Diaprepes Root Weevil - Islamorada, Village of Islands

Catharine Mannion
UF/IFAS Tropical Research and Education Center
cmannion@ufl.edu
http://trec.ifas.ufl.edu/mannion
Whiteflies in the
Landscape
April 2011
Whiteflies
• Approximately 75 species of
whiteflies in Florida.
• Common pests of many
ornamental plants
• Narrow and wide host range
depending on the species
• Piercing-sucking mouthparts
• Excrete honeydew
• Capable of transmitting viruses
• Adults are small, moth-like,
usually with white wings.
• Typically cause yellowing and
leaf drop
Photos: H. Glenn, UF/IFAS
Photo: H. Glenn, UF/IFAS
Whitefly Life Cycle
Photo: H. Glenn, UF/IFAS
Variability in Whitefly Immature Stages
Recent Whitefly Issues in the
Landscape in South Florida
• Gumbo limbo spiraling whitefly
• Ficus whitefly
• Cardin’s whitefly
• Whitefly on schefflera
Rugose
Spiraling
Whitefly
Gumbo
Limbo
Spiraling
Whitefly
Aleurodicus rugioperculatus
• First found at USDA
office in Miami on
Bursera simaruba
Spring 2009
• Known from Belize,
Guatemala and Mexico
• Eggs are in a spiral
pattern
• Adult is relatively large
and docile
Rugose Spiraling Whitefly
• Not much known about biology
• Closely related to giant whitefly, A. dugesii
• Adult is about 3 times larger than other whiteflies
• Adult whiteflies congregate on the undersides of
leaves to feed and reproduce
• Some of the immature stages will secrete long
white filaments of wax.
• It will likely survive year round in south Florida.
Giant Whitefly
(Aleurodicus dugesii)
• Pest of hibiscus and several
other hosts (ornamentals,
citrus, banana, weeds)
• In California it has been
reported on more than 43
hosts
• Approximately 3 times lager
than other types of whitefly
– Eggs are deposited in a spiral
pattern
FDACS-DPI, Lotz
Adults
Rugose Spiraling Whitefly
Spiraling Eggs
Rugose Spiraling Whitefly
Immature Stages
Rugose Spiraling Whitefly
Parasitoid Identified
Encarsia guadalupae
Predator Identified
Nepasphis oculata
Plants Hosts
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Acalypha wilkesiana (Copperleaf)
Annona sp. (Sugarapple)
Araucaria heterophylla (Norfolk island pine)
Bucida buceras (Black olive)
Bursera simaruba (Gumbo limbo)
Calophyllum species
Catharanthus roseus (Madagascar
periwinkle)
Chrysobalanus icaco (Cocoplum)
Chrysophyllum oliviforme (Satinleaf)
Cocos nucifera (Coconut palm)
Conocarpus erectus (Buttonwood)
Cordyline fruticosa (Hawaiian ti)
Dictyosperma album (Hurrican palm)
Dypsis lutescens (Areca palm)
Eugenia spp.
Ficus aurea (Strangler fig)
Ficus carica (Edible fig)
Hyophorbe verschaffeltii (Spindle palm)
Mangifera indica (Mango)
Manilkara roxburghiana
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Myrica cerifera (Wax myrtle)
Musa sp. (Banana)
Parthenocissus quinquefolia (Virginia
creeper)
Persea americana (Avocado)
Phoenix roebelenii (Pigmy palm)
Quercus virginiana (Live oak)
Sabal palmetto (Sabal palm)
Schinus terebinthifolius (Brazilian pepper)
Simarouba glauca
Smilax auriculata
Spondias sp.
Spondias purpurea
Strelitzia nicolai (White bird of paradise)
Strelitzia reginae (Bird of paradise)
Tabebuia species
Terminalia catappa (Tropical almond)
Veitchia species
Washingtonia palm
Zeuxine strateumatica
And, the list continues to grow
Population of Rugose Spiraling Whitefly
Mean No. Whitefly per 11 cm sq.
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
Site 1
Site 2
Site 3
Rumors
• It is killing trees (including coconut palms)
• It is linked to lethal yellowing
• It is transmitting a virus
• Need to use an insecticide preventatively
• It is only on gumbo limbo
• Being called “coconut whitefly”
Ficus Whitefly
Ficus Whitefly
Photo: H. Glenn, UF/IFAS
Singhiella simplex (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)
• Only feeds on ficus
species
• Currently in several
south and central
Florida Counties
• Will likely spread to
areas where ficus is
grown
Photo: A. Roda, USDA APHIS
Photo: H. Glenn,, UF/IFAS
Ficus Hosts
Previously Reported
Tested
(other countries)
(Florida)
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F. benjamina
F. microcarpa
F. aurea
F. altissima
F. bengalensis
F. maclellandii
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F. benjamina
F. microcarpa
F. aurea (native)
F. citrifolia (native)
F. binnenjikii “Alii”
Ficus Hosts
Not Susceptible to the Whitefly
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F. microcarpa “Green Island”
F. religiosa
F. carica (edible fig)
F. lyrata
F. pumila (= F. repens)
F. elastica “Burgundy”
• Causes leaf yellowing
• Leaf drop (severe)
• Branch dieback (highly
variable)
Photo: H. Glenn, and C. Mannion, UF/IFAS
Ficus Whitefly - Damage
Adult Whitefly
(2-4 days)
Eggs
(10 days)
Ficus Whitefly
Life Cycle
Constant temperature (80º F)
*2nd
*3rd
1st instar – crawler
(4.2 days)
2nd-3rd instars – nymphs
2nd instar – 3.7 days; 3rd instar – 3. 3 days
Photo: H. Glenn, UF/IFAS
4th instar – puparia
(5.8 days)
Parasitoids Collected in Miami
on Ficus Infested with Whitefly
Amitus bennetti
Encarsia protransvena
Photos: H. Glenn, UF/IFAS
Photos: H. Glenn, UF/IFAS
Predators Collected in Miami
on Ficus Infested with Whitefly
Harmonia axyridis
Exochomus childreni
Olla v-nigrum
Chilocorus nigritis
Curinus coeruleus
Lacewing Larvae and Eggs
Effect of Temperature on Length
of Life Cycle
(68ºF)
(80.6ºF)
(86ºF)
Effect of Temperature on Egg
Hatch
(59ºF)
(68ºF)
(80.6ºF)
(86ºF)
Ficus Whitefly Trapping
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Ficus benjamina
Isolated area
Sticky traps for adult whiteflies
Defoliation
0
4-Jan
14-Dec
23-Nov
2-Nov
12-Oct
21-Sep
31-Aug
10-Aug
20-Jul
29-Jun
8-Jun
2009
18-May
27-Apr
6-Apr
16-Mar
23-Feb
2-Feb
12-Jan
22-Dec
1-Dec
10-Nov
20-Oct
29-Sep
8-Sep
18-Aug
28-Jul
4000
7-Jul
16-Jun
1000
26-May
1500
5-May
3000
14-Apr
24-Mar
3-Mar
Ficus Whitefly - Mean Trap Catch
2010
3500
First signs of defoliation
(8/28)
2500
2000
up
down
east
west
500
June – approx. 100/trap
October – approx. 1600/trap
August – approx. 600/trap
December – approx. 800/trap
Photo: H. Glenn, UF/IFAS
Monitoring Ficus Whitefly
• Monitor ficus plants before you see
yellowing and leaf drop
– It takes several months of having the
whitefly before you see the damage
• Look for the presence of the whitefly
– Adult whiteflies (not always present)
– Immature stages and eggs (very difficult to
see but important in decision making)
– Pupal cases (most obvious stage on the
leaves, but not the best indicator of control)
Another Whitefly Also on Ficus
Tetraleurodes fici
Does not appear to cause
the same type of damage
Photo: H. Glenn, UF/IFAS
Cardin’s Whitefly
Cardin’s Whitefly
Metaleurodicus cardini
• Been in Florida since 1917
• Recent outbreaks seen on Duranta species
• Similar appearance to the gumbo limbo
spiraling whitefly
Hosts Reported
• Allspice
• Fiddlewood
• Citrus species
• Malaleuca
• Barbados cherry
• Paurotis palm
• Duranta species
• Plumeria
• Eugenia species
• Willow bustic
Cardin’s Whitefly
The adult is distinguished readily by the
distinct dark spot on each wing.
Cardin’s Whitefly
Whitefly on
Schefflera
Dialeurodes schefflerae
Newly described whitefly species
• Consistently the most prevalent whitefly
on dwarf schefflera grown in Florida
• Host-specific
• Also occurs in Hawaii and California
Damage
Whitefly Stages
Whitefly
Management
Managing Insects with
Piercing/Sucking Mouthparts
• Can be difficult to control
• Often have short life
cycles
• Often not noticed until
populations are high
• Many have waxy secretions/coverings that
provide protection
• Production of honey dew (for some insects)
Management of Whitefly in the
Landscape
• Need long term management which
requires other options other than
complete reliance on insecticides
– Natural enemies
– Alternate plant choices
– Cultural control
• Scouting and monitoring
Management of Whitefly in the
Landscape
• Insecticides
– Sometimes important in the early
management of a pest
– Appropriate choices of insecticide,
formulation, methods of application
and frequency of application
– Effects on natural enemies
Management of Whitefly in the
Landscape
• Insecticides
– Misuse or overuse can cause problems
such as insect resistance, secondary
pest problems, environmental
contamination, and detrimental effects
on non-target organisms
– Follow label instructions - The site and
method of application must be on the
label (i.e. landscape, nursery, etc.)
Management Options
• Washing plants off with water
– Small infestations or small plants
– Must remove the immature stages and
eggs.
• Horticultural oil or insecticidal soap
– Strictly contact so thorough coverage is
required
– Several applications are required 7-10 days
– Phytotoxicity under high temperatures
Management Options
• Apply a systemic (neonicotinoid)
insecticide to the soil or trunk
– Soil application (drench, granular,
pellets)
– Trunk application (basal spray,
injection)
– Expect approximately 1 year control;
spring application
Note: In the case of ficus whitefly, you can
apply a soil systemic as a preventative
Neonicotinoids Insecticides
Use of these
insecticides has
grown considerably
since the
forerunner of the
group (imidacloprid)
was first introduced
in the early 1990’s
• Acetamiprid
• Clothianidin
• Dinotefuran
• Imidacloprid
• Thiamethoxam
• Nitempyram
• Thiacloprid
Neonicotinoid Insecticides
Active
Ingredient
Acetamiprid
Trade Names
Professional Use
TriStar (no soil
Trade Names
Over-the-Counter
application)
Clothianadin
Arena, Aloft*
Dinotefuran
Safari
Imidacloprid
Merit, Marathon,
Coretect, Discus*,
Allectus*, several
generic labels
Thiamethoxam
Flagship, Meridian
* Contains a Neonicotinoid and a pyrethroid
Green Light Tree & Shrub
Insect Control with Safari
Bayer Advanced Lawn
Complete Insect Killer;
Bayer Advanced Tree &
Shrub Insect Control ;
Ortho Max
What are the Variables Associated
with Successful Applications?
Type of Plant
Growing
Environment
(container, field, g
reenhouse, landsc
ape, etc)
Target Pest(s)
Application Method
(foliar, drench
broadcast, injection, etc)
Ecological Considerations
(runoff, leaching, non-targets)
UV Stability of Neonicotinoids
Slide Credit: Presentation by C. Sclar, Longwood Gardens
Relative Water Solubility of
Neonicotinoids
Slide information courtesy C. Sclar. Longwood Gardens
Methods of Application for
Neonicotinoids
• There are numerous options on how to
apply the neonicotinoids;
• Take advantage of the different methods
• Take advantage of the different
formulations
• Fit the method of application for the site
• The site and method needs to be on the
label
Methods of Application
Neonicotinoid Insecticides
• Soil drench –
– need sufficient water to reach the root zone;
apply within a couple feet of the trunk
• Granular – applied to the soil surface; follow
with irrigation/rain
• Pellets – bury around the trunk
• Trunk spray – spray directly to the lower
trunk
• Trunk injection – requires specific
equipment to inject into the lower trunk
Management Options
Foliar Insecticide Application
Professional Use (Landscape and Nursery)
• Whitefly should be present
• Foliar insecticides may provide quick
control, most will not provide long-term
control.
• Some foliar insecticides (i.e. pyrethroids)
may disrupt the natural enemies and should
be used very selectively.
• It is not recommended to use the same
insecticide on both the foliage and in the soil
Insecticide Selection
Foliar Application
Professional Use (Landscape and Nursery)
Abamectin (Avid)
Acetamiprid (TriStar)
Azadirachtin (Azatin XL)
Bifenthrin (Talstar)
Buprofezin, (Talus)
Clothianidin (Arena)
Endosulfan (Endosulfan;
Thiodan)
Flonicamid (Aria)
Horticultural oil
Imidacloprid
(Merit, Marathon, Discus, Al
lectus)
Pymentrozine (Endeavor)
Pyriproxyfen (Distance)
Spiromesifen (Judo)
Beauveria bassiana
(BotaniGard)
Foliar Insecticides for Homeowner Use
Trade Name(s)
Active
Ingredient
Flower, Fruit & Vegetable Insect Killer (Ortho)
Acetamiprid
Bug‐B‐Gon Max Lawn & Garden Insect Killer
(Ortho)
Rose & Flower Insect Killer (Bayer Advanced);
Lawn & Garden Insect Killer (Schultz)
Bifenthrin
Triazicide Once & Done Insect Killer (Spectracide)
Lambda‐
cyhalothrin
Permethrin
Indoor/Outdoor Broad Use Insecticide (Hi-Yield)
Yard & Garden Insect Killer (Bonide);
Rose & Flower Insect Spray (Spectracide)
Cyfluthrin
Pyrethrin
Soil and Foliar Application of
Insecticides
Soil and Foliar Application of
Insecticides
Soil and Foliar Application of
Insecticides
Specific Management Tips
Ficus Whitefly
• Scout – immature stages; do not rely on
the presence of adults
• Foliar insecticides – only when live
whitefly are present
• Soil or trunk insecticides – can be
preventative; provide long term control
Specific Management Tips
Gumbo Limbo Whitefly
• Scout – spiraling eggs on undersides of
leaves; easy to see
Specific Management Tips
Gumbo Limbo Whitefly
• Foliar insecticides – contact may be difficult
due to heavy wax production
• Soil or trunk insecticides – use for heavily
infested trees; can use for nearby plants or
if eggs are present
Remember - the below symptoms do not stop or
go away immediately even if you are controlling
the pest
Leaf drop
White, waxy flock
Sooty mold
Do not apply additional insecticide unless you
are sure it is necessary
Web Resources
• http://trec.ifas.ufl.edu/mannion
• http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/
• http://creatures.ifas.ufl.edu/
• Pest Alerts
– University of Florida
(http://extlab7.entnem.ufl.edu/pestalert/)
– DOACS (http://doacs.state.fl.us/~pi/enpp/pipest-alert.html)
Test Your
Whitefly
Expertise
YES
No
YES
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
YES
No
YES
No
No
YES
YES
YES
No
YES
No
Pest, Predator, Parasite ???
Predator
Parasitized
Parasite
Predators
Pest, Predator, Parasite ???
Pest
(pupal skins)
Parasite
Parasite
Parasite
Pest, Predator, Parasite ???
Parasite
Predator
Lacewing
Predator
Pest
Beetle
Live whitefly
Catharine Mannion
Research and Extension Specialist
Ornamental Entomology
University of Florida, IFAS
Tropical Research and Education Center
18905 SW 280th Street
Homestead, FL 33031
305-246-7000
cmannion@ufl.edu
http://trec.ifas.ufl.edu/mannion