrnberg
favors the existence of cattle due to the presence of mountain pastures. This ecological
information, together with the geological background in favor of the existence of mining
and cattle-keeping, was wisely used and shed light onto new possibilities, firstly on matters of existence and secondly on economic development.
Although, it has been proved that Dürrnberg is not a traditional rural site, the analysis
of the fauna has indicated traces of a typical peasant economy. The practice of agriculture and husbandry by the inhabitants of Dürrnberg can, however, not be completely
excluded. It it has been proposed that the workers at the salt mining complex were dependent on the goods produced by peasants, who would have been located in the vicinity of
Dürrnberg. It could be suggested that these peasants might have occupied the basin of
the Salzach River and the adjacent Alpine foreland. However, tracing rural settlements
on the Alps is a difficult task for geological reasons.
Putzenkopf Nord confirms the aforementioned information concerning the morphology
and the biological profile of the fauna. Practically speaking, if we combine the data from
the archaeozoological analysis, it seems likely that cattle were used for meat, milk and
labor, whereas pigs only for meat; sheep/goats offered cheese, meat and sometimes wool,
but their importance was reduced. This observation is related to the fact that there is no
ecological optimum for sheep/goats and is also associated with the economic evolution
261
of the site, according to which big-sized animals were preferred. However, some small
differences in the assemblages should be mentioned. The fact that the material from the
graves suggests slightly younger animals and an overrepresentation of the meaty regions
– especially for cattle and pigs – could be explained by the presence of grave goods. The
prevalent grave good seems to be pigs, which have also been found together with cattle
individuals at the graves of Kammelhöhe and Sonneben (late Halstatt to early La Tène
period) (abd el KareM 2012a: 237–245) as well as Moserfeld (Halstatt D, La Tène A,
La Tène B) (abd el KareM 2012b: 331–339).
The limited number of wild fauna indicates the different economical interest of the mining workers, but also the possible difficulties to locate some of the wild animals, such
as elk, which are rarely detected and mainly during its migration. Wild birds or fish are
not recorded from Putzenkopf Nord. Geese and red foxes are found only in Putzenkopf
Nord. Other waterfowl are detected in Ramsautal. In general, some birds, fish and mammals (bison) are detected only once or very rarely in Dürrnberg. This might indicate that
the dwellers of Dürrnberg were mainly interested in wild animals that were located in
the vicinity (Tab. 6).
Despite their limited number, these animals contribute to a better understanding of the
environment and the natural landscape of the region. However, this is a complicated matter, as various factors affect the existence or absence of the animals; parameters related
to climate, topography, diet, anatomy and physiology, way of life (migration) and behavioral patterns (sociability etc.) play a significant role and define the final faunal profile
which is shaped by human choices adapting to natural availability and opportunities.
Dürrnberg and other La Tène sites
Additionally, interesting observations are made when comparing Dürrnberg with other
La Tène sites (Figs 9, 10). The bone assemblages from rural I n z e r s d o r f in d ci ate
that 98.4 % of the remains belong to domesticated taxa. Cattle are the prevalent species (66.4 %) followed by sheep/goats (21.2 %), pigs (8.0 %), horses (0.8 %), and dogs
(2.0 %). The age distribution shows that the majority of the animals were between 5–8
years old and a high number older than 8 years. A smaller percentage has been recorded
for animals younger than 3 years. Thus it seems that they were important for milk production and labor. Sheep/goats present a wider age-at-death distribution with the higher
Table 6. Dürrnberg and Hallstatt: comparing two of the most important Austrian sites.
Dürrnberg
Iron Age
colder climate
easily accessible
cattle is the most important taxon
Hallstatt
Bronze Age
middle temperature, more favorable climate
topographically isolated
pig of greater significance
262
Fig. 9. Animal distribution from Dürrnberg and various Celtic sites mentioned in the text, based
on the calculation of the precentage of the NISP data.
Fig. 10. Distribution of the domesticated animals that contributed minimally and are represented
with less than 5 %. The material derives from Dürrnberg and other Celtic sites mentioned in the
text, based on the calculation of the precentage of the NISP data.
percentage found in immature individuals (Pd4++, Pd4+), followed mainly by animals
aging 4–5 and 5–8 years, implying the consumption of meat and cheese production. In
this case, cattle and sheep/goats were used again for various purposes, but the young age
of many individuals could be related mainly to meat dishes and the preference for tender
263
and tasteful meat (Pucher 1998: 56–67). A high number of pigs were younger than 16
months followed by individuals of up to 3 years of age, verifying their importance as
meat suppliers.
Another La Tène rural settlement, G ö t t l e s b r u n n in Lower Austria presents important differences concerning the number of the taxa, the biological profile, but also the
ecological framework. Although 97 % of the faunal material belongs to domesticated
animals, cattle constitute just 38 % of the total amount followed by sheep/goats (26 %)
and pigs (23 %). The cattle age profile is estimated between Pd4+ and M3+++ without
showing a clear preference for a specific age. The remains show that very young individuals (Pd4 0, Pd4 +) of sheep/goats are lacking. Cattle and sheep/goats were used for
a wide range of activities and sometimes the small ruminants were the substitute for the
products that can be gained by bigger and more expensive animals. A wider slaughter
age is recorded for pigs with a rather high number of older animals (M3+++), probably
for reproduction purposes (Pucher 2006: 197–220).
The fauna from Göttlesbrunn is also indicative of traditional rural settlement; the percentage of the taxa represented, the sex and age distributions as well as the body part
representation confirm the supposed agricultural background of the sites, illustrating the
contribution of the main taxa as work animals and/ or to the exploitation of secondary
products and pointing out the different socioeconomic framework. More analytically,
pigs were obviously an important meat source, together with sheep/goats, whose age
profile shows only a small percentage of older animals. The wider age distribution of
cattle shows that it was an important animal which served many needs of daily life;
however their lower number could be attributed to the fact that a peasant economy cannot easily be supplied with such an ‘expensive’ animal. This is a phenomenon that it is
also observed later, when the artistic expression of the rural economy shows a minimal
number of cows held by the peasants (Pucher in press).
Nevertheless, in the case of Göttlesbrunn, ecology is another important factor. The high
percentages of sheep/goats and the smaller number of cattle are not only indicative of
the economic situation, but also of the different climatic conditions that prevail in eastern
Austria, which is mainly affected by the relatively dry Pannonian climate, namely more
favorable for sheep.
Another important site that would be interesting to compare with Dürrnberg is Oppidum
o f M a n c h i n g (boeSSnecK et al. 1971), in Bavaria (Germany). It has been characterized as a proto-urban settlement and is related with many important archaeological
findings as well as with a huge amount of bones, counting 400,000, the biggest La Tène
assemblage to this day. In Manching, cattle and pigs played a decisive role as they are
the prevalent taxa with 41.8 % and 32.4 % respectively. Sheep/goats followed (20.0 %),
together with horses (4.74 %), dogs (0.79 %), and chickens (0.04 %) in limited numbers.
Although a big variety of wild animals and fish have been detected, they contributed
only minimally to the economy of the site with just 0.2 %. According to the age and
sex distribution cattle and pigs were the most important meat suppliers. Cattle would
264
have been used as labor animals and been further exploited for other secondary products
together with sheep/goats (milk). The high numbers of demanding fauna (cattle and
pigs) were favored by the river plain environment, which ensured food and water.
Table 7. Distribution of the wild animal remains from Dürrnberg.
Putzenfeld
Ramsaukopf
(Schmitzberger (Schmitzberger
2011)
2011)
Mammals
European
bison
Chamois
Elk
Roe deer
Red deer
Wild boar
Brown
bear
Marten
Red fox
Beaver
Hedgehog
Birds
Mute
swan
Redbreasted
merganser
Goose
Alpine
Cough
Band
Eurasian
Jay
Lesser
spotted
eagle
Fish
Pike
Cyprinidae
Ramsautal Simonbaurfeld
(Pucher
1999)
Putzenkopf
Putzenkopf
(Abd el KArem (Schmitzberger
Nord
2009)
2011)
(Present study)
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
265
Dürrnberg and Hallstatt
At first glance, the similarities between Dürrnberg and Hallstatt are surprisingly many
(Pucher 2010: 193–197). Two economically unique cases related to mining activities,
and a well-organized system that demanded the cooperation among the mining workers
and the peasants in the difficult, but always exciting alpine environment. However, some
differences, especially concerning the faunal spectrum shall be noted (Tab. 7).
One major difference that is related to the animals and that affects human preferences is
the climate. The climatic conditions during the Late Bronze Age (Hallstatt A and B) were
more favorable in comparison to those recorded during the Iron Age, to which Dürrnberg
is attributed. For archaeozoology this might be detected in the faunal material (Pucher
2010: 193–197). The people of Hallstatt had a specialized meat production based on
pigs. Pigs are flexible omnivore animals that are fertile from a very young age and give
birth to a great number of individuals, due to which many pigs can be grown/managed
by a small number of peasants. In this case, the compromise among mining workers and
peasants is profitable and economically practical for both (Pucher in press).
Dürrnberg presents only superficially a similar picture, as it is defined by different
parameters. During this period, climate became colder with lower temperatures. The
number of pigs is reduced under these circumstances, where food is not easily found as
the vegetation changes. In such an environment, cattle are better suited to serve the needs
of the peasants. But cattle are expensive animals that are used in many aspects of daily
life, in contrast to pigs that are only meat suppliers. For this reason, in order to have a
respectable number of cattle, more peasants are needed, who will make a rational compromise with the mining workers for the food supply.
The combination of the information derived by the analysis of the biological profile
of cattle shows exactly this reality: limited young male cattle, but numerically more
females older than 5 years. The latter were preferred because the milk production stops
slowly and their meat is still tasteful and edible, in contrast to the older male and castrated individuals (Pucher in press). On the other hand, the peasants need only a small
number of male and castrated individuals for reproduction and labor. The fact that the
workers of Dürrnberg could purchase such an expensive animal and that the peasants
could provide large amounts of cattle (that resulted in an overproduction and ultimately
in trade) depicts wealth and prosperity for both sides, verified as well by the archaeological findings. These data lead us to conclude that Dürrnberg was a progressive society
with an efficient economical system.
Conclusions
Putzenkopf Nord confirms what we already know from previous studies: domesticated
animals prevail, especially cattle. Whole individuals are indicated for cattle and sheep/
goats, but for pigs, extra meat packages can also be suggested during the later phases of
the La Tène period. The nature of the assemblages examined shows a mixture of food
266
waste, artifacts and offerings in the graves. The animal most commonly used as a grave
offering is suggested to be the pig.
Dürrnberg is a complex of domesticated sites and graves that has a unique economical
model based on mining activities. This fact is derived, not only on the basis of the faunal
remains, but on the natural factors’ showing a dependency on human activities, nature
and geology. The biological profile of the remains indicates an intense collaboration
among the mining workers and the peasants. Important similarities and differences come
to light when comparing Dürrnberg with previous unique cases, such as Hallstatt, but
also with other La Tène assemblages, such as Göttlesbrunn, Inzersdorf and Manching.
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Table of measurements
Bos
Bos: Processus frontalis
Nr.
Horncore basal circumference
Greatest diameter of the horncore base
Least diameter of the horncore base
Sex
Bos: Mandibula
Nr.
Length of M3
Breadth of M3
Wear stage
42
36.5
15.5
0
3
37.0
15.0
0
26
36.5
14.0
0
42
11.5
36.5
32.5
f
37
33.5
14.5
0
27
10.5
33.0
27.5
f
37-40
11.5
38.5
29.5
f
8
37-40 25
34.5 36.0 36.0
14.5 15.0 16.0
0
0
0
27
36.0
15.0
0
27
35.0
13.5
0
5
33.5
15.0
0
26
37.0
14.5
0
268
Bos: Mandibula
Nr.
Length of M3
Breadth of M3
Wear stage
2
36.5
15.5
0
9-10
36.0
13.5
0
39
35.5
15.0
0
12
33.5
14.0
0
10
34.0
14.5
0
5
34.5
14.5
0
33
34.0
14.5
0
3
36.5
15.0
0
5
35.0
14.5
0
26
32.5
13.5
0
5*
30.0
15.0
0
Bos: Mandibula
Nr.
Length of M3
Breadth of M3
Wear stage
47
34.5
15.0
+
26
32.5
14.5
+
27
34.0
14.5
+
6
30.5
13.0
+
27
35.5
15.5
+
10
35.0
15.5
+
42
35.5
14.5
+
27
34.0
14.5
+
6
36.5
15.5
+
26
35.5
14.5
+
47
36.5
15.5
+
Bos: Mandibula
Nr.
Length of M3
Breadth of M3
Wear stage
42
36.5
15.0
+
8
39.0
17.5
+
27
29.5
13.5
+
4
33.5
15.0
+
9
35.0
14.5
+
42
36.5
15.0
+
48
33.5
15.0
+
10
31.5
14.0
+
11
34.5
14.5
+
27
31.0
13.5
+
27
36.5
15.0
+
Bos: Mandibula
Nr.
Length of M3
Breadth of M3
Wear stage
38
33.0
13.5
+
5
33.5
14.0
+
5-6
34.0
15.0
+
26
37.0
15.0
+
10
38.5
14.5
+
42
37.0
14.5
+
20
35.0
15.0
+
27 42-45 10
35.0 35.5 32.0
14.5 15.0 12.5
+
+
+
47
36.5
16.5
+
Bos: Mandibula
Nr.
Length of M3
Breadth of M3
Wear stage
19
34.5
14.5
+
26
36.0
16.0
+
12
34.5
14.5
+
6
33.5
15.5
+
12*
31.5
14.5
+
10*
28.0
16.0
+
9*
28.0
15.0
+
19
33.5
12.5
+
12
33.5
14.5
+
Bos: Mandibula
Nr.
Length of M3
Breadth of M3
Wear stage
40
38.5
15.0
++
27
36.0
16.0
++
42
33.0
14.5
++
6
35.0
15.5
++
10
34.5
14.0
++
9
32.5
15.0
++
27
33.5
15.5
++
27
35.0
15.0
++
12
29.0
14.5
++
27
33.5
15.5
++
27
33.0
15.5
++
Bos: Mandibula
Nr.
Length of M3
Breadth of M3
Wear stage
26*
28.5
15.0
++
9
33.5
15.0
++
5
33.5
14.5
++
29
37.5
15.5
++
9
35.5
15.0
++
6
35.5
16.5
++
9
34.0
14.5
++
9
36.5
15.5
++
10
36.5
15.5
++
1
38.5
16.0
++
5
38
15.0
++
* without Talonid
* without Talonid
* without Talonid
269
Bos: Mandibula
Nr.
Length of M3
Breadth of M3
Wear stage
10
35.5
15.0
++
12
34.0
14.0
++
11
35.0
14.5
++
27
35.0
15.0
++
6
35.0
14.5
++
10
33.5
14.5
++
20
36.5
16.0
++
46
34.5
15.0
++
4
33.5
14.5
++
9-10
33.5
14.5
++
Bos: Mandibula
Nr.
Length of M3
Breadth of M3
Wear stage
9
36.0
16.5
++
8
37.5
14.5
++
12 32-40
8
35.0 37.5 32.5
15.0 16.0 15.5
++
++
++
4
35.5
15.5
++
5
34.5
14.5
++
46*
25.5
14.5
++
11
32.5
14.0
++
27
33.0
16.5
++
11
35.0
16.0
++
Bos: Mandibula
Nr.
Length of M3
Breadth of M3
Wear stage
42
34.0
14.5
++
42
36.0
16.5
++
4
33.5
14.5
++
6
33.5
16.0
++
6
34.5
15.0
++
26
35.5
16.0
++
4
36.0
16.0
++
6
35.0
16.0
++
6
34.0
15.0
++
9
36.0
15.0
++
10
34.5
14.0
++
Bos: Mandibula
Nr.
Length of M3
Breadth of M3
Wear stage
42-45 43
36.5 33.0
16.5 15.0
++
++
26
35.5
16.0
++
46
35.0
15.5
++
46
34.5
14.0
++
29
32.0
14.5
++
27
31.5
15.5
++
27
35.0
14.5
++
Bos: Mandibula
Nr.
Length of M3
Breadth of M3
Wear stage
10
32.5
14.5
+++
8
36.0
15.0
+++
28
36.0
15.5
+++
16
33.0
16.5
+++
26
35.0
16.0
+++
4-5
32.5
15.0
+++
26
34.5
15.0
+++
19
33.5
14.5
+++
22
36.5
16.5
+++
40 37-40
36.5 30.5
15.5 13.5
+++ +++
Bos: Mandibula
Nr.
Length of M3
Breadth of M3
Wear stage
42
36.5
15.5
+++
6
38.5
16.0
+++
37
34.5
15.0
+++
8
36.0
15.5
+++
2
34.0
14.0
+++
10
33.5
14.5
+++
6
33.5
15.5
+++
27
33.0
14.5
+++
29 37-40 26
32.5 33.5 34.0
14.0 15.5 14.5
+++ +++ +++
Bos: Mandibula
Nr.
Length of Pd4
Breadth of Pd4
Wear stage
29
32.5
12.0
0
29
31.5
11.0
0
26
31.5
11.0
0
5
32.0
11.5
+
10
33.0
13.0
+
9
33.0
12.0
+
27 37-40 45
34.0 31.5 31.0
13.0 12.0 12.0
+
+
+
1
33.0
14.5
++
* without Talonid
29
29.5
13.0
+
10
30.0
12.5
++
270
Bos: Mandibula
Nr.
Length of Pd4
Breadth of Pd4
Wear stage
45
29.5
12.5
++
14
29.0
13.5
++
10
29.0
13.0
++
5
31.0
13.0
++
6
29.0
13.5
++
28
27.5
12.0
++
Bos: Mandibula
Nr.
Length of Pd4
Breadth of Pd4
Wear stage
45
28.0
13.0
+++
1
28.5
13.5
+++
6
26.0
11.5
+++
4
26.0
13.0
+++
10
26.0
12.5
+++
5
27.0
12.5
+++
Bos: Scapula
Nr.
KLC
GLP
LG
BG
46
45.0
56.0
47.0
40.5
26
43.0
60.5
52.0
-
5
43.5
51.5
45.0
36.0
10
57.5
48.5
36.5
4
39.5
52.0
45.0
-
Bos: Scapula
Nr.
KLC
GLP
LG
BG
9
63.5
56.5
43.0
10
42.5
53.0
48.0
40.0
10
57.3
49.5
39.5
11
62.5
54.5
45.0
Bos: Humerus
Nr.
Bd
BT
6
81.0
73.5
10
77.0
70.5
27
62.5
Bos: Humerus
Nr.
Bd
BT
10
72.0
69.5
45
65.5
64.0
10
81.5
71.0
Bos: Radius
Nr.
Bp
BFp
27
75.5
70.5
10
81.5
73.5
1
76.0
70.5
Bos: Radius
Nr.
Bp
BFp
27
69.0
64.0
27
68.0
63.5
10
66.5
62.5
10
27.5
12.5
++
40
27.5
12.5
++
5
26.5
12.5
++
42
26.5
13.0
+++
6
28.0
13.5
+++
27
53.5
46.5
38.0
8
59.0
50.5
40.0
9
50.5
62.5
55.5
-
9
52.0
47.5
37.5
10
38.5
-
47
57.5
46.5
37.0
3
59.0
50.5
40.5
16
62.5
57.5
44.0
27
40.5
54.0
47.5
37.5
1
73.5
69.0
40
81.0
76.5
31
74.5
69.5
20
68.0
62.5
10
80.5
70.5
27
70.5
67.5
1
69.0
67.5
15
65.5
64.5
5
80.5
71.5
3
71.0
10
69.0
-
23
60.0
6
79.0
72.0
46 37-40 97
69.0 75.5 69.0
64.0 70.0 62.0
271
Bos: Radius
Nr.
Bd
BFd
27
76.0
71.5
10
83.0
74.5
1
76.0
71.5
5
80.5
77.5
3
77.5
73.0
10
67.5
61.0
23
62.5
60.5
6
77.5
73.0
46 37-40 10
69.0 75.5 67.0
65.0 70.0 62.5
Bos: Radius
Nr.
Bd
BFd
27
76.0
71.5
10
83.0
74.5
1
76.0
71.5
5
80.5
77.5
3
77.5
73.0
10
67.5
61.0
23
62.5
60.5
6
77.5
73.0
46 37-40 10
69.0 75.5 67.0
65.0 70.0 62.5
Bos: Radius
Nr.
Bd
BFd
27
68.5
64.0
27
70.0
65.5
27
68.5
63.5
34
53.0
30.5
27
50.5
45.0
38.5
11
32.0
12
66.0
45.5
6
46.5
27
36.5
42
42.5
27
38.0
27
34.0
19
33.0
42
33.5
26
54.0
36.0
27
57.5
43.0
26
58.5
43.5
9
60.0
39.0
11
55.5
38.0
12
50.0
35.0
Bos: Ulna
Nr.
LO
TPA
KTO
BPC
Bos: Pelvis
Nr.
LA
LAR
26
76.5
51.5
44.0
-
Bos: Tibia
Nr.
Bd
Td
27 37-40 27
57.5 69.5 68.0
50.5 55.0 53.5
Bos: Tibia
Nr.
Bd
Td
1
46.5
35.5
1
53.0
39.5
27
55.0
36.5
10
63.0
45.5
9
59.0
41.0
6
52.5
36.5
10
51.0
41.0
10
48.5
35.0
10
60.5
44.0
5
52.5
38.5
40
58.0
42.5
Bos: Tibia
Nr.
Bd
Td
10
49.5
38.5
27
50.5
36.5
11
49.0
35.5
15
53.5
37.5
29
58.0
38.0
27
56.0
41.0
27
51.5
39.5
5
49.5
34.0
5
50.5
39.0
8
54.5
39.5
27
52.0
36.5
Bos: Tibia
Nr.
Bd
Td
27
51.5
36.0
19
51.5
35.5
6
56.0
40.0
43
57.0
40.5
27
49.5
35.5
1
57.5
42.0
10
51.0
37.0
27 42-45
55.5 51.5
42.0 38.0
Bos: Tibia
Nr.
Bp
37-31 37-40
82.0 72.0
Bos: Fibula
Nr.
GT
7
27.5
9
37-40
29.5 28.5
272
Bos: Calcaneus
Nr.
GL
GB
27
16
42
45
27
26
5
1
27
27
108.0 114.5 128.5 113.5 112.5 114.5 113.5 105.0 128.5 111.5
33.5 39.0 41.5 35.0 34.0 34.0 36.5 31.0 41.0 34.5
Bos: Calcaneus
Nr.
GL
GB
5
116.5
34.0
27
99.0
34.0
27
112.5
40.5
Bos: Talus
Nr.
8
GLl
59.5
GLm
54.0
Tl
31.0
Tm
27.5
Bd
35.0
9
61.0
56.0
34.0
33.0
40.5
12
62.5
56.0
35.5
34.5
41.0
27
59.0
53.0
32.5
32.0
39.5
13
55.0
51.0
31.0
30.5
33.0
15
58.5
53.5
31.5
31.0
39.0
10
54.5
51.0
31.5
31.0
36.5
40
55.0
51.0
31.5
31.0
36.5
42
58.5
53.0
32.5
34.0
39.5
10
59.5
54.0
34.5
33.5
39.0
46
59.0
55.5
33.0
33.0
38.5
Bos: Talus
Nr.
GLl
GLm
Tl
Tm
Bd
12
56.0
49.5
31.5
30.5
35.5
12
54.5
50.0
30.5
31.0
34.5
16
58.5
54.5
32.0
31.5
36.0
9
62.0
57.5
34.5
35.5
39.5
42
57.0
32.0
32.0
37.5
8
42-46 42
57.0 58.5
54.5 51.5 53.5
33.5 33.0 31.5
32.5 31.5 32.5
40.0 36.0 38.5
10
57.5
53.0
32.5
31.5
34.5
6
57.5
53.5
33.5
31.5
36.5
10
55.5
56.0
30.0
29.0
34.5
10
56.5
49.5
31.0
30.5
37.5
Bos: Talus
Nr.
GLl
GLm
Tl
Tm
Bd
10
60.5
56.5
34.0
34.0
39.5
10
53.5
51.5
30.5
29.5
33.5
9
55.5
50.0
31.5
30.5
35.0
42
55.0
33.0
31.0
36.0
6
54.0
57.0
31.0
38.0
29 37-40
4
61.0 65.0 58.5
56.5 59.5 53.5
36.5 32.5
36.5 32.0
37.5 41.0 35.5
5-6
58.5
52.0
32.0
31.5
34.5
5-10
58.5
53.0
32.0
29.0
35.5
5
57.5
52.0
32.0
32.5
38.0
46
54.5
48.5
30.5
30.0
31.0
Bos: Talus
Nr.
GLl
GLm
Tl
Tm
Bd
5-10 37-40 39 37-30 27
56.5 59.0 56.0 60.0 60.0
53.0 51.5 54.5 55.5
30.5 32.5 31.0 33.5 33.5
30.0 30.5 51.5 32.5 33.5
34.5 36.5 38.0 40.5 36.0
27 37-40 42
54.0 57.5
48.5 52.5 50.5
30.0 32.5 32.5
30.5 31.5 31.5
33.0 34.5 35.0
11
55.5
51.5
32.0
30.5
37.5
4
60.0
55.0
33.5
32.0
37.0
42
57.5
50.5
33.5
32.5
41.0
27
58.5
53.5
32.0
32.0
37.5
6
58.0
54.0
31.0
31.0
35.0
273
Bos: Talus
Nr.
GLl
GLm
Tl
Tm
Bd
5
59.0
53.5
33.5
33.5
37.0
27
57.0
57.0
31.5
30.5
34.0
4
56.0
52.0
30.5
30.5
34.5
6
59.5
54.5
32.5
31.5
34.0
Bos: Talus
Nr.
GLl
GLm
Tl
Tm
Bd
27
58.5
52.5
32.5
34.5
38.5
10
58.5
54.0
32.0
32.5
37.5
20
58.5
52.5
32.0
30.5
36.5
Bos: Talus
Nr.
27
GLl
59.0
GLm
53.0
Tl
33.0
Tm
33.0
Bd
38.0
12
59.5
54.5
33.0
32.5
35.0
12
60.5
55.5
34.5
35.5
37.0
12
59.0
52.5
33.5
33.0
36.5
Bos: Talus
Nr.
10
GLl
58.0
GLm
53.5
Tl
Tm
31.5
Bd
36.5
9
42-45
8
58.5 58.5 60.5
51.5 53.5 55.0
33.0 32.0 33.0
32.0 33.5
38.0 35.5 37.5
Bos: Talus
Nr.
GLl
GLm
Tl
Tm
Bd
27
56.0
51.5
31.5
31.5
34.5
37-40
1
58.0 57.5
54.5 53.0
34.0
33.5 31.5
36.5 34.0
9-10
60.0
54.5
33.5
31.5
39.5
27
60.5
56.0
33.0
33.5
35.5
19 37-40 22
57.0 59.5 55.0
53.0 54.0 51.5
32.5
31.5
31.5
31.0
35.5 37.5 35.0
27
56.0
51.5
31.5
32.0
38.0
27
58.0
51.5
32.5
34.0
38.5
47 37-40 27
59.0 56.0 57.0
55.0 50.5 52.0
35.0 32.0 31.5
34.5 32.0 31.0
36.0 35.0 33.0
9
55.5
50.5
30.5
29.0
32.5
9
58.5
54.0
33.0
31.5
36.0
12
59.0
54.5
35.0
38.5
6
56.5
50.5
33.5
33.0
39.0
27
59.5
54.0
33.0
33.0
6
42-45
9
60.5 60.0 61.0
54.5 55.5 55.5
33.5 33.5 34.0
33.0 32.5
41.5 38.5 38.0
10
56.0
51.0
31.5
32.0
38.5
6
54.5
49.5
30.5
30.0
32.0
12
57.5
51.5
32.0
31.5
33.0
16
57.0
52.0
32.0
31.5
36.0
16
55.5
31.5
30.0
34.5
31
57.5
52.0
32.5
32.5
35.5
36
57.0
51.5
32.5
31.0
35.5
4
61.5
57.0
35.0
34.5
41.0
2-3
58.5
55.0
33.0
33.0
36.5
43
57.5
51.5
32.0
31.5
35.5
5
58.5
53.0
32.5
33.5
37.5
4
62.5
57.0
35.0
35.5
41.5
3
59.5
56.0
32.0
31.5
36.5
35 37-31
5
52.0 56.5 53.5
50.0 51.5 49.0
30.0 32.0 31.5
30.0 30.5 30.5
34.5 35.0 33.0
15
49.5
46.5
26.5
25.5
30.5
15
56.5
51.0
31.0
30.0
34.5
8
55.5
52.0
31.5
30.5
35.0
10
53.5
48.5
32.5
31.0
36.0
8
52.0
49.5
30.0
28.5
32.4
6
57.0
52.5
32.0
33.0
35.5
10
52.0
33.5
38.5
274
Bos: Talus
Nr.
GLl
GLm
Tl
Tm
Bd
10
57.5
53.5
32.5
35.0
45
52.0
32.0
36.5
45
53.5
49.0
32.0
30.5
31.5
43
57.0
53.0
31.5
30.0
33.0
Bos: Metacarpus
Nr.
Bp
Tp
Sex
87
54.5
35.0
m
46
48.5
31.0
f
4
48.5
28.0
f
10 42-45 26
47.5 47.5 49.0
28.5 31.5 30.5
f
f
f
27
42.0
26.0
f
27
50.5
30.0
f
22
48.0
29.5
f
27
48.5
30.5
f
Bos: Metacarpus
Nr.
Bd
Td
Sex
11
60.5
30.5
c
1
54.5
29.0
c
27
62.5
32.0
c
0
42-45
6
56.5 47.5 50.5
29.0 26.0 27.0
c?
f
f
12
54.5
29.0
f
26
48.0
25.5
f
27
49.0
27.5
f
42
48.5
25.5
f
Bos: Metacarpus
Nr.
Bd
Td
Sex
10
52.5
27.0
f
Bos: Metatarsus
Nr.
Bp
Tp
Sex
12
44.0
44.5
c
12
40.5
39.5
c
19
42.5
42.5
c?
26
40.0
37.5
f
42
36.0
35.5
f
5
41.0
41.0
f
0
40.0
36.5
f
10
39.5
39.0
f
10
40.0
38.5
f
16
41.5
40.5
f
Bos: Metatarsus
Nr.
Bp
Tp
Sex
6
41.0
38.0
f
4
36.0
37.5
f
26
38.5
37.0
f
27
41.5
39.0
f
27
39.5
41.0
f
10
41.0
38.0
f
Bos: Metatarsus
Nr.
Bd
Td
Sex
10*
60.5
32.5
c
9
49.5
28.0
f
6
45.5
27.5
f
4
44.5
f
27
47.0
27.5
f
6
48.0
26.5
f
8
48.5
27.5
f
27
44.5
26.5
f
5
47.5
26.5
f
27
45.5
26.5
f
* path.
275
Bos: Metatarsus
Nr.
Bd
Td
Sex
27
50.0
28.5
f
6
49.5
28.0
f
10
44.5
25.5
f
37-40
54.0
27.0
f
8
45.0
26.5
f
27
49.0
27.5
f
6
49.5
26.0
f
4
45.5
26.0
f
12
45.5
26.5
f
2
53.0
29.5
f
Bos: Patella
Nr.
GB
GL
46
48.5
59.0
27
41.5
42.0
45
51.5
6
47.5
57.0
6
45.5
55.5
16 37-40 10 37-40 26
41.0 53.0 44.5
53.0 54.0
54.5 53.5
Bos: Patella
Nr.
GB
GL
46
56.5
42
45.5
55.0
27
46.0
58.5
36
54.0
12
40.5
52.0
6
58.0
12
54.5
Bos: Centroquartale
Nr.
6
GB
49.5
9
52.5
10
46.5
6
51.0
13
45.0
15
45.5
8
45.0
24
46.5
6
47.0
27
46.5
Bos: Centroquartale
Nr.
42
GB
46.0
6
46.0
16
47.5
28
46.5
6
45.0
5
49.0
3
49.0
5
42.5
39
49.0
9
48.5
Bos: Centroquartale
Nr.
27
GB
43.0
26
47.5
1
46.5
24
42.5
43
49.5
11
44.5
46
50.0
10
51.0
10
52.5
12
46.5
Bos: Centroquartale
Nr.
37-40 27
GB
54.5 50.5
5
43.5
11
48.5
42
47.5
1
45.5
8
47.5
40
46.0
26
47.0
27
45.5
Bos: Centroquartale
Nr.
16
GB
44.0
40
41.5
9
46.0
27
45.0
26
44.5
26
42.0
16
44.0
39
47.5
14
42.0
Bos: Carpale II+III
Nr.
GB
27
29.5
27
32.0
11
27.0
9
31.0
2
36.0
43
26.0
39 37-40 42-45 27
36.5 30.5 33.0 29.0
Bos: Carpale II+III
Nr.
GB
6
36.5
15 37-40 27
33.5 33.5 31.5
10
29.0
26
29.5
26
31.5
6
28.5
3
37-40
36.5 28.0
10
47.0
-
276
Bos: Carpale II+III
Nr.
GB
1
27.5
20
30.0
Bos: Phalanx 1
Nr.
GLpe
Bp
KD
Bd
5
52.5
25.5
21.0
24.5
5
48.5
21.5
19.5
22.0
40
52.5
22.5
23.0
25.0
4-5 37-31 45
52.0 51.0
21.5 22.5 23.0
20.0 20.0 21.0
24.5 24.5 25.0
42
52.5
23.0
20.0
23.0
10
49.5
24.0
21.5
24.0
10
50.5
25.0
22.5
24.0
42
49.5
22.5
20.5
23.0
Bos: Phalanx 1
Nr.
GLpe
Bp
KD
Bd
27
54.0
22.0
19.0
24.0
48
51.0
24.0
21.0
24.0
8
54.5
26.0
24.0
15.0
39
50.5
21.5
19.5
23.5
6
52.5
23.5
-
42
51.0
25.0
21.5
22.5
10
46.5
20.5
19.0
20.5
10
56.5
25.5
22.5
26.5
40
58.5
26.5
23.5
25.5
9
52.0
26.0
23.0
25.5
Bos: Phalanx 1
Nr.
GLpe
Bp
KD
Bd
6
50.5
25.5
23.0
25.0
27
49.5
28.5
23.5
28.0
10
49.5
23.5
20.5
23.5
27
50.0
24.5
20.5
23.0
27
50.5
26.0
22.0
25.0
10
57.0
21.0
25.0
10
55.5
25.5
20.5
22.5
28
52.5
27.0
23.5
24.0
46
52.5
26.0
22.5
24.5
4
51.5
23.5
20.5
23.0
Bos: Phalanx 1
Nr.
GLpe
Bp
KD
Bd
42
55.0
26.0
20.5
22.5
9
51.0
22.0
21.5
23.0
16
47.5
26.0
21.5
22.5
10
53.0
25.0
23.5
25.5
10
50.5
22.0
24.5
43
52.5
24.0
22.0
25.5
27
54.0
28.5
21.5
27.0
10
52.0
23.0
26.0
1
52.0
21.5
25.5
8
52.5
27.5
24.0
27.5
Bos: Phalanx 1
Nr.
GLpe
Bp
KD
Bd
1
49.5
24.5
21.0
24.5
5
51.0
25.5
22.0
24.0
40
52.0
29.0
25.5
25.5
29
50.0
25.0
20.5
23.5
6
51.0
27.0
24.0
26.5
22
55.0
27.5
22.5
25.5
11
49.0
27.0
23.0
25.5
27
53.5
24.5
22.0
23.5
27
47.5
24.0
21.0
23.5
15
49.0
26.0
21.5
24.0
Bos: Phalanx 1
Nr.
GLpe
Bp
KD
Bd
27
50.5
23.5
18.5
22.5
10
54.5
23.0
20.0
23.5
9
48.5
25.0
22.0
23.0
9
56.0
23.5
23.0
24.5
42
51.5
26.5
22.5
24.5
26
51.0
29.5
26.0
29.5
40 37-40 30
55.0 56.0 51.5
31.5 30.5 30.5
27.5 26.0 26.5
31.5 30.5 30.0
10
54.5
30.5
25.0
29.5
277
Bos: Phalanx 1
Nr.
GLpe
Bp
KD
Bd
27
53.5
30.0
25.5
29.0
27 42-45
9
54.5 53.5 55.0
27.0 32.0 27.0
23.5 27.0 24.0
28.5 29.0 28.0
42
50.5
31.5
27.5
32.5
22
49.0
25.0
21.5
23.5
30
50.0
31.0
25.0
30.5
27
48.0
26.0
22.5
24.0
39
53.0
25.0
21.5
23.0
27
53.5
27.5
23.0
27.0
Bos: Phalanx 1
Nr.
GLpe
Bp
KD
Bd
39
52.5
24.0
19.5
22.5
5
48.5
24.5
21.0
22.5
15
54.0
27.5
21.5
25.5
29
50.0
23.5
20.5
22.5
27
50.5
26.0
21.0
35.0
30
52.0
21.0
17.0
19.0
27
55.5
27.5
21.5
26.0
10
55.5
24.5
21.5
24.5
10
48.0
22.0
19.5
21.5
15
50.5
22.0
19.5
22.0
Bos: Phalanx 1
Nr.
GLpe
Bp
KD
Bd
10
55.5
25.0
22.5
23.0
27
50.0
23.0
20.0
23.0
27
51.5
24.5
21.5
23.5
19
54.5
28.5
23.0
26.0
2
55.5
25.0
21.5
23.0
16
51.5
27.0
22.5
24.5
7
49.0
22.0
21.0
23.0
10
47.5
22.0
25.0
9
48.5
23.5
20.5
24.5
27
50.5
28.5
26.5
28.0
Bos: Phalanx 1
Nr.
GLpe
Bp
KD
Bd
10
51.5
27.5
22.5
25.5
45
51.5
26.5
22.5
25.0
27
50.5
28.0
24.0
28.5
12
47.5
24.5
20.5
23.0
14
50.5
24.5
20.5
24.0
26
51.5
25.5
21.5
25.0
11
49.5
22.0
20.0
22.5
23
43.5
23.5
19.5
21.0
10
54.5
23.5
20.0
22.5
26
46.5
22.5
Bos: Phalanx 1
Nr.
GLpe
Bp
KD
Bd
5
52.0
24.0
21.0
26.5
10
51.0
26.0
21.5
24.5
9
49.5
24.5
20.5
23.5
10
53.0
27.0
22.5
26.0
35
48.5
29.0
22.5
28.5
6
48.0
23.5
21.5
24.0
48
51.0
23.0
19.5
22.5
10
52.0
32.5
26.5
29.5
Bos: Phalanx 2
Nr.
GLpe
Bp
KD
Bd
9
35.5
32.0
25.0
27.5
10
36.0
30.0
23.0
26.0
26
35.0
32.5
23.5
25.5
10
36.5
29.0
22.0
22.5
46
35.0
30.5
22.5
25.0
8
37.0
30.5
25.0
27.0
46
36.5
22.0
26.5
2
34.0
30.0
22.5
23.5
6
36.0
32.5
26.0
30.0
10
33.5
29.0
23.5
26.5
278
Bos: Phalanx 2
Nr.
GLpe
Bp
KD
Bd
27
36.5
32.0
24.0
32.0
9
36.0
30.0
24.5
25.0
26
34.5
31.5
23.0
25.5
1
35.5
29.0
22.5
23.0
11
38.5
27.5
22.0
24.0
27
35.5
27.5
21.0
22.0
11
36.0
28.0
22.0
28.0
6
36.0
28.5
22.0
24.5
10
32.0
27.5
22.0
24.0
26
35.0
29.0
23.0
25.0
Bos: Phalanx 2
Nr.
GLpe
Bp
KD
Bd
10
34.0
28.0
22.5
23.0
27
36.0
28.0
22.5
23.0
26
33.5
26.5
20.5
21.5
10
37.5
28.5
20.5
27.5
48
35.5
25.5
20.5
20.5
8
32.5
26.5
21.5
23.0
27
34.5
33.5
21.0
22.5
56
35.0
27.5
21.5
18.0
10
35.5
28.0
22.0
-
16
33.5
26.5
20.5
23.0
Bos: Phalanx 2
Nr.
GLpe
Bp
KD
Bd
9
34.0
27.0
21.0
21.0
16
33.5
24.5
18.0
19.0
6
31.0
25.5
19.5
21.5
8
42-45 46
34.5 32.5 31.5
25.5 25.0 23.5
20.0 19.0 19.5
20.5 20.5 20.5
9
31.5
22.5
18.5
18.5
10
33.0
26.0
20.0
22.0
5
34.5
25.0
19.5
20.5
27
33.5
28.5
22.5
24.0
Bos: Phalanx 2
Nr.
GLpe
Bp
KD
Bd
5
33.5
23.5
18.5
20.0
10
33.0
24.0
18.0
19.5
12
34.5
26.0
21.0
-
9
35.0
26.5
21.0
22.0
43
31.0
21.5
18.5
20.5
42
32.5
25.0
19.5
20.5
22
31.5
24.5
19.5
20.5
5
35.5
31.0
26.0
23.5
2
35.0
24.5
18.0
19.5
29
32.0
24.5
19.0
19.0
Bos: Phalanx 2
Nr.
GLpe
Bp
KD
Bd
10
32.5
29.5
23.5
25.5
5
32.0
24.0
19.0
19.5
27
32.5
26.5
20.5
22.5
27
35.5
28.0
21.5
22.5
19
34.0
26.5
19.5
20.5
10
31.5
25.5
19.5
21.0
10
32.5
23.0
18.5
18.5
6
33.5
25.0
20.5
22.5
39
30.5
23.5
19.5
20.5
32
34.0
23.0
18.0
19.5
Bos: Phalanx 2
Nr.
GLpe
Bp
KD
Bd
11
33.5
24.5
18.5
20.0
22
26.0
20.0
22.0
13
34.0
24.5
18.5
20.5
45
32.0
24.0
18.5
19.5
46
35.5
23.5
18.5
19.0
42
31.0
25.0
20.0
20.5
10
33.0
27.0
20.0
23.0
9
34.0
24.5
19.0
19.5
27
34.0
24.5
19.5
20.5
9
34.0
24.5
18.5
20.0
279
Bos: Phalanx 2
Nr.
GLpe
Bp
KD
Bd
47
33.0
26.5
20.0
21.5
27
33.5
24.5
19.5
20.5
10 27-40
3
36.0 34.5 33.5
26.5 23.5 23.0
21.5 17.0 18.5
23.0 18.5 18.5
0
30.5
23.5
18.5
19.0
5
37-40 45
33.5 32.0 30.0
26.0 21.5 27.0
22.0 18.5 18.5
24.5 21.5 19.0
6
34.5
29.5
22.0
24.0
Bos: Phalanx 2
Nr.
GLpe
Bp
KD
Bd
11
34.0
25.0
20.0
20.5
6
31.5
25.0
19.5
22.0
8
33.5
26.0
20.5
20.5
9
34.5
23.0
19.0
20.5
27
34.5
26.5
20.5
21.0
33
34.5
25.0
18.5
19.5
27
35.0
23.5
20.0
20.0
12
34.0
25.5
20.5
22.0
42
33.0
26.5
20.5
23.5
10
31.0
23.5
18.0
18.5
Bos: Phalanx 2
Nr.
GLpe
Bp
KD
Bd
10
32.5
24.5
19.0
20.0
4
34.0
23.5
19.0
20.0
2
36.5
26.5
22.0
22.0
47
34.0
29.5
23.0
13.5
46
31.5
25.0
20.0
20.5
47
33.5
24.5
19.0
19.5
36
34.5
25.5
20.5
21.0
43
32.5
24.5
21.0
19.5
26
32.5
23.5
18.5
19.5
27
31.5
24.5
18.5
21.0
Bos: Phalanx 2
Nr.
GLpe
Bp
KD
Bd
19
38.0
23.0
18.5
18.5
1
29.5
21.5
17.0
21.5
10
34.0
24.5
19.5
20.5
46
32.5
23.5
17.5
19.5
9-10
37.5
25.0
21.0
21.0
6
33.5
26.5
19.5
20.0
10
31.5
23.5
18.5
20.0
27
32.0
23.0
18.5
20.5
5
37-40
33.0 33.0
22.0 24.0
17.5 19.0
18.0 21.5
Bos: Phalanx 2
Nr.
GLpe
Bp
KD
Bd
10
32.5
24.0
20.5
21.0
48
32.5
24.5
19.5
20.0
46
30.0
23.5
18.5
19.5
4
33.5
23.5
18.5
19.0
4
35.0
24.5
19.5
21.0
5
31.0
22.0
18.5
18.0
38
31.5
24.5
19.5
20.0
5-10
33.0
22.5
18.5
18.5
5
33.5
25.0
18.0
20.5
46
31.5
25.0
20.5
20.0
Bos: Phalanx 2
Nr.
GLpe
Bp
KD
Bd
27
35.5
24.5
19.0
20.0
46
33.5
24.0
21.0
20.5
27
36.5
26.5
21.5
22.5
10
32.5
25.5
21.0
21.0
6
37-40 10
35.5 35.0 33.0
24.5 24.5 23.0
21.5 18.5 21.0
20.0 19.0 23.0
4
31.5
21.5
17.5
18
10
34.0
24.0
18.5
19.5
11
30.5
24.0
18.5
20.5
280
Bos: Phalanx 2
Nr.
GLpe
Bp
KD
Bd
25
35.5
26.0
21.5
21.0
Bos: Phalanx 2
Nr.
GLpe
Bp
KD
Bd
5
37-40
6
37-40
32.5 33.0 35.0 32.0
23.0 22.0 25.0 24.0
18.0 17.0 20.0 18.0
19.5 19.0
19.05
Bos: Phalanx 3
Nr.
DLS
LD
MBS
9
62.5
43.5
18.5
42
55.0
23.0
27
60.0
48.5
18.0
Bos: Phalanx 3
Nr.
DLS
LD
MBS
6
65.5
49.0
21.0
10
51.0
40.5
18.5
Bos: Phalanx 3
Nr.
DLS
LD
MBS
25
62.0
47.0
21.5
Bos: Phalanx 3
Nr.
DLS
LD
MBS
Bos: Phalanx 3
Nr.
DLS
LD
MBS
36
32.0
23.5
19.5
19.5
9
32.0
26.0
21.5
22.5
22
34.0
23.5
19.0
19.0
5
33.0
24.5
19.5
20.0
97
30.0
26.0
21.0
23.0
43 42-46 40
29.5 29.5 32.5
22.0 22.0 24.0
18.5 16.0 19.0
19.0 18.0 19.5
10
33.5
23.5
19.5
20.0
26
57.5
45.5
18.0
26
66.5
49.5
20.5
36
65.5
48.5
18.0
10
66.5
50.5
21.0
27
20.0
23
60.0
46.0
19.5
10
63.5
47.5
22.5
4
65.5
47.5
22.5
26
18.5
5
57.5
45.5
21.0
5
66.0
49.5
21.0
12
57.0
42.5
18.5
12
60.0
48.5
20.0
26 37-40
52.5 58.5
18.5 45.0
40.5 17.0
26
70.0
52.5
25.0
42
71.0
21.5
54.0
16
72.5
57.5
26.5
12
67.5
51.5
20.5
27
55.5
44.5
19.0
10
49.0
37.5
16.5
6
73.0
54.0
22.5
5
64.0
50.5
22.5
39
72.5
53.0
26.5
6
58.5
46.0
20.0
20
60.5
49.5
19.5
26
56.5
43.5
19.0
33
55.0
44.0
19.5
10
59.5
46.0
17.5
10
55.5
44.0
20.5
27 37-40 37-40
75.0 50.0 63.0
55.0 38.0 49.5
23.0 18.5 20.5
27
79.0
55.0
24.0
10
56.5
45.0
16.5
40
70.5
54.5
24.0
42
66.5
49.5
24.5
42
69.5
54.0
22.5
10
72.5
54.5
22.5
27
76.0
56.5
25.5
22
68.5
51.0
20.0
27
64.0
48.5
18.5
6
72.0
53.0
26.5
19
59.0
43.5
22.0
281
Bos: Phalanx 3
Nr.
DLS
LD
MBS
46
63.5
43.0
19.5
26
50.0
44.0
17.5
27
69.5
52.5
22.5
40
54.5
40.5
17.0
26
65.0
45.5
20.5
15
60.0
47.5
45.0
23
58.0
45.0
17.5
26
66.0
48.0
21.0
26
59.5
46.5
20.5
Bos:: Phalanx 3
Nr.
DLS
LD
MBS
45
58.5
44.5
19.5
27
63.5
48.5
20.5
16
50.0
42.0
16.0
27
58.5
41.5
18.5
46 37-40
7
58.5 57.0 53.0
43.5 46.0 42.5
17.5 18.5 19.5
26
56.5
43.5
16.5
40
57.0
45.5
19.0
26
55.5
46.0
18.0
Bos: Phalanx 3
Nr.
DLS
LD
MBS
37-40 43
62.5 50.5
42.0 41.5
19.5 19.5
4
50.5
41.0
18.0
23 37-40 15
53.5 48.0 49.5
39.0 38.5 40.5
17.5 14.0 18.5
27
20.5
8.5
+
11
63.5
52.5
23.5
Ovis/Capra
Ovis/Capra: Mandibula
Nr.
24
Length of M3
25.5
Breadth of M3
9.0
Wear stage
0
4
20.5
8.0
0
23
21.5
7.5
0
10
22.5
8.5
+
6
23.0
8.5
+
5
24.5
9.0
+
6
25.0
9.0
+
6
22.0
8.0
+
30
22.0
8.0
+
Nr.
6
Length of M3
23.5
Breadth of M3
9.0
Wear stage
++
34
21.5
8.0
++
6
22.5
8.5
++
10
20.5
8.0
++
10
21.0
8.5
+++
10
22.5
8.5
+++
15
20.0
8.5
+++
2
20.5
11.5
+++
11
24.0
9.5
+++
10
29.5
6
30.0
39
28.5
10
27.5
43
33.0
15
Nr.
19.0
Length of M3
6.0
Breadth of M3
+
Wear stage
Ovis/Capra: Humerus
Nr.
10
Bp
31.0
6
16.5
6.5
++
10
29.5
11
23.0
8.5
++
282
Ovis/Capra: Radius
Nr.
19
Bp
32.0
BFp
31.0
42
25.5
21.0
Ovis/Capra: Tibia
Nr.
Bp
Ovis/Capra: Tibia
Nr.
Bd
10
25.5
26
15.5
6
29.5
42
26.5
24
22.5
47
22.5
26
23.5
26
25.0
6
26.5
Ovis/Capra: Tibia
Nr.
Bd
19
25.5
27
24.5
27
25.5
48
28.0
27
26.5
42
26.0
5
28.0
24
25.0
6
37-40
29.0 28.0
Ovis/Capra: Talus
Nr.
GLl
GLm
Tl
Tm
Bd
3
28.0
27.0
16.0
15.5
18.0
4
25.5
24.0
14.0
15.5
17.0
Ovis: Humerus
Nr.
Bp
2
30.0
6
28.5
27
32.5
27
34.0
45
32.0
4
29.5
27
31.0
10
35.5
5
32.5
27
32.5
Ovis: Humerus
Nr.
Bp
27
29.5
31
32.5
6
27.5
4
27.5
26
25.5
27
30.0
1
32.0
10
30.5
11
28.5
46
33.0
Ovis: Radius
Nr.
Bp
BFp
31
32.5
31.0
42
30.5
29.5
4
31.0
30.5
27
24.5
24.0
33
29.5
28.5
6
31.5
29.0
5
35.0
32.0
2-3
30.5
28.5
11
26.0
25.0
27
24.5
24.5
Ovis: Radius
Nr.
Bd
BFd
40
27.5
24.5
10
28.5
25.0
42
43.5
5
42.0
32
22.0
Ovis
40
30.5
283
Ovis: Scapula
Nr.
KLC
GLP
LG
BG
27
19.5
32.0
26.0
21.5
27
20.5
31.5
26.5
21.5
Ovis: Metacarpus
Nr.
Bp
30
20.5
5
24.0
Ovis: Femur
Nr.
Bd
5
36.5
5
37.0
27
35.0
Ovis: Pelvis
LAR
42
28.5
27
28.0
10 37-40
29.5 24.0
Ovis: Metatarsus
Nr.
Bp
6
17.5
3
18.5
27
20.5
45
58.0
19.5
27
63.0
20.5
Ovis: Metatarsus
Nr.
Bd
Td
Ovis: Calcaneus
Nr.
GL
GB
8
20.5
10.5
27
25.0
12.5
5
25.0
13.5
Ovis: Talus
Nr.
GLl
GLm
Tl
Tm
Bd
27
29.0
27.5
16.5
17.0
19.0
5
32.5
30.5
17.0
18.0
20.5
6
29.5
28.5
16.5
18.5
18.0
5-6
29.5
27.5
17.0
17.5
19.5
2
42-45 10
32.0 32.0 30.5
30.5 29.0 28.5
17.5 17.0 17.0
17.5 17.5 18.0
20.5 20.0 20.5
Ovis: Talus
Nr.
GLl
GLm
Tl
Tm
Bd
5
29.5
27.0
16.5
17.5
19.5
0
34.0
31.5
18.5
20.5
23.5
10
30.5
29.0
17.0
18.0
20.0
45
27.5
27.0
15.5
16.5
18.0
10
30.5
28.5
16.5
16.5
19.0
Ovis: Phalanx 1
Nr.
GLpe
Bp
KD
Bd
27
35.5
11.5
8.5
10.5
10
43.5
13.5
11.0
11.5
10
37.0
13.0
10.0
11.5
46
37.5
13.0
10.5
12.0
19
37.5
12.5
10.0
12.0
5
34.5
10
20.5
5
30.0
28.5
17.5
17.0
18.5
46
32.0
30.0
20.0
19
29.5
28.0
16.5
17.5
19.5
10
30.5
29.5
16.5
18.0
19.5
4
37-31 42
29.0 26.0 29.0
27.0 27.0 27.0
16.0 15.5
17.0 16.5 17.5
19.5 18.0 17.5
10
27.5
27.0
15.5
17.5
18.0
26
26.0
24.5
14.5
16.5
-
42
34.0
33.0
19.5
20.5
22.5
Ovis: Phalanx 2
Nr.
GL
Bp
KD
Bd
43
27.0
11.0
8.0
9.0
10
23.0
10.0
7.0
8.5
284
Capra
Capra: Humerus
Nr.
19
Bp
30.0
Capra: Talus
Nr.
GLl
GLm
Tl
Tm
Bd
6
31.5
Capra: Radius
Nr.
Bp
BFp
5-6
34.5
33.0
10
38.0
35.5
Capra: Metacarpus
Nr.
GL
Bp
KD
TD
Bd
11
32.0
29.0
16.5
17.0
21.0
Capra: Radius
Nr.
TD
Bd
11
117.5
24.0
16.0
11.0
28.5
42
11.5
27.5
42
11.5
27.5
5
27.5
5
27.5
Sus
Sus: Mandibula
Nr.
Length of M3
Breadth of M3
Wear stage
45
32.0
18.5
0
45
29.0
16.0
0
6
33.5
19.5
0
42
28.0
17.5
0
5
27.5
17.0
0
26
29.0
17.0
0
15
31.5
18.0
0
25
32.0
19.5
0
26
33.5
18.5
+
43
31.5
18.5
+
5
31.5
19.5
+
Sus: Mandibula
Nr.
Length of M3
Breadth of M3
Wear stage
1
29.0
17.5
+
25
32.0
19.5
+
3
34.0
19.5
+
10
32.5
18.5
++
3
27.0
17.0
++
46
27.0
17.5
++
6
29.5
17.5
++
16
28.0
16.5
++
11
31.0
17.5
++
26
29.5
16.0
++
39
27.0
17.0
++
Sus: Mandibula
Nr.
Length of M3
Breadth of M3
Wear stage
17
31.5
21.0
++
10
29.5
17.5
++
16
33.5
20.0
++
6
31.5
19.5
+++
Sus: Mandibula
Nr.
Length of M3
Breadth of M3
Wear stage
5
31.0
15.0
0
5
33.0
18.0
0
42
33.5
15.5
0
20
32.5
15.5
0
42
33.5
16.0
0
40
32.5
15.0
0
10
30.0
15.0
0
25 37-40 29
30.0 35.5 32.5
15.5 15.0 15.0
0
0
+
1
34.0
15.5
+
285
Sus: Mandibula
Nr.
Length of M3
Breadth of M3
Wear stage
37-40 25
32.0 28.5
15.5 15.5
+
+
20
31.5
14.5
+
48
34.0
15.5
+
1
32.5
16.5
+
27
33.0
16.0
+
10
29.0
15.5
+
3
33.0
16.0
++
10
34.5
15.0
++
Sus: Humerus
Nr.
Bd
BT
1
36.0
28.5
27
36.5
31.5
0
42.0
33.5
26
38.5
30.0
11
28.5
8
33.5
26.5
10
31.5
26.5
0
38.5
31.0
8
37.0
30.0
10
34.0
26.5
Sus: Humerus
Nr.
Bd
BT
0
36.5
31.0
8
36.0
31.0
27
37.0
22.0
9
35.0
28.0
27
38.5
31.0
5
35.0
29.0
36
34.5
28.5
46
37.5
30.0
26
37.5
32.5
24
39.5
31.0
Sus: Scarpula
Nr.
KLC
GLP
LG
BG
9
20.5
30.5
26.5
21.0
42
22.0
35.0
29.5
26.0
26
18.5
30.5
25.5
20.0
27
21.5
31.5
25.5
24.5
10
20.5
34.5
29.0
24.5
27
21.0
31.0
24.5
22.0
47
33.5
28.5
22.0
5
30.5
25.5
21.0
12
31.5
26.0
22.0
31
20.0
30.5
26.0
21.5
Sus: Scarpula
Nr.
KLC
GLP
LG
BG
4
19.5
30.0
27.0
21.0
8
37-40 15 37-40 27
23.0 21.5 20.5 21.5 20.0
36.0 24.5 32.5 34.0 31.5
32.5 30.5 28.5 29.5 26.5
24.5 24.0 21.0 23.5 22.5
10
21.5
30.5
26.5
-
26
20.0
32.5
28.0
23.5
27 37-40
19.5 23.0
30.5 31.5
26.5 28.0
23.0 23.5
Sus: Scarpula
Nr.
KLC
GLP
LG
BG
42
30.5
26.5
-
45 37-31 26
23.5
20.5
33.5 34.5 30.5
29.0 29.5 24.5
23.0 23.5 23.5
Sus: Radius
Nr.
1
Bp
26.0
3
27.5
5
28.0
5
29.0
27
28.5
11
38.5
31.5
27
21.5
34.5
28.5
23.0
23
29.0
9
29.0
42
27.5
8
25.5
7
29.5
5
30.5
24
24.5
42
26.5
286
Sus: Tibia
Nr.
Bd
37
29.0
34
28.0
Sus: Pelvis
Nr.
42 37-40 42
LA
32.5 30.5 32.5
Sus: Talus
Nr.
GLl
GLm
6
28.0
37
31.0
6
30.5
10
26.5
10
28.5
5
32.5
6
29.5
27
27.5
5-16
39.0
37.0
6
40.5
36.5
26 47-45
6
34.5 41.5 42.0
34.0 39.0 38.5
Sus: Metatarsus III
Nr.
33
Bp
16.0
6
13.5
16
13.0
42
13.0
23
16.0
Sus: Phalanx 1
Nr.
GLpe
Bp
KD
Bd
45
34.5
13.5
10.5
13.0
10
35.0
15.5
11.5
14.0
27
38.0
17.0
13.5
15.5
4-5
38.0
16.0
13.5
15.0
11
32.5
16.0
12.5
14.5
Sus: Phalanx 2
Nr.
GL
Bp
KD
Bd
1
22.5
15.0
12.0
12.5
5-6
21.0
16.0
13.0
14.0
6
23.0
15.5
13.0
13.0
6
24.0
16.5
14.0
14.0
10
22.0
15.5
13.5
14.5
Sus: Phalanx 3
Nr.
DLS
MBS
5
29.5
11.5
6
30.0
11.5
22
26.5
9.0
12
30.0
6
27.0
27
40.5
37.5
5
29.5
10
38.5
36.0
40
27.5
25
30.0
39
41.5
38.5
9
29.0
16
33.5
27
33.0
24
39.5
36.5
Sus: Metatarsus IV
Nr.
27
Bp
14.5
5
21.0
15.5
12.5
15.5
6
22.0
15.0
12.0
13.5
43
31.5
33
14.5
287
Equus
Equus: Phalanx 1
Nr.
GL
Bp
BFp
Tp
KD
Bd
BFd
27
79.0
53.0
49.5
39.0
35.0
46.5
42.5
8
76.0
33.5
31.0
42.0
40.0
Equus: Carpale III
Nr.
GB
9
40.5
Canis
Canis: Maxilla
Nr.
Length of M1
Breadth of M1
8
13.0
15.0
Canis: Mandibula
Nr.
Length of the molar row (alv.)
Length of the carnassial
Breadth of the carnassial
Length of the carnassial alv.
Length of M2
Breadth of M2
Length of M3
Breadth of M3
Gratest thickness of teh body of jaw
Height of the vertical ramus
Height of the mandible behind M1
Canis: Metacarpus IV
Nr.
40
GL
56.5
Bd
7.5
Canis: Maxilla
Nr.
Length of M2
Breadth of M2
29
38.5
21.5
8.5
19.5
9.5
7.5
12.0
52.5
24.0
Canis: Maxilla
Nr.
Length of P4
Breadth of P4
3
8.0
12.0
27
41.5
24.0
10.5
24.5
11.0
6.5
12.5
-
5
22.5
9.0
23.0
9.5
7.0
11.5
-
Canis: Metacarpus V
Nr.
36
GL
51.5
Bd
9.0
5
19.0
10.0
288
Cervus elaphus
Cervus: Mandibula
Nr.
20
Length of M3
31.5
Breadth of M3
14.5
Abreibung
+
Capreolus capreolus
Capreolus: Phalanx 1
Nr.
6
GLpe
42.0
Bp
11.0
KD
7.5
Bd
9.0
Alces alces
Alces: Talus
Nr.
GLl
GLm
Tl
Tm
Bd
6
76.0
70.5
42.5
43.5
48.5
Gallus
Gallus: Tarsometatarsus
Nr.
15
Bp
12.5
Bd
-
29
11.5
-
5
11.5

Archaeozoological investigation of the La Tène A-C1 salt

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