A Guide to enGineered PAvements And retAininG WAlls

A Guide to Engineered Pavements and Retaining Walls
PERMEABLE PAVING
Mary Bartelme Park
Chicago, Illinois
Design: Site Design Group
Table of Contents
6
Performance and DeSign
8
HEavy-Duty PAvements
12
Permeable Pavements
26
LEED
30
Retaining Walls
3
LARGE SCALE RETAINING WALL
University of Michigan, Helipad
Ann Arbor, Michigan
Design: Albert Kahn & Associates, Inc.
HEAVY-DUTY PAVEMENT
Permeable Paving & Retaining WAll
Grand Travers Fire Station
St Elmo
Grand Travers, Michigan.
Chautauqua, New York.
Design: Gourdie-Fraser, Inc.
Design: Dave Crandell
Permeable Paving
Mohawk College
Hamilton, Ontario
Design: IBI Group L.A.
Performance and Design
SUPERIOR CHOICE
Surfaces must be engineered to withstand the test of time.
Unilock pavers not only satisfy requirements for structural
integrity, safety, cost, environmental impact, maintenance and
field-proven performance, but they also provide superior skid
resistance and weathering. Because of the unique combination of
product strength, ease of maintenance, aesthetics and reusability,
they have a better life-cycle cost than other products. Pavers are
a flexible system, so their surface area can move slightly without
jeopardizing the structural integrity. Concrete pavers require
less maintenance than other products, and can withstand heavy
loading. They can be manufactured in different shapes, colors
and finishes without added customization expenses. And nothing
beats concrete pavers in terms of strength and durability.
STRENGTH AND DURABILITY
All Unilock pavers are manufactured to meet the ASTM C936
standard without compromising the composite, like other
pervious products. They are stronger than pour-in-place concrete
and bituminous asphalt because of their higher compressive
strength, which is achieved by a specialized manufacturing
process.
Product: Promenade™
Location:
Project:
Design:
Cleveland, Ohio
Uptown Alleyway
Riverstone Company
STANDARDs AND FEATURES
ASTM Standard C936
8,000 psi avg - 55MPa
7,200 psi min unit - 50MPa
5% absorption avg (7% max)
Height tolerance less than +/- 3.2 mm
Dimensional accuracy +/- 1/16" - 1.6 mm
> >
Unilock® meets or
exceeds all C936
paver manufacturing
standards.
Exclusive Unilock Added Features
Ultima™ Concrete Technology (Average 12,000 psi [83MPa])
TitanTec™ Surface Technology
EasyClean™ Technology
ColorFusion™ Technology
Non-Slip Surfaces
Reala™ Surface Technology
FINISHES
All Unilock pavers can be manufactured with
an EnduraColor™ surface. The top portion of
each stone is engineered with concentrated
color and special wear-resistant materials.
This is permanently united with the stone’s
base - a sturdier, coarser foundation designed
for remarkable strength.
EnduraColor™ benefits include:
• Higher psi
• Lower water absorption
• Virtually no color loss
• Cost-effective
• Exceptional wear performance
ARCHITECTURAL Finishes
Additional surface finishes can be achieved with the EnduraColor™ Plus products. These products include a complex blend of
granite and quartz, some of natures’s highest performing minerals, to create ultra-realistic surface textures and unique style
options that are exceptionally durable.
6
Surface Finish Options
Unilock’s research and investment in new paver technologies has resulted in exciting paver surface options and features,
using state-of-the-art manufacturing processes that produce pavers with exceptional appearance and performance
properties. Ensure your project stands the test of time with products that offer superior performance and a fade-resistant
color.
ARCHITECTURAL Finishes
Belpasso® is revolutionizing commercial paving with the introduction of TitanTec™
Surface Technology that makes the surface virtually impenetrable to dirt, grease and
oils. The ease of maintenance makes this product ideal for any public areas such as
streetscapes, entertainment districts, commercial plazas and office buildings.
Belpasso® (enamel finish)
A unique color-dispersion technology, ColorFusion™, creates the stunning visual
characteristic of natural granite. This, along with a zero-bevel edge, gives the look
and feel of natural granite without the expense. Each stone is treated with exclusive
EasyClean™ Technology, which resists the penetration of staining substances.
Umbriano® (mottled finish)
Series 3000’s specialized manufacturing process creates a striking, exposed
aggregate surface by utilizing granite particles, resulting in an extremely durable
paver. The aggregate particles are an integral part of the paver itself, providing longterm wear and structural performance.
Series 3000® (exposed aggregate finish)
Reala™ finish
Reala™ finish products, such as Town Hall™, are cast from actual historic brick and
stone cobbles. Town Hall utilizes a proprietary blend of nature's highest performing
minerals to deliver an unparalleled colorfast and wear-proof finish in combination
with Ultima™ Concrete Technology, making it up to four times stronger than pouredin-place concrete. Copthorne®, Courtstone® and Richcliff® also utilize the Reala™
Surface Technology.
Il Campo’s unique brushed surface texture sets it apart from all other unit pavers. Its
grainy surface adds a contrasting visual effect when combined with other pavers or
used on its own. Il Campo is suited for almost any application or style of architecture,
and its durable non-slip surface aggregates make it a solid choice.
Il Campo® (brushed finish)
The riven finish is available in many product lines such as Thornbury™, Beacon Hill
Flagstone™ and Avante Ashlar™ and when combined with EnduraColor™ the result is an
exceptionally strong stone with color that endures.
Riven finish
The smooth appearance and rich color of our Smooth/Premier surface uses
EnduraColor™ to unite lasting color and permanent strength. Smooth surface
products can be used in almost any application where a clean, uncluttered look is
required with the added benefit of superior performance and a fade-resistant color.
Smooth/Premier
7
Heavy-Duty Pavements (Permeable and Non-Permeable)
heavy-duty paver innovation
1973
1989
2001
2004
UNI STONE®
ANCHORLOCK®
ECOLOC®
OPTILOC®
2005
2006
2008
2013
Il Campo®
®
Pattern
B
Il Campo
www.unilock.com 1-800-UNILOCK
www.unilock.com 1-800-UNILOCK
Notes:
ECO-LINE™
Notes:
CUSTOM OPTILOC®
ECO-PRIORA™
®
ECO-OPTILOC™
®
AutoCAD hatch pattern files can
be downloaded
from files can be downloaded from
AutoCAD
hatch pattern
www.unilock.com for use in architectural
drawings.
www.unilock.com
for use in architectural drawings.
100% 4" x 12"
100% 4" x 1
Some patterns may not necessarily
reflect
the may not necessarily reflect the
Some
patterns
percentages of stone sizes within
a particularofbundle
percentages
stone sizes within a particular bundle
This symbol denotes permeable paver.
configuration. In some cases you
may have extras
in cases you may have extras in
configuration.
In some
one or more of the sizes. This must
bemore
accounted
one or
of the for
sizes. This must be accounted for
in your planning and design. in your planning and design.
Unilock has a variety of shapes and sizes available to fit your heavy-duty
application and style preferences. For maximum performance where twisting
and tipping will be factors, consider the unique “L” interlocking shape as it
provides superior resistance under heavy loads. The patented locking features
work in tandem with the “tri-axis” technology. The result? A stronger, more
stable pavement surface.
Unilock’s heavy-duty paving systems are also designed for rapid mechanized
installation making them competitive and affordable.
TRI-Axis Technology
Laying PAttern Considerations
Copyright 2014 Hengestone Holdings, Inc.
Copyright 2014 Hengestone Holdings, Inc.
The laying pattern used in your application can also add a
significant amount of strength to your design. A herringbone
pattern provides the best ‘lock-up’ adding strength against
rotational forces such as tires at a roadway intersection, in the
same way the ‘L’ shaped paver provides maximum performance.
Speak with your Unilock Representative for more information.
H-20 & HS-20
Load
Rating
H-20
and HS-20
loading
H-20 Loading
8000 lbs
8
32,000 lbs
Dynamic Load Sample Calculation
Wheel load = WL= 16,000 lbs (32,000 lb axle / 2)
Dynamic Force = Fd = 1.2 (20% greater than static force)
HS-20 Loading
8000 lbs
32,000 lbs
32,000 lbs
Similar to top of deck stresses per
AASHTO H-20 loading conditions
(32,000 lbs/14,500 kg), Unilock pavers
can support 3-4 axle vehicles. This would
include delivery, fire and semi-truck
and trailer traffic in light-duty roadway
applications.
Surface Pressure
Boston
Buffalo
32,000 for the rear axle
Chicago
Boston
Cleveland ChicagoDetroit Cleveland
New York Detroit
Toronto New Yo
Buffalo
ASPECT RATIO
Simply defined, the aspect ratio
is the overall length of a paver
divided by its height.
Paver
Shape
Measurements
Anchorlock®
L-Shape
8 7/8” x 87/8” x 3 1/8”
Square
8" x 8" x 2 3/4"
Standard Stone
6 7/8" x 81/4" x 2 3/4"
Square Stone
6 7/8" x 6 7/8" x 2 3/4"
Half Stone
4 1/8" x 6 7/8" x 2 3/4"
Belpasso®
Brussels Block
®
LENGTH/HEIGHT = ASPECT RATIO
If an insufficient aspect ratio
is used, any flexing or rocking
caused by movement on the
surface such as pedestrian or
vehicular traffic, could result in
breakage of the paver units. Not
only is this breakage unsightly,
but it can also compromise
the integrity of the segmental
system.
3 : 1 or less
Heavy-Duty Vehicular
4:1
Light-Duty Vehicular
over 5 : 1
Pedestrian Only
>>>>
Brussels Dimensional™
Rectangle
4” x 8” x 12”
Paver
Camelot™
Square Stone
6" x 6" x 2 3/8"
Canterbury®
Square Stone
5 1/2" x 5 1/2" x 2 3/8"
Copthorne
Standard
2 1/2" x 7 7/8" x 2 3/8"
Courtstone®
All Units
Random bundle
Eco-Line™
All Units
Random bundle
Eco-Optiloc™
L-Shape
10 1/4" x 10 1/4" x 3 1/8"
Eco-Priora
Large Square
10" x 10" x 3 1/8"
Rectangle
5" x 10" x 3 1/8"
Small Square
5” x 5” x 3 1/8”
Small Square
6" x 6" x 2 3/4"
Hollandstone 8cm
4" x 8" x 3 1/8
Double Holland 8cm
8" x 8" x 3 1/8"
Lockstone®
Large Square
12" x 12" x 4"
Il Campo
Small Square
6" x 6" x 2 3/4"
Small Rectangle
4" x 6" x 2 3/4"
Medium Rectangle
6" x 8" x 2 3/4"
4x8 Rectangle
4" x 8" x 3 1/8"
®
™
Europaver®
Hollandstone
™
®
Heavy Duty pavers at
a glance
Northshore
Small Rectangle
5" x 9 7/8" x 3 1/8"
Optiloc
L-Shape
10 1/4" x 10 1/4" x 3 1/8"
Rectangle
4” x 12” x 4”
Unilock pavers listed in the table to the
right meet or exceed the 3:1 aspect ratio
requirements for heavy-duty pavers.
Rectangle
3” x 12” x 4”
Series 3000
Medium Square
8" x 8" x 2 3/4
Small Square
6" x 6" x 2 3/4"
Small Rectangle
4" x 8" x 3 1/8"
Stonehenge
Small Square
6" x 6" x 2 3/4"
Town Hall™
Rectangle
9 3/4” x 3 7/8” x 2 3/4”
Umbriano
Small Square
8" x 8" x 2 3/4"
Unigranite®/Granite Stone™
Large Square
6” x 6” x 2 3/4”
Small Square
4” x 4” x 2 3/4”
™
®
Promenade™ Plank Paver
®
®
®
Custom Sizes
6" x 12" x 4"
Available in Various Finishes
4" x 12" x 4”
3” x 12” x 4”
8” x 8” x 4”
3” x 6” x 4”
4” x 4” x 2 3/8”
Note: The shape of the paver in combination with the laying pattern can also
effect the performance in heavy-duty applications. Please speak with your Unilock
Representative for more details.
9
Optiloc® & Eco-Optiloc™
Optiloc is one of the best solutions for vehicular pavements.
While maintaining a rectilinear look and feel, it utilizes the
locking principle of the Tri-Axis Technology. Unilock was the
first to introduce “tri-axis engineering” in North America.
Eco-Optiloc was a natural product evolution from Optiloc,
introducing a permeable version of North America’s most
successful heavy-duty paver system. Both products can be
used seamlessly together on any project where superior
load-bearing properties and drainage are critical. Contact
Unilock for installation information.
Optiloc
10 ¼" x 10 ¼" x 3 1/8"
26cm x 26cm x 8cm
Eco-Optiloc
10 ¼" x 10 ¼" x 3 1/8"
26cm x 26cm x 8cm
Product: Optiloc®
Project:Rogers Centr Bus Parking
Location:Toronto, Ontario
Consultant:IBI Group
Product: Eco-Priora™
Project:University of Michigan
Central Campus Transit Center
Location:Ann Arbor, Michigan
Consultant:Grissim, Metz, Andriese Assoc.
Eco-Priora™
This versatile and customizable, permeable paver, brings
you all of the benefits of a “green” paver system, while
empowering you with all of the aesthetic and performance
advantages of EnduraColor™ and EnduraColor™ Plus. EcoPriora provides the designer with a sleek, design-sensitive
product, while meeting unit paving permeability objectives.
Even with the permeable joint size, Eco-Priora still remains
ADA-compliant.
Small Square*
5" x 5" x 3 1/8"
12cm x 12cm x 8cm
Rectangle
5" x 10" x 3 1/8"
12cm x 24cm x 8cm
Large Square*
10" x 10" x 3 1/8"
24cm x 24cm x 8cm
*Available in select markets
10
Eco-LINE™
This permeable, heavy-duty paver is very ‘on-trend’ with
its long, linear shape and custom finish and color options,
ensuring it will suit any space. The eight modules are
manufactured on the same bundle layer to be mechanically
installed, making this product is not only beautiful, but costeffective.
Random Bundle (eight different size units)
9 3/8-14" x 3 5/16 -4 1/2" x 4"
23.7-35.7cm x 8.4-11.4cm x 10cm
Product: Eco-Line™
Project:Unilock Yard
Location:
Pickering, Ontario
Product: DuraMat™
Project:Retention Pond
Product: Turfstone™
Project:Target
Location:
St. Charles, Illinois
DuraMat™
Duramat is an effective erosion control product for use
in spillways and retention pond applications. The unique
locking design ensures that the units will remain connected
regardless of water flow and erosion.
19 ¾" x 19 ¾" x 4"
50cm x 50cm x 10cm
Turfstone™
Unilock Turfstone is an ideal product for overflow and
parking lot expansion and also where emergency access
routes are required over turf areas.
15 ¾" x 23 3/8" x 3 1/8"
40cm x 60cm x 8cm
11
Permeable Paver Design Considerations
For traditional non-permeable surfaces, rainfall intensity and duration are typically analyzed together. However, with a
permeable paver surface, intensity is less of a factor as the surface infiltration rate will exceed the capabilities of most
storms. A permeable paver surface is capable of handling more than 100" (2,540 mm) per hour. The paver joints must be
adequately maintained to allow for maximum infiltration.
Although many rainfall events only last for a few minutes, for larger rainfall events, the impact of duration is important to
recognize. A heavy rain could fall at the intensity rate of 6" (152 mm) per hour, but the duration may only last for 10 minutes
with a resulting actual rain amount of only 1" (25 mm). Longer duration events can often be more demanding, even with
less intensity. Actual monthly rainfalls in the Midwest U.S., for example, average 4" (100 mm). Therefore, permeable paving
systems can easily contain most rainfall events.
A runoff coefficient (C value) is used to measure the percentage of water that runs off different surface types. For example,
bituminous asphalt has a C value of 0.85. This means that during a rainfall, 85 percent of the water will run off the surface.
(Source: Design and Construction of Sanitary and Storm Sewers, American Society of Civil Engineers, New York, p. 332,
1969). In comparison, turf has a C value of 0.15 or 15 percent. The C value of permeable paving, with up to a 5 percent slope,
is actually zero, unless the rainfall intensity exceeds the surface infiltration rate or the entire open-graded base reaches
capacity. With a properly designed permeable paver system, capacity will rarely be reached. Again, to achieve maximum
surface infiltration, maintenance of the joints may be necessary (see charts on pages 22-23).
Soil infiltration is another way to absorb runoff. During the site investigation project phase, conducting a geotechnical or
porosity test will determine the soil infiltration rate, which will establish stormwater design requirements. Typical industry
recommendations suggest installing an underdrain for soil with less than 0.5" (13 mm) per hour of infiltration. It is possible
for underdrain systems to be eliminated for soils with infiltration rates greater than 0.5" (13 mm) per hour.
Product:
12
Eco-Priora™
Project:Milwaukee Park Conservatory
Location:Milwaukee, Wisconsin
Design:Milwaukee County Parks
Product:
Eco-Optiloc™
Courtyard Marriott
Roadway
Location:Cleveland, Ohio
Design:
KA Architecture
GPD Group
Project:
Product: Town Hall™
Project:
Location:
Design:
Duane/Glenwood Metra Parking Lot
Glen Ellyn, Illinois
Gary R. Weber Associates, Inc.
Rempe Sharpe
RELEASE RATE
Release rate refers to the volume of water that is allowed to be discharged into a municipal system or waterway, usually
measured in cubic feet per second. Many stormwater regulatory agencies require that the post-development release rate
not exceed pre-development conditions. Permeable paving slows and detains stormwater in the open-graded base so
that it can be gradually released. Local jurisdictions should be contacted for required release rates.
SURFACE INFILTRATION
DETENTION AREA
UNDERDRAIN
RELEASE RATE;
CONNECT TO MUNICIPAL SYSTEM OR OPEN
TO OTHER SURFACE DRAINAGEWAY
SOIL INFILTRATION
13
Infiltration
Product:Eco-Optiloc™
Project:
Location:
Design:
Easton Gateway
Columbus, Ohio
EMH&T
Benefits of Infiltration
Product: Ecoloc®
Project:Morton Arboretum
Location:Lisle, Illinois
Design:Christopher B. Burke
Engineering West
Product:
Eco-Priora™
Project: Hudson Square Connection, West Side
Location: Manhatten, New York
Design: Mathews Nielsen
Rainwater infiltration is extremely important to the groundwater supply. According to the U.S. Geological Survey, one of
America’s most important natural resources is groundwater. Half of the drinking water in the U.S. comes from groundwater,
with the balance coming from lakes and rivers. It is vital to agriculture and other industries, as well as essential for ensuring
the health of rivers, streams, wetlands and other water bodies. Urban sprawl contributes to the decrease in pervious area
for rainwater infiltration and reduced groundwater levels. Soil infiltration is a simple method for ensuring future water
availability.
Installing a permeable paver system above porous soils allows for rainwater infiltration, reducing runoff and flooding. Most
soils, even clay, allow for some infiltration. Soils with high porosity, such as sand, can have a higher infiltration rate than the
actual rate of rainfall. For example, if it is raining at a rate of 2" (51 mm) per hour, and the soil has an infiltration rate of 4.5"
(114 mm) per hour, the soil will absorb water before it can run off. Even poor soil with a low infiltration rate will work. For
example, a soil with 0.25" (6 mm) per hour of infiltration will have complete infiltration after about four hours per inch of
rainfall.
Typical Infiltration Rates of Various Soil Groups
Soil Conservation
Service Group
Saturated Infiltration Rate
Typical Soil Type
in/hr
mm/hr
A
Sand
8.27"
210 mm
A
Loamy Sand
2.41"
60 mm
B
Sandy Loam
1.02"
26 mm
B
Loam
0.52"
12.7 mm
C
Silt Loam
0.27"
6.8 mm
C
Sandy Clay Loam
0.17"
4.3 mm
D
Clay Loam and Silty Clay Loam
0.09"
2.3 mm
D
Clay
0.06"
1.5 mm
15
Detention and Volume Control
Product:Eco-Optiloc™
16
Project:
Location:
Design:
Whole Foods
Naperville, Illinois
Ives-Ryan Group
Detention and Volume Control Opportunities
Traditional surface detention ponds which act as holding
facilities for rainfall are an inefficient use of space.
For most land uses and all impervious areas, such as
roofs, roads and parking lots, stormwater runoff flows
through a system of pipes that release it into detention
or retention ponds. This valuable surface area could be
much more effectively utilized.
A permeable paving base for stormwater detention is a
very efficient use of land. With this system, the surface
is pervious, allowing detention area to be contained
underneath. The detention is created under every
square foot of permeable paving, as deep as necessary.
Permeable paver systems use crushed, angular, opengraded aggregate base materials. These materials
are entirely different from those used for traditional
impervious roads and parking lots. Those traditional
systems use dense-graded aggregates containing fines,
making them extremely slow-draining. Conversely, the
use of open-graded aggregates provides a void space
or porosity of approximately 40 percent. This is utilized
for detention and allows for a rapid surface infiltration
rate of over 500" (12,700 mm) per hour (see page 23 for
aggregate infiltration rates).
Example of flooded parking lot
BASE STORAGE CAPACITY
Rainwater Harvest
Volume
Criteria
Rainfall
In/Hr
(mm/hr)
Surface
Area Ft2
(m2)
Base
Depth In
(cm)
1
(25 mm)
43,560
(4,047 m2)
12
(30 cm)
1
(25 mm)
43,560
(4,047 m2)
3.5
(89 mm)
Base Storage
Capacity
Surplus / (Deficit)
Storage
% Used
Cubic Ft
Gallons
Cubic Ft
Gallons
Cubic Ft
Gallons
(m3)
(m3)
(m3)
(m3)
(m3)
(m3)
40%
3,630
(103 m3)
27,154
(103 m3)
17,424
130,341
(493 m3)
13,794
(391 m3)
103,187
(391 m3)
20.8%
18
(46 cm)
40%
3,630
(103 m3)
27,154
(103 m3)
26,136
195,511
(740 m3)
22,506
(637 m3)
168,357
(637 m3)
13.9%
43,560
(4,047 m2)
12
(30 cm)
40%
12,705
(360 m3)
95,039
(360 m3)
17,424
130,341
(497 m3)
4,719
(134 m3)
35,302
(134 m3)
72.9%
3.5
(89 mm)
43,560
(4,047 m2)
18
(46 cm)
40%
12,705
(360 m3)
95,039
(360 m3)
26,136
195,511
(740 m3)
13,431
(380 m3)
100,472
(380 m3)
48.6%
5
(12 mm)
43,560
(4,047 m2)
24
(61 cm)
40%
18,150
(520 m3)
135,770
(520 m3)
34,848
260,681
(987 m3)
16,698
(473 m3)
124,911
(473 m3)
52.1%
7.4
(188 mm)
43,560
(4,047 m2)
18
(46 cm)
40%
26,862
(761 m3)
200,940
(761 m3)
26,136
195,511
(740 m3)
(726)
(21 m3)
(5,429)
(21 m3)
102.8%
Void
Space
Detention volumes or storage capacities for permeable paving are based on different rainfall events.
17
Water Quality
Product: Eco-Optiloc™
Project: South Shell Waterfront Park
Location: Toronto, Ontario
Design: Cosburn Giberson Landscape Architects
Improved Water Quality
Without water, life cannot survive. For fish, wildlife and humans, clean water is a necessity. Even plants need a certain
quality of water. The infiltration process of a permeable paving system will remove harmful pollutants such as oil. The EPA
recognizes permeable paving as a best management practices (BMP) for non-point source pollutants. Utilizing permeable
pavers is a simple step to ensure cleaner water and to minimize increases in water temperature. Often forgotten, water
temperature is an important quality issue. Increased water temperatures can increase the amount of bacteria and algae,
and can decrease aquatic life. Allowing the water to immediately drain from the surface ensures it will not be heated from
an impervious surface before it reaches a run-off area.
Many municipalities in North America have begun to implement strategies to improve water quality by using BMPs like
permeable paver systems. Even smaller communities have joined in the effort to create more sustainable water management
systems. Let Unilock share valuable experience and knowledge regarding these systems. Arrange a meeting with a Unilock
representative to discuss your specific project needs.
MEDIAN POLLUTANT REMOVAL
Infiltration Trenches &
Porous Pavement
Infiltration Trench Design Type*
Pollutant
0.5 in (13mm) Runoff per
Impervious Acre
1.0 in (25mm) Runoff
per Impervious Acre
2-Year Design Storm
Treatment
Median Pollutant
Removal**
Total Suspended Solids
60–80%
80–100%
80–100%
95%
Total Phosphorous
40–60%
40–60%
60–80%
70%
Total Nitrogen
40–60%
40–60%
60–80%
51%
Biological Oxygen Demand
60–80%
60–80%
80–100%
-
Bacteria
60–80%
60–80%
80–100%
-
Metals
60–80%
60–80%
80–100%
99% (Zn)
*Note: These rates are not based on actual data since monitoring what enters and leaves any infiltration facility is difficult to measure. This data is based on land
application of pollutants and their treatment through soils.
**Actual monitored removal rates.
The Interlocking Concrete Pavement Institute (ICPI) has conducted tests that determine water quality. Their findings
indicate that cleaner water results from being filtered through a permeable paving system. Traditional systems have no
means for cleaning water.
19
1
Unilock Permeable Interlocking
Concrete Paver
With various aesthetically pleasing colors and textures,
creative choices are not compromised by function.
Permeable Interlocking Concrete Pavers (PICPs) are the
most durable of any porous pavement material. Unilock’s
minimum 8,500 psi (57 MPa), high-strength, no-slump
concrete allows water to infiltrate between paver units
instead of through the material. The joint sizes vary
between paver options, ranging from 0.25" (6 mm) to
0.5" (13 mm), which meet the Americans with Disabilities
Act specifications for permeable pavement, and allows
a minimum of 100" (2,540 mm) per hour of surface
infiltration.
3
Nine Components
Successful Permea
2
Setting Bed Aggregate – ASTM No. 8
1
Using the 0.25" (6 mm) crushed, angular, chip stone, instead
of sand, provides a smooth leveling course for placing
pavers and additional structural interlocking of the PICPs.
Unlike sand, the setting bed aggregate allows for rapid
water infiltration with over 500" (12,700 mm) per hour
through the 40 percent void-space. Sand must be avoided
as a setting bed in a PICP application.
5
3
Subbase Aggregate – ASTM No. 2
Subsoil conditions will dictate the necessity of this larger
ASTM No. 2 (50-63mm), crushed, angular, open-graded
subbase aggregate thickness. Installation of such material
will provide increased structural stability on sites with
poor soil conditions. A minimum thickness of 8" (203
mm) is required for effective performance. Subbase
aggregate thickness must be designed to sufficiently
support anticipated loads. As an added feature, the ASTM
No. 2 subbase aggregate temporarily detains stormwater
runoff in the 40 percent void-space of the material. The
ASTM No. 2 also has an infiltration rate of over 500"
(12,700 mm) per hour.
7
Edge Restraint
PICP containment is vitally important to the success
of interlocking properties. Lack or failure of an edge
restraint will negatively impact the integrity of the
pavement surface. For all vehicular PICP applications, an
edge restraint, such as a concrete curb, is required. For
non-vehicular and pedestrian areas, a plastic edging is
sufficient when properly anchored into the subbase.
20
8
Underdrain
In PICP systems, the und
several factors, such as t
detention requirements,
the site. With highly perm
mm) per hour, the under
Underdrain pipe size is in
flow rate is greater than
s of a Highly
able Pavement
2
Joint Aggregate – ASTM No. 8
As the initial filtering layer, the 0.25" (6 mm) crushed,
angular, chip stone captures approximately 80 percent
of debris in the first 1" (25 mm) to 2" (51 mm). The
secondary function of the joint aggregate is to increase
the positive interlock between the paver units, which is
essential to the structural stability of the PICPs. The joint
aggregate must always remain filled to the lip of the PICP
units to reduce unnecessary clogging.
4
Base Aggregate – ASTM No. 57
When subsoil conditions are conducive to supporting the
ASTM No. 57 (12.5-25mm) crushed, angular, open-graded
base material without migration, it can be used without
ASTM No. 2 (50-63mm) subbase aggregate. Minimum
thickness must be designed to sufficiently support
anticipated loads, as well as accommodate stormwater
detention in the 40 percent void space of the material.
The ASTM No. 57 base aggregate, with a minimum
thickness of 4" (102 mm), serves as a transition material
between the ASTM No. 8 (2-10mm) setting bed and the
ASTM No. 2 subbase aggregate. The infiltration rate of the
ASTM No. 57 is over 500" (12,700 mm) per hour.
7
4
9
5
6
Existing soil materials will determine the performance
capabilities of the PICP system. Pre-construction soil
analysis, including percolation, California Bearing
Ratio and penetrometer measurements (blow counts),
are mandatory for proper design. Subsoils with less
than 0.5" (13 mm) per hour of infiltration may require
underdrainage, scarification and potentially amendments.
Subsoils with greater than 0.5" (13 mm) per hour are
considered highly permeable. Subsoil compaction can
cause a detrimental reduction in permeability and can be
eliminated.
8
6
derdrain pipe is based on
the permeability of the subsoil,
, and stormwater release rate of
meable subsoils over 0.5" (13
rdrain pipe could be eliminated.
nconsequential, provided the
the release rate.
Subgrade
9
Geotextile Fabric
Subsoil characteristics will determine the need for a
geotextile fabric. If such fabric is required, placement will
occur between the subsoil and ASTM No. 57 (12.5-25mm)
base aggregate or ASTM No. 2 (50-63mm) subbase
aggregate only. Geotextile fabric is not required between
aggregate material layers. The geotextile fabric type must
be determined by soil conditions specific to each project.
Geotextile fabrics should be considered for any soils
where migration may occur.
21
Design and Technical Information
Typical Runoff Coefficients for the Rational Method
Land Use Type
Surface Type
Recommended Value
Recommended Value
Industrial
0.75
Bituminous Asphalt
0.85
Downtown Business District
0.85
Pour-In-Place Concrete
0.85
Single-Family Residential
0.40
Lawns – Sandy Soils
0.13
Multi-Family Residential
0.60
Lawns – Heavy Soils
0.20
Parks
0.20
Permeable Pavers
0.0*
Source: Design and Construction of Sanitary and Storm Sewers.
American Society of Civil Engineers, New York, p. 332, 1969.
Coefficients are based on 5 – 10 year storm frequencies.
* Actual value until detention in permeable base reaches capacity.
Soil Subgrade Texture / Infiltration Rate Inches / Hour (mm/sec)
Sand
Loamy
Sand
Sandy
Loam
Loam
Silt
Loam
Sandy
Clay
Loam
Clay
Loam
Silty
Clay
Loam
Sandy
Clay
Silty
Clay
Clay
Ts
8.27
2.41
1.02
0.52
0.27
0.17
0.09
0.06
0.05
0.04
0.02
(hrs)
(6x10-5)
(2x10-5)
(7x10-6)
(4x10-6)
(2x10-6)
(1x10-6)
(6x10-7)
(4x10-7)
(3x10-7)
(2x10-7)
(10-7)
f x Ts / Vr
24
496 (12.6)
145 (3.7)
61 (1.5)
31 (0.8)
16 (0.4)
10 (0.25)
5 (0.12)
4 (0.1)
3 (0.07)
2 (0.05)
1 (0.02)
for
48
992 (25.2)
290 (7.4)
122 (3.1)
62 (1.6)
32 (0.8)
20 (0.5)
11 (0.3)
7 (0.17)
6 (0.15)
2 (0.15)
2 (0.05)
(Vr = 0.4)
72
1489 (37.8)
434 (11)
183 (4.6)
93 (2.4)
149 (1.2)
31 (0.8)
16 (0.9)
11 (0.13)
9 (0.2)
7 (0.17)
4 (0.1)
Criterion
Ts = Maximum allowable storage timeVr = Voids ratio
Lowest values unless base exfiltration is supplemented with drain
pipes.
Maximum allowable depths, inches (m) of storage for selected maximum storage times (Ts in hours), minimum infiltration rates and inches/hour (mm/
sec)(31).
The Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) method typically uses 24-hour storm events as the basis for design.
Therefore, this design method is based on controlling the increased runoff for a specific 24-hour storm. The specific duration
and return period (e.g., 6 months, 1 year, 2 years, etc.) are provided by the locality. If the increase in peak discharge associated
with the storm event cannot be managed, a first-flush event should be the minimum selected for design.
22
Base & Aggregate Charts
Careful selection of base material, as described below, ensures that an installation can handle almost any amount of rainfall.
Testing results of all the aggregates listed below show a void ratio of approximately 40 percent. Choosing the correct void
filter is critical as well. The aggregate infiltration rates below illustrate the performance of the system.
AGGREGATE INFILTRATION RATES
Approximate Particle Size
SETTING BED AGGREGATE
Permeability (k) in./hr (m/s)
Sieve Size
Percent Passing
ASTM No. 8 (2 – 10 mm)*
1,400 - 4,000 (3 x 10- 1 to 1 x 10- 2 )
0.5" (12 mm)
100
ASTM No. 9 (2 – 5 mm)
140 - 1,400 (1 x 10
0.375" (9.5 mm)
85 – 100
ASTM No. 10 (1 – 3 mm)
14 - 140 (1 x 10- 3 to 1 x 10- 4 )
(4.75 mm) (No. 4)
10 – 30
ASTM No. 57 (12.5 – 25 mm)*
500 - 2,000
(2.36 mm) (No. 8)
0 – 10
ASTM No. 2 (50 – 63 mm)*
>1,000
(1.16 mm) (No. 16)
0–5
-2
to 1 x 10 )
-3
Permeability ranges of joint fill aggregates for permeable pavers.
* Unilock recommendations
BASE AGGREGATE
Sleve Size
Grading requirements for ASTM No. 8 bedding and joint / opening
filler. Setting bed aggregate can be used as joint aggregate for
Eco-Optiloc™.
SUBBASE AGGREGATE
Percent Passing
Sieve Size
Percent Passing
1.5" (37.5 mm)
100
3" (75 mm)
100
1" (25 mm)
95 – 100
2.5" (63 mm)
90 – 100
0.5" (12 mm)
25 – 60
2" (50 mm)
35 – 70
(4.75 mm) (No. 4)
0 – 10
1.5" (37.5 mm)
0 – 15
(2.36 mm) (No. 8)
0–5
0.75" (19 mm)
0–5
Grading requirements for ASTM No. 57 base.
Sieve sizes for ASTM No. 2 aggregates.
BASE THICKNESS
Permeable paving is not a typical segmental pavement. Unilock recommends that a professional engineer design a
site-specific plan based on available site information. Along with information provided in this brochure, Unilock offers
comprehensive software solutions, and industry-experienced consultants to assist you in the design of your pavement.
Pavement Use
Subbase ASTM No. 2
Base ASTM No. 57
Minimum Total
Heavy-duty industrial
14" (355 mm)
6" (152 mm)
20" (559 mm)
Municipal street
12" (305 mm)
6" (152 mm)
18" (457 mm)
Light-duty parking lot
8" (203 mm)
6" (152 mm)
14" (356 mm)
Residential driveway
n/a
12" (305 mm)
12" (305 mm)
Non-vehicular sidewalk
n/a
10" (254 mm)
10" (254 mm)
Notes:
1) All permeable pavers require a 1.5" (38 mm) setting bed of ASTM No. 8 for placement.
2) All thicknesses are after compaction.
3) Geotextiles between subgrade and ASTM No. 2 are optional and based on soil conditions.
4) Geotextiles are not required between the subbase, base or setting bed layers.
23
Unilock® Permeable Paver Features
SHAPE and Color
Unilock offers permeable pavers in many different shapes
and sizes. From the basic rectangle to ‘L’ shaped, hexagonal
to plank, the range of choice ensures the right product for
your design.
With almost three dozen standard colors, Unilock offers
more aesthetic paver options than any other manufacturer.
We have stock colors that can be applied to any of the
Unilock product lines. If we don’t have the color required for
a project, we can customize it.
Recently, surface color has become more than just an
aesthetic choice. Using lighter colors with high reflectivity
can dramatically reduce urban heat islands. Generally, an
increase of 10 percent in reflectivity decreases pavement
temperature by 7°F, according to Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratories. Potential LEED credits are available with these
products.
Product: Eco-Priora™
Project:
Location:
Design:
Honors Complex
Amherst, Massachusetts
Stantec
MECHANICAL INSTALLATION
Eco-Optiloc™ has the highest mechanical installation rates of any interlocking permeable paver. The patented L-shaped
design makes the paver clusters easy to install quickly and accurately. Installation rates up to 12,000 sq.ft. per machine per
day have been documented. This makes Eco-Optiloc a very competitive permeable pavement that can be installed even in
adverse weather conditions. Eco-Priora™ and Eco-Line™ are also now available for mechanical installation. Ask your Unilock
Representative for more information.
24
Permeable Paver Innovation
1991
2000
2006
2008
UNI ECO-STONE®
ECOLOC®
ECO-OPTILOC™
ECO-PRIORA™
2011
CITY PARK PAVER™
2012
2012
TOWN HALL™
2013
THORNBURY™
ECO-LINE™
2014
ECO-Promenade™
Unilock introduced permeable paving to North America in 1991, and has continued to lead the charge with new innovative
products. Our extensive involvement in permeable paving and our long-standing international alliances have allowed us to
gain valuable knowledge, experience, and best practices that we can share with clients to help ensure their projects are a
success.
Every new product introduction is an improvement over previous versions. Below are four of the best permeable paver
product options available on the market today: Eco-Priora™ , Eco-Optiloc™, Town Hall™ and Eco-Promenade™
ECO-PRIORA™
LARGE SQUARE
10" x 10" x 3 1/8"
TOWN HALL™
24cm x 24cm x 8cm
RECTANGLE
5" x 10" x 3 1/8"
12cm x 24cm x 8cm
SQUARE*
5" x 5" x 3 1/8"
9 3/4" x 3 7/8" x 2 3/4"
25cm x 10cm x 7cm
12cm x 12cm x 8cm
•
•
•
•
3 compatible sizes for variable patterns
Customizable surface texture and color (page 4-5)
3 mm micro bevel for ADA compliance
7 mm joint width
*Available in select markets
ECO-OPTILOC™
•
•
•
•
•
Reala™ Surface Design replicates old street pavers
Ultima™ Concrete Technology provides superior strength
Long-term color and wear performance
Rounded edges facilitate snow removal
8-9 mm joint width
ECO-Promenade™
3" x 12" x 4"
7.5 x 30.0 x 10cm
10 1/4" x 10 1/4" x 3 1/8"
26cm x 26cm x 8cm
• Machine installable up to 12,000 sq.ft. (1,115 m2) per
machine per day
• Rectilinear multi-stone design
• Dual-axis engineering for heavy-duty capability
• Customizable surface texture and color (page 4-5)
• 12 mm joint width
•
•
•
•
•
Long, linear shape
Permeable spacer nubs
Appropriate for vehicular or pedestrian applications
Customizable surface texture and color (page 4-5)
7 mm joint width
25
LEED®
USGBC
The U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC) is a non-profit
organization that seeks to promote building techniques
that are both sustainable and economical. The organization
examines construction projects and evaluates all building
materials and techniques that promote a healthy
environment for the people that work and live in these
structures. LEED certification can be achieved by employing
strategies that promote healthy lifestyles and improvement
to the built environment. Unilock products can help with
your certification goals. Our products have been used on
many LEED projects in North America.
Product: Eco-Optiloc™
Project:
Location:
Design:
Police Station
Aurora, Illinois
Schoppe Design and
Engineering Enterprises
Potential LEED® Credits for utilizing Permeable Pavers
Sustainable Sites: LEED 2009
Credits applicable to segmental concrete paving products for sustainable sites include the following:
Credit SS 6.1 Stormwater Design: Quantity Control • 1 point
Credit SS 6.2 Stormwater Design: Quality Control • 1 point
Credit SS 7.1 Heat Island Effect: Non-Roof • 1 point
Up to two points can be achieved in sustainable sites by using permeable, interlocking concrete pavers for stormwater
management. An additional one point can be achieved by using either permeable interlocking concrete pavers or
interlocking concrete pavers (non-permeable) that meet Albedo reflective tests.
Rainwater management: LEED V4
Up to three points can be achieved for sites retaining rainwater onsite based on the percentile kept onsite. 85% (zero lot
line projects only) - 3 points, 95% - 2 points and 98% - 3 points. (all except Healthcare - subtract one point) See LEED v4
for more specific project/site details.
Materials and Resources: LEED 2009
Credit MR 4.1 Recycled Content: 10% (post-consumer + 1/2 post-industrial) • 1 point for using Slag*
Credit MR 4.2 Recycled Content: 20% (post-consumer + 1/2 post-industrial) • 1 point in addition to 4.1
Credit MR 5.1 Regional Materials: 10% extracted, processed and manufactured regionally • 1 point
Credit MR 5.2 Regional Materials: 20% extracted, processed and manufactured regionally • 1 point in addition to 5.1
Up to four points can be achieved in materials and resources by using permeable interlocking concrete pavers or
interlocking concrete pavers (non-permeable).
* Unilock uses slag cement replacement over fly ash to maintain color consistency. Recycled content must be discussed
before specifying.
Materials and Resources: LEED V4
Building Product Disclosure and Optimization - Sourcing of Raw Materials - Sourcing of Raw Materials and Extraction • 1 point
Building Product Disclosure and Optimization - Sourcing of Raw Materials - Leadership Extraction Practices • 1 point
Building Product Disclosure and Optimization - Material Ingredient Reporting- Material Ingredient Reporting • 1 point
Building Product Disclosure and Optimization - Material Ingredient Reporting - Material Ingredient Optimization • 1 point
Building Product Disclosure and Optimization - Environmental Product Declaration • 1 point
26
SOLAR REFLECTANCE
Solar Reflectance Index (SRI) is a criterion used by USGBC that measures values of sunlight and radiation bouncing from
built surfaces. It is used to measure urban heat island effects in city centers. Dark pavement absorbs heat during the day
and then releases it at night. This process creates a situation that causes urban centers to stay warmer all the time which
contributes to air pollution and increased energy consumption. Careful selection of materials and colors can help reduce
urban heat island effects.
HEat Island Reduction - Non-Roof: LEED 2009
Credit SS 7.1 requires a minimum SRI of 29 or greater for at least 30% of the site’s impervious surfaces to achieve the
credit.
HEat Island Reduction - Non-Roof: LEED v4
Paving materials with a three-year aged solar reflectance (SR) value of at least 0.28. If three-year aged value information
is not available, use materials with an initial SR of at least 0.33 at installation OR uses an open grid pavement at least 50%
pervious • 2 points (except Healthcare - 1 point)
See LEED v4 for more specific site calculations.
Sample of Qualified Unilock Colors (>29)
Surface Finish
Belpasso
(enameled)
Umbriano®
(mottled)
Series 3000®
(exposed aggregate)
Smooth/Premier
(any Unilock
paver shape)
Color
Swatch
Solar Reflectance
SRI*
Cremo
0.43
49
Mediterano
0.35
38
Summer Wheat
0.42
48
Winter Marvel
0.35
38
Autumn Sunset
0.30
32
Chardonnay Tan
0.39
44
Coral Gem
0.37
41
Ice Grey
0.35
38
Mineral Ice
0.31
33
Platinum Grey
0.28
29
TX Active White
0.46
53
Natural
0.29
31
Nevada
0.31
33
Natural
0.30
32
Desert
0.29
31
Nantucket
0.29
31
Prairie
0.28
29
Sandstone
0.28
29
Iron River
0.52
61
Standard Finish
Stonemark Finish
Values may change slightly by region due to variations in local aggregate. Please be sure to contact your Unilock
Representative for a comprehensive and current list of SRI product values.
27
Recycled Content
Supplementary cementitious materials (SCM)
Concrete is a mixture of sand, coarse aggregate, water
and the principal cementitious material which is Portland
cement. Today, most concrete recipes also contain
supplementary cementitious material (SCM) admixtures.
These can be by-products from other processes or natural
materials that may or may not have been further processed
for use in concrete. These materials may include Fly Ash
(Class C or F), Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag
(GGBFS), Silica Fume, Natural Pozzolans, recycled glass
and more.
These admixtures can contribute toward achieving
the cumulative minimum recycled content criteria for
Leadership Extraction Practices.
Product: Eco-Priora™
Speak with your Unilock Representative about local SCM’s
available for custom orders.
Project:
Whole Foods
Location:
Brooklyn, New York
Design:
BL Companies
Recycled Content: SCM from Pozzotive®
Permeable Test & Research Study Sites
Project
Location
Agency
Reports
Cawrse & Associates, parking lot
Chagrin Falls
OH
Chagrin River Watershed Partners,
Inc.
http://www.crwp.org/files/2012_crwp_lid_
demo_project_final_technical.pdf page 14
Willoughby Hills Community
Center Parking Lot
Willoughby Hills
OH
Chagrin River Watershed Partners,
Inc.
Currently being monitored
http://www.crwp.org/files/Whills_Community_
Center_Parking_Fact_Sheet.pdf
Seneca College King Campus
King City
ON
Toronto and Region Conservation
Authority
http://dev.sustainabletechnologies.ca/wp/wpcontent/uploads/2013/01/PPBS-Final-2008.pdf
Elm Drive West
Mississauga
ON
Credit Valley Conservation Authority
http://www.creditvalleyca.ca/low-impactdevelopment/road-right-of-ways/elm-drivemississauga/
IMAX Corporate Office parking
lot
Mississauga
ON
Credit Valley Conservation Authority
http://www.creditvalleyca.ca/low-impactdevelopment/industrial-commercial-landsa/
test-imax-headquarters-mississauga/
ON
Toronto and Region Conservation
Authority
University of Guelph
http://dev.sustainabletechnologies.ca/wp/
home/urban-runoff-green-infrastructure/lowimpact-development/permeable-pavement/
evaluation-of-permeable-pavements-in-coldclimates-kortright-centre-vaughan-ontario/
Living City Campus at Kortwright Kleinburg
Permeable Paver Maintenance Guide
Much like any impervious paving surface with catch basins and underground infrastructure,
maintenance is necessary with any type of permeable system. Over the lifetime of the
permeable paver system, there will be a need to clean any sediment, soil, dirt and debris
from the joint aggregate material to maintain a sufficient infiltration rate. Every project will
vary in performance needs, as well as to the frequency in which the joint material must be
cleaned. Unilock suggests establishing a routine visual inspection and maintenance plan using
the techniques in this guide to prevent clogging. Ask your Unilock Representative for more
information.
PERMEA
MAINTE
B L E PAV
ER
G
NANCE
UIDE
1
28
Unilock Permeable Paver Installations
millionS OF square feet installed
Parks and Municipal Commons
Commercial Parking & Vehicular Areas
Storrs Town Center
Manfield
CT
ACMAT
Farmington
CT
The Morton Arboretum
Lisle
IL
Springbrook Prairie Market
Naperville
IL
Buckingham Fountain
Chicago
IL
United Airlines Cargo
Chicago
IL
Parkside of Old Town
Chicago
IL
Maxwell Street Market
Chicago
IL
Kane County Veterans Memorial
Geneva
IL
Whole Foods
Naperville
IL
The Bloomingdale Trail
Bloomingdale
IL
Golf View Plaza
Carpentersville
IL
Couch Place
Chicago
IL
Southgate Market
Chicago
IL
Lincoln Park Zoo West Gate
Chicago
IL
Streeter Place
Chicago
IL
Squirrel Brand Park
Cambridge
MA
Plympton Plaza
Plympton
Riggs Park
Van Buren Twp.
MI
Dow • Howell • Gilmore • Associates Inc Midland
MI
First & Main Park
Hudson
OH
Mason L. Brown & Associates, Inc.
Auburn Hills
MI
The Port Lands
Toronto
ON
Whole Foods
Brooklyn
NY
South Shell Waterfront Park
Oakville
ON
Parker Hanneson Building
Cleveland
OH
Center Street Village
Mentor
OH
Cawrse and Associates, parking lot
Chagrin Falls
OH
Government and Municipal Facilities
MA
7th District Police Station
Chicago
IL
Tangers Outlet Mall
Cookstown
ON
Geneva Water Treatment Facility
Geneva
IL
Ontario Provincial Campus
Toronto
ON
Aurora Police Station
Aurora
IL
Edwards Gardens
Toronto
ON
Washington Park SRO
Chicago
IL
Mastercard Centre
Toronto
ON
Villa Park Police Department
Villa Park
IL
Honda Canada Headquarters
Markham
ON
Kane County Government Center
Geneva
IL
Whole Foods
Mississauga
ON
City of Grand Rapids Water System
Grand Rapids
MI
Granite Street Shopping Center
Westerly
RI
Amtrak Station (over flow lot)
Grand Rapids
MI
Garden City Shopping Center
Cranston
RI
City Hall of Ann Arbor
Ann Arbor
MI
Krupp
Madison
WI
Newark International Airport
Newark
NJ
Harrison Station (TX Active)
Harrison
NJ
Streets & Streetscapes
NYS Office of Parks & Recreation
Cortland
NY
East Village
Calgary
AB
Central Ohio Transit Authority
Columbus
OH
Baltic Village
Sprague
CT
RTA Park-N-Ride
Parma
OH
Autumn Trails
Moline
IL
NASA Glenn Research
Cleveland
OH
Warrenville Road
Warrenville
IL
Hudson Station
Hudson
OH
Highland Park
Highland Park
IL
Earth Rangers at Kortright Centre
Caledon
ON
Easy Street
Ann Arbor
MI
East Gwillimbury GO Station
Newmarket
ON
Union Street
Traverse City
MI
Toronto Parking Authority
Toronto
ON
Village of Carey
Carey
OH
Dufferin Transfer Station
Toronto
ON
Gorman / Fitchburg
Fitchburg
WI
Philadelphia Museum of Art
Philadelphia
PA
Avon Crescent Laneway
Toronto
ON
RIPTA Para Transit Maintenance
Providence
RI
Stadiums
Universities, Schools, Churches and Institutions
U.S. Cellular Field
Chicago
IL
Stamford Hospital
Stamford
CT
Kane County Cougars Stadium
Geneva
IL
Governors State University
University Park
IL
UMASS Football Complex
Amherst
MA
Dominican University
River Forest
IL
Citi Field
New York
NY
Lake Forest High School
Lake Forest
IL
Waubonsee Community College
Plano
IL
Condominiums
University of Michigan
Ann Arbor
MI
Mystic Condominiums
Mystic
CT
UMASS CHCRC
Amherst
MA
Poet’s Landing
Danbury
CT
Plymouth North High School
Plymouth
MA
Residences on the Mystic
Revere
MA
Culinary Institute of America
Hyde Park
NY
Cape Cod Irish Village
Yarmouth
MA
PS 62R (Net Zero School)
Staten Island
NY
Jeff Montgomery Apartment Complex
Wayne
MI
Lorain Community College
North Ridgeville
OH
West Bloomfield Residence
Bloomfield
MI
Inniskillin Wines Inc.
Niagara-on-the-Lake ON
Flats on Vine
Columus
OH
Mohawk College
Hamilton
ON
Rouge Valley Retirement Residence
Markham
ON
WI
Stillwater Heights
Harrisville
RI
Middleton Community Church
Middleton
29
Retaining Wall Design
Product: RomanPisa®
Project: Highland Fields
Location: Burr Ridge, Illinois
Design: Wehler Peterson & Associates
Support and Assistance
Unilock & Risi Stone®
Unilock manufactures Risi Stone Systems licensed retaining walls Pisa2®, ConcordWall™, RomanPisa®, RomanWall®, Rivercrest®
Wall, SienaStone®, SonomaStone™, DuraHold® and DuraHold2®. With installations more than 25 years old, we offer the most
proven SRW systems on the market.
Design assistance
Risi Stone offers many different levels of assistance. From general product information, typical cross-sections and software
programs, to site-specific final design packages, they will work with you to achieve the best possible design solution.
Preliminary Sections
For preliminary design, bidding or feasibility purposes, Risi Stone Systems have created one of the industry’s most comprehensive
collections of pre-engineered typical cross-section drawings for a variety of applications. These sections have been designed to
meet very specific criteria in an attempt to be as close to your particular project as possible. They are sorted according to the
main criteria used in the design of a segmental retaining wall. The search tool at www.unilock.com allows you to select the Risi
Stone licensed product, the loading, and the height of the wall, according to your project requirements to find cross sections that
most closely match your project needs.
An example of a typical cross section is shown below.
TYPICAL SECTION - NOT FOR CONSTRUCTION
Design Specific Geometric Information
SienaStone
Coping Unit
Retaining Wall
System
SienaStone w/ Geogrid
Geogrid Type
and Manufacturer
See Notes
Maximum Height
mm (in)
3150 (123)
Minimum
Geogrid LTDS
kN/m (lb/ft)
See Notes
None
Maximum Slope
Above Wall
SienaStone
Standard Unit
Geogrid Length: 2.5m [8.2 ft]
Infill Soil
Retained
Soil
1V:3H
Maximum Slope
Below Wall
Max. Surcharge
Above Wall
kPa (lb/sq.ft)
None
Depth of
Embedment
mm (in)
313 (12)
Batter
of Wall
7.12
Compacted
Base Dimension
mm (in)
879 x 186 (35 x 7)
Design Specific Soil Information
Soil Region
Infill
Description
(by USCS)
Perforated Drain
with Filter Sock
[conn. to positive outlet]
Foundation
Soil
Compacted
Granular Base
Effective
Internal Friction
Angle
Moist Unit
Weight
kN/cu.m (lb/cu.ft)
Effective
Cohesion
kPa (lb/sq.ft)
GW
Well graded, free
draining Granular
CL
Inorganic Clays
Low Plasticity
CL
Inorganic Clays
Low Plasticity
Base
Drainage
GW
Well graded, free
draining Granular
see infill
NR
35
28
28
39
22 (140)
20 (127)
20 (127)
22 (140)
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
Placed in 150mm
(6") lifts and
compacted to 95 %
SPD.
Soil
Notes
Foundation
Retained
Undisturbed
dense soil or
well compacted
Eng. fill.
Allowable bearing Crushed Gravel
cap.must exceed (free draining)
150kPa (3125 psf). compacted to 98 %
SPD.
Gravel infill must
be well graded,
angular, free drain
w/max. 8 % fines
NR - Not Required
Filter Cloth
Notes:
1. This design meets or exceeds the minimum factors of safety required by Risi Stone Systems based on the design
parameters listed above. The analysis was performed as outlined in the National Concrete Masonry Association
Design Manual for Segmental Retaining Walls, Second Edition. This is a typical, non site-specific Design.
2. No analysis of global stability, total or differential settlement, or seismic effects has been performed.
3. This design is only provided to illustrate the general arrangement of the SRW structure for preliminary costing and
feasibility purposes only. This drawing is not for construction. A qualified Engineer must be retained to provide the
Final Design prior to construction.
4. Structures such as handrails, guardrails, fences, terraces, and site conditions such as water applications, drainage
and soil conditions, additional live and dead loads, etc., have significant effects on the wall design and have not been
taken into account in this typical section. When accounted for in the Final Design, other conditions and elements may
result in additional design measures (geogrid, drainage, etc) and cost.
5. For geogrid reinforced structures, a minimum Long Term Allowable Design Strength of 14 kN/m was assumed.
Contact your manufacturer or Risi Stone Systems for a list of approved geogrid reinforcements.
SienaStone
RisiStone
retaining wall systems
®
8500 Leslie Street, Suite 390
Thornhill, ON Canada L3T 7M8
Phone:905.882.5898 Fax: 905.882.4556
www.risistone.com
Retaining Wall
Geogrid Section
3150mm (10.33ft)
Site: 3H:1V Slope - Clays
Infill: Granular
© 2007 Risi Stone Systems
SS2RBSAI315
Risi Stone wall search utility will choose from hundreds of pre-engineered
cross-sections, and return the possible options for your specific project.
They can be downloaded as CAD or PDF files.
31
Segmental Retaining Walls
Why do so many engineers select Unilock® for retaining walls? In a word:
confidence. Confidence that Unilock manufactured products have the
structural, safety and weathering capabilities needed for the project.
Confidence in the field performance of a vast portfolio of structures
which have encompassed just about every shape, size and application.
Confidence that Risi Stone will provide the engineering support required
to get the job done accurately and expeditiously.
Product: SienaStone®
Project:
Location:
Newmarket Honda
Newmarket, Ontario
Solid Core construction
The solid body tongue and groove design provides engineers with the
assurance that the structural properties are guaranteed. Not having to
fill a hollow block core and the ability to easily modify blocks on-site is a
considerable labor savings. Owners can be confident in the proven longterm performance of the wall’s integrity.
Built to last
Product: Pisa2®/ConcordWall®
Unilock manufactured retaining wall systems are engineered to last.
Individual units range from 19lbs (8.6kg) to 1,700lbs (772.7kg), and some
can be used to construct walls up to 40ft (12.2m) high. The mechanical
installation characteristics of Unilock retaining walls surpass conventional
modular wall systems in speed and performance. Vespa.RS advanced
engineering software from Risi Stone lets you analyze all important
factors including height, differing soil types, unique site conditions and
loading requirements directly from CAD, saving valuable time.
Project:
Location:
Consultant:
Roadway Retaining Wall
Uxbridge, Massachusetts
Risi Stone Systems
Quality Manufacturing
Each unit’s structural integrity and performance is ensured by
manufacturing to specifications that meet or exceed American Society of
Testing and Materials (ASTM) standards.
ASTM Std.
Unilock Std.
Compressive Strength - Minimum
(No individual unit less than)
2500 PSI
5000 PSI
Absorption - Maximum
(No individual unit greater than)
10.5%
5%
Dimensional Tolerance
(length, width, or height)
1/8" ( 3.2mm)
1/8” ( 3.2mm)
Dimensional Tolerance
1/16" ( 1.6mm)
1/16” ( 1.6mm)
Product: DuraHold®
Project:
Location:
Consultant:
Public Storage
Richmond Hill, Ontario
Risi Stone Systems
The Unilock manufacturing system provides peace of mind by exceeding
technical standards set by the National Concrete Masonry Association
(NCMA), as well as local building codes.
Product: DuraHold2®
Project:
Erie Canal
Location:
Erie, New York
Consultant: EDR Consulting
32
Solid Advantages
Feature
Advantage
Solid Blocks
Provides greater durability
• More resistant to breakage & minor damage
Easy to split or modify
• Blocks can be simply cut/altered with no risk to
final wall integrity
No hollow cores to fill
with gravel & compact
• Ensures maximum weight of each block is present
• Maximum resistance to overturning
• Reduced installation time & labour costs
Wall is flexible, while still
retains its structural
integrity
• Absorbs movement & settlement
• Requires minimal embedment
Modular System
Array of complementing
special blocks
Benefit
• Easily create site-specific features
• Coping can be selected for various wall
arrangements
• Pre-fabricated corner blocks intensify corner
strength & appearance, while speeding
construction
Interlocking
Tongue & Groove
Combined with
Geogrid Reinforcement
Requires only a
compact granular base
• Reduces installation cost
Interlocking mechanism is
molded directly in to the
block
• Easy, quick installation
• No separate pins or clips to install
Maximum shear strength
• Shear strength is maintained along the entire
length of block
• Allows for superior geogrid connection
Automatic alignment &
self-battering
• Once the first course is installed flat and level,
successive blocks stack quick & easily
Blocks are dry-stacked
• Lower cost — No mortar requirements
• Minimal training is required to achieve excellent
results
Continuous interlock
achieved throughout the
wall
• Creates a stronger, more damage resistant
structure
Higher walls can be
achieved
• Able to use the same facia throughout the project
on lower & higher walls
(ie. Mix gravity & geogrid reinforced wall as site conditions dictate)
33
Typical Geogrid Reinforced Application
TYPICAL
SECTION
- NOT FOR CONSTRUCTION
Pisa®
Pisa2® / Roman
RomanPisa
Roman Pisa® Coping
Unit
Coping Unit
2.0m (6.6ft)
Infill
Soil
Soil
Risi Stone Logo
CMYK
Standard
Reverse
Product: Pisa2®
University of Michigan Helipad
Ann Arbor, Michigan
Albert Kahn & Associates, Inc.
RomanPisa w/ Geogrid
2510 (98)
Maximum Slope
Above Wall
1V:3H
Max. Surcharge
Above Wall
kPa (lb/sq.ft)
None
Batter
of Wall
7.12
Infill
Retained
Retained
Soil
Infill Soil
Perforated
Drain
Perforated Drain with Filter
Sock
with Filter Sock
(conn. to positive outlet)
[conn. to positive outlet]
Project:
Location:
Consultant:
Retaining Wall
System
Maximum Height
mm (in)
Design Specific Soil Information
Roman Pisa®
RomanPisa
Standard
Unit
Standard
Unit
Geogrid
Geogrid
Length:Length:
2.0m [6.6 ft]
Design Specific Geometric Information
C
40
M
0
Y
100
K
0
Description
(by USCS)
WebSite
Effective
Internal Friction
Angle
Moist Unit
Weight
kN/cu.m (lb/cu.ft)
Effective
Cohesion
kPa (lb/sq.ft)
Soil
Notes
Web Version (Ensure scale stroke and effect is enabled)
Foundation
Foundation
Soil
Granular Base
No Tag
Cloth
Filter Filter
Cloth
TYPICALTypical
SECTION
- NOT FOR CONSTRUCTION
Gravity Application – SienaStone
Max. Surcharge
Above Wall
kPa (lb/sq.ft)
Batter
of Wall
SienaStone® 500/925
Standard
Unit
SienaStone
500/925
Undisturbed
dense soil or
well compacted
Eng. fill.
G
and
G
®
2040 (80)
Ma
Horizontal
Pedestrian Surcharge
8500 Leslie Street, Suite 390
2.4 ON
kPaCanada
(50 lb/sq.ft)
Thornhill,
L3T 7M8
Phone:905.882.5898 Fax: 905.882.4556
www.risistone.com
7.12
© 2007 Risi Stone Systems
S
Max.
6 Courses
Max.
6 Courses
Retained
Retained
Soil
Drainage
Layer
Drainage
Layer
Soil
Risi Stone Logo
CMYK
Standard
Reverse
C
40
M
0
Y
100
K
0
Foundation Web Version
Foundation
Soil
Soil
Compacted
Compacted Granular
Base
Granular Base
No Tag
Cloth
FilterFilter
Cloth
Description
(by USCS)
Effective
Internal Friction
Angle
Moist Unit WebSite
Weight
kN/cu.m (lb/cu.ft)
Effective
Cohesion
kPa (lb/sq.ft)
Infill
Retained
F
N/A
CL
Inorganic Clays
Low Plasticity
Ino
Lo
N/A
28
N/A
20 (127)
NR
N/A
Undisturbed
dense soil or
well compacted
Eng. fill.
Soil
Notes
Allow
cap.m
100kP
NR - Not Required
Notes:
1. This design meets or exceeds the minimum factors of safety req
parameters listed above. The analysis was performed as outlined
Design Manual for Segmental Retaining Walls, Second Edition. Th
2. No analysis of global stability, total or differential settlement, or s
3. This design is only provided to illustrate the general arrangemen
feasibility purposes only. This drawing is not for construction. A qu
Final Design prior Reverse
to construction.
4. Structures such as handrails, guardrails, fences, terraces, and s
and soil conditions, additional live and dead loads, etc., have signif
taken into account in this typical section. When accounted for in th
result in additional design measures (geogrid, drainage, etc) and co
(Ensure scale stroke and effect is enabled)
Typical Gravity Application – DuraHold®
RisiStone
retaining wall systems
®
DuraHold® Coping Unit
8500 Leslie Street, Suite 390
Thornhill, ON Canada L3T 7M8
Phone:905.882.5898 Fax: 905.882.4556
www.risistone.com
DuraHold® Standard Unit
© 2007 Risi Stone Systems
Infill Material
Retained
Soil
DuraHold® Tie-Back Unit
Perforated Drain
with Filter Sock
(conn. to
positive outlet)
Risi Stone Logo
CMYK
Standard
WebSite
Reverse
Product: DuraHold®
Project:Municipal Retaining Wall
Location:Barrie, Ontario
Consultant:City of Barrie
34
C
40
M
0
Y
100
K
0
Foundation
Soil
Web Version
Compacted
Granular Base
Filter Cloth
Ba
Design Specific Soil Information
Standard Unit
Project:BankOne
Location:
Frankfort, Illinois
Consultant: W.T. Engineering
NR
NR
RisiStone
retaining wall systems
Maximum Slope
Above Wall
®
SienaStone
SienaStone
Coping
Unit
Coping
Unit
Product: SienaStone®
28
20 (127)
SienaStone 925
Maximum Height
mm (in)
with Filter Sock
[conn. to positive outlet]
35
22 (140)
Placed in 150mm
(6") lifts and
compacted to 95 %
SPD.
Retaining Wall
System
®
Perforated Drain with Filter Sock
Perforated
Drain
(conn. to positive
outlet)
CL
Inorganic Clays
Low Plasticity
NR - Not Required
Notes:
1. This design meets or exceeds the minimum factors of safe
parameters listed above. The analysis was performed as ou
Design Manual for Segmental Retaining Walls, Second Editi
2. No analysis of global stability, total or differential settleme
Reverse
3. This design
is only provided to illustrate the general arran
feasibility purposes only. This drawing is not for construction
Final Design prior to construction.
4. Structures such as handrails, guardrails, fences, terraces,
and soil conditions, additional live and dead loads, etc., have
taken into account in this typical section. When accounted fo
result in additional design measures (geogrid, drainage, etc)
5. For geogrid reinforced structures, a minimum Long Term
your manufacturer
or RisiInformation
Stone Systems for a list o
DesignContact
Specific
Geometric
Soil
Compacted GranularCompacted
Base
Retained
GW
Well graded, free
draining Granular
No Tag
(Ensure scale stroke and effect is enabled)
Reverse
DuraHold®
The large size of DuraHold (1680lbs/762kg) makes it
an appropriate choice for demanding structures up
to 40ft (12.2m) high. Proper engineering and a good
selection of components make this an exceptional
wall system for gravity, tie-back or geo-grid reinforced
walls. A great alternative to “poured-in-place” concrete.
Gravity walls up to 6 ft (1.8 m) in typical conditions.
Standard Unit / Half Unit
Coping Unit
Corner 90 Unit
Tie-Back Unit
12" x 24" x 72" / 12" x 24" x 36"
30cm x 60cm x 183cm / 30cm x 60cm x 91.5cm
12" x 24" x 72"
30cm x 60cm x 183cm
Installed mechanically
12" x 24" x 60"
30cm x 60cm x 152cm
12" x 24" x 72"
30cm x 60cm x 183cm
Product: DuraHold®
Project:London Dyke
Location:London, Ontario
Consultant:Risi Stone®
DuraHold2®
DuraHold2 is similar to DuraHold in appearance, but
is almost half the size, (820lbs/363kg), making it
economical for low walls. Concrete tiebacks or geogrid
reinforcement expands the various engineering options,
allowing for structures up to 25 ft (7.62m) high.
Gravity walls up to 4 ft (1.2 m) in typical conditions.
Standard Unit
Coping Unit
Corner 90 Unit
Tie-Back Unit
12" x 14" x 72"
30cm x 36cm x 183cm
12" x 14" x 36"
30cm x 36cm x 90cm
12" x 14" x 72"
30cm x 36cm x 183cm
72" x 12" x 14"
183cm x 30cm x 36cm
Installed mechanically
Product: DuraHold2®
Project:Charles H. Wright Museum of
African American History
Location:Detroit, Michigan
35
SienaStone®
This big, bold stone is impressive as a wall or as treads
in large outdoor staircases. SienaStone’s long lines and
split face appearance make it an attractive alternative
for heavier load bearing applications. For walls up to 40
ft (12m) high. Gravity walls up to 10 ft (3 m) in typical
conditions.
Units are 48" (1.2m) wide in selected markets.
Contact Unilock for specific information.
Standard 333 Unit*
Installed mechanically
Standard 500 Unit
7 ¼" x 13 ½" x 39"
18.5cm x 33cm x 100cm
7 ¼" x 20" x 39"
18.5cm x 50cm x 100cm
Standard 925 Unit
Product: SienaStone®
Corner Unit (left & right)
7 ¼" x 36 ½" x 39"
18.5cm x 92.5cm x 100cm
7 ¼" x 20" x 36 ½"
18.5cm x 50cm x 92.5cm
Coping Unit
7 ¼" x 36 ½" x 39"
18.5cm x 50cm x 100cm
Project:
Church Parking Lot
Location:
Whitby, Ontario
Consultant:Risi Stone
Closed-End Coping*
7 ¼ x 20" x 39"
18.5cm x 50cm x 100cm
* Available in select markets
RIVERCREST® Wall
The Rivercrest Wall System is Unilock's most natural, versatile
and easy-to-use landscape wall system. The unique engineered
S-shape design creates vertical and lateral interlock for
added strength, making it ideal for retaining walls up to
1.8m (6.0') when combined with geogrid reinforcement.
Gravity walls up to 2 ft (0.6 m) in typical conditions.
Standard Bundle
8" x 9-10" x 21/4"
12" x 9-10" x 21/4"
12" x 9-10" x 21/4"
17" x 9-10" x 21/4"
20cm x 23-25cm x 5.7cm 31cm x 23-25cm x 5.7cm 31cm x 23-25cm x 5.7cm 42.5cm x 23-25cm x 5.7cm
Jumper Bundle
8" x 9-10" x 41/2"
12" x 9-10" x 41/2"
20cm x 23-25cm x 11.4cm 31cm x 23-25cm x 11.4cm
Corner Bundle
12" x 9-10" x 41/2"
31cm x 23-25cm x 11.4cm
Jumper Corner
17" x 9-10" x 41/2"
42.5cm x 23-25cm x 11.4cm
Coping
Product: Rivercrest® Wall
12" x 9-10" x 21/4"
31cm x 23-25cm x 5.7cm
36
10" x 9-10" x 21/4"
12" x 9-10" x 41/2"
25cm x 23-25cm x 5.7cm 31cm x 23-25cm x 11.4cm
22" x 11" x 21/4"
56cm x 28cm x 5.7cm
Project: Private Residence
Location:
Shelby Township, Michigan
Consultant:Visionary Landscaping
Design & Build
Pisa2®/ConcordWall®
Pisa2/ConcordWall's natural, quarried look is perfect
for all applications, including walls, planters and
step construction. Pisa2/ConcordWall modular units
interlock with a built-in setback that automatically
forms the correct slope, ensuring a stable wall.
Special wedge-shaped units help form curved walls
and steps. For walls up to 25 ft (7.5m) high.
Gravity walls up to 3.5 ft (1 m) in typical conditions.
Standard Unit
6" x 8" x 12"
15cm x 20cm x 30cm
Coping Unit
3" x 24" x 12"
7.5cm x 60cm x 30cm
Tapered Unit
6" x 8" x 12"
15cm x 20cm x 30cm
Half Coping Unit
3" x 12" x 12"
7.5cm x 30cm x 30cm
Product: Pisa2®
Project:Industrial Park
Location:Toronto, Ontario
Consultant:Regent Engineering
Corner Unit
6" x 8" x 12"
15cm x 20cm x 30cm
RomanPisa®/RomanWall®
The antiqued appearance of RomanPisa/RomanWall
provides a rugged look that is popular in current
landscape design. RomanPisa/RomanWall is a
versatile retaining wall system which allows for
the creation of straight or curved walls, planters
and steps. For walls up to 25 ft (7.5m) high.
Gravity walls up to 3.5 ft (1 m) in typical conditions.
Standard Unit*
Tapered Unit
Corner Unit
Coping Unit*
6" x 8" x 12"
15cm x 20cm x 30cm
6" x 8" x 12"
15cm x 20cm x 30cm
6" x 8" x 12"
15cm x 20cm x 30cm
3" x 12" x 12"
7.5cm x 30cm x 30cm
Product: RomanPisa®
Project:
Location:
Storm Water Management Pond
Hope Township, New York
* Available in select markets
37
Product:
Eco-Optiloc™
& Eco-Priora™
Project:Museum of Science & Industry
Location:Aurora, Illinois
Design:
Stanley Consultants
Carol Yetken Landscape Architects
The Unilock advantage
At Unilock, our job is to make your job easier. That’s why we
maintain a dedicated team of professionals to work with
you on your project.
•
•
•
•
•
•
Background engineering
Site specific engineering for walls*
Budget pricing
Specifications, cross-sections and details for pavers and walls*
Lunch and Learn - Continuing Education Credits
Samples
Contact your Unilock Representative to see how we can
help you.
Software
Vespa.RS* is a retaining wall engineering software
program which enables the user to input grading and
layout information directly from the CAD design. The
software will easily produce full wall layouts with accurate
quantity estimates and comprehensive reports that are
specific to your site. Contact a Unilock representative for
more information.
Lockpave Pro® is a pavement engineering software
program developed by Dr. Brian Shackel, the world’s
leading authority on unit paver pavement design. This
powerful software is capable of designing pavement
structures for parking lots and roadways, and has even
been used to design international shipping ports.
PCSWMM™ (PP) is software that can be used to analyze
permeable pavement applications that specifically
incorporate the hydraulic properties of Unilock permeable
pavements. It allows the user to develop a simple model
of a permeable pavement design, run the program with
specific storm water data, and analyze the results of the
model.
Contact your Unilock Representative for more information.
Visit us online for:
•
•
•
•
•
The complete Unilock Architectural catalog
Over 250 hatch patterns for CAD
Retaining wall engineering software*
Unit paver and retaining wall specifications
Over 250 CAD cross-section drawings*
* from Risi Stone®
39
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