Nanoparticle

Transcription

Nanoparticle

Basics of Nanotechnology
Global Business Potential
Pratim Biswas
The Lucy and Stanley Lopata Professor
Dept. of Energy, Environmental & Chemical Engr.
Washington University in St
St. Louis
Presentation at Gandhinagar, Jan 28, 2014
Nanotechnology
gy impacting
p
g us…
……… everywhere & all the time!








2
Got out of bed – slept on sheets – soft and stain free due
to Nanotechnology
Showered with nanotech shampoo & soap; put on
nanotech makeup & pants made of nanotech fabrics
Opened our nanotech fridges – drank milk and “ate” our
nanotech cookies & cereal
Got into our nanotech car – and listened to music using
our nano IPOD
At school or work – used our nanotech computers
Ventillation system and air cleaning system based on
nanotech to give us clean air & provide clean water
Came home in the evening, and sat down to watch
nanotech TVs or played video games or …..
came to listen to this nanotech lecture…..
AAQRL - Aerosol and Air Quality Research Laboratory
Outline


Nanoparticles: The Building Blocks
Blocks. What are
they?
N
Nanoparticles
ti l & E
Energy and
d th
the E
Environment
i
t
 The
Good
 The Bad
 The Ugly


3
What do we do about it? “Safe Nanotechnology”
(Use knowledge of Nanoparticle Science and
Technology – to convert the “Bad” to the “Good”)
Global Business Potential
NANOTECHNOLOGY IS NOT NEW
4th Century BC
1250 AD
4
Gold
G
ld P
Particles
ti l off
different nanometer sizes
Gold NP also purified the air
“Nanoparticles”: Building Blocks of
Nanotechnology
• Particles that
have one
dimension less
than 100 nm
• Building blocks for
nanotechnology
• Environmental &
Health Effects
Cross
Section
(not visible)
of human hair
(~ 50 μm)
Nanoparticle
10
Bacteria
5 Foot
μm ruler
RATIO OF SIZES
2500
20 nm TiO2
250 CMOS/DRAM chips
~ 200 nm feature size
1000
Vi
Virus
~ 50 nm
Earth
12 inches
Soccer Ball
1 nm
AAQRL
Aerosol and Air Quality Research Laboratory
Why are nanoparticles so interesting?
• Very high specific surface
area; Large fraction of
molecules close to surface
• Quantum Effects ((< 10 nm))
(Newtonian Mechanics not
valid)
• Properties
P
i very diff
different
from the bulk. Electron
transfer rates different –
affects many properties
• Control size – manipulate
properties!
Particle Size
((nm))
Percentage (%)
of Molecules in
Outer Layer
=1 – (1-dp/dm)3
2500 (2.5
(2 5 μm))
< 0.02
0 02
1000 (1 μm)
< 0.06
100
0.6
10
6
1
48.8
Outer monolayer
of molecules
AAQRL
Nanoparticles
Nanoparticles inare
theUbiquitous…
Environment
molecules
80 nm
SARS
10 to 100 nm
p
protein
fragments
nucleation
l ti iin atmosphere
t
h
corona virus
nanoparticle emissions
Naturallyy Occurring
g
((stationaryy & mobile sources))
occupational environments
(Engineered NP)
AAQRL
Environmental Nanotechnology
• Improving environmental
quality using the enhanced
structural, magnetic, electrical
and optical properties of
Nanoparticles
TiO2 coating
MWCNT
Sigmund et al., 2004
Environmental
v o e
Nanotechnology
N o ec o ogy
Sensors &
Material
Substitution Detectors
Emission
Control
Remediation &
Treatment
MultiWall Carbon Nanotube
www.aerosol.wustl.edu/aaqrl
Material Substitution
• The superior properties of Nanoparticles allow
for manufacturing products with better quality with
less and safer materials
Field Emission Display
Field
Emission
(FED)
Cathode
RayDisplay
Tube (CRT)
A few grams
nanotubes
15.9 kgofofcarbon
lead per
monitor
Low power
consumption,
consumption
light
light-weight
weight
Hazardous
waste under
RCRA
< 3”
12”
C th d R
Cathode
Ray T
Tube
b
http://www.noritake-elec.com/itron/english/nano/
AAQRL - Aerosol
and Air Quality Research Laboratory
Sensors and Detectors
• Higher sensitivity, better selectivity
f Nanoparticle
for
N
ti l based
b
d sensors
M ltif
Multifunctional
ti
l “S
“Smart’
t’ particles
ti l
Magnetic core
ZnO nanowires (10 nm dia)
www.Physorg.com
Carbon
Nanostructure
Silver
Nanoplatelet
Titania
Nanoparticles
Ag Nanoplatelets
L f
Lofton
& Si
Sigmund,
d 2003
Remediation
• Nanoparticles are applied for in situ remediation
of g
groundwater contamination due to the unique
q
transport properties and reactivity (Elliot and Zhang, 2001)
Fe0 nanoparticles
TCE removal is 2.3-82% at
4.5 m away from the injection
well in field measurement.
http://homes chem psu edu/bettina/research/present/Envir2001
http://homes.chem.psu.edu/bettina/research/present/Envir2001
Treatment
• Anchored Nanoparticles onto substrates are used
for treating contaminated air & water streams
Self-Cleaning Window
Nan
no-Photocatalyst
coated glass
Con
nventional glass
TiO2 coated tiles used in hospitals
Photocatalysis
Anti-Fogging
gg g Window
TiO2 coated tent
http://www.titaniumart.com/photocatalysis-ti02.html
Emission Control
– ToxicProcess
Metals
Nanostructured
Sorbent
• High surface area, porous Nanostructured
Wu, 1998
sorbents are used for emission control Biswas and Wu
w/o sorbents
suppress nucleation
nucleation
l ti
toxic
metal vapor
sorbent p
precursor
or nanosorbent
ceramic agglomerate
stable
clusters
growth
th
coagulation
suppress nucleation
promote chemisorption
& condensational growth
1
10
100 1000
(nm)
w/ sorbents
nanosorbentmetal
t l complex
l
Demonstrated >98% Pb & Hg removal
1
10
100 1000
(nm)
Nanoparticles and Energy
1999 US Energy Diagram
Dresselhaus and Thomas, Nature, 2001
Secure energy needs + clean energy
 alternative energy
gy source
Nanocatalyst and H2 Economy
• Hydrogen Economy
– Hi
High
h energy d
density
it (142 MJ/k
MJ/kg vs 47
MJ/kg for gasoline)
– Abundant supply,
supply load leveling,
leveling flexible
interchange with existing energy media
H H
• Nanocatalysts are key to
Sustainable Energy
gy
H2
Production
H2
Storage
g
Fuel Cell
• Transition to H2 Economy
H2 Production
• Nanocatalysts play the key role in harvest solar
energy for water splitting
– e.g. photovoltaic (PV) cells, photoelectrochemical
(PEC) cells or direct photocatalysis
photocatalysis,
Columnar
V
ILLUMINATED
2
Photocu
urrent (mA/cm )
DARK
+ 2 Film
TiO
2H+
2e-
+
HH2(g)
electrolyte
Photo--Anode
Cath
hode
Pt wire
2.00
Light
+ + 0.5O
H2O + 2h*2H
absorption
2
1.50
R
H2
Hydrogen
production
Effi i
Efficiency
~ 11%
2.50
e-h transport limited
limited
1 00
1.00
0.50
h0
0.00
1000
2000
3000
4000
Film Thickness (nm)
Photoelectrochemical Cell
AAQRLand
- Aerosol
andAIChE
Air Quality
Thimsen
Biswas,
J. Vol.Research
53, No.Laboratory
7 (2007)
Thimsen, Rastgar
and Biswas, J. Phys. Chem. C, 112, p. 4134 (2008)
Summary – Environmental Nanotechnology
&E
Energy
Status
Have
a e sstarted
a ed to
o use nanoparticles
a opa c es to
o improve
po e
environmental quality
Ch ll
Challenges
• Develop unexplored functionalities
f
off
nanoparticles
• Establish
E t bli h guidelines
id li
ffor iimplementation
l
t ti so
that there is no adverse impact
• Develop procedures for timely
implementation and adoption of safe
nanotechnologies
g
• Enable the development of alternative and
gy sources
sustainable energy
Few issues to address…..
Is Nanotechnology Safe?
Why should we be concerned?
?
Do not repeat mistakes of the chemical industry !
How can we ensure safetyy of Nanotechnology?
gy
Importance of Respiratory Pathway
• Human body’s 3 major contacts with the
environment:
i
t skin,
ki gastrointestinal
t i t ti l ttractt and
d lungs
l
• What are the important factors of Nanoparticles
for their health impact? e.g. chemical vs physical,
number/area/mass concentration?
Respiratory
Deposition
Clearance/
Retention
Translocation
• The Lungs
• Olfactory Pathway
Nano-Toxicity
• TiO2
• Carbon
Human Health
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
– ICRP,, NCRP
– Validate between 5 – 100 nm
– Need theoretically based
models
– Need to know the distinction
between molecules and
nanoparticles
1.0
0.8
Nasal, Pharyngeal, Laryngeal
06
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
0
0
0.0001
0.001
0.01
0.1
1
10
Diameter (µm)
100
1.0
% Regional Depo
osition
• Mathematical Models
% Regional Deposition
Respiratory Deposition
0.8
0.6
Tracheobronchial
0.4
0.2
0.0
0.0001
0.001
0.01
0.1
1
10
100
Diameter ( µm)
% Re
egional Deposition
n
1.0
0.8
0.6
Alveolar
0.4
0.2
(ICRP Model,
1994)
AAQRL
- Aerosol and Air Quality Research Laboratory
0.0
0.0001
0.001
0.01
0.1
1
Diameter ( µm)
10
100
Nanoparticle-Cell Interaction
Macrophage phagocytosis is the dominant particle
clearance mechanism in the deep lung
Inflammation
Translocation
Alveolar Macrophage
Bio Persistent
Bio-Persistent
Donaldson 1998
Donaldson,
http://saints.css.edu/bio/schroeder/macrophage.html
Translocation – through the Lungs
• Nanoparticles can be
transported to
extrapulmonary organs
– Cardiovascular system
– Liver, kidney, etc
• Material & species
dependent
• Hypotheses
– Translocation of nanoparticles
– Pulmonary inflammatory
reactions releasing mediators
at other locations
30 nm Au nanoparticles
AAQRL - Aerosolinand Air Quality Research Laboratory
platelets of pulmonary
capillary
Translocation – Olfactory Pathway
• Translocation also occurs in
the nasal region
• Selective transport to the brain
Ob dö t 2004
Oberdörster,
Nasal Cavity and Olfactory epithelium
htt //
http://www.octc.kctcs.edu/gcaplan/anat2/histology/respiratory
t k t
d /
l /
t2/hi t l
/
i t
NanoToxicity: TiO2
• Bulk TiO2 considered inert
• Stronger
St
responses for
f nanoparticles.
ti l
Special surface toxicity?
An ingredient in sunscreen
• Species dependent
TiO2 powder
Oberdörster, 2004
Jiang, Biswas et al. 2008
NanoToxicity: Carbon
• Shape and surface chemistry
play an important role
• Huge variation and
uncertainties
t i ti
≠
Fullerene
Wagner, 2005
≠
Chain aggregates from internal combustion
emission
& Frielander,2001)
Frielander 2001)
Compact(Xiong
Agglomerated
Dispersed
Carbon Nanotubes
http://www helixmaterial com/product html
http://www.helixmaterial.com/product.html
Luster, 2004
NanoMedicine
• Nanoparticle based technology is
a multifunctional tool for Diagnosis
Diagnosis,
Prevention and Treatment
Nanoparticles can be coded to
deliver medication to specific cells.
http://www.engin.umich.edu
Nanoclinics in carcinoma cell
Teague, 2004
Summary – Health Effects
Status
Challenges
Basic understanding of exposure to
nanoparticles and particle-cell interaction
• Develop a database of toxicological
properties of nanoparticles with proper
characterization
• Acute/chronicle exposure and respiratory
models need to be developed
p through
g
integration of theoretical modeling and
experimental measurement
• Consider number based regulations
htt //
http://www.nanotoxicology.ufl.edu/index.html
t i l
fl d /i d ht l
Impact on the Environment
• Limited knowledge of this subject is available
Environment
Transport
Bioavailabilityy
Toxicity
• Research on this subject is underfunded
– $0.2M out of $700M in 2003
Nanoparticle Mobility in a Sandy Groundwater Aquifer
Nanomaterial
Size (nm)
Dis to reduce C/C0 to 0.1%
Dis.
0 1%
Fullerol
1.2
14
SWCNT
0.7-1.1 X 80-200
10
SiO2
57
2.4
n-C60
168
0.1
TiO2- Anatase
198
01
0.1
Lecoanet et al
al., 2004
Fullerene in bass
Oberdörster, 2004
Summary – Environmental Impact
Status
Challenges
Poor understanding due to inadequate
f nding
funding.
• Understand transport and bioavailability of
nanoparticles in the environment /
ecosystem
• Life
Life-cycle
cycle analysis is needed
• Evaluate the holistic impact on the society
http://www.dnr.state.wi.us
Business Projections
Nanotechnology
gy The Next Industrial Revolution
Will it drive the Innovation Economy ?
A study
t d funded
f d db
by th
the N
National
ti
lS
Science
i
F
Foundation
d ti
projects that 6 million nanotechnology workers will
be needed worldwide by 2020,
2020 with 2 million of
those jobs in the United States (Roco, Mirkin, and
Hersam, 2010).
)
AAQRL
Activity on the ground is feverish. Some 1,500 nano startups
g around the world,, half of them in the U.S.
have emerged
Companies that long labored in dull-as-dishwater materials
businesses are finding that they can create a stir by
trumpeting their mastery over age-old particles, from specks
of ceramic to soot. Brokerages such as Merrill Lynch & Co.
(MER) and Punk
Punk, Ziegle & Co
Co. are scouring the markets for
nano-focused companies and plunking them into nano
indexes. Meanwhile,, investors,, torn between an alluring
g new
market and the fear of a dot-com-like bubble, are struggling to
get a grip on exactly what nano means for them
……. Bloomberg Businessweek
AAQRL
NANOTECHNOLOGY EXPO
Tokyo, Japan, 2014
This year's highlight is a special symposium focusing on ‘Life &
Green Nanotechnology’
Nanotechnology . 'Regenerative
Regenerative Medicine'
Medicine , 'Personalized
Personalized
Medicine', and 'Imaging', discussing the latest life-science research
findings which are moving closer to practical applications thanks to
nanotechnology.
t h l
The dominant theme for the ‘green’ segment will be 'Hydrogen',
which is garnering increasing interest as the ultimate source of
renewable energy. The program will explore the possibilities of the
age
g of a ‘hydrogen
y g society’
y which will bring
g with it fuel cell vehicles
and filling stations, as well as residential-use fuel cells for housing.
AAQRL
Investment by US Govt.
www.nano.gov
The National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI) is a US Government
The National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI) is a US Government R&D program of 27 Federal agencies working toward the common vision of a future in which the ability to understand and control matter at the nanoscale leads to a revolution in technology and industry that benefit society.
The 2014 US Federal Budget provides more than $1.7 billion for the
National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI), reflecting steady growth in
th NNI investment.
the
i
t
t The
Th cumulative
l ti NNI investment
i
t
t since
i
fiscal
fi
l year
2001, including the 2014 request, now totals almost $20 billion.
Cumulative investments in nanotechnology-related environmental,
health, and safety research since 2006 now total nearly $750 million.
$ 3 Billion Investment by
y US Companies;
p
; Higher
g
Worldwide
AAQRL
TREMENDOUS OPPORTUNITY FOR
DEVELOPING NATIONS
GREAT NEED FOR ENERGY AND
ENVIRONMENTAL NANOTECHNOLOGY
INNOVATIONS
One reason for the rapid global spread of
nanotechnology
gy is that the entry
y cost is comparatively
p
y
low. Countries that missed out on the computer
revolution because they lacked the capital to build vast,
high-tech factories that make silicon chips are less likely
to miss the nanotech wave.
AAQRL
Conclusions
• Nanoparticles are in every facet of our daily life
– There are natural,
natural anthropogenic,
anthropogenic engineered
nanoparticles
– Theyy impact
p
human health and the environment
– They can improve human welfare and environmental
quality
– They are critical to meeting our future energy needs
Is Nanotechnology good or bad?
Conclusions (cont.)
• Use Science to tackle challenges
– For deleterious nanoparticles, understand how they
are formed and their impact; and overcome or prevent
To avoid
pitfalls and
mistakes made on rapid
the resultant
problems
introduction
of a new
technology,
impacts
onthey are
– For beneficial
nanoparticles,
understand
how
health,
, the environment
thewe
society
y must the
be
formed
and controlled;and
hence
hence,
can harness
understood
the early stage
before
power ofatnanoparticles
to improve
thewidespread
quality of life
use of nanoparticles.
Future clean
clean-up
up costs and remedial action can be
avoided, and at the same time rapid development,
deployment and acceptance of safe
nanotechnology can be promoted.

Nanoparticle

Transcription

Similar documents

Micro Aerosol

Dr. Shouheng Sun

The Science of Stained Glass

Climate Change Dare to move

here - Women`s ROGAINE

CAN INDUSTRY PRODUCTS

Nanotechnology

poster at From Dust to Planetesimals 2006

TIRE INFLATORS