Wacana Pengurusan Banjir - Lembangan Sg Klang/Kuala Lumpur

Flood Disaster and Its Impacts
In Malaysia
2nd International Course on Flood Mitigation and
Stormwater Management 2008
Department of Irrigation and Drainage
Malaysia
13 October 2008
CONTENTS OF PRESENTATION
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Flooding scenario – world perspective
Flooding scenario – local
Causes of Flooding
Flood solution currently practised
Conclusion
Floods are normal occurrences for the people of south Asia.
Every year, floods destroy crops and displace the region's
inhabitants. Floods are both a hazard and an asset. While the
floods are drowning crops and livestock, and damaging
property, they are also fertilizing the soil in the form of
dissolved and suspended solids.
FLOOD SITUATION IN THE WORLD
CURRENT FLOODING
Source: Dartmouth Flood Observatory
2007 Global Register of Major Flood Events
Country
Locations
Rivers
Bolivia
Central and
eastern
Bolivia Santa Cruz,
Tarija,
Cochabam
ba, Potosí,
Chuquisaca
, Beni
(Trinidad),
La Paz,
Oruro,
Pando.
Rio Grande,
Pilcomayo,
San Juan del
Oro, Bermejo,
Pirai.Mamore,
Secure,
Isiboro, Beni,
Maniqui
Dead
41
Displaced
62687
Damage
(USD)
main
Cause
Affecte
d sq
km
90,000,000
Heavy
rain
801,00
0
Source: http://www.dartmouth.edu/~floods/Archives/2007sum.htm
Notes and
Comments
Harsh rainy season
due to El Nino
causes flooding Bolivian government
declares a national
emergency on
January 18. 52,687
homeless. 350,000
affected by floods as
of February 23.
Thousands homes
destroyed or
damaged.Santa Cruz
- At least 7 deaths
since December.
210,000 hectares
hectares of crops
destroyed.Beni 22,000 cattle
drowned. Capital city
Trinidad under water.
Most of Beni
inundated. Worst
floods in Trinidad in
25 years.
Cont’d 2007 Global Register of Major Flood Events
Country
Locations
Rivers
Malaysia
Johor Kota
Tinggi,
Batu
Pahat,
Kluang,
Johor
Baru,
Segamat,
Mersing,
Muar and
Pontian.
--Pahang Rompin,
Raub,
Lipis,
Kuantan,
Temerloh.
Johor - Sungai
Johor. Bekok
and Sembrong
dams. Sungai
Semberong.
--Pahang Sungai
Setajam and
Sungai
Kampung
Bukit Seruk
Dead
2
Displaced
148,000
Damage
(USD)
main
Cause
425,000,000
Monsoo
nal Rain
Affected
sq km
26,380
Source: http://www.dartmouth.edu/~floods/Archives/2007sum.htm
Notes and
Comments
January 15 - 72
hours of torrential
rain rain causes
second wave of
flooding in Johor,
just as floods
from event 2006229 were
receding.
110,000
evacuated. Kota
Tinggi under 3
meters of water,
worst floods in
towns history.
January 21 - the
number of
evacuated
people in Pahang
rises to 672.
Agriculture
damage from
2nd wave of
floods expected
to be worse than
first wave (2006229)
Source: Dartmouth Flood Observatory
SUMMARIZED TABLE OF NATURAL DISASTERS IN MALAYSIA FROM
1900-2008
No. of
Events
Drought
Drought
1
ave. per event
Earthquake (seismic activity)
Tsunami
Killed
Bacterial Infectious Diseases
5000
-
-
5000
-
1
80
5063
500000
80
5063
500000
19
662
-
4.8
165.5
-
491
28765
-
70.1
4109.3
-
193
790396
75100
12.1
49399.8
4693.8
36
151600
23000
6
25266.7
3833.3
134
325307
978000
8.9
21687.1
65200
152
285
-
38
71.3
-
2
155
-
2
155
-
272
6291
53000
136
3145.5
26500
-
3000
302000
-
750
75500
4
ave. per event
Viral Infectious Diseases
7
ave. per event
Flood
Unspecified
16
ave. per event
Flash flood
6
ave. per event
General flood
15
ave. per event
Mass movement dry
Landslide
4
ave. per event
Storm
Local storm
1
ave. per event
Tropical cyclone
2
ave. per event
Wildfire
Forest fire
ave. per event
Source: "EM-DAT: The OFDA/CRED International Disaster Database
4
DamageUS (000s)
-
ave. per event
Epidemic
Total Affected
500 dead in flood-ravaged China
A PARAMILITARY POLICEMAN RESCUES A MAN TRAPPED DURING A FLOOD IN
GUANG'AN, SOUTHWEST CHINA'S SICHUAN PROVINCE. SUMMER FLOODS HAVE
KILLED MORE THAN 500 PEOPLE AND DISPLACED HUNDREDS OF THOUSANDS.
[REUTERS]
JULY 2007
RESIDENTS SURVEY THE DAMAGE TO HOUSES THAT COLLAPSED DURING THE
FLOODING IN GUANGAN.
WOMAN IN FLOOD IN BANGLADESH
THIS SHOPKEEPER IN DHAKA, BANGLADESH, DECIDED TO STAY OPENED
DESPITE HIS SHOP BEING AWASH WITH FLOOD WATER.
MILLIONS OF PEOPLE HAVE BEEN DISPLACED BY FLOODING AFTER
HEAVIER-THAN-USUAL MONSOON RAINS BATTERED SOUTH ASIA. LARGE
AREAS OF BANGLADESH WERE UNDER WATER. AUGUST,2007
SOUTHERN NEPAL HAS ALSO SUFFERED, WITH PADDY FIELDS
SUBMERGED BENEATH FLOOD WATERS IN RAUTAHAT.
EUROPE COUNTS COST OF FLOOD CHAOS
AUGUST, 2005
MONDAY, 19 AUGUST, 2002, 14:49 GMT 15:49 UK
EUROPE'S FLOOD LESSONS
POOR PLANNING IS PARTLY TO BLAME, SAY ENGINEERS
A HOUSE IS PARTIALLY EMERGED IN FLOOD WATERS JULY 13, 2004 IN SANJO,
NIGITA AND FUKUSHIMA PREFECTURES, LEAVING AT LEAST TWO PEOPLE
DEAD, ONE INJURED AND TWO OTHERS MISSING.
FLOODS IN KOREA
RESIDENTS ARE STRANDED IN FLOOD WATER FROM TYPHOON RUSA IN GANGNEUNG,
SOUTH KOREA. AT LEAST 47 PEOPLE WERE KILLED AND 33 OTHERS ARE MISSING IN
FLOODS AND LANDSLIDES CAUSED BY THE TYPHOON (SUNDAY, SEPTEMBER 1, 2002)
FLOODS IN NORTH KOREA AUGUST 14, 2007
UP TO 300,000 MAY BE HOMELESS IN DPRK FLOODS
DAMAGED BOATS AND CARS FLOATING IN SEA WATER AT MARINA
BEACH MADRAS, IN THE SOUTH INDIAN STATE OF TAMIL NADU ON
DECEMBER 28, 2004.
Serious flood hits Thailand
THAIS USE A BOAT TO GET AROUND DURING A FLOOD IN AYUTTHAYA, 70
KM NORTH OF BANGKOK, OCT. 10, 2006. THE DEATH TOLL BY FLOOD
HAS REACHED 39 WITH FOUR OTHERS MISSING UNTIL TUESDAY.
AN INDONESIAN YOUTH SITS AMID THE RUINS OF HOUSES DESTROYED BY THE FLOOD IN JAKARTA,
INDONESIA, YESTERDAY. BOATS FERRIED EMERGENCY SUPPLIES TO DESPERATE RESIDENTS OF
INDONESIA'S FLOOD-STRICKEN CAPITAL AS OVERFLOWING RIVERS AGAIN BURST THEIR BANKS
FOLLOWING DAYS OF RAIN. AT LEAST 25 PEOPLE HAVE BEEN KILLED AND ALMOST 340,000 OTHERS
MADE HOMELESS, OFFICIALS SAID.
JUN, 2007
FRIDAY, 30 MARCH, 2001, 18:45 GMT 19:45 UK
FLOOD IN AMERICA. EXTREME WEATHER: ONE CLAIMED EFFECT OF GLOBAL
WARMING
Types of Flooding
Flooding can be divided into different categories according
to their duration:
1. Slow-Onset Floods
Slow-Onset Flood usually lasts for a relatively longer
period, one or more weeks, or even months. Due to long
duration of inundation, damages may be due to loss of
stock, damage to agricultural products, roads and rail
links.
2. Rapid-Onset Floods
Rapid-Onset Floods last for a relatively shorter period,
they usually last for one or two days only. Although the
flood lasts for a shorter period, it can cause more damages
and pose a greater risk to life and property as people
usually have less time to take any preventive action
3. Flash Floods
Flash Floods may occur within minutes or a few hours
after heavy rainfall, tropical storm, failure of dams or
levees or releases of ice jams.
Types of Flooding
Flooding can also be divided into different categories according to
their location:
1. Coastal Floods
Coastal Floods usually occur along coastal areas. When there are
hurricanes and tropical storms which will produce heavy rains,
or giant tidal waves created by volcanoes or earthquakes, ocean
water may be driven onto the coastal areas and cause coastal
floods.
2. Arroyos Floods
A arroyo is river which is normally dry. When there are storms
approaching these areas, fast-moving river will normally form
along the gully and cause damages.
3. River Floods
This is the most common type of flooding. When the actual
amount of river flow is larger than the amount that the channel
can hold, river will overflow its banks and flood the areas
alongside the river. And this may cause by reasons like snow melt
or heavy spring rain.
4. Urban Floods
In most of the urban area, roads are usually paved. With heavy
rain, the large amount of rain water cannot be absorbed into the
ground and leads to urban floods.
Impacts of Flood
It may seem hard to believe that a small, slow-flowing
stream or gentle river could cause serious damage to
people and the places in which they live and work, but
looks can be deceptive!
People love to live near to rivers - in the past mainly for
food, water, transport and protection. Even today people
enjoy the peace and tranquility flowing water can offer.
Flooding can turn even the most harmless looking
watercourse into a raging torrent of large-scale
destruction - buildings may prove no obstacle to its
power; food crops may be ruined leading to food
shortages and even starvation; peoples lives may be
lost through drowning disease and homelessness.
Types of flood losses [Hekal,2000]
FLOOD SITUATION IN MALAYSIA
Flood In 1926
Royal Selangor Club…. 1949
Kuala Lumpur, January 1971
Flooding in Kuala Lumpur in 1971
Shah Alam, December 1995
Federal Highway, January 2000
The Star 30/10/2001
17 July 2004
Feb 2001 : Sibu
Oct 2004 : Pulau Pinang
Dis 2004 : Kota Bharu
Feb 2006 : Shah Alam
FLOOD EVENTS (1996-2006)
YEAR
AREAS AFFECTED
1996
WP Kuala Lumpur (Sg. Klang), Pulau Pinang, Perak, Selangor, Sabah dan Sarawak
1997
WP Kuala Lumpur (Sg. Klang), Pulau Pinang(Seb. Perai Utara), Kedah Terengganu
dan Sabah
1998
-
1999
Pahang, Terengganu, Perlis, Kedah, Pulau Pinang, Perak dan Selangor
2000
WP Kuala Lumpur (Sg. Klang), Perlis, Kedah, Pahang (Cameron Highland),
Selangor(Kajang, Serdang), Negri Sembilan, Kelantan dan Sabah
2001
Sg. Perak, Sg. Klang, Pahang, Selangor, Johor, Terengganu, Kelantan, Sarawak dan
Sabah
2002
WP Kuala Lumpur, Melaka, Sarawak dan Negeri Sembilan
2003
WP Kuala Lumpur, Pulau Pinang dan Kedah (Lembangan Sg. Muda), Sarawak, Johor
2004
WP Kuala Lumpur, Selangor, Melaka, Negeri Sembilan, Kelantan, Terengganu dan
Sarawak
2005
Perlis, Kedah, Kelantan, Terengganu, WP Kuala Lumpur (Sg. Kerayong), dan Sabah
2006
Selangor (Shah Alam), Kelantan, Terengganu dan Pahang, Johor, Melaka, N.
Sembilan,Sabah, Sarawak
FLOODS IN MALAYSIA
Climate and Topography
• Heavy Rainfall during North East
Monsoon affecting East Coast States
(Widespread floods)
• Intense rainstorms during inter monsoon
periods of April-May and August-October
(causing flash floods in major towns)
FLOODS IN MALAYSIA
Climate
Annual Average Rainfall
Peninsular Malaysia 2,500 mm
Sabah
3,000 mm
Sarawak
3,500 mm
Extreme Events
600 mm in 24 hours
100 – 200 mm in 1-2 hours
Monsoon and Convective Rainfall Pattern
Kelantan
600
PERLIS
THAILAND
500
KEDAH
mm
400
300
200
100
KELANTAN
TERENGGANU
0
1
PERAK
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Month
Monsoon
PAHANG
Convective
SELANGOR
600
500
NEGERI
SEMBILAN
400
300
MELAKA
200
JOHOR
100
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Month
8
9
10 11 12
10 11 12
FLOODS IN MALAYSIA
Topography
• Hilly upper reaches
• Normal sloping middle reaches
(1 in 2,000)
• Gentle sloping lower reaches
(less than 1 in 5,000)
• Mostly subject to tidal influence
downstream
FLOODS IN MALAYSIA
Topography
• Shallow river bed in flood plain due
to sedimentation
• High tidal influence can cause
flooding in coastal areas
FLOODS IN MALAYSIA
Types of Flooding
and Reasons for Flooding
i) Extensive basin flood
(Riverbank overflow)
ii) Inundation basin flood
(Backwater effect from tidal
influence affecting lower reaches)
FLOODS IN MALAYSIA
Types of Flooding
and Reasons for Flooding
iii) Inland flood
(poor drainage from inland
flood prone area)
iv) Urban flash flood
(inadequate drainage and storage
systems to cater for rapid
urbanization)
FLOODS IN MALAYSIA
IMPACT OF FLOODING
• Flood-prone area - 29,799 km²
• 9% of Malaysia’s land area
• 4.819 million people affected
• Annual flood damage estimated to
be RM915 million
KangarPERLIS
THAILAND
PULAU
LANGKAWI
KEDAH
Alor Setar
Flooded areas
- 29,799 km²
S.Kelantan
Kota Bharu
S.Muda
George Town
PULAU
PINANG
S.Terengganu
Kuala Terengganu
KELANTAN
TERENGGANU
S.Dungun
PERAK
Ipoh
S.Cukai
S.Perak
PAHANG
S.Bernam
Kuantan
S.Kuantan
S.Pahang
SELANGOR
Shah
Alam Kuala
S.Klang Lumpur
NEGERI
SEMBILAN
S.Rompin
S.Endau
Seremban
S.Linggi
MELAKA
S.Melaka
Melaka
S.Muar
JOHOR
S.Batu Pahat
S.Benut
Johor
Bahru
S.Johor
SINGAPORE
Kot a Ki na ba l u
S. Ki na ba t a nga n
SABAH
L AB UAN
* - Based on the
study ‘Updating
of Flooding
Conditions’
S. Ba r a m
SARAWAK
S. Re j a ng
S. Sa r a wa k
Kuc i ng
S. Sa dong
4.8 million people
affected
FLOOD TRENDS
1982
2002
Flooded area
(km2)
29,021
29,799
People
affected
(million)
2.736
4.819
CAUSES OF FLOOD
Natural causes
Human activities
Causes of Flood
Natural causes
- Rainfall
- Short, high intensity leads to
flash floods
- Heavy widespread rain leads to
land inundation
FLOOD EVENT IN KUALA LUMPUR
ON 10 JUNE 2007
Rain Histogram in Kuala Lumpur on 10 June 2007
Histrogram Hujan di Kuala Lumpur pada 10 Jun 2007
40
35
25
20
15
10
5
Masa (Jam)
JPS Ampang
Air Panas
Leboh Pasar
Jinjang
Air Terjun Sungai Batu
JPS Wilayah
Genting Sempah
Kuala Seleh
Jalan Cheras
Gombak Simpang Tiga
Empangan Batu
Taman Sungai Besi
Pandan Indah
Empangan Klang
22:31
22:16
22:01
21:46
21:31
21:16
21:01
20:46
20:31
20:16
20:01
19:46
19:31
19:16
19:01
18:46
0
18:31
H u jan (m m )
30
RAINFALL DISTRIBUTION IN THE KLANG RIVER
BASIN ON 10 JUNE 2007
Kawasan
Lembah Sungai Klang /
Kuala Lumpur
Nama Stesen Hujan
Jumlah Lebat
Hujan (mm)
Tempoh Ulang Lebat
Hujan (2-jam)
1-jam
2-jam
Empangan G. Kelang
59
61
Normal
JPS Ampang
74
122
52
Kuala Seleh
31
32
Normal
Empangan Batu
54
59
Normal
Air Terjun Sg. Batu
21
42
Normal
SMK Kepong
32
51
Normal
Genting Sempah
15
17
Normal
Simpang Tiga
38
42
Normal
Bukit Antarabangsa
3
104
18
Pandan Indah
33
56
Normal
Air Panas
68
108
21
JPS Wilayah KL
48
76
2
Jalan Cheras
43
63
Normal
Tmn Sungai Besi
41
50
Normal
Rainfall from 1 June 2007 to 11 June 2007
Nama Stesen
Hujan
Jumlah Hujan Harian Pada 1 Jun 2007 hingga 11 Jun 2007 (mm)
1-Jun
2-Jun
3-Jun
4-Jun
5-Jun
6-Jun
7-Jun
8-Jun
9-Jun
10Jun
11Jun
JPSAmpang
26
95
68
14
18
0
10
5
3
127
0
Jinjang
51
7
35
32
3
3
22
2
0
54
0
GentingSempah
21
0
4
5
0
0
4
4
0
31
0
GombakSpgTiga
1
21
77
4
5
19
52
9
0
43
4
PandanIndah
1
113
41
28
40
0
1
1
11
79
0
29
26
67
53
1
0
60
71
1
109
1
ATSg.Batu
0
9
12
46
22
0
3
10
0
43
1
KualaSeleh
0
56
13
17
0
7
2
13
2
33
0
EmpanganBatu
0
11
68
4
21
5
26
1
0
59
0
EmpKlang
0
90
22
8
1
4
13
12
1
61
1
LebohPasar
13
15
64
18
2
0
1
38
1
81
0
JamPetaling
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
35
8
113
17
1
0
0
46
1
79
0
JalanCheras
0
116
31
40
38
0
1
2
10
72
0
TmnSgBesi
0
34
71
32
9
0
1
3
7
54
0
12
40
46
21
11
3
13
14
2
62
0
AirPanas
JPSWilayahKL
Purata Hujan
Tadahan (mm)
Kuala Lumpur Isohyets Map
For two hours Maximum rain on 10 Jun 2007
40mm
20mm
Genting Sempah (17)
A.T Sg. Batu (42)
Empangan Batu (59)
Gombak Smpg. Tiga (42)
20mm
Empangan Klang (61)
40mm
Sentul
Kuala Seleh (32)
60
Jinjang (50)
40mm
Air Panas (108)
JPS WP KL (76)
TTDI Jaya (10)
Bukit Antarabangsa (104)
Jln Ampang (122)
Pandan Indah (56)
40mm
Leboh Pasar (77)
Water Level Station in Klang River atTun Perak Bridge
Water Level when Flood occur : 31.06 m
Klang River Water Level at Leboh Pasar on 10
Jun 2007
Side Elevation of Klang River at Leboh Pasar
32
Water Level during Flood = 30.50m
30
28
Elevation (m)
Dangerous Water Level = 29.50m
26
24
22
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
Klang River Water Level at Tun Perak Bridge on
10 Jun 2007
Klang River Side Elevation at Tun Perak Bridge
36
34
32
Water level during flood = 31.06m
Dangerous Water Level = 29.50m
Elevation (m)
30
28
26
24
22
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
Klang River Water Level at Sulaiman Bridge on 10
Jun 2007
Klang River Side Elevation at Sulaiman Bridge
34
32
30
Water Level During Flood = 28.29m
28
Elevation (m)
Dangerous Water Level = 27.00m
26
24
22
20
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
Masjig Jamek @ Leboh Pasar
STAR LRT down stream to Leboh Pasar
Leboh Pasar to Sg Gombak @ Sg Klang upstream
FLOOD EVENT IN JOHOR DURING
DECEMBER 2006 TO JANUARY 2007
Rainfall event between 18-21 Dec. 2006
Rainfall station
Total rainfall (mm)
Return period
(year)
24 hr
48 hr
24 hr
48 hr
Air Panas
535
693
> 100
> 100
Labis
320
499
> 100
> 100
Segamat
288
447
> 100
> 100
Ldg Chan Wing
257
395
> 100
> 100
Kompleks
Penghulu Chaah
Buluh Kasap
234
419
> 100
> 100
241
350
30
73
60
RAINFALL DISTRIBUTION BETWEEN
18-21 DEC 2006
3.8X
74
RAINFALL DISTRIBUTION BETWEEN
11-14 JAN. 2007
75
FLOOD AREAS IN JOHOR DURING DEC
2006-JANUARY 2007
78
FLOOD IMPACTS
Death : 16
Population displaced : 104,023 orang
79
Causes of Flood
Natural causes
- Rain
- Tidal effect
Port Klang, October 1999
Causes of Flood
Natural Causes
- Rain
- Tidal effect
- Topography
Kangar
PERLIS
PULAU
LANGKAWI
Alor Setar
THAILAND
S.Kelantan
Kota Bharu
KEDAH
S.Muda
George Town
PULAU
PINANG
S.Terengganu
Kuala Terengganu
KELANTAN
TERENGGANU
PERAK
S.Dungun
Ipoh
S.Cukai
S.Perak
PAHANG
Kuantan
S.Kuantan
S.Bernam
S.Pahang
SELANGOR
Shah Alam
S.Klang
Kuala
Lumpur
NEGERI
SEMBILAN
S.Rompin
S.Endau
Kesan topografi dan kawasan lembangan yang
besar seperti lembangan Sungai Kelantan
Seremban
S.Linggi MELAKA
S.Melaka
Melaka
JOHOR
S.Muar
S.Batu Pahat
S.Benut
Johor
Bahru
S.Johor
SINGAPORE
Causes of Flood
Human Activities
- Land Development with no /little
control
Uncontrolled land clearing
Causes of Flood
Human Activities
- Land Development
- Development Effect (Increase in
Discharge)
Agricultural Area
Urbanization Area
Development Effect
Fast
Development
0 40 %
Runoff Quantity
Q
Increases 190 %
Water Velocity
V
Increases 2x
TEPU BINA 1988
TEPU BINA 1990
TEPU BINA 1994
TEPU BINA 1996
TEPU BINA 1998
River discharge trend
(measurement at Sulaiman Bridge)
Annual flood
discharge of Sg.
Klang @Jamb.
Sulaiman increase
from 148 → 440
cumecs (3X)
Causes of Flood
Human Activities
- Fast Development with no control
- Development Effect
- Insufficient Drainage
Infrastructure
Insufficient
Drainage
Infrastructure
Causes of Flood
Human Activities
- Fast Development with no control
- Development Effect
- Insufficient Drainage
Infrastructure
- Obstacle in River
LRT
LRT
Klang River Condition near Yap Kwan Seng Road
Construction that
obstruct the flow
of water
Causes of Flood
Human Activities
- Fast Development with no
control
- Development Effect
- Insufficient Drainage
Infrastructure
- Obstacle in River
- Rubbish Dumping Area
Rubbish
Causes of Flood
Human Activities
- Fast Development with no
control
- Development Effect
- Insufficient Drainage
Infrastructure
- Obstacle in River
- Rubbish Dumping Area
- Poor Maintenance
Stack of Drainage
system
Causes of Flood
Human Activities
-
Fast Development with no control
Development Effect
Insufficient Drainage Infrastructure
Obstacle in River
Rubbish Dumping Area
Construction in Flood Plains
River Corridor Encroachment
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