mockba

Bibliothdque du
BII
CH-1211 Gendve 22
28 JUNE 1 999
P0939 1
MEZHDUNARODNYI OBZOR TRUDA
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MOCKBA
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MEXAyHAPOAHOE
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Copyright
International Labour Organization, 1997
@
frasHrrft peAaxrop pyccxoro
u3AaHHA
j.C.
Eozamupeuxo
MEXAYHAPOAHA' OPTAHH3 AIJU fl TPYAA
Mex4yHapo.qHa, opraH[3aqfis'rpyaa 6bua ocHoBaHa s l9l9 r., qro6rr:aul[ruarb fipuHqxnbr
coqta.nsuoft cnpaBerrrrBocrt, t.r TeM caMbrM BHocurb BKJIaA g o6ecneqesre Bceo6uero fi AlrnreJrbuoro
uupa. YHrxaasuas oco6esnocrb ee crpyrcypbr 3aKJrroqaerc, B ToM, r{To npeAcran[TeJrH'rpyarulflxcr
u
pa6oro4arenefi Hapray c fipeAcraBxTeJrril[ npaBlreflbcrB nprlHriMalor yqacrrie a pa6ote
MexgyHapo4Hofi xorQepeHqnn rpyal, AauuuncrparxBHoro coBera MET u MHor[x eno
pernoHalbHbtx r-! apyrux opnaHoB. C noaaux MOT parpa6oralra cBoa MexayHapoAHbrx craHAaproB B
o6lacrr lpyaa,
oQopMJreHHbrx
B
accoulraunfi, troJrrrrt{Ke 3aHrrocru
BHAe xoHseHr.tufi
u
H
pekoMeHAauxfi, ornocrulxxcc
x
cso6oae
npoQyre6ur, ycJroB[rM Tpyaa, coq[aabxouy o6ecne.reuuro,
lpyaoBbrM oTHoureHHrM n MHoxecTBy
apyr[x coqlanbHbrx Bo[pocoB.
3na.rxremlrar vacru pa6oru MOT npeacrasrrer co6ofi xoHcynbrarlrrr cneqralrrlcroB r,r
TexHrrqecxyrc noMoulb oraellbHbtM crpaHaM. 3ra aerrenrHocrb xacaerc, HraBHbrM o6parou raxux
o6nacrefi, xax npo$yue6a, crr,rMyrrnpoBanr,re 3anf,Tocrr{, pa3Brdrne Koo[eparuBoB, counzlJrbHoe
o6ecnevenue, 6gronacnocrr n rt,trrleHa rpyaa, yqe6a rpyarulr,rxc, r,r rpyaoBbre orHoueHHr. B Xexese
B KaqecrBe caMocrocrerbHoro HayqHoro qenrpa QyHrq[oHxpyer MexgyHapoanurfi xncrltryr
couraaLHo-Tpy4oadx xccreaonaur.rft MOT, a n TypnHe Mex,6lHapo4Hufi yve6nurft uen'rp MOT
all,
pa3BnBarouHxc, cTpaH.
pa6o,rnfi annapar, tsAarerucxufi x
- crapefiruee n Han6oaee qlfraeMoe r,r3
acex rr.)aaHufi MET; saecs ny6ruxyrcrcr HayqHbre crarblr, cpaBnflTerrbHbre lrccreaoBaHH, r o6:opsr,
opraHlr3yeT xypcbr
HHcTpyxTopoB, r(oHTponepoB
r.t MeHe,ru(epoB n3
Mex4yHapo4Hoe 6rcpo rpyaa - ero Cerpe,rapr.rar MOT,
HccJreaoBareJlbcrufi uenrpu. (MexAynapoaHsrft o6rop rpyaa)
ee
cTaTHCTHqeCK[e MaTepUaJIbr, npaxTrrqecKue pyKoBoAcTBa H ap.
a
Marepuaaur, ny6nrxyeurre
<<Mexayxapoarou o6rope rpyaaD, 3aurnureHbr aBTopcxHM
npaBoM. oraanac pyxon[cb, aBTopbr coDraurarorcc Ha ro, qTo npaBo Ha rlx crarbro nepexoaHT r(
H3aareJrlo, KaK Tolrbxo crarbr npuHrra K neqaril. Aaropcroe npaBo o3Haqaer Hcrrrror{HTeJrbHbte
npaBa Ha Boc[por.r3BeAeHne H npoAaxy crarbu, Brurroqa, nepeneqarxy, $ororpaQnponanue,
uuxpoQnluurpoBaxre u aHalrorrqHbre BnAbt Bocnpolr3BeaeHur, a raKxe nepeBoabr. Hn o4rH r:
pa3aerroB xypHa"na He Moxer 6srru aocnpouaBe.u,eH, xpaHrrbc, fifl{ nepeaaBarbc, B rno6ofi Qopue r
ruo6uu cnoco6oM - 3JIexrpoHHblM, MarHHTHbrM, MexaHuqecxru, Qoro, B 3arrrcH unx xar-xn6yau
lHaqe - 6er nncuuesnoro pa3peueH[f, Aepxarern aBTopcxoro flpaBa.
Haaaaunr, coorBercrByronlxe nprurrofi a Oprarrcaqxu O6reansesnux Haqxi nparrxxe, a
r,t3JloxeHue MarepHana s Hacrocqeft ny6nuxaurr He f,B:rrlorc, BbtpaxeHreM xaxoro-ltt6o MHeHH,
Mex4yuapo4xoro 6rcpo'r:pyaa HH o npaBoBoM craryce mo6oft crpaHbr, pafioua, TeppHTopHH t,tnr Hx
gracrefi, HH o AeJTHM[Taqrn nx rpauyu.
OtsetctseHHocrs 3a BbrpaxeHHbre MHeH[q B rroarrxcaHHbtx crarbtrx, HccneaoBaH[qx u Apyrnx
pa6orax Jrex[T HcKJrroqnreJrBHo Ha Hx aBTopax, r ny6axraquc He o3Haqaer, vro Mex4yHapoAxoe
6ropo rpyqa pa3aelser 3Tu MHeHr.rs.
Ynoursasue ll.azaaunit tlxprr,r, xovrr,repuecxux u:4enxfi l,t fipoueccoB He o3HaqaeT nx ogo6peuur
Mex4ynapoguurrra 6rcpo rpyAa, xaK r,t orcyrcrBr.re ynoM[HaH[, xoHxperuofi r[upr"rur, xoMMepqecxoro
rls4enytfl, HnH npoqecca He cBxAereJrbcrsyer o6 nx xeoqo6peHnx.
Oprrunalruar ny6.nnxaque Hacrof,u.lux crareft ocyruecrsneHa MexAyrapoaHbrM 6rcpo rpyaa
(MOT, Xeuena) noA Harnauueu International l,abour Reyrer Jt l-2 1997 r. t,t Bocnpou3Boatrrcc c
couacxc MET.
flo
nonpocau npuo6perexun BbrnycxoB (<MexayHapoaHoro o6sopa rpyaa> o6paurarbc, no
yl. 3er"rrunofi naa, 34, Vucrulyr rpyra, oraen HayqHoaHarHTHqecKoro o6o6uIeHur H Bblnycka uxSopuaqnouHbrx MarepnaJroB. Ten./Qaxc (095) 916-29-88.
aApecy: 103064, Mocrsa, K-64,
flpnroxexue
K
xypHaJry
(ErorrereH b MnuncrepcrBa rpyAa r{ coquaJrbHoro pa3B[Tr,r,
Poccnfi cxofi @e4epaqnn>r
@ flepeaoa Ha pyccxnfi c3brx a xyaoxecrBeHHoe o$opr"rneure - peaaxuru xypHzura
<Ercrugresu MrHucrepcraa rpyaa H coultiurbHoro pa3Bnrrrr Poccxficrofi Oe4epauun>
n Hxcrnryra rpyaa MnrucrepcrBa rpyaa H couraJrbHoro pa3Br.trnfl
Poccuftcxofi <De4epaqxu (HHI4 rpyaa), 1998
SKOHOMLITIECKI,IIZ POCT I{ 3AHflTOCTb
CauaHra flaAa.rruno*
u Maprco Bnnaperrtl**
3AHflTOCTb I{ SKOHOMI{TIECKTIIZ POCT
B CTPAHAX (EOJIbIIIOfr CBVTEPKI{>
B nocre4xee BpeMc KaK cnel(uaJrracrbr, rax u o6ogpeBarenr,r B cpeAcrr.rHt[opMaur{u BbrpaxaJrr,r oflaceHurr orHocureJrbHo rpyAoeMKocrrr
3roHoMr,rqecxoro pocra. Taxag osa6o.{eHHocrb cBr3aHa c flpeAnonoxeHueu, 6y4ro HbrHer.rrHr,re Qoprtru rexHoJroruqecKux nepeMeH octa6lalu ulu
Aaxe cBenH Ha HeT noJIoxHTeJIbHyrO CBfl3b MeXAy 3KOHOMHqeCT(HM pOCToM l,r 3aHrrocrbro, xapaKTepHyrc AJm tlop4racrcxoro (GoJrororo BeKa).
Hexoropsre cleuuaJrr,rcrrr n o6o:peBareJrrz Aaxe pa3Brrlt4 grvt orraceHu, B
crleHapr,[r, flpeAcr(a3brBaroque GoHerI TpyAa) B KaqecTBe Bo3MOXHOTO
cneAcrBns coBpeMeHHbrx reHAeHrlufi s sroHoMr,rKe r,r rexHoJrorur,r.
3ror Bonpoc 6yam HaMH paccMorpeH KaK co cpaBHr,rreJrbHoTeoperr,rqecxofi, rax u c 3Mnrrpu.{ecxoft ToqeK 3peHHq. Crarrs nocrpoeHa
cneAyroqr,rM o6parou. Csaqala [peAcraBneHbr reoperr,rqecxue paMxn
crarbu. Ha ocHose Qpanqy:cxofi reopur,r perynupoBaHtfl tpe1npr,rHflTa
nonbrrKa BbrAeJrr,rrb oco6eHsocru nocrQopAllcrcxofi gnoxr4 c roqK[ 3pe-
nax
HI,Ig COOTHOIICHHC MCXAY SKOHOMHI{CCKI,IM POCTOM H 3AHqTOCTbIO. FUNOTe3a O (pOCTe 6O pa6ovux Mecr) fiporr,rBonocraBJreHa 6olee orrr]rMHcrH'{ecxofi Tor{Ke 3peHr4r, corJracHo xoropofi 3KoHoMHr{eCXufi pocr colpoBo)KAAeTCfl yBenI,Ir{eHr,IeM 3aHflTOCTI,I, B CBeTe pa3nlrr{Hblx noAxoAoB K TCXHO_
rlorHr{ecKoMy nporpeccy.
3areu paccMorpeHbr 3Mnrrpr,tqecKr,re AaHHbre o Koppenrrlur4 MexAy
pocroM 3KOHOMHKI,i I{ 3aHflTOCTbrO r{ corrocraBneHbt ocHoBHbre 3MnHpuqecKHe pe3ynbTaTbr raccneAoBaHr,rr.
'
"
Eocroscxl.tfi xolaeAx.
MexAyuapoAHoe 6ropo rpyaa, Xeneaa. flpexune BapHaHTbr crarbr, 6ulru no4ro-
roBrrenbr arc MET (o6ropxrrfi AoKyMeHr alg world Employment 1996t97
ILo, Geneva,
1996) u xoHQepeuuur.r <Texxoaoruq, oxoHoMr,rqecxa, uHTetpauufl Lt co\uanbHas cta6u6-
-
Hocrb) (Maacrpaxr, anperrb 1997 r.), opraHn3oBaHuofi o paurax nporpaMMbr Enponeficxofi xout'tccuu tro ueJIeHanpaBJIeHHbrM 3KoHoMuqecK[rla HcireaosaHnru (ISER). Aoropul
xacrosuefi crarbr.r nonyqunu $nnaHconyrc noAAepxry or MET, TSER u CNR (Consiglio
Nazionale delle Ricerche).
4
?Kouomlqecrufi pocr
r 3anmocrb
.{alee cneAyer pa3Aen, B KoropoM coAepxr,rrcs onncareJrbtafl crarvcrr,rKa AIilHaMUKU pe:IJrbHoro BB[, 3aHflTocrr,r n pa6ouero BpeMeH[ B
crpaHax <<60lrruofi ceuepxu>>l
KaK SO SCefi 3KOHOMT.{Ke, TAR il n O6pa6arumarcu1efi npouuurJreHHocrr.r
3a neproA 1960-1994 rr. oco6oe
- 3JIaCTHTiHOCTbTO
BHHMaHlre yAeneHo pa3nl,rqurc MexAy
COOTHOIITeHH' 3auffocrr/pocr so scefi 3KoHoMHKe n A O6pa6arrmaroqefi [poMbrruneHHocrv, a raKxe MexAy Qop4r.lcrcxr.rM neplroAoM Ao ueQrruux ruoKoB (19601973 rr.) ra nocrt[opAr.rcrcKnM neproAoM (1980-1994 rr.). I{enr yr(a3aHHbIX NPOCTbIX CTATI,ICTI,IqECKHX BbIKNAAOK COCTOI,IT B BbIflCHCHHI4 TOrO,
Aeficrs[renbHo
Jrr,r
B nocneAHee BpeMr npor,t3oruno cHr,rxeHr.re 3Jracrr,lrtHou HMerorcs nn IIpHMepur pocra 6es
crH coorHorrreHr,rfl pocrbaHarocrb
yBefir,rqeHr.rs
3aHsrocrH B
3KOHOMT{r(e
B rlenoM LtIil B O6pa6arsrrarculeft
npoMbr[rneHHocrr,r xaxux-nu6o crpaH <<6olruofi ceMepKr,r>. B nocne4neft
rracru 3Toro pa3AeJra paccMorpeHsr xostptlnqrreHTbr KoppenqrrHH H perpeccilu B orAeJIbHbIx crpaHax, onrITb-TaKI,I npHMeHr4TenbHo Ko acefi gxoHOMr{Ke I,I TOnbKO x o6pa6arrmalouleft npoMbrruneHHocrH. flepeueuusre
NPCACTABJICHbI NPU STOM B BI,IAE TEMNOB AI,IHAMI,IKI' C IIEJIbIO O6UAPYXUTT,
npoH3orxno nn ocna6neHr,re cBr3r.r MexAy pocroM gKoHOMuKr,r u 3aHcrocrr4
r.r 3aMerHbr JrH KaKHe-Jru6o crpyxrypHbre crautrtt B TeqeHUe lg60-lgg4 rr.
B :axnroqnrgJrbHoM pa3Aene o6o6qeurr ocHoBHbre BbrBoAbr crarbtr w
yKa3aHbr cJreAcrBr.rs AJH AanbHefiuux trccJreAoBaHufi,
s noturuxu.
POCT SKOHOMUKU rI 3AHflTOCTb
B [OCT@OPru,rCTCKyrO grroxy
@panqyscxas ((Teopu, peryn,poBa'
fl>>,
paspa6oraHnar po6eprou
Eofieporu l,t ero KoJrJreraMrd B HaxoArrrleMcf, B hapuxe Llenrpe flepcneK-
Tr{BHbrx r,rccneAoBaHUi,t n/.areuaTl.lqecxofi 3KoHOMHKTT [puMeHr.rreJrbHo K
nnaHnpoBannrc (CEPREMAP), HcxoAr.rr r,r3 Toro, rrro gKoHoMr.rqecKarr
cHcTeMa perynupyeTcf 3KoHoMI'IqecKHMH, coquanbHbrMu u ITHCTI,ITyLIHoH'IJIbHbIMI,I OTHOIXEHHSMI,I, NO3BOJIflIOUIIAMH Cfi
SYHXTIUOHHPOBATb. CO.
fJracHo orofi reopuH, perynnpoBaHHe
3TO
COBOKyIHOCTb
HHCTHTyTIHOHAJIbHbIX PAMOK, CNOCO6HUX NOAAEPXI,IBATb MAKPO3KOHOMHI{ECKI,IE OT.
HOIIIesUf,2. Ecru ynourHyrble orHoIIreHI,L OTJIaXeHbr, Moxer npoucxo-
Al,rrb SKoHolrlfiqecxHfi pocr, B To BpeMs xax 4uc6alaHc B orHoIrIeHHrIX
BeAer K I(pI'I3Hcy cHcreMbl' a B KoHeqHoM crlere K I,I3MeHeHurM B perynHt A nueuuo, s CUIA, f,noanu,
I-eprr,raur.ru,
OpaHquN, Vratuu, Belnxo6pnraxnn n
KauaAe. Bo scefi crarue rrc6ac ccbrJrra Ha Fepuanurc orHocHTcc x <DpF, r.e.-3anaauofi
I-epruauuu [o H nocJre BoccoeanreHnr.
2 CaeAyer orMerurb, qro
B AaHHoM KoHTeKcre cJIoBo (perynr.rponaHrre)) He orHoq.rrc,
HCKJrrOqr{TeJrBHo K CoorHorueHrlrc MexAy DMeuareJrbcrBoM focyAapcrsa
}.!
QyHxu}roHr.rpo-
BAHI'CM PbIHKA; (TCOPT,I' PEryIIHPOBAHH'D KOHUCHTPITPYCT BHI,TMAHhE HA
PA3JI},!qHbIX }IH-
crHTyrax
r
Aeficrayrcu1Hx Jrr.ruax, Koropbre no-pa3HoMy xaparoeplr3yror MaKpo3roHoMI.t-
qecKHe npuql,IHHo-cneacTBeHHbre cBr3H.
9ronomrqecrrft pocr rl 3aHflTocrb
5
poBaHr,rH ero. ocHoBHbrMr,r 3NoHoMI,rqecKlIMIt Id coIIHanbHbIMI,I OTHOIIIeHuflMt4 B paMKax AaHHOfi sOpusr perynnpoBal/.I,,.s flBltflrorcfl: a) pexHM
Har(onJreHr4r (Br,rAbr rexHoJror[qecKlrx prguesegufi H oaroopbr [HBecrr,rquoHHofi AerreJrbHocru); 6) MoHerapHbre orHor.rreHLrs (aronBHbre B orJIIrrII4e
or
naccHBHofi MoHeTapHofi nonr{Tr.rKH); B) xaparcep pbrHKa rpyAa
(xonxypenrHbrfi B orJrnqr.re or perynfipyeMoro pbrHKa c npr4Bnnerueft
npoQcorcsau); r) Qoprr,Ia r(oHr(ypeHrlun (coneprueHHafl KoHr(ypeHr{r,rr B
rporuBonoJroxHocrb uouonomru); D MexAyHapoAHbre ycnoBr.r.s
(cra6nnrHurft uex4yHapo4Hrrfi KJrHMar B flporr,rBofloJroxHocrr gnxofi
KoHxypeHuun); e) $opua rocyAapcrBeHHoro BMeruareJrbcrna (4onyuleHue
B orrurrue or xefiscuascxofi nolurl,rxu) (cn,t. Boyer, 1988a, 1988b).
Ecnn cyulecrByer [paBrrJrbHar B3a[MocBr3b MexAy HHcrtrryrlnoHaJrbHbrMr,r $opuarrau H pexnMoM HaKonJreHHr, ycTaHaBJI ytBaeT cfl $oprr,ra
perynlrpoBaHufl !4 nponcxoAuT 3KoHoMr.rqecxufi pocr. Y4avHbrM Hcropuqecxr.rM npr,rMepoM 3Toro cnyxnr
$op4r.rcrcrar Qopua perynrrpoBaHlz.s.,
upeo6na4aBruaf, B 6oruurHHcrse pa3BuTbrx crpaH nocJre rropofi uuponofi
softHrr. B gror fleprloA pexr,rM HaKonJreHr,rfl crail 6olee r,rHTeHcr,rBHbrM ]r
pearlrpoBan Ha MaccoBoe norpe6leHue; r,rHBecru\vt4 nnaHr,rpoBaJrr,rcb B
pacqere Ha eQ$exrusxrrfi cnpoc, a MexaHr,r3M ycr(opeHH, cran HannyqruuM o6rccHeHr,reM AT,THaMHKH r,rHBecrr,tq[fi. Kporrle roro, npoQcoro3br r,r
noJrr.rrrdKa 6narococrosHrm ortpeAefiflru xapaxTep pbrHKa rpyAa: 3apaOotuas nJrara crall.a 6olrure 3aBr4cerb or npon3BoAr,ITeJrbHocrlr, qeM or
ypoBH, 6espa6ornqrr. B cnoro oqepeAb, pacryulafl :apa6ornas nJrara
o3Har{aJra MaccoBoe norpe6leHne, a yBelrrseHr4e cnpoca B peyJrbrare
cTl4Mynr,rpoBano AonoJIHHTeJIbHbre HHBeCTr,rqvv, a c HHMI.I pocT npoIt3BOAr,rreJrbHocru 6narogapr rexHoJrornr{ecxoMy nporpeccy H gxoHoMur,t,
o6ycroareHHofi yBenr,rqeHr,reM Macurra6os npou3BoAcrBa. Oror
<6rarornopHufi xpyr>, no Kalt.qopy, nexaJr B ocHoBe raK Ha3brBaeMoro
(€oJrororo BeKa) r,r 3xoHoMrlqecxoro 6yua 50-x n 60-x roAoB.
foaopr o Apyrux HHcrr,rryrluoHaJrbHbrx Sopuax, oJrrnronoJrlrcrr,rqecKa, KoHKypeHrIr{, BeJra K 3KOHOMr,rr4, CnssaHHoft c naacurra6aMr{ AerrreJrbHOCTr,r, H K BOBJrer{eHHrO B npo$coro:sr. MexAynapoAHbre ycrroBhrfl 6ulu
cra6nmnuMr,r c MoMeHTa BaJrrorHoro corna[reHr.rfl n Epemou-Byace ao
HaqaJra 70-x roAoe, a MexAyHapoAHar roproBnfl HeyKnoHHo BO3paCTana.
BnaeruarelrcrBo rocyAapcrBa r,r MoHerapHafl, vt Qucxamuafl norrvruKa
cyMeJrr,r AoJrxHbrM o6paeou cornacoBarb npeAroxeHr,re roBapoB kt oxr4Aaeurrfi cnpoc.
B qelou, $op4ucrcxae r[oprt,ta peryn]rpoBa:aufl Ao KoHqa r,rcrroJrb3oBaJIa rexHoJlor[qecKHe Bo3MOXHOCTLI, Hanpr,rMep xonnefiepHoe npor,r3BoAcrBo, reftlopnrna n HayqHyro opraHr,r3arlvro rpyAa, Koropbre 6:H.tu
H3BeCTHbr yxe B 20-e ro4ur, Ho B ro BpeM, He nonyqHnH coorBercrByroIqHx coIIHaJIbHo-3KoHoMuqecKIlx paMoK Anfl cBoero pa3Bvt'r[fl,, Lt 3ToT
Auc6atasc npr,rBen K 3aMerHoMy nepenpor,r3BoAcrBy H Aeflpeccur.r 30-x
roAoB.
3rosounqecrufi pocr rl 3axrrocrb
OAHaro s 70-e roAbr nonoxnrenruufi H caMoperynupyroquficr Mec6oit. Texno.norur MaccoBoro npor.r3BoAcrBa craHoBuJracb Bce MeHee sSQexrunHoft, .{To, HaprAy c BHeruHr,rMr,r uroKaMu,
cBr3aHHbrMr,r c pBKr,rM noBbrureHr,reM rIeH na ueQrr n Apyroe cbrpbe, nplaBeJro K ycxopeHuro uuQrrquu; Ha3BaHHbre Qaxropur o3Har{aJr}r coxparqenne npu6uIrefi, tax qro HHBecrH\uv craltr 6oluue 3aBl{cerb or HaKo[JreHHbrx npn6uneft, qeM or oxugLauuit cnpoca. Kport,te roro, nofiHa no
Bretuaue u o6ycronneussrfi erc 4eQr.rqnr nJrarexHoro 6alaHca CIIIA
npr,rBenn K Kpaxy Eperron-ByAcKoro cornarueHr,rr, a [epuoA MexAyHapoAHbIx QuuaHconux norprceHufi oruaueuosar co6ofi r(oHerl cnoxoficrens 60-x roAoB. Haxoneq, KorAa MoHerapHa, H HaJroroBa, noJrr,rrr,rKa
craJru opueHTr,rpoBarbc, Ha 6opr6y c uHQnrqnefi n pacryrquuu 6rc4xerHbrMr,r AeQuqnrauu, Bo3Hr,rxJra norpe6Hocrb B aHTr,rKpH3HcHbrx Mepax, qro
cnoco6crsosaro oKoHqaHuro Aeilcrnug <<6naroraopuoro Kpyra), no
Kars4opy. I,Iusrr',Ilr cJroBaMr,r, Bce nepequcJreHHbre Qaxropu noMeruaJrr4
$yHxqr.rouupoBaHr,rrc tpopgr.rcrcrofi MoAenu 3KoHoMr.rqecxoro pocra,
onHparoqerocrr Ha cnpoc.
flosrouy s 80-e roAbr rrl,tcrbrfi Qop4r.l:r'a cran ffioHTpnpoAyKTr.tBHbrMD
(Boyer, 1988a, pp. 86 ff.), a erouoMr.rqecKaq cucreMa cralra o6Hapyxunarr
unsre Qopubr perynupoBaHufl (Boyer, 1989, 1990; Leborgne and Lipietz,
1990). flepexo4 or Qop4racrcxofi r nocrQop4ucrcxofi Qopnre perynupoBauilfl, Haqarcfl B cepeAuHe 70-x ro.qos, r.r B Kaxofi-To Mepe oH npoAonxaercfl pt B Hacrosrqee BpeMfl. OAnaxo cMbrcJr nocrQop4n3Ma ocraerc, HeonpeAeneHHsru. C oAnoil cropoHbr, 6onrruuscrBo pa3Br,rrbrx crpaH BoLuJII,r B nocr0op4r.rcrcxyro 3noxy flpocro noroMy, rtro 3axoHqunacr $opAncrcKas 3noxa; c 4pyroft cropoHbr, oco6eHHocru Hosofi tlopr'aur perynrpoBaHrfi eule [onHocTbro He ofipeAenr{nlrcb r.r Bo MHoroM 3aBHcsT oT cnequQuxn crpaHbr. Xors sce crpaHbr croJrKHynrrcb c Kpr,r3ucoM B Br,rAe cHHxeHH, o6ycloueuHbrx cnpocoM TeMnoB pocra H KoHrIa MaccoBoro [poI,t3BoAcrBa, HoBbre rpe6onauus x ru6xocrn yAoBnerBopqrr4cb B Hlrx nopa3HoMy. CrpaHrr O3CP norrbrraJrr{ct saitru nyru ur6exarb r(pn3r,rca
$op.uusr,la: CIIIA u Belnxo6prTaHnfl npu6euu x Heolu6epanbHoMy
noAxoAy, ocHoBaHHoMy Ha KoHKypeHTHoM pbrHxe rpy4a,.SnoHur npu6ema x <<roftoru:My>>, t4lu HeoKop[oparu3My, a KoHTHHeHTaJrbHa, Enpona - K KoMnpoMrrccy, coqera, 6narococroflHue v ru6xocrr. O4Haxo qelr
Hactorqeft crarbr{ He cocroaT B HccneAoBaHlar pa3lturtHbrx HatluoHaJrbHbrx crparernfi, npusBaHHbrx [peoAonerb HeAocrarxu t[op4r.r:r,aa. Cxopee, BHHMauue 6yger cocpeAororreHo Ha [ocJreAcrBuflx crpyrcypHoro
KpI,r3I{ca Qop4r.rcrcxofi Sop u sr perynrpoBa Hufl Nrfl, gKoHo M [rrecr(oro pocxaHI,I3M Qop.4uarvra Aan
TA I,I 3AH'TOCTH.
O.qHo ua o6qenpu3HaHHbrx nocneAcrBr.rfi xpaxa QopAucrcxofi uoAe3To 3aMeAJreHr,le sKoHoMr.rqecKoro pocra Bo Bcex crpaHax OSCP; xax
6y4er noKa3aHo HHxe, cpeAHeroAoBbre reMnbr pocra s 80-e u saqale 90-x
nr,r
-
Srononnqecrufi pocr ll 3axerocrb
7
roAoB oKa3ilJrlrcb 6olee rIeM HanoJroBI,IHy HI,IXe, qeM B neplroA (€oJlororo
BeKa).
haeHrlfi Bonpoc [pHMeHHTenbHo K 3aHrrocru 3aKJlloqaerc, B ToM,
cBq3aHbr JIH HeyAOBnerBOpr,ITenbHbre noKa3areJll{ nocJle KpH3HCa QOp4l,tSMa roJrbKo c 3aMeAneHI,IeM pocra HJII,I xe oHI4 TaKxe o6ycloueHbl cHI,IxeHHeM 3Jracrr,rrrHocru 3aHrrocru. O6ycronun ltu Kpvt3vtc nocrQop4u:ua
Tonbxo cHuxeHue reMnoB pocra 3KoHoMI,rKlI L 3aHtrocrtt uJtu xe Ha6nro-
Aancfl
p
a3pbrB B co orH
o rxeH r,rr,r
3aHsroctr/p ocr axo
s o u l,tx t t?
B pauxax noAxoAa reoperr.rKoB perynnpoBaHus rlpaBAonoAo6sul o6a
pe3ynbrara. OsHa.rarcr lu uy6oKr,re rexHoJror[qecKl,Ie H l,IHcrl,trytluoHaJrbHbre [epeMeHbr 70-x roAos rrcropuqecKufi canur B coorHorxeHl,Iu
pocr/sauarocrs? Llnu xe Kpu3r,rc nocr$op.ur,r3Ma uMeJr cepbe3Hbre nocneA-
An' TeMnOB 3KOHOMI{qeCKOrO pOCTa, He 3aTpOHyB COOTHOpocr/:anarocrr?
O6a nassaHHblx ralrca ocHoBaHbI Ha pa3Hblx rnrrore3ax orHocr,rTeJIbHo sorAefictsn, TexHoJroruqecKr,rx nepeMeH. Te, rro noJlaraer, r{To B
nocr$op4rlcrcxl,rx o6rqecrnax Bo3MoxeH pocr gKoHor'rr,rxu 6e: yBenrrqeHI4' 3aHTTOCTH, He BepsT B pbtHorIHbte KOMneHCaIIHOHHbTe MexaHr,r3Mbr
rexHoJrorur{ecxofi 6espa6oruqrr u y6ex4eHbr, qro nocrQopgucrcxr{e rexHoJrorHH, o6yclosreHHbre gKoHoMHqecKHM pocroM (rexHonorun uut[opMa;.1:zA u cntsu), no csoefi rpnpoAe sBrrrorcn 6olee rpyaoc6eperarculuMIa, qeM npexHue Qop.qracrcxue rexHoJrorr,rr,r. .(pyrne xe Bce eule Beprrr B
cTBIrfl
TOJTbKO
rueHlte
recHyro cBr3b MexAy pocToM H 3aHsTOCTbrO, He BIdAflT CTpyKTypHbrX pa3lu,twia MexAy nocneAcrBusMu Nrfl 3aHflTocrr,r co cropoHbr $op4ncrcnvtx LI
nocrQoplucrcxr,rx rexsolorufi u 6olurue AoBeprror pbrHoqHbrM MexaHr,r3MaM B KaqecrBe [port4BoBeca Bo3MoxHbrM norepru pa6ovux Mecr B
cBfl3r C flporpeccoM TexHoJrofHr,r.
floerouy Ha Aauuofi craryt4u noJre3Ho 6olee BHHMareJrbHo paccMorperb rr,rnore3y, nexaruyro B ocHoBe re3uca o pocre 6eo yneluveHnr pa6orIHx Mecr, u 6olee onruMr,rcrr,rqecKylo rlrnore3y, oroxAecrBnrloqyro 3r(oHoMlrrrecKr,rfi pocr H yBennr{eHne 3aHqrocru.
tI OCNEACTBUfl TEXHOJIO| I,III ECKI,IX I,I3MEH E,HI,,.I'I
ABE |I,I[OTE3bI
AN'
3AH'TOCT}I
:
C nepnurx 4uefi srouoMuqecKafl Hayxa crpeMr,rnacb pa3Berrb o[aceHHc orHocHTeJrbHo Bo3MoxHbrx He6laronpHrrHbrx [ocneAcrBl,rfi rexHoJroru uecKoro nporpecc a g.l;,fl, 3aHflTocrn. lonops Ko HxperHee, gKoHo M Hrr ecKa, Teopus BbrAenHna LIecTb pbtHorrHbrx MexaHH3MoB KOMneHCA\AV|,
BbI3BAHHbIX K X}I3HH CAMHMH TCXHOJIOTHqCCKHMI,I H3MEHEHH'MI4 H C[IOco6Hrrx ypaBHoBecHTb nepBoHaqalrsufi rpygoc6eperarculuft aSQerr
HHHoBarrHoHHbrx npoqeccoB. 3ru urecrr MexaHH3MoB Moryr 6uru onpeAeneHbr cneAyroqr.rM o6pa:ona (6olee no4po6nrrfi aHalu3 cM. Sylos
Srosounqecrnfi pocr lr 3anflTocrb
Labini, 1969; Stoneman, 1983; Standing, 1984; Venables, 1985; Katsoulacos, 1986;Petit, 1995;Vivarelli, 1995 u 1996).
l) Kouneucarlufl (r{epe3 HoBbre Marrrr,rHbr)): Te xe HHHoBaTI[oHHbre
[poqeccbr, Koropbre BbrrecHrror rpyArrq[xcq r,r3 orpacnefi-nonrgosarerefi, coe,qarcT HoBbre pa6o.rue Mecra B orpacJrrx, rAe npor43BoArr HoBbre
MAIIIHHbI.
2) Kounexca\t4fl (qepes cHr,rxeHr,re rIeH)): r,rHHoraquonHrrfi npoqecc
pa6oveit culaq Ho 3Tr,r xe HoBoBBeAeHr.r, BeAyr K
cHr,rxeHfiro yAenbHbrx 3aTpaT H - HA KOHr(ypeHTHbrx pbrHKax _ x cHHxe_
Hr,rrc rIeH; B cBoro oqepeAb, 6olee Hr.{3Kr,re ueHbr crr,rMyn[pyror Hosslft
cBfl3aH c coKpauleHueu
cnpoc Ha ToBapbI, a TeM caMbIM' pacuupeHHe npol'I3BoAcTBa H 3aHqTocTI,I.
YxasaHHrtfi MexaHlr3M JIexHT B ocHoBe cBfl3t4 MexAy rexHonofurlecKuM
nporpecco M r.r MexAyHapogHofi r(oHxypeHTocnoco6uocrbro.
3) Korr,rnencarln, (qepe3 HoBbre HHBecrHrIHr,t)): B MHpe, r4e c6nuxeuue
yclonnfi y KoHKypeHroB He npo[cxoArrr HeMeAneHHo, flpeAnpvr:H:y,MarenvHOBarOpbr Moryr nonyqarb crepxnpr,l6srnfl B nep[oA MexAy cHHxeHr4eM
3arpar - 6laro4apfl nporpeccy rexHonorw - vt nocJreAyroqHM rraAeHr.reM
qeH. Ecnn sru npu6unH per,rHBecrlrpyror, co3Aarorc, HoBbre pa6ovue uecra H npor,r3BoAcTBa.
4) Korr,rneucaqnr ((qepe3 coxparrleHne:apa6oruoft nnaru)): KaK u flpu
Apyrux $oprrlax 6espa6oruqbr, HerrocpeAcrseHHrrfi eQQerr rpyaoc6eperarouux rexnonoruft Moxer 6rrrr xouneHcHpoBaH B paMKaX pbrHxa rpyAa nyreM a4aflrat.1:z.r rapa6orHofi nnarur.
5) Kounencat\n,fl, (qepe3 yBenurreHrde AoxoAoB): B KaqecrBe npauofi
rrporr,rBofloJroxHocrr.r MexaHH3My 4, 3ror MexaHr,r3M 4eftcrnyer B Ayxe
B3urrAoB Keftsca u Kanr4opa. rlpn Qopgncrcxofi rlopr,,re peryJrr.rpoBaHr.rt
npo$corcsu yqacrByrcT B nepepacnpeAeneHr,ru nnoAoB TexHoJror[qecKoro
flporpecca. Tax qro cneAyer yqHTbrBarb, qro qacrb 3KoHoMr,ru 3arpar
6raro4apr r,r3MeHeHuro rexHoJrorau MoxHo rpaHcQopr,rupoBarb s 6olee
BbrcoKne AoxoAbI, a 3Harlr,rr, s 60rsulee norpe6nenne u 3aHrrocrb
(no4xog reoperHKoB perynupoBaHH' K npo6rer*,re KoM[eHcaruu c noMoulbro yBeJrnqeHr,r, AoxoAa cu. Boyer, 1988c, 1988d).
6) Korr,rnenca\us, (qeper HoBbre npoAyrobr): noMHMo r43MeHeHr,rs
npol'I3BoAcTBeHHbIx npoqeccoB' HoBbIe TexHoJrorI4It MoryT npI{BecTI,r X
Bbr[ycKy ll c6ury HoBbrx flpoAyrooB; B 3TOM cnyqae Bo3Hr,rKaror HoBbre
orpacnu [por,r3BoAcrBa r.r co3Aarorcc HoBbre pa60vue Mecra. B xo4e Hrruerunefi AHcKyCCr4Lr pa3nHrrHbte rrccneAoBareJrlr cornacultr4cb, r{To npoAyKTOBbIC HOBOBBEACHI{' IOJIOXITEJIbHO BJIH'IIOT HA 3AHflTOCTb, TAK KAK OHH
orKpbrBaror
llyrb r( co3AaHr,rrc coBeprxeHHo
HoBbrx 6tar unu K KpynHbrM
(auoQepeuquaqnu) lrMeroulrxcs 6rar (Freeman, clark and
Soete, 1982;Freeman and soete, 1987;Freeman and Soete, 1994; vivarelli,
1995). B nocle4neM cnyqae <s$$exr 6rarococroflHvtfl>> (Horule orpacJru
npoH3BoAcrna) cne4yer conocraBHTb c <sQserrorra 3aMerrleHrr, (:iueHa
npexHrrx rpoAyKroB) (cpr. Katsoulacos, l9g6). flpuuenurerrbHo K yKaH3MeHeHr.rtru
3ronounqecrnfi pocr lr 3aHflTocrb
6onbuoe 3HaqeHHe I{MeIoT coo6paxe:
I(oHxypeHTocnoco6Hocrbro Ha MexAyHapoAHbtx
3aHHOMy MexaHH3My KOMneHCarIHr,r
Ht4s, cBs3aHHbre
c
pbrHKax.
B or.n[.{ue or cKa3aHHoro, cropoHHLIKr,r Bo3MoxHocrr,r pocra 3KoHoMHKr{ 6e: yBenrrqeHrr, 3aHflTocTn B nocT$opAr,rcTcKr,rx o6ulecTBax noAr{epKr,rBaror rpygoc6eperarcqufi xaparoep, BHyrpeHHe npHcyulHfi TexHoJrorHH uH$oprtraquv vt cBfl3r, 14 noABepraror coMHeHr,rro 3QQercrnBHocrb
KoMneHcauuoHHbrx MexaHH3MoB, nepequcJreHHbrx Bbrrre (o6sop cM. y
Petit, 1995; Vivarelli, 1995; xpafine Kpr,rruqecKas rorrKa 3peHus npHBeAeHa
y Rifkin, 1995, pp. l5 f0.
fonopr 6oree KoHKperHo, nepsufi MexaHH3M (veper HoBbre uaruuuur)
Moxer oKa3arbc, neeQ$exrr,rBHbrM, KorAa rpy4oc6eperarcune rexHoJrorI,II,I pacnpocTpaHfl roTc, Ha npor,t3BoAcTBo cpeAcTB npor,t3BoAcTBa; Kpo Me
Toro, HoBbre MatIlHHbr nocrynarcr an6o 3a crrer AonoJIHHTeJIbHbIx HHBecru1ui,t, rlr6o s nopsAr(e 3aMetrleHl,tfl ycrapeBlur4x MaIrr,IH (cnucanna). B
nocneAHeM cnyqae - a gro npoficxoAnr qacro - KoMrreHcaqua aoo6uqe
oTcyrcTByeT.
9ro xe lracaercfl Alz.Hauunyt cnpoca, HoBbrM cJreAcrBr,reM rpy.4oc6eperarcu1eil rexHoJroruLr r(aK pa3 flBlnflercfl cor(pauleHr,te coBoKynHoro cflpoca
B pe3ynbTaTe npeKpaqeHr.rs c[poca co cTopoHbr yBoneHHbrx TpyAflrrltrxcfl.
Tax qro MexaHri3M (rrepe3 cHHxeHI4e LleH)) nporl,tBocrol,IT cor(pauleHl,Irc
cttpoca H AonxeH 6olee qeM ypaBHoBecHTb nepBoHar{aJrbHoe coKpauleH14e
coBoKynHoil noxynarelrHofi cnoco6uocru. Kporrle roro, Ha3Bassufi uexaHr43M OnHpaercs Ha 3aKoH cgs3 u He yr{HTbrBaer Bo3MoxHocrb HaJrHr{Hfl
orpaH14rrr4Te-nefi cnpoca. TpygHocru, cBr3aHHbre c xoMnoHeHTaMr,t oQQerTr4BHoro cnpoca,
no KefiHcy,
HarrpHMep Hr,r3Koe 3HaqeHr,re npe4eluuofi
a$rpercrunuocru Kanr{TaJra, Moryr npnBecru K orrrrr,rBaHuro perxeHuia o6
ocyu{ecrBneHHH 3arpar u 6onee Hugxofi 3nacrHrrHocrH cnpoca. B groM
cnyqae Aeficrnue yr(a3aHHofo MexaHr43Ma r(oMneHcarrhu ga'rpy$HeHo, a
TexHoJrorilqecKa{ 6espa6ornqa flepecraer 6utrr npeueHHofi npo6lervrofi.
Haxoueq, o0Qexrr,roHocrb MexaHH3Ma (r{epe3 cHHxeHr,Ie ueH)) 3aBHcHT or
rHrrore3br o coBepueHsofi xoHxypeHrlr.rH. Eclu xe npeo6lagaer pexr,rM
OJIHTONOJIHI4, TIOCJICACTBI,Ifl 3TOrO MEXAHI43MA KOMNCHCAIIHH B NONHOM
o6reue He npocBnflrorcs, n6o gxouoMr,tlo 3arpar HeBo3MoxHo cpa3y xe
HJrr4 rroJrHocrsrc rpaHcSopMr4poBarb B cHuxeHrre r{eH.
MexaHnru KoMneHcaufiu (qepe3 HoBbre HHBecrr4r-lrdl,I> Taxxe cBq3aH c
3aKoHoM Cor, couacHo KoropoMy noApa3yMeBaercr, rrro rexHororuqecKHe CABHTH HeMeAJTeHHO il noJrHocrbro rpaHctfoprraupylorcq B AonorHr,tTeJrbHbre vHB,ecrvt\uw. Kpor'ae roro, BaxeH caM xapar(Tep HoBbrx I4HBeCTI,It1uir, u6o, ecJrH oHH KanrITaJIoeMKHe, KoMrIeHcaIrHg
qacruqHofi.
Moxer 6srrr romro
I Xau-Earucr Csft ruepao Bepnn B To, rlro nperuoxeHue co3aaer
D.nn ce6s cnpoc, a
c6urr rorapon npeAonpeAeneH 3apaHee.
l0
Srouomnqecrnfi pocr rl 3aHftTocrb
9ro xe Kacaerc, MexaHH3Ma (r{epe: coxparrleHue
3apa6orHoft nnaTbr), oH nporuBopeqrdr KefiHcr,raHcxofi Teopfil,t st[Qexrunnoro cnpoca.
Cnnxenne 3apa6orHoft flJrarbr Moxgr noHyAr,rrb Supusl HaHrrb AononHI,ITeJrbHbrx pa6orHuron, oAHaKo coKparrleHne coBoKy[Horo cnpoca
yxyArrraer nepcnexrr,rBbr Arrfl pa6orogarerefi, rax qro oHr,r cKJroHHbr Ha6uparu MeHbrrre TpyArrqnxcr.
flpuueuureJrbHo K MexaHr,r3My ((qepm HoBbre AoxoAbr) cneAyer
BcrroMHr,rrb paccyxAeHr,r, B Har{are groro pa3Aena. B te.{eH[e ((3oJlororo
BeKa) 50-x u 60-x roAos npeo6ra4anue Qopgncrcxoft rloprr,tsr perynrpoBaHIL OCHOBbTBaJIOCb Ha COOTBeTCTByIOqeM LT3MeHeHHH B OpraHlr3arll,Iu
rapa6ornoft flJrarbr. Bnrecro roro qro6u npeAocraBr,rrb peryn[poBaHr,re
:apa6ornofi nJrarbr xoHKypeHTHoMy pbrHxy rpy4a, pa6ovue ronyquJrr,r
3Har{r,rTeJrbHyro Aonro BbrroA oT pocTa npor,r3BoAr,rTeJrbHocTH B pByJrbTaTe
nporpecca rexHoJrorilu. B csorc oqepeAb, noBbr[reHue pealsuofi 3apa6orsofi nrrarbr flprrBeno K MaccoBoMy norpe6neHrrro, Koropoe crnMynr,rpoBano HHBecrurlr,rri n o6ecne.{[lo Aanrsefi urufi pocr npon3BoAr,rreJrbHocrn 6naroAapfl nporpeccy rexHoJrorr{H r,r 3KoHoMHl,r, o6ycnonneHuofi
uacrura6aur npou3BoAcrBa. lllupoxo BHeAprnr.rcb rpy4oc6eperarcrr{He
TexHoJror[u, Ho sror <6larornopHufi xpyr>, no Kalr4opy, AonycKan
cyulecrBeHHyro KoMneHcarluro (qepe3 HoBbre AoxoAbr)). B uacroeqee Bperrar Qopancrcxufi cnoco6 rpou3BoAcrna npe6unaer r my6oKoM Kpr,r3rrce,
np[rreM flepepac[peAeJreHr,re AoxoAoB [poHcxoAHT no HHbrM npaBr,rnaM Ha
pbrHxe r1y4a, xoropsrfi onrrrb npuo6pel KoHKypeHTuufi xapaxrep. B
rlenoM xe 3Tor KoMneHcauuoHHulfi MexaHH3M B HoBbIx HHcrHTyrIHoHaJrbHbrx ycJroBr,rgx 6rIn cyulecrBeHHo ocna6neH.
Hossrg npoAyKTbr ocrarorcfl B KarrecrBe uau6oaee sQ$exrr,rnHoro
nporr,rBoBeca rpy4oc6eperarculn M r,rHHoBarIHoHHbr M npoueccaM. O4Haxo
pa3rr.rr{Hbre ((TexHoJroruqecKr,re napaAr,rrMbr> (crvr. Dosi, I982) xapaxrepn3yrorcfl pa3nr.rrrHbrMu na6opaur,r HoBbrx npoAyxroB , Bntytrrlae Koropbrx Ha
3aHgrocrb BecbMa pa3nuqHo. Hanpuuep, MoxHo cr{I,trarb, vro u:o6pereHLIe aBToMo6ung oxa:aJro 3Har{I,ITensgo 6oaee clrnbHoe Br.vflHne Ha rpyAoeMKocrb, qeM pacflpocrpaHeHue AoMaurHr.rx KoMnbrorepos. I4 B caMoM
AeJre, cpaBHrrelrruulft 6aaaHc M exAy nocJreAcrBu, MH TpyAoc6eperaroulnx
r,tHHoBarlI,IoHHbtx npoqeccoB r,r [ocJreAcTBI,rqMH BBeAeHI,ts TpyAOeMK]rX
HOBbTX rrpoAyrooB MoxeT cyuIecTBeHHo pa3nuqaTbcq B 3aBr,rcr,rMocTH oT
Hcropr.rqecKoro nep[oAa v vncruryrltroHanbHux yc.uonufi .
flpune4eHHrrft xparxufi o6sop AncKyccur,r o nocJreAcrBr,rrx rexHonoruqecKr,rx tt:ueuennft Ar, 3aHgrocrl,r noKa3btBaer, qro Bonpoc 3Tor AocTarorrHo cJroxeH r.I rITo rrpaBAonoAo6sue AoBoAbr BbrABI,IraIorc, KaK TeMr.r, KTo cKJroHeH HeAoorleHuBarb rpyAoc6eperarcrqufi s$$exr rexHoJroruft unQopMarlur,r vt cBfl3v, Koropbre AoKa3brBaror HaJrr{qne qerxofi cBrr3r,r
MexAy 3xoHoMr,rqecKr,rM pocroM r, 3aHrrocrrrc (nanpuMep, OECD, 1996),
TaK I,l TeMI,t, KTO CKJIOHeH [OArIepKr,rBaTb BO3MOXHOCTr TeXHOIOTUqeCXOfi
6espa6orfiqbr, a 3Harrr,rr, pocra 3KoHoMr,rKr.r 6e: yneluueuur pa6ouprx Mecr
3rononuqecrcufi pocr rl 3autrTocrb
n
(nanpnr'rep, Pianta, 1996; Pini, 1997). C ro'{xu 3peHH,I rocneAHl'Ix, sKoHoMu.recxnfi pocr He cnyxltr Aocraror{HblM ycnoBI,IeM Art pacrLtilpeHwfl 3aHsrocrr,r, TaK KaK caM no ce6e poct (oco6eHHo Ha 6ase HoBbIx HHBecrHquft) cnmaH c npuMeHeHI,teM HoBbIx rexHolornfi u ux 6onee 6ucrputu
pac[pocrpaHeHI{eM.
Ouenn4uo, r{To orBerbt cneAyer I,IcKarb B 3M[upuqecxl.Ix Aol(a3aTeJrbcrBax; K coxaJreHnrc, 6ruro npeAnpuHsro MaJro nonblToK HenocpeAcrBeHHo npoBepr,rrb ABe nporl,IBononoxHbte runore3bt: o6 gxouoMllqecKoM pocre 6e: gaHqrocrvt Lt nocroflHHofi nonoxurelrsofi cBr3l,t MexAy
pocroM H 3aHrrocrrrc. CleAyroqr.rft pa3Aen nocBrtqeH paccMorpeHulo
p*ynbraroB r,rccJreAoBaHnfi HassaHHofi npo6JIeM br.
IrPE)I(ApBPEMEHHbTE SMTTTPLIIIECKUE BbrBO&r
Auanu: AByx runore3 Mbr HaqHeM c r,rccneAoBaHuit, B xoAe Koropblx
nbrraJrucb o6ocnosarb 3Haqr,rMocrb cBs3r,r MexAy pocroM gxoHoMI,tKH I,t
3aHrrocrbro, a 3areM nepefi4eu K r.rccJleAoBaHutu, Koropbre noABepralor
coMHeHr,rrc o6ocnonanHocrb oroft css:u, xorrr anp[opu r,r He r,rcKJrroqaror
pocr 6e: yBennqeHus 3aHrrocrr,r.
Eorro u fnuu (Boltho and Glyn, 1995) npr,rnenu AaHHbre no crpaHaM
O3CP 3a roAnepuoAbr B reqeHr{e 1960-1993 rr.; HccneAonarelefi nper,rMyrqecTBeHHo r,rHTepecoBaJII{ noKa3aTenl,r 3aHsTocTr,r H B oAHoM cnyqae
-
cyMMapHoe orpa6oraHHoe BpeMrr (rau xe, ra6l. 5, p. a5Q. Hx ocHosnule
BbtBoAbr ga 6ase cBoAHbrx otIeHoK cBnAereJrbcrByror o roM, rrro, xors
cBr3b MexAy 3aHrTocTbro H 3KoHoMrrqecKr,tM pocToM He cToJrb 3Haqr,rMa B
npocTbrx cTaTHcTl{r{ecKr,rx TepMrrHax, oHa TeM He MeHee [oATBepxAaeTcs
3KoHoMerpr,rqecKuMI,t oqeHKaMH. I4HrepecHo orMerI,ITb, rITo nonoxrnreJrbHa, Koppens,\t4fl, MexAy pocroM BBII u yBernr{eHr4eM 3aHsrocrr,r noATBepxAaercs H npr.rMeHnTeJrbHo K nepuoAy 1990-1993 rr., qro nporuBopeqI,IT I{Aee pocra 6er yre.unueHus 3aHrrocru B KaqecrBe xaparTepucrur(r4
O3CP (ora. raxxe Glyn, 1955, pp. 2-3).
Bonpoc o KoppenflrlHH MexAy 3KoHoMHrrecxr,rM pocroM H 3aHrrocrbro
HenocpeAcrBeHHo paccMorpeH B pa6ore MET World Employment
199611997 (ILO, 1996) ua ocHoBe noAxoAa, aHarornr{Horo noAxoAy B
ynoMrHyrofi surtl.te pa6ore (pp. l9 ff). Ha 6a:e Aauusrx, orHocrruluxcs x
6orstuouy q[cny crpaH, B AoKnaAe MOT cAenaH BbrBoA, rrro peaxqus
3aHrrocru Ha pocr BBfI s npoMbrrxneHHo pa3Br,rrbrx crpaHax He H3MeHr,rJracb B xyArrryrc cropoHy. Pazr,u,tus B Ar,rHaMHKe BBfI no-npexHeMy coxpaHflIoT 3Har{eHHe, r,r rrMeloTcs Aaxe onpeAeJreHHble cBI,tAeTenbcTBa B
nonb3y roro, rrro coBoKynHa, 3JracrlrqHocrb 3aHsrocru B 1982-1993 rr.
Bo3pocna. OAxaxo auQt[epeHqnpoaaunsrfi aHaJil43 no crpaHaM npnBoAr,rr
K MeHee oAHo3Har{HbrM pe3ynbrarau (rana xe, ra6l. 2.5,p.23). B ro BpeM,
KaK gJracrurrHocrb 3aHrrocrr,r no orHo[reHuro K pocry BBII so BpeM,
nocJIeAHHx reu4euqufi B crpaHax
t2
SroHoi,ruqecrufi pocr rl 3anflTocrb
rroAleMa 80-x roAon 6u-na noloxnTenbHofi floqTr,t Bo Bcex cTpaHax
(ceMepxrl) (sa ucxlloveHr,reM Benuxo6puraHnr, rAe ee 3Har{eHHe 6ulo
6nusxo r( Hynro), Bo BpeMfl 3KoHoMurrecKoro noAreMa 90-x rolos pocr 6er
yBelr,rr{eHa, 3aHqrocrr,r ua6ruogalcr n lepuauuu, Vlralutt n Belnxo6puraHvtu (coornercrBeHHo -0,1l; -0,2Q u -0,08). Pesylrrarsr 4lr FepuaHuu
uIdrall'uw coBraAaror c AaHHbrMr,r sa 1993-1995 rr. B HeAaBHeM AoKnaAe
Enponeftcxofi xonauccuv o 3atflrocrn n Erpone (EC, 1996, .ta6t. 13,
p. 33).
B ro rpeur KaK aBTopbt yfloMrHyrbrx HccJreAosa*uit HenocpeAcrBeHHO r,rHTepecoBanl,rcb cBq3bro MexAy pocToM gKoHoML{Kr,t H 3aHqTOCTbIO,
Annelr6ayu u IIletxar (Appelbaum and Schettkat, 1995) cocpeAororrunr
BHr,rMaHr{e Ha cooTHorueHr,r[ MexAy 3aHrTocTblo I,I npoI,I3BOAr,lTenbHocrbro, yrBepxAar, r{To B nocr$opgr,rcrcxyrc 3noxy B npoMbrruneHHo pa3BHTbrx crpaHax HaMerHJrc, orxoA or noloxurelssofi Koppenrqur,r MexAy
3rr,rMH nepeMeHHbu,,ru (xax y Salter, 1966) n flonb3y oTpr{rlarenrHofi xoppensqfin. O6rscHsnu 9To reM, rrro 3racrHqHocrb cnpoca B 3aBHcr,rMocrr,r
oT rleHbr npHMeHI,rTenbHo Ko MHofr,rM TOBapaM MaccoBoro [poH3BoAcTBa
co BpeMeHeM cHH3I4JIacb, a 3To, B cBoro oqepeAb, ocla6n.no r[op4ncrcryro
cBr3b MexAy pocToM npoH3BOAtrTeJrbHOCTH nO Mepe yBelr,rrreHr.r, AoxoAa I,I
cnpoca (cna. npune4eHHbre paHee paccyxAeHilfl, a rac:xe Schettkat, 1996).
OrpuqarelbHas r(oppe nfl\ufl MexAy 3KoHoMr,rqecKr,rM pocroM r,r yBenuqeHI,IEM 3AH'TOCTH B 8O-C TOAU OKA3AJIACb CTATI,ICTI'I{CCKH 3HAIIHMOfi S Orpacnflx (sa ucxmoveHr.reM ceJrbcKoro xosaficrna) a I I rs l5 crpaH OgCp.
flpauegeHubre pe3ynbrarbr noATBepxAaror MbrcJrb o ToM, rrro B
nocrQopAncrcKyro 3noxy npor,r3orrrno 3aMerHoe cHHxeHlre orHocr,rrenb-
uofi oQQexrr,rBHocrr,r ocHoBHoro KoMrreHcauuoHHoro MexaHr,r3Ma rpyAoc6eperarcqux reHAeHrlufi (uexaHu3ua, AeficrByrouero qepe3 cHuxeHr,re
qeH), uo oHH MaJIo rrro roBoprr o6 oxouqareJrbHoM BbrBoAe, orHocruleMcr K 3HaqHMocrH coorHorlreHu, pocr/:aHrrocru. Bo BctrxoM cryr{ae, yql,tTbIBA' OTPIIIIATENbHYIO CB'3b MEXAY NPOH3BOAI,ITCJIbHOCTbIO H 3AH'TO.
crbro B [ocneAHee BpeMrI, pa3ll}lqutfl, B 3racrHrrHocrr{ 3aHsrocrtr B 3aBhct4MOCTI,I OT 3KOHOMI'IIECKOTO POCTA MO)I(HO
v
O6tgCHNrr
PA3Tfi4.c':1,g,MI,I
B POCTE
geitcrsureJrbHo, s 6oree paHHefi pa6ore IIlerxar
(Schettkat, 1992) nputsten K BbrBoAy, qro 3JracruqHocrr 6rrra HaMHoro
npor,r3BoAlrreJrbHocrr,r.
clrlA (uusxue reMnbr pocra npoH3BoAHrenruocru), ueu n lep(r4e npou:BoAurenbHocrb pocna 6srcrpee), coorBercrBesHo 0,63
u-0,5 ra 1963-1986 rr. (flo ronpocy o ponu Hr,r3xr{x reMnoB pocra rpor,t3BoAHreJrbHocrlr n cr[epe ycnyr B yBerHrreHHH 3aHrrrocrH s GIIIA s nocneAHee BpeMq cM. TaKxe Piacentini, 1987). Kporr,te roro, pa3nvrltlflMr B
TeMrrax pocra npoH3BoAlrreJrbHocrr,r MoxHo raKxe o6tgcHr,ltr HeoAI,tHaKOByTO AHHaMHT(y 3aHcrocru n o6pa6arrmarcqefi npoMbrrxneHHocrr,r r4
c0epe ycnyr npoMbrrxneHHo pa3Br,rrbrx crpaH (4oxa:aierbcrBa cu. uuxe);
TaK qro, xorfl TeMnbl pocra npol'I3BoAHTeJIbHocTlI B nocJleAHee BpeMs
clJy.3vut rcb n n o6pa6arbrBaroulefi npourrruJreHHocrH, u r coepe y-nyr,
Bbrrre
s
MAHvru
3xoHoiruqecrnfi pocr
H
3anflTocrb
pa3ilkrqufl B TeMnax pocra npoI,I3BoAI,ITeJrbHOCT[ B Ha3BaHHbIX CeKTOpaX
sKoHoMHKu Qaxruuecxu yBenuqnrllcb (cM. Jackman, 1977, pp, 4 ff and
next).
l4z,tuc'rru u ccJIeAoB aH I,I ft , rAe noAD epraerc, co M HeHI,Irc noJloxltrenb Hafl cBrr3b MexAy pocroM npoLI3BoAIrreJIbHocrH H 3aHflTOCTbIO, B paooTe
fluan:rrr, gsaHrenrcru u flepaHra (Pianta, Evangelista and Perani, 1996)
H3yr{eHbr coorHolrleHus MexAy Ao6aglenHofi croruocrblo, 3aHflTocrblo I,t
[por,r3BoAuTeJrbHocrblo a 36 orpacnrx o6pa6arunarorqefi npoMbllxneHHocrr.r B crpaHax <<6onrruoft ceuepxn> (xpor',re KaHa4sI) s 1980-1992 rr. AsTopbr npt,truJlu K 3axJrroqeHr,rrc o noJloxl,ITenrsofi cBfl3I,I MexAy coBoxynHbrM npr{pocro[a Ao6asaeHnofi crorlMocrl,I I4 yBelnr{eHueM 3aHsrocrl,I, T.e.
B npoMbrrrrneHHocrlr 6oree 3aMerHa reHAeHrIr{, K ee yBeflr,rqeHulo. OAHaxo
B prrAe orpacneft na6ruoAarucb npr,r3HaKr,r peopraHl,I3al\vlt, KorAa npoll3BoAcrBo pocJro, a 3aHsrocrb yMeHburanacr (rau xe, puc. 2,p.75).
fonopr KoHxperHee, B To BpeMfl KaK B flnor,uu s 6omuuHcrBe orpacnefi o6pa6arsrnaroqeft rpoMbrrrrneHHocrrd r,rMeJr Mecro np[pocr [r Ao6asreHHofi crolrMocrr,r, v qucila 3aHf,Tblx, B qerbrpex enponeficxux crpaHax <<6oruurofi ceuepxn> (r.e. FepuanNu, @paHr1r,u.r, Bernxo6puranuyt t4
Vrannu) s 6onruuHcrBe orpacnefi npoucxoAun npoqecc peopraHrr3a\Hw.
Perpeccnounrrfi aHanu3 [oxa3aJr, qro flp]rpocr Ao6asneHsofi crorMocrr,r
Bo MHoroM noMoraer o6rscuurr yBeJruqeHue 3aHsrocru roJrbKo s CIIIA
u lepuauuu, TorAa Kax no ApyrHM qerbrpeM crpaHaM orHorrreHr,re
pocr/:aHrrocrb, xou u 6sllo noJroxHTeJIbHbIM, Ho He crarl,rcruqecx[
3HarrHMbrM (rau xe, ra6n.2, p. 8l). flpure4eHHbre peyJrbrarbr cornacyIorc, c BbrBoAaMH flnasrrr (Pianta, 1996), xoropurfi r.r3yr{an 4auuue fepMaHyfi4 u Vranuu. B sror\a cnyqae anarrv3 6asuponancs, Ha 20 orpac.rl.ax
npoMbrluneHHocrl,I, a HcnoJlb3osaHsl 6rtru AaHHbre I,IHnonaqnoHHoro
o6sopa Eaponeficxoro coo6rqecrna (craH4apru3oBaHHoro aHanr{3a B
pa3pee orpacnefi, npoBeAeHHoro s 1992 r.). Koppelflrlnr MexAy npoAyr(queft nporr,rbrrrrJreHHocrn (lo6aaneusofi crouuocrrro) r,r 3aHfl Tocrbro oKa3anacb noJroxrTeJtnoft n :Ha.r[rvrofi ToJrbKo no Fepn,tauuu (rau xe, ra6-n.
5). I,I Hao6opor, HHHoBarIuoHHbre repeMeHHbre (xanpuuep, 3arparbr Ha
HoBoBBeAeHne) otpnqareJrbHo noBJrr,rf,Jrn Ha 3aHsrocrb KaK n lepuanur,
TaK v s Vratuu (.rro cornacyercs c BbrBoAaMu pa6oru Burapelnu
(Vivarelli et al., 1996).
Haroueq, flnuu (Pini, 1997) paccvnraJr 3JracruqHocrb 3aHsrocru B
rlenoM n no orpacilflM Ms crpaH <6olruoft ceMepKr,r) (6e: KaHa4rr) u
Illrequu s 1960-1995 rr. ConoxyrrHbre AaHHbre cBr.rAereJrbcrByror o cnequQuxe crpaH: B To BpeM, KaK B Fepuauuu w flnoauu orMer{eHo noBbr[reHue 3racrurrHocru 3aHsrocru n nocrQopAllcrcxuft nepuoA (197 9-199 5
rr.) no cpaBHeHHro c r[op4ucrcKnM nepuoAoM (1960-1979 rr.), no (Dpau1n4l,t yt lllseql,tu sa6lrcAaerc, fipornBo[onoxHas Kaprr,rHa, a s Idrailuu,
Belnxo6puraHvtu u CIIIA cbroxynua, gJracrurtHocrb B o6a nepuo4a 6una cxoxeft. B nocleAnee BpeMfl (1990-1995 rr.) orpr.rqareJrbHarr oracrr,rq-
Sronounqecrnfi pocr
rr
3arrrrocrb
Hocrb (pocr sroHoMHKr,r 6es yremlveHr,r, 3aHcrocrn) orMer{eHa Jrrrlrrb B
aluu n lllnequu, Ho Bo Bcex crpaHax (xpoue flnouuu) noKa3areJrb
gJracrrlrrHocrlr cHr,r3nJrcfl no cpaBueHr,rro c 80-uu roAaMH (rau xe, ra6il.2).
3rn orqacrn nporr,rBopeqr'{Bbre p$ynbrarbr cor{erarorc, c qerr(r,rMu BbrBoAAMId Ha OCHOBe OTpaCneBOrO aHaJrH3a: B TO BpeM' KaK BO BCeX CTpaHaX
orMeqeHa orpnrlarenbHas 3JracruqHocrb flpuMeHr,rrenbHo K o6pa6aruraroqefi npoMblrrrJreHHocrr,r, n cQepe ycnyr gracrr.rrrHocrb rroBceMecrHo
noJroxr'{TeJuras. 3rH orpacJreBbre floxa3arenH cornacyrorc, c npexHr,rMr,r
BbrBoAaMr.r roro xe aBropa (Pini, 1995 w 1996).
Kax an4uo H3 npr,rBeAeHHoro o63opa, r,rMerorrluecf, HeMHorHe r,rccJreAOBaHr,rf, B3aUMOCB'3H MeXAy pOCTOM 9KOHOMITKIi Il 3aHCTOCTbTO AAJlId
pa3Hbre peynbrarbl. Pasyueercs, HeKoropbre pa3nuqu, cBs3aHbr c srr6opoM aBTopaMH HcrorrHHKoB, orpacneft, crpaH H nepuoAoBa . OAnaxo so[poc, nocrasreHnrrfi B nepBoM pa3AeJre, coxpaHfler cvlty - H B cneAyrorrleM pa3Aene npeAnpr,rHrTa nonbrTxa oTBeTHTb Ha Hero.
l4T
9MIII,IPI{TIECKIIE AOKA3ATEIIbCTBA oEPABATbIBAIOIIIAfl IIPOMbIIIJIEHHOCTb
r,I 9KOHOMT,TKA B UE"ITOM
flpune4enubre Bbrrrre reoperur{ecK}re paccyx letnfl o6pasyror ocHoBy
Arrfl npeAcraBneHHoro 3Aecb gMrrHpr4qecKoro aHalv3a, xoropuft oxapaxTepH3OBaH Hr,rxe.
-
Bnn4y HeAocraror{Hocru Hatrwqvs, l,t conocraBuMocru AaHHbIx r,rccJIeAoBaHr.re orpaHr,rrreHo crpaHaMu <<6onrruofi ceuepxu)
nepuoAoM
rr.
flocxonsKy npeAbrAyrrlue
lr
1960-1994
-
r,rccneAoBaHu, qerKo yxa3brBaror Ha
crpyr<rypHbre pa3[r.rr{H, MexAy o6pa6arsmarouleft rpoMbrrxJreHHocrbro r.r
c$epofi ycJryr, 3Mnr,rpuqecxae pa6ora npoAenaHa npuMeHr,rrenbHo K gKoHoMrrKe B rlenoM r,r orAeJrbHo pltr. o6pa6arumarorqefi [poMb[xJreHHocrr,r.
- B xa.{ecrse ocHoBbI npnHrra reoput peryn[poBaHytfl, a Becb aHaJrHrupyeuufi reprroA pa3AeneH Ha ABa noArepuoAa: Qop,uucrcxufi (19601973 rr.) ra nocrQopAucrcxnft (1980-1994 rr.). B Kar{ecrBe HarranbHoro
MoMeHTa Arfl Kpu3r,lca $op4r,r:ua B3sr, Kar( 3To npr,rHsro, neprufi He$rr-
ttofi ruox, a s 6onru[HcrBe paccMorpeHHbrx Bbrrrre HccneAoBaH[fi s xaqecrBe BoAopa3Aena cqr.rraror 1973 r. O4Haxo BTopyrc ronoBr.rHy 70-x ro,qos
(nxruouar nropofi xpynHsrft ueSreHofi xpuruc) MoxHo cru.rrarb nepexoAHbrM nepuoAoM, npuqeM orHocuTeJrbHa, cra6uarsocrs 6rua AocrurHyra
Jr,nrub
s 80-e roAbr.
-
flpune4eHbr onHcareJrbHbre gauusle o6 gKOHOMr,rqecKoM pocTe H
B crpaHax <6onruofi ceMepKr,I)), 3aTeM I,I3yqeHa
cBrr3b MexAy pocToM r4 3aHrTOCTbrO nyTeM pacrreTa cooTBeTcTByroqux
AHHaMLTKe 3aHflTocrl,I
a
CpaaHnreauHu[ asalul pa3nrrqHbtx nccae4oraHnfi o,a. y JIr.r (Lee, 1995).
l5
3roxounqecrufi pocr u 3aHrrocrb
noKa3arenefi snacru,{Hocrr,r, r(osoonqueHron Koppenruul{ H c noMolrlblo
rrpocTbrx 3KoHoMeTpI,IqecKHx oLIeHoK.
- Xors npuBeAeHbr cpeAHeroAoBbre reMnbl pocra, KoMMeHTapvH cocpeAoroqeHbr Ha 3JracrurrHocrn (xax n s 6omurlrFlcrBe rlpeAblAylqux 3Mflupltqecxux HccJreAoBaHrir) c qenbrc o6ofiru pa3HopoAHble TeHAeHIII,II,I B
cTpaHax, ecJII4 oHr,r BblpaxeHbl B aoconrorHbrx BeJrr,rqHHax, v ai/.aJlorur{Hble
npo6neurt, cBr3aHHbIe
- fae
c 3KoHo
M
IrqecKI,I M III,IKnoM.
9To Bo3MoxHo, AaHHbre H orIeHXH npnBeAeHbr KaK AJr, 3aHrro-
cru (.rucra pa6orHr,rKon), rax u Ms pa6overo BpeMeHr,r (cyr'arraapnure orpa6orauuure qacbr paBHbr r{Hcny pa6oruuxoB, yMHoxeHHoMy Ha cpeAHee
pa6o,ree rpeue). flpocrsle AaHHbre o 3aHrrocru Moryr BBecrH s ra6lyxAeHHe, u6o npu 3ToM r,rHoplrpyror o6rqyro reHAeHrlr4ro r( coKpau{eHnro
pa6overo BpeMeHra B pacqere Ha oAHoro pa6oruuxa (cm. Maddison,
l99l). I,IrHopraponaHr.re yr(a3aHHofi reugeHrlr{u Moxer npraBecrr4 r( repeoIIeHKe 3JracrurrHocrr.{ 3aHrrocru B rrocJleAHee BpeM, (no cpanHeHr,rrc c
Sop4ucrcxofi enoxofi, KorAa nroArz cKJroHHbr 6surr,l pa6orars 6olee npoAonxrrreJrbHoe BpeMr, a pa6ora He[oJrHoe BpeM, He rroJryquJra raxoto
pac[pocrpaHeuux). 3ror He4ocraroK npr,rcyu BceM uccneAoBaHr,rsM, oxapar(Tepr,r3oBaHH
br
M B npeAbrAyrrleM pa3Aene.
- HcroqnuKrz AaHHbrx H lrx HeAocrarKu no4po6Ho paccMorpeHbr
npunoxeHHH K cTaTbe.
B
PA3JII4TTHbIE TEHAEHUHIT AOII'OBPEMEHHO|O XAPAKTEPA
B OEPABATbIBAIOIIIEft TIPOMbIIIIJIEHHOCTI4 I,I 3KOHOM}IKE B IIE"NOM
B ra6n.
I npune4eubr reMnbr pocra coorBercrByrou[x noxasarerefi
3a Becb nepr4oA KaK rro crpaHaM B rIeJroM, TaK H orAenbHo Anq o6pa6arurarcqeft npo MbllrneHHocrr,l ; gracr[rrHocrb coorHotrr euu,- p ocr l3aHrrocrb
3a paccMorpeHusrfi fleprroA vtcrl4creHa n rpaQax 6,7,11 u 12.
Ecnu Ha.rarb c 3KoHoMHKr,t B IIeJroM, Bo Bcex crpaHax, 3a r,rcKJIIorreHHena Belnxo6 pAT aHVu, ua6lrc4alucb noJroxuTeJrbHbt e reHAeH r{H}t n cQepe
osu 6onee 3aMerHbr n CenepHoil Arrrepnxe (CllIA u Kaua4e),
l4ranuu, Belnxo6purauuu); fl,nosus 3aHHMaer flpoMexyror{Hoe nonoxeulre. Yxa:aHHbre HarlrroHanbHbre pa3[I,Iqu, MoxHo o6tqcHuru xax pa:Hofi 4uHaunxofi vucneHHocrr,r HaceJreHr,l, (nprarrenr r Kaua4e u CIIIA reMnbr pocra 6slu caMbIMII nUCOXl,ttuu), TaK v gxogouuqecxoft aKTIBHOCTbIO Ha}eneHufl
(onrrr-raxn n cerepuofi Auepraxe Ha6mo4aJrocb ee ycvfiteH:y,e, a Bo Bcex
enponeficxux crpaHax - HerarnBHa, TeHAeHrIux). B cBoro oqepeAb, AeMorpasuvecxue reHAeHrrrrn A pa3nv'qufl B 3KoHOUUqeCXOfi aKTHBHOCTT,T
3aHflTocrH;
rreM B eBponeficxux crpaHax (@paHqur,r, fepn,taHuu,
n:auuo4eftcrBoBaJrlt
c
HHcrHTyulroHaJrbHbrMlr paMKaMI,I,
r.e.
Sopr*laun
(perynHpoBaHldg>> B pa3Hbrx 3KoHoMHqecKux cHcreMax crpaH <<6onrurofi
CEMEPKI,I), C YUETOU PAMOI( CTATbI,I 3T}I HHCTIITYIIHOHANrHrIC PA3JIHI{I4'I
no4po6Ho He aHaJrH3HpyIOTCq, TaK KaK
BHr,rMaHHe
s Hefi cocpeAoror{eHo
l6
Srouonr{ecrnfi pocr
rf 3aH['Tocrb
Ta6nuua
Cpearrue
renuu posra u o6ruar 3nacrrlquocrbr, 1960-1994 rr.
uenoM
Crpaua
Hacere-
Pearu-
''aH,u-
Pa6oqee
Arrna-
HUe
usrfi
TOCTb
BpeMs
HOCTb
3
4
5
9r
3p
BBII
BBn
BBN2
I
2
CIIIA
1,09
Anoslafi
0,87
2,99
6,22
3,92
2,95
3,40
3,52
2,32
Kanaaa3
1,34
Fepuarura
Opanqur
Vrar.las
Benuxo6prrauurs
0,52
0,72
0,39
0,32
Crpana
flpoayrqxr
a
I,87
r,09
7
0,41
0,75
0,29
0,93
-0,s3
-o,r3
t8
-0,30
0,51
0,08
0,47
0,06
0,06
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nponcxoAr,rro 6eg pocra 3aHrrocrr; flpuqeM yxa3aHHafl TeHAeHrIHfl, noxoxe, npoflBnnacr n Enpone eqe 6oree orqerJrHBo, qeM B Cenepnofi
Auepuxe.
flpu cono craBJreH r,r u cp aBHr.rreJrbHofi gorronpeu en no ft Ar,r Ha M r,rKr,r Bo
scefi gxoHoMlrxe H a o6pa6arrmarorqefi npoMbrrxneHHocrr,r MoxHo cAenarb rpeApapr,rreJrbHbrfi nsrno4 o roM, qro nepexo4 x nocr$opAu3My
uue:l Byr4laMbre nocJreAc'rBt4s, AJr, 3aHrrocrr,r B o6pa6arrmaroqefi npoMbnrrJreHHocrx, Ho He AJrr sceft exoHounqecxoft clrcreMbt. B ro npeur xax
n o6pa6arunarcrqefi npoMbrruneHHocrn MoxHo na6mo4arr KaK 3aMeAneHI4e TeMIOB pOCTa 3aHflTOCTI,t, TaK r.r rBHOe yXyAIIIeHr.re peaKrluu 3aHqTocru Ha gxoHoMr,rqecxafi pocr, 3Toro HeJrb3, cKa3arb o6 axonoufiKe B rlerol,r. B nocJIeAHeM clyr{ae 3aMeAJIeHI,Ie TeMnOB pOCTa 3aHrTOCTr,r 6UlO
MeHee pe3Kr.rM, a ee peaKqufl, Ha pocr BBfI yct4nturracb Bo Bcex crpanax.
I,Iuuuu cJroBaMr,t, c noruqrfi 3aHrrocrn r(pr,r3r,rc <[op4usua HMeJr BaxHbre
Herarr,rB Hbr e nocneAcrBl,tfl Mfl o6pa6aruaaroulefi npo M brr[neHH ocrl,t, oAHaKO gKOHOMr,rKe B rIenOM yAilnocb coxpaH[Tb noJroxr{TeJrbHyro Ar,rHaMrrr(y
(xorr n Enpone curya\t4fl 6nn:xa x sacroro).
flpunegeHHsre Saxrrl, cBrrAerenbcrByroque o6 or.{acru pa3HoHanpaBJreHHbrx reHAeHrlurx, noMoraror B xaxofi-ro Mepe pa3perxrrrb cnopuufi nonpoc o pocre oxoHoMr,rKr,r 6e: yaemlveHr,rs 3aHflTocru. Ecma paccMarpuBarb roJrbKo o6pa6arslnarcqyrc npoMbrurneHHocrb, upeo6na4arcr
orpr,rqarenbHbre noKa3arelvr (ra ucxlrc.reHrieM Anonuu) KaK npHMeHuTeJrbHo x a6comorHblM BeJrI{quHaM, TaK I,I B cMbrcne gJracrr,ryHocrrd; Ho
CCNI.I I,IMETb
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n enponeficKltx crpaHax, a AoKa3arenbcrBa 6olee nu:xoft 3racrl,rqHocrr,r 3aHcrocrr,r B nocneAHHe roAbr orcyrcrByror. Kpoue roro, Te xe
coo6paxeHr4q, Koropble 6sura Bbrcxa3aHbr B orHoruenuu ra6t. l, npurraeHr.rMbr u x 6onee [o3AHeMy, nocrQopgr.rcrcKoMy nepnoAy. Cnryaqua, rorAa pocT SKoHoMrdKlt B TerreHHe AruTenbHofo BpeMeHu He conpoBoxA:urcfl
yBenHrreHr,reM 3aHrTocTn, He noApa3yMeBaeT oTcyTcTBr,rs peaKrlr,r[ Ha 3Ko_
HOMr,rqecKHfi pocr B r(parxocporrHoM nJraHe (a sro orHocr,rrcr rar(xe K
o6pa6arrrnaroulefi npoMbruneHHocru, rAe Aonronpeuenuslfi pocr 6e:
yBenr,rqeHHf, 3aHrrocru - o6uag qepra crpaH <6olrruofi ceuepxu>>).
Jlr,rrrrb
Sronourqecrrft pocr r 3anrrocrb
22
CBf,3b POCT'3AHflTOCTb B KPATKOCPOTIHOM TIJIAHE HE OCJIAEEBAET
B ra6l. 3 npegcranlneHa numefrHas Koppenrqfiq MexAy yBenrdqeHr.reM
npor,l3BoAcrBa r{ pocroM 3aHrrocrr, ysl'r tcefi gKoHoMHKr,r l,r o6pa6aruBarouefi npoMbrrrrneHHocru B TeqeHHe Bcero nepuoAa n n rfop4r,rcrcxufr, u
n nocrQopAucrcrnfi noAnepr4oAbr.
Ta6lr,rua 3
Koppenrunr exerolubtx reM[oB SnonoMrrqecnoro pocra
B yKa3aHHbre neprloAbr
clllA 0,77-' 0,60- 0,91.- 0,86-. 0.80-. 0,96". 0,87-. 0.88-.0,84-.
.gnoHs, 0,32' 0,10 0,29 0,30' 0,31 0.58.. 0.78-. 0.68- 0.54..
Kasaaa 0,78"' 0,65" 0.88-'
0,76 -' 0.62 - 0,74 -.
I-epua- 0,64"' 0,78"' 0,77'' 0,47-' 0,53' 0,64- 0.65-. 0,69-.0.73.-
-'
0,85 -'0.80'0.80 -' 0.67 0,79 -. 0,8 t -.
0,93
-'
0,96
-.
0,84 -'
0.94
".
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0.8 t
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Opax- 0,72"' 0,45
0,83
-'
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0,63
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0,77
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0,55
-
.
0.22-.
0.7 t
- ...
0,64 -' 0,50
0,73 -.
-.
0,78 -. 0,80 -. 0.82 -.
0,66
uHx
Llrar.nc
0,28
0,41
0,67
Bern-
0.50'-
0.46
0,62"
".
0,48
0,48
0.55
0,64
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'
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0.82
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6pxTAHH'
I
BBfl/3 - xoppemum rrlex4y BBfl r,t 3aHrrocrbro;
BBI/OB - Koppenrqltl lrexay BBfl u orpa6orauxrrM BpeMeHeM.
I [I/3 - xoppe.nrut,ts MexAy npoayxqNeil r.t 3aHrrocrbrc a o6pa6aruraaroulefi
npouurruleHHocrr,r.
2
4 n/OB
- xoppe[rqu,
Mexay npoAyxrlrefi
u
orpa6oraunsru BpeMeHeM n o6pa6aruraarcutefi
npoMb[xJreHHocTH.
Ilp*ueuuuue. CreneHu crarncruqecxofi gHaq[uocr[ TaxoBa: .
-
90
"/";..- 95"/";...-
9g/o.
ltt scefi 3KoHoMrrr(H H Bcero nepuoAa 1960-1994 rr. KparKocpoqHa,
nonoxHTeJrbHafl cBs3b MexAy pocroM SKoHoMHKI,I r,r 3aHsrocrblo noA-
rBepxAaercs [pr,rMeHHTeJrbHO KO BCeM CTpaHaMs. OHa 6Srla BecbMa cyqeCTBCHHOft B N'TH H3 HIIX, A HCKJIIOqCHI,IC COCTABJISIOT ,IIOHH fl 14 Ir4TATIU,,,
rAe Ko3oOHUr,reHTbr t4 r4x cTaTucTr,rqecKa, 3Haqr,rMocTb Hr,rxe. Tau, r4e
HMeroTcq AaHHbre, npr,rBeAeHHbre coo6paxeHH, oTHOCTTCq H K KoppenrIIHI4 ME)I(AY TCMNAMI,I POCTA BBII N AHHAMI,IKOft CYMMAPHOTO OTPA6OTAHHoro BpeMeHH. EcItu o6parurrcr K oopAHcrcr(oMy r.t nocroopArrcrcKoMy
s
Koppencuug Mexry pocroM BBII n 3ana3AbrBarouur',r xooQ$r,rqneHToM H3MeHeHr,r,
3aHTITOCTH AaeT aHaJIOrnqHbre pe3yJrbTaTbt.
3xoxoMnqecrui pocr ll 3aHflTocrb
- [IcKJIIoqeHHe cocraBJlreT ToJIbKo
I(oppenrqus coorKpaTr(ocpoqHac
HorrreHr,r, pocr/3aHqrocrb B nocroopAlrcrcr(Hfi flep]roA Bo3pocna KaK B
cMbrcJre BeJrHr{HHbr Ko3oorrql,eHToB, TaK r.r (npuMeHr,rTeJrbHo K 3aHqTocTL B
CIIIA, KaHa4e, @paHqun, Vratuu u Beruxo6purauilu r,r orpa6oraHHonoA[epproAaM, B 6oJlbrlrtrHcrBe cnyqaeB
orpa6oTaHHoe BpeM, Bo OpaHur,rH
My BpeMeHH s flnoHuu u fepnraHnu) n orHourer.rr crarvtcru.{ecroft :Harrr,rMocru. Kparrocpor{Har peaxrll,rs o6ulefi 3aHsrocrr.r Ha pocr BBfI noKa3brBaer reHAeHrlr,rrc K ycr,rneHnro r nocrQopAprcrcKyro gnoxy Bo Bcex
or
Onsrr xe, H B orrr,rque
npeAnoloxeHufi Teoperr,rKoB(neccI,IMI4CTOB), CBq3b MeXAy pOCTOM 3KOHOMLIKU r4 3aHrTOCTrrc S 19801994 rr., noxoxe, ycytrvracb, no xpafinefi Mepe B xparKocpor{HoM nJraHe
crpaHax.
r,r
rrpHMeHHTeJrbHo K 3KoHoMprKe B uenoM.
-flcuo nurpaxeHHoro
r,r3MeHeHr,rr
p$ynbraroB, xapaxTepHoro AJII
[poBeAeHHoro paHee corocraBJresus'ta6n.2a u 26 trpv aHatvse o6pa6arrruaroulefi [poMbrrrrneHHocrH, 3Aecb He Ha6ruo4aercs. Buecro 3Toro noJroxHTeJrbHaq Koppenrqfiq MexAy 3KoHoMHqecKnM pocToM r, 3aHrTocTbro
[oATBepxAaercq Aaxe
N$
o6pa6arunaroulefi npoMbruneHHocrn,
He-
cMoTpfl Ha AonroBpeMeHHoe coKparrleHne 3aHrITocTH B 3TOM CeKTOpe, BbrTeKaroqee H3 AaHHbrx, npr,rBeAeHHbrx B ra6t. 2a u 26. Eorce roro, 3HaquMocrb Koppenrquu 3aHrrrocru a nocrQopAr,rcrcKlrfi nepuo4 n KaHa4e,
(Dpanquu u Beluxo6 pvr aHwvt Bo3pocna. Analoruqs afl, lraprvHa cKnaAbrBaercf, Ha ocHoBe orIeHoK, orHocrluuxcq K orpa6otauuouy BpeMeHu:
Koppenrq[q HeH3MeHHo rroJrox[TeJrbHa, - BbrcoKa, B cBor,Ix 3HaqeHl4qx I4
cocTaBJrsroqas 99o/o cTaTHcTlrqecxOfi sHa.IuMOcTu Bo Bcex cTpaHax B TerreHr,re Bcero nepnoAa, a n KaHa4e u @paHrlur,r ee 3HarreHrrfl, u crarvcrvvecKa, 3HaqnMocrb n nocrQop4ucrcxuit fiepnoA Bo3pacraror.
B xpa:rxocporrHoM nJraHe Cerepuar Auepuxa, noxoxe, xapaKTepn3yercq 6oree cunruofi peaxqnefi 3aHflTocrlr Ha pocr sKoHo {ux}r, veu Enpo-
navilvt flnoP.ut, a B AonroBpeMeHHoM nJIaHe pa3pbrB B noKa3areJrgx 3aHsTocrrr Bo3pacraer (crrl. rsrrue 3aMeqaHuq, orHocrulfiecq x ra6r. l). Cxa3AHHOC CNPABEANI,IBO KAK B OTHOIIIEHUU P,CCII 3KOHOMI,IKII, TAK H B OTHOute}Jilvt o6pa6arrtaarouleft flpoMbrrxneHHocrlr v Kacaercg KaK 3aHcrocru,
TaK H orpa6orasuoro BpeMeHH.
Bo:nparuucs K lrcropr,rqecxrrM co[ocraBneHurM: KparKocpo.rHslfi
aHarrv3 He noATBepxAaer Halrvttyrfl 6olee cla6ofi cBfl3u MexAy pocroM
gKoHoMrrxr,r u 3aHrrocrbro B nocrSop4ucrcxr,rfi nepuog, a lrMerorcfl HecKonbKo nplrMepoB nporr,rBonoloxuofi TeHAeHrIr,rH. 3ror BbrBoA rroArBepxAaercq AaHHbrMLt ra6t. 4. B srofi ra6luqe npeAcraBneHbr pe3ynbraTbr perpeccHoHHoro aHanu3a reMnoB plstr.leseHraft Y'vc]/^a 3aHsrbrx Iz orpa6orausoro BpeMeHH c yr{eroM reMnoB pocra BBfI s 3KoHoMHKe B r{enoM H
rpoAyxrlur,t o6pa6arrmarculefi npoMbrrrneHHocrr,r 3a Becb nepuo,4. flpr,rMEHLITCJIbHO K NOAIICPUOAAM AHAIIV3 HE NPOBCAEH U34A HCAOCTATOI{HOrO
qvcna ua6mo4eHufi, o,quaxo npeAnaraercs uttoit noAxoA K oueHKe crpyr(TypHbrx cABHroB MexAy Qop4nsrraorta u nocr$opA[r3MoM, a r,rMeHHo no-
u
3roHomnqecrufi pocr rr 3aurxrcTb
BTOpsIoUuecs H,aHMOCBr3aHHbre npoBepr([ cTpyroypHbrx cABr.rroB Atrs
r(axAoro roAa B neplroA 1973-1980 rr.
Kax u oxr,rA:rnocb, peynbrarbr perpeccuu Bo MHoroM cornacyrorcfl c
BbrBoAaMr,r u3 ra6n. 3: llts SKoHoMHKH B rIenOM CBr3b pOCT/3aHflTOCTb nOJIOXI,ITeJIbHA V 3HAqUMa BO BCeX CTpaHaX, 3a qaCTHr{HbtM I,ICKnrcqeHHeM
flnowuu u Vr atun; u o6pa6aruruarouqefi trpo MbrrflneHHocrr,t cBr3 b Becb M a
3HaqlrMa Bo Bcex crpaHax <6olruofi ceMepKrd). Ecrra sasncuuofi nepeuesHofi cnyxr,rr orpa6oraHHoe BpeMr, pelpecclronnufi aHaril43 noJrHocrblo [oATBepxAaer BbrBoAbr. Ongrr-raxn xoe$QuqneHTbr B Ceoepnofi
Auepnxe Bbrr.ue, qeM s.flnoHHH H eBponeftcxr,rx crpaHax.
Ta6nuua
4
Perynsraru perpecc[onuoro aHaJu3a .q[HaMrqecr[x pnAoB.
1960-1994 rr. (t - crarucrrma yreraHa n cro6rax)
Hamrvxe crpyxrypHlrx cAB[roB
B yxa3aH-
CIIIA
0,49'- 0,66 -' 0,64*' 0,81 -' 1975, 1976 t975, t976 He 6rrao He 6uuro
(6,76) (e,38) (e,78) (14,44)
Anola.r.ts 0,06' 0,I I ' 0,26*' 0,35 "' 1973, 1974 1973, t9'14 t9'16 t974
(1,84) (t,75) (6,86) (8,e4)
KasaAa 0,56 -'
0,52*' 0,60 *' 1977, 1978
He 6uro He 6uuro
(6,9t)
(6,32\
(7,43\ te7e,le80
I-epuaunr 0,38 -' 0,36 *' 0,45 *' 0,69 *' He 6urno He 6umo )) ))
) ))
(4;t7) (2,98)
(4,8 )
,34)
*'
*'
OpaHulrc 0,25 '* 0,33
0,51 '*
0,6 I
1980
) ))
)) ))
)) ))
(5,83) (4,58) (4,e1) (s,64)
Vrants
0, 13 '
0, 19 0,39 .1976
)) )
)) ))
(1,64)
(2,s6) (3,65)
Bennxo6pu- 0,36'- ...
0,48'* 0,60 -' He 6ruo
) ))
)) ))
raHH, (3,20)
(4,4t') (6,52)
I
('.t
t Perpeccue rasncuuoft nepeueuuofi npor.r3BeAeHa Ha koHcraHTy H TeMn pocra peanbHoro BBfI (a,nc sceft oxououl.lxr.r) r{ reMn pocra peanbHoft npoAyxuun r o6pa6amrsarcuefi
npoMbrr[JreHHocru (1nr ororo cexropa).
- gagqrocrb B 3KoHoMHKe B ueJroM.
- orpa6oraHHoe BpeMc B 3KoHoMr.rKe B ueJroM.
a 30
- saHgrocru n o6pa6aruraarcqefi npoMbrrrlJreHHocrn.
5 OBO
- or-pa6orauuoe BpeMs n o6pa6aruraarcuefi npoMbrrrrJreHHocrr.r.
6 rlpooepxr'r crpyrcypnbrx caBr.roB 3To noBToprlouruec,
B3aHMocBr3aHHbre
2
3
I OB
3a nepHoA 1973-1980
rr.,
oueHeHHbre
npn 57n-Hou ypoBHe 3Har{uMocTH.
Ilpuueuauue. O CreneHu CTaTr{cTuqect(Ofi gHaqnrrlOcrH cM.
CHOcKy
r ra6a. 3.
npoBepKu
3xonoirrqecrrfi porr lr 3aHfrTocrb
25
I4cronxosaHne peynbraroB npoBepoK crpylffypHblx cABHroB conpflxeHo c 6onee cepbe3HbIMI,I TpyAHocrrun. OrcyrcrBue cADI,IroB s o6pa6arbrBaroqeft npousrlxJleHHocrl,I Bcex crpaH, I,IcKJIroqar -f nounto, noxoxe, corJlacyercs co cAenaHHbrMId paHee BbIBoAaMI,t, Koropble, r o6u1eu,
He noATBepxAaror crpyl<rypHblx uluenenufi B Kparl(ocporlHoM coorHorueHr,ru pocr/saHrrocrb B nocr$opgucrcr(yro snoxy. Curyaqnrc r .IlnoHvlyt, oqeBIrAHo, MoxHo o6tgcnnrr reM, qTo 3aKoH.IHJIC, nepnoA
(AOfoHKr.r)) B rrHAycrpr{ilJrbHoM pa3Burvrv, B xoAe Koroporo ao 1973 r.
6unu AbcrnrHyrbr HcKJrror{HTeJrbHo BbrcoKr{e reM[br pocra BBfI n npoMbrrrrJreHHofi npo4yxquu (crr,r. ra6t. 2a).
flpnuenureJrbHo K oKoHoMr.rKe B rIeJroM crpyKTypHbre cADHrr{ n 70-e
roAbr nocJreAoBareJrbHo nporBnrrorc, B flnorrnu lr crpaHax Ceaepnofi
Auepuxn, a raKxe ro @paHqnn (1980 r.) uVratruu (1976 r.). Ho cpaBHeuue ra6n. 3 l,t 4 qerxo yr(a3brBaer Ha ro, r{To crpyxrypHbre cABrrrn npoH3oLIrJrr.r B crpaHax, rAe B KparxocporrHoM acrrexre cBr3b MexAy BBfI n
3aHrTOCTbrO yCUJrI.lBarrACb OT OAHOTO nOAnep[OAa r( ApyrOMy: BO BCeX
ceMr.r cnyqarx crpyKrypHbrx cABrtroB s ra6r. 4 (rpaQu 5 u 6) xoeQQraqueHTbr Koppenf rlr,rr,r Bo BTopoM floAfleptroAe Bo3pocJrH, a B ilflTu cnyqaflx u3
ceMlr Bo3pocJra raKxe Hx crarucrr,rqecxar 3HaquMocrr (cu. ra6n. 3, rpaQu
2,3, 5 r.r 6). O4Haxo eAuHcrBennuft cnyvafi crarr.rcrr.rqecxoro ocna6nexus
cnggra BBfl/:assrocrr r nocr$opArrcrcxoM [oAflepuoAe, Koropoe orMer{eHo Bo (DpaHquu (o'a. ra6n. 3, rpaQsr 5 u 6), He noAKpenJrrrercf, HailvtLrvteM crpyKrypHoro cABr.rra (crra. ra6l. 4, rpa$y 6). CneaosareJrbHo, crpyKTypHbre cABlrrr,r, noKa3aHHbre n ra6n. 4, uoryr cJryxuTb cursatauu tu6o
sK3oreHHbrx tlaxropon (neQr*rsle xpr,t3rdcbr, KoHeq rnoHcxoro orcraBaaun), tu6o yculler,rfl cBr3H MaxAy pocroM gKoHoMrdxr,r rr 3aHrrocrbro.
O.reuu4en BbrBoA u3 anarru3a: B r(parr(ocpoqHoM [JraHe cBc3b MexAy
pocroM r'{ 3aHqrocrbro B gxoHoMr,rxe B rlenoM r.r orAenbHo n o6pa6arun aroulefi [po M brrlneH Hocrr,r H e y M eHb rrr u\acb n n ocr$op4 ucr cxuit nepr{oA
Hr.r B cMbtcne qvcna 3aHrrbrx, HH B orHolxeHnn orpa6oraHHoro r,rMl,l BpeMeHH. Tax qro nepexoA x nocrQopAr,r3My noBneK sa co6oft flBHoe 3aMeAJreHI,Ie TeMIOB SKOHOMI,IqeCKOTO pOCTa, HO He CABnr B KpaTKOCpOTIHOM
cooTHoIIIeHHH MeXAy pOCTOM H 3aHrTOCTbrO.
BbIBO.EI
[I CJIEACTBVIfl
Arrfl nOJIITTIIKII
flporueopequnrrfi xapaKTep [pr,tBeAeHHbrx Bbrue gMnupur{ecKr,rx AoKa3aTenbcTB cBr3H MexAy pocToM 3KoHoMr,tKH H 3aHrTOCTrrc UOXUO O6rscHr.rTb pa3nHqHrMu B noAxoAax aBTopoB, KOTOpbre CMOTpTT Ha BOnpOC C
pa3Hbrx roqeK 3peHns; MHorr,re BbrBoAbr 3aBucflT or BpeMeH[, oco6euuocrefi crpanbr r,r orpacnefi, npunrrbrx 3a ocHoBy a*antu3a.
flpexge Bcero, CenepHaa Auepuxa n Enpona cyulecrBeHHo pa3Jrnqarorcr no reHAeHrIHrM B cQepe 3aHrrocrr,r KaK B a6colrcrnoM
cMbrcJle,
3roHoruflqecrufi pocr
26
H
3aHflTocrb
,nOHH'
TaK H B OrHOUreHr,rU peaKrIHH Ha 3KOHOMr,rqeCKHfi pOCT (npH STOM
3aHr,rMaeT npoMexyTorrHoe nonoxeHr,re). B 4olrocporrHoM nJraHe 3aHrTOCTb BO3pOCna n cenepuofi Ar,lepuxe s 6oruuefi creneHH, n Eepone xe
pocr
ee 6strt secsr{a yMepeHHbrM (npuuer'r MoxHo Aaxe roBopurs o6 ero
orcyrcrBur,r, eclrv r{Merb B Br,rAy orpa6oraHHoe BpeMs). IIo yrasaHHofi
npHrIHHe o6re4uueHne AaHHbrx <6olruofi ceMepKH)) urv Aa)Ke crpaH
OOCP A-us qeneft npoBepxH cBr3H MexAy 3KoHoMHqecKr,rM pocroM r{ 3aHsrocrbro cnoco6no BBecrH n :a6lyx4euue.
.{aHusre no gKoHoMr.{Ke B rlenoM u olpa1arbrBaroqefi [poMbrrxJreHHOCTr,r [O-pa3HOMy roBopsT o cBr3r4 MexAy pocToM H 3aHsTocTbro H o
3Har{eHr,ru nepexoAa x noc'rQop4n:ruy. B ro BpeM, r(ax np}rMeHHTeJrbHo K
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27
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B eBpoflefic(ux crpaHax.
EI4EJII4OI-
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I. N C T OII H II K II,q A H H bI X, N CNO]I b3 O B A H H bI X N P il COC T A BJI E H II N
TALII. 14, B IIOPflZKE IIEPETIIICJIEHUfl NEPEMEHHhIX 14 CTPAH
l.
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countries (Paris) n Economic Outlook (Paris).
2. 3asrrocru B oKoHoMrKe B ueroM. OECD: Economic Outlook (Paris) - gnr Opanquu u leprr,raxnn;lLO'. Yearbook of l,abour Statistics (Geneva) ygt flnouuu u KasaAu;
ISTATT Collana Informazioni (Rome) Mc Vraruu; US Bureau of Labor Statistics:
-
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Employment Gazette (London) - ruc Berr.rxo6prrauun.
3. Cpelnee.nruo mpa6oraHnbrx qacoB B neae.rrrc/ror B ?rouoMrrKe B ueltoM r oSpa6arsrsapuefi ]rpoMbrruneHrocrn. ILO: Yearbook of labour Statistics (Geneva) - ane
@panur.ru, flauauu u KaHaAu; Institut fur Arbeitsmarkt und Berufsforschung:
Mitteilungen aus der Arbeitsmarkt und Berufsforschung (Stuttgart) - lutr Fepuanxu; US
Bureau of Labor Statistics: Monthly lnbor Review (Washington, DC) - am CIIIA; ISTAT:
Collana Informazioni (Rome) - 1.r,sldrar,nn; Central Statistical Office. Employment Gazette
(London) -,urc Beauxo6purauuu.
4. flpoayrunn o6pa6arunarorueft rpoMbrurnenHocru. OECD: National Accounts for
OECD counties (Paris).
Monthly labor Review (Washington, DC)
5. 3anrrogru a o6pa6aruoarouefi npoMbmnenuocrr. ILO: Yearbook of labour
Statistics (Geneva); ISTAT: Collana Informazioni (Rome)
-
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1995 r. coKparr.rnacr. B fperlnn r.r flopryrarrur4 3To, B qacrHocryt, cBfl3alo
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coKparr,rnacb Aonr 3aHflTbrx HenoJrHoe pa6ouee BpeMr.
Ta6,ruua
.[nnanrra rn6rofi pa6ovefi cu.rlrl* s Enponeficrou corcle,
1985 u 1995
Eelrrus
oPf
[aunn
fpeunr
85
87
93
JIrcxcerr,r6ypr
98*+
Hn4eplaH4ur
t26
n4
r68
t32
t74
Ancrpar
flop'ryranur
Beluxo6puraurr
76
95
92
107
@[rHrqH.[Hr
l2l ***
Vcnanns
<Dpauuur
Vpnar.gun
Vtanus
rr. (1985 r. no EC=I00)
ll6
103
LLIrequr
Eoponeftcxufi coro:
58
57
106
t62
86
t26
|7
107
I 19
88
il5
126*** 134
100
I t5
*
cauolaugrure, pa6orarculHe HenoJrHoe BpeMs H Ha ocHoBe BpeMeHHbrx rpyaoBbrx
AoroBopoB. ** 3anaruas fepuauur. ***flauusre ra 1987 r.
H
c
ro
q H H K: EUROSTAT/ROA.
Kax orMe.raerc, B pa6ore O3Cp <Employment Outlook) (OECD,
(nsrHyx4eniafl u BpeMeHHar 3aHrrocrb
Moryr o3Haqarb H3Jrlr[reK [peAnoxeHufl pa6oqeil cr,tJrbr Ha pbrHKe rpyAa.
1995), pa6ora HenoJrHoe BpeMrr
B cnequarsHofi nr4Teparype 3TH Qopnsr 3aHrrocrH qacro 14MeHoBaJrH KaK
pa6ora)), ((HecraHAaprHarr) HJrr4 (Her?rrrnqHarr) 3aHrrrocrb.
Xora Qpasa (pexr,rMbr cryr{afi Hofi :aH grocru) nepBoHaqaJrbHo o3HaqaJra
yclonHsrfi HaeM Ha pa6ory, BnocneAcrBuu o{a nonyqHra 6olee lxHpor(oe
3HaqeHr're, KaK (nro60fi pexuu rpyAa, ornHqarouluitcs or pa60Tbr no.uHoe
BpeMfl, Ha nocrorHHofi ocHoBe u 3a 3apa6orHyro nnary utru xaJroBaHbe)
(Polivka and Nardone, 1989, p. l0).Ho s nocreAHee BpeMfl ory
Qoprr,ry
3aHflTOCTH CTarM qacro I,IMeHOBarb (HerHnHqHofi>.
lelsceH Aan onpeAe<<uty9.ailHa,.
neHl4e Herr,rnuqHofi :aHsrocrl4, KOTOpOe BO MHO|OM COBnaAaer c onpeAeJreHr,reM clyuafiHofi paoorbr: <<HerllnH.rHsre
soprr,rsr 3aHsrocrH orJrHqaror-
cq
or 3aHrrocrH
nonHoe pa6oqee BpeMs 3a cornacoBaHHyro 3apa6orHyro
nnary: 3To pa60Ta HenonHoe BpeMrr, no Bbr3oBy, TpyAoBoMy cornalxeHHro, TpyAoBoMy AoroBopy Ha Qnxo.rpoaaHHbrfi cpoK, AoroBopy o6 yve_
HHqecrBe, cBo6oAHoro aBTopa, caMo3aHqroro 14 pa6ora HeoopMaJrbHoro
xaparoepa)> (Delsen, 1991, p. 123; cu. raKxe c6rdova, l9g6; KravaritouManitakis, 1988; Rodgers and Rodgers, l9g9; Treu, 1992; belsen, r995r
Meulders, Plasman and Plasma n, 1994).
I
SronoMuqecrrfi pocr
Tpofi (freu, 1992),
rr
3aHrrocrb
oAHaKo, rpeAnorlllraer roBoplrrb
grtl
o
Qoprr,rsI 3aHrrocrl,I Aocrlarnll
((HerI,I[[trHarD yxe HeyMeqro
repMUH
HCnOJIb3OBarb
MaCLIITa6OB,
TaKUX
gToMy
pa3rltqnblx
BI,IAoB TpyAoBonpHMeHeHHe
aBTopy,
crno. CornacHo
saxHrIfi
l5
nm
s
B
nocJIeAHI,Ie
npeBparnJrocb
ro AoroBopa
$axrop eBponeficxoro rpyAoBoro npaBa I,I npaKTI.IKI,I opraHl{3aqvu rpy4a Ir cblrpano
peuarcuyrc ponb B yct4r.eHuv ru6xocru pbIHXa rpyAa. Ho rax Kax 3TI,I
Sopurr no-npexHeMy ocralorc, HecraHAaprHbIMI,I, Aanb[Ie B crarbe ldc-
<neycroftvurofi>> eanqrocru, TaK KaK
nonb3yeTc, TepMHH ((HeTl,lnnr{Hat) 3aHqTocTb.
flpr.rvuusr sce 6omuero pac[pocrpaHeHn, HerI,InHsHbtx Qopu aaHrKaK Ha cropoHe cnpoca, TaK H Ha cropoHe npeAlopbrHKe
Ha
r1y4a.
Ha cropone clpoca rJraBHa, rrpwmna rrotacxa
xeHus
ru6xr,rx
3aHqrocru
cBfl3aHa c norpe6nocrsro pa6oroAarerefi
6oree
Qopr'r
K pbrHorrHbrru xone6aHuqr\,r.
n
cocrorHr,ru
6ucrpo
aAanrr,rpoBarbcc
6urs
Ha cropoHe [peAJroxeHus Hexoropue Qoprvrbr Herr,rn[qnofi pa6orbr Moryr orBeqarr norpe6HocrrM TpyArrqxxc fl , qbvt xH3HeHHbre o6croqreflrcrBa He [o3BoJlrror l,lu pa6orarb noJrHoe BpeMs (cu. raxxe Treu, 1992).
.{emceu (Delsen, l99l) nponoAr,rr pa3nr,rque Mex.(y AByMq ocHoBHbrMu
gaHqrocru: pa6oroft HenonHoe BpeM, r,r BpeMeHQoprr,rarr,ru Herr.rnrrqHofi
noft pa6orofi. Boo6ule roBopr, B To BpeMr KaK rJraBHofi npuuuuofi pocra
npeueuuofi 3aHcrocru Bbrcrynaror norpe6uocru pa6oro4areneft B qacrn
ru6xocru, rnasHofi npuvnuofi pacnpocrpar,er.ue, pa6orur HerronHoe BpeMs cBrcrorcr 3anpocbr pa6oraroulux xeHrrlr,rH.
Tutnu (Tilly, l99l) pasnuqaer rpr.r Br.rAa 3aHsrocru HenoJrnoe pa6or{ee BpeMr: l) uenomroe BpeMr; 2) conuecurreJrbcrBo B TeqeHr,re He[oJrHoro BpeMeHn; 3) coxpanenue pa6ouux Mecr Henonsofi 3aHrrocrr,r. Pa6ora
He[oJIHoe BpeMr npuMeHtercs rorAa, KorAa, BMecro roro, .tto6br yBonbHqrb corpyAHrrKoB Bo BpeMs 3KoHoMilr{ecKoro cfla4a, Quprr,ta BpeMeHHo
coxparqaer pa6ovee BpeMq. 3ra $opua BbrHyxAeHHofi pa6orur HenoJrHoe
BpeMs oco6eHHo pac[pocrpaHeHa B orpacnqx o6pa6arunarouqefi npoMbIrIrneHHocrI4, rryBcrBl,rreJlbHbrx K I{uxnl,tqecxutu xone6aHlz,flM nporr3BoAcrBa. Coe*tecmumerbcmlo I meveHue HenonHozo 6pet4eHu cBc3aHo c
((rrJroxr,rMr,r) pa6ouuul,r MecraMr,r Ha BTopnqHoM pbrHKe rpyAa (xax ero
o[peAensrcT B Teop[u 4noficraeHHoro pbrHKa .ryy6a; cM. HanpuMep,
Doeringer and Piore, l97l).3ra arrHyxAeHHa, pa6ora orHocurcq K nJroxnu pa6ouaM MecraM B cMbrcJre Hnrrofi onJlarbr l,t HeBbrcoxlrx AorroJrHrrTeJIbHbrx Bbr nJlar, HeyAoBnerBopl4TenbHoft coquanruofi satqurur, orcyrcrBH, Bo3Moxuocrefi AJrs npoABHxeHH, no clyx6e.H ssrcoxofi TeKyqecrrr,
o6rI,{Ho perrb r,rAer o MaJroKBaluQnquponaHHbrx rpyArrrluxcaz . PacnpocrpaHeHrre groro ax4a pa6or cBs3aHo c oco6enuocrs,Mvt cnpoca Ha pbrHxe
TpyAa. OH uoxer 6rrru ssrsnaH 6ucrpuM pa3Bur[reM Tex orpaclefi, r4e
vaule npu6eraror x pa6orarcqr,rM HenoJrHoe BpeMfl, vlyt yBenr.rrreHr,reM
TOCTr,r CneAyeT r,rcKaTb
2 AHarus oxBara HerlrnurlHblx't?y.urulnxc, corruanbHbrM o6ecne.{eHr.rervt cM., Hanpfiuep, Cousins (1992) n Delsen ( I 99 I ).
Sronoumecxnfi pocr il 3anrrocrb
34
MacurraooB TaKr{x pa6or B orAeJrbHbrx orpacnrx B cBq3H c t43MeHeHHf,Mr,t
crpaTernH HLtrrMa corpyAHHr(oB or,rp MaMH.
B ornu.{ue or cKa3aHHoro, coxpaHeHue pa1oqux ,tecm HenonHoil 3aHflmocmu cBg3aHo c (xopouun,lu> pa6ovr,rMI{ MecraMI,I, co3AaHHrruu, uro6sl
yAepxarb vtrrvt npr.rBner{b BbrcoKoKBalu<fr,rquporaHHbrx corpyAHr,rKoB,
IlpeAnoqHTarorrlHx
pa6orarr
HenoJrHoe BpeMq.
3ra
<4o6poBoJrbHar)) pa-
6ora nenonHoe BpeMfl npr,rMeHrlercfl c Ilenbro crr,rMynupoBarb
BoBJIer{eHr,re
B pbIHOr( TpyAa X€HTIII,IH r,rnl,I MyxqHH c AOTbMH-HXAr,rB0HrIAMV, ytHBAJIr4_
AoB n noxr.rJrbrx rpyArutrrxcr (Delsen, 1993). Yserr.rqeHne qHcra raKr,rx
pa6ouux Mecr Moxer 6urs o6ycaoueuo yBenr,rr{eHueM npHToKa 3THx
rpynn rpyAsrrlt4xc, Ha pbrHoK TpyAa.
Bpeueuuue p a6ovue j4e cma o6rl.{Ho cqr,rrarorcfl ((nJroxr,rMr,r)> pa6ovuMI,I MECTAMH, CO3AAHHbIMII C IICJIbIO YCNNI{Tb rU6XOCrr 3AH'TOCTI,I B I,IHTEpecax pa6oro4arenefi3. CxasaHHoe orHocrrrc, KaK K ,rpaAr,ruHoHHbrM ocHOBaH[rsM Ars BpeMeHHbrx rpyAoBbrx AoroBopon (cerouHar pa60Ta,3aMerrleHr,re corpyAHnr(oB Ha BpeMr ornycr(oB u 6olesueft u r.n.), TaK n K
(HOBbrM OCHOBaHHCM)), T.e. norpe6Hocrau
Szprr,r Hs6erarr lHaitua Ha nocroqHHofi ocHoBe r{3-3a HeorpeAeneHHocru (Marshall, 1989). Bpeueuuue
pa6ovre Mecra orpaxaror crpeMneHr,re pa6oro4arerefi o6rerquTb yBonbHeHils,, oco6enHo B crpaHax, rAe cyulecrByer 3HarI[TeJIbHaf, aAMI,rHHCTpaTrrBHa, u ropHArrqecKafl 3aUrUTA nOCTOrrHHbrx pa60ruuxon (Rodgers,
1989). ltt zattrbrx Ha npeueHHofi ocHoBe rnaBHyro onacHocrb npeAcraBJrrror, oqeBlrAHo, Hecra6nnrHocrb H HeBo3MOXHOCTb trJlaHHpoBarb
6y4yrqee. flpyraa yrpo3a cBfl3aHa c reM, r{To cre[eHb corlranbHofi rarquTbI y BpeMeHHbrx TpyAqu\vtxcs,, KaK npaBlrJro, 3Har{HTeJIbHO Hrrxe, qeM y
rlocrorHHbrx pa6orHuxou (Burchell, 1989; Marshall, 1989; Delsen, l99l).
floerouy BpeMeHHbre pa6oune Mecra Moryr HaxoAurbcfl Bo BTopr,rrrHoM
cerMeHTe pbrHr(a rpy{a. Teu ue MeHee BpeMeHHbre rpyAoBbre AoroBopbr He
orpaHr,tr{HBarorcfl pa6orauu, rpe6yroulr,rMH HeBbrcoxofi xuarHQnxiqr,rrE.
lluorga BpeMeHHbre rpyAoBbre AoroBopbr cnyxar cpeAcrBoM or6opa rpyAqulHxcs go ot[opr'ueHl/,fl, Ha nocrorHHofi ocHose (Marshall, l9g9).-B psae
crpaH TpyAOBbre AoroBopbr Ha sr,rxcuposaHHrlfi cpoK [peBpar]rJrHcb B
HOPMiUIbHbIfi CNOCO6 BCTYIINCHH' B PbIHOK TPYAA AJIfl MONOAbIX TPYA'.
ul}lxcs, oco6euuo Ha yr{acrKax pbrHKa rpyAa, rAe BbrcoKa (rraonoaexnac)
6eapa6ornqa (Treu, 1992). BpeueHHaa 3aHcrocrb rorAa r{acro cBfl3aHa c
nepnoAaMH 6erpa6orraqrr (Marshall, 1 989).
3 Poaxepc
(Rodgers, 1989), o.qxaro, yrBepxAaer, qro I *o6oil
$oprue HerunuqHofi
3aHrrocrn npncyrcrByror pa6ovne Mecra pa3nnqHoro KaqecrBa.
SrconoMrqecrd pocr
rr
3aurtocrb
35
HETI,III,IqHAfl 3AHflTOCTb
B PA3PE3E IIPO'DECCUOHAJIbHbIX TPYNII
3AHflTOCTb HETIOJIHOE PAEOqEE BPEMfl
Vs ra6r.2tuaruo, rITo B l99l r. B cpeAHeM lsoh o6rqefi pa6oqefi clrnbl
EC rpy4ranucb HenOJIHoe apeura. 3rO sa HeCKoJIbKO [pOIIeHTHbIx nyHKroB Hnxe roro, qro Tuttttu (Tilly, l99l) onpeaeltvlr Mfl CIIIA n 1989 r.
OAsaxo xore6annq ro crpaHaM EC cyrqecrBeHHbl. B Hu4eplaHAax Aont
pa6orarorqfix HenonHoe BpeM, BbIIxe (32,4'A. Kar roropur Maprualn,
pa6ory HenoJrHoe BpeMt s eroft crpaHe, oco6eHHo nplrMeHl'treJrbHo K
xeHrrlr'{HaM, apa- JIII MoxHo Ha3Barb HecraHAaptroft. B orJII,Iq[e or 9Toro, a lpequu, Vcnanul.r r,r floprytaltvu coorBercrByloque AoJII.I cpaBHIlreJrbHo HeBeJIHKH. I4s ra6rnqu raKxe BblTexaer, qro pa3nuql'Iq MexAy
orAeJrbHbrMH npoQeccuoHaJrbHbIMLI rpy[naMI,t cyqecrBeHHbl Bo Bcex
crpaHax. B qerou no EC He[oJrHoe BpeMs 3aHrrbl 33,8o/o rcex pa6orHuxon csepur ycnyr, TorAa I(aK cpeAI,I npoI,I3BoAcrBeHHbIx pa6orunroB 3Ta
Aons paBHa Jrr.rrub 4,6oh, a ynpaBneHqecKoro [epcoHana -5,6oh. B cpeAueu
HenoJrHoe BpeM, 3aHflTbr oKoJIo 20o/o pa6orHlrKoB cQepsI ycnyr L ToproBru.r. B Hu.qepnauAax u Benuxo1puralauu HenoJrHoe BpeM, 3aHsrbl 6olee
rroJroBuHbr pa6oruuxon cr[eprr ycnyr, a t \atuu - noqru nonosl,IHa. B
3TI,IX TpeX CTpaHaX TaKXe CaMbIe BbICOKI,te AOJTI,I 3aHflTblx HenoJrHoe BpeM,
cp eAr,r roproBbrx pa6orunxo B u aruurucrp arr,rB H oro flepco H ana.
n EC npuxoAflTc, Ha Hu3KoKBa(n
pa6oruuxon
nr.r$r.rqraponaHHbrx
cQepe ycnyr, ceJrbcKoM xoufictne,
yxasuBaer
Ha ro, rrro 3HaqHTeJIbHa,
npor,r3BoAcrBe r,r roproue)s. 9ro
56oh scex 3aHrrbrx He[oJrHoe BpeM,
AoJrrr 3aHflTbrx HenoJrHoe pa6o.ree BpeMfl orHocrdrcs Ko BTopnrIHoMy pbIH-
r(y rpyAa.
B ouuque or Ar,rHaMr.rxra s CIIIA (cu. Larson and Ong, 1994), n EC
3aHrrocrb HenoJrHoe BpeMs npoAonxaer yBenr.rquBarbcr. 3a 1983l99l rr. AoJr, 3aHsrbrx HenoJrHoe pa6ovee BpeM, s o6qel,r r{ucre 3aHrrblx
Bo3pocna rua 1,4 nporleHrHoro nyHKTa. OAsaxo B orAenbHbrx crpaHax Ha-
I PacnpeAereHr.re Ha 3aHrrbrx noJrHoe u HenoJrHoe BpeM, B EBPOCTAT o6ur.{Ho
npolr3BoArr Ha ocHoBe cnoHTaHHbIx orBeroB onpa[HBaeMbrx nr,ru. Ho utr.teprcg \Ba ucKJIIoqeHttr. B I-peunu pa6orarcururrl HenoJrHoe BpeM, cquraerc, Tor, KTo 3aHsr MeHbue
qacoB, npeAycMorpeHHbrx KoJTJTeKTHBHuTM aoroBopoM aas aaHHofi Kareropun. B Hr.r.qepJIaH.(ax caMo3aHrrbte HJIr,t qJreHbr ceMbu crlr,rralorce pa6orarourr,rMn HenoJrHoe BpeMr, ecnn
oHu o6utqHo 3aHcrbt ueHee 35 qacoB B HeAeJrro. Haer.,rssre pa6orxnxu orHocrrc, K 3aHrTbrM HenoJrHoe BpeMr, ecJrr no AoroBopy onll pa6oraor MeHee 3l ,{aca B HeAenro HJrH xe
3l-34 qaca, ecfir.r 3To BpeMfl cr{r.rraerc, MeHLrle HopMaJrbHoro A.ns Aasuofi Kareropuu
pa6or. Mapuraru (Marshall, 1989) cquraer, ,{ro 6oruuas uacrr pa6oratoruux HeroJrHoe
BpeM, Tpy,qnrc, npnMepHo 20 qacon B HeaeJrro.
5 Bo scex crpaHax, 3a r.rcKJrroqeHneru <DPI-, 6onee 50% 3aHrrbrx B nepBbrx Tpex npo-
Secoroxaasxbrx tpynnax orHocrrcs x HexeannSuunpoBaHHbrM u MaJrorBaJrnSxqnporanHbrM KaTeroparu. cpeau pa6oruuxor ToproBJrH no'{rH 5070 oTHocrTcr r ueraaau$uuupoBaHHbrM r.r lraroxrann$Hrrr,rpoBaHHbrM corpyaHuKaM (Hoevenberg and De Grip, 1994).
x
3ronourqecrnf, pocr
.(o.nr pa6oraroqrx [enoJr[oe Bpeilr,
CrpaHa
Cneuxa-
ynpaa-
JIHCTBI
,ICHULI
r
3atrrocrb
rr
la6tnua 2
rpy[n B Ec, 1983 l l99l n,oh
parpere npoQocc[oflarbflbrx
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I opfoBbrc
PaOoTHHKtr
TAOOTHHKX
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pa6orna.
celbcroro
KH
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cQeprr
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EOtrCTBA
npofi3-
Bcero
vcnvr
l99l
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14,9
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lannt
26,9
3,9
5,7
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Llcnaarl,t
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8,2
6,6
36,5
4,3
r 8,8
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HuaepnanAu
flopryraarr
Beruxo6prral,na
Eaponeficxufi
r
6,0
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r
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r
30,r
4,7
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t8,l
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1983 z.
6cnrrur
oPr*
l,4
flanur.
30, I
Fpeqrr
I,lcnaxxgr+
2,0
6,7
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Bemrxo6pr-
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Eaponeftcxnfi
t
corc3
- Hxxe noporoBoro
LI c'r o q n
r
3HarreH[r. *,{axnsre
ra
1984
t4,9
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r. **.(annue ta l9g7 r.
x: EUROSTAT/ROA.
6mo4aercr nporuBonoJroxHa, TeHAeHrIHr. .{oua rauarux He[onHoe BpenporIeHTHoro
flyHxra, TorAa KaK B Apyrnx cTpaHax EC ona Bo3pocna. Hau6onuuNfi
np[pocr sToro noKa3areJrrr orMeqeH B H}IAepnaI/.Aax, vIpilaHAuH u Eelrrr{H, rAe np[pocr cocraBHJr COOTBeTCTBeHHO 12; 5,6 u 5 npoueHTHbrx
nyHKToB. B Hn.qeplaHAax noBbrrueHHe AonH orMeqeHo Bo Bc;x flpooeccHoHaJrbHbrx lpyrlllax, Ho HaH6OnbuHM oHO 6brno y paoorHr.rKoB ToproBnH H coepbr ycnyr.
3ronouuqecrnfi pocr tr 3aHsmcrb
37
B caurre nocneAHr,re roAbr 11pgpocT AoJrrn 3aHrTbrx HenoJIHoe BpeMfl B
ycxopraJrcr,
cocraBgB B 199l-1995 rr. B CpeAHeM 2,2 lpOgeuTHoro
EC
qtr-raxlt
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bt
nynrra.
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nyHxra. B lanuu xe npoAonxl,IJlocb cHI'IxeHI'Ie noKa3areJlr. 3ro eAuucrBeHHa' crpaHa EC, rAe s 90-e roAbl Aons pa6oraloqgx He[oJrHoe BpeM,
yMeHburHJIacb.
BPEMEHHA,fl 3AHflTOCTb
B EC 9,3oh o6uero qucJra pa6oraroqux 3aHsrbl Ha ocHoBe BpeMeHHbrx rpyAoBbrx AoroBopoB6. 3To o3Har{aer, r{To BpeMeHHafl pa6ora nonyqI,INA 3HAI{I,ITEJIbHO MEHbUEC PACNPOCTPAHEHIIC, TTEM PA6OTA HETIOJIHOE
BpeMfl, Ha Koropyrc npllxoAlrrcs l5oh o6ulero quc.lra 3aHsrblx. Vz ta6t.3
qro
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Aonr BpeMeHHbIx AoroBopoB orMerleHa s Eenrrula (4o/o), cauat
BbrcoKar - s I,IcnaHI,i.n (24,10 ). B floptyrailvv, Koropas HaxoAHTcs Ha
BTOpOM MeCTe, r,rx rOJrbKO ll,9o . Ta6ruqa cBHAerenbcrByer o6 ornocu-
Br,rAHO,
HH3Kafl
u Benuxo6pura;ruw. B Ilcnasuvt AoJITI BbIcoKa Bo ncex upo$eccuoHanbHbtx rpy[nax, 3a HcKnroqeHI,IeM ynpaBnenqen. Hn n o4uoft u3 crpaH r{erxlrx orKJrosesnfi or o6uleft KapruHbr He o6HapyxeHo.
Kax yxe ynoMuHanocr, norpe6uocrn pa6oroAarenefi B rIacrI,I ru6xocru o6sr.rHo cqr,rraror rnaBHofi rtpuqnHofi pocra BpeMeHHofi 3aHrrocru.
Ho c roqxr.r 3peHH, TpyArrrleroc, BpeMeHHafl pa6ora accoqllnpyerc, c
(nJroxlrM) pa6oqr,rM MecroM, r(oropoe He cynuT npoADr.rxeHlafl tro cnyx6e.
3ro osHa.raer, qro uan6onrruafl EoJtfl TpyAsrrlfixcrr Ha BpeMeusofi ocHone
AonxHa 6urr cpe4u npoQeccuoHaJrbHbrx rpynn, rAe BbrcoKa 4o.nr pa6oqlrx Mecr, orHocrrrlnxcfl Ko BToprrqHoMy pbrHKy 1ryyAa. .(eficrnureJrbHo,
66lruras qacrb (63%) npeueuuoft 3aHrrocrr,r rpuxoAuTcr Ha npoQeccvrt,
rpe6yrcque HeBbrcoKoft xnarnQuxaqu[. Vz ra6t. 3 nu4uo, r{To cpeAr,r
npoSeccnoHaJrbHbrx rpynn c Huexofi xnaluQuxaquefi s c$epe ycJryr u
[pol,I3BoAcrsa Hau6oree Bbrcoxa 4olr pa6orarouux no BpeMeHHbrM TpyAoBbIM AoroBopaM. OAnaxo era Qopua 3aHqrocru nonyqnna 6omuroe
pacnpocrpaHeHr,re u cpe4r cner{HanrrcroB u KoHTopcKHx clyxaqux. CleAyer raKxe orMerlrrb, rITo yr{eHl,rKr,r qacro pa6oraror no BpeMeHHbrM AoronopauT.
TeJrbHo HeBbrcoKr,rx noKa3areJlrx B I,IpnaHanu, HuaepnaHAax
5 Pa6ora cqr.rraerc, uper,aeuuofi, ecJrn ee npexparueHne onpeAenrercs o6rexrusHurruu
ycnoBHrMH, HanpnMep HacrynJreHr,reM onpe4eleunoft ,[arbr, 3aBeprueHneM 3a,uaHvfl vrr
Bo3BpaureHneu pa6oruuxa, roropsrft BpeMeHHo 3aMexrancr. B orux cnyqarx ycJtoBltr. Nn
npeKpaureHu, -rpy1oBoro orHotueHur. o6ultHo yKa3aHbr B aoroBope.
7 3ruu raxxe o6tccHqercs cpaBHnreJrbHo Bbrcorag Aorc 3aHrrbtx HenonHoe BpeM,
cpe,uu cneur,raJrr.rcroB r l-epuaHuu.
Ta6nuua
.[o.nn pa6oralou[x no Bpemeurrbru TpyaoBbtM aoroBopaM,
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r: EUROSTAT/ROA.
Kax oruerun Tpoft (Treu, r9g2),
BpeMeHHbre rpyAoBbre AoroBopbr
IPEBPATI,IJIHCb B Ooblr{Hblft CrIOCO6 BXO)I(AEHH' B
PbIHOK TPYAA,I,I 3TO OTHOCHTCg TAKXC K BbICOKOKBANI,IOHIIHPOBAHHbIM CNCqIAJIHCTAM.
CPEAH
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c
3
39
3xonoMnqecrufi pocr Ir 3anf,Tocrb
BbrBoAaMH ynoMtHyToro aBTopa,
v6o
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cnyxar
3a 1983-1991 rr. cperr,flfl Aon, pa6oraloulrx no
o6brqHo He
IIenflM BxoxAeHHs B pbIHoK.
BpeMeHHbIM KoH-
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reMTpal<:raM Bo3pocna Ha 5,4 npoIIeHTHoro uyHXTa.
papocra
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nbr pocra npeuexHoft 3antrocrl,I HaMHoro
Ha
Bo3pocna
3aHflTblx
6orsr nenoJrHoe BpeMrI. B I,Icnasprr Lonfl BpeMeHHo
rrro cBr3aHo c ocna6neHlreM orpaHl,IrreHuit *ta AoroBopbl c Qt'txcnpoBaHHbrM cpoxoM s etoft crpaHe (Meulders, Plasman and Plasman,1994).
Xora yneunrreHrle npeuennoft 3aHflTocrl,I Ha6ruoAanocb Bo ncex npoQeccuoHaJrbHbrx rpynflax, nau6onee 3HaqIrreJrbHbIM oHo 6ruo cpe4lr npol{3BoAcrBeHHbrx pa6ouux. Ho s qenoM no EC sau6onrurprfi npnpocr orMer{eH cpeAI,I pa60runxon c$epur ycnyr, [poH3BoAcrBa u B ceJrbcKoM xo:sft13,2o/o,
CTBC.
B
can,trre nocJreAHr,re FoAbr BpeMeHHafl
3aHflTocrb npoAonxana pac-
rrrupflTbcfl, xorr r,r 6oree MeAneHHbIMH TeMnaMu - s l99l-1995 rr. ona
Bo3pocna Jru[rb ua l,l npoueHTHoro nyHKTa. B ornlr.{He or AITHaMUKH
nropofi noJroBr,rHbr 80-x roAos, sro HaMHoro Hr,rxe coorBercrByloqero
npnpocra Aoflr,r 3aHqrbrx HenoJruoe pa6ovee BpeMfl. Xapaxrepno, r{To
npornBononoxHbre reHAeHrlrrrd na6rroAarorcs raKxe B orAeJlbHbrx crpaHax EC, flpuqeM uau6onrurufi npupocr orMer{eH r Hu4epnaHAax, Iy'.cnaHvtvtvt @panqr.u.r (cooraercrBeHHo 3,7;2,8n 2,1 npoqeHTHoro nyuxra), a
per(oe cHuxeHr,re - n floprytalrurv
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fpequu (coornercrBeHHo 6,4 u
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II YTIACTIIE XEHIIITIH B COCTABE PABOTIEIZ CItrIIbI
C ro.{xu 3peHI,Ifl noJII,trI,IKr,r r,rHTepecHo Ir3yrtlrrb, cyqecrByer JII,I cBfl3b
ululu npeueunofi 3aHqrocrbro, c oAnoft
cropoHbr, r,r ypoBHeM 6espa6ornqbr, c Apyroft. B .racrnocru, MoxHo nocTaBI,ITb BOIIpOC, CyqeCTByeT JI]I [OnOXHTeIbHaC I{n}I OTpHrIaTeJrbHas
cBrl3b MexAy co3AaHHeM Herr,r[HqHurx pa6o.rux Mecr u ypoBHeM 6erpa6oTHrIbr. Orpr,rqarenbHa, cBs3b o3HaqaJra 6u, uro co3AaHHe raKr4x Mecr
MOXHO paCrIeHHBaTb KaK [OJrr,tTHKy, HanpaBneHHyro Ha cHuxeHr,re ypoBHt
6espa6oruqbr, TorAa KaK noJloxvreltbHafl, cBs3b cnyxuta 6s curHaJIoM
TOrO, qTO HeTr,r[[rIHa, 3aHqTocTb - 3TO JIIr[Ib [pOSBneHI,Ie H3IHLIIKa pa6o.Iefi cr,rJrbr.
B ra6n. 4 npune4eHbr H3MeHeHr{, npor{eHTHbrx rryHKToB Aolefi pa6oraroqnx HeroJrHoe BpeM, u Ha BpeMenHofi ourose r.r yponHefi 6espa6oruqu (crauAaprr.r3HponaHHux) B pa3Jrr,rqHbrx crpaHax EC s 1983-1991 rr.
Ta6nurla roBoplrr o roM, rrro pacurfipeHl,Ie 3aHflTocrrd He[oJIHoe BpeM,
6raronpuerHo orpa3uJrocb Ha ypoBHe 6erpa6oruqbr: crpaHbr c nan6onrrIII,rM pocrou sroft tlopuul 3aHrrocru xapaKTepu3oBaJrr,rcb raKxe na6onrMexAy pa6orofi HenoJrHoe BpeM,
3roHouuqecrnfi pocr
40
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3arrrocrb
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lflnenennc roaefi lanrrurx Hen(urHoe BpeMr n na apeuexuoil ocHoBe
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r{To CyuIeCTByeT CHJIbHafl 3ABuct4MOCTb MexAy BpeMeHHOfi sangrocrrrO n
BxoxAeHr,reM B pbrHoK TpyAa MoJIOAbIx rpyAslrll,Ixcs, vt flpe4cKa3blBaer,
r{ro 3To oco6eHHo npotBHTcs B cerMeHTax pbIHKa rpyAa, rAe BbIcoKa 6e3pa6orr,rqa cpeAI,I MoJIoAexI{. Pa6ora HenoJIHoe BpeM, Moxer raKxe or-
paxarb cna6bre no3r,rqlat,t MoJroAbrx rpyArlrluxcfl Ha pbIHKe rpyAa.
B ra6n. 5 npune4enbl AaHHbIe o pa6ore HenoJIHoe BpeMr, BpeMeHHofi
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MOXer, OAHaKO, OTpaxarb flpeAnoqreHrfl CaMAX XeHrr{HH. fIOOrOnry 6yAer I4HTepecHo nocMorperb, cyulecrByer JIH cBr3b MexAy HerunlaqHofi
3aHrrocrbro cpeAr,r pa60raroulux xeHulr,rH H yqacrr,reM Hx B COCTaBe pa60.refi cr,urur B orAenbHbrx crpaHax.
vt ra6t.6 ru4Ho, rrro Bo Bcex crpaHax s l99l r. pa6ora HenoJrHoe
BpeMr 6ura pacupocrpaHeHa CpeAr,r xeHr.qr,rH rroqrH BABOe qaule, seM
lPeau ncex pa6oraroqnx (cu. ra6t.2). Kpor're roro, B crpaHax c Hav6onrruuu xoorp$r,rrlraeHroM yqacru, xeHr.r{HH B cocraBe pa6ouefi curu
TaKXe OTMeqeHa cauafl BbrcoKafl AOJIg XeHrrltru, pa60rarctrlHx HenoJrHoe
BpeMr. B qacrHocrn, cKa3aHHOe OTHOCHTCT X .{aHnr,r, Beruro6pvtraHvtlt,
@Pf n Ee*rua. Jlrc6onurso B 3ToM cMbrcJre noJroxeH,e s H,aepraHAax, rAe Aong xeHrrlun, pa60rarcu[x HenoJIHoe BpeMfl, HaMHOTO Bbrlre,
qeM B Apyrfix crpaHax. Xorq creneHb yr{acrr,r,
xeHrrlr,rH B cocraBe pa6o_
'refi-cr'rrsr n Hn4epnaHAax He 6urra cauoft srlcoxofi n EC, B neplroA iqsgl99l rr. TeMnbr BoBner{eHu, xeHrlIHH B cocraB 3aHrrbrx 6rur caMbrMH
BbrcoKHMH, a 3TO yKa3brBaer Ha ro, qro 60.rsruas 40-rrn pa60rarculr4x HenoJIHOe BpeMs, BO3MO)I(HO, yCKOpHna STor npoqecc. CrpaHu c Hegurcorcofi
cre[eHbro BoBrerreHLrc xeHrrlr,rH B COCTaB pa6ouefi cHJrbr _ lpeqnr, vlcna_
Hvts, t4 vrarus - vuelrvt raKxe caMbre HH3KHe
Aonr,r xeHrrll,rH, pa60rarculHx
HenonHoe BpeMs. EAnHCrseHHbrM LrcxJrroqeHHeM
n: raxofi noloxurels-
Hofi csqsu M,exAy yqacrr,reM xeHrrlr,rH B cocraBe pa6ovefi clItbt vt
Aonefi
xeHrrlr,rH, pa6orarcu1fix HenoJrHoe BpeMs, gsrgercfl flopryraluq, rAe
Bbr_
COKA'I CTENEHb BOBIEIIEHI,I'I XEHIIIIIH B I{I,ICNO 3AHqTbIX COIIETAETCq
C HCBbI-
coxofi Aolefi pa6orarorqux HenoJrHoe BpeMq.
3xoxonnqecrrft pocr
43
rr 3aHflTocrb
Ta6ar.rua
6
.[orr xexulur,
rr
pa6orarouqrx HerronHoe Bpemr rr na operueunofi ocuoBe,
nx yqasr[e B c(rcTaBe pa6o.refi clJrbt B crpanax EC,l99l r.ro/o
EerunHc
oPr
[auut
fpeuur
Ilcnauus
27,4
6,6
53,2
34,1
8,9
58, I
37,4
I 1,6
6,5
@paxrlNr
I,Ipaauaun
23,4
8,0
28,7
r 0,5
t7,7
9,4
Jhoxcer'a6ypr
18,2
59,8
2,9
9,3
9,9
13, I
I 1,0
Huaeprauaut
flopryrannr
Beluxo6puraHue
Eaponeftcxufi corcr
*
flanuue
H
c
1990
4t,2
56,8
39,9
44,8
54,5
62,8
64,5
6,5
43,7
3l ,3
78,9
39,9*
r
0.6
r.
r o q H H.K u: EUROSTAT, OECD.
B or.nrque or 3Toro, BpeMeHHas 3aHrrocrb He flonyqnna cpe4n pa6o.
TaIoIIIHx XeHIIII,TH 6orsurerO pa3BLtTt4u, rreM cpeAn BCex pa6oTaroulux. B
6onrruuucrBe crpaH EC ,qolr BpeMeHHo pa6orarouux xeHrrluH r{yrb Bbrr.rre Aon}r BpeMeHHo 3aHrTbrx Myxr{rrH. oAnaxo Ta6Iil4r\a He [oKa3brBaer
r{erKofi cBr3H MexAy yqacrrreM xeHrqHH B cocTaBe pa6oqeft cr,tJrbr r,r BpeMeHHofi 3aHrrocTbro cpeAl4 HHx. B l",cnald,uu HeBblcoKac creneHb BoBflerreHrrrr xeHrqHH B, psAbr 3aHflTbrx coqeTaeTc, c BbrcoKoft Aonefi pa6oTaroqux
HenoJrHoe BpeMs. B fpeqrau xe HeBbrcoKac cTeneHb yqacT[s, B cocTaBe
pa6o.{efi cnrbr coqeraercq c ne6olruofi Aoneft pa6oraroqvx Ha BpeMeHHOfi OCHOBe.
CEJIH)I(EHLIE VIJtVt PACXO}I(AEHUE CTPAH?
CyulecrneHHbre pa3Jrlrrru, MexAy crpaHaMr.r EC
s qacrri rpyAoBoro
3aKOHOAaTeJrbCTBa H CHCTeM COIlHanbHOrO O6ecneqeHHs,
oTHoctuluxc, K
pa6ore HenoJrHoe BpeM, H BpeMeHHbrM TpyAoBbrM AoroBopaM, orqacrr,r
[o3BOJIrrOT O6tgCunrr pa3nt4trr4fl MexAy cTpaHaMH B CTeneHr,t 3Haqr,rMOCTH
Ha3BaHHbrx ADyx oopM Herr,rnurrHofi saHsrocru (Delsen, l99l)j PacxoxAeHHs B gTr,rx BOnpOCax MoryT [pr,rBoAuTb K AonoJrHr,rTeJrbHbrM nepeKocaM B
KoHr(ypeHrlr,rH BHyTpH eAr{HOro pbrHKa EC. flelsceH npHBoAr,rT npr{Mep
TOrO, AO KaKOfi r(pafiHOCTH 9TO MOXeT AOfiTn: <<B raXUX ycnoBr,rflx TpaHcHarIHOHanbHbre oHpMbr rro BpeMeHHoMy TpyAoycTpoficrny MoryT HaHflTb
u
Srcouor,rrqecrnft pocr
BpeMeHHOTO paooTHnKa B OAHOfi CTpaHe
r 3anrrocrb
Aff
OKa3aHl/lfl y}ilyl^ KoMnaHr,rr,r B
coceAHefi cTpaHe, He coonroAafl rlpaBl,1',, AeftcTByroqtrx B 3Tofi crpaHe)
(Delsen, 1991, p. 144).
MoxHo oxuAarbr qro o6ocrpeHr,re MexAyHapoAHofi
KoHI(ypeHrIVu Ha roBapHbrx pbrHxax H yct4rreHue rroreHrlr{anrsoft rr,ro6nnrnocru pa6o.refi cr,rJrbr B pe3yJrbrare rapMoHr,r3arl[H npaBlrn BHyrpeHHero pbrHxa rpyaa EC npure4yr x c6mlxeHuro noKasarerefi Herunn.{Hofi
3aHtrocru B pa3r[rrHbrx crpaHax EC. 9ro6u nonyr{rlTb npeAcraBneHr,re o
rol,r, c6luxalorcfl Hnr{ pacxoAflTcfl AoIl4 pa6orarcnlnx HenoJrHoe BpeM, r,r
Ha BpeMeHHofi ocHose B pa3Hbrx crpaHax, 6ul npe4-noxeH noKa3areJrb
AI, KaxAoft us 4nyx $opr'l Herr,rnprrrHofi :assrocrn B orAeJrbuurx npo$eccr{oHanbHbrx rpynnax. florasarenb BbrrurflArir cneAyroqr,rM o6pasou :
Teu ue
MeHee
.E .(x;;
-
X;)2
J=l
^r.-,r----G-D
-,
rAe
CIi
xi;
c6ruxenne (ulu pacxox4enae) noKa3areJr, 4lr npoQeccnonamnofi rpynnur i;
_ Aon, Herunnqnofi 3aHrrocru n npo$eccuoHalrnoft rpynue i n
-
Xi n-
cTpaHeJ;
cpeAHs, AoJu
Hernnrqsofi 3aHsrocrr,t n npo$eccuosanrHofi
rpynne i;
qncno cTpaH.
3uaqeuae noKa3areJu B AaHHoM roAy xapaKTepr,r3yer crerreHb rapMoHl,1,3a\vu (c6nNxeuua) uex.qy crpaHaMr,r, a rr3MeHeHr,re noKa3areJu Bo
BpeMeHH yKa3brBaer, npoHcxoAHr c6nuxeuve uru pacxoxAeHne. geu
Bbrrue 3Har{eHLIe [oKa3areJrfl Ha Beprl,IKiubnofi ruxane, TeM HHXe CTeneHb
c6r^uxey.us MexAy crpaHaMu, npur{eM Aamneft uree noBbIIrreHHe yKa3bIBaer Ha eule 60lruree pacxoxAeHr{e, a cHHxeHHe - Ua C6lUXeHHe crpaH.
cne4onate-rrbHo, rnnorerrrrecKoe 3Har{eHr.Ie <<0>> osHa.Iaro 6sr nongoe
c6nuxeHne. A rax KaK coorBercrByrouue AaHHbre o6c.negoaauua pa6o.refi
cunrr EBPOCTAT sa 1983-1991 rr. r,rMerorcr Jrnrub no AeBerr,r crpaHaM,
aHanx3 OrpaHI,IqeH
3Tr,r
MI,t Crpauauue.
HETIOJIHAfl 3AHflTOCTb
Ha pr.rc. I lana
AIfl
Ar,rHaMr,rKa
noxa3areJrr c6luxesug/pacxoxgenur (CI)
3AH'TOCTH HCNOJIHOE BPEM' IPHMEHHTCJIbHO
e
Vratus, Vcnauus lr flopryraaus
ncKrrcrr{eHbr u3
K
a*alt3a.
I,IIECTI,I NPOQECCTAO-
3rouomrqecrnfi pocr
rr
45
tanm(rcTb
HaJrbHbrM fpynnaMl0. Hr nero BHAHo, rITo cTeneHb c6nt,lxeHHc MexAy
cTpaHaMH B OTAeJIbHbTX npOoeCCHOHaJrbHbrX rpynnax BecbMa pa3nHr{Ha.
Han6oluruue pacxox4enilfl Ha6flroAarorcfl B noKa3areJrrx, xapar(Tepn3yrcu[x rr]rcJreHHocrb 3aHrrbrx HenonHoe BpeMs B c$epe ycnyr H ToproB,re, Ho pa3nu|{ilA 3HaquTenbHbr TaKxe cpeAH cneu[anHcToB. MexoTpacfieBbte pa3flr,rrrH, B HenoJrHoft 3aHgrocTH cpeAH pa6oTHl{KoB ceJlbcr(oro xo3rficrBa H npoH3BoAcrBeHHbtx orpacnefi HaMHoro MeHbrrle.
Pnc.
l. C6anxerue/pacxoxaen[e [o.reft pa6orarclrrx Henonuoe
r npoQeccroHarbHbrx rpynflax (Vlratun, I4cnanrn
BpeMs
u llopryra.nun rcr.nrcreuul), 198!1991 rr.
;;:.'-:'!:-.-.::'i-r-{:-.-.'=.--:
a'
.a.-.- .-
=-
z.z'--.{--.---
1!'--';
-
-
-
'+ '-
0
1
983
-L
1
985
Cneu]laJI]lCTLr
-o- pa6orutxtf
-^- pa6orrrr[
roproBJrl
celbcroro xotsftsrsa
t987
1989
- - + --
x--r-
--
KOHTOpCK]|e
1991
C.,lryxaufie
pa6ornuxu cQepul ycrlyr
pa6orrtxr
nporl3oo.[craa
HN s orHofi ,r3 npo0eccnoHaJrbHbrx rpynn Ha p,cyHr(e He BHAHa qerKa, reHAeHUlt' K C6flHXeHHro B pa3Hbtx crpaHax Aonefi pa6oraroqHx HeNOIIHOE BPCM' B COCTABC BCCX 3AHSTUIX. CAMAC 3AMCTHAg TCHAEHqI,IS K
pacxoxAeHr,rlo noKa3arenefi saolrcAaercs cpeAu npooeccnoHaJrbHbrx
rpynn c Har,rMeHbr.lnMt4 AolflMu pa6orarculnx HenonHoe BpeMfl _ B npoH3_
BoAcrBeHHbrx orpacncx H ceJlbcKoM xo3rficrBe.
l0 B csslr'r co cpaBHHTerbHo HeBbrcorHMH noKa3arearur
pa6orapugx HenonHoe
BpeM, cpe,rlu ynpaBreHueB Ha o6oux pHcyHKax oHH He npuBe,qeHbr.
3roxonnqecrrfi pogr
46
rt
taxcrocrb
BPEMEHHAfl 3AHflTOCTb
Ha pr.rc. 2 npegcranneHbr pa3nuqr,!, Mexly crpaHaMr,r EC u aonrx pa-
Ha BpeMeHHofi ocHoBe B oOrqeft qncJreHHocru 3aHflTbrx B urecnpoQeccnoHaJrbHbrx rpynnax. Ecln conocraBuTb noKa3areJrlr c6lnxennnlpacxoxAeH[r Ha 3ToM pHcyHKe c noKa3arensM]r p]rc.l, To uoxno
cAeJIaTb BbrBoA, rtTo MexcTpaHoBbte pa3J,ul{u[ B Aontx 3aHsTbrx Ha BpeuexHofi ocHoBe, KaK npaBHJIo, HaMHoro MeHbuIe, qeM pa3nrqrg B AoJIsx
pa6oraroulux HenoJrHoe BpeMs. Eoarure Bcero pacxoxAexrfi noxalarenefi
npeuenHofi 3aHsrocrn B rpynne pa6ornuxoB npor,r3BoAcrBa, HecxoJrbKo MeHbure oHlr B cQepe ycnyr, B ToproBne u cpeAn KoHTopcKllx cnyxatqnx, a MeHbure Bcero - cpeAH cneulranHcroa u pa6orHr,rKoB ceJlbcKoro xo-
6orarcuux
rn
ssficrsa.
Prc. 2. C6arxeHre/pacxox,aenne [oaei 3anf,Tbtx ua epenennofi ocxoBe a npo$eccuoraaurbrx rpyrrax (Vlrannt, ltcnanrn u llopryraarr rcralorexrr), 198]1991 rr.
3.5
-'t'-'-'-
t.s.\
2.5
1.5
0.5
0
t983
r985
-L Cneul|&lllcTbt
1
r989
987
--+--
ToproBr[
-- x--^- pa6ornnK[ ceJrbcroro xornftcrsa -r-o-
pa6orunrtr
r991
KOnTOpCKreCnyxarUr.|e
pa6ornrrr ceepu ycnyr
pa6orrrrn npolt3Bollcrsa
flo uexoropbrM npo0eccnoHanbHbrM rpynnaM 3aMerHa cra6as renAeHqH, x c6lnxeHuro Haqr{oHaJrbHbtx Aonefi pa6orarouux Ha apeueHHofi
ocHoBe s 1983-1991 rr. B qacrHocrn, gro orHocr.rrcfl K cneqnar.ucraw vt
pa6ornuxaM cenbcKoro xorrficrsa.v waolopor - Aonl,l BpeMeHHbrx KoHTOpCKHX CnyxarqHx HMeroT TeHAeHUHTO r( pacxoxAeHHro.
Sronouuqeucufi pocr rl 3aHflTocrb
47
BEPOflTHOCTb HETIIIII,rTIHOft 3AHflTOCTLI
C qemrc npoaHanr,r3r,tpoBarb, B KaKofi Mepe nuqHocrHbre xapaKTepvnpeAnararculero cBor,r ycnyrn u [pooecc[oHaJrbHbre xaparcepficrvrtr co cropoHbr cflpoca Ha pa6ovyro cuny onpeAenrrcT HerunurrHyro
3aHgrocrb, 6utl npone4es 6uHorr,fl,raJlbHo-JrorutHufi ananlr3 BeporrHocrt4 - ytil*r pncxa - rtonyrrnTb pa6ory HenoJrHoe BpeM, r{nr,r BpeMeHHyro
pa6ory. A rax KaK AaHHbre o6 uu4uu,rAyaJrbHbrx rpyArrrluxcq, 3aHrrbrx B
Herr,rnlrr{Hbrx Qopuax rpyAoBbrx ornoruenufi , orcyrcrByror, BeposrHocrb
raxofi 3aHqrocrr,r r,r3MepeHa c noMorrlbro coorBercrByroqfix Aolefi TpyAsu[xcrr B orAenbHbrx npoQeccurx B Aauuofi crpaHe c Hc[oJrb3oBaHHeM
6unouuanrHo-JroruTHoro aHaJIH3a 3Tr,rx orHorxenuftlr. B o6oux clyr{arx
nepnuft alf.arrvs orHocrrrcr K Blr,rqHHro crpaHbr u QaxropoB co cropoHbr
flpeAroxeHilfri flolla, nospacrHofi rpyflflbr r,r ypoBHq xnaluQuxaqrara. .{o6asren Taxxe o4uu Qaxrop co cropoHbr cnpoca B Br{Ae usueuenufi n
ypoBHe 3aHflTOCTr4 n nposeccuonanruofi rpynfle. B pauxax BToporo aHaJr[3a MOAeJrb pacu]flpeHa npr,rBner{eHr,reM nposeccuoHaJrbHbrx $axropon,
floKa3blBaroqnx, coorHocHTc' nI.I BeporrHocrb HerHrlur{Hofr zagsrocru
orAenbHbrx pa6orHnron c nposeccuoHanbHofi rpynnoft, B Koropoit o'flvt
pa6orarcr (o',r. ra6l. 7 u 8).
flocxorury pa6ora HenoJrHoe BpeMq lr Ha BpeMeHHofi oqroBe orHocvrcfl, K ((rrJroxrrM> pa6ouuu MecraM Bo BTOp[qHoM cerMeHTe pbIHKa rpyAa, reopu' cerMeHTaII[[I pblHKa rpyAa no3BoJrrer npeAnoJIoxI,ITb, rITo
Herr,rnprr{Ha, 3aHrrocrr e oonrurefi crenenu pacflpocrpaHeHa cpeAr,r pa6oTaloqux xeHrIIHH, MoJIoAbIx nrogefi, noxHJlbrx rpyAflrIlHxcfl, rrc.3a
cTr4Kvt
((CTATIICTI,IqCCXOfi AI'CKP}IMHHAT\UPI>>
B
Pe3YNbTATC
I{X B
IIEJIOM
MEHEC
fipor{Hbrx css:efi c pbrHKoM TpyAa (cu., uanpuuep, Doeringer and piore,
l97l; Reich, Gordon and Edwards, 1973; Thurow, 1975; wilkinson, lggl).
oAsaxo 3To
He
o6s:arenruo 6yger [pr,rMeH]rMo x pa6ore HenoJrHoe BpeMfl
BbrcoKoKBaluQuqnporaHHbrx rpyAsulHxcs,
xors r,t 3Aecb pa60ruu^xr,r c
[poqHbrMu cBfl3f,Mrr c pbrHKoM TpyAa Moryr oxa3arbcq 60ree [peANOIITHTEIbHU UU. CTTEAOBATCJIbHO, NPHMCHHTEJIbHO K HA3BAHHbIM JII'IIHOcrHbr M Qaxropau M oxHo oxlrAarb [oJroxuTeJnHrrx peureuufi .
HexcHo, xaxofi npr,r3Hax cneAyer r,rcflorrb3oBarb l,,,fl, orrpeAeneHl,rfl
pocra 3aHqrocrH pa3Hbrx rDopr"r. c o4uofi cropoHbr, pa60rogareJr[, Koropsle Ha6uptrcr rpyaqrquxc, u npoQeccuoHaJrbHbre rpylnbr, xapar(Tepr,t3yrorrlHec, 6ucrprru pocroM, Ka3aJrocb 6u, npe4nouiyr nanr,ruarb KaK
MoxHo 6onrure corpyAHr.rKoB Ha noJrHoe pa6ouee ,perr. C Apyrofi cro_
poHbr' TaM, rAe HenoJrHoe pa60uee BpeMfl Hcnonb3yror
An, coxpaHeHlrs
pa6ouux uecr, Supubr Moryr 6rrrr nrrnyxAeHbr Aonycxarb pu6ory ,e_
NOJIHOC BPCM', CCJIH CC NPCAIOI{HTAIOT COTPYAHI'KI,I. KPOT.AC TOrO,
ECJIH
MeHee
rr Aaroprr (Amemiya and Nold, 1975)
onucaan, r(aK ocyruecrBgTb oueHxy raxofi r'roc
Aerru noMoulbro AByx3ranHofi nporleAypur (cp. Judge et al., l9g0).
3roHoMn{ecrnfi pocr ll 3anflTocrb
48
rlr,rpurr He yBepeHbr B ycrofqr,rBocrr,r reHAeHrIuH pocra 3aHsrocrr,t,
oHr,t
MOryT flpeAnoqecTb Haor{paTb coTpyAHr{r(oB, cJra6o cBr3aHHbrx c pbrHxoM
TpyAa. flepnuft AoBoA BbrrJrflAHT Kar( orpr,rqarenssrrfi npr,r3HaK, a cJre-
Ayroqnfi 3acraBJrfl er yBHAeTb nonoxr,rreJrbHbrft Bapr,taHT perxeHHr.
AHaloruqHbre AoBoAbr npr,rMeHHMbr K BJrHrHHro Qaxropa pocra 3aHqTocrl,r Ha BpeMeHuyro pa6ory. Eclu 3aHsrocrb Bo3pacraer 6rrcrpurrr,tu
TeMnaMI,r, Bo3MoxeH saeu 6oarruoro rrncla HoBbIx pa6oruuxoB Ha BpeueHuofi ocHoBe. Ho nucoxuft ren,tn pocra 3aHflTocru no6yxgaer rarxe
pa6oroAarenefi [peAJrararb cBor,lM corpyAHr,rxaM nocrofl HHbre rpyAoBbre
AoroBopbr. flepnsrfi uryv'ait MoxHo paccMarpr,tBarb KaK noloxurelrnslfi
npH3HaK Ntfl Hervrt4.rHofi :aHqrocrr,r, BTopofi - xax orpuqarearusrft.
3AHf,TOCTb HEIOJIHOE BPEM'
B ra6n. 7. norasaHbr peynbrarbr oueHxn BeposrHocrr,r roro, qro
rpygtlluircr flonyqrr pa6ory Ha HenoJrHoe BpeMr. I4e nepnoro a*aJwll:,a
BbrreKaer, r{To HecKoJrbKo xapaxTep}rcrr,rK cnpoca o6napyxunaror oxrrAaBruypcr cBs3b. Bucoxas Aons xeHrr.(r,rH H MonoAbrx rpyAculuxc, Koppenupyer co 3Haqr,rreJrrno 6olee ssrcoxofi BeporrHocrrro pa6orsr HenoJrHoe BpeMs. CxasaHHoe orHocuTcr H K Aone noxr,tJrbrx pa6oruuxoB, xorrr
3HaqeHrre napaMerpa A,rrfl 3Toro Saxropa cyulecrBeHHo Jrr,rlrrb npu l|ohHoM ypoBHe. Kax oxr,rAaJrocb, BbrcoKa, Aon, TpyArrquxc, cpe4uefi xnarutQnxaquu BeAer K 3aMerHo 6olee Husxofi BeporrHocru 3aHrrocrr4 HenoJrHoe npeurl 2. @axrop AoJrH BbrcoKornalnSuqnpoBaHHbrx pa6orHr,rKoB
TaKXe noKa3blBaeT oxHAaBIXyrcCs OTpl,tqaTenbHyro cBfl 3b, xoTrl 3H arreHr,re
napaMerpa HecyulecrBeHno. fIo-sHAHMoMy, H3-3a oxapaKTepn3oBaHHbrx
Bbrrre flporaBonoJroxHbrx nos4eficruufi napauetp 4ne Qaxropa pocra
3aHrrocru HecyulecrBeu. flpnre4eHHbre pe3ynbrarbr oueHKr,r noATBepxAaroT rr{noTe3y, BbrTeKaroqyrc n3 TeopLrH cerMeHTarIuH pbrHKa, a TaKxe
orpaxaror ynopflAor{euHsre $axrbr, [pr{BeAeHHbre, noMHMo npoqero, B
HeKoropbrx pa6orax (Rodgers and Rodgers, 1989; Meulders and plasman,
1993). Kax uoxno 6rulo oxr.{Aarb c yqeroM AaHHbrx .ta6t. 2, BnvflH:ae
$axropa crpaHbr (oruocnrelbHo 3T:uroHHofi crpaHsr - fepuannu) 6urlo
OTpl,Illarenbusrrr,r (c cyulecTBeHHbrMr,r noKa3arelruu) u flOpryratuu, Vcflatura, fpeqnn, Idptauauu u Eelrruu. Kax oro HA y1uBureJrbHo, cKa3aHHoe orHocr,rrc, n x Beluxo6puraauu. B oranque or 3Toro, Hn4epJraHAbr noKa3brBaroT cyrqecTBeHHyro noJroxHTeJrbHyro cBr3 b.
Pesylrraru
orleHKr,t
no nropofi
MoAeJrr,r,
BxlroqaBurefi Qaxroprr
onpoca Ha Karelopuw pa6ortuKoB, rroKa3blBaror, qro oco6enHocrr,t npeAroxeHr,rq AanH JrHtub oAI,IH crarHcrlrqecKl,I :gaquuuft [oKa3areJrb. flonr
xeHIIIHH-TpyArrrIHxc, 3Haqr,rMbrM (u noloxurelunrru) o6pasorra Koppen[pyer c BeporrHocrbro HenoJrnofi gansrocru. Xorr o6rrcurrcrqrle nepel2
3ranoxsoil rpynnofi cJryxar rpyArulHecrr Hurxofi xralnQuxaqun
49
Sronouuqecrnft pocr rl 3anflTocrb
Ta6rnuaT
Pery.nrrarur ouenrrr nor[THoro axarfl3a Beporruocrrr pa6orbt HenoJrHoe BpeMar l99l r.
-3,08 (-5,77)
-0,67 (-2,6s)
Koucraura
Eeaurt.tc
fepuaHne*
lauun
0,
-0,sr (-r,98)
0,33 (r,60)
l4 (0,55)
-1,93 (-7,91)
I.peuue
-3,43 (-5,12)
-t,1s (-4,92)
-r,59 (-s,67)
Vcnasns
-2,02 (-7,28)
Vpnawgur'
-r,17 (-4,90)
-0,93 (-3,95)
0,92 (4,07)
r,09 (5,09)
-r,83 (-5,43)
HulepaanArr
-2,53 (-7,49)
4,62 (-2,27)
flopryrarue
Beruxo6purauur
l)
0,01 (0,01)
Cneunamcru
-0,36 (-0,80)
Ynparreuuecxne pa6orxnxr.r
Koxropcxue cayxaulue*
Pa6orHuru roproBnn
Pa6orHnrn cQeprr ycnyr
Pa6orsuxl.r ceJrbcKoro xotcfi craa
0,60
0,92
0,53
0, r 9
Pa6oruuxl.r npoH3BoacrBa
Exeroansrfi TeMn npnpocra 3aHrrocru (1988-1991
-{,03 (-{,r
r.)
Aorq xeHurr.rH
,{onr uoaoarrx apAefi**
,(orr noxulsrx rpyalurxcr* * *
,{,oar pa6orHnron cpeaneft xraanQn-
(2,9r)
(4,76)
(r, r 6)
(0,57)
-0,04 (-0,r r)
0,09 (0,20)
4,08 (r4,25)
3,24 (2,60)
2,36 (r,8s)
3, r 7
r ,2
(5,36)
r (0,93)
r,43 (0,65)
-2,28 (4,3s)
-0,9s (-r,45)
KAUHH
{onr
pa6ornuxoB Bbrcoxofi rraarlr}n-
Kaur,lt
-0,18 (-0,49)
0,6
r (0,68)
* 3raaoHnas rpynna.
** l5-24 roaa;
*** 55-64 ro.ua.
3uaqeHus t nora3aHbr a cro6xax.
M eHH
bre IIpnM eHr,rTeJrbHo K MoJroAbr M TpyArrrIH Mcr, noxr,rJrbt M TpyAflr{HM-
c, u pa6orHHKaM
cpeAHeft r(BanHoHKar{I,r,r
Qopr"ry cBr3H, 3HarreHH, napaMerpoB
AIs
raKxe r4Meror oxrrAaBrxyrcc,
gTr,rx Qar<ropoB He sBJrrrorct
cTaTr4cTHrrecKH 3HarrHMbtMI,L flpe4CraalfleTcs, qTo 3HaqHMbrfi 300eKT,
BbrsBJreHHbtit Ntfl sTHx oar(TopoB B paMKax nepBoft MoAeJrr4, saxruvecxu
o6ycronaeH BJTHTHHeM npoQeccnoHaJrbHbrx rpyn[. Bnussne crpaHbr Bo
BTOpOfi MOAenH HeMHOTHM OTr[qaeTcfl oT BJII,ttHHr, r,r3MepeHHOrO nO
nepBofi MoAeJrr{, TaK rrTo BilUflHlae BO3paCTHbrX lpynn MonoAbrx u noxHnbrx TpyAsuluxcq B nepBofi MoAenr{ 3aMerrlaeTcfl uraBHbrM o6pa3oM cyule-
50
3rcoHoiauqecrril pocr tl 3aHcrocrb
cTBeHHbr M [OJrOXHTeJrbHbrM Br[qHr.leM [pooeccHoHaJrbHbrx lpynn pa6oTHr.rKoB roproBnH H coepbr ycnyr Bo BTopoft MoAenu. cxa:assoe o3Haqaer,
rrTo noJI
- 3To eAItHcTBeHHafl Jrr,rqHocTHa, xapaKTepvcTnKa pa6oqefi cl/.Itbt,
oflpeAenrrculac BeporrHocTb pa6oTbt HenoJrHoe BpeMr. HesasHcr,rrvro or
npoQecc[onalruoft rpyrrnbr, I( xoropofi oHH orHocflTcq, xeHUIHHbr HMeror 6onee BbrcoKyro Bepo,rrHocrb pa6orbr HenoJrHoe BpeMs. Kaxyqarcr
6oree BbrcoKaq BepoqrHocrb roro, qro MonoAbre I,t rroxuJlbre TpyAflulr,recfl
6yayr pa6oraru HenoJrHoe BpeMr, r,l 6olee Hrr3Ka, BeposrHocrb 3roro
rpr.rMeHr.rreJrbHo K pa6oruuxau cpeguefi xnaluSnxaquu Saxruqecxlr orHoctrcs x npoSeccuoHanbHbtM rpynnaM, B Koropbrx oHH 3aHqrbr.
BPEMEHHAfl 3AHflTOCTb
B ra6n. 8 npune4eHbr pe3ynbrarbr orIeHKr B paMr(ax AByx noruTHbrx
aHaJrr,r3oB npHMeHHTeJrbHO K npeueHHofi pa6ore. B css:H c ue6oluuruu
qHcJroM BpeMeHHbrx pa6orHuxoB cpeAu y[paBneHr{eB u B ceJrbcKoM
xoasficTBe pqAa cTpaH 3Tr,r rpyllflbr r{cKnroqeHbt v3 aHa][y.3a.
c,
Pesyrsraru oueHKH no nepaofi MoAeJrr,r noKa3brBaror, rrro rpyAqulue-
xeHIuHHbr I,rMeror HaMHoro 6olee Bbrcoxylo BepogrHocrb [onyr{t4Tb
BpeMeHHyro pa6ory, rtro It MoxHo 6srno oxr.t4arr. Taxxe, KaK oxuAaJrocb, AoJrfl pa6oruuxor cpe4uefi n srlcoxofi xnaluQuxarlHH r4Meer orpHqarelrusrft noKa3areJrb, oAHaKo npl,rMeHlITeJrbHo K BbtcoKoKBanu$raqupoBaHHbrM pa6orHnxaM gTor noKa3arenb crar[crrrqecKu 3HarrHM Jll,tltrb
npu l0oh-aoM ypoBHe. 9ro xe Kacaerc, noxuJrbrx rpyArr{}rxcs, pe3yJrbTarbl B 3ToM cnyqae orJrHrlarorc, or pe3ynbraroB, Kacarouluxca pa6orsr
HenoJrHoe BpeMr. Bucoxag AoJrs floxnnbrx rpyArrr{Hxc, cyqecrBeHHbrM H
orpHrrarenbusru o6pasoM BJrHser Ha Aonro npeueuHofi :aHsrocrH. o.{eBHAHO' qro BpeMeHHbIe rpyAoBble AoroBopbl He xapaKTepHbl Anq HerHuuqHofi 3aHrrocrH noxHJrbrx pa6orHuxon. pe:yrurarur bqeHxH cBr,rAeTenbcrBylor raKxe o roM' tITo HI'I AoJL MoJIoAbIx rpyArl{vtxcfl,, Ht4 TeMnbl
POCTA 3AHSTOCT}I HC I,IMCIOT BHAHMOTO 3HAqCHI4' AJI' BCPO'THOCTI,I IIONY.
qellnfl npeueHuofi pa6oru. Taxofi pe3ynbrar B orHor.[eHr,rr4 MoJroAbrx
rpyArrrlHxcrr HecKorbKo HeoxuAau, u60 pqA aBTOpOB yKa3brBanA Ha pacnpocrpaHeHHocrb npeueHuofi pa60rsr cpeAH MoJrOAexH (uanpun,tep,
Biichtemann and Quack, 1989; Treu, lg92).
Br.usnue crpaH B rlenoM Bocrrpolr3Bo4rr qutlpsr ra6l. 6, npuqeM cyrrlecrBeHHbrfi orpuqarelrsrrfi o$sexr (no cpanHeHr,rrc c feprraaHuefi) orMerreH Als Eelrruu, Benuxo6purauuu, Vptauguu u Hu4epnaHAoB, a
cyulecrBeHHufi uoloxr.rreluusrfi or!$exr - Nn vcnaauu. flpu conocrannelJ,_uu Brrus,Hug, Qaxropa crpaHbr B 3TOM Cnyqae c BJrr,r,rHHeM B Cnyqae c
pa6oroil HenoJrHoe BpeMs BbtflcHsercs, rtro AJrrr Eelsruu, Benuxo6puraHtiA t4 vptauauw xapaKTepHo BHAHMoe orpHrrarenbHoe BJrr,rsHHe Hi o6e
Sopr',rsr Herr4rrurrHofi:aHsrocrn. oAHaxo floJroxeHr,re Aen B r4cnauuu u
3roxonnqecrnft pocr u 3antrT(rrb
Ta6lr.rua
8
Pesyauraru ouerrx[ ronrruono anarrr3a Beporrnocr[ pa6oru ra npeuenxof ocnone, l99l r.
Koscraura
-0,92 (-t,47)
-2,s0 (-z,st)
Eeauruc
-r,3s (-4,64)
-o,73 (-r,96)
fepuauur*
!,annn
fpeuun
Vcnanus
0,30 (r, r 5)
-o,30 (-r,28)
IdpllLauaut
4,61(-2,28)
Hu,(epaau.(rt
-0,s7 (-2,04)
-0,25 (-0,69)
-r,05 (-3,62)
Ilopryrannr
Beruxo6puraHnr
0,83 (3, r 4)
Cneu[arucrur
Kouropcxue cayxaulue*
Pa6ornnrn roproBnr.t
Pa6orsnxu cQepur ycnyr
rocrr (1988-1991 rr.)
.(orr xexqrn
.(onr ruonogrrx ap.qeft **
.{oar noxruurx rpy.u,rulrxcr* * *
{oar pa6ornuxor cpe4uefi r(BaJrH-
0,35 (0,82)
-0,73 (-2,30)
-0,33 (-r,29)
0,re (0,82)
0,08 (0, r9)
-0,3r (-0,34)
4,s2(4,62)
0,86 (2,6e)
-r,24 (-0,90)
0,72 (0,80)
r,0r (0,63)
-1,77
(4,44)
-r,56 (-2,90)
4,22 (-0,29)
-0,73 (-r,82)
-t,26
(-t,t2\
4,75 (-2,09)
Quxaur.rr,r
.(oae pa6ornnr(oB BbrcoKofi rsann0uxaquu
(r,r0)
0,r3 (0,38)
1,24 (3,3s)
-0,37 (-r,30)
-0,33 (-r,r9)
0,88 (r, r 2)
Pa6orsnxu npou3BoAcrBa
Exeroaurrfi TeMn npnpocra saHA-
0,26
* 3raaoHHac rpynna;
** 15-24rota.
*** 55-64 roaa.
3HaqeHr.rr t noKa3aHbt s cxo6xax.
Hngepran4ax noxa3brBaer, rrro 3Tr ABe $opusr HernnfiqHofi :ansrocrr
He o6,3aTeJIbHo HMeIoT oAHHaxoByIo AIHaMI,IKy. B l/.cnaHuu HaMHoro
Bbrrue BpeMeHHa' L MeHbIIre HenoJrHa, 3aHrTOCTb, qeM B Fepuaxun, TorAa
KaK B Hr,rAeplanAax HaMHoro MeHbrrre BpeMeHHa, H 6onbr.ue HenoJrHafl
3AHflTOCT6.
Pesynsrarsr orIeHKH no BTopofi MoAenr,r cBuAsrenbcrByroT, rrro flocJre
rlp[rBHeceHHfl B MOAeJrb BJTIi.flHUfl CnpOCa Ha npooeccltoHirJrbHbre rpyrrnbr
n[rrHocrHbre xapaKTep[rcrHKH TpyAflrrl[xcc yxe He oKa3brBarcT cyrqecrBeHHOTO BO3AeftCTBr,tr Ha BeporTHocTb [olyr{eHr4, BpeMeHHOfi pa6oTbr.
Ho, r cBrr3u c Koppenrqlrefi MexAy xaparcrepxcrvKanr TpyAflrrl[xcr H
52
3rcouourqecxufi pocn n 3aucrocrb
npooeccnoHanbHofi rpynnofi, r( Koropofi oHH orHocflTcfl, AaHHafl, paHee
orIeHKa ponn npooeccuu TaKxe HecyqecTBeHHa.
3AKJIIO.qEHUE
B crarre BHr,rMaHHe cocpeAoror{eHo Ha AByx ocHoBnux Qopuax neranu.rHofi 3aHsrocrr.r: pa6ore HenoJrHoe BpeMs H pa6ore ua rpenaeunofi
ocHoBe - B EC. Asalur 6asuponalcs Ha AaHHrrx o6cne4oBaHufl pa6ovefi
cumr EBPOCTAT B pa3p$e npoQeccuoHzlrrbHbrx rpyrr no I I crpaHaurrJreHaM (Vr atut 6rrna ncxlrovena).
B oxsaqeHHbrx crpaHax HenoJrHoe BpeMs pa6orarcr n cpe4Heu l5%o
Bcex 3aHflTux. Har6onee BbrcoKafl AoItfl pa6oraloulrdx HenoJrHoe BpeM,
orMeqeHa n Hr4epnaHAax, TorAa KaK B lpeqnu, I1cnanuutt.flopryra-uul,r
coorBercrByrou[e AoJII,l orHocl,rrenbHo HeBeJrHxH. Bo ncex crpaHax Ha6mo4arorcr 3Harr[TenbHbre pa3nuq[, B orAenrnux npoQeccnoHaJrbHbrx
rpynnax. 66lruas qacrb 3aHgrbrx He[oJrHoe pa6ovee BpeM, orHoctrrct K
MaJroKBaJrr,rrlr,rqr,rpoaauHbrM TpyAflrqHMcr. B .racrHocrH, BbrcoKar, Aorrfl,
3aHrrbrx He[oJrHoe BpeM, orMeqeHa n cQepe ycnyr.
Cpe4u rpyArulaxcr xeHrrlr,rH 4orx pa6orarorrlux He[oJrHoe BpeM, B
LBA pA3A rrpeBbllIaer aHarorHrrHrtft noxasarenb AJL Bcex 3aHrrrrx. ConocraBJreHHe rroKa3arenefi senonsofi sangrocrr,t lr ypoBHefi 6epa6ornqu
noKa3brBaer, r{To HenonHa, 3aHcrocrb cHr,rxaer 6e:pa6oruqy. Kpoue
Toro, HenoltHas, 3aHgrocrb, noxoxe, cnoco6crByer yBenHqeHl,rrc yqacrufl
xeHITIHH B cocraBe pa6o.reft cHJIbr.
Bo scex paccMorpeHuurx I I crpaHax Ha BpeMeHHbre rpyAoBbre AoroBopbr np}Ix o4r4Tcfl, 9,30/o o6urcro qLIcJra 3aHfl Tbrx, cneAoBareJlbHo, BpeMeHxar pa6ora - 3ro MeHee pacnpocrpaHeHHafl $opr,aa Herr,rnurrHofi sansrocrH no cpaBHeHr,rrc c pa60rofi HenonHoe BpeMfl. Pasnuqus MexAy crpaHaMI,I B 3TOM OTHOIIICHI,III HC OqCHb BCJIHKI,I, 3A HCKNIOqEP,WE}/. r,ICNAH}IH, rAE
noqrH qerBeprb Bcex 3aHrrbrx pa6oraer Ha BpeMeHHOfi OCHOBe B pe3ynbrare ocna6JreHr,rr npaBHJr O TpyAOBbrx AoroBopax Ha tprarcr,rponassufi
cpox. Kax H oxHAaJrOCb, CAMAfl 3HaqHTenbHas, Eorfl npertreuuofi 3aHrrocrH npHxoAktrcfl Ha (BTopr,rrrHbre pa6ouue Mecra) n npo@eco,roHaJrbHbrx
rpynnax, rpe6yloulux HeBbrcoKofi xnaruQuKarlfiId. I4HrepecHo orMerr,rrb,
qro B 1983-1991 rr. cpeAHrrfi npupocr npeuenHoft raurrocru HaMHoro
npeBbrrran rp[pocr Aolu pa6orarculux HeloJrHoe BpeMfl. flpu erou Hau6onrurufi rtpt,tpocr Aonr,l pa6oraroulux Ha BpeMeHnofi ocsone orMeqeH
cpeAr.r pa6orur.rxon cQepu ycnyr r npoa3BoAcrreunofi ct[epsl.
conocrasreune 4onefi BpeMeHHo 3aHqrbrx c yponuarrna 6epa6ornqsr
B pa3Hbrx crpaHax noKa3blBaer, r{To, B orJrr{qHe or pa6orsl HenoJrHoe
BpeMr, co3AaHr,re BpeMeHHbrx pa6ouux Mecr He oKa3brBaer 6laronpuaruoro Brr,rqHr,rr ua 6espa60rnqy, a JrHr.rrb cnyxHT nporBJreHHeu cna60cra
noruqufi TpyAflrrlHxcfl B nepuoAsl nsrcoxofi 6*pa60raqu. Kax r.r MoxHo
3roHourqecrnfi pocr
H 3aHflToerb
53
npegnoJroxnTb, BpeMeHHas pa6ora oco6eHHo pacnpocrpaHeHa
cpeAr,r MonoAbrx rpyArrrllrxcq. B sroft nospacrnofi rpynfle golr pa6oTarorrlHx Ha ocHoBe TpyAoBbIx AoroBopoB Ha oHKcltposaHHstft cpox 6es
nepcneKTuB nonyqurb nocroqHHyro pa6ory BTpoe BbIuIe, qeM cpeAl,t Bcex
3aHsrbrx. Kpoue roro, crefleHb BpeMeHsoft raHsrocrl cpeAl't MoJIoAbIx
TpyArrrl[xc, noJroxHTeJIbHo Koppenupyer c xoot[t[HLIHeHToM MonoAexnoil 6e:pa6orurlbr.
AHarur creneHl c6nnxesus/pacxox4enuc orAenbHblx crpaH no noKa3areJrrM Herr{n[qHofi gangrocrn s 1983-1991 rr. [oKa3blBaer, qro HaH6onrurne MexcrpaHoBbre pa3nuqr,rfl B pacnpocrpaHeHul,t nenonnofi 3aHrTocrn orMeqeHbr n c$epe ycnyr r4 ToproBnu, cpeA[ TpyArlruixcr, 3aHrrblx
Ha HexBaJrr{r}uquponanuux pa6orax, a raKxe cpeAl c[eq[anlrcroB, KoTopbrx rlnprr,rsr crpeMsrcq yAepxarb lrnl,t [pr,rBne.{u. rlerxoro c6nuxeHuq
Aoleft pa6oraroqux HenonHoe BpeMfl MexAy crpaHaMu He orMeqeHo HH B
oAxoft ra: npo$eccuoHaJrbHbrx rpynn. tlro uHrepecno, nau6oJrbuafl cre[eHb pacxoxAeHl.rfl noxa3areJrefi nenorHofi 3aHrrocrr{ vMera Mecro cpeAu
npoQeccuoHilJrbHbrx rpynn, rAe Aonn pa6oraroqlrx He[oJrHoe BpeM, caMbre Hlr3xrre, pa6ouux B [por,r3BoAcrseHHofi cQepe v ceJrLcKoM
xo:sftcrse.
B qerou xe MexcrpaHoBbre pa3lrqus. B Aonsx BpeMeHHo 3aHrrbrx
HaMHoro MeHbr.rre, r{eM pa3nur{ur s o6racru pa6orrr HenoJrHoe upeua. flo
crpaHaM pa3nuqus nepBoro po4a oco6eHHo BeJTHKH MexAy npor,r3BoAcrBeHHbTMH pa6ouuul,r. B otltl,t.tue or KaprrdHbr 3aHsrocrr,r HenoJrHoe BpeMr,
B HeKoropbx npoQeccuoHaJrbHbrx rpynnax orMerreHo ne6onruroe c6tuxeHr.re Aorefi BpeMeHHo 3aHsrbrx s 1983-1991 rr.
.{o6annu, r{To B crarbe npoaHruru3r,rpoBaHa creneHb, c xaxofi Jrr,rrrHocrHbre xaparoepucrr,rr(H flpeAJraraeuofi pa6ovefi currbt u oco6esnocru
cnpoca Ha orAenbHue npoSeccuu oflpeAenrror BeporrHocrb Herunur{Hbrx
Qopt't 3aHrrocru. AHanus BntytflHlal rurtHocrHbrx xapal<tepficruK noKa3blBaer, qro He[oJIHa, 3aHtrocrb n BpeMeHHaa pa6ora recHo coorHocrlTcs c
xeHcrofi 3aHrrocrbro. Kportre roro, Ha o6e Qoplau HernnuqHoft :aHsrocru [puxoAl,rrcc 6omu afl Aonc, MaJroxBaJruQuqupooaHHbrx rpyAruluxcr.
.{orn MonoAbrx rd noxr,rJrbrx rpyArrrluxcq noroxureJrbHo Koppenr4pyror c
3aHrTOCTbrO He[OJrHOe BpeMr, TOrAa KaK AOn' [OXr,rJrbrX TpyAqulHxcq
orprrrlarenbHo r(oppenupyer c npeueHnofi 3aHrrocrbro. Ho ecnu B aralrut3
BKJrroqr,rrb BnvflHlle cnpoca Ha orAenbHrte npooeccl,1.vt, To flon ocraerc,
eA[HcrBeHHofi nn.{Hocruofi xapaKTepncrr,rKo it, ytetuuwBaroqefi BeporrHocrb pa6oru HenoJrHoe BpeMr. Brlcoxaq BeporrHocrb nonyr{eHus xeHrrIr.rHaMH npeuexnofi pa6orsl, a MonoAbrMu H noxrrJrbrMn rpyArrrlHMHcs
pa6otr HerroJrHoe BpeM, u 6olee HH3Ka, BepoflTHocrb nonyqeHn fl pa6orHrxauu cpe4Hefi xraauQuraqrau pa6orbr B Ter{eHue HenoJrHoro BpeMeHr,r cBrr3aurr c npoQecclrrMu nepequcneHHbrx rpynn. B .racrHocru, pa6ora nenorHoe BpeM, 6oarure pacnpocrpaHeHa cpqAn pa6oruuxoB TopToBJIH r,r c$eprr ycnyr. Tax .rto, ecJln Herl{nllut,Has 3aHrrocrb ((nor{Tu [pe-
6uro
54
SronoMnqecxui pocr
t,r
3aHflTocrb
BpaTr,rnacb B HopManbHbrft cnoco6 nxox4eHr,ts MoJroAbrx TpyAquluxcfl B
pbrHox TpyAa) (Treu, 1992, p. 503), ero, oqeBr.tAr.to, MoxHo o6rqcHnrs
npoQeccrrrMu, rAe MonoAbre nroAu HaxoArr cBoro nepByro pa6ory.
Pesynuraru oqeHXH BeporrHocrefi raxxe noKa3btBalor, qro B crpaHax neo6csareJrbHo coB[aAaer npeo6la4anue o6eux Qopr"r HerunnqHofi
3aHcrocrn. B lAcnar.un 3Har{HTerbHo 6onrure pa6orarculux Ha BpeMeHHofi ocHose u MeHbtIIe 3aHflTblx HenoJIHoe BpeMr, rreM B fepuauuu, TorAa
xax n Hu4epnaHAax HaMHOTO MeHbUe BpeMeHHbrx pa6orHnxos H 6omrue
3aHrrbrx HenoJIHoe BpeMr. CxasauHoe noATBepxAaer BbrBoA, uro o6e
Qoprtrrr Herr,rnnqHofi :aHsrocrn no-pa3HoMy pearupyror Ha [r3JrH[reK
rrpeArroxeHux pa6ouefi cu:-f,st B ToM cMbrcJre, qro BbrcoK afl Lo[rs, pa6oTaroulux He[oJrHoe BpeMq, noxoxe, cHHxaer ypoBeHb 6espa6orr,rqbr, TorAa KaK BbrcoKat AoJL 3aHgrbrx Ha rpeueuHoft ocHoBe cnyxl,rr nr,Ilxb AononHr,rreJlbHbrM nposBJleHr,reM cla6octn pbtHorrHbrx no:nqufi B [epHoAbr
srrcoxofi 6espa6orr,rqsr (rrrolo4exHofi). C ro.{xu 3peHus norurnxpl n o6Ilacryt 3aHrrocrr,r, co3AaHr4e pa6ovux Mecr An, pa6orsr HenoJrHoe BpeMs
(4o6pononuurrx) upe4craBJrfl ercfl no3ToMy 3Harrr,rreJrbHo 6oree HHTepecHbrM Bapr,raHToM, HexeJrH ycurreHl,1,e ru6xocru pbrHKa
qeHH, lipyAoBbrx ornoureHufi Ha BpeMeHHoft ocHose.
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corJlacr,rrbc, c perueHHeu ap6r.rTpa , ccil4Tafl ero oKoHr{areJrbHbtM u o6gssrBarourHM. Ap6urpu Moryr 6srrr npurJrarrreHbt Anq yperyn[poBaH]rs cnopa o6 r'rHrepecax MexAy cropoHaMH, BeAyrur,rMH neperoBopbr o 3aKJrroqeHI'IH cornaueHufl' ullvt cnopa o npaBax, Bo3HI'IKLuero no noBoAy LIMeIoqenpr,rHfl THe
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3aKoHoAarenrnofi octrose B 3aBHCr,rMOCTr,r or cnoxnarueficr B crpaHe cr,rcKOTOpOTO oHr,r coBMecrHo Ha3Haqunn.
reusr) npeAcraBnrer co6ofi s0sexrnnHoe npr,rMeHeHne MexaHH3Ms, [rMo.
HyeMoro Anrrepnau,rBHbrM pa3perrreHr.reM cnopoB (ApC). flpoqegypa
o0Qexrr,rnHo yMeHbrrraer seo6xoAr,rMocrb npn6irarr' x :a6acr-os*e am
6srcrporo yperyn[poBauur xoHQnuxra.
vxat uogenb npuMeHlrMa K cnopau o6 uurepecax MexAy rocyAapcrBEHHbIMI,I OPIAHAMI,I N NPOQCOTO3AMH I,IX COTPYAHI,IKON. rIPOqE4YPbI IiACT-
HOrO CeKTOpa Konr.rpyrorcfl c rlenbro o6ecnerrurr [ocpeAHHr{eCTBO MeXAy
cropoHaMH yCIdIlUSMU COBMeCTHO Ha3Har{eHHofo qacrHoro ufiil4 [paBHTeJrbcrBeHHoro nocpeAnuxa. Ho s CllA r,r MHorr{x Apyrnx crpaHax 3a_
6acrosx[ B rocyAapcrBeHHbrx yqpexAeH,rx 3aqacryro 3anpeqeHbr, TaK
rrro rocyAapcrreHusrft ceKTop Jrr{rueH npr.rcyuleii qacrHoMy
ceKTopy Ar.rHaMHKr,t
(yperynupoBarb v]/'r 6acrosarb). 3ro npunoAHT K 6eCxouequsrl,r
payHAlM [eperoBopoB, a r,rHorAa K He3aKOHnuu aa6acroBortHbrM
AeficrBH'M. B CrpaHax, rAe 3aKoHoAarenbcrBo [peAycMarpHBaer aplvrpax
uts
ug6exaruc :a6acrosox B xH3HeHHo saxHHi csepax .o.yiup.rreHHbrx
ycnyr, or cropoH rpe6yror, qro6rr oHr.r o6paqzurrrcb sa oxoHqareJrbHbrM H
o6rrarenrubrM Arn Hr.rx perueHr{eM K ap6urparr,r B cnyqae Bo3Hr,rKHoBeHHs
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Arc o6qecrseHHoro 3.qopoBsr u 6elonacHocrr'r, [pe3r{AeHT BnpaBe, B COOTBerCTBr.rn c HauuosaJrbHbrM 3ar(oHoM .rpyAonurx
O
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Heft'rpaJrbHyro Korrrrccuro no ycraHoBJreHr.rrc
Qarror Aff BHeCeHuc per(oMeHAaur.rft no parpe_
ureHHro xoxQarxra, oxa3brBaroqyro AaBJreHgre Ha cropoHbr,
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B rarrecrBe 3aKOHa, XOTT 3TO
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Orras rocyAapcrBa or
np[IryArITeJIbHbIx Mep flptt cnopax
o
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APC, n Qoprr,re qacrHoro ap6nrpaxa B paMKax KoJIJIeKTIIBHoTo AoroBOpa, qacTo Llc[onb3yloT B psAe cTpaH AJIS yperyJII{poBaHH, cflopoB o
flpaBax, B r{acrHocrn xon$rurroB, Bo3Hl4Karoqnx B cBs3I,I c roJIKoBaHHeM
n [pr,rMeHeHr4eM KOJIJIeKTI{BHOTO AOrOBOpa, BKJIIOqa' BO[pOCbI AI'ICq}IIInr.rHapHblx Mep H yBoJIbHeHHfi. flpe4yctr,torpennufi npaKTI,IqecKI't Bo Bcex
KoJrJreKTr,rBHbIx AoroBopax B CIIIA u o6sgarenrsutfi no 3aKoHoAareJrbcrny Kauagrr, ap6urpax - 3To npeAnoqrnTeJlbHas npolreAypa uIfl pa3pe-
lueHl,r, TaKr,rx vrr,At4r,u1yanrbHblx I,rJrI,I KoJIJIeKTLtBHbIx cnopoB. Ap6urpax
npH3HaH npoQcorc:aur u a4MrHncrpaqnefi npegnpusruit s KaqecrBe
TpaAr{rltroHHoro KoMnpoMrrcca, no Koroporr,ry npo$corcrsr o6rsyrorcr
Aonroe BpeMq Bo3AepxlrBarbcfl or sa6acroBoK, BxJIIoqau AHr.HI, n o6uen
Ha o6qgarenbcrBo aAMr,rHr,tcrparlrir,r Bbr[oJrHflTb perxeHu, coBMecrHo oro6pauuslx ap6urpon, KoropbrM cropoHbr r,r3Jrararor cBori no3urruu. Cyau s
o6enx crpaHax npusHaror srr.r coBMecrno nurpa6oraHHbre rporleAypbl cocrasHofi r{acrbro o6ssaremHbrx K BbrnoJlHeHr,rrc corurarrreHr,rfi u no4rnepxAaror cornacre c perxeHufluu ap6urpoB B Bonpocax pa6oru rpeArprsrufi. Ho raK xax cr,rcreMa npr,rBarn3r,rpoBaHa, TpyAHo c AocroBepHocrbro
Ha3Barb qncJro paccMorpeHHbrx raKr,rM nyreM 4er. flo oIIeHKaM, ToJrbKo B
CIIIA ap6r.rrpsr exeroAHo pa3peuaror 50-70 Tbrc. AeJr - BHyrrrrenbHoe
r{r,rcJlo,
xar
xoT, oHo MeHbIIIe Bcex KoJIJIeKTI,IBHbTX AOTOBOpOB, KOTOpbre CnypaMXaMV Nrfl no.qo6Horo ap6u, paxa.
Ap6urpax
Ap6urpsr, coBMecrHo oro6paHHsre cropoHaMu n xouSlrlKTe MexAy
npoQconsaur u a4uur.r,rcrpaquefi, 3aHHMaroru apdurpaxeM nonHoe pa6oqee BpeM, HJrH HenonHoe BpeMrr, coBMerrla, ero c ApyruMH 3aHflTyts,Mv o6rl,{Ho npenoAaBaHneM npaBa vnu topu4tr{ecxofi npaxruxofi. Vx or6uparor Ha ocHoBe cnucKoB, HMerorrluxc, y flpaBr,rreJrbcrBa nlu uefirpanrHbrx qacTHbrx areHTcTB; roHopap uM nJraTrT cTopoHbr KoJrJreKT[BHoro
AoroBopa; o6e croponbr paccMarpuBaror r,rx KaK rnaluQnqnpoBaHHbrx ra
6ecnpucrpacrHbrx nocpeAHHKoB B pa3perueHuu cropa. B pauxax nocrosHHbrx orsourenufi MexAy co6ofi cropoHbr r{acro cqr,rraror 6onee BaxHbrM
pa3pe[r.rrb noreHrlr,ranbHo onacHbrft cnop, HexeJrr{ ceroBarb rro [oBoAy
TOrO, Kaxarr cTopoHa BbrHrpana unu flponrpilra To HJrr{ r,rHoe Aeno. B
CIIIA Bo3MoxHocrr 6rrcrporo (vacro B npeAenax ue4enr), oxoHrlarerbHoro u o6sgarenrsoro Anc cropoH ap6urpaxa rrcKJrrortuJra raKr,re KoHQruxrsr, Koropbre Bo MHorr,rx Apyrux crpaHax no-npexHeMy r{acro BeAyr
62
Tpyaonrre oruoruerrt, n rpyaoBbte cropbt
K 3a6acroBKaM lrJrr,r np[ocraHoBKe npou3BoAcrBa. flocle nropofi MHpoBofi BofiHbr rpor{eAypa ap6urpaxa B cnyqae xalo6 rn[ cnopoB o npaBax
crarr.a ocHosoft cra6nnrHocru TpyAoBbrx orHorrreHraft. Osa nopoAuna
3Har{r,rreJrbHufi o6reu rcp[cnpyAeHr\upr vr ([pou3Bo.(crBeHHoro npaBa)),
r(oropbre floMoraror npoQcorcsau H a4Mnr.ucrpaut4r4 r{s6erarr HeoAHoKparHoro o6paqenur x ap6r.rrpau n ux 6ygyrqax orHorrreHnrx 6narogapfl npr.lB ep xeHHo crr.r ap6xrp axn o M y nperleAeHTy.
HEOBXOATIMOCTb IIOCPEAHI,ITIECTBA I,I APBUTPA)(A B CEKTOPAX,
HE OXBAqEHHbIX IPOOCOIO3AM}I
Kax 6ur xeJrareJreH oH
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yt
caMoperynupoBaHr.t, npr,rHocr,rr nonb3y roJrbKo rracru paoovefi cHJrbr, KoTopas Bocnonb3oBatacb cBor,rM [paBoM Ha opraHr,t3arll,trc npo$corcson n
KoJrrreKTlrBHbre reperoBoprr. B CIIIA 3To flpr.rMepso l5oh us o6rqero vucna 120 MnH. TpyArrrquxcfl, TaK r{To 6o.nee 100 uln. pa6ornuxoB He oxBaveusl npoQcoro3aMr,r, Koropbte MofJrH 6Sr npegcraBJl,Tb r,r 3arrluularb r,rx
npaBa. B Kana,qe creneHb oxBara npoQcorc:aMrd 3HarrHTeJrbHo Bbrrle n
npu6 tmxaercfl K noJroB n ue pa6 o ve it cuttst. 3arqnra, xorop oft fionb3yrorcs
qJIEHbI NPOSCOTO:OB B
PAMKAX XOJIJICKTIIBI{bIX .qOTOBOPOB B CIIIA U KAHaAe, Bo MHoroM cxoxa c :arqurofi, xoropofi nonb3yrorcr qJIeHbr u HeqJreHbr npoQcorc:oB B paMKaX CO3AaHHbTX rOCyAapcrBoM cr,rcreM
MbrrrrJreHHbrx
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opraHy B rlenqx 3arrlr.rrbr npaB TpyArrrlHxcr. Hu r o4nofi rs srux crpaH
Her y3aKoHeHHbrx rpuoynanoB AJrfl pelllelf,l,1,fl pa3rfl4qHbrx BonpocoB, Koropble Moryr Bo3HLKHyrb B cBt3l'l c reM, o[paBAaHbl I'IJIH Her Auctlunnl,IHapHbre Mepbr HJrr,t yBoJrbHeuue pa6orHr,rKa. B o6eprx crpaHax cyulecrByer 3aKOHOAareJrbcrBo, 3auluqarcqee pa6orHuKa or AtrcKpHMnHarIr.rH Ha npoI'I3BoAcTBe no npI{3HaKy noJla' Bo3pacTa, pacbl, HaLIHoHanbHoro npol4cxoxAeHr'rs u uHBanv4Hocrr.r. Ho ,qo6unarbcc cBor,rx npaB B SrOfi qacrH
rrepB aAMr,rHr,rcrparr.rBHufi opraH urrv cyAAonxeH cau pa6orurrK, y
Koro_
poro B 6onruruncrBe cnyqaeB HeAocrarorrHo cpeAcrB, vro6sr HaHrrb aABOKATA, IPOABHIATb I,ICK I,INH NPOTHBOCTO'Tb
PEAKIII,IH PA6OrOAArErrr,
xoropufi, Bo3MoxHo, flBilflercf, eAI'IHcrBeHHbIM ucrot{HnKoM AoxoAa B
pafione npoxr'rBaHnr pa6orHuxa. Moryr cyulecrBoBarb npaBa, nporreAypbr Moryr 6rmr orxpbrrbr lr AocrynHbr, oAHaKo rleHa [porecra Moxer
OKA3ATbCg CJII,IIIIKOM STICOXOfi
AIg
AECqTKOB MI,IJIJIHOHOB TPYA'IUIHXCC.
flpo6neua cror,rr oco6eHso ocrpo B cBere peureHr.r, Bepxonuoro cyAa
CIIIA tro Aeny <AlexcaHAep nporr,rB "fap.qHep - .{ennep Ko,,D2, *oiau
pa6oruux Ao6nsancq gaxosnofi 3arrlnTbr rrporr.rB AHcKpr,rMr.rHarIHH c rro2
Alexander v. Gardner
- Denver Co.94.
S.
Ct.
l0l l,
1974.
Tpyaonrte ornoueHus lt rpyaoBbte cnopbr
Morrlbro rracrHofo ap1firpD(a B paMl(ax
KOJIJIeKTI,IBHOTO AOrOBOpa.
63
cO-
TpyAHr.rK B ap6HTpaxe Aeno nponrpan, Ho BepxoBHblft cyA pa3peul[n
paccMoTpeHHe B Br.rAe oTAenbHoro 3al(oHHoro Tpe6oBaHu, B cyAe Ha ToM
ocHoBaHHH, r{TO CyA He 6yAer cqurarbct c peuIeHI,IeM ap6vrpa no KoJIneKTTTBHO M y AOrOBOpy, e1[il4 Ap6ltrp npeBblcl,In nonHo M otluc, [peAocraBneHHbre eMy cTopoHaMr,r no AoroBopy, nonbrTaBuHcb pa3peluarb Bonpocbl,
oTHOCrtrIHeCs K rrpr,r MeHeHI,Irc 3aKOHOAaTeJrbH bIX
H
Op M.
BrrruensroxeHHoe Moxer BHyrrr,rrb BbrBoA, 6yato rpyAflIltrHec, nyqrxe 3arrlnqeHbr B crpaHax, rAe rpyAoBbte cyArt o6ecneqlrBalor 3Har{I,ITeJIbHofi.racru pa6oueft cunrr cso6oguufi Aocryn Anq yAoBnerBopeHl,t, xalo6
no urpoKoMy reyry BonpocoB. OAnaxo rpyAoBbre cyAbl B TaKHx crpaHax
craJrxr,rBarorc, co sce 6omr.utaMu TpyAHocrs,Mur rIpH ocyqecrBJIeHI,IrI cBonx noJrHoMo.{Hfi . Vcnrunaroqeec, conporr,rBJreHne rpyArlrl}rxcl, nce 60nee qacroe o6parqeHne B cyAbr rro flpocrbrM BonpocaM B ycnoBurx coKpaqarculuxc, accnrHooar.uit H pacryrqne 3aBaflbr HepaccMorpeHHbrx
Aen - Bce 3To BeAer K ToMy, qro nporleAypu 6ecxoHerrHo 3arrrr,rBarorcfl.
APC cnoco6Ho rarqrrr,rrb uHAHBr,rAoB, r(oropbre He floJrb3yrorc, 3aqurofi co cropoHbr npo$coro3oB r,r rocyAapcrBeHHbrx opranoB, B To xe
BpeM, o6ner.{us 6perr,ta rpyAoBbrx cyAoB, Koropoe oHH Hecyr flpn ucnonHeHlru cBor,rx o6ssaHnocrefi , 4ocrofi Hbrx noxBaJrbr.
IIOAXOA APC frPU yPETyJTLIPOBAHUU TpyAOBhrX CfrOpOB,
cBfl3AHHbrX C 3AKOHOAATEJIbHbTMIT HOPMAMU
Orpauuuenufl. Ha o6pauleHne ra eaulurofi K rocyAapcrBeHHbrM opraHaM, BHAHMo, 3Har{HTeJrbHee B CIIIA, r4e paSoroglarelu B oAHocropoHHeM nopqAKe co3Aanr{ nnytpnQupMeHHbre cucreMbt, rpe6yrculue or HeqJreHoB npoQcorcsa orKa3a or npaBa o6paqarrc, 3a 3arrlr,rroft n cyA u
npeAycM arpr.rBaroulrde nocpeAHr.rqecrBo
u ap6urp ax no u[poKoMy r(pyry
BonpocoB, BbrreKaroulvtx w3 3aKoHoAareJrbHbrx HopM. B l99l r. BepxonHufi cy4 CIIIA no Aeny <<luluep rpornB "HHrepcrefta/AxoncoH JIefiH
Kop[.">3 nocraHoBr4Jr, rtro corJrarrreHue o6 ap6urpaxe MexAy pa6oro4aGilmer v. Interstate/Johnson Lane Corp. I I I S. Ct. 1647, l99l.l-r.rnruep, 62 ner, pa6o6yruar. B coorsercrsnu c Corlau.leHneM o perucrpaquu ueHHbrx
6yuar rrauo, roropoe xo,rer pa6oraru s grofi o6racru B raqecrBe 6poxepa t,tnu npo.qaBua,
o6rraHo noAnucarb perncrparrnoHnyrc $opr,,ry c yKa3aHueM AoBeprrrenbHbrx H ApyrHx
oco6euHocreft pa6oru B orpacrrH. Jlo6yro nocneayrotuyp xaao6y xa qeficraur pa6oro,(aren, cre.qoBaJro peuarb y ap6nrpa, a He B cyae. Koraa |.uluep 6u.n ynoleu, oH nonbrTarcs Haqarb cyae6urrfi HcK B paMKax 3axoua o ar.rcKpHMHHaunn Ha nporr3BoacrBe no
[pr,r3Har(y Bo3pacra, yrBepxaar, rtro oH 6url laueHen 6olee lroloAbtM corpyaHHKoM.
Kounasus nonbrraJracb npeAorBparr.rrb paccMorpeHrje HcKa B cy.rle Ha roM ocHoBaHHH,
vro pa6oruux noanHcan cornaueHre o6 ap6u'rpaxe Bo Bcex cryr{arx,.cBr3aHHbrx c pa6orofi s srofi orpacJrx. Bepxornrrfi cyA cornacnJrc, c raKHM AoBoAoM, cqtTafl, qro, corJracrrBrrltcb Ha ap6r.rrpax, nrnrraep orKa3aJrc, or npaBa na cyae6Hsrfi HcK, Aaxe Koraa peqb
il.uer BpoAe 6rr o uapyu-reHltu 3aKoHoAarelusofi HopMbr.
3
TaJr B xoMnaHrrr.r rreHHbtx
64
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n BHOBb npI,rHqTbIM pa6oTHr,tKoM 06 oTr(a3e oT aneJrJrflt\uu K cyI.y
ttBnfl,eTcfl o6fl3brBaroulr,rM r{ Ao6poBonbHbrM corJrar.[eHHeM 06 ap64Tpa-
TeJreM
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199
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I r. ua6nrc4anocb 6onbr.uoe qHcJro raKr,tx corJraueHr.rft, c nouou-1rro
r(oropbrx pa6oro4areJrr.r nbrranucr ur6exarb pacxoAoB H 3aAepxex or
anell,.Jluil a raKxe pHcKa Bblnnarbl KoMneHcarlul,t, oco6eHHo B cnyqae
ycraHoBneHur Saxra ALrcKpHMr4Ha\AV. Ho rcax MoxHo 6ulo oxngats,
conrarxeHr,rr o6 ap6urpaxe, pa3pa6oranHure B oAHocropoHHeM noprAKe,
JrHrrreHbr MHorr,rx nporleAypHbrx rapaHTr,rfi, oouuuo npHcyrqux Ko M MepqeCKHM COruraUIeHI,IrM L AaXe COrJra[IeHHgu o6 ap6nrpaxe, 3aKJrroqeHHbrM
MexAy npoQcorcsauu H aluunucrpaquefi. Msorue r,r3 Hrrx nuruaror pa6orH[xos npaBa Ha ropuAuqecxoe npeAcraBnTeJrbcrBo H npeAycMarpunarcr QuHaHcoBbre o6sgarenrcrBa Nfi pa6oruuxa , ecilt4 oH Bbrr{rpbrBaer;
MH Orfi}re OrpaHH rrr,rBaror cso6o ay ap6urp a npoBoAr,rrb He3aB r,t cr.r Mbre cnyUTAHAfl , A 6OITTUU HCTBO TIPEAYCM ATPHBAIOT M AKCI,I MAJIbH bIE CY M M bI, KOTO.
psle cnoco6eH npr.rcyAHru ap6urp, ecnH ycraHoBJreHa Ar4CKpHMlrHaj{j/ie co
cropoHbr pa6oro4arelr.
HEAOCTATKT,T
OEbrrIHbIx coI-JrA[IEHr,Ift OE ApEr,rTpAXE
He4ocrarxr,r raKux oAHocropoHHnx corJraureHufi o6 aplurpaxe rpoqro co6ofi npeAcraBnser cornaueHue o6 ap6r,rrpaxe. o6pasqoa afl cvrya\l4fl cKnaAbrBaercfl TorAa, KorAa ABe cropoHbr, AoroBapHBarouruecq o6 yclonuax cBoHx orHoureHr,rfi, TaKxe AoroBapr,rBarorcs o npoueAype pa3perxeHH, clopoB, MoryUux Bo3HI'IKHyrb B rlpoqecce orHo[reHnfi, cnopon, Kacaloul[xcs, Ltx uHTepecoB, a raKxe cnopoB o6 yclorurx KoHTpaKTa, XOropltfi oHH 3aKJrrOqvilu. Tar .rro rorfir{Ho npeAnonoxplTb, qro 3aKnroqeHHe KoHTpaKTa MeTHBOper{ar HopMaJIbHbrM npeAcraBJreHr,tsM o roM,
)KAY HI,{MH OTTIACTH 3ABI1CUT OT COTJIAITEHI,Ig O BCTIOMOTATCNSHOfi NPOqC-
Moryu[x Bo3Hr,tKHyrb cnopoB.
Ho couaure,ue o6 ap6nrpaxe MexAy 6yayul,rur pa6oro4areJreM r,r
npereHAeHTOM Ha pa60vee Mecro, oqeBHAHO, He MOXer 6a:nporarrcr ua
Aype pa3pe[reHr,rs mo6rrx
paBeHcrBe cr,rn cropoH Ha neperoBopax. KaHAnAar BbrHyxAeH cornacr,trbc,r r4 noArrHcarb Aor(yMeHT o flepeAaqe Bcex cnopoB n apourpax Ha ycnonnrx pa6oroAarens unH orBeprHyrb cornaueHpre r{ TeM caMbrM Jrr,urrHrbcs
Mecra, Ha Koropoe oH npereHAyer. cor-nauteHHe flBrl,flercs 4o6poaolluurr,t
B ToM cMblcJre' qro I(aHAI'IAar BnpaBe rIpI'IHsrb wrut He npHHqrb npeAnoxeHr4e o pa60re Ha raKr,lx ycJroBr,trx, Ho He AonxHo 6slrs urlro3nfi o rou,
qro corraueHue o6 ap6nrpaxe, noAroroBJreHHoe pa60ro4areneM, npeA-
nararculr,rM pa6ouee Mecro, 6y4er raKr,rM
xe
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CTOPOH, KAKHM 6UIO 6ST COTJIAI,IIEHI'E, NOANHCAHHOE ABYMfl I,ICKYIXEHHbIMI,I CTOpOHaMr,r, BeAyrrluMr,r HopManbHbre KoMMepqecKr,re neperoBopbr.
Huenuo orcyrcrB[e paBeHcrBa AoroBapr4Baroquxcq cropoH npn 3ar,r it o6 ap6nrpaxe no6yAHno fpyflny aMepr{KaH cKH x
KJrrotreHr,[,r cofnarrreH
Tpylonue orHotuenrlf, n rpyAoBble cnopbt
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il Haryrcxaqeft flpolleAypbl,
cnoco6Hofi flocnyxrdrb noJIe3HbIM craHAaproM orHoIIreHI{fi, Koropble B
nporr.rBHoM clyqae HoorJrr.r 6rt oAuocropoHHl,Ifi xapaKTep. Pyxono4crnyflcb xeJraHr,reM 3arrllrrurb penyrarl[rc apol,rTpaxa B KarlecrBe cnpaBeAnHsofi u 3acnyxnBaroulefi AoBepr,L cncreMbl, npeAcraBlrreJlll 9TI,IX opraHnn\uit cr[oprr,rraporanr Pa6oqyrc rpyrny ro HaArexaqefi npoqegype. Ha
nporflxeHuu BocbMH MecrrleB BeAyrrlue flpeAcraBlrrenu Auepurancrofi
accoquaquu ap6nrpaxa, Auepnxancxoft accoquarlnr,r aABoxaron, Auepr,rKaHcKoro coro3a rpaxAaHcKr.rx cao6o4, @e4epanrnoft cnyx6u no cpeAHurrecrBa r,r [pr,rM[rpenua, HaquoHanrHofi aKaEeMrz.U ap6urpor, Haqnonamnofi accor.Iuarlrdrd aADoKaroB tro rpyAoBbrM AenaM u O6ulecrna c[equanucroB no prBpeueHr,rrc cflopoB yror{Hflna flpororor o naAJrexaulefi
flpolleAype, onpeAeJrrroulefi crasAaprbr cnpaBeAJrr.rBocru, Koropbre AonxHbI npeAycMarpuBarb raKlre cncreMbr, Aaxe ecnu oHH co3Aarorcr pa6oroopraHr{3arlufi co3Aarb MoAeJIb cnpaBeArIHB oir
AaTeJIeM B OAHOCTopoHHeM nOpfAKe.
9nenu Pa6o'refi rpyrtflbr He cyMenr,r AoroBopr,rrbcfl
o roM, AoJrxHa Jrri
npr,rBepxeHHocrb ap6urpaxy 6srrs nrrpaxeHa Bo BpeMs ruaitua uJrH nocJre
Bo3HuxHoBeH[, KaKoro-nn6o xouSnurra, KorAa cropoHaM npr,lAsrc, Bbr6uparu MexAy ap6nrpaxeM r,r aAMuHucrparuBHofi unn cy4e6nofi npoqeAypaMn. Teu se MeHee Bce yqacrHrdxtr AoroBopunucb o HaAtrexarqux
npolleAypax, Koropbrx cneAyer npr,rAepxlrBarbcfl, KorAa HarraJrc, ap6urpax. OxoHqareJrbHoe courarrreHr,re o flporoxone o Ha.rrIexaqefi npoqeAype, noA[r.rcaHHoe 9 uas 1995 r., coAepxr.rr cJreAyroque 3JreMeHTbr.
3JIEMEHTbI TIPOTOKOJIA O HAAJIEXAIIIEff NPOIIEAYPE
Ifpaeo padomnuxa uwemb c*oezo npedcmaeumenn. llpano pa6orunxa
I{Merb cBoero npeAcraB}rrens n nro6oM cflope c pa6oro4areJreM BHyrpeHHe npucyqe MoAenlr KoJrJreKTlrBHbrx [eperoBopoB, Ho oHo oTcyTcTByer Bo
MHorI,Ix crrcreMax, co3AaHHbIx pa6oro4areJrflMr,L Yro6u o6ecne.rnrr pa6oruuxy raKoe coAeficrs[e, flporoxon pa3pe[raer, uro6sl pa6ornNx 6un
npeAcraBJren
mo6uu
rrHAr,rBr.lAoM
rro ero nur6opy. Xota flporoxoJr no-
3BoJrrer ap6urpy Ha3Haqarb roHopap a,qDoKary KaK r{acrb nonyveuuofi
KoMneHcarlnlr, oH pexoMeHAyer pa6oro4areJrrM npeAlrararb pa6orHnxy
QnHanconyp noMorrlb 4-nr o6ecneqetnfl. npeAcraBneHr,rr ero r.rHTepecoB.
@axrn.recxH Hel(oropbte pa6oro4areJrn yxe oKa3brBaror raxyro floMorrlb B
paMKax cyulecTByrorrlHx y Hux crrcTeM.
Ifpedocmaeneruue doxyueHmoe u dorcasamerbcmo. B cnyvae, KorAa
pa6orogarens o6s[Hsror B HapyureH[r.r 3aKoHa, a B ero pacnoprxeHlru
HaxoAMTc, 66lsruas qacrb Aor(yMeHToB H AoKa3areJrbcrB, neo6xo4lluux
.4rrfl npoAoJrxeHr,rfl HcKa, cyulecrByer norpe6Hocrb B onpeAeJreHHbrx Mepax Mfl nonyrreHr.rs AoKyMeHToB, c reM qro6u racrerl pacnoJraraJr AoKa3aTeJrbcrBaMI,r AJrr noAIoroBKr,r n H3JroxeHr,r, cyrrr Aena. B uoAeln npoQcolo3 - aAM[rHr,rcTparl]Ir TaK[e Aoxa3aTenbcTBa MoxHo nonyqHTb B npo-
6
Tpyaoarre ornoureHrrfl n rpyAoBbte cnopbt
qecce paccMorpeHr.r, xiuro6br, a ap6urp BnpaBe rpe6oBarb AononHr{TeJrbHbre Aor(a3aTeJrbcTBa r.r cBrrAeTeJrbcTBa, B cfiyqae xe oTKa3a oT nx npeAocTaBJreHr,r, oH MoxeT cAenaTb HeoIaronplrrTHblfi BbrBoA o HexenaHuu coTpyAHHqaTb c HHM. c qenrro r.r36exaTb rpoMo3.ryr,rx [paBr{n npu nonyqeHr{r,r AoKyMeHToB
qepe cyA u
c 3Tr.rM 3aAepxex, flporoxor
eHToB noA u a6nro4eHnerra ap6 nrpa.
cBfl3aHHbrx
rtp eAycMarpr.rBaer flonyrr eH r,re AoKy
M
ReanuQuxaqua nocpedHuKa u ap6umpa. B ornu.rlre or ap6urpaxa n
cQepe IIeHHbrx 6yuar, rAe npaB[rna <ne rpe6yror or ap6nrpor 3HaHr.r, 3aKoHa r{Jr[ cneAoBaHr.rs eup>, Pa6oqa, rpynna no HaA;rexautefi npoqeAype
orleHrlna nocpeAHr,rqecrBo u ap6urpax B Kar{ecrBe 3aMeHbr cy4e6Hoft
[porleAypbr, npurreM HMeJrocb B Br,rAy, rrro perxeHut ap6urpoB AonxHbr
orBeqarb coorBgrcrByrouleMy 3aKoHoAarenbcrBy. 9ro rpe6yer or nocpeAHr,rKoB r,r ap6r,rrpoB 3HaHr,rr rpe6orauufi 3axona, a raKxe nporleAyp
flocpeAH[rrecrBa n ap6urpaxa. PeruonanbHbrM npeAcraBuTersM Pa6o.{efi
rpyflnbr cneAyer Ao6nsarrcc corracnc orHocuTeJrbuo xnaluQuxaqur{ nocpeAHHKoB n ap6utpoB B coorBercrByrouleM cnr{cre. Hexoropsre Moryr
6urr npoQecclroH:rJrbHbrM[r nocpeAHr.rKaMr,r ululu ap6urparran, c[eq[:LJrr.r3HpyroqlrMr,rc, Ha cnopax oTHocr{TeJrbHo KoJTJTeKTHBHbTX AOTOBOpOB.
.{pyrue Moryr 6Hrr srrxoArlaMr, }r3 pfl.qoB npeAcraBnTeneft npoQcoro3oB
[I MeHeAxepon. CyulecrByer oco6ar ueo6xo4uuocrb Br(Jrror{arb B cnricxr.r
KaHAHAaToB xeHrrlr{H r,I npeAcraBureneft MeHbrrrHHcrB, TaK KaK xano6sr
MOryT OTHOCnTbCT K sTnM rpyn[aM TpyArrquxcfl.
Vue6a u om6op. flpunarusaqnr npr,rMemenne, 3axoHoAarenbcrBa Aenasr neo6xoAuuoft yve6y He roJrbxo B orHorrreHr,rr npoqeAyp nocpeAHxqecrBa u ap6urpaxa, Ho r{ nprdMeHeHus caMr,rx 3aKoHoB. O6sgaunocrlr
ap6urpa BbrxoArr Aut"rrexo 3a paMKr,r KoJrJreKTr,rBHoro AoroBopa. Kpyr
Bo3MoxHbrx npo6leu H 3Har{l{Tenrsrrft o6reu ueo6xoArausrx sHanr,rfi
npeAnonararor, qro BxJrroqeH[e B cnr,rcoK nocpe4uuxon n ap6urpoB Tpe6yqr ycneruHoro oKoHv.a*ufl, KypcoB no BonpocaM 3aKoHoAareJrEcrBa,
npolleAyp, KoMneHcarlnit w r.n.3ru xypcu nepequcfirrorcs B KaproqKax
KaHAnAaron. AuepuxaHcKar accoqraqu, ap6urpon (AAA) B corpyAHr.rqecrBe c onbrrHbrMr,r npenoAaBareJrrMu rar Auepuxaucxofi accoquarlnr,r
aABoKaroB n 1996 r. HarrutJra paccbrnxy y.re6uux nporpaMM, orHocrulltxc,
KaK K [porleAypHbrM, TaK H x coAepxareJrbHbrM ac[eKTaM ap6nrpaxa n
rpy4onofi c$epe.
Pexouengyroqar opraHr{3arlufl, HanpuMep AAA, 6y.qer flpeAocraBrrrr xoHSlnxTyroqr,rM cropoHaM rpynny nefirpalruurx nrdrl H3 r{Merouleroc, cnt,tcxa (aHAr,rAaroB c yqeroM r,rx 3HaHrdr npo6leuarnxu cnopa. Or6op na npeAloxeHHoro cnucxa 6y.(yr ocyulecrBnflTb cawil cropoHu nN6o
Ha ocHoBe 3Toro cnlrcKa, nn6o no peKoMeHAaqnn nefirpalruoft oprauu3arlr,rH. Pasyueercr, cau uefirpanrnufi KaHAr,rAar o6ssaH pacr(pbrrb Bce
cBolt npou]Jrbre HJru HbrHerrrHrde cBs3rl, Koropbre MoxHo 6rrlo 6rr pacqeHHTI KaK npr.rqlrHy xoHQlraxra r,rHTepecoB H npeAp3rrocru.
.{ocryn x r.ttrQoprrrarluu o [oreHrlt{anruux ap6urpax BaxeH c r{enbro
r{cnpaBrrrb auc6ataruc MexAy pa6oro4areJreM, Koropurfi vacro nonb3yer-
Tpyaonrre orHorrreurlfl
r rpyaoBbte
cnopbr
67
cs ycnyraMr ap6urpa, H paoorHHKoM, KoTopbrfi npu6eraer K HeMy BrrepflporoKon rrpeAycMarpnBaer Iocryrr x SauulurM Jrr,tq, r(oropbre
npu6eralu K ycnyraM yr(a3aHHbrx B cnr,rcKe ap6HTpoB, rrro6br MoxHo 6brno oueHr.rrb ux pa6ory H peueHr.rr.
B o t uazp a crc d e uue no cp e d nuxo e u ap 6 ump o e. Xor s 6ecnpucrpacrH o crb
nyque Aocrr,rraercfl npn coBMecrHoM QrlHaucnpoBaHm oro6paHHslx
HefirpalrHbrx Jrrrq, HepaBeHcrBo 3KoHoMHrrecKHx pecypcoB cropoH [pH
paccMorpeH uu xato6sr corpyAHnr(a nporr.rB pa6oro4arelr QaxrnqecKr.l
HcxJlroqaer nonHyro B3aHMHocrr. fIocpeaHVKV yt ap6urpu nonyqaror
nnary Ha ocHoBe 3arIBJreHHbrx B cnr,rcxax roHopapos. Pa6orHrrx AoJrxeH
yqacrBoBarb B onJlare, Ho ero LoIrs, B coflocraBneHrvt c Aolefi pa6oro4areJrfl, He AonxHa BJrHrrb ua HefirpalbHoe Jrr,ruo. Pa6oqaq rpyflfla npeAJroxuJra, qro6rr opraHI,I3arIHs, Ha3Har{arcua, ap6urpa, onpeAenrna coorHolreHue Aolefi v caMa onnaquBara ero ycnyry, He pacr(pbrBa, npu
srou QauuJruro nJrarenbrr-Ir4KoB H cyMMbr, BHeceHHbre KaxAbrM us sr,rx. B
ruo6ou cnyqae srn roHopapbr cneAyer yquTbrBarb npr,r pacnpeAeneHnr,t
BbIe.
rr3AepxeK
r.r
ycTaHoBneHHr,I KOM n eHgalil4t4.
flonuouorlts ueilmpananoit cmopoutt B ro BpeMrr Kax ponb nocpeAHr,rxa 3aKlroqaercr B tona, vto6tr floMorrb cropoHaM npuitru K corJralueH]Ilo
no cnopHbrM Bonpocau, o6a3aHHocrr ap6nrpa - npr,rAepxr,rBarbc, coorBercrByroulux corJrarxenui,t, 3aKoHoB, npaBun H flpoueAyp, onpeAenflTb
BpeMs H Mecro cnytlaaui,t, o6ecnequsarb npeAocraBJreHue HyxHbtx Aor(yMeHToB, noAAepxuBarb [oprAoK Bo BpeM, clyuauufi., perxarb npoqeAypHbre Bonpocbr H onpeAenrTb flpaBr,rna npeAcTaBneHr,rrr AoKa3aTeJrbcTB,
BbIcKa3bIBaTb B IIHcbMeHHoM BuAe cBoe MHeHIre IIo Bonpocy, BbIHeceHHo-
My,Ha ap6urpax. ,{lr roro 'rro6rr npoqeAypa cqr,rraracb :aneprueunofi,
ap6nrp AonxeH r,rMerb npaBo Ha3Harrrrrb nro6ylo KoMfleHcarrurc norepnenruefi cropoHe B pa3Mepe, xoroprrfi 6rm 6rr np[cyxAeH cyAoM.
Bosuocrcruocmb nepect4ompa. rlleHu Pa6oqefi rpynnbr no4po6uo o6cyxAanH, AoJrxHo nH pellIeHlre ap6urpa cril4Tarbcfl oKoHrrarelbHbrM, KaK
3TO BbrreKaer H3 rrocraHoBJreHH' IIO Aeny o fuluepe4, t4rlt4 xe noAJrexarb
BCeCTOpOHHeMy paccMorpeHHro n cy4e6uorvr floprAr(e. Tax rax courarlleuus o6 ap6nrpaxe r{Meror culy o6a:areJrbHbrx K rdcnonHeHnro KoHTpaKToB, pe[IeHHf' flo HHM noAJrexar npI'IHyAHTenbHoMy I'tcnoJrHeHuro. Hexoropbre flpeAnaranu noJrr,rrr,rKy, cxoxyrc c [paKTHr(Ofi HaunoHaJrbHoro
ynpaBneHl'Iq no Bo[pocaM TpyAoBblx orHollreuufi (NLRB), xoropoe cuuT Aercfl, c ap6r,rrpaxHbr MH perxeHH, M r,r, 3arpar[Baroulr4 Mr,r HaqnoHalruufi
3aKoH o TpyAoBbIx oTHoIIIeHVgx, eclfi4 oHH He rIpoTI,IBoperIaT 3ToMy 3axoHy (rax Ha3brBaeMa, AoKrpr,rHa NLRB cnefin6epra). Xora pa6oqaq rpyn-
[a
npHHrna, r{To Borrpoc 6y4er perxarbcfl cyAaMI,r, oHa rrpH3HaJra, qro
6urs oxonr{areJrbHbrM r o6s:aienbHbrM Aff
cropoH, a Bo3MoxHocrb nepecMorpa - orpaHuveuHofi.
MHeHr{e ap6urpa AonxHo
a Crra.
cxocry
3.
Tpyaoarre ornouerrrfl
68
B
rr TpyAoBbte cnopbr
re.reHne qecKonbKr,rx MecflqeB nocJre noAnr{caH}r,
flporoxona
o
HaAlexaqefi npoqegype Kar( JAMS/Endispute, rax r AAA - ABe reynHefirune qacrHbre opraHr,r3arlfit,t no pa3perueHuro cnopoB s CIIIA - r,r3MeHLIJILI cBor.r flpaBurru rpyAoBoro ap6nrpaxa c yr{eroM nonoxeHnft flporoKoJra rd olpaHrdrrr.un npoBeAeHne ap6nrpaxa Am npe4nprrrnft, He
r{M eroul[x npo$corcsa, crpyKTypaM[r, coorBercrByroullr Mn rp e6on annru
flporoxona. Tonrxo 9To no3Bonulo o6ecneqr.rrb HaAJrexaulr,rMr,r flpoqeAypaMr.r npr,rMepHo 2 utta. pa6orHnroB, xoropbre B rrpornBHoM cnyqae
6unu 6ur BbrHyxAeHbr npn6erHyrb K HecnpaBeAJrr,rBoMy ap6rar-paxy, HaBr3aHHoMy pa6oroAareJrflMr.r B oAHocropoHHeM nopflAxe. 3ro osHaqaer
Taxxe 6oruruoft uar B[epeA B ornpaBneHilu npvuaru3llpoBaHHoro npaBocyAHr. Areurcrna, BeAyrrlue cnHcKH ap6urpou, BKrroqaeMbre B npaBr,rna
pa6oru cficreM ap6rarpaxa, o6pa3oBanuux pa6oroAarenrMn, o6lsanur
orBeprarb AeJra, (oropbre He coorBercrByror HopMaM HaAJrexaqefi nporleAypbr.
flpuurrue flporoxola ycxoplrr pa3peureHne rocyAapcrBeHHbrMr.r opraHaMH ap6nrpaxa B Boflpocax, BbrreKaroulux r,r3 3aKoHoAarenbcrBa, TaK
6yayr yBepeHbr B crpaBeAlunofi npoqeAype ap6urpaxa. l4 $enpa:ls 1996 r. MaccavycercKar KoMrdccufl nporr.rB Ar.rcKpHMHHaguu o6ttsl|ra o6 ocyqecrBneHHH nporpaMMbr B coorBercrBur{ c flporoxolol,r o
KaK oHH
HaArexauleft npoqe4ype. Osa Aaer Bo3MoxHocrb r.rcrrly n pa6oro4arenrc
couracr,rrbc, Ha [ocpeAHHrrecrBo wlulu ap6r,rrpax no HaxoArrrleMycc Ha
paccMorpeHrfi Aelty, euru ap6urpaxHoe areHTcrBo B npeADapnreJrbHoM
noprAtre peur.rJro, rrro cyulecrByer npeAMer Nn cy4e6noro pa:6nparelrcrra. flpoqeAypa [o3BoJrfler yperynrpoBarb cnop B TerreHHe HeAenb BMecTO irnbTepHaTHBHOrO UeCTr,r M ec, qH oro o>Ku AaP.us, Ao npeAB apHTenbHof o
cJIyIIIaHI'!fl' 3a KoTopbIM cneAyloT eIIIe uecTb MecflIIeB c)t<ullaH[fl cnyuaHl4s B KOUUCCUU B nOJIHOM COCTaBe, a 3areM MHorI,re toAbl IopHAli.{ecxofi
rrx6u,
ecnla c pelxeHlreM He corJlacHbl.
Kouucqrs nprdrnacnna
BHerrrHee areHTcrBo noAaBarb 3aflBKr{ Ha
ocyulecrBneHr.re nporpaMMbr r.r npeAJroxuna AAA cooprr,ruponarr u o6y_
rrHTb rpy[ny nocpeAHr,rKoB r,r ap6rrpoa, Koropbre, B
cBorc oqepeAb, Mourr,l
6ur n 6y4yu1eM roAy opraHr3oBarb [oAforoBKy coorBercrByrouux r(aApor. Jlerou 1996 r. AAA cQopMr.rpoBaJra rpyrrry nocpeAHnr(oB r{ rpynny
ap6nrpon, nplreMneMbrx Aru aAM[H]rcrp ar!w4 t4 pa6orHuxor, ueftrpanr-
Hbrx areHTcrn u Kour,rccwu. 3a'reu Accoquarlrdfl npoBena yve6y qJreHoB
rpynnbr KaK no BonpocaM npoBeAeHr,t, nocpeAHr.rqecrBa u apourpaxa,
I3r( H nO Ter(yqeMy 3aKoHoAareJrbcrBy B coorBercrnyroqefi o6nacru.
flepnrre cnopbr 6srnn yperynrpoBaHbr n ceHrr6pe 1996 r., a qenb - paccMorperb nflTb cnyqaeB B Ter{eHHe nepBoro roAa - Qaxru.recxn 6urla 4ocTrdrHyra r neprrrfi xe Mecflrl.
Osa6o.{eHHocrr Kouucc[n ,,o noBoAy roro, KaK ypaBHoBecr,rrb [puBepxeHHocrr ap6r.rrpoB 3aKoHy I{ rdHTepecbr cropoH, Koropbre Ao6poBOJTbHO COUTaCHJTHCT Ha ap6nrpax BMecro cy,ue6Horo pas6nparelbcrBa,
TpyAoaure orHoueH[s ttrpyAoBbte cnopbr
69
6sua yvreHa nyreM HopMbI o6 orcpouKe, cQopMyJlllpoBaHHofi cne4yroquu o6pasou.
Hadsop co cmopoHb, Koinuccuu
A. Peruesue craHoBI,ITc, ol(oHr{areJrbHblM t{ o6cgarenbHblM 30 axefi
cflycu nocJre ero perr{crpallun B Kouucctttt, L Aeno cqnTaercq 3arpblTbrM, ecJII,r roJIbKo B TeqeHHe 3Toro nepuoAa peuleHue He 6uuo flp]IocraHoBneHo AByMTI r{JIeHaMu Kon,tnccnn, nonaraloql{Mld, qro peureHlde He B
r'{Hrepecax o6uecrsa no cneAyroqr.rM ocHoBaHldfl
l)
peurenr.re
6uro [onyrreHo B pe:ynbrare
M :
noA6yna, o6uaua uIru Apy-
rnx HeAocroftsrrx MeroAoB;
2) overra4Ha npeAB3flTocrr ap6nrpa, no.u(yn rtnld HenpaB]IJIbHoe noyqep6 npaBaM oAnoft r.r3 cropoH;
3) ap6urp npeBbrcr,rn cBor,t noJrHoMorrr{fl uJrr,r or(a3uulc, Bblcnyluarb
BeAeHr.re n
cyulecTBeH
H
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4) peurenr.re ap6nrpa f,BHo HeBepHoe H oqeBuAHo nporrdBopeqnr IIeIrflM yr rroJrr,rruKe Kouucctu,r
;
5) mo6oe pa3yMHoe flpeA[onoxenue 6y,qer cAenaHo B [onb3y [pr.rHrTOrO peureHHs.
Ecru peureHne orBeprHyro, AeJro Bo3Bparqaerc, K MoMeHTy, KorAa
cropoHbr nur6parn ap6urpax, a 3areM npoAonxaercfl, a peureHue ap6urpa npI{HI,IMaerc, K ny6nuvuorr,ry cnyruaHr,rro, ecJru Aeno Bo3Bparqaerc, B
Kottrnccnro.
B. flpr.r o6paqeHnn B
npeAeJrax 30-AHesnoro neprroAa Kounccus
MOXeT [3MeHHTb I.rnH Cr(OppeKTI,rpOBaTb peIIIeHHe, ecJILt:
l) n ueu Ao[yuleHa
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2) peureune HecoBepr.ueHHo no Qopue, qro, oAHaKo, He noBJrufl,Jro Ha
cyTb cnopa.
flporoxol raKxe BBeAeH n 4eficrnue B paMr(ax nporpaMMbr, o6rlnnesHofi MunucrepcrBoM TpyAa CIIIA. B nefi per(oMeHAyercs nprrMeHrrb
[polleAypbr r4 HopMbr, cpaBHuMbre c nporleAypaMu Maccauycercxofi xoMUCCr4t4
npOTHB ArdCKp
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oTpeH r,rll HcKoB, noAnaAaro -
o6crogrenrcoo6ulanulrx o Hapyu enuflx
co cropoHbl pa6orogarerefi, a rar(xe corJra[reHr.rr o6 yperynrr4poBaHnut
npereu:ufi B coorBercrBulr c 3axosou o 6esonacHocru TpyAa t,t [pou3BoAcrBeHHofi ruruese ra c flporpauuofi co6mo4euufl pexoMeHAaqufi Mur,r MeAurlrrHcKnna
crBaM, 3aKoHbr o 3arrIHTe <<uuQopuaropoB)),
HucTepcTBa TPYAa.
Xorr flporoKoJr o HaAJrexaqefi npoqe.qype He npeAJrar:aercfl. B KaqecrBe 3aMeHbr nporleAyp cyulecrByroul[x aAMuHr.rcrparr,rBHurx l.r cy4e6uux
opraHoB, oH Moxer cnyxurb pa:yunofi anbrepHaruaoft reu MeroAaM
npH KoTopbrx cyulecTByrouue
Qopuu oxa3brBalorc, cJII,rrxKoM Aoporocrorr.quMrr, 3aHr,rMaroullrMH
CJIHI.UKOM MHOTO BPCMCHH VITU XE NOO6UIC CJII{I,UKOM HECNPABEAII,IBbIMI,I
uflv \a),(e KoppyM nr4poBaHHbr M u.
pa3perrreHr,rfl vtHl.wBlrl.yrurblrbrx cnopoB,
70
Tpyqonue ornoureufifl n rpyAoBbre cnopbr
TIOJIE3HbIE @OPMbI APC
APC - TepMr{H, oxBarbrBaroqufi 6onburoe q}rcJro pa3Hoo6pa3Hbrx
Ao6poBonbHbrx c[creM, pa3pa6oraHHbrx caMI1.MU noJrb3oBareJrflMtl Ms
yperynrpoBaHr.r, cBor,rx cnopoB. Hau6onee noAxoAqrqar Qopua APC anc
r(oHKperHoro cnyqar 3aBucur or norpe6xocrefi cropoH n cnope. Hau6omruee BHnMaHr{e flpr,rBnexaror [ocpeAHuqecrBo n ap6nrpax.
flocpe4nuvecrBo o6uqno npeAnorrrureJrbHee, TaK KaK cropoHbr coxpaHflIoT KoHTponb HaA I'IcxoAoM AeJra, corJlalxaflcb ToJIbKo, ecJII'I oHI,I
TOrO nOXeJIaIOT, H Ha yCnoBI,ICX, KOTOpbIe OHH CqI,ITaIOT OTBeqarculuukt
ux
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6urr paropBaHbr
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MexAy cropoHaMr.! B cnyqae cnopa n 6ygyrqerra.
Ap6urpax coorBercrByer ApyrHM 3aAar{aM. Eygyvu n 6olrruefi uepe
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cornauarorca c nsl6oporra ap6rarpa, onpeAenrror npaBr,rna paccMorpeHH,
AeI,.a, a raKxe cornauarorc, cqr,ITarb o6ssaremnbrM perxeHr,re, nocJre roro KaK I3JTOXAJTH CBOH nO3HTIHH B XOAe Cnyruauufi. B rpy4onurx AeJrax
ap6urpax rrMeer cneAyrorrlue AocrouHcrBa :
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B OTJII{q[e OT AJIHTenbHbrx 3aAepxeK, MHOTOqUCJIeHHbIX anennrqufi u neonpeAeneHHocrH, rrpucyulefi cy4e6Houy pa:6uparelbcrBy, _ c nepcflex_
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- ynyquraer r,rMr,rAx opraHoB, co.qeficrryrorqr,rx ap6nrpaxy, nyreM
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o6yuenuux u onbrrHbrx uefirparsubrx nnq H npeAynpexAeHrr, 3arpar,
CBfl3AHHbIX C AOBCAEHI,IEM AEN AO CNYUIAHH' B TPYAONOU TPU6YHAJIE B
noJrHoM ero cocraBe ulvtttu B cyAe, - Bce 3TO Bbr3brBaer o4o6penne o6ule3BOJIf,eT nonyqr,rTb perxeHl,re,
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BO3MOXHOCTb COBMeCTHOTO OT6OpA Ap6UTpa, flepeA KoropblM OHH H3JIOxar cBor4 no3Hrlr,rfi I,I peueHHe KoToporo npLI3HaIoT Mfl ce6fl o6s:arenu-
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[pou3BoA]rr uefirpalbHoe areHTcrBo c npuBneqeHr,reM crreqfiilJlllcroB B
pa3nHqHbrx o6nacrqx npaBa u nporleAypax ap6urpaxa. 3a rpyAoBbrMu
rpu6yuataMr,r BnoJrHe MoxHo coxpaHuTb npaBo HaA3opa 3a peureHnflMl,r
ap6urpon, qro6sl [peAynpeAuTb flBHbre ouru6xn r,r Aarb IrM Bo3MoxHocrb
oTBeprHyTb perrreHus, KoTopbre oHr,r cqHTaroT npoTr.rBopeqaulr4Mra 3aKoHoAarenbcrny. Ap6urpbr AoJrxHbr rdMerb re xe noJrHoMoqr,rs, r{To }r rpr.r6ynalsr v cyAbt, BKJrroqar flpaBo Ha3Haqarb KoMneHcarlnoHHbre BbrflJrarbr
H onnaTy roHopapa;
- rroBbrrrraer ponb npr,rMupeHus, ulutu flocpeAHr{qecrBa, r(oropbre
craHoBrrc, 6oree eQSexrr,rnHbrMu, ecJrr,r ux npeAnararor Ha QoHe .rerro
onpeAeneHHofi Aarsr ap6urpaxa l,t nepcneKTr,rBbr nonyqr.rrb oKoHqareJrbHoe r{ o6qsaremHoe Ans cropoH perrIeHl,re, np[qeM nocpeAHr,tqecrBo ocyIrIecrBJIrIIor HefirpalsHbte Jrr{qa, o6yveHusle [pnMeHeHuro coorBercrByrouux 3aKoHoB r.r npor{eAyp nocpeAHHqecTBa;
- cnoco6crByer HaronJreHr,trc 3HaqureJrbHoro qlrcJra cnyqaeB ap6urpaxHbrx Aen B paMKax [peueAeHTHoro [paBa, qTo AaeT cTopoHaM none3HbIe oprreHTlrpbr An, rrx noBeAeHua n 6y4yrqerr,t. @opnarapoBaHr,re raxoro
npaBa, perynnpyroqero noBeAeHr.re Ha npor.t3BoAcrne, 6y4er 6olee y6eaureJrbHbrM r,r rroHrrHbrM Anr pflAoBbrx pa6orHnxoB no cpaBHeHr,rrc c peueHytflMbt oQuqnalrubrx KoMr,rccufi u cyle1ntrx opraHoB.
-
TIEPCIIEKTI4BbI APC
Arurepuau,rBHoe pa3perxeHr,re cflopoB - 3To He MaruqecKufi eluxcl,rp
Cropee,3To coBoKynHocrb HcnbrraHHbrx Lt utrpoKo npHMeHseMbrx fiporleAyp, TaK KaK cropoHbr, npu6erarcr-r1lre K oAHofi, uz Hux,
crrr,tralor, qro oHa 6olee eooerrunna, o[eparr,rBHa, MeHee Aoporocroglqa
u 6oree [p[eMneMa B Kar{ecrBe cpeAcrBa pa3perrreHr,t, cnopoB no cpaBHeHnr,r naHarlea.
HHIO C HMEIOUII,IMHC' HbIHC AJIbTEPHATHBAMLI. 3HANUC O HAJII,IqIIH NPOUE-
[yp u Saxrax ux sr[QexruBHocrr,r B pa3nilr{Hbrx cr,rryarlurx - 3To, Bo3MoxHo, nepnrtfi uar npld onpeAeneHl,tn, floMoryr JIL oHH cHr,l3HTb 3arpaTbr, yMeHbuHTb 3aAepxKrr, trcKJrroqr,rrb cyAe6Hoe pa:6uparelbcrBo r4
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cnopoB.
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M npo
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Bbr3oB
s$$exruuHocrn pa6orbr 3Tr,tx rpu6ynanon. B nepuogu 6rogxer-
, [cnbrrbrBaeMblx npaBHTeJIbcrBaM]I, ycuntnBaercfl trepcneKTuBa 4aluueftruero HaKonJreHr,rr xAyrrlux paccMorpeHr,r, Aen, Aaxe
ecJru [oKa errle 3aAepxeK Her. Ho ecnn 3aAepxKr,r yxe npo[cxoAflT, cuHbIx rpyAHocrefi
Tya\Hfl n 6ygyqeu, cxopee Bcero, ocJroxHurcc. B orl,tx yclonnrx APC
u H3yqeHr.r, B KaqecTBe Bapr,raHTa Bo Bcex
cJryqarx, KorAa cyqecrByer norpe6uocrb B ycoBepureHcrBoBannofi cucTeMe yperylfi4poBaHns, cnopoB. Henocpe4crBeHHafl ero r{eHHocrb Moxer
3axJrror{arbcr n o6ecneqeHr,ut 6onee oneparrrBHoro u MeHee Aoporocrof,rqero MeroAa yperynupoBaHn, TipyAoBbrx cnopoB o6yueunuuu HefiTpiLnbHbrMH Jrr{rlaMr,r, nrr6paHuuMr,r caMr,rMtr cropoHaMrd. A s 6oree orAarreHHoM [JraHe APC rraoxer crarb cpeAcrBoM, c noMorrlbro r(oroporo npaBHTeJrbcrBo cMoxer o6ecnequsarr 6srcrpoe u c[paBeAJlr.rBoe yperyJrupoBaHI,Ie 6ouee urfipoxoro Kpyra ul1t4Bt41yarbHbrx cnopoB.
3acJryxr{BaeT paccMoTpeEufl
Mancuuroc ArtlrucaKllc*
TpyIoBhrE cfropbr B 3ArrAAHorz rnpoflE:
TIIIIOJIOTI/fi, I,I TEI{AEHIII,II{
o6ospenareJrn couracHbr B ToM, r{To B rrocJreAHue 20 ver n 3ana4gofi
Erpone ua6rrcAarocb 3aMerHoe coKparrleHr.re rpyAoBbrx cnopoB. BursoArr
B OCHOBHOM 6a3upyrcrcr Ha cbrpbrx AaHHbrx, [oKa3brBaroqnx q]rcJro KoH-
Qnuxron u,l,u qktcr,o norepflHHbrx pa6ouux Aneft s pe3ynbrare :a6acroBOqHLrx Aeficrnrfi. Sror QenoMeH H ero nocneAcrBH, o6rsctrsln nopa3HoMy. CorlacHo oAsofi ToqKe 3peHr,rr, MaccoBa, 6opa6orraqa ocna6Hra 6oesofi ayx rpyAflrrllrxcq, co3AaB .quc6anaHc s coorHoureluvt culr
TpyArrrlnxcr u pa6oro4arelefi; corJracHo Apyroft, H3MeHeHr.rs B 3KoHoMHqecxofi crpyroype 3arpyAHHnH opraH H3oBauuue Aefi crrur npoQcoro3oB,
erlle oAHa ToqKa 3peHr.rfl cocTor,rT B TOM, rrTO anbTepHaTHBHbre nporleAypbr
pa3perxeHr.rq rpyAoBbrx cnopoB yMeHbuHnr4 norpeouocru npu6erari x
ta6acrosxarr,r. OAns BLTBoA H3 TaKoro aualtuga cBoAr,rrc, K ToMy, r{To HaqaJlcfl 3Ta[ ,qIl'lreJlbHoro MHpa B TpyAoBblx orHoIxeHI,Isx, KorAa
orl(pbl-
ruft
xonQru,rKT no,qAaercr neperoBopaM H yperynprpoBaHrdro.
' .{,orrop 3KoHoMHqecKux n cour,raJrbHbrx HayK, HayvHurfi co.rpyAHnr( Enponefictoro
HHcruryra Xenescxoro yHuBepcnrera.
Tpyaooure orHoueurrfl u rpyAoBHe cflopbt
73
rIeM Aenarb croJlb nocnelxHblft BbIBoA, cneAyer BHUMapaccMorpers
TenbHefi
Qaxtrt c [oMoIIIbIo MeroAa, no3BoJlrloqero 6onee
AerilJrbHo npoaHzlJrr,r3r,rpoBarb reHAeHIIuu, BbITeKaIOUIile V3 CUpUX $aXros. 3ro npeAflonaraercfl cAeJlarb He B rll,rcro HayqHblx IIeJIsx. Kar na
HaqldoHirJrbHoM, TaK v Ha HaAHAIIIdOH:UIbHOM ypOBHe COIIHanbHbIe napTHepbr cT:rm(r,rBaroTc, c cepbe3HblM KpI,I3I,ICOM L BbIHyXAeHbI Aenarb onpeAenesnuft nrr6op, HepeAr(o csssaHHrtfi c MepaMH xecrxofi 3KoHoMIrL lI
uueroqnfi cepbe3Hbre nocJreAcrBlrr. HeoxugaHHble xouSnnxrst c nocJIeAcrBlrrMu Ars o6ulecrBa, Koropble 3arparltBalor AaneKo He roJIbKo rex,
KTO B Hr.tX BOBireqeH, MOryT BO3HHKHyTb npld HeBepHoM IICToJIKoBaHI,IH
cury aguit, HanpI,IMep, lt3-3a HenpaBl{JrbHoro noHLIMaHIl, cocrofl HI,L TpyAoBbrx orsouresnft, HeBepHoro cyxAeHH, Hacr{er naccuBHocrv rpylstql,txc, Hnrl flepeorleHKr,r Hx cKJroHHocrr.t K KoMnpoMlrccy. B yxaraHHoM
orHoIrreHHH BoJrHa sa6acrosox, npoKaruBrrr[xc, B nocJreAHue.@a roAa s oco6eHHocru Bo @panquu u lepuanuu, - rroKa3blBaer onacHocrb oKcrpanoJrsrlnrr rpueoft coKparrleHr,rs rpyAoBbrx cnopoB n Enponet.
floerouy B Hacrorulefi crame npeAnprlHrra nonbrrxa BbrrBr,rrb HecoorBercrBnfl , Koropbre cxpbrBarorcfl, 3a ureunrefi oAHopoAHocrbro cbrpbrx
AaHHbrx o qucJre rpyAoBbrx cnopoB n noreprHHrrx pa6ovux Auefi. Hanpr,rMep, n reorpaSnqecxoM cMbrcJre MoxHo nonbrrarbc, BbrflcHr,rrb, cyul€crByer mr 66nrurafl [peApacfloJroxeHHocrr x sa6acroBorrHbrM Aefi crsnsr\d
B orAeJrbHbrx crpaHax r.rnu lpynnax crpaH Erponu ml6o cyqecrByror JrH
Hexr,re o6utr,re 3HaMeHareJru, no3BoJrsroq[e nocrpor,rrb enponeficxyro rr,rnoJlorurc:a6acrosox. Taxoft noAxoA cnoco6es raKxe floMor{b oflpeAeJII,ITI Mactura6rr n xapaKTepracrrxu xouSJrHKToB u reM caMbrM BbrsBrrrb,
cHr,txaerc, Jrn raxxe qucro u peur,rMocrr 6acryroulr,rx.
B npe4raraeMoM MeroAe npr,rMeHeHbr noxa3arenn, nocrpoeHHbre Ha
ocHoBe cbrpbrx AaHHbrx c qenbro cpaBHr,rrb uacrura6ur rpyAoBbrx KoHSlurron n creneHb BoBJIer{eHHr u perxuMocru za6acroBrrlr,IKoB. 3areu tta
ocHoBe grr,Ix noKa3arenefi ucqt,tcJleHbr rpu I{HAeKca cKJIoHHocru x za6acToBoqHbrM 4eftcrnuau (orHocurelbHbrfi, crpyxTypHbrit u oduryfi). MexoTpacneBbre co[ocTaBJreHHr nepequcleHHbrx r,rHAeKcoB no3BoJrrloT Bbt,Br,rrb rr{noJror[ro rpyAoBbrx xouQluxron n Enpone u ci[oprr,rylupoBarb
HeKOTOpbre [porHo3br oTHocr,rTeJrbHo r,rHTeHcr,rBHocTH I, xapaKTepa Bo3MoxHbrx 6y4yrqr.rx xonQnnrron.
A rax KaK npeAJraraeuslfi MeroA ocHoBaH Ha [cqucJreHuu noxa3areteit u HHAeKcoB, Aonycxaroul,rx c6nuxenne n cpaBHeHr,re 4aHHbrx2, ero
MOXHO TaKXe npr,rMeHr,rTb Mfl aHa,,v'3a TpyAoBbrx cflopoB u r,rx sBonroqrrr4
B Apyrux crpaHax n peruoHax. Ho npex.qe Bcero 6yaer paccMorpeHa co-
Ho npex4e
rrocTaBHMocTb AaHHbIX.
t Bo <Dpanunu qucJro .[uefi, norepeHHbrx r.t3-3a aa6ac.rosox, Bo3pocJro c 747 ruc. s
994 r. .qo 5 883 r'urc. a I 995 r. (European Industrial Relations Review, 1997 , pp. 6-7).
2 3uaqesnr 6ruu crauAaprr,t3upoBaHbr corlacHo o6rr,{Ho[ crarr,rcrr,rqecKofi npoqeaype: Xj-x, AeneHHoe Ha craH.(aprHoe orKJroHeHue.
I
METOAOJTOTT4'
Hacrorulee accneAoBaHr.re orHocuTcq x l5 crpaHaM qJreHaM Erponeficxoro coro3a [r rpeM crpaHaM Erponeftcxofi aicoqzaqar.r cno6oanofi
ToproBJrr'r (vutalc.ftug, Hopnerua ra Illnefiqaprr), oxnarbrBa, IIepI,IoA c
1970 no_
.. U1Qnry noqeprHyrrr prs (Ex;.o.qrrr.rxa rpygonofi craru_
lg_9J
crlrxr'r) MET sa 1970-1994 rr.3. Kax Br,rAHo us ra6t.l, slo BpeM, Kax B
6onrurnncrne paccMarpr,rBaeMbrx crpaH yr{HTbrBarorcfl u TpyHrrl[ecr,
I(ocBeHHo BoBJIeqeHHbre n ga6acronxy (ILo, 1993a, p. l), ne rax o6crour
AeJro B Ancrpzn, vlranuu, Hoprerua, flopryranuu,vlcnanuu nna IIInequu. Kporr,re roro, B prAe crpaH ncxlpqarorca xouQnuxrrr r csepe rocyAapcrBeHHoro ynpaBJreu ur ((Dp anqua, Fpeqar, flopryra-rr ut), t rb cyaap _
CTBeHHOM ceKTOpe (Benrrur) vilLr Apyt4x c$epax sKoHoMr,rqecxofi.qeireJrbHocrH (cenrcxo_e xossficrno (Dpanqur,r). Erqe oAHOfi nnruocrpaquefi
pautuuuit cnyxr,rr Benraxo6pr,rraH4fl,, rAe B crarr,tcrr,rKe He or"paxarorcrr
flofiurr,rqecK ue gadacroBxrd. oco6eHHO BaXHbr HarlnoH{LnbHbre pa3n[ qnfl
B
MI,IHHMAJIbHbIX KPHTEPI'flX Mfl OTPAXEHI,I' XOHQNNXTA B CTATI,ICTHKC:
HAtP_Iy.p, e lauuu Kpr{TepneM cnyxar Mr,rHr.rMy[r 100 noreprunslx
4uefi, a
n-Irlreqnu gror r(pr,rrepui,t - uusuMyM BoceMu Heorpa6oraHHbrx qacoB.
I4*rerorcc pa3JrHqH, r.r B onpeAeneH.,U sa6acrosx,= Ararprr, EeJrrrn[ u
lauuu sa6acrosroft c.{firaercs Ka.*I.afl, npuocraHor*a pabor"r, Aaxe ecJrr'r oHa npoH3orxna B paMKax oAHoro xouQnuxra, TorAa
KaK B @uHrqH_
Ardr{ Bce npuocraHonxn pa60r B paMKaX OTAenbHoro xousrnrra cqr,rrarorcr o4Hofi :a6acrosxoft .
B <ExeroAHHKe rpyAosoft crar,crrx,)) coAepxarcq AaHHbre o 3a6acrosxax B pa3nr'rr{Hbrx orpacnrx, H, oqeBI,IAno, 6irro 6rl secsr\,ra noJre3-
HO npoAeJrarb aHiurH3 oTpacneBbrx AaHHbrx.
3ro, cxopee Bcefo, noKa3aJro
cparHureJrbHyro 3Haqr,rMocrb orAeJrbHbrx cerffopoB, HanplrMep rocyAapcrBeHHoto vltlt nonyrocyAapcrBeHHoro, B prAe paccMorpeHHbrx HaMr,r
crpaH. Taxofi aHarrw3 noMor 6sl ncxpsrrb onpeAeneuHue npo6JreMbr
cra-
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THCTr{qecKoro xaparoepa: Hanpr,rMep, ror
saxr, vro n perynrrare orHeceHIrf, B prAe crpaH nro6ofi nplrocraHonru pa6or K rpyabsouy
xoHQnuxry
r{Ircro 6acryrculax B orAeJrbHbrx cer(ropax
Moxer [peBbrcuTb o6rqie .{ucJIO 3AHflTbIX B HI,IX. TAX qrO BI,IAI,IMYIO BbICOKYIO
CKJIOHHOCTT X SA6ACTONKaM B fpeqnu MoxHo 6rrno 6rr o6iqcHr,rrr B qr,rcro rexHr,rqecK,x
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82
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12,7|3 7,09t2
3,1566
6,6015
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3,6148 2,3257 2,3126
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0,8435
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qu$pa cru3vtr.acb Ao 2,6 4Ha. Peruurtaocrr 6acryrcIqfix (xax ra crerreHb BoBJreqeHH, B 3a6acToBKr,r) He noKa3brBaeT ry xe TeHAeHrIHro r( yMeHbr.xeHHIO, r{TO 14 r{HCrO noTepflHHbrx 4Hefi I,t yqacTHI,IKOB 3a6aCTOnOX. XOrs
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Cauaq BbrcqKafl crefleHb per.ur,rMocrr,t orMeqeHa cpeAr,r 6acryrculnx
Vpnaaguu - ll,7 noreprHHoro AHr B pacqere Ha oAHoro yqacrHnxa 3a6acronox. ,{aree uayr iacryroque Eenrrun (9,4),lrlwaruguu (7,5) n Berurxo6pnratuu (7,4). Crenesr pelrruMocrn, npoflBJreHHas yqacrHlrKaMr,t
rouS.nuxra B r{erbrpex crpaHax Ceaepnofi Enponu (Belrrur, Be.nuxo6puTanvtfl, }Iptalralz.r. u l/c'ltan4ur), uoxer 6urr ucronKoBaHa KaK AoKaBaTeJrbcrBo (GoJrroHTapucrcxofi MoAeJrH)). Ctpauur lOxsofi Enponrr B 3ToM
orHorIreHHH HaMHoro orcraror: l4cnaaus - ua l2-tt Mecre (2,8 lus B pacrlere Ha oAHoro 6acryrcqero),I4ratun - na l5-r',r Mecre (1,9), .ryrr BrrepeArd orcraBrrrnx flopryranrfi, Aacrpun n Jlrcrceu6ypra. I4s qucra roxHbrx
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(7-e n,tecro,6,2 noreprHHoro AHr Ha oAHoro yqacrHnxa ra6acronox). Ho
oTH ypoBHr,r HaMHoro orJrr{qarorc, or Apyrux noxa3arelefi, uro no3BoJrfler cAeJrarb cleAyrculufi BbtBoA: xorr, Bo3MoxHo, HMelorcs nprr3Haxn roxHoenponeficxofi uoAelu, npoucxoArrrlfie 3Aecb ra6acrosxH o6ur.tHo 4r,flTc, cpaBHHTenbHo KopoTr(oe BpeMfl.
cKrroHHocTb K 3AEACTOBKAM B 3AfrAAIrOft EBPOIIE
Teneps npfituno BpeMr paccMorperb r4HAeKcbr cKJroHHocrr{ x sa6acToBKaM, nonyqeHHbte Ha ocHoBe npeAcraBJleHHbtx Bbrlue noxa:arelefi.
Omnocumentnutil uudexc cKttoHHocmu x safiacmoeKctJyt (ra6n. 6) Sopuupyercs cnoxeHr'{eM AByx noKa3areJrefi nracruraOos :a6acroBorrHoro ABr{xe-
Hufl - xos$QuqueHra noreprHnurx 4Hefi n xosSQuq[eHTa 6acryrcqux.
flolyveuusre quQpu 3areM nepecquTbrBarorcr, qro6sr cpeAHee 3HaqeHlre
6srro panuo Hynro. Cxnonnocrb crpaHbr x ga6acrosKaM Bo3pacraer c
a6coruorHoro 3Har{eHHs HHAeKca, eclut 3HaK noJloxr,rreJlbublft, u cHuxaercs c yBenurreHueu a6comorHoro 3Har{eHHc uHAeKca, ecJIH
3Har( orpr,rqaremnsrfi. B srou orHorueHr.ru I'pequr (+6,10) HaxoAHTc, Ha
nepBoM Mecre,:a Hefi cJreAyror Idratrus (+3,08) tr.I,lonar.us (+1,73).9To
yKa3brBaer ua xpafiHe surcoxrdfi ypoBeHb rpyAoBbrx xoHSluxroB B reperrrcJreHHbrx rpex crpaHax lOxnofi Eeponu no cpaBHeHr.tro c
ApyrrrMn
paccMarpr,rBaeMbrMr,r crpaHaMH. Onsrs-raxn 6ml:xo B cnHcKe HaxoAsrc,
ABe Apyrre roxHbre crpaHbr (ecnn @panrlurc cquTarr rcxuofi crpanofi):
flopryranr.ra (8-e), (DpaHqua (9-r). CneaoBareJrbHo, orqacru rroArBepxAaerc, rHnore3a o roxHoeBponeficxorr,r Qponre, xorr r,t He cneAyer nprdAaBarb oAr,rHaxoBbrfi nec raKHM crpaHaM, xax Ipeqnr uIdratut, HecMorp, Ha To, qTo oHIt coceAcTByroT B LIIKiUre.
,(ne enponeficxue crpaHbr (l4ataaaut u @uunrugur) uaxo4rrc, coorBercrBeHHo Ha 4-u u 5-r'l uecrax, KaK pa3 BnepeAr,r l4ptaaguu u Belnxo6pxrannu - sTux 6acrnoHos npo0corc:noro ABr{xeHua (coornercrBeHso 6-e u 7-e uecra). EonrurnHcrBo CxaHguuancKr,rx crpaH, EeHHrroKc,
Illaefiqapras r repMaHoroBopflrrlue crpaHbr o6pa:yror rpynny, rAe rpyAoyBenl,IqeHr,rena
89
Tpyaosrte ornotueHltfl lr rpyAoBbte cnopbl
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r ca6acroaraM B crpaHax 3anaanofi Eaponut,
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I
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1989
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I
990-
I
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t9701993
rr
Aacrpur
-r,58
-1,57
-r,66
-l,03
-0,70
-r,33
Berurnc
-0,83
-r,03
-1,45
-0,71
Beruro6puraxnr
+0,73
-0,1 6
+0,1 3
-0,96
-0,58
-0,99
-0,30 (7-e)
I-eplraxnn
Fpeuur
-l,47
-l,49
-r,04
[auun
-0,1 2
+0,27
Vpnaal.ut
klutasLus
+l,73
Vcnauus
-1,02
+5,04
Vrar,us
-t,45
+7,t9
+1,70
+2,56
-t,24
-l,23
-0,37
-0,25
-0,3s
+0,36
+2,33
+3,40
+4,83
+0,05
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+0,80
+?,97
+2,19
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JIrcrceu6ypr
Hu4epraHgur
Hoprerur
flopryrarnr
Quxrrxaur
-l,50
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-1,53
-1,50
-t,46
-0,71
+0,37
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r
+1,20
+7,89
-0,63
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-0,69
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-t,57
-0,83
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-t,22
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uHAerc nonyqeH cJroxeHHeM noxalarereft
-0,65
-0,68
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6
-0,55
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xouQanxroa s o6r.qecrre. 9eM srlue a6conpruoe 3HaqeHr,re c noJroxHTeJrbHbrM 3HaKoM,
TeM Bbrue crJroHHocrb x sa6acroarartr. Hao6opor, ecJrn HHAeKc HMeer orpnqateauHurfi
3Hax, a a6co.nprnoe 3Har{eHlte BbtcoKoe, TeM Bbrule crenenb cortlacn, g o6ulecrse.
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3yroqefics r(oHonHr(TaMH, - rJraBHbrM o6pa3oM Ha rore Enponu, Apyrofi,
xapaKrepr.r3yroueficr corJracueM, - npeHMyrqecTBeHHo B ueHTpe H Ha ceBepe EBponbr. CyulecrByror, oAH aKo, r,tcKrroqeHl|/.s u roHKr.re pa3nvg,nfl .
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(ra6n. 7). Bo-nepnbrx, pa3pbrB MexAy crpaHaMr,t BbrpaxeH He croJrb qerKo,
c oTHocHTeJrbHbrM r,rHAeKcoM. Hanpnuep, pa3pbrB MexAy
Vratmeil (l-e r'recro) u Jlrcxceu6yproM (18-e r'recro) panen 4,07 e4nnnqu
Anfl cTpyKTypHoro HHAeKca, TorAa KaK AJrs oTHOCI,rTeJrbHOrO HHAeKCa
pa3pbrB MexAy fpeqnefi (l-e uecro) n lllaefiqapneft (18-e Mecro) cocraBJrfler 7 ,48 eAHHlrrlbr. Bo-nropurx, qerKo He Bbrcrynaer KaKafl-nH6o reoKaK B Cnyqae
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Aacrpur
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Eearrl,tc
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+0,59
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-0,822
fpeuur
lanur.
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Idpr.aaaun
llutap^I.us
+0,72
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+0,45
+0,42
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+0,03
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1993
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+2,80
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+0,93 (5-e)
+0,71 (7-e)
-0, I 82
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-0,67
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-0,77
+1,86
-0,67
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+2,t3
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+0,70
+2,27
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+0,96
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+0,42
+0,40
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-r,68
-2,34
-0,94
+2,76
-0,08
+1,10
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-r,50
-0,76
-t,42
-t,45
-t,32
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+0,03
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2
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HaxoArrcc HaBepxy cnHcKa (cooraercrBeHHo l-e ra 3-e Mecra). oAHaxo
Plonanus,3aHHMaer ll-e uecro, flopryranrag - l5-e H OpaHrlr,rfl - ll-e.
Tax qro B 3ToM orHorxeHHu rcxHoeBponeficxuit tfponr npeAcraBnrercfl
f,BHo pa3o6IrIeHHbIM. B ro npeur KaK BbrcoKr,rfi uH4exc yynI,,Iptan/tt4ht (2-e
MecTo) o3Har{aeT noqeTHoe MecTo Arq TpaAr,rqHoHHoro TpeA-roHr.{oHr,t3 M a,
Beluxo6prlraHnfl HaxoAr,trcr Jrr{trrb Ha 7-u Mecre, nocne Hopneruu,
Eenrruu H ABcrpuu. 3ru xoHrpacrHbre BbrBoAbr noKa3brBaror, rrro npopaHxI,IpoBaTb cTpyKTypHbre xapaKTepr,rcTHKr,r KoHonHr(ToB corJracHo reorpaQuqecKr,rM 6noKaM BHyrpr{ Enponsr rpyAHo, B orJrur{r,re or rrrKaJrbr
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BpeM, cTpyrcypHbrft r.rH,(eKc Bo MHoroM [oATBepxAaer BaxHocTb KoHQruxror B psAe crpaH, rAe orMer{eH Taxxe BbrcoxHfi orHocl{TeJlbHbtfi HHAeKc, Hanp[Mep B
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orHoclrreJrbnurfi uHgerc D fomueft uepe Brrufler na o6ulufi uu4erc. Tax,
TpH nepBbrx Mecra nprrHaArexar reM xe roxHbrM crpaHaM: Fpequrd (l-e
Mecro, uHAeKc +7 ,2); Vlranuu (2-e, +4,8); Wcnar,uu (3-e, +1,6). B ro npeM, KaK n Fpequu u Idraluu cKJroHHocrr x :a6acroBKaM 3HaqlrreJrbHa,
}Icnanlas (+1,6) 6ru:xa x I,I.urawauu u Illpnanguu (no +1,3). 3areu cleAyror Benuxo6pnrauug n Eenrrns. Cauas HBHarrurerEHaf, cKJroHHocrb K
sa6acrosrau (euu He yrrnrHBarr Jlrcxceu6ypr) a lllnefiqapuu; npeo6naAaHUe npaxTrdrrecxn rpyAoBoro Mlrpa s grofi crpaHe noATBepxAaerc , Taxu rr,r o6paso M, p BynbT aT auu KoJrr{qecTBeH H oro aKa]Irn3 a. cle4yer, oAHaKo, noAr{epxHyrb .(pyrofi Qaxr: caMbre Hn3KHe [oxa3areflH so (DpaHrlr,rn
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\apnla n JLoxceu6ypre. B ro BpeMs Kar( Ape roxHbre crpaHbr HaxoArrcf,
HaBepxy rrrKuurbr,.qae Apyr[e Qaxrnvecxa pacnonoxeHbr BHH3y ee. Cle4o-
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(cranAaprnc[ponanuure gauxrre)l
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4,16
Eearruc
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I-epuaHur
I-pequr
+0,08
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Vcltaa,.ut
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Llratus
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HuaepaanArr
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-1,32
-l,42
-l,0r
-0,54
-r,05
+t,57
-0,39
-3,34
+9,95
+10,69
-2,00
-t,04
-1,95
+0,407 (6-e)
-t,445 (3-e)
+7,244 (l<)
-t,467 (14-e)
+0,88
+l,626
+l,l
I
-2,30
4,73
-0,6
r
+l,95
-2,36
+t,09
+3,26
+1,61
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-t,74
+l,62
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+t,317 (4-e\
l,5l
+1,72
+4,67
-2,72
+3,68
+l,49
+2,73
+5,96
+7,64
+6,48
+1,75
+0,43
+4,813 (2-e)
-0,1 4
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-2,80
-2,42
-l,98
4,79
-3,699 (18-e)
-t,264 (12-e)
+
+0,03
+2,26
-1,41
-r,06
+1,98
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-l,70
-0,30
-2,44
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-3,06
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(3-e)
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orpHllarenbHbtfi, a a6colprHoe 3HaqeHue BeJruko, Hr{xe cKJroHHocru x la6acrosxarvr.
_ _l
o6o6uaet
Tpyaonrre orroureuufl
r
rpyaoBbre clropbr
BareJIbHo, cpaBHHTenbHo KoMnaKTHa, IoxHoeBponeucKa, MoAeJIb, orMeIICHHA' NPI,IMCHHTEJIbHO K OTHOCI,ITEJIbHOMY }IHAEKCY, JII,IIIIb OTI{ACTH HArxna orpaxeHHe B o6[Ieu ]rHAeKce. B ro xe BpeM, B llIcilalc.,lr4u, Llpr/,a$Aut4 tr Bernxo6pr,rrarfiu nporBr,rnacb BoJrrcHrapucrcr(a, MoAenb c orHoclrreJrbHo ycrofivnroft cxnonsocrbro K 3a6acroBKaM.
9ro xe Kacaercfl TeHAeHrIuu o6ulero r,rHAexca cKJIoHHocru x za6acToBKaM no BpeMeHH, onpeAenr,rrb qerKue Fpynnbr rpyAHo. B 6omuruncrse
crpaH na6rrcAarorcg xone6aHr,rc BoKpyr cpeAHero 3HaqeHr,rs vt flBHas
TeHAeHIlr,r, He Bbrpr,rcoBbrBaercs. Teu ne MeHee MoxHo BbrAeJlr,rrb cJIeAyroqne TpI{ rpyflnbl cTpaH:
- crpaHbr, rAe HHAeKc pacrer: fpequr, rAe HHAer(c Bce eu{e noJIoxHrenrnuft H nocrorHHo pacrer, Ho raKxe Ancrpur, HecMorp, Ha HeBbIcoxuft o6utr.rfi nHAeKc;
- crpaHbr, rAe HHAeKc Bo3pacran c Haqara unu cepe4ulrur 80-x roAoB:
Hanpr,rMep,
Eelrrur, IIIseqHg
H Aaxe
lllneftqaprar, xorrr g nocreAHefi nr
Ha3BaHHbrx crpaH HHAeKc xpafi He He3Haq[Temuufi
crpaHbr, rAe rdHAeKc cHr,rxaJrcr, oco6esso c
-
Tar(xe l4cltar.aw, @uurrH4n
r, fI opryraru
;
80-x roAoB: Idralrl,ze, a
g u Benux o6purax ua.
HOBAfl K]IACCHOI4KAIII,I'
B ra6a. 9 npNae4eHa r.troroBa, xraccnQuxaqns l8 3anaAHoeBponefirpynn:
a) CrpaHsr c BecbMa srrcoxofi cxJroHHocrbro x sa6acroBKaM: npexAe
Bcero rpu crpaHbr IOxnofi Enponrr (fpeqr.rr, Idrailut,Izl.cnar.ut). B arux
crpaHax xost[Qnquenr 6acryrclqux, xosQ$uquenr norepsHHbrx gueft u
noKa3areJlb BoBJrer{eHut s :a6acrorKlr BecbMa BbIcoKI,t, oAHaKo creneHb
pelulrMocrr 6acryrcqnx Hu3Ka (unn oveHr uulxa), 3a ucKflroqenraerr,r lperlxrr, rAe oHa Bbrcoxa. 3ro - roxHoeBponeficxaq MoAenb rpyAoBbrx r(oHQnnxron. @panqua ra flopryraJrur, HecMorpfl Ha cpaBHlrrelbHyro cKnoHHocrb x sa6acrosKaM, He npuHaArexar x orofi rpynne: B cBr3tr c lEx
xpafiue HH3KHM crpyxTypHbrM r,rHAeKcoM oHH orHocsrcf, K crpaHaM c
cKr'{x cTpaH c BbrAeJreHHeM qeTbrpex
orIeHb
nu:xofi cKJroHHocrbrc r ga6acroBxaM.
6) Crpanur c rucorofi cKJroHnocrbro x ga6acroBKaM: Tpr.t ocrpoBHbrx
rocyAapcrBa (Idc.lrur.yut, Vlptauar.ls u Benuxo6puraHnr). Tpyaonure orHorrreHr{fl B 3T}IX CTpaHaX Xapar0epH3yroTcr BbrcoKr,rM cTpyKTypHbrM HHAeKcoM r,r npexAe Bcero - 3Har{HTeJrbHofi peunuocrrrc 6acryrcrqnx. {pyrl,tMu npllMepaMlr grofi sorroHTapr,rcrcKofi rrloAelu sBJrrrorcr: Eenrrus c
ee noxa3areneM peurnMocrr,r, Hopnerur - yo-:a crpyrcypHoro lrHAer(ca lr
Ancrpna - u34a surcoxofi crefieHr,r yv,acrun s :a6acroaxax.
a) Crpanu c He3Haqr,rrenrnoft cKJroHHocrbro x sa6acroBxaM: 6olrIuI,IHcrBo ceBepHbrx n CxasAnHaBcKHx crpaH (fiar,ut, @usnsHAnr, II[sgqxc), a raKxe fepuaxur u Hu4eplaHAur. 3rn crpaHbr xaparoepu3yrorc,
cpeAHHMLI I,tJrr,I HH3KI,IMI,I noKa3areJlflMu u r,rHAeKcaMI,I n 6o.nrurnncrse o6-
93
Tpyaossre orHouleHus Il rpylloBbte cnopbl
Ta6nHua
9
CroArca noxasarqneft rl [HAeKcoB crnogHocrlr r ra6agrosxaM
B crpanax 3anaaxofi Enponul, 1970-1993 rr.
BecbMa He3Ha-
floxa:arerna
vnremnar
I
floxasarsrs I :
xo:SQuqnenr
6acryrcutux
lauut
(lt-
8-e uecra
Fpeqrr
VuruI/.aus
ldranrz.s
Ilopryraaur
Vcaauus
Opauqnr
lllseuuc
Eerur[c
(Dyp.trquAus
Bernro6purauxr
Vpnangut
Hopuerur
I-epuauur
lUrefiqaprn
HNAepaaHAur
Ancrprr
Jftoxcer"r6ypr
Fpeqnr
VcnanAus
Vpnay.aus
Opauqur
Huaeprasasr
xoeQ$uqneur
(Dr.rHnrxArs
flopryralur
Aactpnr
noTeptHHbrx
Vra:l;ut
Bernro6prraurr
lllnequs
lllaefiqapnn
El,'ef,r
Vcnasus
[aaut
HopnerNe
JIrcxceru6ypr
Eerurrg
fepuaunr
floxagareru
2:
3:
BOBJIEqEH'IC
Vlatvs
Hopaennr
Aucrpxr
lauut
HuaepnaHArr
s :a6actosxr.r
Fpeqnn
Bennxo6pnrauue
Vcnasus
LUseul.rs
Ee.nurnr
<Dpaxuur
VcnasEy.r.
flopryrarun
Vpnanaun
floxararers
floxa:arenu 4:
@ur:.ttsttAus
JIrcxcen6ypr
lJJaefiqapur
Eenrnrs
Hopnenur
lIIneuHc
!,aaur.
lllrefiqapue
Vtatlrtn
pelxHMocTb
6acryrouux
Vula,u,:us
I-peunr
VcnaI/.us
Arcrpur
Benxxo6puraunr
fepuaHrar
Huaepnasarr
Auslgrl.rug
JIrcxceu6ypr
tDpauqNr
fpequr
t1rzsuc
OuxfiqHA]rc
lannt
Vcnap.us
Beluxo6prraHur
Vutaarylc
Orxocuremsufi
uuaexc
(l) + (2)
CrpyrrypHsrfi
rxaexc (3)+(4)
Llpnaupue
Vtall.ut
Vpnau4ut
( I )+(2)+(3)+(4)
HuAepnaHAbr
EersrH.s
Ancrpur
lllseuHc
Hopaerur
Jftoxcerra6ypr
flopryralur
Opauqun
Fepvaurr
Eenrrur
Huaep.nasaur
flopryraarr
Anmpnr
@l,txn-f,HAr4s
Vpll,an4.ur.
IIIrefirlapnr
Fpeunr
Beauxo6pu'rauur
Vcnasun
fepuaxun
Hopoerur
LUeeuxc
laaut
Jhoxcer'a6ypr
Opaxqur
Vcnar.4uc
O6urufr rHaexc
flopryranrar
<DpaHqlre
lllueftqaprzr
fpeqnr
VutauN.ts
Vratus
Benlrxo6pxraunr
(DrxnrsAxs
lllaequq
Vcnauuc
Vpll.anant
Eensrt,tc
Hnaepnasarr
Hopnernr
Aacrpxn
FepuaHrar
AaHHc
flopryralnr
lllaefiuapHs
Jltoxceu6ypr
nacTeil H o6pa3yroT cKaHAH H aBCKyrO, Hnn COquan-AeM oKpaTlrr{ecKyro, MoAenb. O6paTHTe BHIIMaHr,re Ha @uHlau4nlo c ee BbrcoKI,IM orHocrrTeJlbHbtM
r{HAeKcoM H KpafiHe Hr,l3KHM CTpyKrypHbrM r,rHAeKcoM.
Tpyaoarre ornoureHuf, n rpyAoBbre cflopbr
r) Crpaxu c. Kpaft He He3Haqr.rreJrbHoft cxJroHHocrbro r( 3a6acroBr(aM :
r{cr(Jrro seHur (@panqnr, flopryr anut), IIIa efi qap r.rr
ABe pxHbr e crpaHbr
c ee MLIpHbIMLT rpyAoBbrMr.r orHorueHnflMt't r Jlrcrcer*,t6ypr.
-
n{[OTE3hI B KATIECTBE BO3MOXHOIO OEbflCHEHI/tfl
He sAasagcb crurrrxoM B noApo6Hocrr.r, nonbrraeMce c$opuynnpoBarb rllnorBbr, Koropble noMoryr o6tgcxurb reHAeHrIHH, Bcxpbtrbre B
xoAe Kon[qecrBeHHoro anarru3a rpyAoBbrx xoH$mlxror n 3ana4xofi Eepone.
Bo-nepnrrx, o6u1ar reHAeHrrr.t, K cHl{xeHr.uo xonQauxroB, Koropa,
craJra orreBHAHa c 80-x roAoB [t noATBepxAaercfl KaK orHoctrreJrbHbrM HHAeKcoM cKJroHHocrH x :a6acrosKaM, Tax H AByM, ero cocraBnsrorrlnMr,t
(xooQQrqnenr Oacryrculux r xoeQ$uqueHr noreprHnulx 4nefi). 3ry o6rrlyro TeHAeHqHro r( noHuxeHHro MoxHo B ocHoBHoM cBr3aTb co 3HaqHTeJrbHbrM cHHxeH[eM xou$m.lrros s I<Iralr;ula u Benuxo6purauuu. flpuqytuauu, oqeBHAHo, nocJryxnnl,t o6ulne gKoHoMr,rqecKue ycJroBlrt
(rarrnynrunficr xpnsnc H crpyxrypwat 6ezpalorurla B nocJreAHr.re 20 ner)
um,t Qopuu orpacneBbrx nepeMeH (peoprannsaqr,lfl, HoBae rexnolornr),
qro eADa ru cnoco6crByer BoBJreqeHHro rpyArrrluxcs s salacroBoqHoe
ADlrxeHHe. Ho rueercr H noJrl,trnqecxufi acnexr: perrJr,rMocrb HTaJrbsHcxr.rx npo$coro3oB, oco6esao npoQcorcroB rocyAapcrBeHHoro ceKTopa,
Ao6urucs (([cropuqecKoro KoMnpoM[cca) B Tpylonurx orHoruenuflx;
6ursa 6pnraHcrnx npoQcoro3oB, r(oropyro oHH npourpaJru neolu6epanr,r3My Ter.rep. Bo ncrkou cJryqae, n Bemrxo6pilTar.uu orpaH[rtr.trenbHoe
3axoHoAareJlbcrBo onpeAeneHHo cnoco6crBoBano 3HaqHTeJIbHoMy coKparqeHnro sa6acrosox 3a nocJreAHr{e Aecrrb ner (ILO, 1993b). Haxoneq,
yMeHbureHne cKnoHHocru x ga6acroBraM rBJrrgrcs H peynbrarou 6olee
o6utefi noJrHTHKr{, HanpaBneHno[ na crHMynHpoBaHHe yqacrufl TpyArrrlHxc, B coBMecTHOM ynpaBJreHI,rH npeAnpnflTytflMvt, a TaKxe pacnpocTpaHeHr.t, HeoKopnoparr{BHbrx Mep H ponn GocyAapcrBa 6larococroflHvtfl>>,
HecMorp, Ha HeAocrarru u t(pr.rruxy B aApec nocJreAHero c Haqara 90-x
roAos.
Bo-aropux, cneAyer nonHTarbcs o1tscnurb 3HaqeHHe ga6acrosox s
Ipequu, }Italun t Vcnasuu. Eulo 6u, Kouevno, HeBepHo flepeorleHnBaTb npoTr.tBonocTaBneH[e ceBepa ]l Iora B Bonpoce o Tpylosrtx KoHQruxrax. Hexoroprre noxa3areJrr{ }rJrH r{HAeKcbr cBr.tAgTeJrbcrByror o 6oJree 3HaqHTelrHofi cxJroHHocrH r ga6acrosr(aM B ocrpoBHbrx rocyAapcrBax Ha ceBepe Enponu (Ill.c;lm;r.tun, Vlpnauang r Bemlxo6puraxnr) no
cpaBHeHr.rrc c (DpaHqueit utru flopryrannefi. Ho ocraerc, Qaxrou, uro
flApo eBpofleficxoro ga6acroso.tHoro ADrxenlafl cileqyer HcKarb Ha rore,
rAe onrrb-Taxr.! BaxeH noJrr,rrHqecxuft acneKT: sa6acrosxH 3Aecb cqnrarorcfl cpeAcrBoM noJIHTUqeCKOTO nporecra. Tax, n l-Iratuu sa6acrosrlr s
3HaK nporecra 6surn oAHHM H3 HeMHorr{x KaHaJroB Ntfl BbtpaxeHnt
Tpyaoosre oruotuentls n rpyaoBbre cnopbr
95
14 Tpe6oBaHr,rfi neBoro xapaKTepa, r(oropbre noJlr,rrr,rqecKr{ 6brnr,r
npeAcraBneHbr I4TanbrHcKoil KoMMyHr,rcruqecKoil naprr,refi; nocJreAHss,
B3rnsAoB
oTp, Ha cBoro couHan-AeMoKpaTr,rqecKyro opHeHTarIHro, Ha npoTrxeHVA AeCflTUneTI/.i4 6Srra OrCrpaHeHa OT yqaCTHr B npaBI{TenSCrSe. TOr
Qaxt, r{To B Vratuu noKa3areJrb pelxr,tMocrr4 6acryrcuqux Bce eule oqeHb
Hr,I3OK, TOrAa I(aI( ApyrHe nOKa3aTeJrH 3HaqHTeIbHbI, rOBOpr,IT O TOM, IITO
HTanbrHrlbr npu6eraur x :a6acrosxe, uro6bl, cKopee, Bbtpa3urb nporecr
[paBuTenbcrBy, a He noAxpeflr,rrb cBor,r rpe6onaHnr. B fpequu u VcnaHt4u curya\r,rfl Bo MHoroM cxoxa: :a6acrosx[ [c[onb3yrorcs oflno3r,rrluoHHbIMpI ABlrxeHr.rrMr,r (pa:ovapoBaHHbrMl,I coquanncraMll, KoMMyHt4craMr,r, npaBbrMl{ rpyflnaMlr, B 3aBr,rcr,IMocTH oT cnyqa, unu flepuoAa) n xavecTBe [poTecTa npoTr,tB noJrHTHKr,r npaBI,ITenbcTBa vIM Aaxe ero aecra6unvl:a\uu. Tpy,uonue xouSluxru r fpeqnr,r, Vratuu u ?Icnasuw cneAyer
TaKXe paccMaTpHBaTb B [onr,rTr{qecKoM KoHTeKcTe, a I,IMeHHo B cBeTe cr,rryaryl,z.) KorAa rpaxAaHcr(oe o6ulecrno u npoQcoro3br cla6sr, a BJracrb
naprufi 3Haqr,rrerbHa. B srux crpaHax cneAyer raxxe yqHTbrBarb pa3Mepbr rocyAapcrBeHHoro ceKTopa, r4e pa6ovr,re Mecra cra6ulrusl. B grux
cexTopax BbIcoKa cKJIoHHocru x ga6acroBxaM, rIeM L o6rscngrotcfl Macrura6ur xouQluxron, no xpafiHefi uepe r fpequa. 3ro HanpaBJreHr{e, BHArrMo, 3acnyxuBaer r,rccneAoBarufl, Ha ocHoBe paspa6orxn noxa:arelefi n
HecM
IHAeKCOB nO CeKTOpaM AeflTeJIbHOCTH, HO 3TOT BOnpOC BbTXOAI,IT 3a paMr(H
CTATbH.
9ro xe
Kacaerc,r Apyrux crpaH H ypoBHrr noKa3areJrefi
n nn4excon,
r,rcnoJrb3oBaHHbrx B HacrostueM HccJIeAoBaHUvt, TO TpyAHO 4arS O6trCHeHus,, He paccMorpeB orAenbHo r(axAya crpaHy u xaxgrrfi [ep]roA. Teu ue
MeHee BllrflHlae 6puraHcxofi rpaguquu <<6acrosarb Ao caMoro KoHr{D)
sBHo orqyqaercs, B EelrrHH, Vlcnar.guu,
Vptanauu H, pa3yMeercs, B cauofi Beruxo6puraHuu. A HesHa.urenbHyro cKJroHHocrr x:a6acroBxaM B
prAe crpar urn4 perroHoB (feprvraHua, Hu4eplau4ur, Cxaagunanut,
IrlnefiqaprEa) uoxHo oOtgcsurr corluan-AeMoKparr,rqecKofi rpa4uqraefi
yqacTrfl. B Aenax [peAnpHrrTr,ts, HeoxoplopaTr,rBHbrMr{ MepaMH n reopuefi
KoHceHcyca (Lijphart, 1984). 3ro - noATBepxAeHHe MoAenH TpyAoBbrx orHoruesnfi, orpaxarcqefi reugeuqurc K rreperoBopaM H KoMnpoMr,tccy.
LI HaxoHeq, npeAnaraercfl rnnore3a o eolldoxHofi cBfl3r MexAy
uacrura6aun xouorurroB r,t cuiloi,,t nposcoro:oB, BbtpaxeHHofi a npo6coro3HoM r{reHcrBe. clyuarcrcr nH cepbe3Hure xoHolurobr npH cla6srx
npoQcorcsax? v nao6opor, coorHocHrcr nv cuna npo$coro:oB c He3Ha.{Hrers H oft cKJroH Hocrbrc r ga6acroBo rlHbr M
Iieitcrr,utu?
flo4rnepx4eHue srofi runore3br 3aBncvrr or HaAexHocru noKa3arerefi npoScoro3Horo qJreHcrBa, coAepxarrluxcr n ny6ruxauurx, r(oropbre
ocHoBaHbl Ha AaHHbIx nocneAHltx LIccJIeAoBaHufi (ETUI, 1993b; OECD,
1991, pp. 97-l0l; OECD, 1994, p. 184). l8 crpaH B Hacrosulefi nrr6opxe
MoxHo crpynnr4poBarb cneAyrorqu
n,t
o6pa:our
:
TpyAonrre orHoureufifl rt TpyAoBbre c[opbt
-
oxBar cBbrrxe 55% rpymrq[xcr: [auun, @unlsxAnt, Vlctaug*tt,
Hopnernr, lllseqrs;
- oxBar 40-55oh: Aacrpur, Eerurur, Id:ptauaut, Jlrcxceu6ypr, Benuxo6purauur;
oxBar 2640oh: fepuaHnr, fpequr, Idrarut, floptyrarur, IllnefiqaoxBar 25o/ou MeHee: @panqur, HuAepranAtt,Vcnauut.
[pr,rBeAeHHbre creneHH oxBara npoQcorcsaM]r rpyAtuluxcq
[pr,IHrrb B KaqecrBe npu6rnanreJrbHbrx orIeHoK, rr,rnore3a o cBr3rl MexAy
qJreHgrBoM r npoQcoro3ax u cKJroHHocrbrc r sa6acroBKaM Hr{ noATBep-
-
Ho ecan
xAaercr, Hu onpoBepraercr. @axruqecxu B KaxAofi rpynne croJrbKo
crpaH noATBepxAaror runore3y, cxoJrbKo H onpoBepraror ee. Tax, crpaHrr, nog,o6uarc fiar.uu, Jlrcxceu6ypty t4rrut IIIsgqsLI, noATBepxAalor rI{-
noroy (nsrcoxufi oxBar
qJreHcrBoM, He3HaqHTe[bHa, cKJIoHHocrb K 3aOAsaxo
6acrorxau).
Apyrne crpaHbr c MHoroqucJIeHHbIMI,r npoQcorcsauu
xapaKTepr,r3yrorcs raKxe srrcoxoft creneHbro xouQruxrnocrn : sau6oree
y6e4urelsnbre npuMepbr flBJrsror co6ofi, orleBr,rAHo, Vutan4us u IdplaaAHc. IIro xe Kacagrc, crpaH c xe6orsrunM oxBaroM npoQcorc:nbrM r{JreHcrBoM lr 3Haqr,rremnoft cxnonHocrbrc x sa6acrosxau, Fperlut, I4ratr.ut u
I/.cnar.ns noATBepxAaror rnrroresy. Ho onrrb-TaKlr HMeercfl MHoro npoTr.rBononoxHbrx upr.rMepoB: Bo @panquu, flopryrarulr ll Illseftqaprdrd
(uenurcoxr.ril oxBar npoQcorosHbrM r{neHcrBou) rpy4onure xoHQrnKTbr He3HaqltTeJrbHrr. Tax qro cr,rny npoQcouoB HeJrb3s cquTarb HaAexHbrM
o6rrcnrrcqr,r u QaxropoM cKJroHHocua x sa6acroBKaM.
3AKIIOqEHI4E
KonuqecrBennsrfi analus rpyAoBLrx xou$luxron n 3ana4nofi Enporle no3BonseT BbIgBI'ITb cneAyroulHe ocHoBHbre TeHAeHTIHH :
- ynaAoK ra6acrono.{Horo ABHxeHufl c rer{eH}IeM BpeMeHH;
- 3aMerHafl orHocl,rrenbHa, cxrroHHocrb K sa6acronxaM B prAe crpaH
IOxnofi Enponu;
-
-
xoH$mlxron;
o6paruae cBfl3b MexAy .racroroft u .q,rruTenbHocrbro nml ocrporofi
HaJrr,rq[e psAa pa3Hbrx rrlo4eleft TpyAoBbrx
xon$ruxron.
Kaxne nocneAcrBrdr ra 6y4yulue reHAeHrIr,rH MoxHo oxlrAarr? O*ra.raer tu yMeHbrrJeHr{e rpyAoBbrx xoHQluxror n Enpone, qro cyqecrByer
coq[aJrbHbrfi xonr'ponb url4 rrro cor{HaJrbHbre Bonpocbr cra\u 6ouee
((ynpaBnceMbrMr,r) B pe3ynbrare MeHee xoHSponrarluoHHbrx rpyAoBbrx
orHorueHufi? Pa:yueercs, KaK BbrreKaer r43 orHocr.rreJrbHoro HHAeKca u
oco6esuo crpyKTypHoro r.rHAeKca, oqarH xon$ruaxroB coxpaHrrcs. HaJII{q}re raKux 3oH rHa.ruremHofi cKnoHHocru x :a6acrosxa}t{ B
(yMuporBopeuxofi> Enpone, Bo3MoxHo, onpaBAbrBaer paspa6orKy rpexyponneaoil uK:rJrbr rpyAoBbrx xonQluxros s 3anaAnofi Enpone, npilqeM
Tpyaoeurc oru(xlrerilfl rt TpylloBue cnopbt
97
nepBbrft ypoBeHb (ceaep H r{eHTp) xapaxTepl,r3yercs 6onbIuLIM HJIH MeHbruHM corJracueM, BTopoft (rcr) - 6oruureft xoHQruxruocrblo, a rpernfi (He
cgsraHHrrft c onpeAeneHHbrM peruononr) - cKopee cryuafiHtltvtu, Ho peur[TeJIbHbTMH ra6acrosxauu. CoquaJrbHbre naprHepbr, [paBl,ITenbcrBa I{ HccJreAoBaTeJrH AoJrxHbr np[cTanbHo or.IeHrrTb sr,IAr,r]t{srfi napaAoKc, 3aKnloqessufi B TperbeM ypoBHe (uusxr.rfi orHocr.rreJrbHblfi, Ho srrcoxlafi crpyx-
rypnuft uu4erc), u6o oH
Qruxroa aBToMarr,rqecKr{
o3Harraer,
qro
yMeHbrrreHr,Ie rpyAoBbrx KoH-
He BeAer r( Mrrpy B TpyAoBbrx orHor.rreHr,rrx.
9ro xe Kacaercs coqflanbHbrx naprHepoB, Boflpoc cocrorrr B ToM,
yAacrc, nr,r npoQcoro3aM aAa[Tr,rpoBarbc, K [epeMeHaM r{ perynnpoBarb
6ygyqee HanpaBJIeHue pa6o.rero ABr,rxeHr,rg. B srux ycJroBlrflx cneAyeT JrH
coBpeM eHHur u npo$coro3aM, Koropbre npeu MyrrlecrBeHHo 3arqnulator rnHTepecbl cBor,rx r{JreHoB, r{3MeHr,rTb cBoro np[poAy tr npeBpaTHTbcfl B HeKoe
coo6tqecrno rpyAculuxcs? Hacxolrxo pa6oroAarenfl M y Aacrcs nrrpa6oTarb crparerr{r,r B Mr{pe, rAe orcyrcrByror cra6nnrHure naprHepbr no neperoBopaM n qerKo o[peAeneHHue rpe6oranns? HaxoHerl ecJrr,t r{HTepecbr [peAcraBJreHbr HacroJrbKo pa3Mbrro, KaKHM o6pasou npaBrrrenbcrBa u
HaAHarluoHaJrbHbre euponeficrue opraHbr cyMeror s norHofi Mepe oco3Harb Macrrrra6 npo6neubr r,r npnHrru Heo6xo4lEurre peueHnr?
Yxe nuerorcr nprr3HaKr4 Toro, rrro raxoro poAa rpyAHocru HaqHHaroT Bo3Hr,rKaTb, KorAa B pa3Hbrx cTpaHax npuxoAHTc, HMeTb Aeno c HerlacTbrMI,t, Ho oxecroqeHHblMu ga6actorxaMla, vtltv Atrr(HMl,I la6actoBxaun,
KOTOpbre qacTo Bo3Hr,rKaroT He3aBHcH M O Unr.r BOnpeKH CoOTBeTCTByIOTIIH M
npoScorcsau. Bogrunre npr,rMep @pauqnn B nocneAHr.te roAbr: c MoMeHTa
cKoopAlrHr.rporauHofi :a6acrorxu MeAcecrep 6rur pr4 Apyrux rpyAoBbrx
xoH$lnxroB, BpoAe :a6acrosxu xene3HoAopoxHr,rKoB s 1995 r. rrJrr4 Bogureteit rpy3oBr.tr(oB s 1996 r. flolnruxaM TpyAHo 6uuro c4epxarb raKue
:a6acronxn, Koropbre noJIb3oBaJII{cb 3Har{HTeJrbHbrM corIyBcrBHeM H noA4epxrofi co cropoHbr o6qecrreHHocrr,r.
B reqenue AnrTenbHoro BpeMeHH :a6acrosxa cnyxuna npeuMyrrlecrBeHHo qensM npeAynpexAeHrar, Ao Haqana fleperoBopo4 ceiluac xe 3To
qacro Qoprr,ra nporecra. flpegcrarlflercs, r{To cyqecrByer onacHocrb
[peBparIeHH, KoHTponHpyeMbrx npoQcorcsaMr,t ]r noJrHTHqecKH perynnpyeMbrx sa6acrosox Ans noAAeplr.aHus. rpe6orauuit utLt xalo6 B cpeAcrro o6qero nporecra, KoropbrM TpyAHo ynpaBnrrb nposcorcsaM r4Jrr{ noJII,ITHKAM.
Yxy4ureHne rpyAoBbrx orsoruesnfi, noJryqr{Brxee rxnpoxoe pacnpoycyry6nrer npo6.ueuul, c KoropbrMH croJIKHynaca 3anaguat
crpaHeHHe,
Enpona, 6e: roro oxBarreHHas r(pr.r3ucoM H HcnbrrbrBaroua, nocneAcrBn,
rlo6alusaq uu u octalteHnfl corluanb Hbrx cs g:efi .
Bonpoc, BnepBbre sogHr,rxtuufi s XIX 8., noxoxe, cHoBa BcraJr B
XX s.: Kar( perynupoBarb cor{HanbHbre orHor.rleHHfl, ecrt oHH xapaKTepH3yrorcfl 6olee pac[nbrBqarbrMH H ycKonb3aroulr,rMu or KoHTponr Qopr,aarrln xousnuxron.
98
Tpyaoaure orHoueHrr, rl TpyAoBbre cnopbr
E[IEJIHOI'PAAIlfl
European Industrial Relations Revieu) (London). I 997. No. 276 (lan.), pp. 6-7 .
European Trade Union Institute. 1993a. Slructural change and newforms of strike action. lnfo
Series, No. 37. Brussels.
-. 1993b. Trade union membership in ll/estern Europe.lnfo Series, No. 38. Brussels.
ILO. 1993a. Sources and methods: Labour statistics. Volume 7, Strikes and lockouts. Geneva.
-. I993b. (United Kingdom: More "step-by-step" industrial relations reform>, News feature in
International Labour Review (Geneva), Vol. 132, No. 5-6, pp. 559-567.
-. 1992. Statistics of stril<es, lockouts and other forms of industrial action. Pieport II. Fifteenth
International Conference of Labour Statisticians. Geneva.
-. l97O-94. Yearbook of Labour Statrstics, for the years l97U-94. Geneva.
Lijphart, Arend. 1984. Democracies: Palterns of majoritarian or corutensus government in
twenty-one countries. New Haven, CT, Yale University Press.
Morel, Christian. 1981. La greve froide. Paris, Edition d'Organisation.
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). 1994. Employment Out/oot Paris, July.
-. 1991. Employment Outlook. Paris, July.
Reynaud, Jean-Daniel. 1980. <lndustrial relations and political systems: Some reflections on the
crisis in industrial relations in Western Europe>, in British Journal of Industrial Relations
(London), Vol. 18, No. I (Mar.), pp. l-13.
frPoBJrEMbI AETCKOIO TPyAA
NEPCNEKT}IBbI
AETCKrIrtr
rpvA: KAK PETTTAETCfl
IPOEITEMA-
<OcH osofi AonroBpeM eH Hbrx y cuttwit no nlrxBr.rAarlu H Aercr(oro rpyAa
AOnXHa CTaTb noJrrrTr{Na, Ha[paBneHHas Ha cTHMynr{poBaHHe 3aHflTocTH
cpeAr.r B3pocJrbrx, noBbrureHne AoxoAoB ta yflyr{rueHne ycnonnfi xr,r3Hr,r ...
Oruraxo cneAyer raxxe npr,rHrrb HeMeAJreHHbre Mepbr AJrs HcxopeHeHr,rfl
nau6onee npeAocyAr.rreJrbHbrx Qopr'l Aercxoro rpyla u, noxa gTor rpyA
noJlHocrbro Hg nr,rKBHAr,rpoBaH, AJrr 3arrlnTbr 4erefi or o[acHbrx r,r gKcnJryaTaropcKux ycronufi TpyAo)r.
,(ercxnfi TpyA npeBparnlcfl B qBHyro npo6leuy AJrs o6uecrga no
xpafinefi Mepe co BpeMeHH [poMbrrrrneHHofi penolrcquu. C nporpeccou a
o6racru pacnpocrpaHeHu, nceo6ulero HaqaJrbHoro r4 cpeAHero o6paso.
BaHufl, Agrcxnft TpyA BcrynuJr B flBHoe nporr,rBopeque c Aocrynou 4erefi x
o6paaonaHvfio, vt Bo MHorHx crpaHax Aercxufi rpy.q 6rrn ncxnroqeH H3
npou3BoAcrsennofi c$epu. B pesylrrare 3Haqr.rreJrbHbrx gKoHoMr,rqecKux
ycflexoB, Aocrr,rrHyrbrx s XX B., Macurra6u 4ercxoro rpyaa 3Haqr,rrerbHo
coKparr{nncb, xorr a6coruoruoe q}rcJro pa6orarouqux Aerefi Bce eule BeJrHxo. B nacrosqee BpeMfl cJroxtrJrrrcb QunaHcorue H ropuAlrqecx[e npeAnocbrJrru AJrr HenocpeAcrBeHHoro perueHr.!, npo6leurr Aaxe B crpaHax c
HI,I3KHMH AOXOAaMH r,I HeBbrCOKlrM ypoBHeM gKoHoMHrreCKOrO pA3BilTVfl,.
B nocle4uue HecKoJIbKo JIer B o6ulecrse cnoxnrrocb HeBr,tAaHHoe paHee noHr.rMauue npo6JreMbl AercKoro rpyAa lr noJrHoe conract,te orHocr,r-
TeJrbHo ueo6xo4l.rlr,rocTH npeA[p[rHsTb .rro-nr6o Mfl ee peueuur (cu.
lLO,l996a). O.qlraxo Ha nparornKe npo6leua ocraercq xpafiHe cnoxuoft,
Ha uexnpaBr{TeJrbcrBeHHoM ypoBHe oHa yBs3na B noflr,rruqecxofi 4ucxyccurr o [paBax qeJroBexa, HopMax s o6racu rpyAa, gruKe r,r MexAyHapoAHofi roprosre. Srnu orrracr[ o6tccHserc, cpaBHr,rreJrbHo MeAJreHHoe
npoAp HxeH
H
e B Hanp aBJreH lrr,r corJracoBaHHbrx
' Hacrorulxfi
ro
r,r3AaHlrs
MarepHaJr noAroroBJreH Mapxoru
International Labour Review;
M
exAyHapoAHbrx
Jlancxnu
-
leitcrzuit
peAar$opoM asranficxo-
I Hr aucrynaeurrr I euepaabHoro AHpeKTopa MET npn npe3eHTauil[ ero
Aor(Jraaa o
IercKoM L?yAe Ha MexayHapoAnofi xoH$epexuuu rpyAa n 1 983 r. (Blanchard, I 983, p. vi).
100
llpo6leruu aercKoro rpy[a
no peureHHro npo6neMbr Aaxe B ee MHHr,rMaJrbHbrx Qopuax. Kpoue roro,
coq[aJrbHo-3KoHoMr,rqecKr,re acneKTbr u cauu Mac[ITa6br AeTcKoro TpyAa B
Mr{pe HacTonbKo cepbe3Hbr, qTo npocToro I,t 6brcTpofo perueHHf, npo6ne-
Mbr He cyqecrByer (ornocnrelbHo grrax acneKToB cru. Grootaert and
Kanbur, 1995; Bonnet, 1993). B pesyluare noAxoA r( perueHr.rrc uqyr B
paMKax lnl,IpoKoro Kpyra vHH\uaTuB oTAeJrbHbrx rocyAapcTB, MexflpaBr,rTeJrbcrBeHHbrx H He[paBHTeJrbcrBeHHbrx opraHn:aqnfi, npoQcororon,
xounaHufi H 3auHTepecoBaHHbrx lpynn. 3ru uHnquarHBbr MoxHo cBecrrn
K TpeM rlrfipoxuM rpyflnaM, a HMeHHo co3AaHnro npanouofi 6a:rr, nprMoMy B MerrraTenbcTBy rr [c[oJrb3oBaHr,tro pbrHorrHbrx MexaHI,I3 MoB.
flepnoe. C xouqa 80-x roAon MexAyHapoAHbre npaBoBbre ocHoBbr AJrfl
6opu6rr c AercKrrM tpyaorr,r 6suu yrpenJreHbr c noMotrlbro prAa BaxHbrx
rr,rep. .{anuueftruee ee ycuneHr,re oxr,rAaeTcf, B p$ynbTaTe HHr,rrIHaTHBbr
MOT no npr,rHsrr.rro HoBbrx MexAyHapoAHbrx HopM n orofi o6tacru2
fhanupyeuufi x npuurrnro B 1999 r., MexAyHapoAnufi
AoKyMeHT
- Bo3-
MoxHo, KoHBeHur,rfl, coflpoBoxAaeMafl per(oMeHAaquefi, - 6y4er HarleneH
Ha npeoAoJreHue Har.rxyArunx r[opr,r AercKoro rpyAa. B nepnofi qacru Hacrogulefi crarbu npeA[pr,rHrra nonbrrxa oxapaKTepr3oBarb MexAyHapo4Huft npanoeoft KJrr,rMar, B r(oropoM npeAflonaraerc, ocyqecrBr,rrb
paspa6orxy HoBbrx AoKyMeHToa. 3areu, nocJre KparKoro o6sopa HarIHoHaJIbHOfO 3aKOHOAaTeJrbCTBa r,r npaKTr,rKH B Hx B3ar,rMOCBrI3r,r C MeXAyHapoAHbrMr,r HopMaMH, a raKxe auant43a xaparffepa u uacuna6oB AercKoro
TpyAa B coBpeMeHHoM Mr,rpe, npeAcTaBneHbr nocneAKue vHvfi\uaTr,rBbr
MET u Bo3MoxHoe coAepxaHr,te noeoft KoHBeHrIHrr.
Bropoe. Baxssru cpeAcrBoM 6opr6sr c KoHKperHbrMH nporBretuswtt
AercKoro rpyAa u c HaHxy.qurHMH t[oprraaun uoynorpe6ilelalafl, r,rM craJro
HenocpeAcrBeHHoe BMelrareJrbcrBo. Xors raKoro poAa r,rHr,rrlHarHBbr
r,IMeIor AnurenbHyro plcropHlo H B HI,IX 6uln :a.[eficrBoBaHbr MHorHe optaru3a\vyt, oHr{ nonyqunu sonrtfi r,rMnynbc nocJle roro, KaK MOT s
1992 r. rpucrynr.rJra K peanr.r3aquu MexAyHapo4noft nporpaM Mbr JrHKBr.r\luuu AercKoro rpyAa (IPEC). flpuno4urc, Kparxarr xapaKrepucrr,rKa
IPEC n npoBeAeHHbrx B ee paMxax ueponpurrufi.
Tperre. B nocle4uee BpeMc na6nrc4anocb pacurpeHr{e r.rHrrrlnarvB
pblHorrHoro xapaxrepa, rJraBHbrM o6pasou nyreM cr,rcreM MapKHpoBaHr,rs
npoAyrcoB t4 npuuflrua KoMnaHHsMra KoAeKcoB noBeAeHHr. Taxoro poga
Mepbr Moryr cnyxr4Tb 4eficrneHHsrMr{ cpeAcrnauu 6ops6ur c saHsrocrbro
4erefi B HeKoropbtx orpacnrx 3KoHoMHKr,t, a B psAe cnyqaeB cnoco6crsoBarb noBbrrrreuuro sapa6orHofi nJrarbr B3pocnbrx rpyAqulHxcl, vro6tr ueo6xoAr,rrr,rocrb B AercKoM TpyAe ne 6rua croJrb ocrpoft c nosuqufi ceueftHOTO AOXO,qA. 3TU MEPbI NO3BOJI'IOT TAKXE BbIflBI,ITb AOIOJIHI{TEJIbHbIC
pecypcbr, o6ecnequsarouue noflBneHHe anbrepHaruB An, HeKoropbrx pa2 Knanr.rQnur.rpoBaHHoe o6rccHeHr.re HopMorBopqecxofi
aeqreruHocru
pur{ecKoM rJraHe coaepxurcn a pa6ore Balruroca (Valticos, 1996).
Mor
B Hcro-
l0l
llpo6rerurr aercmoro rpyra
6orarcqux Aerefi. 3ru 4onorHHTeJIbHbIe urtat1g4arvBbl KparKo paccMorcrarhlr.
Huxe flooqepeAHo paccMorpeHbl Bce rpu rpy[rbl Mep.
peHbr B 3aKnroqnreruHofi .{acru
MEXAyHAPOATIbTE IPABOBbTE PAMKLI
HOPMbI MOT trO 1973r.
3aulura Aereft or rpyAa r,r Bo BpeMfl TpyAa 6rma saxHoit zag.aqeit
MexgynapoAnofi opraHu3arlvlr rpy4a c MoMeHTa ee Bo3HHKHoBeHr.r,
(ILO, 1981, paras. ll et seq.). fieficrByfl B coorBercrBtr4 c rpv3uBoM K
raxofi 3arrlure, coAepxauruca n flpeau6yne x ee Ycrary, MOT trpvHflna
KoureHrluro o MrrHr,rMiurbHoM Bo3pacre npreMa Aerefi na pa6ory (n npoMbrruJreHHocrn), l9l9 r. (Ne 5), yxe na nepnofi ceccnu Mex4ynapoAHofi
xoHQepeHqvv rpy1a s l9l9 r. C rex nop MOT npr.rHrna eule Aecrrb KoHreuqufi lr nflTb peKoMeHAaqufi, onpegenqrcqux HopMbr B orHo[reHvpt MyrHuManbHoro Bo3pacra AJrrr npneMa Ha pa6ory B npoMbrrrJreHHocru, ceJrbcKoM xo3sficrBe, cyAoxoAcrBe H Apyrux HenpoMbnrrJreHHbrx orpacnqx.
Kpoue roro, HopMbr B orHoIrIeHW MuHuManbHoro Bo3pacra KoHKperIr3l,rpoBaHbr B prAe Apyrux xoureuqufi, orHocrqlrxcg x 6egonacHocru, rHrueHe uluttu o6ulnu ycnoBr,tqM TpyAa B orAeJrbHbrx orpacnflx.
Caurre paHHr,re HopMbr (1919-1932 rr.), rax npaBr.rJro, onpeAenqnu
6asosufi MlrHr.rMaJrbHrrfi rotpacr n 14 ner, anpv flocneAyrorqux KoppeKrr,rpoBKax (1936-1937 rr.) on 6rm nonrrureH Ao l5 ner. B ro apeua xaK B
6a:ossrx KoHBeHrIrrrx cAenaHo r,rcKJrror{eHue Ms pa6or sa ceuefinurx
npeAflpldrTytflx u Her(oTopbrx Apyrnx cJryrraeB, KoHBeHrIr,rr4, oTHOCrrqHeCfl K
oco6o onacHbrM 3aHsrt4s,M l,rnlt orpacngM, ycraHaBJluBaror 6olee BbrcoKLIe
HopMbr, HarrpaMep 16 -rrer An, noA3eMuux pa6or (KoHreuquc 1965 r.
Ne 123) pr Ao 18 Jrer - AJtg rrxenux pa6or s oco6o onacHbrx ycJroBr,rflx
(uanprarraep, KoHnenqusl92l r. Ne l5) u pa6or, cBr3aHHbrx c noABepxeHHocrbro sogAeftcrsrrc paArraquu (KouneHqrEr 1960 r. Ns I 15) utru oracHbrx xr,tMr.rKaron (uanpr,rMep, Kouaexqur l97l r. Nb 136).
O4Haxo Ha csoefi l8l-fi ceccraus 1970 r. A4uuHl.rcrparr,tBHbrfi coner
MET npnrueJr
K BbrBoAy, r{To <<6agosbre KoHBeHITHH
o MHHHMaJIuHoM
Bo3-
pacre An, npHeMa Ha pa6ory yxe He Moryr cnyxHTb e$QexrurnbrM r.tHcrpyMeHToM An' CornacoBaHHbrx MexAyHapo4Hrrx 4efictwil lJtt crHMynHpoBaHH, 6laronolyvur 4erefi>> (ILO, 1970, Appendix II, para. 8). He-
cMorp, Ha ycultytfl,, npeAnprrHr,rMaBrrr[ecs MOT, oqeBuAHo, uro <<Aercrufi
TpyA ... ocraerc, ruHpoKo pacnpocrpaHeHHbrM u ycroftvunbrM cBreHneMD
(ILO, 1971, p.2l). Bce 4eftcrnyrcu1,e Aor(yMeHrbr o Mr.tHHMaJrbHoM Bo3-
PACTE HA ACNE I{MCIOT OTPAHHIICHHYIO NP}TMEHHMOCTb, OTHOCSTCS JI}IIIIb X
HCKOTOPbIM OTPACN'M SKOHOMI,IKH 14 OIPCAENEHHbIM 3AH'TI,Ifl M. COOTECT-
CTBCHHO,
MOT
OCYUIECTBI,INA KOPCHHOfi NCPECUOTP
I,t
KOHCONI,IAAIIHIO
102
llpo6aerusr aercKoro rpyAa
3rO npuneno K npnHrTHrc KoHBeHTIHH O MITHHM,UTbHOM BO3paCTe,
1973r. Ns 138.
HOpM.
KOHBEHLIUfl O MI,IHHMAJIbHOM BO3PACTE, 1973r. (Jil!138)
flo cpanHeHr.tro c rpexHr.rMr.r HopMaMlr, KoureHqur Ne 138 ocHoBaHa
Ha coBepueHHo r{HoM noAxoAe, coqerar u[poryro cQepy aeficrr,w c
6omuefi Bo3MoxHocrbp a(anrar.Iulr K ycJroBurM gaunofi crpauu. Xorr
orpaHrqeHHble I,IcKJIrorIeHlIfl AoflycKalorcf,3, oHa npI{MeHlIMa Ko BceM orpacnrM 3KoHoMr{Kr,r u, nogo6no paHH[rM KoHBeHrIr,rrM, oxBarbrBaer gerefi,
He3aBr,rcraMo or roro, KaK oHr,r pa6oraror: no nafiuy wil4 Her.
Focygapcrno, paruQuqnpya KouneHr{r.rrc Ne 138, <<o6rsyerca ocyqecrBJIflTb Har{HoHanbHyrc noJrr,trr,rxy, HMeroulyro qenbro o6ecne.rurr sQ$exTr,rBHOe y[pa3AHeHHe AeTCXOTO TpyAa r,l nocreneHHoe noBbrrrreH[e MHHHMilJrbHoro Bo3pacra AJrs npueMa ua pa6ory Ao ypoBHfl, coorBercrByroqero sau6onee noJrHoMy Srasuuecxorr,ry rl yMcrBeHHoMy pa3Br,rrnro noApocrxos)). B qacrHocrl,t, KoHBeHIII,L ycraHaBnuBaer np[IHI{Hn, coDracHo KoropoMy MnHrruanrHsrfi Bo3pacr (He AoJrxeH 6rrrr suxe Bo3pacra oxoHrragut o6szareJrbHoro urKoJrbHoro o6pasorauus>>. C yr{eroM 6a:orofi Hopurr r 15 ner rocyAapcrBa-qneHbr AoJrxHbr onpeAenr.rrb - B AexJrapa\uu,
[pfinaraeMofi r goxyueHTy o paruQr.rxaqvfi4, - cBoit, HarltroHaJrbuufi ur.rnnuanrnufi Bo3pacr AJu npHeMa Ha pa6ory, a r{JreH Opraunraqr,rv, (qbr,t
gKoHoMr,rKa u crcreMa o6paroranus HeAocraroqHo pa3BHTbr, Moxer ...
HepBoHarranbHo ycraHoBr,rrb Bo3pacr s l4 rer KaK Mr,rHnMalussrfi>>. B mo6ou cryuae KoHBeHur,r, npeAJraraer AononHr,rrenbHyro rn6rocrr, Ao[ycxag 6oree sngxnfi MuHr,rMaJrbHrrfi norpacr Atr, (orerKofi pa6orul>, a r,rMeHso 13 nerAJrr rocyAapcrB c 6arosofi nopnaofi s 15 rer u 12 tcr -AJrr rocyAapcrB c 6asosofi uopuofi n 14 ler. Jlerxag pa6ora onpeAeneHa KaK
TaKa, pa6ora, Koropa, He npeAcraBJrflercs rpe4nofi Arfl 3AopoBb, Lr pa3BUT}zI[, ACTCfi I,I HC HAHOCr,rr
YrqEP6A NOCEqAEMOCTI,I IIIKOJIII I,UII,I YvACTI'IO B
nporpaMMax npoQeccnosanrnofi nolForoBr(H,
BocnoJrb3oBarbc, flonyqeHHofi noAlorosxofi .
a raKxe cnoco6socru
3 oHl,t ro,{Ho He onpereJreHbr, Ho B
xoAe noaroronureluxofi pa6orur no KoHBeHunr.r
ynoM[Hanr.rcb 3aHrrocrb ua ceuefinurx npep.nptrruflx, B xarrecrBe aouau4refi npgcJryrx H
HeKOTOpbre orlu pa6or, BblnoJrHseMbrx 6er xa.uropa co cropoHbr pa6orogarelr, HanpflMep HaAoMHax pa6ora.3Tn ucxlroqex[c 6rraH npeaycMorpeHbr uraBHbtM o6parou ur-ra
[PaKTHt{eCKr.rx ],?yAHocrefi KoHTpoJu ta co6apaeHneM 3aKoHa Ha raKHx pa60rax, a He u3-
3a orcJrrcrBH, Ha HUX
BO3MOx(HOCTefi
Als axcnlyara\uu
HJrH
3noynolpe6aenufi. gro
Kacaercc Hagougoft pa6orur, HanpuMep, cr. 4 n.2g HeAaano npuuerofi KonseHullu o Ha_
AoMHoM ryyae 1996 r. (Jt& 177) npeAycMarpr.tsaer coAefic.rBue paBeHcrBy o6paueuur c
HaAoMHl{kaMH t,t ApyrltMr,t HaeMHbtMr{ pa6oruuxaun B orHoueHr.rx Mr,rHr.tMaJrbHoro Bo3pacTa N$ npHeMa Ha pa6ory; a conyrcrByrouas peKoMeH.qaq[, rnacr.rr: <Hauuouaarnue
3aKOHbr r{ npaB[na o MnHHMaJTbHOM BO3paCTe an, npueMa Ha pa6ory nnH o rpyAe.(oJrxHbr
pacnposrpaHrrbc,
Ha Ha.qoMHyro
pa6ory>.
llDo6.nemur aercmoro rpy.qa
r03
KouneHqne ycraHaBlrutn,aer raxxe l8-letsroro HopMy AIL ((onacHblx))
pa6or, Eoree BbrcoKa, HopMa n paauofi creneHld pacnpocrpanflercfl Ha
BCe CTpaHbr, TeM caMbrM noAr{epKHyr npI,IHI{Hn, COrJIaCHO KOTOpOMy ypoBeHb pa3BuTr,rr crpaHbr He rqBJlrerct onpaBAaHI,IeM Arfl Toro, 9to6bl pa3peur,rrb AersM 6rtrr sansrblMu Ha pa6ore, Goropaq no cBoeMy xapaxTepy t4ltu B crrny o6crosremcrB, B Koropblx oHa ocyqecrBJlflercr, Moxer
HaHecrH y[Iep6 3AopoBbro, 6eronacnocrr ytltr HpaBcrBeHHocrH [oApocrxu (cnr. ILO, 1996b, p. 26). I4cxmoqeHus AonycKalorcfl Ntr rpyAslIluxc,
16-18 ner rtpl,t ycJroBI,Iu, tITo oHI,I AonxHbIM o6pa:ou 3alrlmleHbl H
o6yvenu.
YCOBEPIIIEHCTBOBAHIIf, BHE MOT
MOT,
cpaBHHTenbHo HeMHorHe MexAyHapoAHbre opraHn3ayrracrBoBaru n pa6ore no 6opr6e c 4ercxuM TpyAoM ao 80-x
roAoB. BcreA ga XeHescrofi geuapaqneft o npaBax pe6euxa, npnuarofi n
1924r.a,.{exrapaq}rfl o npaBax pe6eHxa, ilpu*flTafl OOH s 1959 r., npoBo3uracuJra cneAyroq[e o6qne np]rHr{Hnbr: <<Pe6enxa He cneAyer npr,rnr.rMarb Ha pa6ory Ao onpeAeneHHoro MlrHrrMaJrbHoro Bo3pacra; Hvr B KoeM
cnyqae ero HeJrb3f npr.rHyxAaTb I, eMy HeJrb3, pa3per[aTb BbrnoJrHsTb pa6otsr, Koropbre Moryr HaHecrr.r BpeA ero 3AopoBbro unu o6paroBaHuro
rua6o noueuarb ero QnrnvecxoMy, yMcrBeHHoMy Hnlt MopaJrbHoMy pa3Br.rrr.rroD (United Nations, 1983, p. 130, Principle 9). AuanoruqHa, HopMa
6rrna sxrror{eHa B Mex4yHapoAHyro xaprnro o6 oxouorr,rutrecxux, coqnaJrbHbrx r,r KynbrypHbrx npaBax, n xoropofi Ao6asreHo, qro ((Aerefi u nronoAexb cneAyer 3arrluqarb or 3KoHoMuqecxofi u corlranbHofi sxcnlyaraKpor',re
r{Hr'r aKTr.rBHo
- United Nations, 1983, p. 5, Art. l0 (3).
Ycunus MOT no 6opu6e c AercKr,tM TpyAoM cralru rroJrb3oBarbcs 6onee unpoxoft r'lexgynapo4uofi no,qAepxKofi marur c cepeA[Hbl 80-x roAoB, KorAa nosBr,rnrdcb MHoroqlrcJreHHbre ny6nuraquu rro groMy Bonpocy,
cpeAcrBa uuQoplaaqvv craltu 6onee cucreMarur{ecxr{ paccxa3brBarb o
uoynorpe6JreHr{flx r.r HapyueHuflx t4 a srofi 6ops6e craJro yqacrBoBarb
6onrure 3ar.rHTepecoBaHHblx JrHrL rpynn r,r HenpaBlrreJlbcrBeHHbrx opraHusa\ufa. B 1986 r. IOHI4CE@ Aala rorrrroK erofi pa6ore 6laro.qaps csoefi
nporpaMMe, paccr{HTaHnofi sa Aerefi s oco6o cJroxHbrx ycJroBurx, a flpaBoBbIe ocHoBbr Anfl Hee 6strnr cyulecrBeHHo ycuneHbr npr,rHrrr,reM s 1989 r.
KoureHquu OOH o flpaBax pe6eHxa, Koropas npeAycMarpr.rBaer BcecropoHHroro 3arrlr.rry ncex gerefi MoJroxe 18 ner (United Nations, 1993, pp.
IIHH))
a BocnpourneaeHHa, n llpeara6yne x KoHseHu]rH OOH o npaBax pe6eura 1989 r.,
Xeaescxas .(erJrapau[r, npr.rHcra, accau6leefi Jlxru Hauufi, noMnMo npotrero, rn4cr,rr:
<Pe6esox aonxeH HMerb Do3Moxxocrr rapa6arbrBarb ce6e cpeAcrra k cyurecrBoBaHlrro H
aoJIxeH 6rrru sauuuleH or ap6oft rlopr'aur 3rcnJryarauuu> (League of Nations, 1924,
p.43).
tu
flpo6aer,ru .uercrcoro rpyaa
173-195). Kour.rccllc OOH no npaBaM rreJroBeKa raxxe crarra yAenrrb
6onrrue BHr.{MaHH, AercxoMy rpyAy, qro HaurJro orpaxeHr.re B npr,rHrrr,rr,r B
1993 r. flporpauurr Aeficrsuft no rcKopeHeHnro sKcnJryara\uvt Aercxoro
rpyAa (United Nations Commission on Human Rights, 1993a, pp. Z3l240). Oaa npu3Bana Bce rocyAapcrBa parnQr.rqr,rpoBarb Konnenqnro o
npaBax pe6eHxa 1989 r. u [oAqepxHyJra BaxHocrb BcecropoHHero rpilMeHeHr,r, crarbr,r 32, xoropar HracHT:
<1. FocyaapcrBa-yqacrHr.rKu np[3Haror [paBo pe6exxa Ha 3arrlr{Ty or
3xoHoMuqecxofi excnnyara\t4w H BbrrroJrHeHxg mo6ofi pa6oru, Koropa,
MOXer OKa3arbcfl Onacsofi HJrr{ noMeruarb ero o6pa:onanrrc mr6o HaHecrr yqep6 3AopoBbro pe6euxa r{Jrr.r ero QnrruecxoMy, yMcrBeHHoMy, AyxoBHo My, MopanbHoMy r4ltlt coqnrlnbHoMy pa3Br{THrO.
2. Focy4apcrBa-yqacrHrKr AonxHbr npnHr,tMarb 3aKoHoAareJrbHbre,
N O6PASOBATEJIbHbIC MCPbI C IIEJIbIO
o6ecneqnrr BbrnoJIHeHHe Hacroflrqefi crarru. .{nr erofi uenut, Lt HMe, B
BHAy COOTBeTCTByTOIqUe noJroxeHHfl Apyrux MexAyHapoAHbrx Aor(yMeH_
AAMI{HI{CTPATHBHbIC, COI{HAJIbHbIE
TOB, rocyAapcTBa-yqacTHr,rKr,t
flpexAe Bcero AoJrxHbr:
a) co6lro4arb Mr,rHr,rManruufi Bo3pacr HJu.t Mr,rHuManbHbre Bo3pacrbr
AJrs npueMa na pa6ory;
6) o6ecnevr.rrb coorBercrByroqee perym.rpoBaHr.re npoAoJrxrreJrb H o cru r.r ycnoBufirpyIra1,
a) o6ecneur,rrb AoJIxHoe HaKa3aHue urvr caHKrlr{u, c reM uro6st st[QexrunHo co6nrcganncb noJroxeHr.rfl Hacrof,rrleft crarrn>>(united Nations
Commission on Human Rights, l993a,p.23G,para. l6).
flporparra rrr a Aehcrsufi trp r,r3 brBaer rar(xe rocyAapcrB a p arns uqrEpo sarr KoHseHrlr{rc MOT o MuHHMaJrbHoM Bo3pacre, 1973 r. (Ne l3g) n
flpeAJraraer MOT yBenr4qr{Tb co4eficrnue pa3BHBaroq}lMcf, crpaHaM ((c
IICJIbIO AKTI,IBI,I3HPOBATb I,IX YqACTHE B HOPMOTBOPVCCXOfi AE'TCJIbHOCTI,I II
npHMeHeHHe parnouqlrpoBaHHbrx xonaeuqnfi) (united Nations
Commission on Human Rights, l993a,p.236,para. l7).
KAK MEXAYHAPOAHOE NPABO ONPEAE"IIflET AETCKI{ff TPYA
B uexgynapoAHoM npaBe orcyrcrByer eAHHoe, qerKoe onpeAeneHue
AercKoro rpyI.a, EguucrreHsuft 6soronopovusrfi 3anper orHocnrc, K
Aercxofi flpocrr,rryr{r,rH r,r HanoMHHaroulr,rM pa6crno ueroAana, 3aflpeuleHHbIM AoKyMeHTaMI'I' KoTopble pacnpocTpaHsloTcfl TaKxe L Ha B3pocnblx
(Hanpnuep, AoJroBas ra6ana). Konnenqur Mor o npHHyAHTeJrbHoM
TpyAe, 1930 r (Ifs 29), paruQuqupoBaHHac uau6onrurnil,r .{Hcror',r crpaH
(144 no cocroflHuro Ha HroHb 1997 r.), r,rMeer pettrarcqee 3gaqeHr.re AJrt
3aulr,rrbr .qereft or Har{xyArrrnx sopu 3Kcflnyararlur,r. Kouurer 3xcneproB
Mor no npuMer{eHuro KoHBexr{r.rfi H per(oMeHaaqnfi s 1995 r. orMerr,rJr,
rrro xapaxrep Aercr(oro rpyaa qacro npn6maxaer ero x [pr.rHyAr,rreJrbHoMy rpyAy (ILO, 1996b, p. 27\.B .{acrHoctr, 3ro orHocurc, K AerrM, Ha-
llpo6.ner,ru,qercKoro rpyaa
105
xoArrrlHMc, B Ka6aJIe, u ux ucnoJrb3oBaHHlo B npocTllTy\uu u nopHorpa0Hlr.
AHarorur.{HbrM o6pa3oM Pa6oqas rpyrna OOH no coBpeMeHHbIM
gl(cflJlyarallurc Aerefi
Qopr,,rau pa6crna orHecJla npoAaxy ta ceKcy:rnbHylo
K coBpeMeHHuu Qoprr,rau pa6maa (ILO, 1996b, p.27).B 1996 r. Kounrer
OOH rto npaBaM pe6euxa, o6pasonanHurfi AJts cJIexeHI{t ra co6nroAeuneu
KoHreuqnn 1989 r., npuHf,n peKoMeHAaIr[Io, rAe noAqepKl,IBaercr, ttro
<<pe6enxa, xoropsrfi crar o6rexroM npoAaxn, npocrHTyI{H}I LIJIU nopHorpaQun, cneAyer [per,rMyrrlecrBeHHo paccMarpuBarb B KaqecrBe xeprBbl)
(United Nations, 1996, pp. 4-5). CoorrercrByrorrlue AoxyMeHru OOH no
sroMy Bonpocy Br(JrrorrarcT Kounenqurc 1949 r. o 6opr6e c ropronnefi
JrroAbMu r4 c sxcnnyatatlueit npocrr.rryqr{r, Tperb}rMr.r nurIaMH (United
Nations, 1983, pp. 7l-74) u .{ouornurenbHyro KoHBeHrIriro 1956 r. o6
ynpa3AHeHnu pa6crna, pa6oroproBll.v, a raxxe HHcrrrryroB r,r MeroAoB,
cxoxux c pa6maou (United Nations, 1983, pp. 6245). flocneAHsg xosBeHIrI,tt, B r{acrHocrl,I, oxBarblBaer AonroByro xa6any, KpeflocrHlrrlecrBo rt
<nrc6yrc npaKTr.rxy, KorAa pe6enox tawr noApocroK MoJroxe l8 ler nepeAaercfl, oAHlrM unu o6onur poAuTensuu nu6o oneKyHoM ApyroMy JrHrIy,
6y4r ro 3a nnary wnu 6ez Hee, c qenbro 3r(cnnyararlun pe6enxa lr noApocrKaulwr ero rpyAa) (United Nations, 1983, p. 63).
flouuuo naesaHHoft rrpaKTltxr,r, erqe oAHH o6rqufi 3anper, B coorBercrur4lt c MexAyHapoAHbrM npaBoM, orHocr,rrc, r( TpyAy Aereft uoloxe l2
ner. Kosnenqus Nb 138 npe4ycMarpnBaer Jrnrrrb ,qpa, BecbMa orpaHr,rrreHHbrx r'{cKJrror{eHr,rfl rr3 Ha3BaHHoro [paBr,tJra. flepnoe orHocnTc, x <pa6ore,
BbrnoJrHreMofi Aerrun H noApocrKaMu B tuxoJrax o6ulero, npo$eccuoHaJrbHoro nJrr,r rexHHr{ecxoro o6yueHur urru B Apyr[x yve6nurx 3aBeAeHrrrn> (cr. 6). flpyroe orHocrrrcs K yr{acrrdrc B xyAoxecrBeHHbrx Bbrcryrnennax (cr. 8). O4naxo nocneAHee ncKJrror{eHr,re npeAnoJraraer pa3peuJeHne
KOMrreTeHTHbrx opraHoB BJracTrd B KaxAoM oTAeJrbHoM Cnyqae.
Boo6ule roBopr, ecJrn He cq[Tarb curyalqlz.n, Ha[oMr{Haroque pa6crBo, MexAyHapoAHbre [paBoBbre HopMbr o AercKoM TpyAe orpaxarcr 6arauc, uafi4euuuft n Konneuquu Ns 138, rtrex4y ueo6xoAzuocrbro npnMupl,rrb (srerKnit rpyl, B TerreHue HecKoJrbKux qacoB B AeHb ... B AoMaruHeM
xogrficrne r,rJrH KaK qacrb neooprraaarnoro oopasoBaHr,rr r,rJrr,r noAforoBKH
B paMxax HopMaJrbHoro npoqecca B3pocneHur> (ILO-IPEC, 1995, p. 5), c
oAnofi cropoHbr, u 3arrIHTy nporr.rB snoynorpe6neuwit H onacHoro rpyAa,
c 4pyrofi. Tax .rro MexAyHapoAHa, 3aKoHHocrb roro, qro Aerrr AeJraror B
Bo3pacre or 12 lo 18 ner, onpeAeJrflerc, r,rcKJrroqlrreJrbHo ccbrJrKoft sa
o6nlue nn4sl pa6or ytJrvt 3aHrrocrrr, 3a[peuleHHbre B onpeAeJreHHoM Bo3pacre (xoropsrfi ueHrercr) B 3aBr.rcr,rMocrr,r or xapaKTepa pa6orul ulunu
ycloruft ee Bbr[oJrHe[t4fl,, a raKxe ypoBH, gKoHoMr,rqecKoro pa3Br,rrH,
crpaHbr ulunu HarlnoHanbuux ocooennocrefi. Hopuu, 3iuroxeHHbre B
KoueeHqnn I& 138, o6o6uleurr s ra6r. l.
llpo6.neuu Aercr(oro rpyaa
Ta6ruua
Mrnrua.nunrrfi oorpacr B coorBercrBrn c Konaenurefi
(cr.2)
l(cr1
B HopuaauHurx ycJroBurx: 15 ner u 13ner
craprrJe (He uuxe norpacra o6r-
I
Jlb 138
l(cr.3)
l8
rsr
(l6 aer ycnoano)
3areJrLHoro urKoJrbHoro o6pa3oaaxue)
flpu ycroauu HeAocraroqHoro par-
12
ler
Br{Tr{, SxoHoMurrl H o6pa3oBaTenbHofi
I8 ner
(16
cucreurr: l4 rer
ler yclorHo)
H c r o q H H K: ILO, 1996b, p. 24, tabl. I.
3AKOHOAATETTbCTBO
lr
TTPAKTTIKA oTAEIIbHbIX CTPAH
EonrruuucrBo rocyAapcrB - rrJrerroB MOT (133 us 174 sa r(oHeu QeBpanfl 1997 r.) parra$uqrpoBanu no MeHbrrrefi uepe oAHy H3 I I xoHseHrlrdfi
o MHHHMaJTsHoM Bo3pacre (Hansenne, 1997). KoHneHquro Ne 138 Ao Hacrcirulero BpeMeHu parr.rQuqupoBilJrn 53 rocy4apcrBa. Xorr 9To nyqurnfi
p$ytrbTaT no cpaBHeHr,rrc c 6onee paHHr,rMr4 KoppexTr.rpoBKaMr.r HopM o
Mr,rHr,rMiIJrEHOM BO3paCTe, CHTyaqrdq no-npexHeMy BHyUJaeT O3a6OrreHHocrb. .(eficrnrrenbHo, cyulecrByer 6oluurofi pa3pbrB MexAy srHrrtr.r 53
parriQr{KarlrflMu 14 187 parr.rQuKaur,tflMn Kourenqun OOH o npaBax pe6eHxa 1989 r. - pa3pbrB, xoropsrfi orqerJrr.rBo cBr.rAereJrbcrByer o rpyanocrrx, cBr3aHHbrx c [epeBoAoM MexAyHapoAHoro KoHceHcyca o rly6uuHbrx gTlrqecr(Hx npHHrrHnax Ha s3brK KoHKperHbrx AeficrBrnit, zarparuBarcrqnx sKoHoMxr{ecKr{e u cour4oxynbrypHbre npo6neuu. 3ru rpy4nocrrd, paBHo Kax BaxHocrb noATBepxAeHr,r, Mopa.nbHofi qelu, 6ulll,r or_
r(poBeHHo [3JrOXeHbr r .{ernapaqHH npaBlrreJrbcrBa vlH$uu B cBr3tr c ee
nprcoeAr.rHeHrleM x flernapaqnu OOH o npaBax pe6eHKa:
<<flongocrbro noAAep)KilBafl, qeJrn r,r 3a,.aqu KoHBeHrIr,rH, co3HaBar,
qro Hexoropbre npaBa pe6eHKa, a r,lMeHHo re, Koropbre orHocf,Tcfl K 3KOHoMI,IqecKr,IM, coqtraJrbHbrM I,t KynbrypHbtM o6nacrqM, Moryr 6urr lrrus
nocreneHHo peanr{3oBaHbr B pa3Br,rBarorrlHxc, crpaHax B 3aBUCT,TMOCTH OT
o6reua r.rMeroulfixcr pecypcoB r.r B paMKax MexAyHapoAHoro corpyAHur{ecrBa; co3HaBas, qTo pe6eHoK AOnXeH 6Urr saquuleH or ncex sopna sxcnnyaTalln[, BKJITOqa' 9KOHOMU9OCXyIO gKCnnyaTauHlo; oTMerlar, qTo IIo
prAy rpuqlrH Aeru pa3Horo Bo3pacra 4eficrnurelbHo pa6orarcr n I4n4nu;
NPEANHCAB MHHHMAJIbHbIC BO3PACTbI AJI' HCNOJIb3OBAHVfl HA OIACHbIX
pa6orax H B Apyrux o6nacrrx; npeAycMorpeB 3aKoHoAareJrbHbre HopMbr B
OTHOIIIEHI,IU NPOAONXI,ITCJIbHOCTI,T N YCNOBHfi TPYAA; CO3HABAg, IITO HCnpaKTr,rrrHo HeMcAneHHO npeA[Hcarb Mr.IHr,t MrurbHbre Bo3pacrbr Alrs nrc6ofi
107
Ilpo6.neuu Aercroro rpyAa
cQepbr 3aHrrocrr,r B I[HAuu, npaBI,ITeJIbcrBo VlHAt4vr o6r3yercr npllHtrb
Mepbr Arrs nocreneHHoro ocyqecrBJleHlu nonoxeHufi crarbu 32, oco6enHo nyHKTa 2(a), t coorBercrBl,I[ c HaIIIdoHiuIbHbIM 3aKoHoAarenbcrBoM I'I
MexAyHapoAHbIMLI AoKyMeHTaMLI, Koropbl e l4laryus noAnllcaJla> (United
Nations Committee on the Rights of the Child, 1997 , p.2l)s.
Cornacno HeAaBHeMy o6ropy 3axoHoAareJlbcrBa L npaKTIlKtI, npoBeAeHHoMy MET no 155 crpaHau, s l22Ir3AaHbI 3aKoHbI, 3arpeqarcqre
TpyA Aereft MoJroxe 14 ner r{ crapue - no MeHbuIefi ruepe B prAe orpacnefi,, a raM, rAe oH no 3aKoHy pa3pellreH, npeAycMorpeHbl ycJloBufl Ntfl
BbrnoJrHeHlrr pa6oru. Bo unorux crpaHax ycraHoBneH 6onee sslcoxlrfi
Bo3pacr Arn onacHbrx pa6or, a s 6omu[rHcrBe cflyrlaeB 3anpeqeHbl TaKHe
flBfieHns., KaK rrp[rHyAlrrensnrrfi n xa6aarsuit Aercxri.it rpyA, a raxxe cexcyarb*afl 3xcrrryararrus Aereft (ILO, 1996b, pp. 47-79; cM. raxxe United
Nations Commission on Human Rights, 1993b). OAsaxo B cpaBHurenbHo
HeMHorHx crpaHax ycraHoBneH o6qnfi uunuuanrnufi Bo3pacr Arc
npneMa na mo6yrc pa6ory, KaK roro rpe6yer KoHseHrI[s Ns 138. Kax
npaBr,rJro, ocHosHofi Mr,rHuM:urbHufi ro:pacr B crpaHax orHocr,rrcq Jrr,rrrrb K
orAeJrbHbrM orpacnrM r{ 3aHrrrdrM. Celrcxoe xo3rficrno, pa6ora Ha ceuefiHux npeAnpr.rrrt4flx u B KaqecrBe Aouarunefi flpucnyru o6HqHo ns
flpaBun I,IcKJIIoqaIorce. .(pyrr,re rr{nur{Hbre HcKJIroqeHilfl ,13 HopM cBr3aHbr
c MaJrbrMn npeAnpurruxrrrn (nepegSo c qr{cJroM pa6orarcqnx ueuee l0),
yr{eHur{ecrBoM, caMo3aHtrocrblo, nagounofi , rpeueHuofi unn clyvafixofi
pa6orofi (ILO, 1996b, pp. 33-34; cM. raxxe pp.3946, table 4, rAe npuBeAeHbr Mr{Hr,rMiurbHbre Bo3pacrbr B paccMorpeHHbrx crpanax).
flpurr,repno B noJroBr.tHe crpaH AerflM MoJroxe npeAycMorpeHHoro 3aKoHoM Bo3pacra pa3perrreHo BbrnoJrHrrb, no xpafinefi uepe, Hexoropbre
BIdAbI Jlerxrdx pa6or. MnHuualrurrft aorpacr AJrs JrerKHx pa6or o6H.rHo
paBeH l2 ro4au n CenepHofi, IOxnofi Auepnxe r,r A$puxe u 13-14 roAaM
n Erpone. Ho.qnq MHorr,rx npaBuTenbcrB rJraBHbrM [penqrcrB[eM Ha nyrn
paru$uxaquu Konnenunn Nb 138 cnyxr.rr orpeAeneHr.re ulunu perynnpoBaHr,re <<lerxofi pa6orrr>.
BaxHuu ac[er(ToM npaBoBoro peryJrnpoBaHns Ha Harl]roHzurbHoM
ypoBHe rBJrreTc, B3aHMO3aBrACr,rMOCTb MeXAy 3aKOHOAaTenbCTBOM O MHs
Cne4yer orMeruTb, qro
BeHur,ro, ToJrbxo
Vuaus
r.r3
BHecJra
Bcex pa3Br.rBarcu{Hxc, crpaH, paruQr.rqr.rponanurux KoH-
lexnapau[Kr, orHocrqypcc K Mr.rHuMaJrbHoMy Bo3pacry
B
coorBercrBuu co cr. 32. OAxaxo HecoMHeHHo, qro peaJrucrnr{Hoe 3arBJreHue Vn4un xaparoepHo .[Ju cHryauHH Bo MHorux Apyrux pa3Br.rBarouluxcfl c'rpaHax. Hanpuuep, oro
HauJro orpaxeHue B 3arBJreHHH MHHHcrpa rpyaa Kuras ua HeSopr'aanuuofi rpexcropoHHefi acrpeue s MET Ha ypoBHe MHHr,rcrpoB no BonpocaM Aerckoro rpyAa n urone 1996 r.:
<.{ercxr.rfi Tpya
- 3To ,BJreHHe,
HexeJrareJrbHoe Aag
np6ofi crpaHbr
...
Y,{ilrulrac pa3nuq[t
MexAy crpaHaMn B oruolueHHx oKpyxaoulefi cpegur, coq[aJrbHo-gxouoMr,tqecrlx ycno-
rufi, nleoloruu,
u rrlo.qe.neft 3koHoMuqecKoro pa3Blrur, MexAyHanoJrHbrM rfoHrMaH[eM orHecrncb x pa3B[Baroulr{Mc, crpaHaM B BOnpOCe y[pa3AHeHr,rs.[eTcroro TpyAa u Bo3AepxaTbc, oT HaBr3brBaHr,rs llM cpoKoB
PoAHoe
uru
rpa4nl.1ai., pecypcoB
coo6uectso AoJIxHo c
o6snHeHr.rfi n ux aapec a oroft
csr3u) (lLO, 1996a, p. l0).
llpo6.neruu aercKoro rpyAa
108
MaJrbHoM Bo3pacTe H 3ar(oHoAaTeJrbcTBo M o6 o6s:arelbHo M o6pa3oBanuu. O5ssareJrbHoe o6pasonanue B Hcropr.rqecKoM nnaHe oKa3anocb oAHHM H3 Hau6onee eQQerrunubrx r,rHcrpyMeHToB nHKBr,rAar{HH Aercxoro
TpyAa, orcroAa flr.nafl, cBr3b, ycraHoBneHHas n KoHseHrlrdrd Ns 138 MexAy
Mr,rHr.rManbHbrM Bo3pacroM Arq npueMa na pa6ory n Bo3pacroM 3aBeprreHr,r
Hr,rs o6csareJrbHoro o6pasouaur,rr. (ConocraBJreHr,re erux o6ssareJrbHbrx
HopM Ha HarluoHilrrbHoM ypoBHe crr,r. ILO, 1996b, pp.3949, table 4). JLo-
6ar cepre:Harr fioflbrrxa perxeHus npo6leurr AercKoro rpyAa AoJrxHa
Bxrror{arb noAnr,rHHyro o6qsaHHocrb npeAocraer,rrr 6ecnrarHoe r,r o6staTeJrbHoe o6pa:onaHne BceM AerflM Ao AocruxeHl{, Bo3pacra, KorAa HM
pa3perlaercc nocrynarb Ha pa6oryo. Hanpuuep, B KaqecrBe rrrara, rBHo
HanpaBneHHoro Ha yMeHbrrreHHe AercKoro rpyAa, npaBrdreJrbctso I/.LrAuu
HeAaBHo o6rsnuno o roM, rrro B r,rroJre 1997 r. B napnaMeHT BHeceH 3axoHonpoeKT, npeAycMarpunarcrqufi 6ecnnarsoe u o6g:arenrnoe o6paronaHr4e Ntfl scex 4erefi B Bo3pacre or 6 Ao 14 ner. Ecnu:aron 6yaer npuHrr,
ou 6yAer o3Har{arb cepr*uufi nporpecc, TaK KaK BHocHT no[paBxy B
r(oHcruryruro crpaHbr, Aeras, o6paaonaHue QyH4arraeHTanbHbrM [paBoM
Aerefi.
Bo uHorux Apyrux pa3BuBaroquxc, crpaHax raxxe BBoAsrc,
Ao-
nonHHTeJIbHbIe 3aKoHoAaTeJIbHbIe HopMbI Ir flpaBl{na o AeTcKoM lPYAe, a s
HeKoropbrx HeAaBHo 6rrlu ycnleHbr HaKa3aHVfl, 3a HapyrxeHuc (ILO,
1996b, pp. 88-89), Ho uraBHbrM npenrrcrBr,reM Ha nyrn 4eftcmeuuofi npasosofi 3arrlr,ITbr ocraerc, cla6ocrr MexaHH3Ma npoBeAeHr,r, 3axoHoB B
xr,r3Hb. Tax xax 4eru o6rtvuo pa6orarcT B ceJrbcKou xo:gficrne, B Kaqecr-
u n ueQopManbHoM ceKTope, 6onrurag qacrb Aereit zautra raM, rAe rpyAoBoe npaBo flpaKTnqecxn se co6nro Laercs, (ILo,
1996b,p. 87). Kpoue roro, yrrurbrBas xapaKrep H uacrura6rr npo6neusr,
6ruo 6u Hepeiuucrr,rqHo noJrararb, r{To ee MoxHo peuraTb npocro nyreM
Be AoMarxHeft npr,rcnyru
ycl,.ileHufl, HarlHoHiurbnoft nscnerqr,rH TpyAa r,r KoHTpons sa co6rroAeHHeM
3aKOHOAareJrbCTBa. cUlrsoe 3aKoHoAareJrbcrBo r,r sssexrnsHsrfi xoH-
Tponb ueo6xoAllubr, Ho r,tx cneAyer AoflonHr,trb raKxe ycuJrvs,MH B Apyr[x
Ha[paBneHusx. Hexoropbre r,r3 nrax 6y4yr paccMorpeHbr Hr,rxe, Ho cHar{ana npeAcraBJrrerc, yMecrHbrM flpr,rBecrr,r HeKoropbre Qarru o AercKoM
rPYAe'
ruTCKUft TPyA B COBPEMEHHOM MrrPE
Jfto6aq nonbrrKa orleHKr,r pacnpocrpaHeHr,t, AercKoro rpyAa B Mr.rpe
xe HaraJrKr,rBaerc,r Ha ABa flpenrrcrBr,rr. flepnoe orHocHTc, K ca_
MoMy onpeAeJIeHlIIo AercKoro rpyI.a, rITo 3arpyAHqer ero I,I3MepeHI4e
cpa3y
0
Heroropure npo6reuu, c r(oropbrMr.r craJlxnBarorc, pa3Br.rBarouuecr crpauu a orofi
<PeQopr,.ra o6paroranne: npo6aerurr r.r reHAeHrrHH) B
International Labour Review (Geneva), vol. 134 (1995), Ns 6, pp. 753_770.
_
o6racru, paccMorpeHbr B crarbe
l0!)
llpo6aenru Aercroro rpyaa
3To
npHMeHrdTenbHo K Bo3pacTy u Bl,1rAaM AerTenbHocTI,tT. BTopoe xe
nonpocry oTcyTcTBr.re HaAexHoft, He roBopfl yxe o conocTaBltMofi, Ha-
-
qr.roHiurbHoit craructuKr,t no 3Tofi npooJreMe. C yrIeToM pa3HHIIbI MeXAy
rtncJroM Aereft luKoJrbHoro Bo3pacra, Qaxrnvecxu noceqaroql,tx IrIKoJIy, H
o6[IHM r{r,rcJroM Aeref 3Tofi Bo3pacrHofi rpyflnbr MoxHo cAeJlarb npnMepHbre pacqerur
(ra6n. 2), uo onu Maro rrro Aalor An, orleHxlr AercKoro rpy-
Ta6a nua
{ngrennosrs Acrei
r
2
Aturfl yqauuxcf, ruK(M
urorrbr s 1990-1995 rr.. %
t
Palsuaalounece
cTpaHbr
AQpuxa rcxuee CaxaPbr
Erxxsnft Bocror
267
r90
102
86
58
92
82
51
26
62
432
97
95
51
57
32
49
t34
86
86
45
49
r93
56
45
8r
50
n CerepHar
AQpura
IOxHac Arr,tc
Bocro,{Has Alus u
37t
4l
2t
49
cr-paurr 6accefisa Tnxoro
oKeaHa
Jlaruxcxas AuepEKa r.r cTpaHbt
Kapu6croro
6accefiHa
Hanuexee
pa3BH-
2l
80
82
97
97
99
84
57
49
Tbre cTpaHbt
I-[eHrpaluuae u Boc-
ro.ruar ErponalCHF
flpourruueuuo
BHTbre cTpaHbI
Becr unp
pa3-
r05
r38
t 473
97
88
V cr o q H H K: I4ssre.{eHue ur UNICEF,
1997,
pp.98-99, table
t2
10.
z Hanpurr,rep, B rroAroroBrirenbHbrx Aor(yMeHTax K HeQopr,aaarHofi rpexcropounefi
Bcrpeqe Ha ypoBHe Mr{Hr.rc'rpoD tr B Apyrux cnyqarx MET ucnonu3yer repMHH <aercxufi
'I?ya) npuMeHHTeJrbHo XO BCeM BIAaM 3KOHOr UqeCrOfi AerrenbHocrn (npouraoacrao
roBapoB H ycnyr Aff pbrHKa, 6aprepa Hrr co6crseHxoro norpe6aeaur) auu uoloxe I5
ngr. B orrru,tne or ororo, B r,rccneAoBaHnrr, npoBe.ueHxorrl MNsucrepcrBoM TpyAa CIIIA,
npuHrr ,[BofiHofi craHAapr c yqeroM KoHreHqnu .l\& 138, a r.rMeHHo .(m Aerefi uoloxe l5
rer B pa3BHTbrx crpaHax H Moroxe 14 rct - B pa3Br.rBarouHxcr crpaHax (crr,r., Hanpr.ruep,
United States Department of Labor, 1994).
n0
llpo6.nenru Aercrcoro rpyAa
Aa. KoHKpeTHbre AaHHbre o AeTcKoM TpyAe r.rMerorcr B HeMHorHx crpa-Hax
- He B nocJIeAHIOIO
OqepeAb nOTOMy, rrTO AeTH nO 3aKOHy He AOJTXHbT
paoorarb. B cauou AeJre, lrMerorcs BecKue ocHoBaH[r, AJrs orKa3a or ra(oro yrrera, xoropufi BbrsBrrJr 6u pacxoxgeHr{e MexAy oSuqr,ranrHoft
nonnruxofi n pealrHofi upaxrrxofi n rpo3un 6rr npunneqb HexeJrareJrbHoe BHlrMaHne K crpaHe co cropoHbl uuporoft o6rqecrneuHocrr,r.
.(o nocne4Hero BpeMeHr npaBl,rreJrbcrBa He cl(noHHrr 6rrnu gaxe
npr.r3HaBarb npo6reuy, oco6enuo B ee caMbrx ocrpbrx t[oprrrax. B EpasnItttu, HarlpttMep, HzIJrHrrLre AoJIroBofi xa6anu u npI{HyAHTeJrbHoro rpyAa
6ruo npusnaHo MxnucrepcrBoM rpy4a Jrrrrrb s 1993 r. (United States
Department of Labor, 1994, p.4l). A n flaxucraHe, noArr{casueru KoHBeHrIHro MOT o npurryAureJrbHoM rpyAe (1930 r., Ne 29) s 1957 r. u KosBeHr{r.rrc o6 ynpasaHeHr,tu npr.rHyA}rreJrbHoro rpyAa (1957 r., Ne 105) a
1960 r., Jrr,rrrrb s 1992 r. 6ru npr.rHrr 3aKoH, xoropurfi oQuqualuro orMeHur AeficrsoBaBrrryrc B crpaHe cr.rcreMy xa6alrsoro rpylas. Ho u nocle
groro r oQuqualbHoM Aor(yMeHTe, ony6rurxoraHHoM Muuucrepcrnou
rpy4a n 1995 r., 6u.no cKa3aHo: <Vrnepx4eHns MexAyHapoAHbrx cpeAcrB
uacconofi unQoprrlaqau o sxo6rr tulapoxo pacnpocrpaHeHHoM AsrcKoM r4
xa6anrnou qlyae [oAarorc, Tar(r,rM o6pasou, xoropufi cBrrAerenbcrByer
o 3aroBope Her(oropbrx 3a[aAHbrx crpaH u uu.qnficx]rx opraHoB c rlenbro
onopoqnrb flaxucran>, xorfl <<flaxncran yxe He flBils,gtcfl, HcxflroqeHr,reM), Aa u se 6rm r.rM Hr.rKorAa (Government of Pakistan, 1995, p. l7).
.{eficrnnrenbHo, Bonpoc renepb yBr3brBaror c Ar,tcxyccnefi o uex4ynapo4nofi ToproBJre, u HeKoropbre qnQprr, npr,rBoAriMbre Bo BHeurHux trcTorrHuxax o qr{cJre pa6orarorqux gerefi n pa6orarcrrlux Ha ocHoBe xa6aaH,
yTpaTl,.ril4 AOCTOBepHOCTb.
OAsaxo B Hacrorrqee BpeMr qyBcrBr,rrenbHocrr crpaH B Boflpoce o
Tor{HbIx AaHHbIx orrlacrl,I [oreptJra 6utlyro ocrpory, TaK Kar( npaBHTenbcrBa Bo BceM Mr.rpe Bce qaule npr,r3Haror HilJrr,rque cepreHofi npo6.reurr
AercKoro rpyaa lr - rrro errle BaxHee - neo6xoAr,rMocrb KaKHx-To Aeficrsufi s erofi o6lacru.
Xorr 4ercxuit rpyl, cyulecrByer B npoMbrruJreHHo pa3Br,trbrx crpaHax
H norBJrsercfl Bo MHorr,lx crpaHax c nepexoAHofi sxoHorvil,rxofi, uau6olrIuee pacnpocTpaHeHHe oH [OlyrrHn B pa3Br,tBarouluxc, cTpaHax, r,r He
TOnbKO IIO 3KOHOMLIqeCKI,IM npI,IrII,tHaM, HO r,r npocTo [oToMy, r{To 3Aecb
npoxHBaror 87oh Aerefi B Bo3pacre Ao l8 ner (UNICEF,1997,p.2$. C
yqeroM oKc[epuMeHTaJrbHbrx o6cle4onaHuit t ptge crpaH, Ercpo crarvcr}{KH MET noacr{HTaJro, qro (B pa3BHBaroulHxc, crpaHax He rraeuee 120
unn. 4erefi B Bo3pacre or 5 Ao 14 ler pa6oraror noJrHoe BpeMr, a ecllu
Ao6asnrr rex, AJu Koropbrx pa6ora - gro BTopr,rqHurft BuA AeflTenbHocru,
8 Asanug 3aroxa o6 orueHe cucreMbr ra6aruuoro
Labour Bulletin (Geneva), 1992, I& 4, Dec., pp.442444.
rpyrc
1992
r.
crr,r.
Social and
Ilpo6nenu aetrcxono rpyAa
111
6oree qeM BADoe (Ao 250 unn.)> (ILO, 1996b, p.7)e.
Hau6orsuee a6comorHoe qficro pa$oraloqux Aetefi r A3nn, Ha Koropylo npfixoAurcfl 6loh pa6orapqnx B MHpe AErefi, no cpaBHeHulo c loh s
JlaruHcxofi Auepuxe. Ho nrtue Bcero Aorr pa6oraloulnx Aerefi s eroil
nospacrHofi rpynne r AQpr,rxe - oxoJro 40% o6qero ql{cJra Aerefi
5-14 rer.
flpe4crauuercs, r{To B Hacrorqee BpeMf, cyrqecrByer ul{poroe MexAyHapoAHoe couracre orHocr.rreJlbHo oqeHox MET, r{3 roropblx BbrreKaer, qro rpyA criur yAeJroM npr,IMepHo 250 unH. Aerefi B Bo3pacre.qo l4 nEr
Bo BceM Mrdpe. IOHI4CEO corJraceH c orlenxofi npnMepHo n 250 urx.,
npnrreM 190 rr,tnH. orHocrrc, K Bo3pacrHofi rpynne l0-14 Jrer, r{3 xoropblx
(ffpn qerBeprr,r ... pa6oraror ruecrr AHefi B HeAerrro nnn 6onrure, a [oJIoBuHa - no AeBrrb qacoB B AeHb nnn 6olrue> (UNICEF, 1997, p.25 and
fig. 3). HenpanurerbcrBeHHbre opraHn3arlnn (xanpruep, <<CnacHTe Aerefi>) u MexgynapoAHa, xos$e.qepaqNr cno6oAnsrx npoQcoro3oB, Koropaa cqrTarr, r{To ((HanxyArrr[rM t[oprvrarrl gxcnnyararl[[ noADeprarorcf,
AerI,I qerbrpex-nrrr,t JreD), qaule yfloMr.rHaror o6qylo qHQpy [prrMepHo B
200 rvrnn. (o'.r. ILO-IPEC,1996; ICFTU, 1997)..(err xe B Bo3pacre l+18
JIer ocrarorcfl crarrrcruqecxoft uepxofi 4upofi, xorr oHu Aolrxxu 6urr
3arrlurrleHbr or (oflacHulx> pa6or xax B coorBercrBnn c Kounexqnefi
Ilb 138, rax r,r c Koxreuqnefi OOH o npaBax pe6enxa.
floAausroulee 6onrur.rHcrBo pa6omloulnx Aerefi - gro HeonJraqHBaeMbIe rpyArutrnecfl, 3aHsrbre Ha se6olsrunx ceuefinurx npeAnpurrurx B
r4x rrHcro Bo3pacrer
ropoAcxoM ueSopualuHoM cexTope ulapt ceJrbcxoM TpaAxrIHoHHoM ceKTope (ILO, 1996c, p. 5). Xorr Aonfl ropoAcxoro Aercxoro rpyAa no M€,pe
6utcrpofi yp6aHrEraqur{ pa3BuBarouyxc, crpaH HeyxnoHHo Bo3pacraer,
xosQrlnqneHr yqacrr,rfl Aerefi B gxoHoMr{qecxofi AerrenbHocru s rno6amHoM Macrxra6e coxpanserc, Ha 6oree BbrcoxoM ypoBHe s cenucxofi MecrHocru. O6cneAonaHr{, B Faue, Yluauu, LIHAoHesr,ru u Celrerale noxiut,urll,
.rro 6oree 314 scex pa6oraroqnx Aerefi npnxoArrrcr Ha ceJrbcxyro MecrHocrb, rAe B cpeAHeM AeBrrb n3 AecflTn pa6orarcqnx Aerefi 3aHrrbr B
ceJrbcxoM xogrficrse r,rJur cMexHbrx BHAax AerreJrbHocru (ILO, 1996d).
e O ctatncrrqecxux rpy.qnocrrx npu oqeHxe
rao6anrnutx uacurra6or Aercxoro rpyAa cBnAerenBcrByer 6oasuofi pa3pbtB Me)rAy np[BeAeHHbtMH AaHHbrMn ], p€ynbraraM[,
noJryqeHHbrMu MET lurus HecKoJrbKlrMn MecrqaMr paxDue Ha ocxoBe tn$opuaquu
(recrua orpaHrqenHofi), nocrynnauefi npruepuo or 100 crpaH. IlepnonatraJrbno 3ro
no3DoJrHJro METcaelarr BbrroA, qro3xoHoMBqecxH arrllBHuus r 1995 r. n uupe 6rmll
<6oaee 73
ulH.> Acrefi s Bo3pacre I 0-l 4 ner, npuqeM no peruoHaM .qoJu cocraBJr iaa:
13 Yo
acexAer€ftnorofirospacrr.rofirpynnerAruu,26,3%-uAQpnxeug,SYo-rJlaruHcxofi
Aueprxe (cu. npecc-pearr MET/GLK/| or l0 nrcxr 1996 r.). To, uro npure.qexrure qr$-
olpaxapr Jllllub qacrb KaprrHtl, 6ttno oqeBr4qno, noMnMo [poqero, 113 [Merou${xc,
yqauluxcr urxoa (cu. mfu.2\. Pasyuecrcr, 3To He o3xaqaer, qro Dce acrlt,
He noceuatou1ne uKolry, pa6oraror. Ho, uanpnvep, np[MeH[TeJrrro x Aepnre rpyAno
coflracoBarb rolrc pa6oraputux Asrefi E Bo3pacre 10-14 ler (26%) c aoneft,qer€fi, xoropbre He noceuaror lrrKoJry r r(oropa, coqraBJrrer noqru 50olo (cu. UNICEF,1997,p.52,
pbt
AaHHbrx o aone
fie.7).
Ilpo6aeuu aercrono rpyAa
K HOBOff r(OITBEITII&r MOT
. Xorr KoHseHrlr,rg OOH o npaBax pe6pHKa, parHQr,II{HpoBaHHafl MHofrrMu crpaHaMH, B o6uleM cqr{Taer AerbMrd nuq Monoxe 18 ner (ecrn
ToJrbKo coBeprrreHHoJrerue He Hacrynaer a 6oree paHHeM noepacre), cr.32
n.2 (o KoHKperHbrx Mepax, Koropbre cneAyer rrpuHsrb B orHorueHnr AercKoro rpyAa) npeAraragT focyAapcrBaM-qJleHaM yr{LITbIBarb (cooTBercTByroqre HopMbr ApyrHx MexAyHapoAHbrx AoKyMeHToB), K KoTopbrM
tBHo orHocflTc, Taxxe KoHBeHrr[H r{ pexoMeHAaquu MOT. floorouy tr,roxgr noKa3arbc, [apaAoKcaJrbHbrM, rrro cnycrs 24 rola nocne flpnrrrvrfl
Kouneuqun Ns l38: ee parraonqupoBanlr MeHee rperr4 crpaH, paruQnqrapoBaBrurx KoHseHrIHrc OOH 1989 r. B .{acrHocru, ee He parnQuqraporanr,r crpaHbr A3r,u, 3a r,rcKfiroqenueu HenaJra, xou sa Agurc flpuxoAlrrc,
rplrMepHo 60ohpa6oraroqnx B Mr.rpeAerefi. Bonpoc o paruQnxa\uvpaccMarpr,rBaerc, B pflAe Apyrfix qrpaH, oAHaKo MOT cquTaer ManoBeposrurru, .rro6rr s 6rr,rxaftureu 6y4yuleM .r[cno parr.r$raxaquit npu1ttu3r.rJrocb
r parrQuxarlurM Apyrux ocHoBHbrx xoHneHqqE MOT (ILO, 1997a,p.2).
Ha QoHe runpoKoro MexAyHapoAHoro corraiug orHocuTeJrbHo ocHoBHbrx MopaJlbHbrx npr,rHrlunoB roplrAurrecKar npo6reua, cJreAoBareJrbHo, cBoAtrrcs K onpeAeJleHuro BHAoB pa6or ultu 3aHsrvrfi, roropsre no
cBoeMy xapaxTepy I,InI,I ycJroBHflM Hx BbrnonHeHr,rs cr{HTaroTcs HenoAxoAsIrlHMt{ Nm Aereit Hr,rxe onpe.(eneHHoro Bo3pacra. fAe-ro MexAy MopiurbHbrMr,r npr,rHr{r,rnaMw yr ux ToJrKoBaHHeM r4 np}rMeHeHrneM corJracr4e
rdcqe3aer. B canrou AeJIe, B ocHoBe HsrHeruuefi Ar,rcKyccpt[ o uoptrlax n o6Iracrlt Aercxoro rpyAa Jrexlrr onpeAeneHue pa3nnr{Hbrx creneneft
(HenplrroAHocru)), ux xlaccuQuKa\ur, r.r 3anper npHMeHHTeJrbHo K orAeJrbHbrM Bo3pacrHbrM rpyflnaM. <Mex4y BerrIaMH, Koropbre, KaK Mbr Bce
cqI,ITaeM, npeAcraBJrflrcr co6oft xpafiHrcro 3Kc[nyararlvtto, yt BeulaMrr, KoTopble Mbr cqr,rraeu 6rarorsopHbrMu Anr pa3BHTnr pe6enra, nexuT pcA
BaxHbrx o6racrefi. 3ro necrua cepbe3Ha, npo6neua rtpu paccMorpeHnr.r
3anpera sa Aercxnfi TpyA, rax KaK B KaxAofi xynurype cyulecrByror cBor.{
B3ffIrAbr Ha ro, r(aK TpyA BJrr{rer Ha pa3Br.trr,re pe6euxa> (Roberts, 1996, p.
35). Muorne crpaHbr cquTaror, rrro onpeAeresue ululu perynupoBaHue
<<aerxofi pa6orsr> - gro cepb$Hoe npensrcrBne Ha nyrr.{ paruSr,rxaqran
Kounenquu Ns 138 (ILO, 1996b, p.35). AHaaorr.{Hbre rpyAHocrr.r Bo3HrrKalor nprd orHeceHHr.r pa6or K qucry ((onacHbrx) (ILO, 1996b, p. 4?).
Ha Anacrep4aucxofi xonSepeHrlr{u no AercxoMy rpyAy a Qespale
1997 r. Fenepalunurfi 4r.rpexrop MET o6o6ulran cr.rryarlnro cneAyroulrdM
o6paron,t:
<Konueuqus Ns 138 - ero oAHH r,r3 ocHoBHbrx AoKyMeHros MOT ... r
ocraerc, B Karrecrse oAxofi r{3 BaxHbrx onop Bcecropouuefi noJrr,rrrdxu 6opr6sr c AercKr.tM rpyAorra Ha Har{uoHaJrbHoM ypoBHe. Onurr, oAHaKo,
noKa3aJr, rrro KoHBeHr{r,r, cmAa€r npo6.nenrbr AJrr pflAa crpaH, Koropble
cqrlTaloT ee cJrI,rIuKoM cloxuofi Alrs noJlHoro npHMeHeHHr, a noroMy Bo3oHa
llpo6.neruu Aercnoro rpyAa
113
or ee paTr,IonKa\nu. Tax qro npeAcTaBJrrerc, HeooxoAllpa3pa6orarr
HossIft AoKyMeHT, xoroputfi B cBHoM snAe 6111 6st saMbrM
rleneH nporlrB xpaftHux Qoprrr Aercxoro rpyAa. 3ra Hosas KoHBeHIILL
Aepxr.rBarorc,
AonoJrHHT, Ho He 3aMeHHT KoHseHultrc Ne 138.
Muponoe coo6qectso AonxHo npotBuTb cBolo npllBepxeHHocrb coBMecrHbrM Aeft crst,tsrr,t nyreM npHHrrI,L MexAyHapoAsoft ronneHlllru, 3anpeqaroqefi rce nenpueMJreMbre $opuu AercKoro rpyAa. Taxas KoHBeHrrnfl 3a[onHura 6u npo6en B cyrqecrByroqux MexAyHapoAHbIx npaBoBbtx
AoKyMeHTax no oroMy Bonpocy n onpeAenl{ra 6u r{erxue npuop}ITerbl
N$ Aeficrsrafi n crpaHax H Ha MexAyHapoAHoM ypoBHe) (Hansenne,
1997,p.2).
Ha csoefi 265-i,t ceccfivt B Mapre 1996 r. A4unnucrpatnsHrtfi coBer
MET $axruqecxlr petut,rn BHecrH Aercrnfi rpya s noBecrxy Ans MexAyuapo4uoft xon$epeHqrr Tpy4a 1998 r., HMefl B BlrAy npr{Hsrb HoBbre MexAyHapoAHbre HopMbr s o6racru rpy4a, Koropbre nplrArurr,r 6sr npuopr.rTeTHOe 3HaqeHr,re (HeMeAJreHHsllrr 4efi crnurM IIo [peKparqeHr,rro HeTepn[uoft srcnnyara\fiu.qerefi Ha onacHbrx pa6orax u Bilglax AeqrerrbHocru)
(LO, 1996e, p. l). 3areM rocyAapcrBaM-qJreHau 6rrr pa3ocnaH BonpocHr,rK c rlenbro BbrrcHr{Tb Hx MHeHr4e oTHocr,rTeJrbHo coAepxaHHr npeAJraraeMbrx AoxyMeHroa (ILO, 1996e). Teu npeueHeM Ha ceccr.rn KoHQepeHUHH B HroHe 1996 r.6srra npunrra pe3onroq[q o6 ynpa3AHeHnn Aercr(oro
TpyAa. B sefi [oAqepKHyra <<neo6xoAr,tMocrb HeMeAlreHHo nepefiru x orMeHe ero nau6oree HerepnnMbrx nporBner.nit, a r,rMeHHo pa6orrl Aerefi s
ycJroBufx, HanoMuHarorqux pa6crBo r,r KpenocrHuqecrBo , yv,acrnfl Aerefi s
onacHbrx r.r BpeAHbtx 3auftTytsx,3KcnnyaTarIHH or{eHb MiIJIeHbI(Ltx Aerefi u
cexcyanbHofi sxcuyara\r4w ,qerefi B KoMMepqecKHx rleJrflx) (ILO,
1996f, p. 35).
Taxxe B xoAe ceccilr4 KonQepenquw 1996 r. ,qercxufi rpyA cran
[peAMeroM o6cyx.qeHnr HeQopualrnoft TpexcropoHnefi ncrpevu Ha
ypoBHe Mr,rHr,rcrpoB. Mnorue yqacrHHKU Bcrpeqn Bbrpa3unr,t noAAepxr(y
HoBbrM HopMaM, HanpaBnenHbrM Ha HcKopeHeHHe nau6onee Herepnr,rMbrx
$opr'r Aercxoro rpyAa. Heroropsre r,r3 Hr,rx raxxe noAr{epKHyJrH, rrro HoBbre HopMbr He AoJrxHbt noApa3yMeBarb ocna6lenue nMerorIluxcf KoHBeHqnfi o,qercKoM TpyAe; cKopee, B Hr,tx cJreAyer 3aocrpr,rrb BHHMaHue Ha ero
HauxyAlur,rx Qopuax, c reM .{ro6br noAqepKHyrb npnop}rrerHbre HanpaBneHrds Aeftcrnufi. Xorq s Kouneuqnn OOH o rpaBax pe6eHxa r{ Apyrux
MexAyHapoAHbrx Aor(yMeHTax r4 coAepxaTcs cooTBeTcTByrorrlHe noJroxeHHr, pacflpocrpaHeHo y6ex4euue, rrro HoBbrft loxyr*,teHr MOT, r(oHxperHo HanpaBnesnurfi Ha npeAy[pexAeHlre u npeoAoneHue Har,rxyArxr.rx Qopu
AercKoro rpyg.a, cnoco6eH npr,rAarb r,rMnynbc HarIHoHanbHbrM H MexAyHapoAHbrM ycyrrrr4flM, a KoHTponbnufi uexannsM MET uor 6sr 6urr ucnoJrb3oBaH Arrfl flpoBepxu co6moAeHu, HopM.
Hosag KoHBeHrIr{, norpe6yer or rocyAapcrB rpuHsrur u crpororo
npuMeHeHr,rr canxqnfi B cnyqae HapyureHu, HopM. <<Kpor,te roro, oHa no-
tt4
Ilpo6.neuuI aercxono rpyAa
cnyxr,rT AJrr rocyAapcTB cTr,rMyJroM coAer;icTBoBaTb Apyr Apyry, c noMorrlbro npaBoBbrx r,r rexHr.rqecKux Mep, B Aerre 6opr6u c reMr,r npof,BneHrrrMu, Koroprre [pr,r3HaHbr HereprrrdMbrMn)) (Hansenne, 1997, p. 2).
OIIPEAEIIEHI,IE IIPUOPIITETOB: qTO Cq]ITATb HETEPIII,IMbIM?
Kax noscuul fenepalrnsrfi 4npercop MET: <flpe4laraewae, HoBa,
KoHBeHrIr{r: cocpeAorortHT BHr,rMaHr,re Ha Has6onee Herep[HMbrx Qopr,aax
AercKoro r1y4a;6yaer pacnpocrpaHrrbcf, Ha Bcex 4erefi MoJroxe l8 ner;
o6sxer rocyAapcrBa - rureHoB MOT HeMeAJreHHo ynpa3AHlrrb Bce xpafiHue $opuu AercKoro rpyAa, BxJrroqafl rce Qopuu pa6crra r,rJru cxoxl,te c
pa6crrorr,r; [poAaxy Aerefi Hnri roproBJrro r,rMrr; nprrHyArdrenrnsrfi nnpr
o6ssarenrnufi rpyA, Brnroqa, AonroByro xalaty unn KpenocrHfiqecrBo;
Hc[oJrL3oBanae gerefi B rlenflx npocrr,rryrlt4u u],in nopHorpaQHri, a raKxe
rpya.qereft sa nro6ux Br{Aax oflacHbrx pa6or> (Hansenne, 1997,p.2).
Id.gen ycranoBneHr,rs [p[opr,rreroB AJrr rno6anrsux geftcrnufi npoTr.rB AercKoro rpyAa rua6upata cuily c Haqarlla 90-x roAos. 3ro Harrrno
qerKoe orpaxeHr.re B ycJroBurx, c$opuynnpoBaHHbrx B paMKax Mex4ynapo4uofi nporpaMMbr ynpa3AHeHH, Aercr(oro rpyAa, Ha.rarofi s l99Z t.
(cr'r. uuxe). .{pyrofi rrurrocrparlneft clyxr.rr flporparraua 4eficrnufi no
[cxopeHeHr,rrc 3KcnnyararlHr.r AercKoro rpyAa, flpI/.HflTas, Kouuccuefi
ooH no npaBaM qeJroBeKa s 1993 r. B nefi coAepxurcs oco6oe roJroxeHr,re, Koropoe uracur: <flpuopurerHoe 3HaqeHr.re cneAyer npnAarb ynpa3AHeHHrc uau60ree oAHo3HbrX r,r yHr{3r{Tenruux
sopu 3Kcnnyaraqr{H
4erefi, oco6enno 4ercxofi npocrrrryrlu[, nopHorpa$uu, [poAaxe Aerefi, u
r,rcnoJrb3oBaHr,tro Ha o[acHbrx pa6orax il],,pr Nts npr,rHyAnreJrbHoro rlonporuaftnuuecrBa H gonronofi xa6anrr>> (United Nations Commission on
Human Rights, 1993a, p. 233, para. 3). A cornaoro MexAyHapoAHoMy
npaBy, r{Aero o roM, rrro HeKoropbre Qopuu AercKoro rpyAa rpe6yrcr
oco6oro [I cporrHoro BHvrMaHUfl, MO)I(HO BcTperlrrb s erqe 6oree paHnux
AOKyMeHTax. o4naxo Ha coBpeMeHHOM gTane cJroxHocrb 3aKJrroqaercfl B
BbIflBJI€HI'IH I(oHKpgTIILIx cHTyaIUfi , xorAa uJllpoxoe MexAyHapoAHoe coDracHe orHocHTenbHo ocHoBHbrx MopanbHbrx llpr,rHrlufloB MOXHO 6ruo
6H sonrornTb B corJrarueHne o6 o6rexrr,rBHbrx r(puTepnrx, Koropbre orBeqaJrH 6ur paruoo6pasuu u HarrHoHanbHbrM, coql4aJrbHo-9KOHOMT.IqeCXH M
H KynbTypHbrM ycnoBlrrM.
Hosas KoHBeHrIr'{, Moxer 6uru npuHflTa Ha ceccuvr Mex4ynapoAsofi
xonQepenqvu rlyfta s 1999 r. Ho B KarrecrBe ycnoBur AJrs 3Toro eule
npeAcror,rr nupa6orarb couralueHr,re o roM, KaKue Qoprr,ru ,BJrrlorc, He_
Tep[HMbrMr,r. B erou cMbrcJre Bo3HHKaTOT TpyAHOCTH ABOsr(OrO poAa. BonepBbrx, 6yaer Heo6xo4nuo nHpa6orars pa6orocnoco6uoe, T.e. AocraTot{Ho nocneAoBaTeJlbHoe I4 coUlacoBaHHoe, onpeAeneHHe (HeTepIII{Moro)) nld6o e ooulenr nu4e, nu6o, uro 6oree BeposrHo, flyreM nepeqHc-
llpo6.neuur Aercroro rpyaa
ile]H:,1ls,
oxBarbrBaeMbrx rrM KoHKperHbIx cI,ITyaII[fi
C
AercxnM TpyAoM, Bo-
BTOpbrx, rloprr,rym.rpoBKlt HOBOfi KOHBeHItrI,Iu AOJIXHsI I,ICXJTIOqI'ITr nA3er4nvt,
cBr3aHHbre c reM, qro He cqllTaloqeecc Herepn[MblM Moxer 6rtrr coqreHO Tepnr,rMbrM, a 3To cnoco6Ho ocna6HTb AeficrBl,Ie Apyr[x AoKyMeHToB,
o6ecne,{r,rBaroqnx 6oree urHpol(yrc 3aIIII,ITy, oco6esHo KouneHqnn
Ne l38to.
Xorq noxa Her yKa3aHuit rua ro, rITo B npeAnaraenaofi Hosofi xoHseHquu AeftcrnureJrbHo 6y4er rrcnoJrb3oBaH TepMnH ((HerepnI,IMbIe> B lxupoKOM CMbrCJre, PtA npaBrrTenbcrB r,r He3aBl,rcrrMblx 3Kc[eproB BbIpa3HnH
oga6o.reHHocrb no noBoAy cBr3aHHbrx c 3Tr,rM TepMI,tHoM KoHllenryanbHbrx rpyAHocrefi. B qacrsocrlr, 3To HarrrJro orpaxeHr,re B AlrcKyccl,tu rro
Bonpocy tlopuyrl.rpoBr(r,r peoJrloqulr, orHocrqefi cr K ynpa3AHeHHIo AercKoro rpyAa r,r rpr.rHrrofi na MexAyHapoAHofi xon$epeHIII,II,I TpyAa
1996 r. B ee xoAe npoqBrrnocb 3aMerHoe npeAnoqreHue, orAaBaeMoe
npeAcTaBHTersMr,r pa3Br,rBaroquxc, cTpaH TepMnHy (SKcrrnyaTaropcxufi>>lt - KaK B Br,rAe 3aMeHbr repMraHy ((Herepnr,rMbrft>>, Tax n - e o6IIIHX CCbrJrKaX Ha (gnpa3AHeHr4e AeTCKOTO rpyAD - B KaqeCTBe nprrJraraTeJrbHoro, yror{Hqrorqero AercKr,rfi r:pyl, a cneAoBareJrbHo, onpe4elae (a
Bo3MoxHo, cyxaa) cQepy rpeAnaraeMrrx Aeftcrsuft. Xorg nonbrrKn r,rcnpaBrrrb oxoHqareJrrsrrfi rexcr pe3onroq[[ B yKa3aHHoM Ayxe norepnenu
HeyAar{y, oAr,rH H3 aBTopoB nonpaBr(H HacTaytBa[ Ha BHeceHI,rI,r B npoToKon
ynoMr,rHaHHr o roM, r{To repMHH ((gxcnJryaraul{fl Aercl(oro rpyAa) 6olee
yMecreH (ILO, 1996f ,p.24,para. 173; cu. raxxe p.25,para. 184;tz .
f0
O 6oree o6rrux Bonpocax, cBr3aHHbrx c nepeceqeHrreu vIwt KoHconn,[aunefi uexAyHapoAHbIx craHAaproB a o6racrllrpyAa, cM. ILO, 1997b, pp. 43-45.
tl Hanpr.rr',rep, B npoerce nonpaBr(lr D.29, npe.unoxeHHoM npaBrrrenbcrBauu EaHraageru, I4HgtttI, I,IsAoserua, Marrafriuu, flaxucrasa r.r @ulnnnnH, npeAnor{TeHue orAaBaJlocb JIHxBHAauuu <sau6oree 3l(cnJryararopcr(nx Qoprtr 4ercxoro rpyAa BMecro <<san6oaee
HerepnuMbrx r[opr"r> (cu. ILO, 19961 p. 25,para. 183 and passim).
t2 flpeAnovreHr,re, orAaBaeMoe repMlrHy (gKcnnyaraur.rr), couracyerc, co MHorr{MH
paHHrrMH r.rcrotrHr,rr(aMr,r H AoKyMeHTaMr4 no paccMarpr.rBaeMoMy Bonpocy. B cnequalsnou
orr{ere Kolruccuu OOH no npaBaM qeJroBeKa roBopurcr: <flpeaocygrareJrbHa 3Kc[JryaraIrHfl rercKoro rpyaa, a se Aercxnft TpyA xax raxosofi)) (United Nations Commission on
Human Rights, 1993b, p. 12, para. 67). Taxoe conracue orHocr.rrerrbHo 3roro repMriHa
ocHoBaHo Ha ero roJIKoBaHHA. CrasaHHoe orreBtraHo H3 caMbtx panHr.rx Aoxyrtrenror (crra.
League of Nations, 1924) to caMbrx nocjreAHnx r.3 Hrrx (cr,l. ILO, 1997c). Tax qro no xpafiHefi uepe noApa3yMeBaercr, qro 3xcnnyararrur Aerefi r,t ((3kc[nyararl]t, Aercr(oro rpyaa)
HIlKorAa ue 6gInn qr{cro 3KoHoMHrrecKHMl, noHcrllrMll. Teu ne MeHee nocJreAyroque co6urnr cru.qerenbcrBylor raKxe o nocreneHHoM [epexoAe x 6oaee orxpbrroMy npr,r3uaHr4ro
MopaJlbHoro acnekra npo6reuu Aercroro rpyAa, B ToM ttncJre lr B pa3Br{Baroulnxc, clpanax. Tax, ynoMrHyra, nrrure rsAnficxa, AexJrapauu, B coorBercrBr,tr{ co cr. 32 KoHseHqnN
o npaBax pe6euxa 1989 r. ,BHo IlcxoAHT r,r3 Toro, qro 3kcnryarauus Moxer npHHHMarL
Qopuur, Koropbre Bbrxo.rl'rr 3a qncro 3KoHoMHr{ecxHe paMI(H 3Toro noHcrlle. ,fl,anuHefiu:r.ri
Ixar B yr(a3aHHoM HanpaBneHuu 6ru c.qeJraH na xonQepeHulrr,r Mr4HHcrpoB TpyAa Henpncoear.rHHBrugrxcr crpaH o {enu B rHBape 1995 r., rAe 6rrlo orMeqeHo: <Mur colHaeu n
cqr.rraeM, rrro gKcnryarauu, AercKoro rpyaa, rAe 6sr oHa HLI npaKTHI(oBaJracb, sBruercs
MopaJIbHbrM ocxop6renueu .[Ju qeJroBeqecxoro Aocro]lHcrBa)) (uur. P.Pefixorta, g ILO,
1996a, p. 5). Haxoneu, r.rHTepecHo cpaBHHTb err.r Qopr'aynnpoBr(r, H noHrrrre HerepnnMbrx
llpo6renrur aercKoro rpyaa
116
Teu rpeueHeM B pe3onrorlun 6ul 4ocrurHyr KoMnpoMrrcc: TepMlrH
(Herepnr,rMbre)) r,tJrr,r <<uan6onee Herepnr,rMbre>
Sopuu AercKoro rpyAa
6rrn coxpaHeH ri o[peAeneH nyreM HcrrepnbrBaroulero nepeqncneHnfl, curyaqr,rfi. Errla corJracoBaHa cneAyroqas peAar(qfir: ((a r,rMeHHo, HcrroJrb3oBaHr,re 4erefi Ha cxoxprx c pa6cxnuu u xa6alrHux ycnoButx, Ha onacHbrx
lr BpeAHbrx pa6orax, 3r(cnnyarauuq or{eHb ManeHbxr,rx 4erefi u ceKcyanbHaq 3Kcnnyara\ils.4erefi B KoMMepqecKHx rleJrsx) - ILO, 1996f , pp. 35,
36, Aecgrslfi nyHrc rpearra6ynu r.r naparpa$ I (c). OaHaxo B BorpocHuxe o
BO3MOXHOM COAepXaHr,ru [peAJraraeMofi Hosofi xoHrenqnu [cnoJrb3oBaHo Bbrpaxeuue <<xpafiur.re Soprrasr AercKoro rpyAa>, 3a KoropbrMr.r cneAyer
He[oJrHoe nepequcfleHue. Ioropr KoHxperHee, rocyAapcrBaM - r{reHaM
MOT npeAnaraJrocb orBerr,rrb Ha cneAyrorrlue Borpocbr:
<florxna nr,r KoHBeHr{r,rs npeAycMarpr,lBarb, rrro KaxAar crpaHa, pa-
rnQuquponaBlrae, ee, o6r:aui nertreaneHHo ynpa3AHtrrb nce-xpafiHne
Qoprr,rur Aercxoro rpyAa, BKJrroqar:
a) nce Qopuu pa6crna r,rJrr,r MeroAbr, cxoxue c pa6crnou, npoAaxy
lerefi H ToproBnro r,rMH, npr.rHyAurelrHrrfi u o6qsaremHurfi rpy.q, BKJrroqa, AonroByro xa6aay u KpenocrHr{qecrso?
6) ucnolr:oBaHue urrr nperyroxeHr.re pe6enxa Ars npocrury\t4tt,
npoH3BoAcrBa nopHorpaQuvecxux MarepHanoB HJrr.r nopnorpaouqecKr,rx
npeAcraBneuufi, npon:BoAcrBa HapKorr,rKoB, ToproBJrV vMu ymv \pytLx
nporr{Bo np aB Hbr x leficrsufa?
n) ucnolssoBaHr,re .qerefi ua ap6ofi pa6ore, Koropas no cBoeMy xaPAI0EPY LIilU YCIIOBI4SM
CC BbINOJIHCHI,IS
6eaonacnocru untu uopalu?>
MOXET HABPCAHTb I,IX 3AOPOBbIO,
(ILO, 1996e,p. 4).
Bonpocsr a u 6 orHocflTcs r uexoropsril4 HauxyAr.xuna Sopr,,rarr,I 4ercl(oro rpyAa, KoropLre B MexAyHapo4uofi rcpr,rAurrecxofi npaxruKe oroXACCTBIISIOTCT C PA6CTBOM HNI{ NPHHYAI{TCNbHbIM TPYAOM, TAK qTO OHH
noAnaAaror noA AefiCrrl,Ie yxe uHpoKo [pH3HaHHbrX MexAyHapoAHbrx
AOXYMEHTOB H NO3BOJICIOT KOHTPOJIbHbIM OPTAHAM
MOT
r,r
OOH
NPHHI,I-
Marb coorBercrByloune Mepbr. Ho ronpoc 6 o3Haqaer, r{To, noM}IMo yc_
nosnit, HanoMHHaroulux pa6croo, <<xpafiHue Sopuu AercKoro rpyAa)
Moryr 6srru pacnpocrpaHeHbr s Honofi KoHBeHrIHr,r Ha cMexHyro (cepyK)
o6nacrr>> I,r Brrrorlarb ro, rITo Ao cux nop noo6ule cql,ITiulocr <<onacsofi>>
pa6orofi, x xoropofi, B coorBercrsrrH c KoHseHquefi Ns 138, MoxHo 6urro
npr'rBneKarb nr,rrl He Monoxe 18 ner. Sro xar pa3 Ta O6lacru, rAe [peAcror'lr npeoAonerb uraBHbre npo6rerrlu B r{acrr,r onpeAeneHHa pa60r.
Qopru aercroro rpyaa, HcnoJrb3oBaHHbrx B pe3orrrouun Mex4yHapoaHofi xoH$epeuurau
1996 r., c Qopr'lylrrpoBr(aMu flporpaunrur Aeftcrsnfi no ynpatare"Hro
Aercxoro
Tpyaa, npHHrroft Koul.rccl.refi ooH no npaBaM r{eJroBeKa (United Nations commission on
Human Rights, 1993a, pp. Z3l-240\. B Heft roaopurcr o6 ynparguqurn <uar6oree rpy6urx
ultuyHvi3urensnurx Qoprr,r 3Kcnnyaraunu pe6exra>, qro o3Haqaer HecKoJtbKo 6olee ronxoe
pa3nr{qHe MexAy MopanbHbrM, oueHoqHbrM cyxAeHr,teu (lararcreHHbiM
B croBax <rpy6ure
a yHH3HTeJrbHrre>) u BpoAe 6br 60lee o6rerrHBHbrM (n onpeAeleHHo 60lee orpaHHeH-
rpyaa
reft
Hutrr,r)
noHrTHeM 3r(CnJryaTaul,ril.
llpo6.neuu aercrcoro rpyAa
tt7
IIEPECETIEHIIE (OIIACHbIb) I'I (HETEPIII'IMbIXD OOPM TPyAA
Kax u B cnyqae c KoHseHuueft lr& 138, npe4laraeMa, HoBa, KoHBeHrIHr, or{eBHAHO, [OTpe6yer, uro6bl npH o[peAeneHHI'I OnaCHOfi pa6OTbI
KoHcynbrHpoBaJrr,rcb c opraHI{3aIIutMI{ paooroAaretei4 s rpyArlrlHxcfl.
PexoueuAal{Hs N9 146 co4epx[IT opLIeHTItpbI IQHTepIreB, KoropbIMH cJIeAyer pyKoBoAcrBoBarbc, flplt o[peAeneHI,IH onacHblx pa6oT unu sausry.it
npHMeHHTenbHo K KoHseHqnu Nq 138. B neil roBopnTcs o seo6xoAuuoCTU NOJIHOCTbIO YI{HTbIBATb COOTBCTCTBYIOUtrIC MEXAYHAPOAHbIE HOPMbI B
o6nacru rpyAa u y/.enflTb oco6oe BHHMaHHe o[acHbIM BeIrIecrBaM, MarepuanaM u [poqeccau (axnro.ras uoHl,I3Hpyloqylo paAlrauHlo), noAHrrHIo
rflxeJrbrx npeAMeroB H noA3eMHbrlrl pa6orau (ILO, 1996b, p. 25).r{onolHHTeJrbHbre Qaxropur pHcKa, Koropble cneAyer npI,tHI,IMaTb Bo BHIZMaHITe
rpn onpeAer,ennvt BITAoB pa6or u sansrufr B paMl(ax npeAJlaraeMofi nonofi ronnesqr,rv, MorJrI{ 6sI sxrroqarr:
- H$auuqeHHocrb or 0lr3[tr{ecK}Ix, gMoII[oHaJIbHbIx HnH cexcyaJlbHbrx 3noyflorpe6neHHft (n uacrHocrH, 3To MoxeT orHocl,ITbct K HeKoropbrM BrrAaM pa6or B rocrnHuqax, 6apax L Hor{HbIx xay6ax, Bo3MoxHo,
onacHbrx He no cBoeMy xapaKTepy, a ycJIoBHsM, B Koropblx oHH BbInoJI-
nrrcrce);
- pa6orur, BbrnoJrHseMbre noA noAoft \tlr.r Ha onacuofi Bblcore;
- pa6orrr c onacHbrMu Maurr,rHaMu, o6opyAoBaHr,reM [rnr{ HHcrpyMeHTAMH;
-
uryMa
noApepxeHHocrb nosAeficrsuro xpaftnux reMfleparyp, yponuefi
utrusuipaguu;
- pa6orsr rlcKJrrcr{r,rrerusofi npoAonxr,rreJrbHocrr.r (nanpurraep, AeBovex, pa6oraroulux AouaurHefi npr,rclyrofi), r uo.rHoe BpeM, nnu 6eg nogMoxHocru Bo3Bparrlarbc, exeAHenHo gol,rofi (ILO, 1996e, p. 6).
Tax qro [peAJraraeMar HoBar KoHBeHrIur yKpenrir npaBoBbre HopMbr
B orHorrreHuu pa6or, HafloMr,rHarcqux pa6crBo, H AercKofi npocrury\ur4,
a oAHoBpeMeHHo yct,tnl,tT npuBepxeHHocrb Aeny 3arrluru gerefi, no xpafiHefi uepe, or MHorHx Qopr"t onacHbrx pa6or r{ TeM caMbrM cAeJlaer rrrar Ha
nyru ynpa3AHeHr.r, Aercxoro rpyAa, npeAycMorpeHHoro KoHseHrlr,refi
Ns 138.
ME)r(AyHAPOAHAfl nPOTPAMMA
yrrPA3.uIEE,Mfl, AETCKOTO TpyAA (rpEC)
MOT 6y4er 3aKJrroqarbc, B ycunefipaBosofi ocHossr Mex4yuapo4nofi nporpaMMbt ynpa3AHeHras Aercxoro rpyaa (IPEC). VAa.rHo oxaparoepr3oBaHHa, xar <pa6o.ra, pyxa)
MOT a 6ops6e nporHB Aercr(oro rpyAa, IPEC xonqeHTplrpyer BHr.rMaHr,re
Ha ncKopeHeuuu san6onee yHuxaroullrx H 3KcnnyararopcKllx BI4AoB AerO.qHa a3 3a4aq Hosoft r(oHBeHrlrr[
HHr,r
l18
llpo6.neuu aercxoro rpyAa
cKoro rpyAa. cefi'{ac nporpaMMa c pa3nr,rrrHofi creneurrc HHTeHcr{BHOCTr,r
ocyqecrBnrercr npr,rMepHo B 50 crpaHax A$praxn, Atuu u Jlarnucxofi
Auepuxr,r. K nacroruleMy BpeMeHu o6tgat cyMMa QnuaxcnpoBaHr.r, nporpaMMbr cocraBnJra 87 unH. Aonn. CIIIA, npuqeM sa 1996-1997 rc.6uno
BbrAeJIeHo 20 rr,tln.
Haqarass 1992 r. npn roAAepxxe Fepuannu, rporpaMMa QnHaucupyerc, raKxe Ancrpannefi, Eenrruefi, Kaua4ofi, la:auefr, Eaponeficxoft
xoullccuefi , @paHquefi , fepuaHu efi , Ilraluefi , Jhoxceu6yprou, HraaepflaHAaMU,, Hopneruefi, Idcnauuefl Benuxo6putasneft t,t CIIIA. Osa noAAepxr,rBaeT yct4lIufl, oTAenbHblx cTpaH, HanpaBneHHbre Ha peureHHe [po6neurr Aercxoro rpyaa u co4eficrure MexAyHapoAHoMy corpyAHrrr{eciry
r 6opr6e c Hr,rM. Ee crparerut lasnpyerc, Ha flprBepxeHHocrr.r coorBsrcrByrou[x [paBuTenbcrB Aeny peueHltr npo6leuu .qercxoro rpyAa rtpu
rxripoxoM corpyAHr.rqecrBe c opraHr{3arlnruu pa6oro4areleft u rpylsul}Ixcr, HenpaBHTenbcrBeHHbrMH opraHr{3arlHrMr,r }r Apyr}rMH o6rqecrneuHbIMI,I HHCT}ITYTAMI,I, BPOAE yHHBepcHTeToB I{ cpeAcTB MaccoBofi uuSopMaqr4t4. Bolr npannreJrbcrBa [r ero npr,rBepxeHHocrb 3ToMy AeJry HaxoArr
orpaxenue B noAnrdcaHr,rr,r MeMopaHAyMa o B3ar,tMonoHuMaHVV c MET.
IPEC HarraJra Synxqr.ronnpoBarb B KoHr,Ie 1992r., KorAa coorBercrByloulr4e MeMopaHAyMbr noAnucalr Eparu tut, Vluaul, I,In.qoue3ut, Ke_
uut, Tautan4 H Typqus. B 1994 r. 3a HilMt4 nocneAoBann Eauua4eu,
Henal, flaxuctan, (Dununnunrr n Taugauus. CnucoK yqacrHuxoB npoAOnXan pacrlr no Mepe npHcoeAr,rHennr ApreurHHbr, Eomlnuu, Kana60A)Kvr, [{v:nt4, Kocra-Pux u, louuuuxan cxo fi pecny6luxn, Oxna4op a, Erun ra_, CanrraAopa, Frareuansr, FonAypaca, Hnraparya, flauarrair, flepy,
IIIpn-JIanrn n BeHecysJrbr, rocJreAoBaBruero B l99G-1997 rr.r3
KAK IPOTPAMMA PAEOTAET
IPEC 6a:npyercfl Ha nogranHofi, uHoroqenesofi crparerr,rH, Haqr4Har c (cr4TyaI{HOHHOTO aHiurr,r3a) xapaKTepa n uacrura6oB AercKoro rpyAa B AaHHOfi crpaHe. flocneAyrcqlle urarn B paMr(ax crparerHr,r BKtrroqapr coAeftcrBHe B nsrpa60rxe [oJrHTHXr,t, r[Oprr,rraponaxue usc.turyroB,
pacnpocrpaHeHHe nn$opuaquu, trphtHflTl,1le U rlpuMeHeHr,re 3aulr.rrHoro
3aKOHO.rIareJrbcrBa H noAAepxKy [prMbrM u aeitcrsutMn (luarparr,r rr,ra I
).
Tax_'{ro IPEC crperr,rurcfl noAAepxarb, a He noAMeHlytTb ycunus crpaHbr
no 6opu6e c AercKlrM Tpyaonr. B nefi cAeJraH ynop Ha npo6r.r.rrarrurrecxr,re
Mepbr H noKa3areJrbHbre nporpaMMbr, KOTOpbre MoxHo 6rmo 6u BKJrror{I'ITb B perynrpHble nporpaMMbl' ocyulecrBJlteMbIe opraHH3atlfiflMhtyr{acrHr,rrraMu. Sruu opraHlr3arl[rM oKa3brBaercr co4eficrine n
Aene npH13 Kpoue
roro, noaroroBr,rreJrbHa, pa6ora Be.[ercs r Eeuuue, 6yprnHa-@aco, Knrae,
Koryrvr6lrn, Ha Maaaracxape, r Mercnxe, Monroaun, flaparaae, ceHerane, IoxHoft Aeprxe, Ypyrrae, BrerHaue, 3au6uu r 3nu6a6se.
llpo6.remr .qercroro r?yAe
l19
HaTufl Mep, HanpaBJreHHbrx Ha npeAynpexAeHue AeTcKoro rpyAa, HeAonyrrleHl{e AeTefi K o[acHbrM pa6oTaM r{ npeAocTaBJreHHe aJrbTepHaTr{B, a
Taxxe ynyqureHne ycJroBrifi Hx rpyAa B KaqecrBe nepexoAHofi uepur x ynPA3AHCHHIO ACTCKOTO TPYAA.
.0[rarpanna
l. Pacnpeaerenle nporpaMurr MET-IPEC no [e[paBre[nmr
Perpr6orre nporDrum
HcroqHHK:
Q2%l
Bupa6orrr tr(urrrrnrr
(te%)
l,ln$opnnpolaxre
o6uesrreRrocru(29%)
llprrue aef,crarr
(n%)
.qef,crsrf,
ILO-IPEC.
NPHOPI{TETbI IPEC
Tax xax oqeBtnAHo, rrro npo6neMy Aercxoro rpyla B oAHoqacbe He
peurlrrb, a Aereft HeJrb3, ocBo60AHTb OT JIIOobtx BHAoB pa60T, flepBooqepeAHas 3aAarra rporpaMM IPEC [36aBr{Tb Aerefi or HerepnilMbrx
oopM
AercKoro rpyAa. flpnopurerHbrMH rleneBbr Mr,r rpynnaMB flBnsrorcr Aeryt,
KOTOpbre ocooeHHo yfl3BHMbr: 3aHrrbre Ha HaqaJrax npHHyAr{TeJrbHoro
Tpy&a. H Ka6anbr; paooTaroulre B onacHbrx ycnoBlrflx; oqeHb MarreHbKr.re
Aerr.r (Monox.e 12 aer); pa6orarculHe AeBoqKr.t.
3Haq[reruxoMy qr{cny opraHr,r3arlafi-yqacr*uq yAanocb H36aBr{Tb
Aereft or nepeqrcJreHHbrx BH.(oB pa6or Hr[;no KpafiH;fi Mepe, ynyqrxnTb
ycJroBnf, TpyAa. Ho ncxopeHeHr.re Taxr.tx
ooprrr AeTcxoro Tpyaa npeAnona_
raer npr'rHrrHe Mep no (cnaceHnrc>.(ereft or pa60rsr u uxpea6l/.[tnra\t4]/.,
a sro rp_e61qr p_ecypgoB, KoTopbre Bbrxo.q,rr AaneKo 3a npeAenbt Bo3Moxnocrefi IPEC. .(erefi, pa6oraroull.rx s oco6o oflacHbrx ycno"rn"* n noABeprarcqnxcr ocooeHxo cnruHofi sxcnnyarauHH, oxBarHTb TpyAHO, xaK
[3-3a noMex co cTopoHbt Jrnq, nonyrlaloqHx oT Hee BbrroAy, TaK 14 r,r3-3a
rryBcrBa 6ecnououlnocrn caMrx gerefi (ILO_IPEC,
lggs,'p. 7).Ecan x
3ToMy Ao6asnru qlrcJro pa6orarcqnx Aerefi n uacura6ui neo6xoanuofi
nuopacrpyrcypbr' nonyqaercc r,rcKnroqlrreJrbHo cJroxH afl 3Araqa, c Koro-
I
Ilpo6.neuur,qercroro rpyAa
120
poft MoryT cflpaBr,rTbc, Jrrrrrrb HeMHorr.re opraHH3arlvtvt, yqacTByroqrre B
flporpauue.
floarouy npr.rMepHo 46o/o nporparr,rrr,I IPEC HanpaBneHu xa npo$ueQ$exrnrHocrb no cpaBHeHuro c HcnpaBr,rreJrbHbrMr{ MepaMH. 3ro osnaqaer BbrflBJreHHe reorpaQuqecKux pafioHoB, coqfiiurbHbrx rpyfln u ycttoswit, cnoco6cTByrorrlHx 3aHHTepecoBaHHoMy oTHorrreHrdro K AercKoMy TpyAy; o[peAeJreHHe orpacJreBbrx H npoSeccuoHaJrbHbrx Qaxropon, flopoxAaroulux
cnpoc u [peAJroxeHne AercKoro TpyAa, u, HaKoHerI, BMerrraTeJrbcTBo Ha
ypoBHe rocyAapcrBennofi noJrr,rrr,rxr,r rr KoHXperHo Ha Mecrax. OAnaro
IPEC 6y.qer K ToMy xe opueHTlrpoBarbcs Ha HenocpeAcrBeHHoe cnaceHrde
Aerefi or xa6aasr u npvrry4ureJrbHoro rpyAa, a raKxe gerefi, pa6orarorrlrdx B xpafiue onacHbrx ycnoBrlf,x. 3ro upegnoJraraer npoAonxeHr,re cogeitcrsut opraHr,r3argc M -yqacrH r{rlaM B Aene np eAocraB JreHr,rfl peanr u ofi
iurbrepHarunrr pa6ore raKoro poAa r.r npr,tHsrlre 3arqr,rrHbrx Mep c yqeroM
Toro, qro oHu HocflT nepexoAHbrfi xapaxrep r4 yBr3aHbr c ue6anneHr,reru
Aerefi or raxnx pa6or.
B coorsercrBrr.r c petuenuflMtt KoHSepenq[[ rto AercxoMy rpyAy
($enpanr 1997 r.) IPEC eqe 6onrure 3aocrpnna BHr.rMaHHe Ha npropuTerHbrx 3aAatrax, flpr.rHf,B HoByro [porpaMMy <,{eficrnufi nporrnB caMbrx
HerepnnMbrx rlopu AercKoro rpyAa) (AMIC). Ill,ues sa 1997-2001 m.
6rcAxer B cyMMe 20 rr,rnH. Aonn. CIIIA, AMIC HerocpeAcrBeHHo noAAepxuBaer [porpaMMbr, HanpaBJreHHbre Ha HcKopeHenue xa6albHoro AsrcKoro rpyAa; ceKcyanbHofi sxcnlyaraqun .qerefi r.r roproBJrn uMu; rpygLa
Aerefi B KaqecrBe 4ouarunefi nprcnyru; onaorofi pa6oru ,qerefi B KoMMepqecKoM ceJrbcKoM xosrficrne; AercKoro rpyAa B oflacHbrx orpacJrsx,
3aHf,TI,IrX H ycnoBltrx.
JraKTr{r{ecKr,Ie Mepbr, Koropbre Aoxa3aJrr{ cBoro 6onee BbrcoKyro
XAPAIOEP I,I PACTIPEAEIIEHI{E IIPOIPAMM IPECI4
flporpauusr IPEC
BKJrroqaror ABe rpynnbr:
(nporpaMuu 4eficrrufi>>,
Ha[paBneHHbre Ha KoHKperHbre Bonpocbr, H (Mnnlr-nporpaMMsr> (ne 6onee 3000 AoJrn. CIIIA), o6rr.rHo noMorarculue opraHr,r3arlrrrMyrracrHr.rrlaM npoBecrr{ noAloroBr.rreJrbHyro pa6ory (o6cle4onauue, y.re6y
Ltrtu Bcrper{u) aac 6y.qyqrdx npolpaMM 4eficrrnfi, pacnpocrpaHeHr{s HHQopuaquu, a raKxe orleHxr.r H r(oHTpon, Meponpt,tgrt,tfi IPEC. Ha roseq
rHBaps 1997 T.IPEC ocyrqecrBnrrra 555 nporpaMM Aeftcrsnitu280 MrnHrrnpolpaMM
l9 crpauax. .{anurre B nocneAyrorrlnx Ar.rarpaMMax orHocrrcs x 802 nporpaMMaM, peaJrH3oBaHHbrM n I I crpanax neprofi u rropoft
orrepeAn, r.e. 6es JlarnHcxofi Auepuxn.
r
ll
B erou pa3aene HcnoJrb3oBaHa r.rHQoprvraunr, npe.[ocTaBneHHac HenocpeacTBeHHo
ILO-IPEC.
tzt
llpo6.nenur .rercxuo TyAa
Kax sltAHo H3 AI,IarpaMMbt 2, rpLIMepHo 77oh nporpaurra IPEC ua[paBneHbr Ha BI,rAbr AercKoro rpyAa, KoTopble CqI,ITaIOTC'
(Hereprrr{MbrMr4). B oroft rpynne noA ((oflacHofi pa6oroftn nonuuaror
sosAeftcrnl,te xuMI,IKaroB I{ 9l(crpeMrlJlbHbtx reMfleparyp; oflacHble IrHcrpyMeHTbr, Marrrr,rHbr r.rJrlr Mecra rpyIla; TrxeJrbre rpy3br H yrpo3y ga6olerr
CfII,I[orrl
r,r
r.n. floA
<onacHbrMu ycnoBr.rrMlr
rpyAD
noApa3yMeBaercfl
Snsu.recxan o[acHocrb (Qusr,ruecxoe Hacurue); nc[xocoq[aJlbHble onacHocrr,r (sanyrnnaHrre, u3oJrrrlur, orcyrcrBne KoHTaKToB c ceureft rlu
cBepcrHr,rKauu); nounar pa6ora; qpe3MepHo npoAonxlrreJlbHoe pa6ouee
BpeMr. EonuunncrBo [porpaMM, HanpaBJIeHHbIx nporlrB ((Herep[I,IMbIx)
Qopr"r AercKoro rpyAa, opr{eHTr,rposaHrr rr.16o ua npoQnraxrl'rKy (41%),
mr6o xa us6asneHue or raKux pa6or ta npeAocraBJreHl,re anbrepHaruB
(40%). Ocranrnue orHocsrcfl K ynyqureHuro ycnoBxfi ,pyaa B KarlecrBe
nepexoAHofi rrreprr.
,[uarpanrrua 2. PacnpeaercHre rpo]paMMu MBT-IPEC no BrAaM Aercroro rpyaa
Heonpeaenennxe
Qopmu (14%)
Bce
0opnu aercxoro
rpyaa (10%)
llprnyanrelrurrf, rpya (rurrorar
aerckyro xa6a.ny n 4ercxyro
npocrrryqxro) (15%)
Onacmre yuroanr
rpyaa (31 %)
Onacrue pa6orrr
(n%l
I,IcroqHnK:ILO-IPEC.
flporparranlbr B noAAepxxy 6aroBoro o6pa3oBaHr,t, B KarrecTBe npoQunaxrnuecrofi uepur cnyxar ocHosHofi rloprr,rofi Aef4crBnit B paMKax
IPEC, npur{eM 3HarrrrreJrbHslfi ynop Aenaerc, Ha ne$opuaJrbHoe o6pa:oBaHue, yqeHr.rqecrBo vt npuo6pereHue KBiuruSuxaqnr,r pa6oralouluMr.r
AerbMr.r. Xors ocuoBHbre yctanl,ts IPEC Ao Hacrorrqero BpeMeHr.r cocpeAoToqeHbr n cQepe ycnyr u o6pa6arumaroulefi npoMbrrxneHHocrr,r, npnMepHo
l/5 'racrr nporpaMM cBr3aHa c AerbMH, 3aHrrbrMr{ B ceJrbcxoM xogsftcrne
LI cMexHbtx orpacnsx (4narpar*aua 3). O.qHar(o cpeAu nporpaMM, KoHKperHo cBfl3aHHblx c (HerepnnMbrMH)) Qoprrlanil,r AercKoro rlyAa,3Ta Ao-
flpo6.neuur aercroro rpyAa
122
ns Bo3pacTaeT npr,rMepHo Ao l/3, npaveu noqTu noJroBr,rHa r,r3 HHx oTHocuTcr K cenbcxofi MecrHocrlt. Cnurue 60% nporpaMM nporr.rB (Gerepnurr,rux> Qopu peanu3yerca r Het[opuaJrbHoM ceKTope.
IPEC cnoco6crsosana Bo3Hr.rxHoBeHr.rrc rxupoKoro o6rqecrnenxoro
all'bflHca nporr,rB AercKoro rpyAa. Xors s aJrbrrHce npeo6na4aror HenpaBr,rTeJrbcrBeHHbre opraHu3at\uu, B nocneAHue roAbr Bo3pocna ponb oprauu:aquft pa6oro4areneit u rpyArrrluxcq B ocyqecrBJreHr,ru npolpaMM
IPEC, TorAa KaK AoJrfl nporpaMM, pezlnn3yeMbrx He[paBr,rreJrbcrBeHHbrMu
opraHr,r3arlfifl Mr,r, cyulecTBeHHo coKpaTHJracb.
.(uarpaurua 3. Pacnpeaerenre nporpaMMul MET-IPEC no orpacflrM 3KoHoMnKrr
xorrftcrro 06pa6aruaarcqar
(19%)
npoMbrrrureflmcrr (39 %)
Ce.nrcroe
CQepa yuryr (42 %)
HcroqHr.tK:
ILO-IPEC.
TIPOfPAMMA CTAT}ICTI,ITIECKOfi }IHOOPMALIT4Id
B
OEJTACTTT AETCKOTO
TpyIA
V HAEIIIOAEH}Iff
(SrMpOC)
flpuuarar B anpene 1997 r., nporpaMMa SIMPOC craJra peaxrluefi
IPEC na HexBarKy HaAexHbrx AaHHbrx o AercKoM TpyAe. flporpauua na[paBneHa Ha noBbrureHr,re roqHocrn uuQopua\uu o uacrura6ax, pac[poI{ XAPAIffCPHCTI,IKAX ACTCKOTO TPYAA H CBS3AHHbIX C HI,IM COIIU.
aJrbHo-gKoHOMHr{eCK}rx sarropax. ollra u3 ee rJraBHrrx qelefi
noMoqb
CTPAHEHI,IH
npaB[TenbcTBaM, HenpaBI'lTenbcTBeHHbIM opraHI'I3aIInqM
cKHM areHTaM [pHHf,Tb Mepbr nporr.rB AercKoro rpyAa.
cTpaHaM
L
-
3KoHoMI{qe-
flpnuepuo 40
MeToAbr c6opa nntfoprr,Iaqr.ru, paspa6oran(crr,r. ILO, 1996d). ftpn opneHrr.rpoBoqHoM
6yayr npeAroxeHbr
uure MET s 1992-1993 rr.
6rcgxere s l0 runH. Aonn. CIIIA rpoeKT oKaxer rexHriqecxyrc u QnHaucoByro noMorrlb n o6cle4onajH!/lflx Aercxoro rpyla, co3AaHHH Har{HoHaJrbHsrx 6asxoB AaHHbrx H pacnpocrpaHeH[r{ unQopuaqrar.r Ha Har{HoHaJrbHoM u MexAyHapoAHoM ypoBuax. Kponae roro, 6y4er cQoprraNpooaH 6aHK
AaHHbrx o6 nHcruryrax H opraHr,r3arlHflx, Koropbre ooprcrca c AercKr,rM
llpo6.nenu Aercroro rpyaa
t23
TpyAoM; o npoeKTax n nporpaMMax B 3Tofi oonacrll; HaII[oH:lJIbHoM 3ar(oHoAaTenEcrBe u [oKa3aTenrx; AeftcTBr,rsx Ha ypoBHe gKoHoM]IKI,t,
BKIrOqa' KOAeXCbI nOBeAeHI{g.
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no
EoPbEE
c
AETCKTTM TPyAOM
Vnutluatusbr pbrHorrHoro xapaKTepa, npoAr,rKToBaHHbre pacryrrleft
ocBeAoMneHHocrbro 14 gru.recxofi o3a6oqeHHocrbp o6ulecrBeHHocrlr,
oco6enuo B npoMbrrrrneHHo pa3BnTbrx crpaHax, 9To rper6, rpynna Aeilcrauit,
nporlrB AercKoro rpyAa. Onn sxrro.taror pa3rr,IrrHbre
ulunu KoAeKcbr noBeAeHr,rr KoM[auufi, nrrreroulltx qenbro ranQopuupoBarb norpe6utenefi o rorvr, rrro r<yrtJreHHbre HMr.r roBapbr He npou3BeAeHbr AerbMr.t (crr,l., uanpnuep, Hilowitz,
1997; Sajhaq 1997; United States Department of Labor, 1996). Ho npu
TaxoM noAxoAe, ecJII{ I,tM orpaHurlnTbcfl, MHorue Boflpocbl ocrarorcg 6er
ruanpaBJreHHbrx
cr,IcreMbr Mapr(lrpoBalrlrf, flpoAyxtluu
OTBETA.
Hacxonrxo HaAexeH nexaulufi B ero ocHoBe KoHTpoJrb 3a ycJroBlrrMtr
npolr3BoAcrna, oco6eHHo y cy6no4pagquxos? Kounannz HMeror Bo3MoxHocrb npu6ernyrb K HeKoropbrM He3aBHcHMbrM KoHTponbHbrM cJryx6au, uro6sr npocneAl,ITb 3a npnMeHeHneM KoAeKcoB noBeAeHlrfl, y! ecrb
6gurenrusre HenpaBr,rreJrbcrBeHHbre opraHr,r3 a\t4rr, cnoco6Hue curHaJrrd3ltpoBaTb o HoAOCTOBepHOCTn OTAeJrbHbrx gTr,rKeToK HnH f,pnbrKon. Ho
npu 4o6poBoJrbHoM xaparoepe KoAeKcoB r{ MapKnpoBatnfl aceo6rque,
HaAexHbIe u cvcTeuarurIecKHe M0TOAbI KOHTpOJIS, pa3yMeeTcr, oTcyTcTByror.
rlro npoucxoAuT c AerbMr,r,
Koropbre Jrnuarorcs pa6oru lr3-3a roro,
co6nroAaer ror u:-,iu uuoit r(oAeKc none4eHur?
Muorze HenpaBr,rrenbcrBeHHbre opraHr,r3arl[H, aKTr.rBHo 6oprou1r,recfl, c
A9TCKHM TpyAoM, yAerruJJ.tr BHr,rMaHr,le yxasanuofi npo6neue, xorr xpafine
rPyaHo npocneAr.rrr sa cy4r60ft raxux rpyArrrlfixcr (uacrr rr3 Hr4x, oqeBI'rAHO, CorJrauraerc, Ha eule 6olee nnox[e ycnoBrm pa6orrr Ha MecrHbrx
prrnxax). oAuaro B paMr(ax HeKoropbrx crrcreM Mapr(rrpoBaHr.r, npeAycMorpeHbr c60pu, ucnoJrb3yeMbre,rrrf sunaHcupoBaHH' yve6ul uni apyntx Mepoflputruil,, xoT, AeJlaercc 3To B BeCbMa CKpoMHbtx rr,racrura6ax.
rlro eqe BaxHee, Hexoropbre KoAercbr noBeAeHlrs npeA[onararcT BbrnJraTy [p[nur{Hoft :apa6ornoft nnaru ulwlu 6onee Bbrcoxue rleHbr Ha npor43BeAeHHbre raKr,rM o6pa:ou roBapbr, TaK r{To 3aBr.rcHMocrr ceuefi oi
aercxoro TpyAa MoxeT yMeHb[]aTbcc.
flpu ycnonun norBJreHr,rs B nocJreAHee BpeMfl sce 6onruero q[cJra
KOAeKCOB nOBeAeHr.r, ll pasnoo6pa3fifl 3iuroxeHHbrx B HHX TeXH[r{eCKr,rX
rpe6onanufi (crra., HarpuMep, United States Department of Labor, 1996,
pp. ll+ll5) AeficrnurenbHo Jrr.r B cocrorHun norpe6urenr{ npr.rHflTb
qro Hx pa60ro4arenr
124
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a CM. s HacrorruleM Bbrnycxe crarbro:
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Mary Ann Sieghart: <Go home, your job is wrecking
you>>, The Times
(London), 29 Sep.
1995.
6ILO: Iilorld Employment 1996/97: National policies in a global context, Geneva, 1996,
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7 Eoree roro, crpeMneHue poAnTenefi npono.[uru 6olurue
BpeMeHn c AerbMH, BepoerHo, 6yAer pacrr.r, B cBere [cclreAosaHl.rfi, foBopru-lnx o roM, qro HHTeHcr.rBHoe sorAeficrBHe peql't 6-unrxoro qeJloDera n nepartfi ror xr,r3HH Moxer oxa3arb peruarcuee BJrr,rsH[e Ha
pa3BHTHe rraorra pe6eura H ero 6yayurr.re cnoco6Hocrn. Cu., nanpuuep, Sandra Blakeslee:
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o PolrITEnbcKoM oTnycKE
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3 utoun 1996 e. Coaem JiluHucmpos Eeponeilcxoeo coru3a npuHut npoexm fiupexmuaot o podumetbcKoin omnycke, coenacooaHnotil c eeponeicxuuu opzaHrcaqunMu pa6o-
modameneil u mpydnr4uxcn e uon6pe 1995 e.t. .3mo 6our nepaui cayvail, xoeda coquatbHbrc napmHepbt ycnewHo locnonfioa(uucu npoqedypoil nepezoeopoe, npedycuompeuuoil Coznaweuueu o co4uatuxoi notumuKe, nputocrceHHbtn4 x,[oeoeopy o EeponeilcKo.M cop3e, u ment cct 4bat odounu Eeponeicxyto Koi,ruccuto s sonpocax saxouodamenauoil uHu4uamuobt. Coetacuo emoit npoqedype, npoexm,[upeKmuebr, omuocnt4eilcn
K eonpocy norumuKu, no Komopoi,ty pauee 6auo docmuzxymo coutacue ueacdy cor,1ucubHbuvtu napmHepan4u na eeponeilcxon4 ypo6He, Hanpaltremc, dnn npuunmua neno:
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flupexmuee, nepuod, 8 me\eHue Komopoz, nlroxrcem 6otmt esnm omnycK, npocmupaemcn do
eocbiloeo dun pocrcdenua pe6euxa.
rETUC (European Trade Union
Confederation), CEEP (European Centre for Public Enterprises) and UNICE (Union of Industrial and Employers' Confederations of Europe,): Framework
Agreement on Parental Leave, Brussels, l4 Dec. 1995.
2
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Qu-rr,oaoruuecxurr,ru rpe6oaa*ua*u B nep[oA 6eperr.reHuocrn H poAos H BocnHTaHr{eM .[erefi u yxoAorrr 3a Hr.rMu, Tar( Kak orn o6craHHocru Myxr{nHbr r xeHurr{Hbr Moryr pa3,rleauru> (Chantal Paoli: <Women workers and matemity: Some examples from western
Euiopo,
International Labour Review (Geneva), vol. l2l (19g2), No. 2, p. l4;. B norecrre
aHs ceccnfi
Mexgynapoanofi roxQepenuxx .rpyAa 1999 n 2000 nr. .iorr'n.p".^rorp Kouneuqur
Is 103 u PerouenAauun Jr& 95, orHocrur,rxcc K 3arqrTe rarepuucina. onllcaHue scero
(oMnJlekca HopM x nPaxrnxt,t pa3Hblx crpaH (c r(oMMeHTapnrruu)
n orHorueH[H pa3n[qHbrx
Q_opu ornycxa no Marep,HcrBy cM. ILo: <Matemity and worb, condrtiins o/work Digest
(Geneva), 1994, Vol. 13.
r38
Tpygnqrccr c
ceMeftHbrMu o6Rgaxsogrruu
Ar.rrenbcr(Hfi ornycK. B prge crpaH (Hanpuuep, Eemruu) poAuTenbcKrrfi
oTnycK KaK TaKoBofi orcyrcrnyeT, nocKonbr(y y Bcex HMeeTctr npaBo'Ha
(nepepbrB B Kapbepe) c cotnacufl pa6oToAaTenfl. HaKoHer{, Ixnpr,rTcr TeHAeHr{H, K pacflpocrpaHeHuro npaB, cBfl3aHHbrx c poxAeHr{eM pe6eHKa, Ha
cilyqav ycbrHoBneHr,rc.
Kax uoxuo B[rAerb us ra6luqrr, Qopurr poAuTenbcKoro ornycxa B
pa3Hbrx crpaHax pa3nr,rqHbr. 3ro xacaerc, cocraBa JrHrL HMerorrlnx Ha Hero [paBo, neo6xoAuuoft npo4olxr,rreJrbHocrn craxa pa6orbr, npoAonxlrTeJrbHocTr,I caMoro oTnycKa Ia neplroAa, B Ter{eHl,re KoToporo oH MoxeT
6uru ncnoJrb3oBaH, cnoco6os pa3AeJreHrrs orrrycxa r,rn[ pacnpeAeneHuq
no BpeMeHr,r, [cnoJrb3oBaHr,r, B BI,IAe pa6otrr HenoJIHoe BpeMr, [peAocTaBJTeHLIfl orflycKa uH4ttr,vt4y uru ceurel2, Bblnrarbl noco6[q 3a BpeMq
poAuTenbcr(oro ornycKa Hlu orcyrcrBr,rfl ee. B crpauax, rAe poAr,rreJrbcxuft ornycx He npeAycMorpeH 3aKoHoAarenbHbrM o6pa3oM, oH Moxer
6rrrs npe4ycMorpeH B KoJrJreKTr,rBHbrx AoroBopax. Ha Aene eAr,tHcrBeHHbIMH Hen3MeHHbrMr{ aCneKTaMH pOAI,ITeJTbCKOTO OTnyCKa TBJITIIOTCT: rapaHTHpoBaHHoe Bo3BpauIeHHe ua pa6ory no HcreqeHr,ru ornycKHoro nepuoAa; To, qro ero Moryr s:srr rr.16o oreq, lu6o Marb, a ero qenbro cnyxHT yxoA 3a MaJreHbKr,rMH AerbMn. O4uaxo MexcrpaHoBbte pa3nurrns. cyulecrByror H npr,rMeHnTeJrbHo K TpeM Ha3BaHHbrM KpxTepr,rcM. fapaHrur
Bo3BparrleHus Ha pa6ory xone6nercg or npeAocraBJreHlrs roro xe Mecra c
BxJrroqeHr,reM BpeMeHrd ornycKa B crax pa6orul Ao npocroit rapauruu
npaBa Ha pa6ouee Mecro, r,rMerouleec, Ha flpeAnpusruu. B prAe crpaH TaK
Ha3brBaeMblfi po.qurelrcxuft ornycK Aaror ronbxo xeHrqr,rHaM, TorAa KaK
B Apyrnx crpaHax ua6lro4aercrr reHAeHrlr{s npeAocraBJrf,Tb orr{aM npaBo
na SaxymrarusHrrfi (oTnycK no Marepr,rHcrBy). A n crpauax, no4o6uslx
Eerbrua, norpe6Hocrb B poAHTenbcKoM orflycKe KaK TaKoBoM Moxer orcyTcTBoBaTb, xoT, rpyArrqnecr onpeAeneHHo MoryT HM BOCnOJrb3OBaTbCs
B Br{Ae repepbrBa o6ulero xapaxrepa B Kapbepe.
Boo6rqe roBopr, npoficxoAuno yAnr,rHeHr,re nepuoAa, B TeqeHHe l(oroporo Moxer 6rns B3rr poAr,rrenrcrnft ornycx. Kor.qa ero B[epBbre BBoAvulr4,3Tor or[ycx o6sr.{Ho npeAocraBnfl;n4 B Ter{eHl,re Koporxoro nep[oAa cpa3y xe nocne ornycKa no Marepr,rHcrBy; cefiqac xe flpaBo Ha Hero
qacro coxpaHrercfl noKa pe6eHKy He ucfloJrHr,rrcfl rpv roAa H oH He 6yaer
oxBar{eH AolxKonbHoft cucreuofi vll4 gLa:lKe troxa He HaqHer noceularb
uxony. Hosas Eaponeficxas. [t4peKTlaBa no 3ToMy Bonpocy (cna. rcranxy l) npeaycMarpr,rBaer rpeAocraBJreHr,re poArrrenbcKoro ornycKa (Ao
o[peAeneHHoro Bo3pacTa B flpeAenax BocbMr,r JreT, ycTaHaBJrHBaeMoro rocyAapcrBaMr.r-qJreHaMn vtlut co\AaJrbHbrMH rraprHepaMu>. Bo @panqnn
12 PoArlrelscxr.lfi ornycx HMeHyror
ceuefiHuu ornycKoM, ecJrH oH npeAocraBnrerct
nro6ouy l'rs poArrelefi, a npaBo Ha Hero uoxer 6rrru nepeAaHo or oaHoro r( ApyroMy po-
JIHTCJIIO NOJIHOCTBIO I,UIH qACTHqHO; OH CqITTACTCA UHALIRilAYANbHbIM, CCJIH O6A POAT,TTCIE
MOr)iT B3sTb
ero BMecTe Ha Bce BpeM' illlu Ha qacTb cpoka.
TpyAnuluecc c ceuefisstnn o6nraruoctsun
139
npaBHTe[bcTBo HeAaBHO O6rrBIrJIO, IITO HaMepeHO npoAJI]ITb npeAen
BnJrorb Ao Aocrr'{xeHHs pe6eHKoM l6 Jrerl3.
Taxoe pa3Hoo6pa3lle B ornycKax no crpauaM orpaxaer pa3lrutv,ue
[po6neM r,r rleJrefi B MoMeHT flpr4P,flTt4fl,3aKoHoAareJlbcrBa o poA[ITenbcKl,tx
ornycxax, Hanpr,rMep o6ecne.{eHue 6omurero paBeHcrBa MyxqI,IH I,I xeHrrlrrH nJrr,r xe Aeficrsue OaKTopoB, cBr3aHHbIx c 3aHflTocrblo I,Inu AeMorpaQu v ecx o trt cury aqueir.
MACIIITAEbI UCfIOJIb3OBAHIIfl
PoAlrTElrbcKoro oTITvcKA
Bo scex
r,r3yqeHHbrx Marepuailax
roBopuTc, o HeAocraroqHblx AaH-
Hbrx An, MexAyHapoAHbrx conocraslr.eHilir BbrrBJreHrdr AuHaMilKvt poAr,rTeJrbcKoro orflycKa Bo BpeMeHr,r. flpo6nella ycyry6naerc, TeM, qro npaBo
Ha poAnreJrrcxufi ornycK qacro npeAycMorpeHo B oAHoM 3ar(oHe, a BbrnJrara noco6rlg - B ApyroM, a gro o3Har{aer, rrro Boflpoc Moxer 3arpar[Barb ABa pa3Hbrx BeAoMcrBa. Kpoue roro, npn conocraBJreHnr,I cneAyer
yqrdTbtBaTb cooTHoIIIeHr{e MexAy rt}IcJIoM JIHIL BocnoJIb3oBaBrUHXcs npaBOM Ha OTnyCK, I{ qTICJTOM JrHU, nMeIOUII4X Ha HerO npaBo, a TaKXe COOT-
$axruuecxofi 4.nnrelrHocrrl ornycKa [I MaKcHM:IJrbHo Bo3Moxuofi A;rurenbHocrr,t. 14 xors AaHHbre Am crporl,tx MexAyHapoAHbrx corrocrasreHnfi orcyrcrByror, cyulecrByroq[e qn$pu Mfl pflAa crpaH [o3BonsrcT ycraHoBnTb, KaKHe Qaxroprr cnoco6onyror, a KaKr,re Merraror ncnoJrb3oBaHnro poAlrrenbcr(oro orflycKa. B yxe ynoMrHyroM rrccJreAoBasun O3CP Ha3BaHbr HeKoropbre pr3 nuxla.
Causle 6omurue uacrura6sr racnoJrb3oBaHu, or[ycxa orMerreHbr B
Illsequpr, Hopueruu, @nHrrHguu, latuu u oana4nofi qacru lepuaxnn,
HaMHoro MeHbrrre oHrd B Hugeplau4ax n @panqnn. Pauuque MexAy ceBepHbrMH crpaHaMu u srytuyt ltByM, crpaHaMn BnoJrHe MoxHo o6rsornrr
BH[JraraMr,r n nepnofi rpynne crpaH noco6ul, r(oropoe n lHaqr,rrenrHofi
cTeneHH KoM[eHcHpyeT noTepu n sapa6orsofi nnare. Kporvre Toro, B
Illrequn HzuroroBaq noJrHTr{Ka Aenaer raxofi orflycx 6olee npuBneKaTeJIbHbrM, qeM coorBercrByroula, rapa6oruae nJrara, rapaHTnpys raKxe
6onee qeM nponopr{HoHanbHoe cH[xeHrle HaJroroB. B HugepnaHAax xe
noco6ue orcyrcrByer, a Bo (Dpanqrau oHo He3Haqr{TeJrbHoe r,r Bbrnraqr,rBaerc, Jrr,rrrrb rrocJre poxAeH[, BToporo pe6eHxa. Curyaqut n Hu4eplan4ax
ocJroxHrerc, TeM $axrou, rrro Ao flocneAHero BpeMeHu po.qurelucxnfi
ornycK MoxHo 6Hno sgsru roJrbKo qacrr,rrrHo, HecMorp, Ha BbrcoKyro Aoruo pa6oraroul[x xeHrrluH, ri 6es roro 3aHsrbrx HenoJrHoe pa6ouee npen,tqls . Jluurb HeAaBHo 3aKoH 6srl nepecMorpeH TaK, qro oH pa3peruaer
HorueHr,re
t3
Le Monde (Paris), 19 March 1997.
OECD: op. cit. (cHocxa 8), chapter 5.
15 Cu. cra'rsrc AHgpr.reca
ae I-pr.rn H Ap. B HacroflureM BbrnycKe.
ra
Tpyarunecn c ceMefiHbrun o6sraHHocrruu
r40
6paru poAr,rrenbcxuf orlycK Ha 6a3e noJrHoro pa6oqero BpeMeHH. B
fepuaHnn u ABcrpHH K poAuTenbcr(oMy ornycKy npu6erarcr rrrupoKo,
xorrl noco6ue HeBblcoKoe. Bo3MoxHo, gro cBr3aHo c HeAocrarorrHbrM
pa3BHrHeM ApyrHx Qopr"r yxoAa 3a MaJreHbKr.rMr{ AerbMu (ncrcfi r.r r.n.).
Xorg o6ular reHAeHur,rs 3aroHoAareJrbcrBa cocrolrr B ygr,rHeHrrr,r poAr,rTeJlbcxoro ornycKa, Saxruvecxne uacuta6u Hx I,IcrroJIb3oBaHI,It, noxoxe,
ocrarorc, HerHaqr,rreJrbHbrMH. flpr,rvuHrr groro orqacru QnuaHcoorre
(gor'raurHue xorsficrsa He Moryr flpoxr,rrb Ha yMeHbrxesnsrfi goxo4), or,qacrvt npo$eccuoHaJrbHbre ( po4urenu npeAnorrnTaror 6onee xoporxuft
repepbrB Bo r4Mfl xapuepu).
B CIIIA HccneAoBaHr,reM, npoBeAeHHbrM qepe3 Tpr,r roAa flocne Bcryrrretll,fl B cuny 3axosa o ceuefiuor',r n MeAr,rqr{HcKoM ornycxe (ncranxa 2),
Kortrurccuefi no ceueftHoMy r{ MeAHrIr,rHcKoMy ornycxyl6 (o6pa:onaHnofi
AJrr KoHTpon, 3a [pr,rMeHeHHeM :axoua) ycraHoBneHo, rrro Ha poAuTenbcxufi ornycK npuxoAr,rrc, oKoJro l3oh scex ornycxoB, npeAocraBneHHbrx
no HoBoMy 3axoHy. Ornycra no ApyrHM npHr{HHaM pacflpeAensnucb cneAyIouII4M o6pasorra: no 6ore:uu pa6ornnxa (60'/o), no 6oresHu 4erefi
(8%), no 6ore:Hr.r cyrpyra, cynpyru, po.qurelefi [nr.r Apyrux poAcrBeHHr.txon (15,5%), no uarepnHcrBy (4%). YuurbrBafl Bce Ha3BaHHbre BlrAbr ornycKoB, KoMr,rccnfl npHuna x TaKHM BbtBoAaM:
- 66% TpyAsrq[xcn pa6oratu B KoMnaHHqx, orBeqarorrlnx KpuTepr,r,M, ycTaHoBJreHHbrM 9THM 3aKOHOM, HO JILTIIIb 5570 COOTBeTCTBOBaIH Tpe6osaHuslr B orHorrreHlrra crax.a pa6orsr;
- 6oree noJroBllHbr po4ureleft, HMeloulltx npaBo Ha ornycK, He 3HaJrra
o6 aroru, TorAa xax 8670 pa6oro4arerefi sro 6rrlo u:necruo;
- LIIaHc nonyquTb poAuTenbcr(nfi ornycx Bo3pacraer c yBerHrreHHeM
pa3Mepa KoMnaHr,[t;
3,5o/o
16,5o/o pa6orHuxoB B3flJrr,r ornycx roit ulu uHofi r[oprr,rbr, TorAa Kax
orxasarucb or raxofi uIleu v34a csslaHHofi c oTnycKoM norepr,l Ao-
xoAa;
- orrrycK 6patru B cpeAHeM Ha Aecf,Tb 4Hefi, Ho poAr,rrenrcxufi
KaK [paBHJIO, [pOAOJrXt{TenbHee;
-
poAr,rrenbcxufi ornycrc (13%
or[ycx,
o6qero qucr.a ornycxon) 6onee unu
MeHee paBHoMepHo pacnpeAeneH
MexAy xeHulr,rHaMu (12,5o/o\ H Myxr{}ruauu (l4,5oh).
O4Haxo acneKTbr r,rcnoJrb3oBaHrrq npaBa Ha poAr{Tenrcxuft ornycx,
HanpnMep pacnpeAeneHr4e MexAy noJraMlr HnH ornycx B BHAe pa6oru nenoJIHoe BpeMr, cneAyer H3yqarb c yqeroM yclonnfi AIfl nonyqeHurr ornycKa H Apyrux Saxropon, BKJrro qa, 4ert,t orpar[uqecKyro noJrnrr,txy, nonHTHKy
s o6racru 3aHrrocrl,r, 3KoHoMlrqecxne npo6leMbt, paBeHcrBo noJIoB pI
pa3AeneHt,re pa6ouero BpeMeHr4.
t6
A workable balance: Report to Congress on Family and Medical Leave Policies,
Washington, DC, The Women's Bureau, US Department of Labor, 1996.
t4t
Tpyalunecn c ceueftnulun o6craHHocrsruu
3AROH O CEMEITHOM I4 ME4WIIUHCKOM
OTNYCKE, NPNHflThIIZ B CI]IA B 1993 Z.
Bcmaexa 2.
B CIIIA npa6o Ha podumemcxui omnycK paHee 3aoucero om couaweHuil, sawuoveHHbN ua npednpuemunx, u om saKoHoa u npaoun, npuHnmbx e 34 QedepamHbtx tumamax (nnrcc Bawuuzmou, oxpyz Koayu6ut, u llyepmo-Puxo). 3axon o ceueiluou u uedutquucxou omnycKe, npuunmuril e Qeepane 1993 e., npedycuompen o6qeQedepananoe
npaeo Ha 12 uedeno HeoruMvu*aentozo omnycKa no ceueiluoru u ueduluxcxuu npuvuHatt
c zapaumueil 6nepat4eHwt ua pa6omy, npu ycroeuu npodotttcumeauxoil pa6omu u xaiuquu He uenee 50 pa6omuuxoe ua npednputmuu (e 1996 z. nod naseanxufi xpumepuil
nodnadatu HecKonbKo 6oauute 5Uk naeuuorx pa6omHuKoo). Taxoil omnycK ttootcHo
$tmb no cocmotHuto tdopoeon, npu poxdeuuu pe6euxa, dat yxoda ga 6ontnilJrt taeHoi4
cei4bu utu xoeopotrcdenuuru (utru monbKo vmo ycbtHooteHuutu) pefieuxou. B nocnedxeu
ct y\ae, cxoilceJrl c podumenrcxun omnycKot4, eeo i,toctcHo 6srmb nymeil pa6omu uenot'
Hoe spei4, uru c nepepbteauu do neplozo dxt poxdeuua pe6euxa. Coofpatrexun, ear
cKa3aHHue KoHzpeccot4 npu npuHrmuu 3akoHa. (pailen 2a), ceudemeabcmryom o 6otttutoJt4 3HaveHuu, npudaeaeuou npedocmaaneHup tti4eHHo emoil Qopuot omnycKa, raK
KAK:
I
)
cyt4ecmeeuHo
snpacnaem uuct o ceuei c oduuu polumenen/t, Komopbfi pa6o-
maem, ulu deyun pa6omant4uuu podume.nnvtu;
2) dnn pazeumun demei u ce,ilbu ea)$Ho, qmodut
I
oocnumaHuu demeil uoenu yva-
cmSosamb om4d u n4amepu ...;
3) omcymcmeue norumuKu 3aHtmocmu c 4ebp cosdqxun coomsemcmsy,ot4ux ycaoeuil pa6omaw4uu podumetttt t'toilcem auuydumu uudueudoe deaamt eu6op uexdy
cma6uaauwu pa6ouun, uecmon, u ucnon+eHueu podumeaucxozo doaea;
tl
5 ) e ceesu c xapaKmepor4 poaeil uyctcuuH u ,$eHt4uH 6 Haweil o6t4ecmee ?ra6Ha,
omaemcmaeHHocmt no yxody ga ceutei qacmo rolcumc, Ha o$eHt4uH, a omo 6t urem Ha
mpydoaya denmetuuocmb crceHt4uH e 6onuwei cmeneHu, qeJil Ha mpydoeyn dexmeta-
HOCmb
6)^ryilcyuH;
xopuot e cQepe
3aHumocmu, Komopbrc pacnpocmpaHrpmc, morbKo ua odun ug
notoo, nomeHquatbHo anonHe .Moeym npueecmu r ducxpunuua4uu co cmoponot pa6omodameaefi mex compyduuKoo u npemeHdeumoe ua pa6ovee i4ecmo, Komopue omHocrmc,
K ?moi4y nony.
V c'r o q H H K: Labour
usA
Law Documenrs (Geneva), 1993, No 2, pp. I 03-l I 6
r).
u
(I
993
-
POAI4TE"IIbCKTTft OTfIyCK
AEMOTPAOI,ITIECKAfl nOJIUTrIKA
B crpauax, rAe npoucxoAur cHr,txeHne Ko3OOr.ruHeHTa poxAaeMocrn,
cTaJrKr,rBaIoTc, ABe npoTHBOnOJIOXHbre TeHAeHqI,r[: OAHa H3 HHX CBg3aHa
co cTHMyJrHpoBaHr,teM xeHrIII4H OCTaBaTbC' AOMa H pOXaTb /leTeit, Apyrat co cTpeMneHHeM nplrMHpHTb npor,r3BoAcTBeHHyro AerTeJrbHocTb r.r
ceMefi Hyro xr,r3Hb c noMoulbro coorBgTcrByroqefi corlHanbHofi nonuruxn.
-
142
Tpyarutuecr c ceueftHslun o6nlaHHocrcu[
B Illneqr.ru npnMrrpr,rrb Hx B rBHoM BHAe [brranr{cb yxe s 30-e roAbrrT .
floerouy HeyAI,IBI,ITenbHo, tITo IIIseq[s craJla nnoHepoM B Bonpocax poAr,rreJrbcxoro ornycKa. Ha 4ere xe B ceBepHbrx crpaHax U\anut, Irlcnan1xr, Hopnerut, @uwltr4ufl u lllrequr), rAe npeAycMorpeHo npeAocraBJreHrne npoAonxr4TeJrbHoro poAHTenbcKoro oT[ycxa npu 3Haa{uTeJrbHbrx
noco6r.ux, Bbrrre, qeM B cpeAHeM no 3anaAsoft Enpone, xax xoaQS[q[eHTbr poxAaeMocrr,r (or 1,806 lo 2,143 no cpaBHeHuro c 1,5 n ocra-nruofi
qacrr,r KoHTr,rHeHTa), rax u xost[t[nqueHTbr yqacrnfl xeHrqHH B cocraBe
pa6ovefi curbrr8.
Teu ue MeHee rrpuMeHeHue [paBa Ha poAr.rrenrcxufi ornycK xore6JreTcfl B 3aBHCT,IMOCTH OT TOrO, KaKOe 3HaqeHHe flpUAAeTCfl yBeJrr,rqeHHro
poxAaeMocru H AeMorpaQu.recxofi nonnrnxe. Bo @paHr{HH, HarpnMep,
npaBo Ha poAuTenrcxufi ornycK n noco6ue perynupyrcTcfl AByMq pa3JruqHbrMr,r HopMaMH. B npuHqune, HHKaKoe noco6ne c poAuTenbcxr,rM ornycxoM He cBfl3aHo, u6o ero Qoprrla HeonJraqr,rBaeMoro orflycKa. Ho ecnu
oAr,rH r,r3 po4urenefi ocraerc, AoMa, ceuefisas [oJrHTriKa npeAycMarpriBaer <<noco6ne Ha poAlITeJIbcKoe BocrrHTaHHe), HaqnHa, co BToporo pe6eHxa. EuIe oAHo noco6ue na nepBoro pe6enxa Ao rpexnerHero Bo3pacra
BbrrrJrarrnBaror 6espa6orHbrM poAr,rrenrM-oAr.tHoqxaM, He3aBI,IcHMo or roro, pa6oraJrn oHr,r r.rJrr,r Her Ao poxAeHur pe6eHxa. @axrn.{ecx}r rrepBafl
uepa no6yxAaer xeHulnny 6rrcrpo Bo3Bparrlarbc, Ha pa6ory nocne pox-
AeH[r nepBoro pe6enxa, ocraBHB ero Ha qyxoe no[eqeHue; oHa Aaer
npaBo na noco6ue, HaJroroByro cr(HAXy H Bbrnnary 3a cqer QoH4a ceuefinurx noco6uit s csssu c 3arparaMu ro yxoAy sa pe6euxorra. Ho c poxAeHHeM Broporo pe6eHxa craHoBr.rrc, 6o.nee flpeAnorrrr,treJrbHbrM - oco6esHo AJIS ceueft c HIT3KHMT,I AoxoAaMr,r, -.{ro6rr oAHH H3 po4urenefi npeKparnl pa6ory l,t nonyqan noco6ne Ha BocnHTaHHe, r{eM pacxoAoBarb 3Har{HTenbHyro qacrb sapa6orxa Ha BHerrrHr.tfi yxog 3a AByMfl AerbMr,r, HecMorp,
HA OTMCqEHHbIE BbIIIIC JILTOTbI.
Boo6ule roBopr, HMeHHo xeHrrIHHa npeKparqaer pa6ory nu6o noroMy, rITo yxoA 3a AerbMn cqlrraercfl ee Synxquefi, nn6o floroMy, rrro AoxoA
ceMbr,r MeHbrrre crpaAaer npr.r norepe ee sapa6orra, nocxoJrbKy xeHrrlr,rHa
o6rt.{Ho sapa6arunaer MeHbrue. Tax r{To poAr,rrenrcrnfi ornycx Bo
@panqlu,r Bnr,rcbrBaerca n o6qyrc noJrr,rrr,rxy, Koropar cor{eraer cruMynbr
K poxAaeMocrlt H yxoAy (xorx 6ur BpeMeHHoMy) xenqr,ru c pbrHKa rpyAa.
To.{Ho raK xe oAHo r,r3 cne4crnufi noco6ns Ans oAr,rHoqeK-poArTenefi cocroldr B roM, .rro6sl orpe3arb Hexoropbrx uexnaluQuqlrpoBaHHbrx MonoAbrx xeHrrIHH or pbrHKa TpyAa npn nosBneHwu y Hr,lx BToporo, a 3aTeM
Tperbero pe6enxa, KorAa npeKparqaerc, BbrnJrara noco6ns Ha BToporo
l7 Cu. Alva Myrdal: <A programme for family security in Sweden>, International
Labour
Review (Geneva), Vol. 39 (1939), No. 6 (June). Coxpaqeuusrfi rapuaHr crarbu ony6ruxoRaHB International Labour Review (Geneva), Vol. 135 (1996), No. 3-4, pp.347157.
te Ake Nilsson: <Nordic women have both children and job>, Nordic Labour Journal
(Copenhagen), 1996, No. 2, pp. 12-13.
Tpyanrunec-r c cemefiHulnn o6nlanuocrflM[
pe6eHxa. CneAonarelbuo, TaKa, noJIHTHKa Kone6Jlercs MexAy crpeMne-
pa6ory H ceMeftHylo xI,I3Hb, C OAHOfi CTOpOHbI, UktcKy'
Bbr[raqHBarb xeHIrIIrHaM (€apaoorHylo nJlary no MareplrHcrBy)),
.{ro6ur oHa ocraBaJlacb AoMa, - c Apyroftle.
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rueHr,reM
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c[creMbr coq]tanbHofi sauqurrr, Moryr raKxe l,IcxoAl,trb H3 IIeJIn,
gsHofi unu noApa3yMeBaeMoft, yuenrruurb rpeAJloxeHne pa6oueft cpuu.
B pa4e crpaH peueHr4q o [poAJreHr4r,r ornycKa no Marep[rHcrBy ]Inu poAlrTeJrbcKoro ornyc(a conpoBoxAaerc, pacqeTaMr,r o qHcJre BpeMeHHo ocBo6oxAaroulnxce pa6ovnx Mecr. Tax, n Eeruruu flepepbrB B Kapbepe pa3pe[raercfl c corJracfis pa6oro4arets, a noco6ue B coorBercrBr,rn c 3aKoHoAareJrbcrBoM o crpaxoBaHr,rr,r Ha cnyqafi 6espa6orurlbr BbrnJraqHBaK)T
Jrr,rrrrb B ToM cJryqae, eclu pa6oroAareJrb HaHr{Maer 6erpa6ornoro BMecro
pa6orHnra, y[reAuero B or[ycx. B.{annn poArdrenbcxufi ornycx r,r Apyrne Qoprr,rsr AonroBpeMeHHoro ornycxa co3HareJrbHo BBoAr,rJrHcb B KaqecrBe 3JreMeHTa noJrrrrur(H porar-(Hu pa6o'tuuxos. B launu npeAycMorpeHbr raKue Qoprtasr:
B paMKax
- cenaefiHufi poguremcruft ornycx (xoropufi Aenrr orerl u uarr) n
Ter{eHue AecflTt4 HeAeJIb, npeAocraBnreuuft no oKoHqaHlr}l ornycKa no
Marepr,rHcrBy, c [paBou Ha noco6ue, paBHoe 100% rraarcrM:urbHoro noco6us no 6espa6oruqe;
- un4vtBvr1yalrnurfi poAr{Tenbcr(nfi ornycx (na nero r,rMeror npaBo
o6a pogurerr) cpoxor'r sa 26 HeAeJrb, xoropuft MoxHo pa:6nrr n 6parr
qacrrMr,r BrrJrorb Ao AeBrroro AH, pox,qeHr{, pe6enxa, c npaBoM Ha noco6ue, panuoeS0oh noco6us no 6espa6orr.rqe; oH Moxer NfiTbcf, Ao oAHoro
roAa, Ho no ycMorpeHnro pa6oroAarens;
- ABe Apyrue Qopuu ornycxa - oAnH 4.nr o6yuenut, gpytoft - Ha peJrl,Irrro3Hbre rlenta c npaBoM noco6uq B pa3Mepe coorBercrBenno 100 u 80o/o
noco6prs no 6espa6oruqe; o6a oHH Moryr prr,trrbcfl Ao oAHoro roAa, Ho
r{aCTbIO CXeMbI
oHI,l HHKaK He OTHOCCTCfl I( yXOAy 3a AeTbMH, a
'BJIflTOTCS
porarluu pa6ornnxon.
Hasn an n rr e Qop nr u orn ycxa (oco6enno uHALtBvAy anr n u fi poAr,rrenbcxufi ornycx) oxasalucr n flaHnu BecbMa noflynspHbruu, 6olee roro, oHr,r
re
Alain Norvez: La politique familiale frangaise depuis 1980: entre la conciliation des
familiales et professionnelles des mDres et la tentation du salaire maternel, AoKyMeHT,
npeAcraBneHHslfi na Euponeficxot"r tfopyrue: <The cost of being a mother, the cost of being a
tdches
fatheu, European University Institute, Florence, 1995.
tu
Tpyarqnecn c cer,refiHrlun o6sratnosrflMr
ailu xepTB a MI,I co6cTBeHHOrO ycnexa. I,ICcre,4os aHr,re KoHrcxo, MaAceo pe3ynbrarax nepBbrx l8 ruecrqen flocne BBeAeHr,rs ornycKoB (rvtexgy
[epBbrM KBaprarroM 1994 r. rd rperbr.tM KBapranoM 1995 r.) noxa3brBaer,
qro gTlr Qoprr.ru ornycKa craJrr{ caMbrMr,r nonyJrrpHbrMu cpeAr.r Bcex Mep
noJIIdruKI,I 3aHrrocrl - uun BocnoJIE3oB aJrucb 7 I ,3 ruc. r{eroBex no cpaBHeHr{ro c cy6cugupyeMbrMu pa6ouuull MecraM[ (63 rrrc.), a q[cro 6espa6ornux 3a 3Tor neplroA coKparrdJrocr c 383,6 Tbrc. Ao 281,4 rsc. Ho sror
naKer Mep HMen raKxe ue6laronpllrrHble nocJleAcrBrdc rd Bbr3Burr HexBarxy pa6oruuKoB prAa upoQeco,rfi. Hau6olee HaruyMeBrxttit cttyuafi cBr3aH
c MeAcecrpauil u caHlrrapKaMr, cpe4t4 Koropbrx xoeQ$nqueHT poxAaeMocrr.r oxa3aJrcr Bbrrrre cpeAHero: s 1994 r. u: o6qero qlrcJra 49 rl"',c. 2 900
Ir3 HHx BocnoJrb3oBaJrr,rcb roit u],.u r,rnofi Qopuofi ornycxa, B ToM rrlrcJre
2 300 sssnu poAnrenbcr(ufi ornycx. Eonrnuqau n Apyr[rM MeAr,rqrrHcKHM
yqpexAeHr,rrM npr{unocb flpurnauarb r,rM 3aMeny r,r3 Apyrux crpauzt . 3rn
Qoprvtrr ornycKa noApeprurr.rcb raKxe Kprrrr.rKe co cropoHbr pa6orogarereft, rax r(aK co3Aa"nu flepexocbr Ha pbrHKe rpyAa r.r cBr3aHbr co 3Haqr4TeJrbHbrMH 3arparaMr,r. BnocaeAcrBr,rH noco5us s paMxax cucreM poAlrTeJrbcKrrx H peJrr,rrHo3Hbrx ornycKon 6suil,r cHuxeHbr Ao 70o/o, sareu - c I
anpen, 1997 r. - to 60oh noco6us no 6espa6ornqe. Comacno Ma4ceuy,
((B AOmOCpOqHOfi nepcneKT[rBe cr{creMbr oflnaqr,rBaeMbrx ornycKoB 3acJIyxI,IBaIOT Cepbe3Hofo BHI,IMaHHfl, nOCKOnbI(y OHH O3HarIarOr HoguIfi
noAxoA K Hc[oJrb3oBaH]rro Bo3MoxHocrefi, 3aloxeHHbrx B cor(paqeHr,tu
BpeMeHH, npoBeAeHHoro Ha pa6ore, Koropoe na6mo4anocb B ceBepHbrx
crpaHax B TerreHHe Bcero [ocJreBoeHHoro llep]roAo>. Taxnu o6palou, srn
Qopr,aur or[ycKa flocJreAyror 3a corpauenneu pa6overo AHfl unr.r pa6oveft
HeAeJrlI, yAlrHHeHI'IeM oflnaql'IBaeMblx exeroAHblx oTnycxoB I,IJIH cHuxeHHcT
Ha20
eM neHcI,IoHHOrO BO3paCTa.
9KOHOMI{TIECK}IE IIPETIMYIIIF'CIBA
}I
HEAOCTATKII
Xorr
cxy.uHocrb r,rMeroul[xc, AaHHbrx npenrrcrByer BcecroponHeft
prA lrccJreAosaHr,rfi KoHxperHbrx curyaquft Bce xe Aaer npeAcraBJreHr,re o6 sxoHouHqecKHx ac[eKTax poAr,rrenEcKofo or[ycxa. coorIeHKe,
uracHo OOCP: (G Hacrorrqee BpeM, uMeercs uaao SaxroB, Koropbre yxa3brBilJrr,r 6rr ua ro, r{To c poA}rrenbcKr,rM ornycKoM y pa6oroAarenefi css3aHbr cepbe3Hbre KaAporue npo6leMbt>>22. Eclu trx 3apaHee npeAynpeAlrrb
o6 ornycxax, pa6oro4 arelru Moryr [pr,rHsrb neo6xoaraurre ltaeplr. -cyu1ecrByror rpu BapvaHTa: HaHflTb 3aMeHy, pa3Aenr.rrb pa6ory orcyrcrByro_
Irlero KoJInerI'I MexAy coTpyAHHKaMu, noAoxAarb Bo3BpaIrIeHH, pa6otzo Kongshoj Madsen:
<Popular acceptance for Danish leave-scheme
Nordic Labour Journal (Copenhagen), 1996, No. l, pp. lG-20.
2t Le Monde (Paris), 14 Aug. 1995.
22 OECD: op. cit. (cnocraS),p.
172.
-
but do they workb,
Tpyanqrccc c ceuelnslnn o6crannocrrM[
145
Hlrxa AJrr BbrnoJIHeHI{s HM pa6oTbl. nepBblft BapHaHT npeAycMorpeH 3aKOHOAareJrbHo HJIIa KOJIJIeKTI,IBHrIM COrnaIIJeHI4eM. Ha nul6op r,apvarTa
Brr.rrer HecKoJrbKo tlaxtopon: pa3Mep npeAflp]Irrvtfl, Halraqvte pa6oTHHKOB, CnOCO6HUX laUeHrTb ornycKHI,IKa, I,I3AepXKIr, CBt3aHHbIe C HaftMOM,
t4 T.A. Hanprauep, MzuIoKBaJrI,tOHIII,IpoBaHHoro pa6orHHKa 3aMeHllrb JIerqe, qeM BbrcoKoKBanHolrqllpoBaHHoro corpyAHI,IXa, TaK KaK HaeM I'I O6yqeHHe B [epBoM cnyqae o6xo4ffca AeIxeBJIe. ]IccaeAosaHHe, npoBeAeHHoe
s9 opaHgHr4, [oKa3aJro, qro B qacrHoM ceKTope MeHeAxepoB cpeAHero
3BeHa 3aMerqaror pex.e (42oh), veu MaJIoKBiLJII{QraquponaHHblx pa6orlHx
69oA, oAHaKo B rocyAapcrBeHHoM ceKTope Ha6[IoAalacb npor[BonoJroxHafl KaprHHa - coorBercrBeHHo 86 vt 65o/o. To xe HccJIeAoBaHIre BbI,tBt4nro, rrro qeM npoAoJIxI4TeJIbHee crax pa6orbl Ha npeAnpl.lf,TH[, TeM
pexe 3aMerqaror corpyAHlrxa. B .{anrax xeHITILIH 3aMeIIIaIOT ualqe (657o),
qeM Myxrrus 6ayi. sxoHolauqecKar cnrya\ufl TaKxe BJII{fler Ha Ko3OQIlrIr,reHT saueuleunfi: ecJrr,r oHa HeyAoBJIerBopI,ITenrnar, xoeoSuqneur cnN-
xaercr.
Xors po,ql,trenrcxnfi ornycK c[oco6eH HapyuI,ITb HopMtuIbHyIo pa6ory npe.unpuflTvtfl, oco6enuo KorAa peqb r4Aer o ne6onruroM npeAllpnsrvLt untu BecbMa xraruQuqupoBaHHoM corpyAHrlxe, orcyrcrBue orpuqna.rrsofi cncreMbr couracoBaHr,rr npor,r3BoAcrsenHoft AetrenbHocrvt v ceuefiuofi xrr3Hrl TaKxe Moxsr 6uru conprxeHo Ans pa6otoAarerefi co
3Har{r.rreJrbHbrMn }r3AepxKaMH. Muuncrepcrno rpyaa CIIIA ccblJlasrcs Ha
o6cneAosaHnr, noKa3aBrune cBr3b MexAy raKI,rMH MoMeHTaMI,r, KaK HeBbI-
xoAbr Ha pa6ory HnH Henpor,r3BoAuTenbHoe ncnoJrb3oBaHr,re pa6overo
r Qaxrou Ha:l,urtvfl. y corpyAHr.rxos Aerefi23 . Vs oAHoro o6cneAoBaHH, BbITeKasT, 't'ro 57o/o xeHIIlI,lH u 33oh Myxr{I,IH He[pOH3BOAt'lTenbHo r{c[onb3oB:ur[ pa6ovee BpeMs, TaK Kax ux 6ecnoxor,rJnr Boflpocbr yxoAa 3a AerbMu. flpr.rvunbr orcyrcrBnfl Ha pa6ore rdJrn Henpou3BoAr,rrenbHoro uc[oJrb3oBaHr,rr BpeMeHr,t 6rrrn raxoBbr: yxoA ra 6onrHrrrrr pe6enxou,
yxoA 3a pe6eHxou B orcyrcrBue o6uqsoi,,t unnu, noceuleHr,r, npauefi, poAHTeJrbcxHe co6panua, 3BoHKr,r 4orraofi, ecJrl Aeru oAHlI, u o6rqnfi crpecc.
HagsaHHrre rpyAHocrr.t ycyry6nrrorcr, KorAa pa6ovee BpeM, po,ryrrenefi
pe3xo orJrlrqaercr or BpeMeHlr rrrKoJrbHblx sar,sruf4. B saxrlo.{eHue MnHncrepcrBo rpyAa [oAqepKHyno neo6xoAuMocrb Hailuqvrfl BbrcoxoxaqecrBeHHbIx, HaAexHbrx cnyx6 yxoAa 3a AerbMr,r n 6oururefi ru6xocru pexiluor pa6overo BpeMeHr,r
.{pyroe o6cne4ooauue H3Aepxer 6uno npoBeAeHo s CIIIA xa 6age
AaHHbrx, [peAcraBJreHHbrx xopnopaqueft, pa6oraroqefi r c$epe BbrcoKr,rx
rexno.noruft, Koropa, npoBoAtrr lu6epalrHyro nonr,rrr,rxy B orHorueHr,rlr
BpeMeHr,r,
zr United States Department
of Labor, Office of the Secretary, Women' s Bureau: Employers and child care: Benefiting work andfamily, Washington, DC, 1990, pp. 7-l l.
t6
Tpyarurecr c ceuef,Hurnn o6rlannocrrun
poAr.rTenbcKoro oTnyc(a24 . C yrreToM pa3nr,rr{Hbrx r,r3AepxeK r,r flpenMyrrIecTB (npourno4uTeJrbHocTb, o6y.renre, peopraHlr3a rtufl Tpy Aa u i.l,.), a
Tar(xe pa3nHqHbrx Bapr{aHToB, r{Merouuxcr y pa6oroAaren, (lauerqeuue,
npeueunrrfi HaeM, nepepacnpeAeJreHHe pa6orbr cpeA}r ocraBrrrrdxc, coTpyAHr,rKoB, pa6ora Ha AoMy r{ r.n.) arropbr nplrrrJrr4 K BbrBoAy, rrro HaMHOrO BbrrOAHee paspa60rarb xopouo cnnaHHpoBaHHyro nonHTr,txy poAI'ITeJIbcKlIx oTnycKoB' qeM JIId[IaTbcf HyxHbIx coTpyAHI'tKoB H nocTorHHo
3AMEHflTb UX. B CPCgHEM I,I3ACPXKI,I, CB'3AHHbIE C OTIIYCKOM, COCTABJIflJII,I
3_2oh r o ro,,oro 3apa6orKa : npu MeHrdreJrbHo r( prAoB br M cotpyAHr.rKaM oHH
6ulu paruat 28%o, a r( MeHeAxepaM - 39oh, rot$a r(aK n3AepxKr,r, cBfl3aHHbIe c nocrorHHblM 3aMerqeHneM, cocraBJrflJrH or 75o/o 4lx pa6ovHx Ao
150% ro4ororo xilJroBa*bfl Irr,s. MeHeAxepon. geu nnxe xsinusuxaqut
coTpyAHnr(a, TeM HHX0 r,BAepxr(H, cBf,3aHHbre c oTnycr(oM; qeM flyqltre
c[JraHHpoBaHo BpeM, ornycKoB, TeM rerqe pacrpeAenr.rru pa6ory cpeAr.r
ocraBrrruxcfl corpyAHr.rxos. oAHaxo rd3AepxKr,r Bo3pacraror, eclr,iv! ornycK
9apy, Ha npoAonxr,rreJrbHoe BpeMs, or[ycKHHK r,rMesr BbrcoKyro KBaJTH-
Qnxaqnro, flB:.r.flercs, qJreHoM Hebonrruofi KoMaHAbr urril>Ke ero 3aMerrlaror
Ha flocroflHnofi oorose, a y 6pnraaHpa orprdrlareJrbHoe orHou]eH[e K poAr,rTenbcKoMy oT[ycKy.
Hecousenno, cyqecrByer o[peAeJreHHar cBr3b MexAy p*ynbraraM,
I'IccJreAoBaHufi, npo4e [pI'IBeAeHHbIx BbIIII€, H u3MeHeHfifl,Mu 3aKoHoAaTeJrbcrBa CIIIA s 1993 r. Tax, B coorBercrBt4u c 3axouou o ceuefinou r.r
MeAr.rrIHHCKoM OTnyCKe (cu. ncranxy 2) pa6orolLarerrv B[paBe orKa3brBarb
B
BOCCTaHOBJIeHHI,T na pa6ore (GblcoKoonJrar{IrBaeMbrx coTpyAHr{KOB...
ecJrH... orKa3 xeo6xo4l.lu, vro6rr npeAy[peAHTb Cepbe3Hbre 3xoHoMtrqecKr're norepu Ms pa6oro4arenr>>. flpuneAeHHar HopMa, KaK Na3rurocb,
6ura yueubrrrr,trb xenaHHe nonyqr,rrb poAHTenbcKuft ornycx y
Tex corpyAHHKOB, rrbr,r ornycKa o6xognlucr pa60roAareJrflM oco6enHo
Aoporo. oAnaxo Korr,il.rccus no ceuefiuoMy H MeAHrIr{HcKOMy ornycKy,
o6pa:onauuafl Mfl KoHTponf, sa co6nrc4eHr.teM coorBercrByroqero 3aKona (r.e, [peAocraBJreHr.rglr Bcex npeAycMorpeHHbrx [rM ornycxon), npuurna
K BbIBoAy, qro Jrr.rrrrb 2,5%o pa5oroAarenefi, o6cre4oranHbrx B 1996 r., coo6qruu o6 gxouorrlua 6laro4apr yMeHbrueHurc TeKyrrecru r(aApoB r,r
6onrurefi [peAaHHocrll pa6orezs . B qelou xe nocqr,rraJrr{, rrro 3aKoH He
oKa3aJr cyqecrBeHHoro BJrltrHr,tfl Ha pa3JrrdqHbre nor(a3arenn pa6orbr KoM_
na}J]ix r'r corpyAHr.rxon (r 80-95% ncex o6cre40BaHHbrx xonanannfi).
YqreHHrte noJroxr,ITeJrbHbre [ocJIeAcrBH, nepeBellrnBanfi yqreHHbre
orpHIIareJIbHbIe [ocJIeAcrBI'L AJL 3aHrrocrH corpyAHI,tKoB, oco6enHo s
qacru rrpoH3BoAHTeJrbHOCTH (12,50 no cpaBHeHurc c
5%); B TO Xe BpeMf,
npr,rMeHnreJrbHo K sr[Qexrr.rnnocrn pa6orbr NoMnaHr.rfi yvrenuue orpnqaAOJTXHa
2a Rebecca Marra
and Judith Lindner: <The true cost of parental leave: The parental Leave
Cost Model>, in Dana E. Friedman, Ellen Galinsky and Veronica Plowden (eds.): parental
leave
and productivity: cutent researc&, New york, Families and work Institute, 1992, pp.
2s
Cu. cuocxy
55-7g.
16.
Tpyaruruecr c cemefinutull o6nlanHocrcM[
TeJrbHbIe nocneAcrBHg npeB3oIxJIH yqreHHble [oJIoxI,lTeJIbHble nocneAcT-
Bnr. He6onbiltar Lonrfl. pa6oroAareneft, coo6ulaBllrl,tx o nonyqeHHofi oKoHoMr,r[, BpoAe 6rr nporunopequr BbrBoAaM n3 LlccneAoBaP.us 1992 r., otHocf,rrlerocs K poAnrenbcr(oMy ornycKy (cu. urocxy 24). Ho I,I 3ro uccneAoBaHHe raKxe noKa3aJro, vro s$$exruBHocrb npeAocraBneHl,L orflycKa
flpeArronaraer co6nroAeHue pflAa ycronnft B orHoIIIeHVvt ux nnaHl,tpoBaHVtfl t4 ocyulecrBneHrm nJraHa. @axtH.{ecKI,I Kparl(aq cpeAHrlfl flpoAonxuTeJrbHocrb B3rrbrx orrlycKoB n paanoo6pa3ve ilpvquH cBlrAereJrbcrBylor o
ToM, r{To Ha npaKTr.{Ke perrb HAer, cKopee, 06 ornycxax no ceueftsutu tt
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He o poAr.rreJrbcKoM ornycKe KaK TaKoBou, roropslfi AonxeH 6utrs 6oree
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saxHrrfi acneKr - 6srru Moxer, Aaxe petuaroulr,rfi acneKT - npHMeHeHHn
HeAaBHo flpr,rHrroro B crpaHe 3axoHoAarenbcrBa no groMy nonpocy. CouracHo AaHHbrM O3CP26 ,s [auwu, (DuHlssAlrr,r, Hopneruu n Fepuanuu
poAr,rrenbcxrrM orflycxoM nonb3yrorc, MeHee 50% orqon, rlMerour4x Ha Hero npaBo. Ho n IIIneqvH era Aons cocraBilflila s 1987 r.25oh (nporut 20Yo
s 1978 r.), xorx ruBeAcKHe orqu 6epyr rarofi ornycK roJrbKo Ha KoporKoe
BpeMrI r,r qacro B Br,rAe pa6orrr HenonHoe BpeMfl. Ec.nu ncxoAr,rrb H3 qytcila
4Hefi ouaveHHoro poAr,rrenbcr(oto ornycKa n lllnequu, To Aorq Myxqr,rH
s 1988 r. cHrlxaercs lo 7o/o (n 1978 r.- 4'O.B 4pyrux crpaHax 3Ta AoJu
paBHa npuuepuo l%0.
Po4nrenrcrnfi ornycx rrpH3BaH rtoMorrb xeHrrlr,rHaM Bcry[r,rrb Ha pbrHor( TpyAa, rrocKoJrbKy oH u:6asrqer r,rx or nu6opa MexAy rapuepofi u
yxoAoM 3a AerbMH. B npuuqnne, oH orKpbrBaer nepeA HrrMr4 TpH Bo3MoxHocru: cAenarb nepepbrB B r(apbepe, qro6rr nplrcMarpr,rBarb 3a AerbMn, c
rapauruefi Bo3BparrleHnfl, Ha pa6ory; rpoAonxr,trb Kapbepy B To BpeMs,
KaK orerl Aenaer rrepepbrB B Kapbepe npri HiurHrtr,ru roit xe rapaHTr,ru; pa3AenHTb nepepbrB B r(apbepe c orrloM pe6eHxa. Ho, xax BbrreKaer H3 nprrBeAeHHbrx Bbrrre quQp, Myxr{[Hbr He nposBnrrror 6olrruoro 3HTy3[a3Ma B
MepHoe pacflpeAenenue
.un,
26
OECD: op. cit. (cnocra 8)
l4E
Tpyanuuecr c cenreftsuuu o6rlannogrrnn
oTHOrrreHr{H poAHTenbcKoro oTnycKa. B pesyarTaTe ocTaeTc, nepBbrft BapHaHT, ycnex KoToporo Ha [parcnKe MoxHo or{eH[Tb Ha ocHoBe AonH
xeHrrlr{H, Bo3o6HoB}rBr.rrnx pa6oTy nocJre Toro, KaK ucqepnaHo npaBo Ha
oTnyc(.
Hccne4onaHlre, npoBeAeHHoe AJn Kouuccul.r Enponeftcrfix coo6rrlecrB no Boflpecy xapaxrepr.rcrr.rK TpyAoBofi xr.r3Hn xeHrrlr.rH s 12 crpaxax EC, BbrrBHJro prA HHTepecHbrx MoMeHTon2T. flpex4e Bcero ono noKa3aJro o6parHyro cBr3b MexAy yqacrueM xeHrrlr.rH B cocraBe pa6ovefi culsr
r,r HenpepbrBHbrM craxeu pa6oru. B crpanax, rAe creneHb yqacrnfl, Bbrcoxa (currure 90o/o), Aonr xenrrlrlH, AeJraroullrx nepepbrB B Kapbepe, Hrrxe
60oh (!anur, lepuauur, Benuxo6puraaut). Hao6opor, eclrLt Aorrfl pa6oTaroqnx xeHrrlriH nuxe (60-70o/o), gottt xeHrrIHH, r(oropbre He Aenaror nepepbrBa B Kapbepe, Bbrrue - 70-80% (Ipequr, lar.ut, klcnaaw). B nocJreAHr,rx rpex crpaHax xeHrqr,rHbr crruTarcT, vro ceueftnue ga6orut r,lnlIOT Ha Kapbepy s rvreHuuefi cTe[eH[, qeM noJrararoT r{x KoJrrrern H3 cTpaH
CerepHoft Enponsl.
Anropu nccJreAoBaHur BbrrBnJrr.r rnnoJroruro, ((orpaxaroqyro Bo3MoxHocrb o6ecneqfirr yxoA 3a AerbMr,r AoIIrKoJrbHoro Bo3pacra, a raKxe
HaIIlroH:urbHHe B3UrrAbt u nolfl4Tul(y B cTpaHax B oTHoIIIeHI,IH K BOnpOCy
o6yvenur MiIJreHbr(Hx gerefi, ponr{ Marepil v He3aBncraMocrn xeHrrlr,rHbrD.
Coraacno Hx BbrBoAau, n lOxuofi Enpone (Fpeqrar, Idtatur., flopryrarttt, Vcnautax) xeuqnHbl, noxoxe, He cr{HTaror cenaefinyrc xr,t3Hb Hecosuecrnrvrofi c rpygoaofi AesTenbHocTbro, TorAa KaK B cenepuofi Eapone
(fepruauNr, Vlplr.angm1 Jlrcxceu6ypr, Hu4eplanArr) ycJroBtrf,, Kax rpeAcraBJrrercr, He 6naronp[rrcrByror coBMeuleHnro pa6oru c nonHoqeHnofi
ceueftHofi xr,t3Hbro. B npouexyroqHofi rpynne crpaH (Eelrrua, [auur.,
@parulun) npeAycMorpeH prA Mep c uenbro npr.rMr{pr.rrb pa6ory n ceuefiHyIo xH3Hb, Haflpr,rMep AonrocpoqnHfi onna.runaeuufi poAr{Tenbcr(uft ornycx H rrrlrpoKafl cerr cy6cn4upyeMbrx AotuKoJrbHbrx yvpexgenufi.
Vnourxyroe Bbrue lrccJreAoBaHue OOCP (cu. cuocxy 8) co.(epxnr
AonoJrHlrrenbHyro r,rHr[opr,,raqurc o flocneAcrBr,rrx poAr.rrenbcKoro ornycKa
B Ha3BaHHofi csqzu. B @urusHAl.il.r, Illrequu u Huaep.[aHAax 6oarurnncrno ruogefi, Koropbre BocnoJrb3oBalrucb poAr,rrenbcr(HM ornycKoM, Bnocile4cruru Bo3Bparqanrcr Ha pa6ory, o6rl.rHo Ha flpexHee npeAnpnrrue.
B Feprraanuu w Asctpwr, 3To npo[cxoAr.rr pexe (coorBercrBeHHo floJroBr.tHa H Tperb.nnrl). OAnaxo n fepuaunv AoIrfl rraarepefi-ogr,rHoqeK, Bo3BpaularcrrlHxc, Ha pa6ory flocJre poAr,trenbcr(oro orflycKa, HaMHofo Bbrrr]e 80%o nocne repBoro peoenxa s 65oh nocJre BToporo pe6enxa. 3ru pa:nr'{ug o6tgcHf,rorcr, BepofrHo, xparxofi npoAonxHTeJlbHocrblo 3aKoHHoro
ornycxa (xoropufi Hr{KaK He cBfl3aH c Bo3pacroM, KorAa pe6eHox HaafiiHaer noceqarb rrrKony) u neygoanerBopr{TeJrbHbrMri ycnyraM}r rro yxoAy
3a AerbMH. 3a ucxnroqeHr,reM curya\uu, KorAa xeHrqnHbr noflpocry He
27 Marianne Kempeneers and
Eva Lelidvre: <Employment and family within the Twelver>,
Eurobarometer (Brussels), 1991, No. 34 (special issue), p. 134 et seq.
Tpyaruuecc c ceuefinrtun o6rlaHuocrsun
149
Moryr ce6e 3To [o3BoJILITb (nanpr,ruep, MaTepH-oAI4Hor{KI,I), XeHITII.IHbI
npeAnoqr,rTaroT npr,rcMarpHBarb 3a cBoI4MH AeTbMI,I I,I He BO3BpaIrlaTbCs Ha
pa6ory. Mepu, npoAneBaIoIIIHe flpaBo Ha ornycK Ao Harlara noceqeHl,L
pe6eHKoM rrrxoJrbr n o6ecqeq[Baloque Bblnnary Aocraror{Horo noco6l,Ifl ,
HecoMHeHHo, cnoco6crBoBaJrr{ 6u 6omueMy q[cny Bo3BpalrleHwfi aa pa6ory. Hepe4xo, oAHaKo, r,rMeer Mecro paHHee Bo3BpaIIIeHHe Ha pa6ory u33a 6or3Hr4 Jr4rrurbcfl ee no gKoHoMI{rIecKLIM npuqvrau ulrvr norepfrb
xnarn$nraqnrc. Bo (Dpauqr.l.r n l/cnauuv, rAe poAr,rtemcxufi or[ycx
BO3MOXeH B TeqeHrre npOAOnXr,rTeJrbHOrO neprroAa, 3aKoH noSToMy npeAycMorpen npaBo ua npoQy.re6y no 3aBeprrreHr.rlr poAlrrenbcxoro ornyc-
xa. CyqecrByer raKxe cBfl3b MexAy xoe<[Quq[eHToM Bo3BparrleHrfl Ha
pa6ory H ypoBHeM xnaruQuxarlrdlr rpyAsrrlerocfl, a raKxe rprrBJrexareJrbHocrbro pa6overo Mecra.
<Illnequa - 3ro B Hacrorrqee BpeMq eAuHcrBeHHafl crpaHa, rAe ...
cyqecTByroT cooTBeTcTByloque I4ccJIeAoBaHus. Bce cBr,rAereJrbcrByer B [onb3y roro, qTo correraHI,Ie poAnTeJrbcKoro ornycxa u pexr,rMoB pa6overo BpeMeHH noJroxuTeJrbHo orpa3r,rnocb Ha rpyAoBofi gerrenrnocru [rrBeAcKHx xeHrrlnH>>28 .
3tn nosnrr,rBHble MoMeHTbt Bbtpaxarorc, B yBenLtr{eHHH AoJIH xeHIrInH,
pa6oraroq[x [oJrHoe BpeMs Ao poxAeHn, nepBoro pe6euxa, H HeyKnoHHOM CHH)I(eHI{I., qUCrA XeHITII,IH, OCTaTOUIUXCf, AOMa nOCJIe pOXAeHHfl nepooro pe6enKa; Kopoqe, yflyquaercfl crTyatJvw c HenpepbrBHocrbro craxa
pa6orrr xeHrrluH. Cne4yer, oAHaNo, npeAocrepeqb nporuB o6o6ulenufi,
u6o onpegeJreHHo cyqecrByer cBr3b MexAy grr,lMn pe3ynbraraMn n oco6ennocrr uH rxBeAcxoro 3aKoHoAareJrbcrBa B paccMarpuraeuofi o6nacrn.
B 4pyrr,rx ycnoBlrsx Moxer Bo3HnKHyrb HecKoJrbKo QaxropoB, KorAa
po4urenrcxufi ornycx [peBparr,rrc, B o6crollenrcrno, ornyr{arculee
xeHIrIr,rH, rrJrn rro xpafiuefi Mepe HeKoropbrx H3 Hr4x, or pbrHxa rpyAa.
MO)I(HO H3yr{aTb AOnrOBpeMeHHbre nocJreAcTBr,r, I,I
OAUH r,r3 TaKHx Sarropon - HeyAoBnerBopr,rrenbHoe r{cnonb3oBaHue orrlaMn flpaBa Ha ornycx. 3ro, pa3yMeercr, cBf,3aHo c flpeApaccyAr(aMr,r, Ho
B He MeHbrrreft creneHr - r,r c pa3pbrBoM B onJrare rpyAa. Tor Qaxr, vro
xeHuII,IHbI, KaK [paB[JIO, nOJIyqaIOT MeHbIIJyIO OnnaTy, rIeM Myxr{HHbI,
cnyxr,rr Alm Marepefi cruuynou 6parr poArrrenbcr(uft ornycr, u6o ero
MeHb[re cKaxerc, ua ceuefisoM AoxoAe. flpyroft r4croqHHK HepaBeHCTBa
nporBnqerc, B ToM, qro xeHrrurHur c 6onee nusxoft xrannQuxaquei,t u ueHee r,rHrepecHofi pa6orofi, xax npaBlrJro, Bo3Bpar{arcTcr Ha paoory no3xe
I,IJII{ xe soo6qe He Bo3Bparqarorcs. Orcyrcrnue aJrbrepHarHnnsrx
Qopu
yxoAa 3a AerbML I,InH ero BblcoKar crol,IMocrb, KaK npaBHno, cnoco6crnyET OTTOPXCHI,Irc XCHIIII,IH OT PbIHKA TPYAA. TAX
'IrO NOJIOXI,ITEJIbHOC BO3Aeficrsne poAHTenbcKoro ornycKa Ha paBeHcrBo noJroB Ha Aene 3aBr,rcHT
or Apyrux $arropon, TaKr,rx, KaK HepaBeHcrBo AoxoAoB, nepBoHar{aJrbHoe
flonoxeHr{e Ha pbrHr(e rpyAa, Hanwryre yqpexAeHufi no yxoAy 3a AerbMH n
pa3 Mep noco6ul, BbrnJraqrrBaeMoro Bo BpeMfl poAr,rrenbcr(oro or[ycKa.
28
OECD: op. cit. (cxocxa 8), p. 189.
Tpyagqnecn c ceneftnunn o6nlannosrcmr
150
TIEPCIIEKTUIBbI
B nacrosrqee BpeMr HaMerrJrocb
Hecxonbxo o6qt,tx reHAeHrIHfi. B
qACTHOCTI,I:
- npaBo Ha poAr,ITeJrbcxr,Ifi ornycx npn3Haerc, Bce 6onbIrIHM rrr,rcfloM
cTpaH nn6o B KarrecTBe TaKoBOfO, nH6O S Br,rAOtr3MeHeHHOM BlrAe npaBa
Ha npoAJreHxufi ornycK ro Marepr{HcrBy, xoropurfi Tenepb npoAreBaror
eqe 60lrure I{ pacnpocrpaHrror Ha orrloB u Aa:xe Apyrnx qJreHoB ceMbr,r
(nanpuuep, 6a6yurex r.r AeAyrrex);
- poAr,rrenbcxnfi ornycx craHoBurcc 6oree [poAojrxnTeJrbHbrM;
- npoAJreBaK)T TaKXe IIepI,IoA, B TerreHHe r(oToporo MoxHo B3rTb OT_
rlycK - BnJrorb Ao Bo3pacra, KorAa pe6eHox Harrr.rHaer noceularb 3aHflTl1|fl,
r.e. nu6o B AorrrKonbHoM yrrpexAenur,r (rpn ro4a), rur6o n noprAr(e o6fl3aTenbHoro rrrxoJrbHoro o6paroraHur (ruecrr nlu noceur ler);
- 6onee ru6xnuu r,r pasnoo6pa3HbrMn craHoBrrc, cnoco6sl nonyqeHH, orflycKa: ero MoxHo B3flTb B noprAxe pa6oru He[oJrHoe BpeMq, pa3_
6urs Ha HecxoJrbKo orpe3xoB vtlru xe ncnoJrb3oBarb B BHAe Ha4ortrHofi pa-
6oru;
- poArTenbcxuft ornycK Bce qaule npeAocraBnrror Ha nH4uBu1yar:.loHofi ocHose, B nporr,rBononoxHocrr ceueftHofi ocHoBe;
- crdcreMbr poAr4Tenbcr(oro ornycKa Moryr noJroxr,rreJrbHo orpa3r.rrbcfl Ha rosQQuqneHTe po)MaeMocrr,r, 3aHrrocrld H paBeHcrBe noJroB nplr
ycJroBtrlr co6lro4euu, HeKoropbrx npaBHJr, B qaCTHOCTV, eCItVt noco6ne s
AorxHofi Mepe r(oMneHclrpyer yrpaqeHHbrfi AoxoA lt r,rMerorc, Apyr[e
Sopurr yxoAa 3a AerbMlt, cnoco6crnyrcque Bo3BparrleHr{ro Ha pa6ory.
flocleAsufi MoMeHT HyxAaerc, s Apyx oroBopr(ax. Bo-nepnurx, AIfl
roro qro6lr poAr,rrenbcxufi ornycx 6bIJI BnoJrHe 4eficrreuuuM, T.e. no3BO-
nrn o6onu poAxrenrM correrarb pa6ory u ceueftnue o6rsaHHocrr{, ero
cneAyer cAeJrarb nplrBJreKareJrbHbrM
glr
o60ux. vld'f/.uu cJroBaMH, ero
cneAyer npeAocraBJrrrb Ha AHAUB.I,,.EyaJLTHOfi OCnOBe, a BbrnJrar{I,rBaeMoe
noco6ne AoJrxHo Bo3MerrlarL norepr,r B AoxoAe. oAnaxo Aocraror{Hac
KOMNCHCAIII" AOXOAA O3HAIIAET 3HAIIHTEIbHOC 6PCUA
AIC TOCYAAPCTBA
unu 6rc4xera corlgirJrrnoft :aulnrrr. B 1993 r., Hanpr,rMep, coorBercrByroqre pacxoAbr cocTaBr,rnH l,l% BBrI n @uunrn4uu, 1,07%o s IIIsel4;au, 0,7 Soh- n Hopreruu u 0,5loh B lanuwzr . B pr4e crpaH, HanpnMep
[aruuu, pa3Mepbr noco6nr npu poAHTenbcKoM orrycxe HeAaBHo Oaxrn.recxN 6ruru cHr,rxeHbr. Huuerunue 6rc4xerHsre rpyAHocrr.r H KplrruKa B aApec 0ocyAapcrBa 6narococroflHv!fl>>, cKopee Bcero, [ocraBrr IIoA coMHe-
uue 6Jayrqee poAurenbcKoro ornycKa, TaK Kar( nplrBeAyr K yMeHbrrJeHr,rro
nocooufi (r4e ux BbrnJrarrHBaror) nm yxecrogeHHro BbrrlJrar rrpH [pHHrTr'{H HOBOTO 3aKOHOAareJrbcrBa. 3ro conprxeHo c pr{cKoM Toro, qro peiurbHo poAHTenbcr(nfi ornycx 6y1", AocryneH ToJrbKO ynpaBreHr{ecK[M
ze
OECD: op. cit (cuocra S), p. 192, table 5.6.
Tpyarrurccn c ceuefinutnn o6nranxogrsun
151
pa6orHr,rxaM, a B ocraJrbHoM oH 6yAer crroco6crBoBarb orropxeHlllo
Har,r MeHee xnarn$uqupoBaHHbrx xeHrrlrrH or pbrHKa rpyAa.
Bo-rropsrx, nocKoJrbKy 3Q$eKT[BHocrb poAlrrenbcr(oro ornycKa 3aBI,!CI{T TaKXe OT TO[O, CKOJIbKO qe[OBeK I,IM nonb3yeTcq U KaKOBbI yCnOBIry
sogo6HosreHnr pa6orbr, pacryrqyrc neycrofirrnBocrb 3aHsrocrr,r cneAyer
pacr{eHr,rBarb B KarrecrBe yrpo3br B 3ToM cMbrcJre. Bce uexrrue t,t MeHbLI]e
rp yAfl rrll,t x cr, Bep orrHo, 6y Ay r yAoBnerB oprrr rpe6or an'z,flM, K acarculr,r M -
crr HenpepbrBHoro craxa pa6oru, AJrr npeAocraBJreHrrfl poAr.rrenbcKoro
ornycKa u oco6eguo - Mfl cBg3aHHoro c HHM noco6ul, KorAa 3TIaMH BonpocaMr, 3aHHMaTOTC' pa3flr,rr{Hbre BeAoMcroa. Kpoue roro, Bo3o6nosneHue pa6oru, pa3yMeercs,3aBucyrr or Harr,tq[fl nocrorHHoro rpyAoBoro
AoroBopa. Te, xro paooram Ha ocHoBe BpeMeHHbrx AoroBopoB, He 3axoTrr 6parr poAHTenbcKr,rfi ornycx, onacarcb JrlrruHTbcr pa6overo Mecra B
[eproA orcyrcrBr,r, Ha pa6ore.
HaxoHeq, ocraerc, Bonpoc, MoxHo rla cq[Tarb poAr,ITenbcxufi orNYCK qACTbIO TEHACHIII.IH
B HANPABJIEHIdI,I NCPEPACIPEAEJIEHH' BPEMCHH
yexay pa6orofi u luquofi xr.r3Hbro. B cauona AeJre, oH AononHfler Apyr[e
Sopnau npoAneHHoro ornycKa r,tJr, [epepbrBoB B Kapbepe, TaKyte, KaK or_
nycK rlo pen[r[o3HbrM MOTr{Bara, yve6nrrfi ornycK t4 T.n., nnH xe [epeceKaercs c Hl'rMn3o . B yxasanuofi csrs[ BO3HrrXaer raxxe Bonpoc, nocraB.nennufi Ma4ceuov3l, npe4nocx[ularor fltu raKue cxeMbr ornycKoB cno_-
co6u coxpauleHr'rc pa6ouero BpeMeHlr n 6y4yrqerra nptl yclroBuLt,KoHerrqro 3TO CoKparqeuue 6y4er flpoAonxarbcfl nrw,
TOqHee so:o6Hosr.ncfl, TaK KaK oHo' noxoxe, npHocraHoBI'IJIocb B p$ynbrare 3aMeU,eHUg,
TeMnoB pocra [por.r3BoAr,rreJrbHocr[ B crpaHax o3cp. Taxne
or_
nycxa Moryr raKxe cJryx,Tb cpeAcrBoM nepepacnpeAefleH'fl Qoprrarr
unu poratlwu pa6or B crpaHax, rAe B HHx yBlrAenu inocoo 6opu6u c
Maccosofi
HO'
6eapa6ornqefi.
30 Crra' <Working
time and employment: New arrangements)) , International Labour Review
(Geneva), Vol. 134 (1995), No. 2, p. 263, table 2. B pyccxorra
u3talnu _ <pa6oqee BpeM, n
?1H.s10crb;
JVe
uorue Qoprrru opraHr.r3aultn>>. Mecrcdyuapodnofi o6sop mpyda.
I-3, c. 149,ra6a.2.
rr Kongshoj Madsen: op. cit. (*rocra
20).
1996.
T.
134,
TPyAOBOE 3AKOHOAATEIbCTBO
9AAu JIr*
IJIOBAJMSA[wIfl pI HOPMbT B OEJTACTIT Tpy[A:
OE3OP IPOEJIEM
Iro6anlrsaqur nopoArdna pflA B3a[MocBfl3aHHbrx npo6neu, BneKyrq[x
ra co6ofi coq[anbHbre nocJleAcrsus. OHr,r BxJrroqaror rosgeficrnue Ha 3aHsrocrb, pacrrpeAeneHue AoxoAoB H ponb npaBoBbrx HopM B o6tacru
TpyAa. flo sruu BonpocaM norBuJracb o6urupHar Jrlrreparypa. {enr uapaccMorpsrb Bonpocbr, orHocrrrluecfl N BJrurHr,rro
crorqefi crarbr,r
rno6arnsaquu Ha-npaBoBbre HopMbr s o6racru rpyaa H, B r{acrHocrr,t,
Bonpocbr MexAyHapo4uoft nolurr,rKr,t, o6cyx4aeubte B JrrlTeparype. CraTbf, Har{HHaerc, Kparr(nu o6sopoM npoucxoArulefi B Haur[ AHr,r Ar,rcKycc[I,r, BKJrroqag nepeMeHbt, KoTopbre B [ocneAHee BpeMr HaMeTI,rJIIrcb Bo
B3rJrrAax [oJrHTrrKoB H yqeHbrx Ha 3aKoHoAareJrbHbre HopMbr s o6racrfi
TpyAa. 3arcu o6cyx4eusr HeAaBHHe Ancrycct4r4 Ha MexAyHapoAHbrx noJrr,rrHqecKnx Qopyuax no BonpocaM B3au MocBr3rd MexAy nn6epalnsaqnefi
ToproBJrr,r lr MexAyHapoAHbrMH HopMaMr.r. .(alee cneAyer o6sop 3KoHoMr,rqecxr,rx [ccJreAoBaHufi
no gToMy Bonpocy. Crarrs 3aBepuraerc, orleH-
xofi HsrseruHero cocroflHtrs Lucryccut4 r{ paccMorpeHraeM Bo3MoxHbrx
nyrefi rpeoAoneHr.r, cyulecrByrouero 3HaqnTeJrbHoro pa3pbrBa MexAy
npoTr.rBononoxHblMr,r ToTIKaMH 3peHI,Is.
ooH A,ICKyCCWI
Bonpoc o roproBne r,r MexAyHapoAHbrx npaBoBbrx HopMax n o6nacrn
TpyAa He HoB u QarruuecKn Bo3Hr.rK Ao o6pasosanras MOT s l9l9 r. Tax
qTO NPCACTABN'ETCq IOJIBHbIM I(PATKO BCNOMHHTb HEKOTOPbIE OCHOBHbIE
oco6esuocru Hcropnqecxoro pa3Br,rrufl B KaqecrBe QoHa gnr paccMorpe-
npo6len.
I{enr o6pa3oBaHuq MOT
Hr,rs coBpeMeHHbrx
'MET, Xenesa
qro6ur npeAnpnHsrb
ynyqueHu, ycnoBuit rpyga
3aKJrrorraJracb B ToM,
coBMecrHbre MexAyHapoAHbre geficrnua Anfl
Bo BceM MHpe. CyuecrronaJro HecKoJIbKo B3aHMocBt3aHHutx no6yAuTeJrbHbrx crHMyJIoB, HaIIIeAITIHx orpaxeHl,Ie d flpear'r6yre x Ycrasy MOT,
rAe 3arrucaHo:
<flpuulruas Bo BHI,tMaHIre, r{To nceo6u[rafi u npouuufi MHp Moxer
6uru ycrauoBJreH ToJIbxo Ha ocHoBe coqnanbHofi cnpaoe4llrBocru;
npHHr{Ma, Bo BHI,IMaHHe, qTO CyuIecTByIor ycnoBl,Iq TpyAa, Bnexyuue
:a co6oft HecnpaBeAnl,IBocrb, HyxAy vt ltriltteHnfl A-ns 6olruoro qucra
ruo4efi, qro [opoxAaer raKoe HeAoBonbcrBo, qro noABeprarcTc, onacHocrn MLrp u cornacne Bo BceM MHpe...
[pr,rHHMa, Taxxe Bo BHI,IMaHI,Ie, qro HenpeAocraBJIeHHe xaxofi-lt't6o
crp ano fi TpyAqrrln M c, rleroBeq ecKl,tx ycnoB uit rpy ga flr;rfler cfl rtp enrrcrBr.reM Anf Apyrux HapoAoB, xenarcull,Ix ynyqluHTb [oJroxeHl,Ie TpyAslquxcf B. cBor,rx crpaHax...>
flepnuu no6y4urerbHblM
crI,IMyJIoM 6utla coqualrbnafl cnpaBeAnuoga6o.reHHocrb B cBrr3r,r c HaJrr,rq[eM ycronuft TpyAa, BneKylrlux 3a
co6ofi HyxAy v lrrLteHlafl AJrq 6omuoro qucJra moAefi. .{pyroft crlrMyn
Bocrb
ra
6srn npo4uKToBaH 6naropa:yuneM: [peAynpeAl{Tb HeAoBonbcrBo, Koropoe cnoco6Ho yrpoxarb MLIpy t,t corJlacurc Bo BceM Ml,lpe. 3ro n noHrrHo,
yrruTbrBarr, r{To Aeno npoucxoAr.rno HenocpeAcrBeHHo nocJle nepaofr uu-
ponofi sofiuur u 6omuresucrcxoft peBonroqrrra. Ho cyulecrBoBaJl u rperuit
no6y4ureusnurft cruuyn, npoAr,rrrosaHHrlfi ug1eeit o ueo6xoAI,IMocrI,I ttcKJIIOqIITb HeraTHBHbIe pa3Ifl4l{Idfl MeXAy CTpaHaMI,r, CBr3aHHbIe C HeXeJIaHHeM HeKOTOpbrx H3 HHx CO3Aarb qefloBeqecKr,re yCJrOBr4fl TpyIl4.
C rex nop cnoxuJracb cHcreMa MexAyHapoAHbrx 3aKoHoAareJIbHbIx
HopM B o6racm rpyAa B BlrAe MexAyHapoAHbrx KoHBenquft, r(oropble
HMeror o6csareruHyro cuny 4rr paruQ[uupoBaBrrrux tax crpaH. K nacrorrr"leMy BpeMeHr.r nprHsrbr 176 xonsenrluft (c pasuoft creneHbro t4x paru$uxaqnu crpauauu), noA5penneHHbrx KoHTponbHbrM MexaHrr3MoM.
Cucren,ta roHseHunft ycrosna B ycnoBr.rsx <<aenuxofi Aenpeccuu)), Bo3Hr,tKHoBeHHr Qaururua u uropoft uuponoft uofiurr, AexonoHr,r3a\ua pa3BHBarorrluxcs crpaH u HeAaBHero Kpaxa KoMMyHr,l3Ma. Xorg r,rAes opraHr,r3aq[rr,r Bo3Hr,rKJra B (oJroHnaJrbHyro 3noxy, oHa BbrpocJra B cr.rcreMy c MexAyHapoAHbIM oxBaroM, o qeM cBuAerenbcrByer Harwl.ilre cefi.rac s MOT 174
crpaH-rueHos. OHa yHHKanbHa r,r B ToM cMbrcJre, qro B pyxoBoArrrllrx opraHax MOT rpeAcraBneHbr rpyArrrlnecfl u pa6oro4areltu B cuny npHHrIHna rpunaprr,I3Ma, 3aJroxeHHoro B ee Ycrase. Tax .{'ro Ha Aene B Ter{eHHe
HeKoroporo BpeMeHr.r $ynrqnoHupyer uo6arrbHafl cr,rcreMa MexAyHapoAHbrx npaBoBbrx HopM B o6nacru rpyAa.
OAsaxo c KoHIIa 70-x roAos sa6moAaerc, cABr,rr B HanpaBneHur,r Heolu6epamuofi sxonouuqecxofi n coulraJrbsofi nonnrvtnyt, B pe3ynbrare
qero 6rma nocraBJleHa noA coMHeHne ueHHocrb grr,rx Hoprta noo6ule. TaKa, TOqKa 3peHr,r,r AenaeT ynop Ha yMeHbr.xeHHe ponn rocyAapcTBa, B ToM
rrucre B perynupoBaHrvt pbrHorlHblx orgoureHnfi. C.{uraercr, rITo perynupoBaHr,re, no cyru, BHocr4T Aucnponopqr,rH, Meurar otfSexrunnouy QynxrIHOHHpOBaHr.rrO pbrHKOB H yxyArIas noKa3aTeJrr, sKoHoMr,rqecKoro pocTa
ls4
Tpyaoaoe 3arouoAarenbcrBo
u I.ax.e pacnpeAeneHr,r, AoxoAoB. Peryflr,rpoBaHr,re pbrHKa
rpyLa TaKxe He lr36exilno Heonn6epilnbHofi Kp[THKr,r.
B npouuruJrexHo pa3Br.rrbrx crpaHax np[o6peraer Bce 6olruree
Blil4flHue ror{Ka 3peHr,rs, corJracHo xoropofi perynupoBaHr,re pbrHKa rpyAa
H rocyAapcrBo 6naroc ocroflHt4fl flpeAcraBnflrcr co6oft rJraBHbre npnqr,rHbr
pocra r{ coxpaHeHur 6e:pa6orurlbr. C,rurarcr, qro gru Qaxropu yMeHbrrraror crr,rMynbr An, TpyAflrqr{xcs HcKarr pa6ory, a pu pa6oro4arenefi
co3AaBarb pa6oqne Mecra. B nux raKxe ycMarpr,rBaror npe[srcrBr,re Ha
nyrr,r crpyr(TypHbrx [epeMeH, TaK KaK oHn qpe3Mepnrru o6pa:oM rapaHr,r 3aHf,TocTH
TI,IPYIOT 3AH'TOCTb. OtCrcAA PCI(OMEHAA\HV
Mfl
nporpaMM crpyroypHbrx npeo6pagonasufi.
flouauo
NOJII,ITHKH, BbITCKAIOIIIHE
us no4o6nofi ro.{xu 3peHuf,, cBoArrc, K AeperynupoBaHr,rrc pbrHKoB TpyAa
r,r cBeprbrBaHr,rrc rocyAapcrBa 6larococrofl HHs, qro o6ecnequr 66nruryro
ru6xocru pbrHKoB TpyAa rroA Bnr.rsHr,reu geftcrru, pbrHor{Hbrx cHJr. Taxyro
nonrrTr,rKy Ha Aene ocyulecTBJrsnH B pqAe cTpaH, rAe y BnacTr,r HaxoAHnHcb
npaBr,rrenbcrsa Heorfl6epanbHoro roJrKa.
Bru*tue oflucaHHblx B3rJrgAoB He orpaHurll,IBaercg npoMbllrneHHo
pa3BHTbr MH CTPAHAMU, OHO paCnpocTpaHr,rnocb Ha MHorr,re pa3Br,rBaroq[e_
c, crpaHbr. Baxuuu Qarropou npr.r 3ToM craJro ro, qro AeperynnpoBaHHe pbrHKa TpyAa Bce qaule [peBpaqaeTcs B ycnoBue ,r,.s, ocyqecTBneHr4'
o6sr.rHrrx AoBoAoB,
[cnonb3yeMblx B npoMbIII]JIeHHo pa3BI'ITbIx cTpaHax, 3Aecb TaKxe noAqepKr.rBanu oTpHr{aTenbHbre nocneAcTBr,r, perynHpoBaHH, pbrHKa rpyaa
s
BrrAe nepeKocoB B pacIIpeAeneHHH AOXOAOB H norrBJreuna pa60vetrt apucToKpaTHr.r.
florrru uo oxapaloep[3oBaHHoro HAeonoruqecxoro cABI,rra, co MHeHIrg
orHocHreJrbHo HopM S OoraCrH rpyaa cBq3aHbr er{e c AByM' TeHAeHrr[s-
rrau. oAHa r'r3 HHx
pacryr{as rno6alnsau[, 3KoHoMHxH. B pesyrurare n
rocyAapcrBesHofi-noJrHTHKe CTA]/.U npr4AaBarb nepBocreneHHoe 3HaqeHr,re
crHMynHpoBaHHro KoHKypeHTocnoco6socrr,r Ha Mr,tpoBbrx prrHxax. pacnpocrpaHeHa roqKa 3peHr,rr, cofJracHo xoropoft B cBr3rd c o60crpeHueu
MexAyHapo4uoft xonxypeHrlr,rr4 B npoqecce rno6anusaq vil y ct/.ilvtr,aercfl
AaBJTeHI'Ie B cTopoHy cHI'IxeHI'IrI l'I3AepxeK npoH3BoAcTBa, BKJrIotta, pacxoAbI Ha pa6ovyro cuily, 14 o6ecne.reHprs 6olrruefi ru6xocru npoH3BoAcrBeHHbrx cHcreM. 3ro sen:6exHo orpa3HTc, orpHqareJrbHbrM o6pasorra na
cJIOXr,rBrueMcf ypoBHe HOpM B O6naCrn rpy,ia. Kporr,te roro, noJrararor,
rrro Bo3pocruas uo6nnbHocrb Kanr,rraJra ycHnnBaer no3Hr{Hr,t pa6oro4arerefi Ha neperoBopax c rpyArrqr,rMr.rcfl r{ npaBr.rreJrbcrBaMr,r. flparuremcrra, xpaftue 3allHTepecoBaHHbre B coxpaHeHl,1,u u np4BlreqeHr,r[ npcMbrx
HHocrpaHHbIx I'IHBecrHqufi, rsIHyxAeHbI I4ATI'I Ha ycry[KLI, TorAa KaK no3llltuu rpyAqulHxcs ocna6enarcT r,r3-3a yrpo3br nepeMerrleHnq npeAnpHsrufr, s r,rHbre crpaHbr.
lpy r u reHAeHrlr,rr, Koropas cnoco6crsoBaJra cHr,rxeH Hro [oAAepxKra
3aKoHoAarenbHbrx HopM B O'tacru rpyAa, gro ocla6leHr,re crr,rMyJra,
IpoAHKTOBaHHOTO 6naropa:yna veM u ocropoxHocrbro. Kpax xorvrrvr yHkr3-
Tpyaonoe 3aroHoAare[bcrBo
r55
Ma yGTpaHHn OnaceHlrr, xapa1TepHble Anfl gnoxu xonoAHofi BoilHbI, r{TO
nJroxue ycnoBtts rpyAa noBneKyT 3a co6ofi coI{HaJIbHoe HeAoBoJIbcTBo, a B
ylpo3y cBo6oAHoMy MHpy. Eonee roro, BbIcoKa, 6e3KoHer{HoM crlere
HepaBeHcrBo B AoxoAax B prAe crpaH Ao Hacrorpa6orrrlla H pacrylllee
rrlero BpeMeHH conpoBoxAanl{cb BblcoKofi creneHbro coquilIbHoro
CnO-
KOftCTBHfl.
r{eM o6bflcHflercr o6ocrpeHguIfi
o MexAyHapoAHbIx npaBoBblx HopMax B o6nacrH TpyAa. Orqacrr,r oH o6bqcHs,erc9, TeM, qro, HecMorpfl Ha cyulecrBeHHblfi nporpecc B Aene ynyqueHH, ycnoBvtit rpy4a Bo BceM MI4pe 3a HCTeKIIII,Ie
77 ll.er, fio-npexHeMy cyuecrBylor 3Har{HTeJIbHbIe oqaru nJlox[x H MopanbHo HenppreMneMbrx ycnoBuil rpyaa B crpaHax c HI,I3KI,IMH AOXOAaML.
Bce eule coxpaHsrorcq [po6neMbr AercKoro rpyAa B Her{eJloBeqecxnx ycJroBr,rqx, npr,rHyAr,rreJrbHoro'rpyAa, TrxeJroro Qu:uvecxoro rpyAa, AHcr(pnMnHarrurl n cQepe 3aHcrocru r,r Ha npor,I3BoAcrBe, a raKxe HeyAoBneTBoprdreJrbHoft ouarur rpyAa. Tar qro Bce eIqe npeAcronT MHoroe cAeraru, uro6sr 4o6urrcs uasHofi rIeJrH, nocrasreHnofi lrpu co3AaHHH
MOT. Ho cauoe rJraBHoe B ToM, qro MexAyHapoAHbIe npaBoBble HopMbI
cneAyer orleHr,rBarb c yqeroM lrsrrreHesuil B Mupe. c re.{eHHeM BpeMeHH
nonyqfiflH pacnpocTpaHeHHe KoHrlenq]ru npaB 3KoHoMrrqecKoro n coquanbHoro rpaxAaHcTBa, a BMecTe c HHML Txl,Ipnnc, oxBaT rpaxAaH 3aKoHoAareJrbHbrMH HopMauu n o6nacru rpyAa. I,I xorq ocrarorc, lpaxAaHe,
Koropbre HaxoAqrcs (Hr{xe nJraHKr,r)), onpeAeneHHofi neproHaqaJrbHo,
caMa gra nJraHKa noAHHMaJracb Bce Bbrrre no Mepe pocra 6larococroflHytfl.
3ror npoqecc ycKopula uo6alrHa, peBonroq[, B cpeAcTBax cBs3r,r,
6raro4apa uertry o6qecrBeHHocrb cMorJra HarJrsAHo npeAcraBuTr ce6e
yxacarcque ycnoBH, TpyAa, HanprrMep 3r(cflnyaraur,lro AercKoro rpyla u
He6laro nplrsrHbre npor,r3BoAcrBeHHbre ycnoBu, xeHcKoro'rpy Ea B 3oHax,
pa6orarcqux Ha 3Kcnopr. B ro xe BpeM, HoBarr BoJrHa AeMoxparr.r3a\uvt
u pacnpocrpaHeHu, He[paBuTenbcrBeHHbrx opraHr,r3arlprft coqualruofi
HanpaBJreHHocrn Bo BceM MHpe noBneKna 3a co6oft 6onee aKTHBHyro 3aIqnry 4eficrBui4, opreHTr,rpoBaHHbrx Ha 6opr6y c MopanbHo HenplreMneMbrMH ycnoBHrMH TpyAa, noAr(pennfl, TeM caMbrM TpaAHrlr,toHHyro ponb
npoScorcron. B npousnrrJreHHo pa3Br,rrbrx crpaHax gro npr,rBeno K Bo3Hr,rKHoBeHHro raKux Asr,rxeHrlft, xax 6ofixor roBapoB, npou3BeAeHHbrx c
noMolubro Aercxoro nnH npHHyAHTeJrbHoro rpyAa. OAuul,u,r t43 ocHoBHbrx
MeroAoB Lei,tcrsuia crarrvt Mapr(HpoBaHr,re npoAyKrlr,rr,t H rpe6onanua n
aApec MHoroHarIHo H aJrbHbr x npeAnpuqrui,t us6er arb orH orreH u fi c npou:BoAr,rrensMu, npu6erarcr{HMr.r K raKoMy rpyAy (OECD, 1996).
O4uaxo sau6olee BaxHbrM Saxropou c.rara, oqeBr,rAHo, pacryua,
o:a6oqessocrb B npoMbnxJreHHo pa3BnTbrx crpaHax B cBfl3r,r c npoqeccoM
uo6anu:aquu. Ha QoHe nurcoxofi 6apa6oruqu Bo MHor[x n3 3Tr.rx
crpaH 14 pacryulero HepaBeHcrBa B sapa6orHofi nnare B HeKoropbrx H3
Hr,rx ocHoBHbrM npeAMerou ra6orbt craJro coxpaHeHue pa6oqux Mecr.
Ha srou QoHe yr'recrHo cilpocurb,
r,rHTepec K Borrpocy
156
Tpyaonoe 3aroHorarerrbcrBo
KonxperHee roBopr, wupurcfl. noHr,rMaHr{e roro, rrro pacryrrlnfi HM[opr
c Hrr3Kofi 3apa6oTHofi nlaroft r pe3ynbrare tu6epalusarlHr,r roproBrn Brerrer 3a cooofi 3Haqr,lreJrbHoe coKpauIeHHe pa6oq[x Mecr H corluanbHbre HeyprAurlbr B npoMbrurJreHHo
pa3BnTbrx crpaHax. Cvuraercr, rrro sro ycyry6nrerc, Bce 6olsurru nepeMerrleHr,reM [pou3BoAcrBa B crpaHbr c nu:rofi onnarofi rpy4a, TaK KaK
flpeAnpurrr,rs MulpHpyror B nor.tcKax Mecr c 6olee Hu3Kr,rMr,r r,r3AepxxaMu
[pon3BoAcrsa. 3a6ora o coxpaHeHuw pa6ouwx Mecr B pqAe crpaH Bbrpa3},.JIACb B noJrilTr,rKi nporer(unoHH3Ma KaK gJreMeHTa norlrrl,rqecxofi flJrarrfopr',rrr no[ynucrcK ux napruit.
Ha:saHHrre ABa MoMeHTa - pacryulee oco3Hanue o6qecrBeHHocrbro
npoMbrruneHHbrx roBapoB r.r3 cTpaH
HAJrU.lUs, 3KcnnyaTaTopcKr,lx MeToAoB opraHr,r3arlHu rpyla u noJrr,rTHqecKlre flocJreAcrBufl rceo6u1efi o:a6o.reHHocrH r.r3-3a norepb pa6ovnx uecr
B [poMbruJreHHo pa3Br,rrbrx crpaHax
noxoxe, cnocoocrBoBaJrH norB-
rpe6onaHuft co cropoHbr HeKoropbrx
pa3Bnrbrx crpaH o BKJrroqeHuu coqualusoft crarbr,r B MexAyHapoAHbre roproBbre coDraureHHc. Ho
3TO, B CBOIO OqepeAb, nopoAr{no AncKycc[ro, K paccMoTpeHnrc roropofi
JreHr4ro
Mbr Tenepb nepexoAr,lM.
Bos
H,,xna,r"
#:1.,.*,: ::1T::
corr, aJrbHyro cra_
rbro B ToproBbre courarrreHr4t (Leary, 1996). Croponnnxu coqnaauHofi
crarbr,t HacraHBaror Ha cBr3H MeXAyHapOAHbrx npaBoBbrx HopM s o6racrH rpyaa u tu6epatu3atfvtu MexAyHapo4Hofi roproatu. Ir1rgea cocror,rr B
ToM, qro6ul HapyueHrry corJracoBaHHbrx MexAyHapoAHbrx [paBoBbrx
HOPM B O6TTACTN TPYAA CNYX'INH OCHOBAHHCM AIfl NPI,IMEHEHHfl TOPTOBbIX
caHxqufi. B sror\,t KoHTeKcre o6rr.{Ho ccbrnarorc, Ha (rApo) noprr,t MOT,
orHocculfixcc r cno6oAe accoq]rarlHr,r, npaBy Ha KOJTJTeKTHBHbTe neperoBopbr, 3anpery Ha npHHyAnrelrsufi TpyA, paBeHcrny o6paqeHl1,s yt orKa3Y OT AHCKPVIMU}rA\ULI HA NPOI,I3BOACTBE I,I MIIHI{MAJIbHOMY BO3PACTY AJIS
ttt
aafi,ua ua pa6ory (Ko-uneHqun Nb29, 87,98, 100, 105,
ra 1lS). err.r
HopMbl xapal(Tepl'I3ylorc, HarHrIHeM acneKTa npaB qenoBeKa, a raKxe
o6paryror ocHoBHbre npeAnocbrnnr Nrfl, ocyulecrBneHu, npaB TpyAr-
uluxcql.
Ha nornruqecKoM ypoBHe Lucrycct4fl ocraBaJracb noBepxHocrHofi, n
B XOAC EE BbICKA3bIBAJIHCb I4 NOATBCPXAANI,ICb JII.{IUb I,I3BECTHbIE TOI{KI,I
3peH[r. cropouHl,rxtr coq[aJrbHofi crarru ccbrJraJrr,tcb npeH MyrqecrBeHHo
Ha AOBOAbT O qecrHofi ToproBJre, [oAr(pennsfl ]tx MopaJrbHbrMr,r coo6pat Hxor.[a ynorpe6nror rpyrne repMnHbr, Hanpr,rMep (MexayHapoaHo np[3HaHHbte
npaBa rpyaflrlHxcr), Ho oHH MeHee roqHbre H Moryr 6urrr ncrolroBaHbr ruHpe roro, ero
npelycMo'IpeHo ocHoBHbrMH TOHBeHUHflMH O npaBax qeJroBera H TpyArull.txcr, B qacrHo-
cru, Moryr BKJrroqarb rapa6orHyrc nnary
14
corruanbHyK, 3aurnTy.
r57
Tpyaoaoe 3aronoAarqlrbcrBo
H ApyrHx 3KcnnyaraTopcKHx
yciloBuit rpy1a.Apryuenrul B nonbsy BKJrIor{eHIrs coqlailnbHofi crarru s
ToproBbre coulalrleHHg o6ocHosbIBalor Heo6xoAI4Mocrblo I,IcxJIIotIHTb
xeHr.rrMr.r orHocr.rreJrbHo AercKoro TpyAa
HEI{ECTHYIO TOPTOBYIO KOHKYPEHIIHIO, BO3MOXHYIO B Pe3YNbTATC gI(CNJIYA-
Ta\Hh pa6ovefi cI,IJIbI, u neo6xoAuMocrblo BBecrI,I ToproBble caHKIIltI,I
KaqecrBe Har,rnyqluero cpeAcrBa Ao6utrcs 9Toro.
flporununxn coq[anbnofi crarsu (mannrtu o6parou,
B
pa3BIrBaIo-
uuecrr crpausr), rro cyrn, orBeprarcT ee, craB, noA coMHeHI4e MorI,IBbI ee
3arrlr,rrHuKon (ILO, 1997). Hx 4ono4u cBoArrcs K ToMy, qro yBt3Ka 3axoHoAareJrbHbrx HopM c roproBneft
oro cxprnufi HHcrpyMeHT nporexrlr,roHr,r3Ma. Cropouul,rxaM crarbr,r npuflr{cbrBaror crpeMneHue yBerI,IqI.ITb
pacxoAbr xa pa6ovyro cuny B pa3Br,rBarcurxcs crpaHax c uenblo ocra6nru
r.rx MexAyHapoAHyro KoHxypeHTocnoco6nocrb, Koropas B ocHoBnona 6a3Hpyercs na 6oree sugxofi sapa6oruofi nrare. Css:aHHsre c 3TuM ofiaceHHg cocrorr B ToM, r{To HbrHeruHHe npeAroxeHr,rfl o co6nroAeHutr <<flApa>>
npaBoBblx HopM B o6racru rpyAa
Jrr,uub y3xar r{acrb KIrvHa, TaK KaK
BnocneAcrBuu 6yayr Ao6asnenrr HoBbre npeAnoxeHus. B ocHoBe raKux
onacesufi orHocl,rreJlbHo nporeKr{r,roHr.I3Ma Jrexrir, KoHeqHo, y6ex4eHne,
.rro 6oree BbrcoKr,re craHAaprbr s o6racru rpyAa npornBopeqar nepcneKTI{BaM 3KOHOM.HTTeCKOTO pOCTa pa3BIrBaIOUnXC' CTpaH, CBOATT Ha HeT IrX
cpaBHr,rTeJrbHbre [per,r MyrqecTBa u co3AaroT nepeKocbr Ha pbrHr(ax.
Taxofi noAxoA o3Haqaer raxxe HecorJracue c yrBepxAeHHeM o roM,
rrro HeKoropbre pa3BI.IBaIouI[ec, crpaHbr npu6erarcr K Her{ecrHbtM MeroAaM Toproeru. Xorq Haltuque AercKoro rpyaa n Apyrux Qopr't 3KcnnyaTa\Au pa6ovefi cr,rJrbr He orprrqaercr, B Hr,tx ycMarpr,rBaror nens6exssrfi
no6o,{Hsr[ s$$exr HeAocraroqHoro pa3Burus u 6e4uocrr,r, a He co3HarenbHyro nonuruxy u npene6pexeHr,re npaBoBbtMl, HopMaMr,r. Tax qro
npaBnnbHoe pe[eHr{e 3aKJrror{aJrocs 6rr s 6oree ut,tpoxoM Aocryne x
pbrHKaM npoMbrrrneHHo pa3BHTbrx cTpaH c r{enbro ycKopr,rTb 3KoHoMr,rqecxuft pocr lr yMeHbrrr[ru 6e4Hocrb, a He B BBeAeHr,rH HecnpaBeAnr,rBbrx
ToproBbrx casxqnfi.
Cre4onareJrbHo, MexAy npoMbrr.uJreHHo pa3Br,rrbr Mr,r n pa3BrrBaroq[Mrrcrr crpaHaMr,r cyqecrByer uy6oxoe HeAoBepr,le, HanoMr.rHaroulee KoH$ponraqnro MexAy Cenepou n IOrou no Bonpocy ((HoBoro MexAyHapoAHoro 3KoHoMuqecKoro nopr,q5a) s 70-e roAtr2 . Kax u rorAa, pa3Br,rBaro2 B nptuqxne, o6texruaHrre axoHoMr,rqecKle HccJreAoBaH[l uouu 6ur nponr.rrb cBer Ha ro,
HacxoJrbt(o o6ocsonaHut raxue B3a[MHbre noAo3peHxr. Hanpuuep, rnasHutE Bonpoc o cKpbrroM
crpeMneHHn K nporel(ut oHH3My xat( MorHBe cropoHHHxoB couraJrbuoft crarur.r no,qAaerc., 3MnHp[vecxofi npoeepxe. Tax, B HeAaBHeM r,rccJreaoBaHr.r[ sroro acneKTa np[MeH[TerrbHo x CIIIA co4epxlrrcc BblBoa o roM, qro (oueHra Saxropoa noaAepxI<t-t 3axoHoaare]rbcrBa o 3anpere BMnopra B
CIIIA rooapon, npox3geAeHHbrx c nplMeHeH,teM aercxoro tTyAa, He noArBepxAaer npeo6na4aroulee
MHeHHe noJrt'tr3xoHoMoB [o rou, vro 3axoHoaarenbHLre HopMbr n o6lacru rpyAa
- 3To JrHrrIb cKpbrrrrfi nporexqronx:u]... B uacrgocrlr, qneHLl xoHrpecca, npeAcraBflrloulue pafioutr c npeo6;ra4aHr-reu
HexealrQnqnpoBaHHbrx rpyArrrlt{xcr, roropbre [pexAe Bcero xoHr(ypHpyror c AercxHM TpyAoM,
MeHee cKJIoHHbl noAAepxaTb saxoH o6 riMnopTe roBapoB, npou3BeAeHHbrx AerbMH)) (Krueger, I996,
p.i). Haao 6ut noAyuarr o Apynlx aH:LlorlrrHbrx
r,rccJreAoBaHlrrx
lrrc
BbrrcHexll, o6ocsonauuocrr
Tpyaoaoe 3aronoAareJrbcrBo
158
qllec,I cTpaHbr cr{HTaIoT, rITo npoMbIIIIJIeHHO
pa3BIdTbIe CTpaHbI CTpeMrTCt
HAB'3ATb TAI(HC YCJIOBLIfl B MEXAYHAPOAHbIX 3KOHOMI,IqECI(HX OTHOIIICHI{sx, KoTopbre Hapyuarcr cyBepeHHTeT r{ 3aTpyAHrrOT 3KOHOM[I{eCKOe pa3BITUe 6eAsSrx cTpaH.
Baxno orMeruTb, rrro cyulecrByroqas c[creMa
MexAyHapoAHbrx
[paBoBbrx HopM B o6nacrr,r rpyAa, KaK oHa cJroxr,rJracb 6naro4apa MOT,
o6peuena 6rma nonacrb noA nepexpecrHrrft oroHr srofi 4ucxyccl.ru. B
no3rdrrr{u cropoHHHKoB COrIUaJrbnOft Crarru qerKo npocMarpHBaercfl BbrBOA, r{TO CyuIeCTByrOqar c[cTeMa MexAyHapoAHbrx npaBoBbrx HopM HeAocrarorrHa, oco6euno nepeA nr,rr{oM ycunrBaroqefics uo6alvgatfuu.
Tovnee, coBpeMeHHufi noAxoA Ha ocHoBe MopiurbHoro y6exgenrs u Ao6poBonbHoro co6rno4eHlnfl oHI,I cquTalor ualo4eficrBeHHblM, Tax KaK oH
no3BoJlf,er HapyrrrHTenrM ocHoBHbrx HopM cJrI{IrIKoM JIeTKO OTAeJIbIBarbCg
u He crryx,ur peiurbrrbrM crHMynoM x ynyqlxeHr,rrc noJroxeHus. Tax qro ero
cneAyeT noAxpe[r,rTb ToproBbrMr.r caHxrlr,rsMr.r B paMKax coqNanilroft
CTATbH.
B ornu.{t,te or cKa3aHHoro, B rro3l,Iql,tl,t pa3BuBaloquxcs crpaH, Bo3paxarounx nporr,rB corl[anbHo it ctartu, npocMarpnBaercq nporHBonoITTO CYUIECTBYK)IqA' CI,ICTEMA HA
IOXgSTfi BbIBOA
ACJIC AOCTATOqHA H
Moxer cr{HTarbc, cauoft y4avuofi, r.rMer B BlrAy CoxpaHflrorq[ec, Macrrrra6sr 6e4Hocrr,r B pa3BuBarou[xcc crpaHax. B ocuore sroro noAxoAa Jrexr,rr
ToqKa 3peHHr, qro pa3BHBaroulnecc crpaHbt, n o6rqeu, Aenalor Bce Bo3MoxHoe, .rro6rl ynyq[rHTb ycnoBrfi TpyAa, ecnH yqecrb olpaHr,rqeHr,rr,
CBfl3AHHbIC C YPOBHCM NX PA3B[TI.I' I,I HEAOCTATOIIHbIMH
QNNAUCONUMU 14
aAMHHHCTparr,rBHbrMH Bo3MOXHOCT,Mr,!. @OpcllponaHr{e 3Toro flpoqecca,
TO JIH C NOMOIIIbIO COI,IHANbHOII, CrArIU, TO JII4 APYTHX HE CBfl3AHHbIX C
ropron.nefi Mep yKpenJreHHs KoHTpOnbHOrO MexaHHsMa MeXAyHapOAHbrx
craHAaproB, HaHecJro 6u npe,q r,rHTepecaM pa3BHBaroqrdxcr crpaH. Co-
rJIacHo oxaparffepngosaHHofi [o3r,ruHH, eAr,rHcrBeHHo KoHcTpyxrngHufi
flyrb K yflyqureHr,rrc cyulecrByroqero nonoxeHH, 3axJrroqaercfl B pacIIInpeHl1,l,1. QuHauconoft H rexH[.{ecxofi noMorrlH pa3Br,rBaroq[Mcfl crpaHaM c
uenbro yKpenneHH, Hx BO3MOXHOCTefi B AeJre nocre[eHHoro ynyqu]eHHs
ycnonuft TpyAa.
cronr nporrBofloJroxHbre no3r,rqu[ B Bonpoce o6 aAexnarHocrr,r cyrrlecrByroqefi cucreuu MexAyHapoAHbrx npaBoBbrx HopM B oonacrr.r rpyAA NPI,IBHOCqT CUIC OAHY CTPYIO B HCAOBEPHC MEXAY CETEPOU U IOTOU.
Pasnararctqflec, crpaHbr c aHaJIor[r{HbrM HeAoBepHeM orHocqrcg Ko BceM
nonbrrKaM yr(penHTb cyrqecrByroqyro cHcreuy, 6yAr ro B paMKax corlr4alrHofi crarbl,r t4Jwt B paMKax r,rHblx, He cBg3aHHbIX C TOprOUefi uep, tax
I(AK YCMATPI,IBAIOT B HHX IPOTCKUI,IOHI,ICTCKHE U TETEMOHI4CTCKI4E MOTHBbI
NPOMbIIXNCHHO PA3BI,ITbIX CTPAH. CONNA4EUUC BO BPEMCHI,I AI,ICKYCCHII O
corlHilnbHofi crarre H ApyrHx Mep yKpenneHH, cHcreM.br MexAyHapoArrro Hexoropbre crpaHbr co3HarerrbHo npexe6peraror ocxoas raAexAe Ao6trT6c, npenMyuecrB B r(oHxypeHqrlH.
TaKHx floao3pexnfi, uanpuuep, B ToM,
HbrMr{ npaBoBsrMr.t HopMaMrr
Tpyaonoe
Hbrx 3aKoHoAaTeJIbHbIx HopM B
Ao3peHI,Ic.
3aroHoaarerbcrBo
f59
o6lactu TpyAa MorJIo JIHIIIr yclrnl'ITb no-
C nosuqufi npoMbllxneHHo pa3BHTbIx crpaH noAxoA pa3BnBalou[xc,
crpaH BbrrJIrAI,lr cKopee KaK HexeJIaHI,Ie npeAnpllHl'tMarb qTo-nu6o B oTHOrreHHr.r ocHoBHbIx npaBoBblx HopM B o$racTl TpyAa. Xora nospaxeHu,
nporrrB corlnanbHofi crarru noHrrb Jrerqe, TaK KaK oHa 3arparlrBaer 60-
nee urupoxHe npo6neMbl, HexeJrl,l npaBoBble HopMbI B o6nacTl'l TpyAa caMr,r rro ce6e, orKa3 paccMorperb aJIbrepHarHBHbIe [yrI'I yKpeuJIeHIu HOpM
CI{I,ITACTC' HECOBMECTIIMbIM C APYTI,IMI,I COrJIACOBAHHbIMI'I IIO3HIII'IflMLT.
flOcleAnUe BKJIIoqaIOT O6r3aTenbCTBO ynpgqlrTb CO$nIoAeHHe oCHOBHbIx
npaB TpyArrrlnxcs, [pI,IHrToe Ha Bcrper{e B Bepxax IIo coquaJIbHbIM BOrpocaM (United Nations, 1995), n .(exlapal{Hlo, rpHHsrylo Ha I(oHoepeHrlr{x Mr,rHr,rcrpoB B paMKax Bcerrar.Ipnoft ToproBor opraHI43aIIHI'I B
1996 r. (WTO, 1996). .(ernapaqnrc BTO pa3BllBaloIt1vecfl crpaHbl pacqeHr,rJrH xaK yAauHsrfi cnoco6 npeAorBparl,ITb AanbHefiurue uarll B HanpaBrelJvfii coql,lanbHoit cTattu, TaK KaK .(exnapaqnq orpaHI4qHBaeT AHCKyCcHro o npaBoBbrx HopMax B o6nacrr4 TpyAa paMKaMn MOT. Ho sro IaBano HaAexAy, ecJil,r He BbrursAeJro flBHbIM o6s3arenbcrBoM, qro MOT cepbe3HO paccMorpr,tr Apyrne, He cBs3aHHbre c roproBneft, nyrl4 coonIoAeHI,L
ocHoBHbrx HopM. B srnx ycnoBr,rrx orcyrcrBr,Ie noAAepxKlr co cropoHbl
6onsruuHcrBa pa3Br,rBaroulnxc, crpaH HoBbrx t4HulluaruB MOT no yKpenneHHIO MeXaHlI3Ma KOHTpOI' 3a OCHOBHbIMId 3aKOHOAaTeJIbHbIMn HOpMaMr'{ Ha MexAyHapognofi xoHr[epeHrlr.ru TpyAa 1997 r.t MoxHo pacqeHnrb
KaK HeqecrHoe floBeAenue. .{ero B ToM, rITo raK Bo3HI,IKaer pHcI( nocraBHTI noA Bonpoc caMy r{eHHocrr MOT, nocxoJrbKy 3To Moxer Aarb noBoA yrBepxAarb, qro oHa He roJrbKo cpaBHHTenbHo Hee$OeKTHBHo crnMynr,rpyer co6nroAeHue ocHoBHbrx npaBoBbrx HopM, Ho n cHa6xaer ygo6HbrMr4 orroBopKauu Mfl 6erAeficrsnq.
HEAABHLTE SKOHOMI'I[IECKpIE I,ICCJIEAOBAHUfl
flaparremHo c AucKyccuefi orHocr{TeJrbHo noJrr,rrr,rKu nocBflflerc,
gxoHoMrrqecKa, nr{Teparypa c aHaJrH3oM npo6leuur roproBnr,t u npaBoBbIx HopM s o6racru rpyAa. Xors s nnreparype paccMarprrBarorcs HeKoTopbre Bonpocbr gKoHoMllr{ecxofi nomlrvlnt4, cBr3aHHofi c noruTltrrecKofi
,qucxyccnefi, oHa (rureparypa), noxoxe, He or{eHb-To noBJrr,rrJra Ha 3Ty
Ar,rcKycclrIo.
3 Crra., Hanpnuep, per{b npeacraB[Ten, npaBr.rreJrbcrna Kolyrvr6r.ru or HMeHn ll3 nenpxcoeAlrHuBrur.rxc, crpaH (http://www.ilo.orgllLC97lFrames.htm) H Apyrlte BbrcrynneHrt
npeacraBnTenefi nparureaucrB pa3B[Bar,urnxcs crpaH (xoropure 6yAyr nosxe npeacraB-
resrr MET B npeABapr,rreJrbHoM orqere o 85-fi ceccnr MexAynapoAnofi
rpyaa).
xonQepeHqur.r
Tpyaonoe 3arouoAarenbcrBo
160
I4ccre4oraHn, MoxHo cBecrlr B Tprd ocHoBHbre rpynnbr. flepnaa raTparr,rBaer urr,rpoxyro npr.rHrlt,tnl,tanbHyro npo6leuy: Heo6xoAuMo ntu
c6nuxeuue npaBoBbrx HopM B o6nacrr,r lryy4a B pa3Hbrx cr1.anax Mfl
o6ecneqeH[r c[paBeArrnBocrr,r H (paBHbrx npaBr,In lrrpbr) B MexAyHapoAHbrx roproBbrx orHorrrenurx. Bropa, rpyflfla orHocr.trc, x npo6neue pelKoro yxyArrreHnc co6rrop.enufl TpyAoBbrx craHAaproB B gnoxy 6rrcrpofi
uo6arul:aqnu, rpe6yrcqefi couacoBaHHbrx MexAyHapoAHbrx Aeitcrsuir.
Tperra rpynna uccJreAoBaHuit cssza*a c KoHKpgrHbrM BonpocoM o roM,
AonxHa nr{ cyqecrBoBarb yBffiKa MexAy nn6epalusa\ueit roproBnu H
HopMaMlr n o6nacrn tpyAa, a raxxe o xeJrareJrbHocrr,r r,t Bo3MoxHbrx rrocJreAcrBr,rfl x
raroft
yBr3KH.
HEOEXOAITMO JIII CB.rrlrXEHI,IE HOPM?
Bonpoc o roM, xeo6xo4Nrvro lu c6nuxeHr{e 3aKoHoAarenbHbrx HopM B
o6nacru rpyAa orAeJrbHbrx crpaH,
sro r{acrb 6olee runpoxoft npo6neMbr, AoJrxHbI Jrr,r couraureHu, o ln6epanu3aul,Ilt
roproBn[ BbrxoAHTb 3a
paMKr,r HenocpeAcrBeHHo noJrHTHKlr, oruocrqefi cfl x roproane (Bhagwati
and Hudec, 1996)..{orogsr B nonb3y 6onee urnpoxofi rapMoHr.r3arlnu ocHoBaHbr na y6ex4exxu, qro HeKoropbre acnexTbr nnyrpeunefi noJrr,trr,rxr,r,
Hanpr,rMep npaBHna AocTyna Ha pbrHor( An, HHocrpaHHbtx HHBecTopoB, a
TaKXe 3KOJrOrr4qeCKHe
r,r
TpyAoBbre npaBoBble HopMbr, BJII,ITIOT Ha MeXAy-
HapoAHyro KoHxypeHTocnoco6socrb crpaHbr. Tax, crpaHbr c ln6epanrHbrMr,r sKororr4r{ecK[rMr,r I,I TpyAoBbrMr,r cTaHAapTaMH nonyr{aT nper,rMyrrlecTBa B Br.rAe Hr,r3KHx [3AepXeK npoH3BoAcTBa nO CpaBHeHr,rrc c TopfoBbrM]r
naprHepaMu, HMeroulurun 6olee xecrKlre craHAaprbt. B erona cnyqae rapMOHH3arIr4r noJrr,trHKr,t cyulecrBeHH a Mfl o6eCneqeHufl ((paBHbrx npaBr.rn
Hrpbr)) B MexAyHapoAHbrx ToproB6rx oTHorrreHHfl x.
O6uqnrrfi orBer Ha raKue AoBoAbr cBoAHTcfl r( yKa3aHr,rrc Ha ro, qro
roprourlr, B rrptrHrl[fle, r,rMeror oAHocropoHnprpogy (Krugman,1997). Crpana nonyqaer BbroAy or na6epalu-
npeuMyrrlecrsa cso6oAnofi
Hroro
3a\t4u ToproBJrH,
He3aBr,rCHMO OT TO[O, Kar( ApyrHe cTpaHbr nocTynaroT B
OTHOII]EHI,II NOJII,ITI,IKII, CS,SAHHOfi C TOPTOBJIEfi. HESAXHO, B IICM 3AKJIIOqaerc, r,rcrorrHuK pautuuuit B cpaBHHTenbHbrx r,r3AepxKax; noKa 3Tn pa3-
Irrv'vs cyulecrByror, crpaHa,,qo6usarcuascs cno6o4aoft roproann, 6y4er
noflyqarb or Hee nper,rMyrrlecrsa. flogroMy yrBepxAaror, r{To MHorocropoHHHe ToproBble oTHoIUeHI'It' IIpL KoTopblx cTpeMtTc, K B3aHMHocTH Il
rapMoHr,r3ar{Hr,r nonr,lTytKv!, B cyrrIHOCTr,r, HeBepHo opHeHT}rpoBaHbr r,t sBJrsrorcfl MepKaHTHnr{CTCKT.TMH no cBoeMy xapaKTepy. Ho xaxossr 6rr nu
6ruu reoperlrqecKr,re AoBoAbr, cyulecrByror ocHoBaHr,rs Ntfl novcr(a onpe4CNCHNOft TAPMOHI,I3AIIHI4 NONI,ITHKI,I B KAqCCTBE HCKOETO KOMNPOMHCCAA S
Tex cnyr{aflx, KorAa HAeanbHbre ycnoB}r, ne coonrc4arorcfl. Hanoonee
a
Cu. Lipsey and Lancaster (1956) u norcHeHil, Eoua (Bohm, 1987, p. 280-283).
Tpyaosoe 3aroHoAarerbcrBo
l6l
BaxHoe coo6paxeHr,re cBfl3aHo c Bo3MoxHocTbro pe3Koro yxyAureHr,r,
n rpyAoBbrx cTaHAapToB B cJryqae, KorAa He npeAycMaTpuBarorcs conracoBaHHbre AeftcrBu, no npeAynpexAeHr,rrc noAo6Horo
qBreHr,rq B MexAyHapoAHoM lrlacura6e. flo4po6nee sToT Bonpoc pa3o6pan r cJreAyrouleM pa3AeJre, a cefrqac Mbr rrocMorpnM, r,rMerorcc rr,l AoBoAbI B rroJrb3y rapMoH[r3a\utr rroJrr4TriKn no coo6paxeHurM cnpaBeAnuBo3KOJrOrHqeCKr,rX
cTr,I B TOprOBne.
.(ono4u, ocHoBaHHbre Ha cnpaBeAlrrBocrr,t, Han6olee qacro Bcrpeqalorcfl rrpHMeHHTenbHo K noJlr,trl,tKe, cu3anuofi, B qacrHocrlr, c gKoJIoruqecKr,rMr,r r.r rpyAoBbrMu craHAapraMlr. <He cyqecrByer BecKHx AoBoAoB
B rronb3y HcxJlror{ureJlbHoro noJloxeHu, ToproBJII,I, ocgo6oxAaloulero ee
or: rpe6onaHufi, vro6ur 3xoHoMr,rqecxa, AerreJrbHocru 6a:upon ar.acb Ha
o6qenpuHarbrx qecrHbrx r.r 3aKoHHbrx npoqeccax> (Rodrik, 1995, p. I l).
<<AHarus H 3M[r,Ipnr{ecKue AaHHbIe cBrAerenbcrBylor o roM, .Iro 6oruIIrLrHcrBo lrcAefi npr,rAaror 3HarreHI,Ie [poqeccaM, paBHo KaK l,t r,rx pe3yJlbTaraM... Eomuraq qacrb LytcKyccutt, orHocflqeficq K ((HoBbrM> BonpocaM
roproeofi noJrr,rrHxu,
3TO npaBoBbre HopMbr r o6.rracru rpyIla,3KoJroturfl, norvtrrrKa B cSepe- KoHr(ypeHrlr,rn, Koppyn\14fl
Moxer 6rrru oqeHe- 1997,p.5). Ecnu xe
Ha B cBere rpor{eAypHofi cnpane4lr,rBocrr{D (Rodrik,
roBopr.rrb o rpyAoBbrx craHAaprax, To npexAe Bcero cyulecrByer o6qraft
ruopanrusrfi AoBoA B nonb3y nHrGHAarI[r{ Henp[eMneuslx Qopu SKcnnyaTaropcKoro r!^yI.a, BpoAe AercKoro u flpnP,yAr4TeJrbHoro. 3ro oco6eHHo
aKTyanbHo npHMeHI{TenbHo K ycnoBI'ItM ToproBblx orsoureHnfi, TaK KaK
If.u6epatruzaqur roproBna o6rr.rHo cBr3aHa c gKoHoMHqecKHMH noreprMr4
AJI, HeKoropbrx rpynn flpoH3BoAr,rrelefi r.r rpyArrrqrxcs. Taxue 3KoHoMr.rrrecKr,re norepH npaBr,rrenbcrsar\,r oco6eHHo TpyAHO
O6rsCsUTb, a TpyAr_
IIII'lMcfl
npl'lHrTb B Tex cnyqatx' KorAa HMnopTHble ToBapbI, BbI3bIBaIo- paoovttx Mecr, npon3BeAeHbr c [cnoJrb3oBaHr,reM 3KcnnyararIIHe norepu
ropcKr.rx MeroAoB (Rodrik, 1997).
Tpe6onaunfl B nonb3y rapMoHu3arr[r,r HopM HeAaBHo nonyqr,urr,r raxxe noJrr.rrr,rxo-3KoHo M HqecKoe ooocHosaHne (Krugm an, I gg7). oHo sslreKaer }I3 Ha6nro4euuq, cofJlacHo r(oropoMy Bn]zlflHyre tu6epanuzaqfir,r rop-
roBJrr.r Ha pac[peAeJreHHe AOXOAOB S AaXHOfi CTpaHe 3aBla}vtr or Ha[il4ttLts
unu orcyrcrBr,rfl nonHTr,rKr,l rapMoHr,r3aur,rH. flpu orcyrcrBt4vt rapMoHr,r3a-
IIHH AononHHTeJrbHbre n3AepxKlr, cBfl3aHHble, Ha[pHMep, c 6oree BblcoJrOXarc, Ha [por,r3Boguretefi B coorBercrnyroqefi crpaHe, u60 uupoaac rleHa [poH3BeAeHHOrO TOBapa He noBbrI,IACTCq. IETTO T TOM, I{TO B OCTAJIbHOM MI'PC I,I3AEPXKI,I NPOH3BOACTBA
OCTAIOTC' HCI{3MCHHbIMI,I, NO3TOMY AABNCHH' B NONb3Y IOBbIII]EHH'I IICH HC
r(HMH TpyAOBbrMu craHAapraMH,
ua6nro4aerca. HanpornB, npn rapMoHu3arlnta craHAaprbr n H3Aepxxr,r
noBbllxalorc,l Bo Bcex crpaHax, no3ToMy IIeHa npoAylffa B MI,Ipe Bo3pacraer. B pe3ynbrare rracrb opeuenn, cBr3aHHOrO C AOnOnHI,rreJIbHbrMH I,r3Aepxr(aMH, nepeKnaAbrBaercfl c npoH3BoAUrenefi na norpeourelefi. A rax
KaK npor,r3BoAHTeJrH O6rrqso pacnonararcT MOTTIH br M [orHTHqecxu u lo66n, 3ro peuaroulrrM o6paaou no6yx4aer npaBrrrenbcrsa Ao6us arbcfl
Tpy.uoaoe 3aKonoAarsrrbcrBo
rapMoHu3arl[r, B paMxax MHorocropoHHr,rx roproBbtx courarueHnft n xarrecrBe cpeAcrBa yMeHbrrrr,rrb 6perran m6epalur aunil Mfl coorBercrByrotr1l,tx npor,r3ro4nrerefi.
OrcroAa noHrrHo, noqeMy co cropoHbr npoMbrrxJreHHo pa3Br,rrbrx
cTpaH c BbrcoKr,rMr4 TpyAoBbrM[ cTaHAapTaMU U9XoLUT AaBneHr,re B nonb3y
rapMoHI,I3auI{u noJII,IT}IK}i, XOTff OCHOBaHI,L AL 3TOTO, C TOTIKLI 3peHI,Ig
Teopnu MexAyHapo4noft roproBJrr,r, He rax yx oqeBr{AHbr, flpas.(ono.(o6HbrM o6bscHeHr,reM tpe6onaunfi o rapuoHu3arlxr,r noJrltrrdKn rBJrflrorcr,
cneAoBarenruo, coo6paxeHr.rs nporleAypHofi cnpaneglr.rBocrn 14 noJrr.rrsKoHoMr.rqecKoro xaparoepa. Ho cyqecrByror r,r Apyrue coo6paxenur, r
r(oTopbrM Mbr Tenepb nepexoAHM.
YXYAIIIAIOTCf, JII{ YCJIOBI,I' TPYAA?
Cyqecrnyer tulrpoKo pacnpocrpaHeHHoe
MHeHne,
qro
trpIa orcyrcr-
coBMecrHbrx MexAyHapoAHbrx Aeft crsl,tft o6ocrpeHue gxoHo Mr,rqecxofi
KoHxypeHquu n cQepe rlo6anusaq[u npr.rBeAer r( yxyAtrrennrc yclonnfi
Br,rH
Tpy4a (Bhagwati and Hudec, 1996). OcHosnofi MexaHr3M, c noMoulbro
Koroporo 3To, KaK oxuAaror, npousofi4er, 3axJlloqagrcf, B AaBJTeHHI,I B
cropoHy cHr,rxeHr,r, H3AepxeK [por,r3BoAcrBa c rlenbro nonyrrnTb 6onruryro
9r(cnopTHyro Aonro I,I yMeHbrrruTb KoHKypeHrIHro co cTopoHbr HM[opTHbrx
ToBapoB. Yra:asHas reHAeHr{uq no4xpennrercr 6opr6ofi 3a r,rHocrpaHHbre r,rHBecrvl1vtyt, Tax KaK yxyArxeHr,re yclonuft TpyAa Hcnonb3yror B KaqecrBe crr,rMylra N$ noreHqr.ranbHbtx r,rHBecropoB. A nora Her(oropbre crpaHbr
ToproBbre naprHepbr BeAyr ce6s raxnu o6pasou. 3ro crasur e
HeBbrroAHoe
noJroxeHr,re Apyrue crpaHbr, Koropbre xoreJrn 6u coxpanuru
6onee BbrcoKr.re craHAaprbr n c<[epe rpyAa, u ecnt4 oHH He 6yayr cneAoBarb
Herarr,rBHbrM npHMepaM, To npoHrparor B KoHr(ypeHTHofi 6ops6e.
B no.qo6nsrx ycnoBr,rflx npo6leua c6nuxenm rpyAoBbrx craHAaproB
nplro6peraer MexAyHapoAHoe 3HaqeHr,re. A rrasHrrfi apryMeHT B nonb3y
MexAyHapoAHbrx cTaHAapToB cocToHT B TOM, qTO OHr,r r,rMeIOT xaparcep
o6uqectneHsoro 6nara. H ocHonaH 3Tor apryMeHT ua y6ex4eHr4r,r, qro
cyulecrByer sceo6qfift naopalrnufi HMneparnB HcKJrror{HTb gKcnnyararop cKH e M eroAbr, 6ec.r eros eqHbre ycJroB H s rpy la.,{lr lnxn u Aa\vv raKr,rx
MeroAoB rpe6yercr BMeruareJrbcrro o6uqecrBeHHocrr,r Ha MexAyHapoAHoM ypoBHe, TaK KaK H3onr{poBaHHbre aeficrsua orAeJrbHbrx crpaH HeAocTaror{Hbl. .{elo n roM, r{To 6e3 sceo6qero corJlacu, nonbITKLr orAenbHblx
crpaH r,rcKopeHaTr sro <o6ulecrBeHHoe sno> 6y4yr cBeAeHbr Ha Her Hapyul,rTensMrr, KoTopbre nonyqaT HeonpaBAaHHbre npe[MyrrlecTBa B KoHI(ypeHrlnr,r B pmynbrare yxyA[reHut y ce6t ycnonufi TpyAa. HassaHHas
npo6reua, oco3HaBaeMa, yxe nplr co3AaHnu MOT, crana eule 6olee axryaruHoft B cBr3r.r c npoAoJrxarcrrluMcs npoqeccoM rro6arusaquu, nopoAHBrxr,rM o[aceHufl, vro o6ocrpeHr,re MexAynapo,qnoft gxouounqecrofi
153
Tpyaosoe 3aKogo.qarerbcrBo
KoHl(ypeHrlt4br
v pacryular uo6unbHocrb KafllrraJra cnoco6Hbr npuBecrr,r
K
roHKe B HanpaBneHrr.t yxyArrreHr,rs ycnoBwfi rpyga.
B lureparype, oAHaKo, orcyrcrByer corJrac[e B Bonpoce
o roM, HacKoJIbKo Heu:6exHa ranafl roHKa. Yra:rIsarcT, rrro gror npoqecc Heo6g3aTeJIbHO AOnXeH BO3Hr,rKHyTb, TaK KaK CTpaHbI C BbICOKITMV CTAHI.apTAMI|
g o6lacru rpyAa cnoco6nul orpaArTb ce6g or AaBnreHlafl c noMorr-(bro Her(oropbrx uep. <<Kax B KoHrlenryaJrbHoM, TaK r,r B gM[r,tp[qecKoM nJraHe He
AoKa3aHo, .rro 6oree BbrcoKr,re rpyAoBbre craHAaprbr o3Haqaror 6onee
BbrcoKr,re pacxoAbr na pa6ouyro crnyD (Freeman, 1994a, p. 108). @axrr.{ecKI,I I,IMerorc, Aoxa3areJlbcrBa roro, qro croldMocrb Ml{orfix o6csaremHbrx BbrnJrar B KoHer{HoM cqere nepeKnaAbrBaror Ha rpyArrrlrlxcr
Qopue
r
cHr,rxeHr,r, sapa6orHofi nnarsr.
B srou cnyqae Ha coBor(ynHbre pacxoAbr
Ha pa6ovyro cuJry,
a cJreAoBareJrbHo, Ha MexAyHapoAHyro KoHKypeHTocnoco6uocrb, pa3JrnqHbre AoflJrarur (xpoue :apa6oruofi nnarur) He BJrHsror. flouur'ro roro, Bo3pocurue pacxoAbr ua pa6ovyro ct,tny B cas:H c 6oJIee BHCOXI,IMH CTaHAapTaMI,I MOXHO KOMneHCHpOBaTb nyTeM cHr,IxeHHg
BaJrrorHoro Kypca. Taxuu o6parorta rr3AepxKr4, cBr3aHHbre c 6olee BbrcoKr,rMr,r craHAapraur, Hecyr norpe6urellr B BHAe 6olee BbrcoKr,tx qeH. BosMOXHO TaKXe nepepacnpeAeJrHTb coorBercrByroqee 6per,aa c noMorrlbro
6olee BbrcoKlrx HaJroroB. Ho nprne4eHHbre AoBoAbr qacrrrqHo HaronxHyJII,ICb HA BO3PAXEHI,Ifl. XOrg TEOPETI,IqECKI,IC AOBOAbI O BO3MOXHOCTI,I KOMneHcr,rpoBarr 6onee BbrcoKHe pacxoAbr na pa6ovyrc cilny v [pH3Harorcr,
yTBepxAaIoT TeM He MeHee, qTo 3To MoxeT oKa3aTbc, HexeJIaTenbHbIM no
nonr,rrnqecKHM r.r pacnpeAenr,rreJrbHbrM coo6paxeHurnr. Hanpr,rMep, BapH_
aHr QunaHcr.rpoBaHr,r, 6olee BbrcoKr,rx craHAaproB coquaDHoro-o6ecner{eH}lrl 3a Crrer o6ulero ualoroo6noxeHHs MOXer
oKa3arbcq HexeJrareJrbHbIM npH cnoxl'IBlxl'Ixcg noJII'lTHr{ecKHx ycJIoBHrx, KorAa fioJll,tTl4qecxat
MOrrIb opraHH3oBaHHbrx rpyArrr{nxcs nce 60lee noApbrBaercs. B ro xe
BpeMs pacryulaq uoonlunocrb Kanr,rraJra u pa60ueit curfist B ycJroBHrx
mo6arnsauvu HaKra/ibrBaer HoBbre orpaHrrqeHHfl Ha cnoco6Hocrb npaBI,rreJIbcrBa B3HMarb HaJIorH. Cyulecrnyer raxxe p[cK,
'{ro mo6aav3a:Jly,fl
NPI,IBEACT K CHI'XEHI,Irc COIIHAJIbHOfi COTTU4APHOCTH NYTEM (YMEHbIIICHI'g
fpaxAaHcr(ofi axrusHocru ruo6ulrHbrx B MexAyHapoAHoM nJraHe rpy[n)),
TAK KAK OHI' HMEIOT 6OIEC IXHPOKI,IC BO3MOXHOCTU ltrrfl, BbIE3AA H3 CTPAHbI
(Rodrik, 1997, p. 70). Bcne.qcrBr.re 3roro rpyAstrIuecq BbrHyxAeHbr Hecrr.r
pacryrrlee 6penaa 3arp_ar Ha noMepxaHr.re BbrcoKr.rx lipyAoBbrx craHAapror. B pe3ynbrare co6mogarr BbrcoKHe craHAaprbr craHoBr.trcfl Bce .rpyAueit,, u no3ro My npo[cxoAnT yxyArrreHr,re ycnoeufi T.pyAa.
croru HeorpeAenesuurft 6arauc anp,opHbrx AoBoAoB Aenaer seo6xoAr,rMbrM pa3petxnrb npo6nerray c noMorrlbro HenocpeAcrBeHHbrx SMnHpfiqecKlx AoKa3areJlbcrB, Ho nocneAHl'le eABa nv cyuIecTByIoT B cl,lcTeMaTH3HpOBaHHO M B HAe. I4 rrlerorcg pa3po3HeHHbre cBHAereJrbcrBa sKcnnyaraTopcKr'rx ycronufi TpyAa H HapyureH[ft ocHosHbrx npaB TpyAq[Iuxc, B
prAe pa3BuBaroq[xc, crpaH. Vrnepx4auu TaKxe, rrro HeKoropbre pa3Br,t_
BAIOUIUEC' CTPAHbI NOHH3I,IJII,I TPYAOBbIE CTAHAAPTbI B
PAMI(AX CO3HATEJIb-
tu
Tpyaonoe 3arono.qarenbcrBo
Hofr nonrrrr,rKn np[BneqeHH, HHocrpaHHbrx r,rHBecrv\ui4 B 3oHbr, pa6o-
Tarorrlue Ha 3Kcnopr. Ho ua groM ocHoBaHHn rpyAHo Aenarb BbrBoA, qro,
B coorBercrBr,ru c reoperr.rqecxoft rnnore3ofi, cnyqa[ nprrMeHeHu, TaKr,tx
MeTOAOB yqaulanHcb, a CTeneHb 3KcnnyaTaur,ru co BpeMeHeM Bo3pacTarra.
Cuexsslfi Bo[poc cocror,rr B ToM, LrMerorcc lt4 cncreMarl4r{ecxl,te AoKa3aTeJIbCTBa B nOJIb3y TO|O, r{TO pa3BIrBaIOUIneCt CTpaHbI I,ICKyCCTBeHHO
Aepxar pacxoAbr na pa6ouyro culty Ha Hr.r3KoM ypoBHe nyreM yxyArxeHr,rt
ycnosnfi TpyAa. Ecan 6u 9Tr.r pacxoAbr HcKyccrBeHHo yAepxvBarvcb Ha
HH3KoM ypoBHe, TorAa AaHHbre noKa3LrBaJrr 6lI, qro 3apa6orHar nJrara
oTcTaeT oT npot{3BoAHTeJrbHOCTI,I, qTO BeAeT K HH3KI,IM yAeJIbHbrM 3aTpA-
rau (cooruoueHr,rro rapa6orHoft nnaru H [pon3BoAuTeJrbHocrrd). Ha 4ele
xe [ccneAoBaHHe no uecTr,r HoBbrM r,rHAycTpr{aJrbHbrM cTpaHaM noKa3aJro,
qro s 6oruur,rHcrBe cnyqaeB ypoBHr4 npou3BoAr.{TeJrbHocru l,r sapa6oruofi
nJrarbr recHo cBr3aHbr H co BpeMeneu o6uquo c6lrxarcrca (Golub,
1997). Eoree roro, B HeKoropbrx H3 3rnx crpaH yAenbHbre pacxoAbr Ha
pa6ouyrc crry Qaxr[qecKu Bbrrre, r{eM B CIIIA, TaK Kar( [ocreAcrBfic
6o-ree Hl,tsxofi rapa6orHofi nxarrr cBoAuJrr.rcb Ha Her eule 6olee HH3KHMr,I
ypoBHflMr,r npolr3BoAr.rrenbHocrn. 3ro uoxHo HcroJrxoBarb B KarrecrBe
AOKa3aTenbcTBa Toro, qTo B pe3ynbTaTe r,rcKyccTBeHHoro cHnxeHufl 3apa-
6ornoft nJrarbr Hr{KaKr,rx Heo6ocHosaHHbrx npenMyrrlecrB He noryqaercr,
Ho gro He rBncerct y6eau'retbHbrM cBr{AerenbcrBoM Toro, qro rpyAoBbre
craHAaprbr He cHr{xarorcr. flonpocry MoxHo npeAflonoxuTb, rrro
((crpaHbr Moryr ycnerrrHo cHr,rxarb eapa6oruyrc nnary H yxyArxarb ycnoBHr rpyAa Jrurrrb B TerreHr,re orpaHuqeHHoro BpeMeuu. Bnocne4crBr.{Lr pbrHor{Hbre cunbr npI,IBeAyr I( BoccraHoBJreHr,rlo 3apa6ornofi nJlarbr, a reM
caMbrM npenMyrrlecrBa B KoHKypeHrIHr.r 6yayr cBeAeHbr Ha Her)) (OECD,
1996,
p.
105).
He cyqecroyer H qerxux Aor(a3areJlbcrB Toro, qro uo6alnsaqr,rfl Bbr3Bana cHnxeHHe rpyAoBbrx craHAaproB B [poMbrrxneHHo pa3BHTbrx crpasax. Hrrreroull,Iec,I 3MnHpHqecKI,Ie AaHHbre roBoprr o roM, qro roproBn,
co cTpaHaMH C Hrr3Kr.tMr,r AoxoAaMH, BonpeKr,r pac[pocTpaHeHHoMy MHeHI,IIo, nocJryx[na Ha Aene cpaBHldreJrbHo He3Har{rrrenbHbrM $axropou
pocra 6espa6oruqbr H ycHneHH, HepaBeHcrBa B AoxoAax (crrl. Lee, 1996 u
r,rMerorqHecr n pa6ore ccrmxn). A eclu roproBn, co crpaHaMH c Hr,r3KHMr,r
AOXOAaMT,T OKa3aJIa Jrr,uIIb orpaHl,rqeHHoe BnHtrHLte Ha 3aHTITOCTb 14 3apa6orHyrc rrnary B npoMbruneHHo pa3BuTbrx crpaHax, To r,r3 groro cJreAyer,
qro oHa He MorJra oKa3arb raKxe AaBneHr,re B HanpaBneHr,r[ yxyArxeHnt
ycronnfi Tpyaa. Cxasassoe, pa3yMeercs, He peuaer Bonpoca oKoHqaTeJIbHo, TaK KaK Bo3MoxHo' qTo TaXoe AaBneHI'te cBr3aHo c xonxypeuqnefi
MCXAY NPOMbIIIINEHHO PA3BI,ITbIMI,I CTPAHAUU. HO H B 3TOM CNYqAE IIETKI,IE
AoKa3arenbcrBa orcyrcrByror. cyqecrryer xopouo H3BecrHaq rorrKa
3peHHg cropoHHr,IKoB ((aHrnocaxconcxofi>> MoAeJII,t, Koropbre AoKa3brBaIor' tITo AeperynHpoBaHl'Ie pblHxa rpyAa, Koropoe noApa3yMeBaer raKxe
cHr,rxeHr,re rpyAoBbrx craHAaproB r.r cor.IHaJrbuofi saulursl, Heo6xoArrMo
Anq coxpaHeHr,rf, KoHKypeHTOC[OCO6UOCrr,r n uo6alrnofi exoHo N,rnxe. Ho
Tpyaosoe 3aroroAarefibcrBo
165
qerKux u y6eguretbHbrx AoKa3areJrbcrB B nonb3y srr,rx yrBepxAeHnfi
cyulecTByeT, H Borrpoc ocTaeTcfl cnopllbrM.
He
CNEAYET JII,I YBfl3hIBATb TOPIOBJIIO C TIPABOBbIMI,I HOPMAMI,I
B OE'rACT}I TPyAA?
O,qna rpynna Bo3paxeHnft npornu coql,tanbHoi,t cra'rtu ocHoBaHa Ha
o ToM, r{To eAuHbIe MexAyHapoAHbIe rrpaBoBbre HopMbI o3HarIaII,I
6rr HapyrueHr,re HarlnoHaJrbHoro cyBepeHr.rrera. firannufi uouenr B 3Tr,rx
BO3paXeH[qx cocToHT B ToM, rITo [peACTaBJIeHn' O C[paBeAJILIBbIX npaBoBbrx HopMax s o6racru TpyAa H xoporxux rpyAoBbrx orHor.rreHurx orMbrcJrH
HocI,ITenbHbt u 3aBlacflT or r(ynbrypsl 4auHofi crpaHbr. Yrnepx4alr,r, r{To
(ocyxAaeMbre BceMH MeroAbr (Hanpr.ruep, pa6crno) pelxn... Ha 4ele xe
pasnoo6pa3ue MeroAoB H HopM nonyqnn[ u?rpoxoe pacnpocrpaHeHr{e Ha
npaKrr,rKe, H oTpaxarcr oHH He cToJrbKo r(oppynqup lI 3noHaMepeHHocTb,
cKoJIbKO pa3rvttlr4s B r(ynbTypHbrx ueHHocTfx, 3KoHoMr,rqecKHx ycnoBr,rflx LI
a[arwr"twtecxux y6ex4eH Hrrx H TeOpUrX OTHOCr,rreJrbHO 9KOHO M l.lVeCXUX (a
3Har{HT, r,r MopanbHsrx) nocle4cralait rex HJrH HHbrx HopM. Idles o roM,
r{ro 3aKoHoAareJrbHbre HopMbr s o6racrn rpyIla MoxHo cAenarb sceo6IrlI,rMr4, KaK H npaBa rleJroBeKa, BKJIIoqa, cro6ogy u habeas corpus, npocro
Ha3BaB r,rx ((npaBaMH TpyAsrquxcs), rrrHopr,rpyer
Saxr, qro raKoe
ror
rrpocroe oroxAecrBJreHHe npHcyrrlHx gauuofi Kynbrype HopM B o6lacrn
TpyAa H yHuBepcaJrbHbrx npaB r{enoBeKa He BbrAepxnBaer 6olee npn_
crarrbHoro paccMorpeHnr> (Bhagwati,1994, p. 59). Tax qro 6y4er rpyAHo
Ao6urscs rceo6rqero MopanbHoro cornacrs, Koropoe Jlexano 6rr n-ocnoBe MexAyHapoAHbrx npaBoBbrx HopM TpyAas. A xonr cKopo rakoBoe ors flpnne4eHuoe yrBepxAeH,e cBr3aHo c 6oree
o6qeft .[r.rcxyccuefi o aceo6urxoc.ru
flpn eroM sceo6uHocrb [paB qeJroBeKa orBepranacb HekoropbrMg flpaBuTeJIbcrBaMH crpau Bocrovnofi Aruu Ha roM ocHoBaHrrr,r, rtro (a3uarcKue rleHHocrtr cneur.IQuvHur r.r orJrHqarorcc or 3a[aAHbrx HopM) (Sen, 1996, p. 4).3ru AoBoabr r{cnoJrL3oBaJrgcb
A.lrc (o6ocHoBaHH, HHoro noHHMaHH, s Aluu npao .reaoueka u onpaB /iaHfig ux
npaB qenoBeKa.
"croeo6paauoro"
npr.rMeHeHn, a3narcxnMr,r npaBuTeJrbcrBaruv>
(Li,
1996,'p.
l). Taxoro
poAa aoBoAbr 6rrlu no.qBeprHyrbr cepbe3HbrM COMHeHUCM. <BO-nepasrx,
.uaxe eclr 6ur
6slao AoxaraHo, r{To rarue coo6o4br HMeJTH MeHbuee 3HaqeHue s alnarcxoE MbrcJIH H
TpaAr,rrrHrx, qeM Ha 3anaae, 3To He OnpaBAbrBaJro 6rr ux HapyrueHH, B Arnu. flpeAcrarqeJroBeKa rax 6urry MexAy 3anarHslru an6epalrr^ro,
a3r'IarcKHM cnoeo6parnerta - 3HaqHT npxAarb Aucxycct,tn HanpaBJreHHe, r(oropoe orBJrekaer
arru xou$lr.rrcr BoKpyr npaB
,
BHUMaHHe or ocHoBHoro Bonpoca: qr6 ecru npaBo r.t qr6 utrleer cMbtcJr B corpeueHHoft
Aruu? I,Icropus ulieil s Arru n sa 3anaAe se cnoco6ua peuzTb 3Tor Bonpoc. Bo_nr.opux,
O6pasona He oqeBHAHO, qro B HCTOpHT{eCrOM ruraHe Ha 3anaae anar"r"rr"ec*,
npHAaBaJr[ Cso6oAe H TepnHMOCTT 6Olrruee 3HaqeHle, qel.r s Atr{rl. Llugutuayantuat
HHKOTTM
cro6oqa,
B ee coBpeMeHHofi $opr're, - 3To cpaBHHTeJrbHo HoBoe noHcrge xar s Alru.r, rax
H
Ha 3anaAe; u xor, 3anaA npnueJr r 3THM lrAerM paHbue (n perynurare rakflx ssrex]rfi,
rax Pexeccauc, Erponeficroe flpocreqen,e, npoMbrrxJreHHa, peBonrou,, n r.A.), pacxoxAeHHe MexAy r(ynbrypaMH
3ro Heqro cpaBHnrenbHo HoBoeD (Sen, lgg6, p. l2). Kpor,ae
roro, (B Arnu npoxunarcT oKoJro
6070 acero HaceJreHr.r, rraupa. He cyuecrByer nplrHurrnH-
L
16
Tpy.uonoe 3aKonoAarerl bcrBo
cyrcTByeT, HaBfl3bIBaTb cTaHAapTbI, CJIOXHBITIIeC' Ha 3anaAe, o3HarIaJIo
6u nonurnqecKl,Ift H I(yJlbrypHbtfi HM[ep[aJIH3M. B xaxou-ro orHoIxeHlIH
cKa3aHHOe HanoMHHaeT rlHcro gKoHoMuqecKHe AoBoAbI o ToM, r{To npaBoBbre HopMbr B o6nacrli rpyAa BHyrpeHHe flprcyuln KoHKperHofi crpane.
KaxAas 3r(oHoMIrKa BbIxoALIT Ha co6crseHHyro onrLIMaJIbHyIo roqxy paBHOBeCr,r' B 3aBHCr{MOCTL OT ypOBH' pA3BUTvrfl, HalruIl{Ufl pecypcoB, TpaeKTopr,rlr lrHcrr,rryrllioHilJlbHoro pa3BI,ITI,L H T.A. CreAosareJlbHo, nonbITKI,I
c6nueurr craHAaprbr B pa3Hblx crpaHax c noMolrlblo MexAyHapoAHbIx
axqnfi, cKopee Bcero, npuHecyr Aanexo He onruMaJlbHble pe3ynbrarbl
npuMeHHTeJrbHo K oruM xe craHAapraM (Brown, Deardorll and Stern,
l9e6).
OAuaxo cJroxHo noHrrb yrBepxAeHlre, tITo corJlacue B Bo[pocax
TpyAoBbrx craHAaproB HeBo3MoxHo, nocKoJlbKy oqeBHAHo, r{To oHo He
ToJrbKo cyulecrByer, Ho Ir cyulecrBoBaJlo Ha nportxeHuu Aecsrutetuit.
9neHcrso s MOT rBficerc, [or{Tr,r yHr,rBepcanbHbrM, a oHo noApa3yMeBaer
cso6oAa accouuacorJrac[e c npI,IHIrHnaMu, 3aJroxeHHbIMLI r Ycraoe,
uuta, flpaBo Ha KoJIJreKTI,rBHbIe neperoBopbl H orKa3 or 6ec.{eroBeqHoro
o6parqeuur c pa6ovefi cnroft. HassaHHHe npI'{HIIHnbI HHI(orAa He noABepranr{cb coMHeHr.rrc n ny6ruunofi gucxyccnl Ha MexAyHapo4uofi apeHe;
HanporrrB, onn 6ruu HeAaBHo noATBepxAeHbr Ha nceuupnofi Bcrperle B
Bepxax no cor{HanbHoMy pa3Br,rrurc. 3ro yKa3brBaer Ha ro, tITo no.qIHHnoe 4o6poBoJlbHoe coulacne no KJIIoT{eBbrM TpyAoBbIM craHAapraM peaJrbHo cyuecrByer. Tax qro npo6reua He B HeBo3MoxHocrLI corJracur, a B
pa3Hbrx noAxoAax K cpeAcTBaM, c noMorqbro KoTopblx MoxHo ynyqlxlrTb
npr{ MeHeHr,re 3TIlx cTaHAapToB.
EuIe oAna ll,unws Bo3paxeHrrfi nporun corluanbHoit crattu ocHoBaHa
Ha [peAcraBJreHI,IH o cpaBHI,ITeJrbHbrx H3AepxKax I,l BblroAax, cBfl3aHHblx c
anbrepHarr,rBHbrMn MeroAaMH Aocrr,rxeHr,rs
roft xe qenu
ynyqueHus
- seoru6erpyAoBbrx craHAaproB. HcxoAnuM nyHIooM npln sroM cnyxl'{T
p:rnbHafl HAefl o roM, r{To [pflMoe rocyAapcrBeHHoe BMeruaTeJrbcTBo B
3ToM HanpaBJreHr,ru ser:6exHo yxyArxr,rr crdryarluro. Eoree BbrcoKne
craHAaprbr Moryr l{Merb raKxe HexeJlareJlbHrte no6o.{Hble nocJIeAcrBHs
Arrr ocHoBHbrx 3ar,rHTepecoBaHHbrx B Hr,rx xareropuft: gerefi-pa6oqrrx H Hx
ceuefi. Hanpnuep, npuMeHureJrbHo K Aercr(oMy rpyAy yrBepxAann, r{To
aJrbHbrx, uy6uHHrrx ueHuocrefi, np[cyurux 3roMy orpoMHoMy r{ pa3HopoaHoMy HaceneHHro, Koropbre no3roJrr.rrn 6rr roaopu'rs o HeM, xak o rpynne, orrn,{Hofi or ocraJrbHoro
rrrnpa> (Sen, 1996, p. l3). Yrsepx.qeHue orHoo{TeJrbHo (a3[arcKnx qeHHocrefi> crasurocb
noll
coMHeHHe r.r
tro apyruM ocHoBaHrlrM. OAHo l.rs Hr.rx ro, rrro raK[e yrBepxaeHr,rs npn-
HaAJIeXaT aBTOpHTapHbrM PeX?rMaM,
r(oHceHcyca B 3Tllx crpaHax.
a
{pyroe
CJreAOBaTenbHO, He OTPaXaKTT AeMOKpaTUqeCKOTO
Bo3paxeHne orHoorrcs
k
HenocneaoBarelrbHocru
yraepx.[exnfi 3aurHTHHKoB (a3]rarcrnx ueuuocrefi>. <Jluaepur crpaH peruoHa oxorHo
or6npant n npncnoca6ar{Baror H3 apyr[x Kyrrbryp ro, r{To orBer{aer Hx norr.rrHqecrnM
HHTepecaM. Oxn, noxoxe, He cMyuraKrrcr, nepeHr.rMas raKue Beuru, Kar( KanuTaJrr,rcrnr{ecxlre pbrHKH H r(ynbrypa norpe6aeurr. CneAosarensHo, B KoHuenuuu npaD qeJroBexa lrx
6ecnoxonr ro, qro HMeer Har.rMeHbuee orHolueHHe K 3anaAHbrM KyJrbrypHbrM KopHtM))
(Li,1996,p.2).
Tpyaonoe 3arconoAare,rbgrBo
167
(poAr{Tenu pa3perxaror AsTflM pa6oTaTb Ha cBoHx npeAnp}rflTt4flx vtilyr flo
HAilMy, ec]iru, ytil4TblBag pbIHorIHbIe I{ HHbIe ycnoB[r, 3TO yBeIUq[BaeT
6narococrorHue ceMblr rro cpaBHeHr.rrc c ApyrHM r{c[oJlb3oBaHueM BpeMeHu (nxrrcvar floceqeHlre urxolrr). flosrouy, ecnn raxofi TpyA 3anperr.rrb
crporo groMy cJreAoBarb, 6narococroqHue ceMefi, 6e3 roro npe6brBaroB xpafiuefi HyxAe, yxyAtrrr.rrc, eule 6onrrue> (Srinivasan,1994,p.37).{anee yrBepxAaror, rrro rar(tax n3AepxeK MoxHo u36exaru, a ycnoBnfl
TpyAa ynyqurnrb 6ucrpee n 6olee ycroftuunrrrvt o6paaou, ecJrr,r 6yayr
ycxopeHbr reMnbr 3xoHoMr,rqecKoro pocra. A groro MoxHo 4o6Nrrcr c
rroMorqbro floJrr,trHxr,r cno6o4noro pbrHKa, Koropas [cKrroqaer Merxarcrrlue pocry Mepbr B Br.rAe ycraHoBJreHrm rpyAoBbrx craHAaproB. CouacHo
grofi noruxe, 3xoHoMrrqecxprfi pocr craHer MorrIHbrM Koc1eHHbwt cpeAcrBoM ynyqueHnfl TpyAoBLrx craHAaproB (OECD, 1995). flpn erou rpeAnoJrararor, rrro craHAaprbr ynyquarcs 6naroAapfl yBeDil,tqeHr,rro cnpoca Ha
pa6ovyro cr,rJly, BbI3BaHHoMy BbIcoKHMr4 TeMnaMI,I pocra 3KoHoMHKH, a
3Harrr,rr, Bo3pacrer sapa6oruar \r.ara n ynyqrxarc, ycnoBr,r, TpyAa.
Cxoxas apryMeHTarlfifl cBoAr,rrcfl K ToMy, uro do6poeorbHbrc Mepbr,
Harrpr,rMep 6ofixor roBapoB r.ultpoxoro norpe6lenlrr, npor.r3BeAeHHbrx B
HenpueMneMbrx ycnoB[flx rpy Aa, npeAnoqrHTeJrbHee, qeM rrcnoJrb3oBaHrre
ropHAr,rqecKr.tx r,rHcrpyMeHroB (Freeman, I 994b). Taxne Mepbr no3BoJrf ror
ug6exarr rpygnocreft , cBr3aHHbrx c Aocrr,rxeHr,reM MexAyHapoAHoro cotnacus B oTHoIxeHHU llolrllTuKl'|, a KpoMe Toro, HMeIoT To AocToI,IHcrBo,
qro oHr,r ocHoBaHbr Ha qacrHbrx norpe6urelbcrux npeAnoqreHHf,x B paMxax 4eficru,rfl MexaHH3Ma qeH. floc.ue4uee o6crosrenrcrBo, KaK noJrararor, BeAer K orrrr{MaJrbHbrM geftcrnnru B orHo[reHuupa3[firttvtft rpylosrrx
r,r
rrllrx
craHAapToB B OT,(en6Hbrx cTpaHax.
,{oeo4ur o HexenareJrbHbrx no6o.{Hrtx nocJreAcrBr,rrx rroABeprJlr,rcb
y4avHofi r(pHTrKe cneAyroqr{M o6pasou:
<<To, vro noJrr,rruKa BMelrrareJlbcrBa Moxer IrMerb orpHIIareJIbHbIe
no6oqsue nocneAcrBHr, He AoJrxHo caMo no ce6e cnyxrrrb ocHoBaHHeM
AJL BbIBOAa, qro BMeUIareJIbcrBo HexenareJrbHo. 3rn nexenareJrbHble
nocJreAcrBrrs Heo6xoAr,rMo conocraBrrrb c 3aAyMaHHrru eoQerrou. floyr{r,rrenbHo conocraBJreHne c ueguqunofi. Xr,lullorepanurc [cnonb3yror
Anq neqeHHrl rreKoropbtx Qopr,,t paKa, HO OHa Aaer HexeJlareJrbHbre no6oqHure p$ynbrarbl. 9ro6sr 6oporrcr c nocneAHHMH, Bpaqu Ha3Haqaror
ApyrHe JreKapcrBa, r(oropbre caMlr oKa3blBaror Hexenarenbnrtfi no6oqHrtfi
eQQexr. AHanornqHrru o6paroM, MHoxecrBeHHbre Mepbr gxoHora[,{ecxofi
noJrr,rrlrKu, HanpaBneHsoft Ha o6ecne.{eHr.re Heo6xoAl,rMoro ypoBHq [epepacnpeAeneHr.rr, Moryr oKa3arbc, 60ree or[QexrunnbrMrr, geM oAHa MepaD
(Krueger, 1996, p. 5).
gro onpeAeJreHHo npo6neua, r(oropyrc cneAyer pe.{ercxrlfi TpyA
Ixarb c noMorrlbro patHoo6pa:Hbrx
Mep. 3ro Qaxr, roropufi AaBHo nonyqnr npr43Hanue. Hanpnuep, 3axon o KoMr,rrere
no AercxoMy rpyay r B6_
anxo6pura:Huil rilacvr, vro <<npo6JleMbr BAoB I,r ApyrHx JII{rI, gxoHoMHrre-
158
Tpyaosoe 3arouoaareJrbcrBo
cKH 3aBUCflrrI[X.OT AerCr(OrO TpyAa, CneAyer perrrarb, np[rreM He npocro
xepTBy, oyayrqnrr,r Bo r,rMf, HacTofrrlero, a, cKopee, c noMorrlbro 6onee
Hayr{Hbrx r,r no Bo3MoxHocrn 6onee qeApbrx MeroAoB rocyAapcrBeHHofi
noMorrlr)) (qur. no Pigou, 1920, p. 789). PeunreJrbHo 3arBJreH rar(xe
nplrHrlr{n: <...Focy4apcrBo He AonxHo pa3peruarb rAe-ru6o npoAonxuTeJrbHocrb pa6overo BpeMeHr,r Aereft ... cBepx MHHr,IMyMa, ocHoBbrBaflcb Ha
ToM, rrro 6er groro ceMbr He Moxer coAepxarb ce6n, w6o 6y4r sro He
TaK, ceMbfl He HyxAanacr 6rr s noAo6Hofi no44epxxe> (Pigou, 1920,
p. 789).
flpuse,qer au co6ruogeHue MexAyHapoAHbrx npaBoBbrx HopM n o6racTu TpyAa K 3aMeAJreHHro 3KoHoMr,rqecKoro pa3BvrTufl, MoxHo peulrTb
Jrurlrb c [oMor{bro 3Mnr,rp[qecKr,rx ficcJreAosaHr,rft. OAnaxo Ao Hacroqurero
BpeMeHI,r onaceHt,t, Ha gror crler, KaK npeAcraBnflercr, He 6umu AocraToqHo o6ocHosaHHbrMu. B xoAe AByx HeAaBHHx r,rccJreAosaH[fi B3aHMocBq3b MexAy r"pyAoBbrMr,r craHAapraur Lt KoHr(ypeHTocnoco6socrrro 6rrna u3yr{eHa Ha npr,rMepe prAa pa3BuBaroul[xc, crpaH. B perymrare oAHoro I,I3 HI,IX 6rtn cAenas BbrBoA, rrro (ocHoBHbre rpyAoBbre craHAaprbr) He
Hrparor cyrqecrBeHHofi ponn B onpeAeneHrir'{ pe3ynbraruBHocrr,r rpyAa.
<<To.IKa 3peHur, couracHo xoropoft crpaHbr c HH3KHMr,I craHAapraMr4
Ao6srcrcs yBeflrdqeHr.rfl Ao.neft B 3Kcnopre n yqep6 crpaHaM c 6oree BbrcoKHMH CTaHAapTAMId, nOXOXe, He OCHOBaHa Ha TBepAbIX SMnHpLtqeCKLIX
Aoxa3areJlbcrBax... 3tt,t srtsoAbt yKa3blBalor H Ha ro, rITo onaceHln, pa3Br,rBaror.uuxcfl crpaH, 6y,qro 6olee BbrcoKue ocHoBHbre craHAaprbr orprrqaTeJIbHO CKax(yTCT Ha 3KOHOMI'{qeCKHX nOKa3aTeJIrX UilU KOHKypeHTHbIX
no3l,Iq[rx Ha MHpoBbIx pbrHKax, JII,r[IeHbI gKoHoM l,IqecKof o o6ocHosaHu g>
(OECD, 1996, p. 105). [pyroe rccneAoBaHr.re AaJro HecKoJrbKo r.rHbre pe3ynbrarbr. Anropsr npnrunu K BbrBoAy, r{To (npr,rMeHr{TeJrbHo K pacxoAaM
na pa6ovyro cr Jty, Hey4oBnerBopr,rreJrbHbre rpyAoBbre craHAaprbr B pflAe
crpaH conpoBoxAatytcb 6olee Hr43Kl,tMr,r 3arparaMlr ... c yr{eroM [por,r3BoAI,ITeJIbHocrv rpyla. Eoree roro, AocrlrrHyras 3KoHoMr,rr 6rura :Haqntemuofi, qro cBnAereJlbcrByer raKxe o 3HarII,ITeJIbHoM gKoHoMHqecKoM
s$<[exre> (Rodrik, 1997 , p.45). Errlo ycraHoBneHo, r{ro (cpaBHr{reJrbHbre
npeLIMyuIecTBa npn npor,r3BoAcTBe TpyAoeMxHx ToBapoB ... KoppenHpoBaJrH c noKa3areJrsMu TpyAoBbrx craHAaproB TaK, KaK MoxHo 6rrlo oxr,r-
AaTb: rIeM HUXe CTaHAapTbr, TeM 3HaqI,ITeJIbHee CpaBHI,ITenbHbte npeI,IMyIrlecrBa rpr.rMeHr.rreJrbHo K TpyAoeMKHM ToBapaM> (Rodrik, 1997, p. 46).
Ho 6rIrt raKxe BbrBoA, rtro ((crpaHbr c HeyAoBnerBoprdrenbHbrMu TpyAoBbtMI,I CTaHAapTaMH npr,rBneKnu MeHbIIIe rdHocTpaHHbrx r,IHBecTI,Iunfi, qeu
Ha 3To MoxHo 6rmo 6rr paccqr,rrbrBarb c yqeroM r,rx gxoHoMr{r{ecKr,rx xapaxrepucrux> (Rodrik, 1997,p. 46).
Ho ecru AoKa3arenbcrBa cBr3lr MexAy rpyAoBbrMr,r craHAapraMr,r lr
KoHxypeHTocnoco6uocrbro cflopHbr, cyulecrByror y6e4nreJrbHbre MopanbHbre npurrr,IHbr B noJr6:y co6nro4eHufl rJraBHbrx HopM, npeAcraBnflrorrlnx
ocHoBHbre npaBa qenoBexa. Hx nenu:s onpoBeprHyrb qucro 3KoHoMr,rqe-
Tpyaosoe 3arouoAare.nbcrBo
169
cKrrMn coo6paxeH uflMvt, Aaxe ecJllr cyqecTByloT AoKa3aTeJIbcTBa oTqacT[I
Herar[BHbrx flocneAcrBr,rfi 3T[rx craHAaproB c roqKI,I 3peHH, KOHI(ypeHTO-
cfloco6Hocrr,r. KpoMe
roro, npu ycnoBHH Bceo6qero co6nroAeHl4, ocHoB-
Hbrx HopM oHr,r oaKTr,rqecKH 6bInH 6ur <<r,rsbsrbr
r,r3
coepbr KoHKypeHrIvNt>>, a
cJreAoBarenbHo, He BlruflItu 6sr Ha r(oHKypeHTocnoco6Hocrb. BaxHo raKxe yqr,rTbrBarb pa3nHqr,re MexAy ocHoBHbrMu HopMaMI,r H [poqIrMH HopMaMr,r, Koropbre 6olee HenocpeAcrBeHHo BJr[flror Ha pacxoAbr Ha paooqyrc
cr4Iry,TaK xax rpe6yrcr 6oree Bbrcoxoro ypoBHq 3arquTbr rpyArrrlnxcr.
Cyqecrnyror AoBoAbr, corJracHo KoropbrM go6ponoruHbre AeficrBus,
BpoAe csa6xenug roBapoB coorBercrByroqr,rMlr grr,rKerxaMH, Moryr cnyxurr 4eft crnennoft :auesofi Mex[paBr,rreJrbcrBeHHofi cucreurr MexAyHapo,IHbrx npaBoBbrx HopM B o6nacru rpy4a. flpuuqunuanuHurfi KoHTpAoBOA COCTOI,IT B TOM, IITO 3Tn Mepbl eABa nI,I OKaXyTCt AOCTaTO.{HbII\,IU. B
cnyqae uu4t4Bn[yaJrbHbrx npe4novrenuft ToBapoB, npou3BeAeHHbrx B
ycJroBurx TpyAa, co cTopoHbr HeKoropbrx norpe6urerefi, Apyrue
Moryr nonyqr,rrb nper,rMyrrlecrBa 3a cr{er srux norpe6urelefi, cKroHHbrx
6omrue nJrarlrrb 3a roBapbr c coorBercrByroulnMu STuKerKaMr,r. B pe3ynbrare Bo3Hr,rKHer reHAeHrIHr K HeyAoBJrerBopuTenbHonay cna6xeHuro
roBapaMr,r (Rodrik, I995). Orueqanu H Apyrne HeAocrarKr.r, nprcyulue
go6ponolrHoMy noAxoAy c rrc[onb3oBaHueM gTHKeroK, yxa3brBaroqprx Ha
nyr{rxne ycnoBr.rfl TpyAa npr rpou3BoAcrBe roBapoB. Bo-nepnux, cyuecrByeT onacHocTb [poTeKur{oHr,rcTcKux rrlaHrnynaquft B cTpaHaxrrMnoprepax. Bo-nropsrx, no4o6usle 4eficrBu, Moryr Hocr,rrb us6upa-
nyqurx
renrnuft xapaKTep, orpaHr,rq[Barcb
yKa3aHr{eM Ha ycnoBr.t, TpyAa B gKcnoprHbrx orpacnqx (ror.qa KaK B Apyrux orpacnflx coxpaHrrc, HeyAoBneTBopl,rrenbHbre ycJroBH, TpyAa) utv Ha caHr(rluu 3a Hexoropbre B[Abr 3Jroynorpe6neuufi, K KoropbrM norpe6urenr oco6enno r{yBcrB[TelbHbr
(Hanprar*,rep, Aercxr.rfi TpyA), ,r HrHopnpys Apyrre BaxHbre HapyrxeHus
(Hanpn rr,rep, npoScorc:uux npan), Koropbre MeHbure BonHyror norpe6urerefi. B-rperbHx, cyulecrByror npo6leuul c ror{Kn 3peHr.r, o6ecneqeHrrs
TOI{HOCTH u 6eCnpncrpacTHocTH r{noOprr,taqnn, coAepxaqeficq B 3TuKeTxax. flo neper{HcneHuuru coo6paxeHHrM TpyAHo corJracr,rrbcs c reM, qro
rrr.rcro .qo6pononrHbrMlt MepaMH MoxHo eQQerruuHo 3aMeHHTb MexnpaBr,rreJlbcrBenHure geft crnur.
BuAnuranucb raKxe AoBoAbr nporr,tB yrBepxAeHr,ts o roM, r{To npeAnoqrr,rreJrbHee KocBeHHSrfi nyrr K yryqrxeHHro ycnoBr,rfirpyrc c noMorrlbro
gxoHoMur{ecxoro pocra. Xorq H cnpaBeAnuBo ro, rrro ycroftuurulfi pocr n
KoHer{HoM cr{ere npr,rBeAer K pocry sapa6orHoft nlarrr u ynyqureHr,rrc
TpyAoBbrx cTaHAaproB, 9ToT fipoqecc MoxeT cyrqecTBeHHo 3aAepxaTbcr.
3xoHo ra[.recxufi pocr B ycnoBr,rsx HeAeMor(parr,rqecxr,rx pexuMoB, peuuTeJrbHo npax4e6nux npaBaM TpyArlulr4xcfl, eIBa Jrr,r npHBeAer K KaKrrMrr'16o yryvrueHr,rsM. B crpanax c surcoxoft creneHbro HepaBeHcrBa B pacnpeAeneHr,ru 6orarcrea r.r AoxoAa noa4eftcrnne pocra Ha yfiyr{ueHue ycnonuft rpyAa, cKopee Bcero, 6yaer ge6olurunu H racnbrraer nporuno4eficrBr,re co cropoHbr aHr:upa6ovvtx ct4]/. B srux ycnoBr,trx MexAyHapoAHbre
170
Tpy4oooe 3aro[oAarqrrbcrBo
npaBoBbre HopMbr B o6nacTr.r TpyAa MoryT cbrrpaTb ocooeHHo non$Hyro
poJlb, oKa3blBar MexAyHapoAHoe Mopa^nbHoe AaBJIorHe, Ha[paBJIeHHOe Ha
ynyqureHre ycnoBr,rfi TpyAa I,I [oJroxeHHs o6$AoneHHbrx.
Haxoneq, uMerorc, AoBoAbr, ocHoBaHHbre Ha 6narorBopHoM BJtHflHltn
TpyAoBbrx cTaHAapToB Ha pOCT npOrfi,BOAlrTeJIbHOCTH, a 3TO qaCTO r,rrHo-
pupyror neoln6epanbr, Koropbre ycMarpnBaror B TpyAoBbrx craHAaprax
HCKJIIOqHTCJISHO I'CTOqHIdK 3ATPAT,
MEX4Y TEM 3TI,I CTAHAAPTbI
NO3BOJIS-
ror orKa3arbc, or (nororoHHbrD) crr,rMyJroB B nonb3y Apyrlrx $axropon
srrcoxofi npolr3BoAr{TeJrbHocrH. Our.r crl,rlr,rynHpyror corpyAH[rrecrBo B
opraHLI3aIIru rpyta r.r BJroxeHHr r npoSy.re6y rpyArtrluxcr. I-apaw.ruu
npaB TpyAcrrlnxc,
u npoQcorc:on cnoco6crByror
6onee c[paBeArr.rBoMy
pacnpeAeneHr,rro BbrroA or roproBJrH H gKoHoMHqecKoro pocra, o6ecnequBafl TeM caMbrM 3(OHOM[qeCKyrO r4 collHanbHyro craoulrHocrb. cne4ygT HMeTb B Br,IAy, rtTo HepaBeHcTBO COnpr)(eHO c I,I3AOpXXaMH [r,
eOJrr,r ero
He orpaHrrqr{Tb, oHo cnoco6no nopoAurb rpyAoBbre lI coq]riurbHbre KoH-
Srnrrrr.
3AK
JIIO
qIITEJI b HbIE
3A
M E II A IdyIfl
flpnue,qeHnHfi eHure o6:op npo6leu yKa3btBaer Ha HaJr,sr,re cepbg3rx pacxoxAeHlrfl pa3peurlrrr 6y4er ue-
Hbrx pacxoxEeaui,t Bo B3urflAax.
JIerKO, OCO6enno noroMy, rITo MHOrI{e H3 HI,IX OTHOCSTC' K BonpocaM,
KOTOpbre HeBo3MOXHO peurr{Tb Ha ocHoBe o6rexr[sHbrx gMllHptrqecKnx
AoKa3arenbcrs. Ho Aaxe npHMeHHTeJrbHO K TeM, XOTOpbre noAAarorcf,
3Mnup[qecKoMy pellleuuro (xax noKa3aHo B Hacrorrqeu o6rope), n co_
npeueHuoft nayvxofi nxTeparype raKxe orcyrcrByer corJracue.
Teu ue MeHee cyqecrByror Hexoropbre Bo3MoxHocru AI, [poApr,rxeHHr B Ha[paBneHr,rr,r Aocrr'lxeH[fl, M,/,HlijUalrnofi qenH
nceo6rqero co6rrogeHnr ocHoBHbrx noprrr Mor. oqrosaH[eM Arfl -HaAe)r(Abr cnyxnT
oAHa npHHIIHnHaJIbHal o6lacrt, rAe, xaK orMerleHo n o6rope, HMeerct
a }lMeHHO nCeO6ulee noATBepxAeHHe npr,IBqpxeHHocrH ocHoBHbIM HOPMAU MOT H IIO,qACPXKA PONId MOT B I,IX
PCAJII,I3AII}II. PACXOX.
ACHHfl B OTHOIIIEHHII 3KOHOMHIICCKHX IOCJIEACTBI,Ifi NPUUCNCUUg 6OIEE
ur'rpoKoro Kpyra HopM r.rnH xenarenbHocrlr yBr3Kr.t roproBJrn c rpyAoBbrMH CTaHAapraMn He noApbrBaror yKa3aHHOrO npHHrlr,rnuanbHoro cocorJracHe,
rJIACI,Ifl.
3Ha.reHr,re raKoro corJracrt cBc3aHo c rerrr rlaxioM, qro oso o6ecnerII'IBaer ocHoBy AJIfl nepeHoca
Ar,tcKycctrlr c Bonpoca o roM, cnedyem tu
co6moAarr ocHoBHbre HopMbr, Ha nraBHbrft nonpoc
KaK yr(penr,rrb co-
6nrcAenne HopM. B pe:ynrrare raxoro nepeHoca- aKrIeHTa BHHMaHT{e
MoxHo cocpeAoTot{IlTb Ha KoHcTpyIo[BHbIx l,I [paKTI,IqecKHx lrlarax, HanpaBneHHbrx Ha floHcr( npHeMneMHx MeroAoB no npeoAoneH[Io flpenrrctLti,t, Koropbre crosr Ha nyrH co6lroAeuu, ocHoBHbrx HopM s o6nacrfi
TPYAa.
t7t
Tpyaoooe 3aKonoAarsnbcrBo
flpanga, pa3Horurac[, r,rMerorcfl r,t B Bonpoce o roM, Kar( gro cAeJrarb.
OAsaxo Kpyr BapnaHToB AocrarorrHo rrrtrpox, qro6u MoxHo 6ruo rrpelnpnHrrb B3aHMHo BbrroAHbre coBMecrHbre Aei4crsus B pflAe o6nacrefi.
Hanprraep, noreHr{}raJrbHble BbrroAbr KaK AI, pa3Br,rBaroul[xcs, rar u Ntfl
npoMbrrlneHHo pa3BuTbrx crpaH cyrfi4r paspa6orxa Mep no pa3AeneHr{ro
6peueHn, cBfl3aHHoro c aAanraruefi x nolHoMy np[MeHeHraro ocHoBHbrx
HopM B o6nacru rpyAa. flpu orcyrcrBuu yKa3aHHbrx rraep 66muafl qacrb
He[ocpeAcTBeHHbrx r,r3AepxeK aI.arfia\uv JrrxeT Ha pa3BrrBaroqflecs
cTpaHbr.
Moxso yrBepxAarb, r{To npoMbrrxneHHo pa3Br,rrbrM crpaHaM cneAyer
B3rrb na ce6r qacrb 6peuenu, TaK KaK rd oHlr Bbrr,rrpbrBalor or yMeHbrxeHr,r, ((MexAyHapoAHbrx o6rqecrnenHbrx 3oJD) r,r, KpoMe roro, pacnoJraralor
6onrruuul,r SunaHconuMr,l Bo3MoxHocrrMn. Bgo6anor, TaKoro poAa Mepbr cnyxrnu 6s Ms pa3BnBaroq[xcs crpaH AononHHTeJrbHbrM crriMynoM
4eftcrnonarr s o6racu rpyAoBbrx craHAapron. Xapaxrep Mep, r(oropbre
Moryr norpe6onarbcr, MbI flpolrJlJrrocrpl{pyeM nprrMeHr{TenbHo K Jrr,rKBrrAaut4r4 AercKoro rpyAa. flouoqu B BnAe QuHaHconoft xounencarlrdu B
cnyqae yxoAa c pa6orsl Aerefi noMoura 6ur npegynpeAlrrb erqe 6olrruee
yxyArueHr.te floJroxeHrr, 4ereft. Taxag noMorrlb He roJrbKo o[paBAaHa MopaJrbHo, Ho r,r, cKopee Bcero, no6yawa 6sr nonyuarcrrlHe ee crpaHbr npHJroxHTb 6olrure ycull'uir AJu ynpa3AHeHH, AercKoro rpyAa. MoxHo npuBecrH H Apyrue npHMepbl, KorAa I'IMeIorc, Bo3MoxHocrkt Ntfl coBMecrHblx
Aeficrs[fi. oHH sxflro.raror r,rccneAor,atns, HanpaBneHHbre Ha rrrpa6orxy
oflTr{MiurbHofi nolurr,rKr.r }I opraH]r3arlnoHHblx Mep Alr o6ecnerreHr,L nonuoro co6nrcAeHufl. ocHoBHbrx HopM B Oonacru rpyAa, a raxxe pa3peueHr,r, coxpaHsrorrluxc, cnopHbrx npo6neu.
Xorg raxne Mepbr Moryr flpr,rHecrr,r [oJrb3y, oHr,t reM He MeHee HeAocTaror{Hbr. B xoHe.{HOM Cqere rapauruefi noJlHoro co6ruo4euuf ocHoBHbrx
nPaBoBbrx HopM B o6lacrr rpyAa cnyxr{T floJrr,rrr,rsecxafl Boflc Bcex crpaH
AOoHTbCq 9TOrO, BO[JrOuIeHHa, B peanbHofi noxnrHKe r,t nporpaMMax.
flosrouy nepBooqepe4nofi sa4auefi sBrqercfl yr(peflneHue r4HcruTyrl[oHaIJIbHOTO MeXaHrr3Ma Ha MexAyHapoAHoM ypoBHe.
6146JI140rPA(oktfl
Bhagwati, Jagdish
N.
1994. <Policy perspectives and future directions:
A
view from
academia>, in United States Department of Labor: International labor standards and
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Tpyaogoe 3aKouoAarenbcrBo
173
Aprypo C. Eponurefin"
PE@OPMA TPyAOBOTO
-3AKOHOAATEJIbCTBA
AMEPIIKE:
B JIAT}IHCKOPI
MEXAy TOCyAAPCTBEHHOIZ 3AUII{TOIZ
I{ TI{EKOCTbIO PbIHKA
Cncreuu rpyAoBbrx oruouesnfi s JlaruHcxofi Auepuxe 3a [ocneAnue l5 ner nperepnenu cyrqecrBeHHbre H3MeHeHH, noA so:AeftcrBl,IeM nepeMeH B coq[:urbHofi, norurr,rqecxofi r,r gxoHoMr,rqecxofi o6ctaHosxe. C
1975-1980 rr. gTu nepeMeHbr rrrJrr,r B AByx, orqacrn nporllBonoJloxHblx,
Ha[paBneHlasx. C oAnoft cropoHbr, npoucxoAr,rJra nocrerreHHar AeMoxpaTu3at.\ufl noJruTuqecxofi cucreubr, nocJreAoBaBr.rra, 3a KpaxoM BoeHHbrx
4nxrarypt . C 4pyroft cropoHbr, AaBHo yrBepAuBrxuecfl B peruoHe npoTeKqlroHHcTcKa, SKoHo M l,IqecKafl MoAeJIb H BbtcoKarr cTeneHb B M er.xaTeJlbcrBa rocyAapcTBa B 3KoHoMrrKy rrepex[Jrr{ neproA Kpn3r,rca, xoropufi
flpuBen K npuHsrr,rro seonu6epamuofi crparerur,r pa3Burvtfl, ocyulecrBnseuofi B paMr(ax nporpaMM crpyKTypHErx npeo6pa:osaHuft.
Taxuu o6pasou, B TpyAoBbrx orHorrreHurx cJroxunucb ABe rrpornBorroJroxHbre TeHAeHTIHH: nepBarr (ua ocHore npoqecca AeMor(parr,r:aqnra)
o3HaMeHoBarl.acb npo$corcsnuuu cno6oAaMr,r B uacurra6ax, HeMbrcJrr{Mbrx npa npexHr,rx pexr,rMax, r,r 6onrruefi caMocrorreJrbHocrbro clrcreMbr,
KOTOpa' paHee HaxoArrnacb noA cTpornM rocyAapcTBeHHbrM KoHTponeM.
flpyraa reHAeHrlr.rr, cBfl3aHHar c Kpr,t3r,rcoM 3aAonxeHHocrr,r n flocJreAyrorqr.rMH cTpyrffypHbrlr,ru npeo6pa3oBaHr.rfMra, noApbrBa],ia cuny npoQcoro:oa
H Ha npaKTHKe orpaHnLrvBall,a ux cnoco6Hocru 4eficrBoBarb.
Crarrr, ony6auxonauHafl n <Mex4yHapoAHoM o6sope rpyAa) B
1995 r., 6sua nocsrqeHa nepeMeHaM B Ko.nneKmunHbm rpyploBbrx orHoIrreHnflx c Haqar.a 80-x roAos2. B uacrosrqefi crarre paccMorpenu petlopMbI TpyAoBoro 3aKoHoAarenbcrBa, orHocrrrluecs x undueudyanoutut orHoureHHrM B Tor xe neprroA. Eolrruar qacrb peQoprr,r Hocr,ura Heo-uu6epalrusrft xapaKTep v Aerl'ana ynop Ha ru6xocrr pbrHKoB rpyAa, oAHaKo
'
.(uperrop l-(eHrpaauuoauepuxaHcrofi MexAlrcqt,tnnunapHofi rexHu'{ecxofi roH-
cynrraruoHofi 6pnragrr MoT, Can-Xoce (Kocra-Puxa). Crarur npeAcrararer co6ofi
coxpaqeuHrrfi
H nepecMorpeHHurft rapuaHr 6olee paHHero Marepilaila roro xe aBTopa.
I fleuorparu,recKlle npoueccbr cHaqaJra 6uraH goccraHoBJreHbr o 3xaagope (1979 r.),
3areM B llepy (1980 r.), Eonuanr.l n loHgypace (1982 r.), ApreHruHe (1983 r.), Eparulul.r r.t
Ypyraae (1985 r.), I-eareMane (1986 r.), flaparrae (1989 r.) n gunN (1990 r.). B 1979 r. s
Hnxaparya nana Aul<rarypa Cauocrr, Ho noAJrHHHo cno6o4nue aur6opur 6uran nponegeusr
rrHrrb B 1989 r. B Carunaaope u flaHaue nepBbre cso6orHure rrr6oprr nporunH s 1994 r.
2 Arturo S.Bronstein, Societal change and industrial relations in Latin America:
Trends and prospects, International Labour Review (Geneva), Vol. 134 (1995), No.2,
p.p.163-186. Pyccxufi nepeBoA cM. B Meucdyuapoduou o6eope mpyda, 1996, r. 134,
ire l-3.
t74
Tpy4oroe 3aronoAarenbcrBo
HeKoropbre 3aKoHbr coxpaHr,rn[ BepHocrb rpaI.w+ru uleApofi rocyAapcrBeHHofi 3arrlr.rrbr orAeJrbHoro pa6orHr.rKa (garantismo); rperrr rpynna
3aKOHOB Cor{erara B Tofi Ltilu Lt$oir creIIeHH rocyAapcrBeHHyro 3arrlnry Id
rr.r6Kocrb pbrHxa
c
Tyaa.
qemro npounnrocrpr,IpoBarb grr.r [epeMeHbr B r,rx B3ar4MocBfl3]r B
crarbe cHarriua [prrBeAeH xparxuft ucropHqecKuft o6:op rpyAoBoro 3aKOHOAarenbcrBa Jlarnncxofi Arrlepuxl.r u paccMorpeHbr ocHoBHbre 3JreMeHTbr, rloMoraloque noHf,Tb COIII{iLnbHbrc u nolturLtrlecKHe rIpI.IrIHHbt ero
BO3HTTKHOBeHU,. 3areM oxapaKTepH3oBaHbr rJraBHbre apryMeHTbr B XOAe
Ar4cKy cct4u Bor(pyr rpyAoBoro 3aKoHoAarenbcrBa n ocHoBHbre peoop usl,
npoBeAeHHbre BnocJreAcrBr,r[. B gaxnro.reHr,re paccMorpeHbr Bo3MoxHbre
gTrdx peoopna B gKoHoMr,rqecKoM r,r corlHanbHoM nnaHe.
flocJreAcrBfi,
TPyAOBOE 3AKOHOAATE"IbCTBO: PA3BI{T}IE
u vrmoJton4tmcKrafi ooH
Kpynxsrfi rpopbrB rpor,r3orrren
t
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MLIpoBaHH, TpyAoBoro 3aKoHoAareJrbcrBa s Jlar[Hcxofi Auepr,rxe3, o eeM
CBI,IAETEJIbCTBYIOT ABA TO MA, NOCB'IIICHHbIC COUHITNbHO MY 3AKOHOAATCJIbcrBy 3roro perlroHa, BbrnyuleHHbre MET s 1928 u 1929 rr.a . Hunnficxuit
KoAexc o rpyae u Mercuxascxr.rfi @egepanrHrrfi saxos o rpyAe, oxa3aBune rny6oKoe BJrr,rflHr.re Ha ApyrHe crpansrs, BocxoArr x l9ji r. gra cra-
4nr
QopnrupoBaHnq 3aKoHoAareJrbcrBa 3aBepuunacr
eu Ko4exca o rpyAe
r flaparnae.
n l96l r. [pHHsrH-
cleayrcutafl, cra$nfl pa3BVTLtfl, TpyAoBoro 3ar(oHoAareJrbcrBa s JIaruucxofi Auepnxe HarraJracb n 1965 r. c cepb$uofi petlopnau n Koryu6uu6 u 6rrla npoAoJrxeHa npr,rHflTraeM AByx BaxHbrx 3axoHos n gr,uruT .
3areu nocneAoBaJr Hosrrfi @egepalrHsrfi saxoH o rpyAe n Mexcnre
3
_- fleonrruv waraMu cBr.urucb 3aKoHbr o BocxpecHoM or.[brxe, npr.rHrrbre r Aprenruue
u Koayru6un s 1905 r. B clegyouleu roay n I-oareruaae 6rrl nprrriru*o" o Hecr{acrHbrx
cnyqarx Ha npoH3BoACTBe, 3areM B prre crpaH 6rra ycranonaeH g-.{acosofi pa60qrafi
aeur:
s flaHarue (l 9l 4 r.), Ypyruae (l9l 5 r.) r.r 3raaaope (is t o r.). 3axosrr o HecqacrHbrx cnyqa,x Ha npoa3BoAcrae 6rIrln n-prrHrrbr r Aprexraae (1915 r.), Koayru6nr.r (1915 r.), na rcy6e
(1916 r.) r o Eparuruu (1919 r.). Hau6onee
co6sirr.rerr.r ro, nip"o.u crano npu"axHuna
Hcrne Mexcnrancxofi KoHcruryunu (1917 r.).
"
crarus 123 coaepxrra.nunxufi
n.p.ri".
counaJrbHbrx rapaurnfi
.
e_lLO: Legislaci6n social en America
l-atina,Geneva, vol. I, I92g, vol. II, 1929.
5 3axoHsr r.r KoAeKcbr
o rpJAe, npr,rHrrbre a 30-e n 40_e roaur g guau, Mexcnre, Epa_
lunuu, Beuecysae, 3ragope, Eoauauu, Kocra-pnxe, Huxaparya, I-nareuale, flaHarr.re,
Konyrr.r6r.ru, .{or',muaxaucxoi pecny6ar.rre ra I-onaypace, ony6nnxbaaHrr
s (3aroHoAar.r"_
Hofi cepuu> MET, onpegs nrr,renyerr.rofi 3C.
e 3arono.qaremxurfi
Yxas Ne 2351 or 4 ceure6pr 1965 r., ony6nuxoaaH s 3C, 1965-
Kor. l.
7 3aroH Ns 16455 o npeKpauIeHHH .rpyAoBbrx
.(oroBopoB or 5 anpele 1966 r. (3C,
1966'I{uttu l) r'r 3axoH Ne 16625 o npoQcorornbrx opraHu3aur.rrx B ceJrbcroM xogsficrse.or
l6 anpenr 1967 r. (3C,1967-Huau l).
Tpyaouoe 3aroHoaareflbcrBo
t75
r.), HoBbrfi Kogexc o rpyte or gexa6pe l97l r. s flaHaue (xoroprrfi
noxauyfi, o6pa:qou An, Bcex flporeKrlr,roHr,rcrcKr,rx 3axoHoB o
TpyAe) H AeKper, perynrpyrculnfi npurr,reHeHrre 3axona o r?yle BenecyoJrbr, npuHflroro B 1973 r.e . 3axoHrr, npr,rHflrbre n flepy s 1970-1974 n.
(([onyn[crcKnM) BoeHHbrM npaBaTenbcrnou Benacxo Alrnapaaoe, u apreHruncxnfi 3aKoH o rpyAoBbrx AoroBopaxlo , BBe4eusulfi r 4eficrnue n
1974 r. fiocJre Bo3BparrIeHH, nepoHr,rcroB K BJracrH, n pannofi creneHfi 3auuqanu prHTepecbr rpyArrqHxcr.
cre4ooareJrbHo, no rropofi noJroBHHe 70-x roAos JlaruHcxas Alvre(1969
rrocJryxr,rJr,
pr,lKa Morna [oxBaJrr,rrbcfl pa3BurbrM cBoAoM TpyAOBOTO 3aKOHOAareJrbcrBA, KOTOPOC, 3iI HEMHOTHMII I,ICKJIIOqCHHSMH, O6ECNE'{USAIO TPYAqUII,IMC'
BbrcoKyro creneHb 3arrlHTbr. 3ro 6ruo o6yclon-ueno HcroprrqecKilMt4 14
HAeororl{qecKl4Ml'l npuqlrHaMH,3acIry)KvtBaIoIqHMI'l KpaTKoro nogcHeHl,Ir.
IIAEOIOIITIECK]IE OAKIOPbI
9acro yrBepxAaror, qro Ha cra$nu $opunporaHr,r, TpyAoBoe 3aKoHoAareJrbcrso JlaruHcxofi AuepuK[ HcrrbrrbrBaJro BJrrrflHile roJrbKo co
cropoHbr rocyAapcrBa, nocKoJlbr(y 3TO 3aKOHOAaTeJIbCTBO HarIaJrO CKJIaAbrBarbc, B Aor'rHAycrpuarsurrfi neplroA, KorAa AaBJreHrre co cropoHbr
pa6ouero KJracca eABa nr,r oqyu-laJrocr. ognaro noAo6noe yrBepxAeHue
cneAyer paccMorperr 60nee BHr,rMareJrbHo, r,160 yxe B nepBbre roAbr rer(y-
ulero cronerr.r, B pfAe crpaH, BKJrroqarr ApreHruHy, Epasnnuro, qL$il4,
Mexcuxy r,r Ypyrnaft, yxe cJroxu[racb AoBonbHo cyulecrBeHHa, [poMbrruJreHHas 6a:a. 9ro 6rrn raxxe neprroA KpynHoMacura6Hsrx, a nopofi ra
KpoBaBbrx rpyAoBbrx rouQmaxroB, Koropbre cBHAerenbcrBoBaJrH o 3HaqHTenbHoM HeAOBOJrbCrne pa60vero KJracca. clegonareJrbHo, uHAy crpva[fi4-
3A\Ufl r4 Cou}IanbHsre xoHQluKTbr cbrrpaJrr.r onpeAeneHHyro ponb Ha craauu Qop u rapoBaHr,rs rpyAoBoro 3aKoHoAaremclsa n Jlair.trixoft Arraepuxe. floclegyrcIrlue co6rrrus 6srrl,r cxoxr,r c co6uru flMu, Ha6ttoAaBrxr,rMr,rca n Enpone, TaK xax nepnofi peaxquefi rocyAapcrBa Ha nporecru pa6oqero KJracca crano HcnoJrb3oBaHr,re penpeccufi.
Ho, B orrr,rqne or Enponur,
craI.wfl' penpeccr4BHoro TpyAoBoro 3aKOHOAareJrbcrBa oKa3aJracr e JIa-
t ony6nuxoaaHbr
Bes.
l.
coorBercrBeHHo s 3C, r969-Mexc.
l; 3C, l97l-rIaH.l u 3C, l9i3-
, I flporvruruueHHsrfi raxou, 1970 r. (o coraaHu, (npoMbruJreHusrx o6uecrr>), 3c,
1970-Ilepy 2 (cxopperrnpoBaH B 1977 r.3axoHo4arerbHbrM yxa3oM lYe 217g9, 3C,'1977'_.
Ilepy I H cHoBa a 1978 r 3axoHoaarerrLHbrM yKa3oM lftz222g',3c, l97g-[epy 2); 3axouoAarerrHufi yxar Jt& 1847-1 1970 r. (onpe.qeaal npr.rHur.rn BoccraHoBrreHur uipa6ore rpyAculerocr, yBorreHHoro 6es AorxHoro ocHorauur), 3C, 1970-Ilepy 3 (cxoppexrr.rpoBaH B
1978 r. 3axoHo4areabHbrM yKa3oM l& 22126, SC, llTg-nepy ii ni"rrl.rrcxrfi yxar
Ne 006-71-TR o Korrrrexrr.rBHsrx neperoBopax,3c, r97r-ilepy'2;5u*oroaur.mHrrfi yrar
.\& 20598 1974 r. o6 o6uecrneHurrx npeAnpnrrusx, jC, tgt4_ilepy l.
l0 3axoH J* 20744 or I I cenre6ps
1974 r., 3C, 1974-Apr.2. bH 6rrr cKoppexrrrpoBaH
B
nepnoA BoeHHoro pexliMa 3axouornl l.& 390
or
13
uas 1976 r., 3C, 1976_Apr.i.
t76
Tpyaonoe 3aKoHoAare[bcrBo
Aueprxe HecKoJrbKo xopoqe, I,160 rocyAapcrBo orHocI,ITeJIbHo
6ucrpo, He orKa3brBaccb or aBTopurapHblx MeroAgB, nepeurJro K noJlttruxe 6oarurefi 3arrluTbr rpyArrrluxcr.
Hossrft noAxoA AlrxToB:rncs s raxoft xe Mepe noJIHTI,tqecKHMH, KaI( H
gKoHoMIar{ecKIdMH }IJII,I 3Tl{rlecxuulr coo6paxeHI,IrMI,L fIon[rH.{ecKI,Ie coo6paxeunr 6rrnu o6ycJroBJreHbr npoqeccoM MoAepHI,BaI{HI,I, B pelynbrare
Koroporo BJIacrb flepexoAuna or ceJrbcroft onurapxnr,r K ropoAcKoMy
cpeAHeMy Knaccy. .(o6uaaacu MoJrqaJrlrBoro aJlbrHca c 3apoxAaloull,IMcs
pa6ovunr KJraccoM, cpeAHne KJraccbr coAeft crnon anv ilpvtr.flTr,rlo 3aKoHoB,
Koropbre B To BpeMfl Bo MHoroM 6u-nn g nonb3y rpyAq[Iuxcs. 3rn rar
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y rocyAapcrna, u6o ocHoBHa, r.rAeonor[qecras 6asa npoQcoro:oB B To
BpeMrI 6rura auapxucrcxofi Hnr{ KoMMyHr.rcruqecKofi, a norouy oHr,r MorTr,rHcI(o[
nH BHyr.rrarb npaBrrrleMy pexHMy roJrbxo HeAoBepr,re. CxaaauHoe r,rJrJrrocrplrpyercs reu Saxrou, qro, B To BpeMc KaK KoAeKcbr o rpyAe flpeAycMarpvBanil 3arqlrry vtn4uBn4yarrrbHbrx pa6orHnxoB, B HHx cKBo3rrJro HeAoBepile, ecll:l. He orxpbrrar npax4e6Hocrb x npoQcoro3aM, Koropbre noAaBJISJTI,ICb rocyAapcTBOrr{. Taxosa 6srra o6rrqHaf cxeMa s JIarHHcxOfi Ar'lepHKe, B xoropofi yxnBilJrucb Ar,rKTaropcKoe npaBlrreJrbcrBo H 3aKoHoAarenbHa, 3arrlrrTa TpyAculuxcrl l.
C.ne4yer raKxe ynoMqHyrb cBs3b MexAy nporer(q[oHr,rcrcKrM TpyAoBbrM 3aKoHoAareJrbcrBoM H gxoHoMr,rqecKr{M nporeKIIr,toHH3MoM (<HanpaBneHHbrM BHyrpb pa3BHTrreM>),
xoroporo
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crpaHbl peruoHa c 30-x roAoB. flo npnvrHaM, cBr3aHHbrM c HarIuoHaJrH3MoM I,I Heo6xoAunaocrbro pa3BnBarb orer{ecrBeHHylo [poMbrrrrJreHHocrb
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MoAenb raKxe crarra npeo6la4aroutefi B peruoHe. B raxux ycnoBuflx
fipeAcraBnrnocb Jror[qnsru, vro6lr rpyAsrrlnec, noJrb3oBaJrr,rcb corlnanbuofi saqurofi, cuuuerpuvHofi gxoHoMr,tqecrofi :aulure, r(oropyro HMeJra
[poMbrrl]neHHocTb.
HaxoHeq, cneAyer flpuHsrb Bo BHHMaHUI 1pytue rrAeonor[qecKue
r;rvarug, - oco6euno xptrcrr,raHcxo-coqflaJrr,rcrr.IqecKrre H cor-(Hanncrrrqecxre. Cronb xe 3Haqr.rreJrbHbrM 6rrro snnsune Mexgynapo4uofi opraHu3a\urr rpyAa: 6onuuuucrBo Jrarr,tHoaMepr,rxaHcxux crpaH sBJrsrorc, rrJreHaMH-yrrpeAHTeJrrMH MOT, rrro Hauuro orpaxeHrde n 6olrurou qrrcre
I I CneAyer BcnoMHHTb
KoaeKcbr o 'rpyae Huraparya (raeaeHHurfi s 1944 r. reHepanoM
couoca),.{oranHaxaHcxofi Pecny6auxu (1951 r., Hocur l.rlrs <6aaroAererr> crpanrr Tpy-
xr.uro), far.rra (<Koaerc.(oraase>)
u flaparnar
(naeaeHHsrfi
s 196l r.
renepanoM
ctpeccneporu), a rarxe 3akoHbr flepy, nregenxrre s 70-e roAbr, r.r Koaexc o rpyAe flixar,.rsl
l97l r., npI,IHf,TbIe nonynlrcrcK[Mu BoeHHbrMrl pexr{MaMH. I,Iuerucu rakxe r,rcxJrroqeHr.r, H3
3Toro [paBHJIa, B qacrHocrr.r AeperynupoBaHue rpyAoBoro 3aroHoAareJrbcrBa s 1978 r. so
BpeMs pexHMa flrHo,{era n r{nrn B paMKax rporpaMMbr crpyKrypHbrx npeo6paroaauufi.
177
Tpyaoaoe 3aKoHoAarenbcrBo
paruQnKarlufi KoHBeHrIr.rfi MOT crpaHaMu peruoHar2 u qacrbtx o6paqeHr4flx npaBureJrbcrB peruoHa r MET o coAeftcrsrru B rrepecMorpe rpyAoBOrO 3aKOHOAarenbCTBa.
(IIPOTEKItr4OHUCTCKOE IOCyAAPCTBO) IIOA BOIPOCOM
Bonpoc o B3a[rMocBrr3r.r MexAy rpyAoBbrM 3ar(oHoAareJrbcrBoM H 3Konuxor4a cepbe:Ho He craBr,tJrcrr KaK Ha 6olee
paHHefi, Tax r,r sa 6oaee no:Anefi cra4lrla pa3Butrrfl rpyAoBoro npana. B
mo6ou cnyqae nporexrluoHucrcKa, MoAenb pa3Burvts,, xoropoft [pr4AepxHBaJIocb 6onsuruHcrBo crpaH perproHa, o3HaqaJra, r{To BJTHTHHe perynupoBaHr.r, TpyAa Ha npeAnpusrus 5r;ttto HBHaqr{TeJrbHbrM, r,16o, e npr,tHuune, Bce npeAnpHflT[s, Heclfii oAHHaKOBbIe CoquanbHble pacxoAbt, KoTopble
B KoHerrHoM cqere nepeKnaAbrBaJll,Icb Ha 3aKpbrruft psrHox Jru[reHHbrx
rut6opa norpe6nrelefi. Kpoue roro, c$epa Aei4crsus rpyAoBoro 3axoHoAareJlbcrBa 6sua orpaHuqeHa, TaK KaK, no cyru, oHo orHocuJrocb roJrbKo
I( TpyAflrrl[Mcr ropoAa u eABa nH pacnpocrpaHflnocb Ha ceJrbcKr,rx pa6or{Hx, xou Ha ceJrbcKoe xosqficrno npuxoAl{nacr 66lsuag qacrb gKoHoMr,r.recxofi AegrenbHoctpr u 3aHgrocrul3.
floerouy B Ter{eHne Anr,rreJrbHoro BpeMeHH ocHoBHa, TeHAeHTIH, TpyAoBoro 3aKoHoAarenbcrBa Jlaruncxofi Arrlepuxr.r He orKnoHcJracb HH or
fiarepHanucrcxoro o6pasqa, HaBs3aHHoro rocyAapcrBeHHbrM flporeKIIHOHH3MOM, HL OT OrpaHIrrIHTeJIbHOrO nOAXOAa K aBTOHOMHbIM KOJTJIeKTrrBHbrM TpyAoBbrM oTHoueHr,rfllr,r. flponcxoAr,rBuHe rrepeMeHbr 6urlu noqrH HeH3MeHHO HanpaBneHbr Ha yr(peflneHHe 3Tr,rx oco6eHuocrefi. flocreneHHo nonyqHna npr,r3HaHr,re uIlefl o roM, qro rpyAoBoe 3aKoHoAareJrbcrBO MOXeT pa3BI{BaTbCfl TOJIbKO nyTeM nocneAoBaTeJlbHbrx npoqeccoB
(HacJIoeH[r), I{ flpeAnoJraraJrocb, qro eAI,IHcrseHHofi rlenblo Honofi peQoplau ,BJrflerc, Ao6asneHue HoBoro (cJror)) K yxe yHacneAoBannofi coBor(ynHocrr,r cBfl rrleHHbrx coqnaJrbHbrx rapaHT nfi u npat.
Teu He MeHee no rropofi noJroBHHe 60-x ro.qos B 3AaH:aH crarr norBrsrbcq rperqr,rHbr. flepnar Bo3HHKJra s 1996 r., KorAa n Epa:ullru 6sur
npuHqr 3axoH (yupe4unrurafi @onA rapaHTHpoBaHH, craxa pa6orrrra),
xoropufi, 6ygy.ru 4o6pononrHbrM B Teopr,rH, Ha Aene 3aMeHrn cncreMy
3arqr.rrbr or yBonbHel/,nit, paHee [peAycMorpeHHyro CsoAo[,r 3aKoHoB o
HoMr,rqecKofi curyaguefi
12
reHruHa
flo cocroqHua aa 12 aexa6pe 1996 r. vncno parr,rQuxaquE
- 68; Eoanrr.rr - 43;Bpatutrun -79;Yunu - 48; Konyu6us -
Ky6a
-
Ilepy
- 67; Ypyraaft - l0l
y-71;
13
87; {orr.rxHnraHcKar Pecny6nr.rxa
-
28; 3xraaop
-
BbrurrreJro
52;
rar: Ap-
Kocra-puxa
56; CanrsaAop
-
-
4-g;
20; I-sarerr{a-
I-onaypac-21; Mexcrxa-76; Hr.rxaparya-58; Ilanar,,ra-71; flaparoafi-35;
n Benecyena
- 52.
crrl. Efrdn c6rdova: <Labour legislation and Latin American development: A
preliminary review>, International l-abour Review (Geneva), vol. 106 (lg7z), No. 5 (Nov.),
pp.445-474.
ra 3axos.It& 5107 or l3 ceHrr6ps
1966 r.r 3C, 1966-Epar.l.
Tpyaoeoe 3aKoHoAare[bcrBo
178
TpyAe.
Ho
I,I
s oroM cnyqae AonxHo 6rrlo npofiTr.r eule Aecrrb Jrer, npex-
Ae r{eM 6rrl npnurr erue oAr,rH aHaJroru.rHrrfi 3axoH (ua sror pa3 B naHaMe), Koropbrfi SaxruvecKr,r o3Haqan orxoA or noJroxeunfi KoAexca o rpyLe l97l r. O6a Ha3BaHHbrx 3aKoHa craJru npeATeqaMu uouquoil peaxrlr,rn
rrporuB nporexrlnouucrcxofi clrcreMbr, sorHr,Ixueft B cneAyroqeM AecrruITETW.
MEHTETC' MOAEnb SKOHOMI,ITIEC(OrO pA3Br.rTr,L
B Ha.{are 80-x rolos B3alrMocBr3b MexAy rpyAoBbrM 3aKoHoAareJrbCTBOM LI 3KOHOMHT{eCKr.IMH yCnOBr,rrMI,I HaqA,.A BHyIXaTb OIIaceHHe H3-3a
MexAyHapoAHoro 3xoHoMrrrrecKoro Kptr3uca u, oco6euuo, o6ocrprrcIqerocq xpr,r3uca 3aAonxeHHocrlr, xoropufi Bbrr.ueJr H3-noA KoHTpon, Aaxe B
sau6onee 3KoHoMHqecKH cuJrbHbrx crpaHax peruoHa. B ro xe BpeMfl noflBT,IJII,ICb rrpll3HaKr,I Tofo, qTo npoTeKIII,IoHr,rcTcKaf, gKOHOMr,rgeCKaf, MOAeJrb
Hecnoco6sa Aarr.ee noAAepxr,rBarb pocr, co3AaBarb [pou3BoAr,rreJrbHbre
pa6oque Mecra r.rnu cAepxuBarb unQnrqurc. Vxe n 60-e roAbr gr(cnept,tMeHT BoeHHoro pexr,rMa Bpazuluu c ((Ha[paBJreHHbrM BoBHe) pocroM Ha
ocHoBe B M errrareJrbcrBa rocyAapcrBa H errcoxofi creleHH peryflHpoBaHr,rq
BHyrpeHHero pbrHKa o6ecnequ.n nopa3r,rreJrbuur fi npupocr orer{ecrBeHHoro [poMbrrxJreHHoro nporr3BoAcrBa, oAHaKo qeuofi sulcoxofi uufitttlJJ,/.u.
K xouqy 80-x ro4on gKc[eplrMeHr npoAonxancs.
B nporunoBec 3ToMy noAxoAy, HaxoAqcb noA BJrr,rrHueu rlnxarcxofi
ueolu6epanrsoft rrrKoJrbr, 6atupyroq efics sa y6ex4ennu, rrro pbrHox cnoco6en perxlrrb ocHoBHbre npo6leuu yflpaBneHafl HarruoHanrnoft sKoHot,fitxofi, qnnn c KoHr.Ia 70-x ro4on npHAepxr,rBaJracb coBceM 4pyroft crparerHr,r. qutruitcxas nporpaMMa BKJrroqaJra raKr,re Mepbr, KaK npr,rBarv3a\r4s.
rocyAapcrBeHHbrx npe4npurrnft, peopraHH3arrH, saloroo6loxeHHq,
cHHxeHHe rapuQnrrx 6aprepon H orKpbrrtre pbrHKoB AJrr MexAyHapoAHbrx KoHr(ypeHroB. Eulu raKxe orMeHeHbl cy1cuauw qacrH.oMy ceKTopy,
coKpaIrIeHbI coIIHaJIbHbIe pacxoAbl, ype3aHbl rocyAapcTBeHHble y cnyil4, a
neHclroHHas cHcreMa npr.IBarH3I,IpOBaHa. Hecuorpa Ha BbIcoKHe cor.IHaJrbHble H3AepXKH, 3KOHOMU.{eCXHft ycnex .rHrlrficxoft crparerl{fi Heoc[opHM;
OTCIOAA EE
M
HOTOqUCJICHH bIE lI M}ITATOPbI B PA3NH
qHbIX JIATI,IHOAMCPHKAH-
cxHx crpaHax, KoTopble ocyulecTBnfl'Ilu aHaJlorur{Hble fiporpaM M bI cTpyl(rypHbrx npeo6pa:onawui4, rracro npfi noAAepxr(e MexAyuapo4Hux
QuHaHCOBbrx HHcrrrryroB. cpe4a 3T[rx crpaH MoxHo Ha3Barb Eolunuro,
Kocra-Puxy u Mexcuxy (c 1985 r.), Kolyrvr6nro (1990 r.), ApreHruny
(t991 r.), tlepy (1992 r.) n Epasunnro (1994 r.). o4HonpeMeHHo 6srnr,r
npr'rHqrbr Mepbr no pacurHpeHHro BHyrpHperuoHaJrbHofi roprout4, Hanpl,rMep, B BHAe oxLrBJreHH, AeflTeJrbHocru An4croro naKTa (rraex.qy Eo_
Konyr'a6nefi, 3xna4opou, flepy u Benecyslofi),
I\!\?ft,
MEPKOCyP
r,,rex4y ApreHruHofi, Epasull.reft, flaparnaeM
o6pasosaHras
r.r
ypyrnaeu,
a
Tpyaoroe 3aKonoAareJrbcrBo
t79
r. CeBepoaMeprrKaHcKoro coruIaueHus o 3oHe
cBo6oAHofi roproBnll (HA<DTA) MexAy Mercurofi, KaHaAoft Ia CIIIA.
flpoqecc crpyrcypHbrx npeo6pa:osanuit LIMeJI BecbMa cepberHble no-
TaKxe noAnHcaHr.rfl B 1992
cneAcrBnr 4nr npoQcoro3Horo ABHxeHr,rc. Ilpotlcorcsbt nrtlrlut4lrttcb qJIeHoB
(Ho ue o6g:arenuno yrparr,rB npr,r 3ToM 6oennrocrr) r rocygapcrBeHHoM
ceKTope, T.e. ceKTope, xoroprrft 6urn Hau6onee cepbe3Ho 3arpoHyr crpyKTypHbrMr,r npeo6pasoBanuflMu u t4e 3aHrrbr nau6oree npeAaHHble axruBr.rcrbr npoQcoro:os. Bn[gnue npoQcorc:os 6rrro ocna6neHo H B qacrHoM
ceKTope, TaK r(aK r,rcqe3Jil,r KoMnaHr,rH B HeKorAa 3arqHrrleHHbrx oTpacJrfx, a
Te, Koropbre BbrxHJrH, craparucb 3aMeHl,rrb orHocI,ITeJIbno cra6unbHylo
pa6o.ryro cr,rJry, noJrb3oBaBrxyrccs sauurofi B paMxax rpyAoBoro 3aKoHoAarenbcrBa r,r AoBonbHo xopouo opraHu3oBaHHyro, 4pyroft xareropueft
TpyAflIIIHxcrI, MeHee cKJroHHbrx Bcrynarb n npoQcoro3Lr r4 roroBsrx pa6oTarb Ha MeHee cra6nnsnofi ocHose. Kopove, npo$corcsur Jn rrruJrr.rcb nonnruqecxofi noAAepxKH, a BJIacrb flepeMecrnnacb or MuHncrepcrB corlnanruofi Ha[paBneHHocrr,r, r( KoropbrM npo$corossr rpaAnrIHoHHo r,rMeJrr.r
Aocryn, K MHHHcrepcrBaM SuHaHcon n 3KoHoMrrKr,r.
crroPbr BoKpyf focyAApcTBEHHofo [poTEKurroHr{3MA
flocne4yrcrque co6rrrur: Bo3HHKHoBeHr,re MeKcr,lKaHcKoro Kpn3r,rca B
4era6pe 1994 r.,3KoHoMnr{ecxufi ciraA r ApreHruxe s 1995 r. u rroBceMecrsslfi pocr 6e4Hocrr,r - MoxHo 6suro pacr{eHr.rrb KaK npr{3Haxr4 Toro, qro
ueonn6epanr,r3M npuMeHHM He croJrb yHnBepcanbHo, KaK o6 srolr AyMaror
ero cropoHHrrKr.t. Teu se MeHee, nocxonbKy HoBar ueolu6epaJrbHa, noJIHTHKa O3Harrala Bbt3OB [peAcTaBneHI,Iro o TOM, IITO rOCyAapCTBy npl4cyua perynrpyrcqas Qyuxqua Ha Bcex pbrHKax, 3Ta noJrHTr.rKa nprlHecJra c
co6ofi rny6oxyro HAeonoruqecxyro nepeMeHy. Tar qro rpyAoBoe 3aKoHoAareJrbcrBo oxa3aJrocb B ueHTpe Arcryccult MexAy ueolu6epaJraMu, KoTopbre BbrcryrraJrrd ra npeo6pa3oBaHr,r, B 3KoHoMHxe, c o4noft cropoHbr, H
cropoHHuKaMr,r flporexrlr,roHr,rcrcxoro rpyAoBoro rpaBa, c Apyroit. [ttt
nepBbrx pe$opua rpyAoBoro 3aKoHoAareJrbcrBa 6una seo6xoAr,rMbrM
ycnoBueM ycflexa nporpaM M npeo6paro Banlr,it, [oBbrrr]eHus. r(oHKypeHTocnoco6nocru u nporr3BoAHTeJrbHocr[, a rar(xe co3AaHr,r, pa6ovux uecr.
[Ix rnasHurfi loeoA cocroqr B ToM, rrro, nocKonbl(y perynupoBaHne rpyAa
nopoxAaeT xecTKocTb cr,rcTeMbt, MelIIarcIIIyrc ynpaBJreHl,tlo qenoBerrecxuMH pecypcaMu, ero cneAyer H3MeHurb raKr,rM o6pasona, qro6rl oHo He
npenrrcrBoBano nepeM eHaM B 3KOHOMr,rKe. flpOusoruen repM r,rHoJrorn qecxuE cgnur, H TepMr,rH pezyttuponaHue puHKa mpyda Bce r{aqe 3aMeHrJr
TepMrrH mpydoeoe saxouodamerbcmno, veft uexor4a 6larornopnufi coqnalrsurft noATeKcr renepb crarv cqlrrarb BpeAHbrM.
Co csoefi cropoHbr, npnBepxeHrlH rocyAapcrBeHHoro nporer(r{rdoHI,I3Ma AOKa3brBaJrH, r{TO CoqHanbHyro 3arrlr,tTy He cneAyeT paccMaTpr{BaTb
Jrr,trxb B Kar{ecrBe SJreMeHTa npoqecca npeo6pasoyauuit, r,16o oxa flBilsercfl
Tpyaonoe 3arouoaarenbcrBo
180
3THTTeCXHM L l(ynbTypHbrM npr,rHrlHnoM, K r(oTopoMy AoJrxHa aI.aflTr,IpoBarbc, caMa gKoHoMnr{ecxafl IoJIHTLIKa. Her' ocsonanlz,f4, no KoropbrM corlnaJrbHbre coo6paxeHnfl cr^e4yer noAquHr,rrb gKoHoMuqecxr,tM
coo6paxeu HflM, - Haflporr,rB, nporpaM Mbr crpyKrypHux npeo6pa:osaHufi
AoJrxHbr yBaxarb gTr,rqecKr.re rIeHHocrH, cnyxarrlue onopofi o6qecrna.
3ra nosuqw 6rwta, noxanyfi, Ha[nyqurrM o6pasou cQoprraynrapoBaHa B
rorcHr.rreJrbHofi ganucxe x peSopr',re xolynr6nfi croro rpyAoBoro 3aKoHoAareJrbcrBa no 3axony Ns 50 1990 r., c o4nofi cropoHbr, H Bo BBeAeHrrr,r K
3axony o rpyle Benecysnu, c 4pyrofi. B neprorrl cnyqae roBopr.rTcr, rrTo
TaKXe
(MoAepHu3ar.Irrs 3KoHouuru rpe6yer 6olrueft ru6xocru peryn[pynulero
MexaHr,r3Ma rpyAoBoro 3aKoHoAareJrbcrBa, .no6ur Hatnv npoAyrcbr cralru
6olee I(oHr(ypeHTocnoco6suMH, cruMynr,rpoBanncb r,rHBecrr,rqvu u co34a-
BiIJIocb
6olrure pa6o.rrx
Mecr)).
9ro xe Kacaercfl,3axosa o rpyae BeHecyslu, ero aBTop - npe3r,rAeHT
Pasasm Kanr4epa yrBepxAan, qro nporuBHnr(v npvtflTuc 3axoHa
([poBo3rnacuJru JIo3yHrH KoHKypesrocnoco6Hocrr,t u [pou3BoAr,rreJrbHocTH, yTBepxAafl, qTo Bo BpeM, SKOHOMHr{eCKOrO KpH3I,rCa He CJIeAyeT npHHHMarb 3aKoHbr B nonb3y rpyArrrluxcr, qro Hossrfi 3aKoH 6y4er HMerb
uHQlaquouHbre nocJreAcrBr4s, 3arpyAHr,rr r,rHocrpaHHbre r.rHBecrvt\ytv vt,
yBenur{r,rB H3Aepxxl,t npor,r3BoAcrBa, cAeJraer 6onee Aoporocrorulefi srcnoprHyro rpoAyKrlr,rrc. Bce srn AoBoAbr 6rrlu onpoBeprHyrbr Ha ocHoBe
oSnqraamuofi crarucruKr.r, Koroparr noKa3brBaer, qro rpyA ocraercfl, caMbrM Aerrersru $axropoM npou3BoAcrBa, vro uHQlrrIH, He Bbr3BaHa
npanosofi :auquroft TpyAsrrlnxcs., a car gKoHoMurrecxxfi xpr,r:r,rc flpeAnoJlaraer o6qsaremcrBo npeAocraBJrsrb corlHanbHyro 3arr-(r,rry, uro6u 6peM' Kpr,r3rrca Hecn[ He oAH]r TpyAsrr{Hecr))ls.
PA3HOPOAHbTE TPyAOBbIE PE@OPMbr
Kaxofi 6rr su 6srna roqxa 3peHr.rs, ocraerc, Saxrou, qro cncreMa
s JlaruHcxofi Auepuxe nepexuna l5 ner peQopu
TpyAoBbrx orHorueHnfi
6ecnpeqe4esrsofi uHTeHcuBHocrn 16.
3a ucxlroqeHueM Jlr,rrub Eonnsl,tfl n Mexcuxl,t, a raxxe oco6oro cly,rar Ypyrnartz, npaKTr,rqecK[ Bce crpaHbr perHoHa ocyulecrBr,rJrH IIo
uenrruefi Mepe oAHy, a uHorAa HecKoJrbKo peooprta, vro nopofi 6rrno csqts Rafael caldera, <Nueva Ley del rrabajo en
venezuela>>, Derecho Inborar
(Montevideo), Vol. 34 (1991), No. l6l, Jan.-Mar., p. 3.
16 Cr'.r. Bronstein,
op cit., oco6exso c. 166-178.
17 PeQopr'asr n o6lacru'rpyaa,
ocyuecrBJreHHbre r Ypyrnae s 1985 r., K KoHrIy BoeHHOrO pexHMa, 6rrlu HanpaBneHbr Ha ynpa3AHeHne npoQcorcrHoro 3akoHoAareJrbcrBa
nPeAuecrBylouero nepuora, Koropoe ue 6srro 3aMeHeHo HoBbrM 3aKoHoAareJrbcrBoM.
Eolee noApo6tto ctrl. A.S. Bronstein, <The evolution of Labour relations in Uruguay:
Achievements and challenges>>, International Labour Review (Geneva), vol. l2g ttsss),
No. 2, pp. 195-212.
Tpyaonoe 3aKonoaareJtbcrBo
r81
3aHO c peoopMoft caMofi KoHcTHTyI{HLl H r{aCTO C AaJIeKO I'IAyIIIITMH IIOcJreAcrBr,rflMn. 9ru peoopMbl paccMorpeHbl B cneAylouleM pa3Aene.
TPYAOBOE 3AKOHOAATE.IIbCTBO B KOHCTI,ITYIIIIOHHbIX IOTIPABKAX
Kax aro HH napaAoKcaJrbHo, oAHaKo ro, rITo MoxHo Ha3Barb [epBblM
6opr6rr MexAy nporeKuI,roHHcrcKI,IM rpyAoBbIM 3aKoHoAareJIbcrBoM u rn6xocruo, 3aKoHr{Idrocr no6eAofi nepnoro, TaK KaK c I(oHIIa
70-x roAos pflA r(oHcruTyr{HoHHbrx peQoprr,t npI,IBenLI K yorneHulo coqnanrnofi 3arrlHTbr H npaB TpyArrq[xcr. flprarr,tepbl Ha3BaHHoft renAeuunu
noKa3brBaror Epa:nrnr, Kolyr,,r6 ut, Cantna4op, Fnareualra, fon4ypac,
flapareafi u flepyr8. Orpasunurucb rJraBHbrM o6pasou Ha KoJTJIeKTHBHbIX
payHAoM
TpyAoBbrx orHoureHr,rrxle, 3TH pe$opuu noBJrr,rrJII,t raxxe Ha vHALtBLtAyaJrbHbre rpyAoBbre orHorrreHrar, n B noAaBnrrouleM 6omuruHcrBe cnyqaeB
- B CTOpOHy flBHOTO yCI,,,JIeHldfl 3arrlr,rTbr COrIHanbHbrX npaB.
3ro, HanpnMep, HarrrJro orpaxeHr.re n 2l naparpaQe crarru 102 Kos-
crrTytryl:4 fsarervrarsPo, s 34 coqnzlnbHbrx npaBoBbrx HopMax, npeAycMorpeHHbrx KoHcruryquefi Bpasutuu2l , H B vp*auvafiHo AeranbHbrx
HopMax, perynupyroulrx HaAoMHrrft r'pyA, AoMarrrHne ycltyrlt H 3arqr.rry
npornB Heo6ocnosaHHoro yBonbHeHr,rr, B KoHcrt4Tytil4flx fon4ypaca u
Carsna4opa.
Ha nepnrrft B3rJrrA, TaKoe noATBepxAeHr.re coqualrHofi 3arrluTbr yAr,rBr,rTeJrbHo, ecJII{ Bc[oMHHTb, rITO OHO COBnanO C paC[pOCTpaHeHr,teM Heomr6eparurua. Ho 3To, oqeBr,rAHo, MoxHo o6rccHr.rrb reM $axrou, vro
HOBbre KOHCTHTyTIHH CTpeMr,lJrHCb flO-HOBOMy yTBepAHTb Jrerr,rTHMHOCTb
rocyAapcTBa nocJre [epHoAa aBTopHTapHoro r,rJrr{ BoeHHoro pexlrMa, qbr,t
TpaBMaTHr{ecKr,re nocJreAcTBHr Bce eue ouyuailucb B Br.rAe oTcyTcTBr,lfl
rroJrlrrur{ecKoro corllacn, B crpaHe. Tax qro B nporexl{I,toHrrcrcKoM yK-
6uro ycMorperb cxprrrufi ulu ssnttft naxr, o6reAuHrroulnft rpax.qaHcKoe o6qecrno nporuB Mr{nuTap}r3Ma; noATBepxAeHr,re corluaJrbHbrx npaB crano nlarofi 3a raKoe noJrr,rruqecKoe corJracne. flo.qo6Hoe roJrKoBaHr,re noATBepxAaerc, reu QaxroM, rrro KoHcruryuua flepy
1994r., rrpuHflTa, npu o6crorreJrbcrBax, ornnqarcuuxcq or curyaryuitr-
JIoHe MoxHo
ttt flpnHaru peQopr'arr B cneAyrourHe roAsr:3xgaAop
- 1978, Ilepy -1979 (raueueua
Koucrnryunefi 1994 r.), I-ou4ypac - 1982, Carunaaop - 1983, Faareuala - 1985, Hrxaparya -1986, Eparulue - 1988, Konyr,a6ue - 1991, flaparoafi - 1992u ApreHruua - 1994.
le Tax, Horsre KoHcrHTyrrur.r Epatulau, lsareMamr, flaparaar r.r llepy pacnpoclpaHHJrU Ha rocyAapcrBeHHbrx cnyxaunx npaBa Ha opraHn3arrua u sa6acroBky
- npaBa,
KOTOpbre paHee xecTKo
20
orpaHltqrBarHcb
H
.aaxe noJlHocTbro 3anpeulanHcb.
3rn naparpa$u coaepxar raKue npnHunnbr, Kar( npaBo Ha MHHuMaJrbHyro
3apa-
6orxyro nnary, orpaHuqeHue pa6overo aHr, peryJrnpoBaHue HoqHoro rpyAa, npaBa Ha
exeHe.[eJrbHbrfi Aesr o'rAsrxa, ornycka, poxAecrBeHcKyro npeMfiro, uarepnxcxufi ornycx H
npeMr,rH 3a Bbrcnyry neT.
2l Bxrrcqac poaarelrcxufi ornycx, (3aul[Ty xeHulr,lH Ha pbrHKe rpyAa) ri 3auruTy
TpyAqur.rxc, flporrrB noclegcrunfi aBToMarH3arIHrr.
182
Tpyaoaoe raroHoaare,rbsrBo
Apyrux cTpaHax, yxe He coAepxana coq[:InbHbrx [paB u rlapauTurt, npeAycMarpr.rBaBurHxcfl Koucruryqueir 1979 r., Qaxr, xoropurfi MoxHo pacr-IeHr.rrb, r(aK no6eAy Heolu6epanNsraa. flo-sr.rAr4MoMy, yxe He 6uuo Heo6xoAlrMocrn 4o6nrarsct raKoro xe noJll,rruqecxoro corJlacl,Ifl, .{to6rt
o6ecne.{urr npuHflrne KoHcrnryquw 1994 r., a noroMy He3ar{eM 6uno
nJraTHTb Taxyb xe corlHaJrbHyro rleHy.
TPyAOBOE 3AKOHOAATEIIbCTBO B 3AKOHOAATE'IbHbIX PEOOPMAX
Bonpexu pacnpocrpaHeHHoMy MHeHr,rro, HcxoA BToporo payHAa
6opr6rr MexAy rubrocrrro l,t nporexr{r.roHr.rcrcxxM rpyAoBbrM 3aKoHoAaTeJrbcrBoM HerceH. B ro npeur KaK B peQopr,,rax, npoBeAeHHsrx n ApreuTuHe u flepy n l99l-1995 rr., oqeBr,rAeH yKJroH B cropoHy ueoln6epalrnrtx u4efi u ru6rocrrE pbrHr(a rpyAa, n.{ouuHl,rxancxoft pecny6rrxe, flapafBae u Beuecysre 6rrnu npr,rHrrbr HoBbre KoAeKcbr o rpyAe, B r(oropbrx
6rtn coxpaHeH lr Aaxe ynpor{eH TpaAr,rquoHusrfi saqilrHrrft rroAxoA, r{.To
orHocrrrc, TaKxe K ocHoBarenbHoMy nepecMorpy Kogexca o rpyAe CalrBaAopa s 1994 r. Koppexrr.rBbr B TpyAoBoM 3aKoHoAareJbcrne Kolyuluu,
9raa4opa n flasauu cBr.rAereJrbcrByrcT o KoMnpoMHcce MexAy AByM,
TeHAeHrIrrflMu. Haxoueq, o 9r,rrlr peSoprraa npouna ABa, BecbMa pa3nHqHbrx 3Ta[a: nepnsrft npl.Ilxencs Ha nepfioA Ar.rKTarypbr n 1978 r. ]r coB[aJI c
Heolu6epalruofi nporpar'rrr,tofi npeo6paeoraruui.t; nropofi HaqaJrcs B
1990 r. B rocJreAoBasutwr4 rreplroA AeMor(paruu. flepnrrft eran
Qaxru.re-
cKr,r o3Har{aJI AeMOHTaX CyqecrBoBasuefi cucreMbt 3alrlr,rrbl, TorAa KaK Ha
BropoM 3Tane coqlrilJrbHas, 3auil4Ta 6sua ylyvureHa, Ho K npexweil cuTy aw4t4
Bo3BpaTa He flpor,r3orrrJro.
B
cre,qyrouteM pa3Aene oxaparoepn3oBaHbr ocHoBHbre oco6eHHocrrE
HeKoropbrx H3 gTHx peQopr'a22.
22 Koaexc o rpyAe Ky6sr (1984 r.) gAecu He paccMarpuBaercr,
TaK KaK oH 6url npuCLIJIbHO OTJrnqarcrunxc, or rex, vro npeo6aa.aaJrr.r B ApyrHx crpaHax.
cae.uyer orMerr.rrb, r{To nocJre yrBepx.rleHrry KoAer(ca Ha Ky6e 6urau npune.rbr Mepbr no
yclneHHro ru6xocru pbrHKa rpyAa, oco6eHuo B orpacnrx, rAe paccqrrbrBanH Ha npuBJreqeHue HHocrpaHHbrx HHBecrHqr.rfi. cpr. Efrdn c6rdova <The
challenge of glexibility in
Latin America>, Comparative Labor Law Journal (philadelphia, pA), v;. l7 (-i996), No. 2
(w1nt!.), pp 314-337 . Ha c. 330-331 aBrop ccErrraerce ua .{exper :lB t zz t sso r. u 3axon
t& 142 1992 r., rAe npeAycMorpeHbr Mepbt, orpaur.rqr.rB[rHe HcnbrrareJrbHurfi cpox B orpac,rr'r rypr,r3Ma lo 180 guefi, yreauvuBruue Maxcrruyu pa60vr.rx qacoB B Meccrt.qo 2g0 (a a
HcKJrrorrureJrbHbrx cryr{acx - no 312) n coaepxaqxe 4lnHHufi neper{eHb
Ar.rcrrgnJrrrHapHbrx
sorAeftcrnHfi, He uMerourHx aHaJrora s ocrajrrHofi qacrn JlarnHcxoft Auepnru.
Vs-ta orpaHr4qeHHoft cQepu Aeficrg[c Mbr He KoMMeHTr.rpyeM peQopuur a Oxnagope
(3ar-on
Ng tJ3, noe6pr l99l r., o nonpaBKax x Koaexcy o rpyA;;Reg,'st)o-o/icial (Knro, )l
Htr B ycnoB[rlx,
l99l r.); r I-sareMaae flerper Jve 6,f-92 or io noe6fr l99i r., biario de
Centroamdrica (lrareruara-curu,2 Eexalpn 1992 r.). He o6cyxgaercr raxxe Ko.Eexc o
rpyAe, HeAaBHo npuHrrurft r Huxaparya (cu. l-a Gaceta, Managya, Ie 205, 30 orTr6pe
uor6pe
1996
r.).
Tpyaosoe 3a!(onoaarenbcrBo
OCHOBHbIE PE@OPMbI B NOJIb3Y TVBI{OCTTI
APfEHTI,IHA
Petlopua rpyAoBoro 3aKoHoAareJrbcrBa n ApreHruHe npourna B ABa
3rana - s l99l u 1995 rr. B l99l r. 6rrr rpuHrr AarIeKo ugylryia Haqnonanrsuft 3aKoH o 3aHrrocrr.r (co,qepxaslruufa 160 crarefi)23' on rpeAycMarpr,rBan BcecropoHHufi no4xog K 3aHqrocrn Ha pa3rt4{rHblx ypoBHcx:
6opr6y c HeJreraJrbHofi pa6orofi; arrunnyrc nonr,rrrrry n o6racrur r1yLa;
npeAynpexAeHne MaccoBbrx yBoJrbHeHr.rft; nporpauurr coAeficrnue QopMHpOBaHr.rrc KOJTJTeKTT,TBOB TpyAsUIHxCfl, r,tcnbrTbrBaroq[X TpyAHOCTr,r [pr4
noucxe pa6orsr; noAAepxxy 6erpa6orHux; co3AaHHe HaqnoHaJrbHoro
OoH.qa 3aHqrocrr.r H BBeAeHHe HoBbrx Qopr"r rpyAoBoro AoroBopa. B qacrHocrr,r, 3aKoH npI{3BaH 6ul cogeftcrBoBarb HerHrrHrtHbIM t JIH Hecra6unuHrru $opuaM TpyAoBoro AoroBopa (n nporunoBec rpaAr,rlluonnoft nocrosusofi pa6ore flonHoe BpeM, Ha ocHoBe AoroBopa c oAHr,rM pa6oro4areleu), xoropsrfi pa6oroAarenb He BnpaBe aHHynnpoBars 6es AonxHoro
OCHOBAH}Ifl.
Anropu pe$oprrrsr l99l r.,
oqeBHAHo, c'svtrarrn, vro npeo6la1aBruas,
rpyAoBoro AoroBopa npHBoAr,rJra K xecrr(ocTr,r pbrHKa
Tpy Aa, flpenqrcrBoBiura KoHKypeHTocnoco6Hocru npeAnpucrrs kt co34auurc pa6ouux Mecr, orpaHl,rq[Bafl yBoJIbHeHl/.fl vtltyt noBbtluag cBr3aHHbIe c
HUMu 3arparur. Ha Aene xe 6erloe cpaBHeHHe apreHrr,rHcKoro 3ar(oHoAaTenbcrBa c HopMaMr,r Apyrnx crpaH AonxHo 6rrlo 6rr [ocraBnTb noA coMHeHHe raxofi noAxoA, TaK KaK n ApreHrune yBonr,rrb rpyAqulerocs 6ruo
He cJroxHee, a I{HorAa Aaxe nefqe I,I AeIIteBJIe, rIeM, cKaxeM, B 9n-nu, Kottyu6uu, Mexcure u Beuecysle. O4Haxo raKoe cpaBHeHHe, fioxoxe, He
6ruo nponeAeHo. Tax nponrolrrJro, vro HaquoHalrsufi 3aKoH o 3aHrrocrr{ pa3peuun pa3nHqHbre HerrrnH.ursre Soprrabr rpyAoBoro 4oronopa. B
r{acrHocru, oH flooulpfln AoroBopbr Ha
Suxcl,rponaHuslfi cpoK npr,r o[peAeneHHbrx o6croqremcrBax (Hanprarr,rep, B HaqaJIe HoBoro BIrAa Aef,TenbHocrr,r, npn Haftue 3aperucrpnpoBaHHbrx 6e:pa6oruurx, nporpaMnre o6yqeHr,r, MoJroAbrx pa6ornnxoB H nepeMexarcqeficr npoQyue6e), rax KaK B
3Tr,rx cnyqarx pa6orog ar eIrut floJrHocrbro Hrv qacrvqHo ocso6o )K$ar:I,1rcb
or ynnarbr B3HocoB Ha coq[anbHoe o6ecnerreHne. Kar sro Hu napaAoxcaJrbHo, aHaJror[qHbre cTHMynbr He npeAycMaTpr,rB:Lnucb Nts. rounauufi,
HaHHMarouIux pa6orHnKoB Ha nocrorHHyro, a He BpeMeHHyro pa6ory.
B stlax Qopuax 3aHrrocru He 6uno Hnqero oco6enuo HoBoro, TaK
xax 6olrutHHcrBo H3 HHx yXe Quryp[poBanr,r B 3aKoHoAareJrbcrBe o co3AaHHra pa6ouux Mecr, npnHsroM B Il{.cnanuu s 1984 r. H nocnyxr,rBr.ueM
B TO BpeMr MOAenb
23
Ony6ruxoaaHo: ILO, Labour Law Documents, 199212,
MeHlIJra <<3axouogarenbHyro
l99l-Apr. l. 3ra
cepHKrD r.r orHbrHe Mbr ccbrJraeMcr Ha Hee KaK Ha
ceprar aa-
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cryqarx
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Ha r.rcnaHcKoe
(IIC).
184
Tpyaoaoe 3ar(ogoaarenbcrao
o6pa3rloM, 3a r,rcKnrogeHHeM Toro o6croqreJrbcrBa, r{To HaU[oHanbHblfi
[JraH 3aHrrocra npeAycMarpr.rBan 66rrruyro 3arrIHTy An, pa60THuKa. TaK,
HOBbre
Qopuu rpyAoBoro AoroBopa MoxHo 6srlo npuueHsrb JrHrrrb B
tlvcila pa60ruuxoB (no
TOM Cnyqae, ec]/^vt oHu o6ecneqr,rBaJrH npr,rpocr
cpaBHeHHro CO CpeAHHM qHCJTOM
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3a npeAbrAyrrlfie urecru rvrecaqen);
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npeABapr,rrenbHoro ogo6peHur B paMKax KoJTJTeKTuBHOTO AO-
roBopa; coorBercrByroqfie rpyAoBbre AofoBopbr AonxHbr 6ur.nn nuerr
flr'rcbMeHHyrc $opuy; no4o6Hrre AoroBopbt Mourr{ 3aKJrroqarb roJrbxo
pa6oro4areJrr,r, xoropbre ar(KyparHo AenaJrr,r B3Hocbr r $ou4u counanbHoro o6ecne.{eHr,rs; coorBercrByroqHe AoroBopbr cJreAoBano 3aKnroqarb Ha
cpoK or lxecrH Mecf,LIeB AO AByX rer. Kopoue, uraBHas rreJrb cocro fl\a B
co3AaHHr,r HOBbIX pa60vux Mecr, a He B TOM, qrO6rt cAenarb MeHee cra6nlrsuuu HMerorrluec, Mecra. o4Haxo pe3ynbrarbt aeftcrzut HaqnoHaJIbHOTO 3aKOHa O 3aHqrocrtr He onpaBI.aI/.u HaAexA, u60 x uroHlo
1993 r. MuuncrepcrBo rpyAa 3aperrcrpnpoBano Jrarrrb 30 r22 pa6orHuKa, 3aHsrblx B coorBercrBHl,I c HOBbIMIi sopuar,,ru 4oronopa2a, xorfl oHI4
6sulr,r o4o6peHbr B 6omruou qucre xoJrneKTr,rBHbrx AoroBopon. flprvusofi crols pa3oqapoBbrBaroulero pBynbrara, Bo3MoxHo, 6srlo ro, vro
3aKOH npeAycMarpHBan BbrnoJrHeHlre QoprvranrHocrefi, Koropbre MHorr4e
pa6oro4areJrr{ corrJrr,r o6peueHureJrbHbrMr,r, oco6eHno tro cpaBHeH?rlo c
cyqecTBylou{I'IMII lopllAHrrecKvtuvl flpaB.[I.aMtl, corJlacHo I(oTopbIM pa6orsnxa MoxHo yBoJrrrrb, !1.uefl, Ha ro ocHoBaHVe unu 6e3 scsxux ocHoP,AIr',Wr4, YBEAOMI,{B
ETO I.I BbINJIATI,IB OTHOCI,ITEJIbHO CKPOMHYIO KOMIEHCA-
Uurozs.
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Qopurt rpyAoBoFo
AoroBopa no HaquouanbHoMy 3aKoHy o 3aHrrocrvt lggl r., npnqeM B
prAe cnyqaeB c noMorrlbro crpaHHbrx HopM. Hanpuuep, 3aKoH pa3pemldn
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B TO )I(e
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Ha yBeAoMneHVell KoMneHcaq[ro B cnyqae yBonbHeHur. Eule o,(Hofi KypberHofi oco6ensocrrrc 6rm ucnbrrareJrnrrft cpox, xoropsrfi Mor AJrlrrbcfl
TPI,I MCC'LIA TT 6TTrr YBCNI,ITICH AO IXECTI' MCCSIICB B
PAMKAX XONNEKTHBHbIX
At4nacb HoBas clrcreMa perynprpoBaHur
24
PEJIACyP (Monrenu4eo , 1994, r. 2, c. 254).
Tpe6onanocr yBeaoMneH,e 3a Mecrq H ABa Mecrua anr pa6o:.Hr.rxa co craxeM pa6orrr csuture nrru Jrer. KolrneHcaqur cocraBrcra MecrqHyrc rapa6orHyro nr"ry ,u *"*Arrft roa pa6orul (oHa aapsr.rpoBaJla B 3aBucr,rMocrH or KoJrJreKTHBnoro ao.osopa KoHAaHHbre Ha ocHoBe
xpernofi sraprtGr), npurreM yMeHbruaJracb HanonoBr.rHy B cnyqarx corpauleHnc
3a npeKpauleHAfl vnu cHLrxeHH, 3KoHoMHqecKofi axrnsHocrH.
zr
3axos J& 24465, roroprrr:i cxoppeKrr.rpoBaJr
cu. Boletin Oficial (Byeuoc-Afipec, 28 r,aapra 1995 r.).
pexuM TpyAoBbrx
uraros
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AoroBopoB;
Tpylonoe 3arcouoAareJrbcrBo
185
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crpaHax, apreHTHHcKufiBApUaHT 6Ul 6eCnpeueAeHTHbIM, TaK KaI( npeAyCMATPI,IBAJI, I{TO HI,I OAHA I,I3 CTOPOH HC AONXHA AEJIATb B3HOCbI B OOHAbI
coqr{aJrbHoro o6ec[eq ennfl. t4 crpaxoBaHlls Ha cJlyqafi 6espa6orI'IIIbI B
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paoorHrdKa u HaHy,Mar/, Apyroro Ha ror xe l{cflblrareJlbHblfi cpoK.
I{em eroporo 3axoHa 1995 r. 3aKJIIoqaJIacb B BBeAeHIII{ cflelruanbHoro pexr.rMa rpyAoBblx AoroBopoB AlIs HeoonbuIl,Ix npeAnpu,.Tl1.r427, K KOropbrM orHocr.rJrr.rcr Qupuu c qncroM pa6orHI4KoB MeHee 40 n o6oporou
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Jrr,rcb AoBoJrbHo cyulecrBeHHbre v3LsTufl H3 cTaHAapTHbIx npaBIrJI orHoclrTeJrbHo TpyAoBoro AoroBopa, xoT, B prAe cnyqaeB I,Ix cneAoBano 0A06pHTb B KoJrJreKTr,rBHoM AoroBope28. 3ru n:tsudq orHoclrJlltcb K TaKUM
BonpocaM, xax uo6nnbHocrb BHyrpH Quprrasl unu npexpalrleHue rpyAoBbrx orHorreunft. 3axoH TaKxe ynpocrr,rn ycJroBr,rr, no KoropblM MaJIbtM
npeA[purrusM pa3peruaJrocb HaHuMarb pa6orHuxoB corJlacHo HoBbIM
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KOJIYMEI,I'
B Konyu6uu pe$opr',ra 6stla ocyulecrBJreHa nocJre MHorHx ner AIrcKyccnlr, xoropas oxnBuJracb n 1985 r. nocJre ony6luxonaHus AoKJraAa,
rAe yrBepxAaJrocb, vro 4efi crnyrcqee rpyAoBoe 3axoHoAareJrbcrBo r,r Meer
nary6uue flocneAcrBrrfl Mfl 3aHsrocrlr. B 1990 r. npaBrrreJrbcrBo noAroroBHJro 3ar(oHonpoerT, Koropuft nocne pnaa ny1wtqHbrx clyurasuit 6rt.n
npnHflr napnaMeHTonr n 4exa6pe roro xe roAa xax 3axou Ns 50t0.
27 3axon lft 24467 o Marrbrx H cpeaHr.rx npeAnpr.trrnrx, crr,r. Boletin Oficial (SyanocAftpec. 28 r'rapra 1995 r.)
28 B yrasauuoft csgsn 3aKoH npeAycMa'IpnBan, r{To Bce orpacJreBbre KorJIeKTr,rBHbre
corJra[reHH, AoJIxHbr coAepxarb cneqnalrssrfi pa3Aen o MaJIbtx npeAnpurrr.trx; B rrpoTIIBHoM cryr{ae BJIacrLt MorJrH orKa3arb B ero ogo6penr.rr.r (eclu roarxo se 6rrro cneuuaJrbHoro corJrallleHr,rr no MaJrbrM npeAnpHsrncrrl s rofi xe orpacln).
2e Ha gpyrux npeanpnrrxcx gTor nepno4 6ul paaeu
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30 3arou Ne 50 or 28
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186
Tpyaonoe 3aroroAarerbcrBo
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ornycKaM B cBr3H C poxAeHlreu pe6euxa, cy6no4prAHbrM orHorrreHHrM B
oCnacru rpyAa r4 opraHr,r3aqur.r $r.rprr,ru. os raxxe rpeAcraB nst co6oitt
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BnocneAcrBHV u neHchoHHbrMr.r QoH4auu, yqpexAeHHbrMr.r [ocne peoop-6ri.r,
Mbr coqnirnbHoro o6ecneqenns 1993 r. B pe:ynrrare pa6oroaarerlr
Hs6asreH or ueo6xo4r.rMocrH BbrrrJrarrEBarb oAHopa3oByro cyMMy, a pa6orsuxr,r nonyqlrnla norrrn nonHyro rapaHTnrc coxpaHHocru ux BbrxoAHoro noco6uc B cnyqae HeflJrarexecnoco6Hocrn pa60ro4arelrfl, r.r oAHoBpeMeHHO
-
BbrroAy B cBfl3H
C
AOXOAOM OT rrporleHToB Ha CyMMy crreTa.
flpyrur,,r HoBoBBeAeHueu 3axoHa Ns-50 crata ornnira t6"."r"r".r"u
BoccraHaBnr.rBarb ua pa60re ruo60ro corpyAHr,rKa, xoroprrfi npopa60ran
n o4nofi Quprrae no MeHburefi rr,repe Aecrrb iler u 6111 6esocHoBareJrbHo
yBoneH' vrnepxgalu, rrro 3To He 6y4er HMerb cepbe3Hbrx nocnegcBufi,
TOrAa KaK Ha npaKrr,rKe raKafl,3ar.qr,rra nooqprna pa60ro4arerefi yroru3r C_rra., uanpurr,rep,
Orver III (uacrr 4A)7j-il ceccnu Mex.qyHapoAHofi ronQepenuun
rpyaa (xeHesa, 1990 r.) - rarr,reuaur.r, o BbrnoJrHeHuu Kolyl,I'6rei Kor".ruur-ls g7,
c.177-181.
32 Crrr. Orqer III necroruxl.rru
MexAynapoAHbrM xoH0epenunsM .r?yAa: lg-it ceccun
(1991 r.), c. 159-162;79-tr,ceccuw (1992 r.)jc. ioo-zos n 80-ft cecoru (l99Tr.),
c. l8l-184.
33 3ro srrxoAuoe noco6ne paBHo
MecrqHorrly tapa6or*y
*"*4"rfi roa pa6orul,
paccqHTaHHoMy no flocne.llHefi sapa6orHofi naare, u coBepureuHo
He 3aBucHT or r(oMneHcaulrH npl,r yBolIbHeHIlH (xoropae paccqnTbrBaerc, TaKIM xe o6parou, Ho BLrnraqr4Baercs
,"
Jruulb B cryqae HeocHoBareJrbuoro ynoluHeuur).
Tpyaoooe 3aKouoaareJrbcrBo
187
Hrrb corpyAHr,rKoB, npopa6oraBrrrHx AeBflTb reT v, coorBercrBeHHo, JrI{rrreHubrx npaBa Ha sry 3arrIHTy. B ra.{ecrne [porr,rBoBeca 3aKoH Ne 50 no-
B cnyqae Heo6ocsonaHHoro yBoJrbHeHrls. 3axon
TaKxe rrpeAycMoTpen nporleAypy KoHTpoJrf 3a yBoJrbHeHrrflMr vt coKparIIeHLrsMr,r rrrraroB, KaK gro peKoMeHAosaHo KoHnexquefi MOT o npeKparrleHr.ur rpyAoBbrx ornoruenuft,1982 r. (J& 158).
3axos Ne 50 BBeJr raxxe HoBbre npaBr.rJra, peryJrlrpyrcq[e AoroBopbr
na t[uxcuposaHHsrfi cpox, Koropbre Ao gToro BpeMeH]r 3aKlroq:urr,r no
uenrureft Mepe Ha oAr,rH roA; gTor JTHMHT 6un ynpae4HeH, 3a HcxJrroqeHr.reM Mep, 3arrpeqarcqux 6ecxone.{xoe soso6HoBneHr{e raK}rx AoroBopoB.
Errlu pa3perxeHbr qacrHbre 6ropo rpyAoycrpoitc'rca, oAHaKo 6rrln npeAycMorpeHbr xecrKr,re orpaHur{eHUfl, B qacrv nafiua rpyArrrlnxc, qepe: 6ropo
BpeMeHHoro rpyAoycrpofi crsa.
Eulu rpeAycMorpeHbr pa3nuqHbre Mepbr, o6ecne.rrsarcque 6onruyrc
rn6xocrr pa6overo BpeMeHr.r n sapa6orHofi nnarur. Tax, 8-.raconofi pa6o.r[fi AeHb r,r 48-qacosas pa6ovar HeAen, 6unu coxpaHeHbr, Ho craJro
Bo3MoxHbrM BBoAr,rrb [f,Tr,rAHeBHyrc pa6ovyro HeAeJrro, a 3Harrr,rr, yBenr,rqr,rBarb npoAonxr.rreJrbHocrb pa6ouero AH, Ao l0 qacos 6eg ouarrr
cBepxyporrHbrx 3a ABa AononHHTeJrbHbrx uaca pa6orsr3a. Bo BHoBb co3AaBaeMbrx tlupuax craJro Bo3MoxHbrM, c npeABapuTenbHoro cornacu, TpyArrquxcr, BBoArrrb nocMeHHyro pa6ory no uecrb qacoB B AeHb n 36 qacos
B HeAenro 6er 4onolHurelrHofi onJrarbr 3a Hor{Hoe BpeM, r{nr{ BocKpecHbre
H NPA3AHHI{HbIE AHI,I. 9TO XE KACAETC' OIJIATbI TPYAA, TJIABHbIM HOBOBBE.
AeHrreM crana (r{HTelpanbuar rapa6orHa, nJrara), [ptt xoropofi pa3nur{Hbre Br,rAbr onJrarbr: ocHoBHyro craBKy, Aoflnary sa pa6ory B HoqHoe BpeMt H cBepxyporrHble r{acbl, a raKxe BbIxoAHoe noco6ue - MoxHo o6teAnHrrrb B eAr,rHyro BbrnJrary, 3a r,rcKJrroqeHr,reM orflycxHbrx cyMM. OAHaxo ora
Qoprr,ta onnarbr MorJra 6urr cornacoBaHa c pa6orHuKaMr,r, sapa6arurBaIOqI,tMH 6Onee recsru MuHI4MaJIbHbIX 3apnnar, I,t AoJIxHa 6una BKJrro'{arr 30oz-Hyro flpeMuro x 6a:osofi craBxe, TaK qro Ha npaKTr.rxe era QopMa npr,rMeHcracb roJrbKo B pacqerax c ynpaBneHr{ecr(HM flepcoHanoM.
Kporure roro, 3axon Ns 50 yryq,,,r,ur BbrnJrarbr MarepsM (nprueu HeKoropbre noco6us 6rrnr pacnpocrpaHeHbr Ha cnyqaH ycbtHoBneHras aerefi)
I'r coAepxan 6ecnpeue,qeHTHyro Arq JlarnHcxoft AnrepHr(H HopMy, corJracHO KOTOpOfi XeUquua Morura nepeAarb HeAenro u3 np:1.,c.wrarorqerocr efi
ornycxa no yxoAy ra pe6eHxoM cynpyry HJrH nocroflHHoMy naprHepy, c
reM 'rro6rr oH Mor 6urr c Hefi npu poxAeHr,tH pe6euxa Hqrkt B flocneAyroBbrcHJr KoMneHcarlurc
UII,IE AHH.
re cnepxypo'rHbre no-npexHeMy orpaHr.rquBaJrucb
AByMrr r{acaMu B AeHb H 12 \acauu
onJrara Kpyro Bo3pacrana B cryqae cBepx)rpoqHbrx pa6or n
HOr{HOe Apeut (75o/o cBepx qacoBofi craarn) r.tnu B Boct(pecHbre ]t npa3aHHr{Hbre ,[HH
B HeAenro, Ho.[onoJrHr.rreJrbHar
(r00%).
188
Tpyaonoe 3aroHoAarelbcrBo
rll4rv
Pe$opua .{r,trr.rficxoro rpyAoBoro 3aroHoAareJrbcrBa npo[cxoAuna
B
ABa grana Bo BpeMs pexnMa reHepiua flxHoqera r,r Bo BpeM, npe6rmaHvtfl, y BJracrr,r AeMoKparrrqecKoro npaBHTenbcrBa npBr,rAeHra OfirsuHa.
-
OcHosnrre pe$opMbr nepBoro orana
rpuxoArrc, sa 1978-1979 rr. u 6u-
nr,r opHeHTr,rpoBaHbr Ha cyulecrBeHHbre u3MeHeHr,rfl [paBHJr, perynupyrc_
IIIIIX HHAI'IBI'IAyanbHbIe TpyAoBbIe AoroBopbl' I'l co3AaHI'Ie coBepLIreHHo
HOBbIX PAMOI( KOJIJIEKT}IBHbIX TPYAOBbIX OTHOUICHUr,I
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COOTBETCTBI,I}T
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Heoru6epa-urHofi exoHolr,nr.recxofi nporpaMMofi npanurelbcrBa35.
Pe$opua rpyAoBoro AoroBopa 6asuposalacb Ha qerbrpex ocHoBHbrx
MoMeHTax: caM rrpoqecc uaftua, yBonbHeHue, opraHu3ar\rig rpyAa, 3apa6orHaq rJrara. flpexge Bcero 6sm oruesen 3axoH 1966 r., xoroprrfi npeAycMaTpI'IBaJI, qTo yBoJIbHeHI'Ie MoxeT npoHcxoAHTb ToJIbKo npr Hailu,ql,1.vt
ocHoBarenbHofi npuvl,rsut. Ecln rpu6yHal, K KoropoMy o6parqancfl pa6otHr.x, np,3HaBan yBonbHeH,e Heo[paBAaHHbrM, oH Mor norpe6onirr
BOCCTaHOBJTeHAfl HA pa6Ore c nonHoft KoMfleHcarluefi, za Becb flepfioA.
Buecro groro Honrrfi 3aKoH pa3perxun ro, rITo B HeM 6slno na:rano
"npexparqeHHeM" rpyAoBbrx orsoruesafi (desahusio), T.e. yBoJrbsesue 6e:
yKa3aH[fl npLqI{HbI, Ho c npeABapHTenbHbIM yBeAoMneHneM u ssInlarofi
KoMneHcarruw pa60ruuKy n3 pacqera MecrqHoro :apa60rKa 3a roA craxa
H KaK MaKCr,rMyM - rrrecrn MecrqHbrx sapa6o'rron. PeQoprrla raKxe y3ar(o-
Ha Quxcl.lporaHurrfi cpoK Ha fleplroA Ao AByx
flpuueuurenbHo K opraH,3aru, rpyaa peQoprvra rpeAycMorpena
Hralra AoroBop
(HenpepunHurx)
ler.
BO3MOXHOCTb Hcrr}IcreHua
orpa6oraHHoro BpeMeHH HA l,1,lHIllrBztAyalutlofi
ocHoBe B npeAenax 48-qacosofi pa60vefi HeAeJrr,t, qro o6ecneuuno pa60TOAarenrM 3Har{HTerbHyrc ru6xocrb B nJraHHpoBaHr,ru rpaQuxor pa6orsr.
B pe:yrsrare
cor{eraHr,r, noJroxeHufi saxoH} pa6ovuft .qinr ruor 6urrr
u AalKe l4 .{acos 6e: onnaru cBepxypoqHsrx pa60r (cnepx
8 vacon) rro noBbrrr]eHHbrM craBKaM. oaHoapeuelruo 6rrnn orMeHeHbr
npaBr,rJra, npeAycMarpHBaBrrr[e 6olee 6laronpuerHrrfi pexuM TpyAa B
yBenurreH Ao 12
prAe orpaclefi. HaxoHeu,
MHHrrMaJrbHas
rapa60rHaa ilrrara 60ree ne
pacrpocrpaHrJracb Ha rpyArrrlHxc, Monoxe 2l tola lr craprxe 65 rer.
flocne BoccraHoBreHHq AeMoKpar,.recxofi Soprr.rri npaBneHHs
B
1990r. HoBoe npaB[reJrbcrBo c noHr,rMaHHeM orHecJrocs x rpe6onal:aflM
pa6overo K\acca, xoropufi cyqecrBeHHo nocrpaAan flpn npexHeM pe_
xllMe. Xors Hosoe npaBHTenbcrBo coxpaHlrno 3KoHoMHqecKyro rroJrHTr,r-
Ky cBoero npeArrrecrBeHHHKa, OHO BbrcKa3aJrocb B nonb3y 60lrurefi corlHanssofi c[paBeMr,rBocrr,r, u oAHoft H3 nepBbrx ero Mep 6rrro nosrr[reHHe
3s I'Iueprcs B Br.rAy B ocHoBHoM cJreAyrcuue axru: 3axoso.uareauHurfi
or I uag 1978 r. o TpyaoBLrx AoroBopax H 3aurure rpyarrrlilxcs (3C,Aexper
167g_
Ns 2200
9unn l); 3arouoAarelrurrfirerper Np 2756 or
coro3oB (3C, 1979-I{uar-r
rrexrnBHbrx neperoBopax
l); 3axoxo.(areasurrft
(3C, 1979-Hutru
Z).
2-9
urons 1979 r. o6'opi"rrruulru npoQ_
or 29 u:rlas 1979 r. o ron_
Aer(per Ne 275g
Tpyaoroe 3arouoAarelrbcrBo
189
rapa6orHofi nJIarbI. C 4exa6pg 1990 r. ro aBryct l99l r.,
Bo[peI(H uryuHofi onno3rirlr,ronuofi xaun ant ]r, Koropac npeApel(ulna 9xoHoMnqecKyro KaracrpoQy B cBfl3u c npeAJraraeMblMu HoBbIMII peQopuauu, 6ttttu [pr,IHflTbI Tp[r 3ar(oHa, orHocI,IBrII[ec, K vrHALtBuAyaJtbHbIM TpyAoBbrM AoroBopaM, npoQcoro:Huu xou$eAepaqrrrM, npaBy Ha KoJIJIeKrHBHbre neperoBopbr r sa6acrorxy. Haprgy c 4pyrofi pe$oprr,rofi 1993 r.,
9rr.r 3axoHbr 6surx o6reAraueusl s Hosrrfi KoAexc o rpyAe, ony6nuxonanHuft s sHBape 1994r.36 .
Hosrre peQopMbr noJroxr.rJrrl r(oHerl sroynorpe6JreH[rro AoroBopaMn
na QnxorposaHnrrfi nepnoA: Maxcr{MaJrbnurft cpox ux Aeficrsl,ts 6srn orpaHHr{eH oAHHM roAoM, a pa6oruux, xoroprrfi HenpepbrBHo tpyg*tttct 12
MecrrleB B TeqeHr,re l5-Mecs.{r{oro nepnoAa, noJryqaJl npaBo Ha nocrof,HHrrft lorosop. K roMy xe 6ruu orpaHr.lrreHbr cJty'uau, Ao[ycKarou-Iue rrpeKpaqeHne AoroBopa, TaK rrTo oTHbIHe cneAoBzulo npIrBoAIrTb ocHoBaHHe
Arq yBonbHeHufl,, B npoTrdBHoM cnyqae [peAycMaTpytBaJracb 3HarrHTeJrbHo
6onee KpynHar r(oMfleHcar{ytfl,qer no 3axouy 1978 r.:7 .
.{pyrue HoBoBBeAeHH, B xoAe ouepe4uoft pe$oprrasr BrfiroqaJrn: pacnpocrpaHeHre Ha KoMMepqecKrde BraAbr AerrenbHocrn 3anpera na pa6ory
Aereft B HorrHoe BpeMr;pacflpocrpaHeHue 48-.racosoft pa6ovefi HeAeJr[r Ha
rocTl,rHr,rrlbr r,r npeAflpt4flTufl MaccoBoro nvTaHils; pacnpocTpaHeHr,re Musnuamnofi :apa6ornofi nnarrr Ha rpyArrrluxcr craprue 65 ner. Euua
ynyqueHa 3arqr,rra HeBbrnJrar{euHoft :apa6oruofi nJrarbr B cnyqae HenJrarexecnoco6Hocru pa6oro4arets A npeAycMorpeH npr,tHr{r{n, corJracHo
KoropoMy ocHoenoft pa6oro4arenb Hecer BTopurtHyro orBercrBeHHocrb
no o6csareJrbcrBaM cy6no4pe4r{r,txoB nepeA cBor.r M n rpyAsrrlr.r Mncr.
MlrHHMaJrbHofi
TIAHAMA
Kax yxe ynoMlrHrrJrocb, naHaMcxnfi KoAexc o rpyAe, npnHrrulfi r
l97l r. BoeHHbrM pexHMoM c qenbro 3apyqr.rrbcq uapognofi no44epxxofi,
flocnyxun o6parqo u nporer(q[oHr,rcrcxoro TpyAoBoro 3aKoHoAarenbcrBa
n Jrarrucxofi Auepuxe. flporun Hero ,pocrHo Bo3paxaJr qacrHbrfi cexTop, H oH npI4BoAHJI K qacrbrM noJrHTl,IgecKuM croJrxHoBeHuqM. IIIecrr
(no naeHrureft uepe) KopperffHpoBoK, npon3BeAeHHbrx nocJre l97l r., rurra
B pa3nnrrHbrx nonrrTl,tqecKl,Ix V U[eOilOtUqeCXUX HanpaBJreHI,IrX, r{TO OTpaxano nepeMeHbr B nonururrecKoM pex[ue. Pe$opua 1995 r. noBJreKJra
36
3axouo.(arelruurft Aer(per.l\&
24 ensapt 1994 r.).
l,
7 ,HBap,
1994
r., s Diario Oficial (Caxrurro,
37 HrrHeuxtg craBKa, no xoropofi
HcqlrcJrserc, KoMneHcauu, B cnyqae coKpauteHu,
uTaToB, paBHa MecrqHorrly rapa6orxy 3a roa cTaxa. B cly.rae ueo6ocsonaHHoro yBoJrb-
HeHu, cTaBka floDbluraeTc, xa20%o, a ecnu yBonbHeHue co3HareJrbHo HanpaBneHo Ha npl,tqHHeHI{e yurep6a penyraq[n pa6oruuxa eure Ha 50%. Ilpeaen Bbr[Jrar 6url yaelnveH c
IrrecTr.r Ao oArrHHaAUaTH MeCrUeB.
190
Tpyaoaoe 3arouoAarerbcrBo
3a co6ofi cepbe3Hbre ynHrrHbre 6ecnopr.4<r,r r{ cMeprb HecKoJrbKtrx AeMoHcrpaHToB. oCHOsHrre Oco6ensocrH KopperoHpoBoK flepeq[cneHbr H]rxe.
fleprofi nonpauxofi (1976 r.):e KoJrJreKrr,rBHbre neperonopu 6rrnn
6ruo patpeureHo 3aKJrrcrrarb KolrexrnsHslfi AofoBop cnycrr.ADa roAa u 6bnnu ocna6nenrr ycnoBufl, Mfl coKparrleHnr rrrraroB. flocne.qyrcutatr flo[paBr(a (1981 r.)rl oruenuna 3axon 1976 r., Ho floJrHocrbro He BoccraHoBr.rJra pexr,rM, 4eficruosasu:ufi corJracHo Ko4excy l97l r. Xors 6uno roArBepxAeHo npaBo
[prrocraHoBJreHbr Ha ABa roAa, HoBbru Qupuau
TpyArrrlerocfl, Ha BoccraHoBJreHr,re Ha pa6ore B cnyqae HgonpaBAaHHoro
yBonbHeHHr, AonycK:urocr 60nruroe qficno ucKJrroqeHrrft
qnII4.
B ornnque or AByx ynoMrHyrbrx
n: sroro
npr,rH-
aKToB, Koropbre orHocfiJrr.rcb rrc-
KJITqHTeJIbHo K KoJIJIeKTnBHbIM [eperoBopaM I4 )aBoJIbHeHI,IrM, nonpaBKa
1986 r.ao 3arparr,rBana HecKoJrbxo npo6neu. ona onpeAen[na naepur, 6na-
rOIPI,IflTCTBYIOqIE MAJIbIM NPEANPI,I'TH'M, CEJIbCKOXO3gfiCTSCHHUI[,r H
npoMbrrrrneHHbrM npeAnpHflTUAM B 3OHaX CSO6OAHOfi TOprOBJrlt, oco6eHgo
B qacr!! cBepxypoqusrx pa60r; yBerrrqr,ura Hcnbrrarenrnrrfi cpor( c AByx
HEACJIb AO TPCX MECflIICB I4 HCKJIIOqUNA HAAOMHbIX TPYA'IIIUXCfl U3 CQCPTT
Aeftcrsas KoAexca o r?yae Ha roM ocHoBaHr,r[, r{To oHH ((He ,BJrrrorc,
HaeMHbrMr,r pa6oruuxaun>. B ro xe BpeMfl no[paBKa ycraHoBHJra [peMl'rrc 3a npoAonxr,rrelrnufi crax pa60Tbr, aHturor[r{Hyro ynoMrHyroMy
BbIXOAHOMy noco6ulo, Ho I{3 pacrlera HerenbHoro
- a He MecflqHoro sapa6orxa 3a roA craxa, BbrnnaquBaeMyrc TOJTbKO pa6orunxaM co craxeM Aecrrb ner u 6onrure.
3axoH 1992 r., orHoc[Brur{itcs t< 3oHaM cno6o4Hoft roprornu, o6ecneqHr 4anrnefiuryro ru6xocrb pbrHKa rpyAa4r. 3axos rpeAycMorpeJr AoroBopbr na QnxcnpoBaHHbre cpor(H Ha neplroA Ao rpex ter (c yrreroM Hx
soso6Hoerenna). Eunu BBeAeHbr npanuri, o6rervarorque
QynxqnoHiurbuyrc uo6unbHocrb BHyrpH Qr.rpurr }I oroBapr.rBaroq[e, qro rpoH3BoAcrBeHHbre npeMr,rrd H Apyrue AonoJrHHTenbHbre BbrnJraTbr, noJryrreHHbte co_
TpyAHrdKaMu za pa60ry, He ,BJrrrorc, r{acrbro sapa60ruofi nlarrr, Tax rrro
HX He CneAyer yqr,rrbrBarb npr4 uclil4clt'eH'I,1.r B3HOCOB Ha COU[aUrbHoe crpaxoBaHr,re, (Tpr,rHaArlarofi sapnlarbr)) H T.n.
38 3aro, I&
95 or 3lze-ra6ps
r., c nonpaBr(aM, k psAy crarefi Ko4erca o rpyre
_1976
Apyrr{MH MepaMr.r (3C, I 976-IIan. I ).
3e 3axou ll&
8 or 30 anpenr l98l r., orrrreHcrouuft 3aroH Jr& 95 u co.uepxauufi gpypns
HopMbr (3C, I 98 I -IIaH. I).
't0 3axoH lt& I or 17 uapra 1986 r., onpeaencpulr.rfi rrrepur no cruMynxpoDaH'ro
3aHrrocrt{ r, npor'r3BoAnreJrbHocrH H ApyrHe npaBr{Jra, a Gazeta oficial (llauaua-cnrn,
H
l7 uapra 1986 r.).
rr 3aroH lS 25 or 30 uoe6pr
1992 r.).
1992
r., s
Gazeta O/icial (llaaaua_Curu,
2 texalps
l9l
Tpyaoooe 3aKonoAare,rbcrBo
flpu nerofi Koppero[poBr(e, ocyulecrBneHHofi B rHBape 1993 r.42 ,
6ruru soccraHoBJreHbr KoJrJreKTlrBHbre neperoBopbr, I(oropbre 6urlu npeMeHHo npexparrleHbr B cBr3r, c caHKrlnrrMr.r CIIIA [porrrB Ar,rrcarypbr reHepana Hopreru. 3axos pa3perrrnn raKxe npnHyAlrrenbHyro ynJrary
rureHcKl,tx B3HocoB Ha flpeAnpvflTyrflx, r4e npoQcoro3br noAflrrcann xoJIneKTHBHbre AoroBopbr, r,r co3AaJr npaBoByro 6asy pltt orKpbrrrifl qacrHbrx
areHrcrB no rpyAoycrpofi crny.
Haxoneq, sau6olee 3HaqlrreJrbHar peQoprvra lrMeJra Mecro s 1995 r.{ .
Yxe ug nepnofi crarbr.t 3aKoHa BHAHo r,r3MeHeHrre B [oAxoAe K TpyAoBoMy
3aKoHoAarenbcrBy flanaurr: B To BpeMs xax Kogexc l97l r. npoBo3rnacun csoefi qenbro <oco6yro 3arrIHTy rocyAapcrBoM TpyArrrlvrxcfl>>, s 3aroHe I995 r. 6ulna 4o6anleua Qpasa, (c reM, .rro6rr Kan[TaJr Mor noflyqr.rrb
cnpaBeAJrr,rBrrft 4oxog Ha r,rHBecrHrlHr,r)). B pesynsrare Mepbr rla6rocrn,
6laronpurrcrnyrcqefi pa6oro4areJrrM, qepeAoBanrdcb c HopMauu, 6narorlpHcrcrByrolllr{MH pa6orHnxaM, np[rreM Her(oropbte H3 gTrrx uep 6rutn
pearquefi na rpe6oranus Koumera 3Kc[epros MET no nprdMeHeH[ro
xounenqnfi H peKoMeHA atluit. flonpaaru xacan[cb HopM, peryJrHpyrorqHx
AoroBopbr na Qr.rxcraponannrrfi cpoK, yBoJrbHeHrrr, t[yHxqraonaJrbHyro Mo6nruHocrr, ornycxa, B ToM r{ncre npu poxAexun pe6exxa, n npoQcoroaHbre npaBa. O,qna H3 rJraBHbrx Mep cocrorna B pacnpocrpaHeHr,ru flpewuu
3a npoAonxarenrnrrfi crax, o xoropofi roBopr,rJrocb Bbrrrre, Ha BCex co-
or craxa pa6oru. .{ororop na $nxq.rponannufi
(4o anyx -ner) 6rrr pasperueH HoBbrM npeAnpr,rsrnf,M B nepnrrfi ro,u
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6oro uHoro
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TIEPY
Pe$opua rpyAoBoro 3a*oHoAareJrbcrBa flepy 6rrna npeAnpnHrra B
npeo6pa:orauafi, naqarofi s lggl r. rpu [pe3HAeHre Anr6epro @yxunropr,r. .(o eroro TpyAoBbre Bonpocbr peryn[poBaKOHTeKcre nporpaMMbl
r2 3axo, ls 25 or30 ruaapr
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1993
1995
r., s Gazeta o/icial (flauaua-curu, 14 t",,apt
r., onpeaennBtunfi crasaaprur ru, ynopsAoqeHx,
s Gazeta o/icial (IlaHar,,ra-cnrn, t4 arrycra
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192
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AoBbrx orsouresnfi or BMerxarenbcrBa B HI,rx. B
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pbrHxe, AonxeH 6rrn npe.qycMarpnBarb rlenb (orpearnpoBarb Ha KparKocporlHoe pacufipeHl,Ie npoH3BOACTBa B CBS3I,I CO 3HarIHTeJIbHbtM yBenHrleHr,reM pblHorIHoro c[poca); Ho, ecJII,I ucxoAHTb Il3 CaMorO TeKCTa, GpaTKocporrHbre)) ycroBuq MorJII,t 6urs npogoJlxllTenbHocrblo Ao nflTr,r Jrer.
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Ha pa6ore u Bbrnnary sapa6otHofi nraru 3a noreprHHoe BpeMq. Xorq
194
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AocTynHafl cy4au B 3ToM cJlyr{ae' 3aKnloq:ulacb B BbInJIaTe KoMneHcaIIHI,t
H3 pacqera MecrrrHoro 3apa6orr(a sa xaxgufi ro4 pa6oru, Ho He 6onee
qeM 3a 12 ner. Boccranorr,rrr Ha pa6ore MoxHo 6uno nurur rorAa, r(orAa
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6epeuennocrblo, ecJrr,r yBonbHeHue npor,r3orxno B TeqeHr,re 90 alreft Ao Hnpr
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flocJre Koropbrx pa60rnux He BnpaBe noAarb B cyA rrcK no noBoAy yBonbHeHrafl. 3ror cpox - xparvafiuruits llarwncrofi Auepuxe.
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cMeHbr, AHt4 vr uacu pa6orbr, a raKxe ApyrHe acneKTbr opraHr,r3arryl],,r rpyAa
npla ycnoBr{ri, qro ero 6ygo cAenaHo pa3yMHbrM o6pa:orr,r c yrreroM notpe6Hocrefi npeAnpurrur.
3aKOH
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B yxasaHuoit csszu nau6oaee 3aMereH, noxanyfi, nonrrfi Kogexc o
rpyae .{oununxaucxofi Pecny6ruxn, np}rHrrbtir s 1992 r. 3ror uryuafi
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Sepuax. gro xe xacaerc,
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Ony6nuxorar s Gazeta Oficial (Kaparac) 20 gera6pe 1990 r. n s n,\C, l99ll2,
1990-Ben.2a, l99l13, 1990-Beu.2b, BbrAepxKr.r Ha aHmrficxoM s3brre s JIJIL l99l12, 1990Bes.2.
a7 Oscar Herniindez Alvarez and Napole6n Goizueta Herrera: <Breves notas sobre la
Ley Org6nica del Trabajo de Venezuela>, Oscar Hern6ndez Alvarez (ed.) La reforma
laboral en Amdrica Latina (Caracas, Barquisimeto, 1995), pp. 3 I 5-332.
It Hanpurrrep, rpe6oaaxr.re o MHHHMaJrbHoft xsore BeHecy3nbcKl.rx pa6orHuror r
$npr',re ynenu'reHo c 75 lo 90o/o; rpe6oaanue o rou, vro6rr DyAruIHec, cy6no.[prAuuxor
UMeJIH Te xe npaBa, uro u pa6orHuxn cauofi $upr"rur; rpe6onauue o roM, qro KoJrJreKTr,rBHbre yBorbHeHr,r, noaJrexar oAo6peHr.rp co cropoHbr Muuucrepcrra rpyAa.
ae Ouu BxJrroqaror npaBr{na, orpaHnqHBarou}.re rpyAoBbre AoroBopbr Ha
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so 3ra peQopr'ra 6uaa ocyuecrBneHa B
ABa srana: 3axoH Ne 213193, Gazeta OJicial
(Acyncson) 29 oxrt1pt 1993 r. WC, 199412, 1993-PRY l); 3axoH Ne 496195, Gazeta
O/icial (Acyucuon) 25 aurycra 1995 r.
196
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HOBbTE VI3'AAJrilfl ME)I(AyHAPOT{OIO BIOPO TpyAA
International Labour conference, 85th Session, 1997. Report IV(2): Revision
of the Fee-Charging Employment
Agencies Convention @evised),
1949 (No.96). Geneva, 1997.136 pp. 17.50 Swiss francs. ISBN 92-2-
109891-5. rssN 0074-6681.
Las relaciones laborales en Brasil. Madrid, colecci6n Informes oIT del
Ministerio de Trabajo y Seguridad Social, 1996.426 pp. Tables. ISBN 84-
7434-914-1.
Las relaciones laborales en Paraguay. Madrid, colecci6n Informes oIT del
Ministerio de Trabajo y seguridad Social, 1995.32s pp. Tables. ISBN 847434-908-7.
ks relaciones en el cono sur. Estudio comparado. Madrid, colecci6n
Informes oIT del Ministerio de Trabajo y Seguridad Social, 1995. r72 pp.
Tables. ISBN 84-7434-895- l.
Localizing global production: Knowhow transfer in international
manufacturing. By Klaus North. Management Development Series,
No. 33. Geneva, 1997. x + 191 pp. Figures, tables, bibliography, index.
27.50 Swiss francs. ISBN 92-2- t09St2-6.
Rural industries in post-reform china: An inquiry into their
characteristics. Edited by Per Ronn6s. New Derhi, South Asia
Multidisciplinary Advisory Team, 1996. ix + 307 pp. Figures, tables.
ISBN 92-2-t10227-0.
Sending workers abroad: A manual for low- and middle-income countries.
By Manolo I. Abella. Geneva, 1997. ix
+ ll5
pp. Figure,
tables,
appendices. 20 Swiss Francs. ISBN 92-2- lO85Z5-2.
statistics on poverty and income distribution: An rLO compendium of
data. By Hamid Tabatabai. Geneva, 1996. ix + tg3 pp. Tables,
bibliography . 27 .50 Swiss francs. ISBN 9Z-Z- LOISO1 -3.
Trade unions and chitd labour: A guide to action. By A. Fyfe and
M. Jankanish. Geneva, 1997. xii + 108 pp. Annexes, bibliography. 20
Swiss francs. ISBN 92-2-109514-2.
Bn6.nuorpaSnr
We can make it: Experiences of disabled women in developing countries.
By Susan Epstein. Geneva, 1997.vi + 82 pp. l5 Swiss francs. ISBN 92-2110327-7.
International Labour Conference, 85th Session, 1997. Report of the DirectorGeneral. The ILO, standard setting and globalization. Geneva, 1997.
iv 77 pp. 15 Swiss francs. ISBN 92-2-109882-6. ISSN 0074-
+
International Labour Conference, 85th Session, 1997. Report of the DirectorGeneral. Appendix: Report on the situation of workers of the occupied
Arab territories. Geneva, 1997.35 pp. l0 Swiss francs. ISBN 92-2l 09883-4. ISSN 0074-668 l.
International Labour Conference, 85th Session, 1997. Report III (1A):
Report of the Committee of Experts on the Application of
Conyentions and Recommendations: General report and observations
concerning particular countries. xvii + 469 pp. 50 Swiss francs.
rsBN 92-2- 109887 -7 . rSSN 0074-668 l.
Report III (lB): Labour administration. ix + 102 pp.20 Swiss francs. ISBN
92-2-109888-5. rSSN 007 4-6681.
Report III (2): Lists of ratilications by Convention and.by country (as at 3l
December f 996). Geneva, 1997. xi + 294 pp.35 Swiss francs. ISBN 922- l 09889-3. ISSN 0074-668 l.
El sector informal en Bogot6: Una perspectiva interdisciplinaria. Edited
by Carlos Maldonado and Monserrat Hurtado. Santa Fe de Bogotii,
Ilo/Ministerio de Trabajo y Seguridad Social and Servicio Nacional de
Aprendizaje (SENA), 1997.265 pp. Tables, bibliography. ISBN 92-2-310428-9.
Employment policies and programmes in Central and Eastern Europe.
Edited by Martin Godfrey and Peter Richards. Geneva, 1997. xi + 220 pp.
Tables, index. 30 Swiss francs. ISBN 92-2-1095 l5-0.
Environmental business management: An introduction. By Klaus North.
Management Development Series No. 30. Second (revised) edition.
Geneva, 1997. vii + 204 pp. Tables, figures, boxes, bibliography, glossary, index. 35 Swiss francs. ISBN 92-2-109516-9.
Lessons from privatization: Labour issues in developing and transitional
countries. Edited by Rolph Van der Hoeven and Gyorgy Sciraczki.
Geneva, 1997. xi +l9l pp. Tables. 27 Swiss francs. ISBN 92-2- 109452-9.
Privatization surprises in transition economies: Employee-ownership in
central and Eastern Europe. Edited by Milica Uvalic and Daniel
Vaughan-Whitehead. Cheltenham (Glos., UK), Edward Elgarl
International Labour Organization, 1997. xiv + 306 pp. Tables, figures,
index. f55l$85/ ISBN I -85898-621-4.
.
EnfurorpaSrr
Protection of workers' personal data: An ILO code of practice. Geneva,
1997. ix+ 47 pp. l5 Swiss francs. ISBN 92-2-110329-3.
Social exclusion and anti-poverty policy: A debate. Edited by Charles
Gore and Jos6 B. Figueiredo. Research Series No. I10. Geneva,
International Institute for Labour Studies/United Nations Development
Programme, 1997. x + 132 pp. Tables, annexes. 20 Swiss francs. ISBN
92-9014-576-5.
HOBbIE KHNI}I
Disney, Richard. Can we alford to grow older? A perspective on the
economics of aging. Cambridge, MA, MIT Press, 1996. x + 344 pp.
Tables, graphs, index. ISBN 0-262-04157-X.
Atkinson, John; Giles, Lesley; Meager, Nigel. Employers, recruitment and
the unemployed. IES Report No. 325. Brighton, Institute for
Employment Studies, 1996. viii + l9l pp. Figures, tables, appendices,
bibliography. ISBN l-85 I 84-253-5.
Bdlanger, Jacques; Bernier, Coleffe; Boivin, Jean; Chr6tien, Lise; Sexton, Jean
(eds.). Innover pour g6rer les conflits. Sainte-Foy, Ou6bec, Presses de
l'Universit6 Laval,l996. xiii + 210 pp. ISBN 2-7637-7488-1.
Bergmann, Barbara R. Saving our children from poverty: What the United
States can learn from France. New York, Russell Sage Foundation,
1996. xiv + 184 pp. Tables, index. ISBN 0-87154-ll4-9.
Colclough, Christopher (ed.). Publicsector pay and adjustment: Lessons
from live countries. Routledge Studies in Development Economics,
No. 8. London, Routledge, 1997. xii + 164 pp. Figures, tables, index.
ISBN 0-415-15338-7.
Drake, Paul W. Labor movement and dictatorships: The Southern Cone in
comparative perspective. Baltimore, MD, The Johns Hopkins University
Press, 1996. 253 pp. Tables, index. ISBN 0-8018-5327-3.
lnternational Social Security Association. World bibliography of social
security. No. 2/1996. Geneva, ISSA, 1996. xii + 142 pp. Bibliography,
indices. ISSN 0006- 1476.
Krugman, Paul R. Pop internationalism. Cambridge, MA, MIT Press, 1996.
xiv + 221pp. Figures, tables, index. ISBN 0-262-l l2l0-8.
Reilly, Peter; Tamkin, Penny. Outsourcing: A flexible option for the future?
IES Report No. 320. Brighton, Institute for Employment Studies, 1996.
viii + 92 pp. Figures, bibliography. ISBN l -85 184-247 -0.
Van den Berg, Axel; Smucker, Joseph (eds.). The sociology of
labour markets: EIliciency, equity, security. Scarborough, Ontario,
Eu6rurorpaQun
Prentice Hall, 1997. x + 499 pp. Figures, tables, bibliography. ISBN
0-13-531815-7.
Vivarelli, Marco. The econo.mics of technology and employment: Theoty
and empirical evidence. Aldershot, Edward Elgar, 1995. xiii +"184 pp.
Tables, fi gures, appendix, bibliography, index. ISBN I -85 8 98-l 66-2.
Bartoli, Henri. L'Economie, seruice de la vie. Crise du capitalisme. Une
politique de civilisation. Grenoble,.Presses Universitaires de Grenoble,
1996.496 pp. Statistical annex. 290 French francs. ISBN 27061 06719.
Carabelli, Umberto; Sciarra, Silvana. New patterns of collective labour law
in central Europe. Czech and Slovak Republics, HungaIy, Poland.
Milan, Giuffrd, 1996. 495 pp. ISBN 88-14-05075-9.
Franck, Thomas M. Fairness in the international legal and institutional
system. General cour"se on Public International Law. Collection of
courses at the Academy of International Law, The Hague. Dordrecht,
Boston, London, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Vol. 240 (1993-III), 1994.
498 pp. ISBN 0-7923-2953-8.
Franck, Thomas M. Fairness in international law and institutions. Oxford,
Clarendon Press, 1995. xxxvi + 500 pp.ISBN 0-19-825901-8.
Gu6rin, Denis. Albert Thomas au BIT. De l'internationalisme I I' Europe.
Etudes 2-1996. Geneva, Europa, Jnstitut europden de l'Universit6 de
Geneve, 1996.120 pp. ISS lY 1421-6817.
Moreau, Yannick (with Bruno 'Macquart). Entreprises de service public
europ6ennes et relations sociales. L'acteur oubli6. Collection
Prospective. Paris, ASPE Europe, 1996.222 pp. ISBN 2-910777-09-X.
Walker, Alan; Walker, Carol (eds.). Britain divided: The growth of social
exclusion in the 1980s and 1990s. London, Child Poverty Action Group,
1997.xii + 308 PP.Tables, figures. f9.95.ISBN 0-946744-91-2.
Barbier, Jean-Claude. Les politiques de l'emploi en Europe. Collection
Dominos. Paris, Flammarion, 1997. 123
pp.
Glossary, tables,
bibliography, index. ISBN 2-08-035444-2.
Blardone, Gilbert; Caviezel, Lothar. FMI. Endettement du tiers monde et
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