Potential of Small Hydropower Plants in Croatia Nikola Matijasevic

Potential of Small Hydropower Plants
in Croatia
Nikola Matijasevic, dipl.ing.
Senior Researcher
Energy Institute Hrvoje Pozar
München, February 24th, 2015
General Issues
•
Small hydro power plants in Croatia refer to those with installed capacity
up to 10 MW
•
When first researches on small hydro power plants potential began, the
term small hydro power plant referred to plants with installed capacity up
to 5 MW
•
All data are based on 20-30 years old researches that took into account
only technically exploitable potential without considering environmental
constraints, economic feasibility, biological minimum, etc.
3-1
Energy Mix in Croatia
Source: Energy Institute Hrvoje Pozar
Gross Hydro Potential in Croatia
•
The total gross (i.e. natural) hydro potential in Croatia is around 21.7 TWh
and technically exploitable (i.e. net) hydro potential is around 12.8 TWh
•
About 50% has already been used meaning that the remaining available
technical hydro potential amounts about 6.4 TWh
•
Approximately 10% of the total technically exploitable hydro potential
refers to the potential of small watercourses (≈ 1 TWh/yr)
Hydro Power Potential of Main Watercourses
in Croatia
Source: Croatian Chamber of Civil Engineers, 2012
Gross Energy Potential of SHPP (< 5 MW)
•
Researches on the potential of small watercourses in Croatia began in the early
1980s (installed capacity up to 5 MW)
•
A total of 130 watercourses were analyzed and two major groups were defined:
 watercourses with specific power greater than 50 kW/km and
 watercourses with modest possibilities for energy use
•
The first group counts 63 watercourses that were further analyzed which resulted
in the estimation of their net energy potential
•
Potential locations for construction of small HPPs were determined for each
watercourse, as well as the corresponding potential of each location
•
A total of 699 potential locations were defined which resulted in a detailed spatial
distribution of the gross potential of small hydro power plants
•
Total gross (natural) capacity of all locations on 63 analyzed watercourses
amounts 134.5 MW, with the corresponding gross energy potential of 1180 GWh
Gross Energy Potential of SHPP (< 5 MW)
•
The other group of watercourses was not covered by detailed research and
analysis
•
The gross energy potential was determined for each watercourse, without
specifying exact locations and their potentials
•
Total gross (natural) capacity of all watercourses in this group amounts 14.8 MW
with the corresponding gross energy potential of 129.6 GWh
Technical Potential of SHPP (< 5 MW)
•
Due to technical reasons, it is not possible to utilize the entire natural hydro
potential of a watercourse
•
63 analyzed watercourses:
 699 locations
 Total installed capacity amounted 177.1 MW with corresponding technically
exploitable energy potential of 567.7 GWh
•
The value of total gross capacity of 63 analyzed watercourses (134.5 MW) was
determined based on the average daily flows, while the value of total installed
capacity (177.1 MW) was determined based on the installed flows that are
generally from 1.3 to 2.6 greater than the average flow
Range of installed
power (kW)
Number of
locations
Share of
location
Total installed power
(MW)
Share of total installed
power
5000 - 1500
20
3%
50.2
29%
1500 - 1000
17
3%
21.7
12%
1000 - 500
42
6%
28.8
16%
500 - 100
296
42%
55.7
31%
< 100
324
46%
20.7
12%
TOTAL
699
100%
177.1
100%
Source: MAHE, Energy Institute Hrvoje Pozar, 1998
LOCATIONS
1500-1000 kW
3%
1000-500 kW
6%
INSTALLED POWER
5000-1500 kW
3%
5000-1500 kW
29%
500-100 kW
42%
< 100 kW
46%
< 100 kW
12%
500-100 kW
31%
1500-1000 kW
12%
1000-500 kW
16%
Technical Potential of SHPP (1-10 MW)
•
Further researches on unexploited hydro potential in Croatia included small
watercourses up to 10 MW
•
A total of 29 locations were defined for possible construction of small HPPs
from 1 to 10 MW
•
Total installed capacity on 29 possible locations amounts 182.6 MW with
corresponding possible annual generation of about 572 GWh
No
Hydro Power Plant
Watercourse
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
Toplice
Globornica
Jarče Polje
Majur
Polaki
Mrežnica
Jančić
Zvečaj
Ljeskovac
Slunj
Primišlje
Barilović
Kočićin
Otok
Božakovo
Ilovac*
Brodarci
Krčić Donji
Čikola I
Krčić Gornji
Žegar
Otočac
Ričice
Kačjak
SHPP Peruča
SHPP Pranjčevići*
Tisne Stine
Ričice
Konavle
Total
Dobra
Dobra
Dobra
Dobra
Dobra
Dretulja
Mrežnica
Mrežnica
Korana
Korana
Korana
Korana
Kupa
Kupa
Kupa
Kupa
Kupa
Krka
Čikola
Krčić
Zrmanja
Lika
Suvaja
Dubračina
Cetina
Cetina
Cetina
Ričice
Ljuta
–
* Under construction
Installed Capacity
[MW]
5.0
4.7
6.3
2.2
2.0
10.2
3.4
7.7
4.4
6.5
9.6
5.0
9.3
9.9
9.1
1.4
3.4
7.7
6.7
7.3
8.8
5.0
8.9
6.0
2.4
1.5
7.4
4.0
6.2
172.0
Possible Generation
[GWh/yr]
10,9
18,2
24,0
10,9
10.5
36.6
9.6
27.0
11.3
17.0
28.1
20.9
24.3
29.3
32.0
9.3
17.2
37.1
15.4
30.8
23.9
8.0
17.9
9.3
8.0
8.3
2.5
11.6
15.5
525.4
Source: Croatian Chamber of Civil Engineers, 2012
Environmental Constrains
•
By joining the EU, Croatia has harmonized the EU regulations in the field of
environmental protection and protection of nature
•
Thus the Croatian national ecological network became an integral part of the
European ecological network Natura 2000
•
Some of the existing hydro power plants are already part of Natura 2000
•
Acceptability of the project regarding ecological network and environment is
determined under the relevant procedures in the field of environment and nature
protection
•
Each individual project (whether it refers to large or small hydro power plant) is
very specific regarding its location and its technical solution
•
It can be concluded that the part of the hydro power potential will remain unused
because of increasingly strengthen environmental and other constraints (spatial
limitations, protection of cultural and historical heritage, public acceptance, etc.)
Feasible Hydro Potential
•
Detailed analysis of hydro potential was made only for 17 watercourses in
energy-abundant group (63 watercourses)
•
It is only possible to determine the potential of the analyzed watercourses, but
not the total feasible potential of small hydro power plants in Croatia
•
The analyses have shown 67 potential locations for construction of small HPPs
up to 1 MW (on above mentioned 17 analyzed watercourses)
•
Only 18 locations are determined as feasible after considering environmental
constraints, border area issues, protection of cultural and historical heritage,
spatial plans etc.
Feasible Hydro Potential of SHPP (< 1 MW)
No
Watercourse
Location
Installed Capacity
[kW]
Possible Generation
[MWh/yr]
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
Orljava
Orljava
Orljava
Orljava
Orljava
Orljava
Orljava
Orljava
Orljava
Kupčina
Kupčina
Kupčina
Kupčina
Vitunjčica
Butižnica
Jadro
Jadro
Ruda
Total
1
2
3
4
4/1
5
6*
7
8
2
3
4
7*
1
2
1
2
3/1
95
54
72
66
59
99
159
209
153
18
23
65
34
20
48
154
125
149
1 602
400
270
300
280
380
540
850
1 100
890
100
140
400
200
64
220
830
530
870
8 364
* Constructed
Source: Energy Institute Hrvoje Pozar
Feasible Hydro Potential of SHPP (1-10 MW)
•
More detailed analyses of 29 locations (technical potential of small HPPs from
1 to 10 MW) were made in order to determine the most promising projects for
construction of small HPPs from 1 MW to 10 MW
•
Some of the criteria to exclude location from further consideration were border
area issues (if the location is on or near the state border) and spatial plans of
a county (if the location is not included in spatial plan of a county)
•
These analyses excluded 15 locations from further consideration
Feasible Hydro Potential of SHPP (1-10 MW)
No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
Hydro Power Plant
Primišlje
Barilović
Ilovac*
Brodarci
Krčić Donji
Čikola I
Krčić Gornji
Žegar
Otočac
Ričice
SHPP Peruča
SHPP Pranjčevići*
Tisne Stine
Konavle
Total
Watercourse
Korana
Korana
Kupa
Kupa
Krka
Čikola
Krčić
Zrmanja
Lika
Suvaja
Cetina
Cetina
Cetina
Ljuta
Installed capacity
[MW]
9.6
5.0
1.4
3.4
7.7
6.7
7.3
8.8
12.7
6.6
2.4
1.2
4.4
6.2
83.4
Possible Generation
[GWh/yr]
28.1
20.9
9.3
17.2
37.1
15.4
30.8
23.9
20.3
13.3
17.0
9.0
8.8
15.5
266.5
* Under construction
Source: Energy Institute Hrvoje Pozar
Water Mills
•
There are about 50 water mills listed in the register of cultural property of
Ministry of Culture
•
Potential of old water mills should be further explored in order to determine
the real situation on each location
•
This potential is particularly interesting since these facilities require slightly
simpler procedure before construction and locations are mainly already
included in the spatial plans of counties/municipalities
•
In addition, some part of object (e.g. dam, intake) usually exist on such sites
which enable a greater water head and possibly less investment costs
Conclusion
•
The overall feasible potential of small hydro power plants in Croatia,
according to the existing researches, amounts about 100 MW with
corresponding annual energy generation of about 350 GWh
•
This potential is based on analyses of only several watercourses and thus can
be expected that the total feasible potential is higher
•
The research on potential of small HPPs in Croatia is still unfinished work
Example 1 – locations for construction
(watercourse Orljava)
Thank you for your attention!
Nikola Matijasevic, dipl.ing.
Senior Researcher
Energy Institute Hrvoje Pozar, Zagreb
Department for Energy Generation and Transformation
nmatijasevic@eihp.hr