OVERVIEW OF QUEEN CONCH aquaculture

OVERVIEW OF QUEEN
CONCH aquaculture in the
Caribbean sea
CINVESTAV-IPN Unidad Mérida
Dalila Aldana Aranda
Victoria Patiño Suárez
Laboratorio de Biología y Cultivo de Moluscos
daldana@mda.cinvestav.mx
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Grants: Conacyt and French Embassy
www.mda.cinvestav.mx
Strombus species
6 Gastropods of the genus Strombus along the Caribbean:
• S. gigas
• S. costatus
• S. raninus
http://www.jaxshells.org/hawk.htm
• S. gallus
• S. pugilis
• S. alatus
http://www.seashells.org/seashells/fightingconch.htm
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Queen Conch, Strombus gigas
• S. gigas has a large pinkish
shell, reaching a length of 30
cm and weighing of 2 kg
• S. gigas lives in warm shallow
waters in grass beds and nearreef habitats of the Caribbean
Sea
• It is a herbivorous, with
internal fecundation and
indirect development
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Strombus gigas Distribution
• S. gigas lives from Brazil and Venezuela
in the south up to Florida and to the
Bahamas in the north, including all the
minor and large Antillan islands
• 36 Countries and territories
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Strombus gigas Importance
Strombus gigas, has been the
main source of food for the
inhabitants of Caribbean coast
and islands
“This species represents one of the
most valuable demersal resource in
the region, exceeded only by the
spiny lobster”
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5
9000000
8000000
6000000
kg
3000000
2000000
1000000
0
Jamaica
Homduras
Turk y Caicos
Rep. Dom.
Bahamas
Colombia
Belice
Haití
Nicaragua
Antillas N.
Antillas F.
Cuba
San V.y Gran.
Sta. Lucía
Trin. y Tob.
Venz.
C. R.
Dominca
S. Kitts y Nevis
Bermudas
Brasil
I. Vírgenes Us
Granada
Caribe
Otros
S. gigas meat exportations
Percentage of total global trade (CITES 1992-2001)
S. gigas Meat
(CITES 2003)
40%
7000000
27%
5000000
4000000
10%
7%
4%
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=98%
<1%
1%
6
Landings of Queen conch from different countries in
the Caribbean are exported mainly to USA and to
French West Indies
78 %
, rks
a
c u
ai , T ,
m s s
Ja ura ico as, n
d Ca m ai
on & ha nic ic, d
H
l
n
a
B mi ub e a
o
D ep bi ce
R om li
ol Be
C
US: Puerto Rico ,
Florida and Virgin
islands
19 %
MARKET
CARIBBEAN 3 %
France:
Guadeloupe
and
Martinique
Over exploitation
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Queen conch market
• Conch meat is served in a wide variety of dishes,
including conch steaks, conch fritters, salads and
soup
• Nowadays, conch meat is no longer considered an
inexpensive dish as it may was some decades ago,
and it is now consumed predominately as a
specialty food (Mulliken, 1996).
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Queen conch market
• Conch prices meat at local markets vary between 3 to
8 USD/kg
• However, prices can be considerably higher, e. g. in
West French Indies, prices range between 11 USD/kg
for locally harvested meat and up to 20 USD / kg for
imported meat (Mr Gourbeyre, DIREN of Martinique,
June 2001).
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Domestic trade in Queen Conch shells
• Queen Conch shells are valued for their
bright colors and have been used for
decorative purposes and to manufacture
jewelry
• The shells can provide additional income
to the fishers, especially when they have
been polished, painted or manufactured
into lamps or other objects (Wood, 1995).
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Queen conch market
Prices for shells can vary
between USD 5-15 and
more, depending on their
size and handcraft process
Eco-tourism
In some countries, tourist tour (e.g. Cayman
Islands) include the collection of Queen
Conch, their consumption and end of the
trip the shells are given to the tourists
(Department of Environment of the
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Cayman Island, in litt.,
June 2001).
11
S. gigas landings in the
Caribbean
1992
7 000 mt
1998
7 369
1999
5 554
2000
4 598
2001
3 000
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International management measures for the
conservation of S. gigas in the Caribbean
Since 1992:
Queen conch was included in
under
CITES
Appendix
II
(Convention on International Trade
of Endangered Species )
Alex Tewfik
Since 1994:
Queen conch was included in the red list
International Convention for Nature conservation
of
Since 2002
S. gigas was included in Annex II of SPAW (Specially
Protected Areas and Wildlife in the Wider Caribbean
region)
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Aquaculture production of S. gigas
High demand
fishing pressure
overfished stocks of S. gigas
Culture of Strombus gigas
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Aquaculture production
Commercial conch aquaculture
• Caicos Conch Farm
Established in 1984
Site: Turks and Caicos Islands
Inventory: 3 million queen conch
Production: 1.5 million conch per year
Each week, the farm prepares 1000 kg of live product to be
shipped to "white table restaurant" markets in Florida
Goal: the farm hopes to begin a program to release hatcheryproduced juveniles to the wild to augment dwindling local
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populations
Aquaculture production
Commercial conch culture:
• Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institution
HBOI is established in 1999
at Key West, Florida
HBOI includes a mini-conch farm demonstrating
strategies for raising the animal from egg to adult and a
museum about Conch from Keys in Florida.
Dishes are prepared using farmed-raised conch
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Aquaculture production
Commercial conch culture:
• Oceans, Reefs and Aquariums (ORA)
ORA is the largest producer and
seller of marine ornamentals in the
world
ORA sells: Fighting conch (S. alatus) of 2-3 cm
Queen conch (S. gigas) of 1-3 cm
2 USD/conch
Juveniles of conch under 7-8 cm have a low survival rate in the
yield
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Aquaculture production
Experimental conch aquaculture:
• Larvae
CINVESTAV-IPN
• Juveniles
• Mexico
CRIP-Puerto Morelos
• Colombia
CEINER Islas del Rosario
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• Juveniles
• Larvae
18
Aquaculture experimental production
•Laboratory of biology
aquaculture of mollusks
CINVESTAV IPN works
nutrition
of
larvae
juveniles and reproduction
and
of
on
and
Since 2002 CINVESTAV-IPN works
with Archipels of Sciences from
West French Indies and Xel-Há Park
in an education program for the
conservation of S. gigas in the
Caribbean region
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Strombus gigas: Studies
ASFA review from 1996 to 2006 : 137 scientifc papers
Keys words: Aquaculture and S. gigas
Studies
2%
19%
52%
13%
14%
Fisheries
Biology
Ecology
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Culture
Education
20
Strombus gigas: Fisheries
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
M arketing
M anagement
Larval Drift
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
No. papares
Fisheries
Population
structure
Institutions
French West Indies
1 IRD
2 IFREMER
Barbados
3 FAO
Belgic
4 CITES
Canada
5 Univ. Of British Colombia
Colombia
6 INPA
Costa Rica
7 SAP
Cuba
8 WWF
9 CIP
Jamaica
10 Gov. Jamaica
Nicaragua
11 Unv. West Indies
12 CIPA
13 HBOI
14 Florida Marine Research Institute
15 Caribbean Marine research Center
16 Florida Institute of Technology
17 Florida Key National Marine Sanctuary
18 Univ. Miami
19 National Marine Fisheries Service USA
20 Everglades National Park
21 Southeast Fisheries Science Center
22 Northeast Fisheries Science Center
23 Northern Kentuchy Univ. Highland Heights
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24 Smithsonian Tropical
Research Institute
25 Univ. Mayagüez
UK
British Virgin Island
26 Univ. Portsmouth
27 Ministry and Natural Resources and Labour
Mexico
28 CINVESTAV-IPN
The Netherlands
29 CRIP-Yucalpeten
30 ECOSUR-Chetumal
Turk and
31 Wageningen Univ.
Caicos
Venezuela
32 Dep. of Environment and Coastal Resource
33 Center of Marine Resource Studies
34 CIAP del Edo.
21
35 Universidad Simon Bolivar
Strombus gigas: Fisheries
• 16 Countries and 35 Institutions have been working
on S. gigas fisheries
The most
studied
• 30% Population dynamics
• 14% Management
• 7% Larval Drift
• 1% Marketing
• Despite the management strategies, which are based on the
commercial catch there are few or no signs of recovery (Berg y
Glazer, 1995; Stoner y Ray, 1996; Stoner et al., 1996; Stoner et al.,
1996b).
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Strombus gigas: Biology
• 14% of the papers are focus on the biology of S. gigas:
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Strombus gigas: Biology
No. papers
Biology
10
8
6
4
2
0
AnatomyMorphology
Reproduction
Genetic
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Biochemestry
Institutions
1 HBOI
2 William Paterson Collage of New Jersey
3 Florida Institute of Technology
4 Florida Marine Research Institute
5 Case Westwern Reserve Univ.
6 CINVESTAV-IPN Mérida, Mexico
7 Instituto Tecnológico de Mérida
USA
Few papers are related on
reproduction
Mexico
• 19 papers were published during 1996-2006
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• 7 institutions from 2 countries
have been researching on development,
reproduction, genetic and biochemistry
Strombus gigas: Biology
Reproduction
knowledge is also
necessary
for
the development
of
S.
gigas
aquaculture
Frecuency
Frecuency
100
80
80
60
60
40
40
20
20
0
EneFeb Mar Abr MayJun Ago Sep Oct Nov Dic
0
EneFeb Mar Abr May Jun AgoSep Oct Nov Dic
months
SpawnRipe
months
Gametogen indiferentiated
.
Spawn Ripe
México_Chinchorro
México_Alacranes
100
100
80
80
60
60
40
40
20
20
0
Mar
Gametog. indiferentiated
Frecuency
gigas
Belice
100
Frecuency
The lack of biological
information,
mainly
reproduction hamper
development
a
management strategy
for
recovering
S.
Colombia
Abr
May Jun
Jul
Sep
Oct
Nov
Months
Spawn Ripe
Gametogen. indiferentiated
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0
Jun
Jul
Ago
Sep
Months
Spawn Ripe Gametogen indiferentiated
.
25
Strombus gigas: Ecology
13% of papers are focus on ecology of S. gigas
• 4 countries and 9 institutions have been researching on ecology
No. papers
Ecology
8
6
4
2
0
Habitat
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Institutions
1 HBOI
2 Northeast Fisheries Science Center
3 Florida Marine Research Institute
4 Univ. of Delawere
5 Alaska Fisheries Science Center
6 CINVESTAV-IPN
USA
11 papers
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Mexico, 1
paper
Turk and
7 School for field studies
Caicos, 3
8 Center for Marine Resource
papers
9 Univ. Simón Bolivar
Venezuela, 1
paper
26
Strombus gigas: Education-Conservation
• 2% of the papers refers to Education in order to conservate this
resource.
Country
Institution
EducationConservation
USA
HBOI
2004
Mexico
CINVESTAV-IPN
2005
French West
Indies
University des
Antilles et de la
Guyane
2004
Papers
3
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Strombus gigas: Aquaculture
• 19% of the papers are focus on conch aqcuaculture:
HBOI
HBOI
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Strombus gigas: Culture
Country
Institution
Culture
Larvae
Nutrition
USA
HBOI
Development
Metamorphosis
Ecophisiology
2001
Technique
2002
2004
2003
University of
Miami
1997
University of
Delaware
1996
1998
Virginia Institute
Marine Science
1996
2005
2004 (2)
1998 (2)
1997
2005
2004 (2)
2003
2001
CRIP-Puerto
Morelos
2004
Caicos Conch
Farm
Papers
Reprod.
2005
2004 (2)
University of
South Alabama
Turk y
Caicos
Technique
1997
Florida Institute
of Technology
CINVESTAV-IPN
Adults
2001
Florida Marine
Research
Institute
Mexico
Juveniles
2003
7
4
3
Effect of algaeAqua_06
diets:
2
•
•
•
•
4
5
1
Growth,
Developtment
29
Metamorphosis
Ingestion and Digestion process
Algal food fed S. gigas larvae
Specie
%
Isochrysis (Tahiti)
Isochrysis (Caicos)
Tetraselmis chuii
Chaetoceros gracilis
Nitzchia sp
Skeletonema costatus
Chaetoceros sp
Thalassiosira fluviatilis
Dunaliella tertiolecta
Tetraselmis suecica
Nanochloris
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41
24
21
21
18
18
18
15
15
12
6
30
Algal food concentration
Microalgae
Concentration
103 cells.ml-1
Isochrysis (Caicos)
Chaetoceros gracilis
Nanochloris
Isochrysis (Tahiti)
Tetraselmis chuii
Thalassiosira fluviatilis
Dunaliella tertiolecta
Nitzchia sp
Skeletonema costatus
Chaetoceros sp
Tetraselmis suecica
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0.005
0.005
1
0.1
0.1
0.138
1
5
5
5
0.120
-
20
20
30
250
250
250
250
100
100
100
1700
31
Algal food concentration
Microalgae
Concentration
103 cells.ml-1
Tetraselmis sp
T. chuii + Isochrysis
Thalassiosira weissflogii
Platymonas tetraselmis
Prorocentrum minimum
Emillania huxleyi
Heterocapsa pygmacea
Isochrysis sp
Platymonas sp
Monochrysis sp
Rhodomonas sp
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--0.4
- 3.2
--20
------10 000
10 000
10 000
10 000
32
Algal food fed S. gigas larvae
Isochrysis Tahiti)
(
Culture conditions
Density
-1
larvae•l
Algal
concentration
Results
T°C
10 cells•ml -1•day-1
3
C
ML
µm•d-1 mm
8-10
1-30
0.1-10
26 ± 1
23-31
13-93
-
1.2
2
-
25
60
100
100
200
275
200-300
250-350
500-670
0.12
0.4-3.2
0.14-11
0.1-1.5
7-40
27
29 ± 1
28
29 ± 1
28-32
29
28-30
5-13
50
53
40
24-37
24
1.3
0.73
0.9*
1.8
1
0.8
1.9
0.93
M
days
S
%
83-96
20-25
19-30 massive
mortality
27 ± 2
21-52
14
12-22
25-82
15-20
14-35
not
59 ± 9
Source
Pillsbury, 1985
Siddall, 1983
Corral &Ogawa, 1985
Boidron-Metairon, 1992
Domíngez, 1993
Ballantine, 1981
Ballantine & Appeldoorn, 1983
Aldana & Torrentera, 1987
García & Aldana, 1994
Baqueiro, 1994
Davis & Hesse, 1983
Heymanet al.,1989
reached
38-3 100
3 500
100 - 250
-
28 ± 1
27 ± 1
-
1.9
1.9*
28
33*
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Siddall, 1981
massive
Hensen, 1983
mortality
33
Algal food fed S. gigas larvae
Chaetoceros gracilis
Culture conditions
Density
-1
Larvae•l
Results
Algal
Source
concentrations
-1
10 cells•ml -1•days
T°C
C
µm•d-1
20
-
-
-
-
18-21
-
20-30
8.5-15
-
-
1.1
21-40
60
Ray yDavis, 1989
30 ± 10
-
-
-
1.2
21 ± 2
-
Daviset al., 1990
20-60
20
-
-
1.2
21
-
Davis, 1994b
100-150
-
25-31
-
1.1
21-40
-
Daviset al., 1987
100-200
-
28-30
1.3
18-23
-
Davis, 1994a
100-200
0.005-0.007
27-30
1.2
21
-
Daviset al., 1993
3
39
ML
mm
M
days
S
%
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Davis y Stoner, 1994
34
Conclusion
From 20 different algae diets:
Isochrysis
Tetraselmis
Best results
Growth
(40-53 µm●day-1)
Time to reach
metamorphosis
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(14-22 days)
35
Strombus gigas: Culture
Country
Institution
Culture
Larvae
Nutrition
USA
HBOI
Development
Metamorphosis
Ecophisiology
2001
Technique
2002
2004
2003
University of
Miami
1997
University of
Delaware
1996
1998
Virginia Institute
Marine Science
1996
2005
2004 (2)
1998 (2)
1997
2005
2004 (2)
2003
2001
CRIP-Puerto
Morelos
2004
Caicos Conch
Farm
Papers
Reprod.
2005
2004 (2)
University of
South Alabama
Turk y
Caicos
Technique
1997
Florida Institute
of Technology
CINVESTAV-IPN
Adults
2001
Florida Marine
Research
Institute
Mexico
Juveniles
2003
7
4
3
2
4
Growth and development
description
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according to the reproductive season
5
1
36
settlement
Months Days %
March
29 97 **
April
29 92 **
May
29 99 *
June
27 100 *
July
27 100 *
August 27
97 **
29
95 **
Sept
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* No Differences
** significant differences
37
(P = 0.001)
Strombus gigas: Culture
Country
Institution
Culture
Larvae
Nutrition
USA
HBOI
Development
Metamorphosis
Ecophisiology
2001
Technique
2002
2004
2003
University of
Miami
1997
University of
Delaware
1996
1998
Virginia Institute
Marine Science
1996
2005
2004 (2)
1998 (2)
1997
2005
2004 (2)
2003
2001
CRIP-Puerto
Morelos
2004
Caicos Conch
Farm
Papers
Reprod.
2005
2004 (2)
University of
South Alabama
Turk y
Caicos
Technique
1997
Florida Institute
of Technology
CINVESTAV-IPN
Adults
2001
Florida Marine
Research
Institute
Mexico
Juveniles
2003
7
4
3
2
4
InducersAqua_06
of metamorphosis:
5
1
• Hydrogen Peroxide
38
• Laurencia extract
Country
Institution
Strombus gigas: Culture
Culture
Larvae
Nutrition
USA
HBOI
Development
Metamorphosis
Ecophisiology
2001
Technique
2002
2004
2003
University of
Miami
1997
University of
Delaware
1996
1998
Virginia Institute
Marine Science
1996
2005
2004 (2)
1998 (2)
1997
2005
2004 (2)
2003
2001
CRIP-Puerto
Morelos
2004
Caicos Conch
Farm
Papers
Reprod.
2005
2004 (2)
University of
South Alabama
Turk y
Caicos
Technique
1997
Florida Institute
of Technology
CINVESTAV-IPN
Adults
2001
Florida Marine
Research
Institute
Mexico
Juveniles
2003
7
4
3
2
4
Aqua_06of temperature
Effect
5
1
• Growth,
• Development 39
• Metamorphosis
Strombus gigas: Culture
T°C
24-27
24-30
24-30
28 ± 1
TC
µm•d-1
-
M
days
60
28-33
27-35
28
S
%
-
27 ± 1
-
-
mortalidad
Hensen (1983)
29
26-30
23-31
-
14-35
18-21
19-30
mortalidad
Davis y Hesse (1983)
Laughlin y Weil (1983)
Corral y Ogawa (1985)
26 ± 1
27-29
28
25-31
28-30
27
27-30
29 ± 1
28
28-32
29 ± 1
28-30
13-93
40
24
39
5-13
24-37
21-40
No alcanzada
27 ± 2
21
18-23
83-96
59 ± 9
21-52
15-20
25-82
-
26-29
18-30
Authors
Range: 23-31ºC
D’Asaro (1965)
Brownell (1977)
Brownell et al. (1977)
Siddall (1981)
-
Pillsbury (1985)
Buitrago (1985)
Aldana-Aranda y Torrentera (1987)
Davis et al. (1987)
Heyman et al. (1989)
Boidron-Metairon (1992)
Davis et al. (1993)
Domíngez (1993)
Aldana Aranda et al. (1994)
Baqueiro (1994)
García y Aldana-Aranda (1994)
Davis (1994a)
Weil y Laughlin (1994)
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28ºC ± 1ºC is the best temperature
for larvae rearing of Strombus gigas40
Strombus gigas: Culture
Country
Institution
Culture
Larvae
Nutrition
USA
HBOI
Development
Metamorphosis
Ecophisiology
2001
Technique
2002
2004
2003
University of
Miami
1997
University of
Delaware
1996
1998
Virginia Institute
Marine Science
1996
2005
2004 (2)
1998 (2)
1997
2005
2004 (2)
2003
2001
CRIP-Puerto
Morelos
2004
Caicos Conch
Farm
Papers
Reprod.
2005
2004 (2)
University of
South Alabama
Turk y
Caicos
Technique
1997
Florida Institute
of Technology
CINVESTAV-IPN
Adults
2001
Florida Marine
Research
Institute
Mexico
Juveniles
2003
7
4
3
2
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Description
4
5
1
of culture techniques 41
to
grow S. gigas from egg to juvenile
Country
Institution
Strombus gigas: Culture
Culture
Larvae
Nutrition
USA
HBOI
Development
Metamorphosis
Ecophisiology
2001
Technique
2002
2004
2003
University of
Miami
1997
University of
Delaware
1996
1998
Virginia Institute
Marine Science
1996
2005
2004 (2)
1998 (2)
1997
2005
2004 (2)
2003
2001
CRIP-Puerto
Morelos
2004
Caicos Conch
Farm
Papers
Reprod.
2005
2004 (2)
University of
South Alabama
Turk y
Caicos
Technique
1997
Florida Institute
of Technology
CINVESTAV-IPN
Adults
2001
Florida Marine
Research
Institute
Mexico
Juveniles
2003
7
4
3
2
• S. gigas
• S. raninus
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• S. alatus
• S. costatus
4
5
1
Captive breeding program
42
Strombus gigas: Aquaculture
26 papers were realized during 1996-2006 on conch aquaculture by 10
institutions from 3 countries
Culture
12
A. Reproduction
No. papers
10
8
J. Technique
6
L. Technique
4
L. Metamorphosis
2
L. Ecophisiology
0
L. Morphology
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
L. Nutrition
Institutions
1 HBOI
2 Florida Marine Research Institute
3 Florida Institute of Technology
4 Univ. of South Alabama
5 Univ. of Miami
6 Univ. of Delawere
7 Virginia Institute Marine Science
USA
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8 CINVESTAV-IPN
9 CRIPT-Pto. Morelos
10 Caicos Conch Farm
Mexico
Turk and
Caicos
43
Life cycle of Strombus gigas
••Life cycle of S. gigas does not close to culture this species
•Commercial or experimental queen conch aquaculture depends of yield eggs masses
collected during reproductive period
•Survival rate for juveniles released is low. Knowledge about essential habitats to
Aqua_06
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raise the juveniles is required
Strombus gigas: Culture
Optimum
requeriments
Knoweldge
Egg
masses
Laid in captive
Viability
Reliable production
Larvae
Nutrition
Ecophysiology
Metamorphosis
Settlement
☺
Life cycle
stages
(Post
Larvae)
Juveniles
Adults
Artificial diet formulation
Phyisiology
Essential habitat to ranch
Captive reproduction
Artificial diet formulation to
to enhance gonadal maturity
Aqua_06
Knowledge for queen conch aquaculture has a
45
Strombus gigas: Aquaculture
• Bottle neck
Closing the life cycle
Broodstock conditioning
Captive reproduction
Captive spawning
Formulation of artificial diets to grow out
juvenile
Essential habitat for releasing hatcheryproduced juvenile to Aqua_06
the wild
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