A+ Guide to Hardware, 4e

Transcription

Chapter 4
Processors and Chipsets
Objectives
• Learn about the many different processors used for
personal computers and notebook computers
• Learn about chipsets and how they work
• Learn how to keep a processor cool using heat sinks
and coolers
• Learn how to install and upgrade a processor
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Introduction
• The processor and chipset
– Most important components on the motherboard
– Main topics of Chapter 4
• The processor is a field replaceable unit
• The chipset is embedded in the motherboard
• Key skills to learn:
– Making wise purchase decisions
– Installing and upgrading a processor
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4
5
AMD
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Processors
• The processor installed on a motherboard and the
chipset embedded on the board primarily
determine the power and features of the system.
• In this chapter, you'll learn about processors and
chipsets
• next chapter you'll learn about motherboards.
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Processors
• Processor and chipset are located on motherboard
– Components determine power and features of system
• Major manufacturers: Intel, AMD, and Cyrix
• Factors used to rate processors:
– System bus speeds supported;
• E.g. 1066 MHz, 800, 533, 400 MHz
– Processor core frequency in gigahertz;
• e.g.3.2 GHz
– Type of RAM, motherboard, and chipset supported
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Processors
• Word size, either 32 bits or 64 bits,
– The number of bits a processor can process at one
time.
• Data path for most computers today, which is 64 bits
or 128 bits
– The number of bits a processor can receive at one
time.
• Multiprocessing ability
• Processor specific memory
• Efficiency and functionality of programming code
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How a Processor Works
• Three basic components:
– Input/output (I/O) unit
• manages data and instructions entering and leaving the
processor
– Control unit
• manages all activities inside the processor itself
– ALU: One or more arithmetic logic units (ALUs)
• ALU does all comparisons and calculations
• Registers: high-speed memory used by ALU
– Small holding areas on the chip.
– Works much like memory
– Hold- data, instructions waiting to be processed
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• Internal cache: holds data to be processed by ALU
• Two types of buses:
– FSB: External (front-side) bus: data portion is 64
bits wide
– connects to the front side of the processor that faces
the outside world.
– BSB: Internal (back-side) bus: data portion is 32
bits wide
– Inside the processor housing, data, instructions,
addresses, and control signals travel on the internal
bus
– connects to each of the ALUs.
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notice in Figure 4-2 the existence of the external bus, where
data, instructions, addresses, and control signals are sent into
and out of the processor.
Figure 4-2 Since the Pentium processor was first
released in 1993, the standard has been for a
processor to have two arithmetic logic units so that it
A+ Guide to Hardware, 4ecan process two instructions at once
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• The portion of the internal bus that connects the
processor to the internal memory cache is called
the back-side bus (BSB).
– The processor's internal bus operates at a much
higher frequency than the external bus (system bus).
• Several characteristics of processors, including
– system bus speed, processor speed,
– data path size, multiprocessing abilities,
– memory cache, and instruction sets.
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SYSTEM BUS FREQUENCY OR SPEED
• Recall that bus frequency is the frequency or speed at
which data is placed on a bus. Remember also that a
motherboard has several buses.
• Each bus runs at a certain frequency, some faster than
others.
• Although the motherboard has several buses, only the
fastest bus connects directly to the processor.
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• This bus has many names.
• It's called the front-side bus, the external bus, the
motherboard bus, or the system bus.
• In the past, the more popular term was system bus, although
the current trend is to call it the front-side bus; you see it
written in computer ads as the FSB.
– In this book, we'll call it the system bus or the front-side bus.
• Common speeds for the system bus are 1066 MHz, 800
MHz, 533 MHz, 400 MHz, 200 MHz, 133 MHz, and 100
MHz, although the bus can operate at several other speeds,
depending on the processor and how the motherboard is
configured.
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• When you read that Intel supports a motherboard
speed of 533 MHz or 800 MHz, the speed refers to
the system bus speed.
• Other slower buses connect to the system bus,
which serves as the go-between for other buses
and the processor.
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PROCESSOR FREQUENCY OR SPEED
• Processor frequency is the speed at which the
processor operates internally.
• The first processor used in an IBM PC was the 8088,
which worked at about 4.77 MHz, or 4,770,000 clock
beats per second.
• An average speed for a new processor today is about
3.2 GHz, or 3,200,000,000 beats per second.
– In less than one second, this processor "beats" more
times than a human heart beats in a lifetime!
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• If the processor operates at 3.2 GHz internally but
800 MHz externally, the processor frequency is 3.2
GHz, and the system bus frequency is 800 MHz.
– In this case, the processor operates at four times the
system bus frequency.
– This factor is called the multiplier.
• If you multiply the system bus frequency by the
multiplier, you get the processor frequency:
• System bus frequency x multiplier = processor
frequency
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• On some motherboards, you must know the value of the
multiplier in order to configure the frequency of the processor
and system bus.
• On other motherboards, the frequencies are automatically
set by CMOS setup without your intervention.
• Older boards used jumpers on the motherboard or CMOS
setup to set the system bus frequency and multiplier,
– which then determine the processor frequency.
– For these older boards: 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, and 4.
• You must know the documented processor speed in order to
set the correct system bus frequency and multiplier, so that
the processor runs at the speed for which it is designed.
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• Processor frequencies or speeds are rated at the
factory and included with the proces-sor
documentation.
• However, sometimes the actual speed of the
processor might be slightly higher or lower than the
advertised speed.
• Newer boards automatically detect the processor
speed and adjust the system bus speed
accordingly.
– Your only responsibility is to make sure you install a
processor that runs at a speed the motherboard can
support.
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• OVERCLOCKING
• For newer motherboards and processors, you can
override the default frequencies by changing a
setting in CMOS setup.
– For example, one CMOS setup screen allows you to
set the processor frequency at 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%,
or 30% higher than the default frequency.
• Overclocking is not recommended because the
speed is not guaranteed to be stable.
• Also, know that running a processor at a higher-thanrecommended speed can result in overheating, which
can damage the processor.
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• THROTTLING
• Most motherboards and processors offer some protection
against overheating so that, if the system overheats, it will
throttle down or shut down to prevent the processor from
being damaged permanently.
• Enable automatic throttling if you overclock a system
– check CMOS setup for the option to.
• Turn it on so that the processor frequency will automatically
decrease if overheating occurs.
– Some processors will throttle back when they begin to overheat
in order to protect themselves from damage.
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DATA PATH SIZE
• Data path size and word size
– Data path: transports data into processor
– Word path: number of bits processed in one operation
• The data path, sometimes called the external data path, is that
portion of the system bus that transports data into the processor.
• The data path in Figure 4-2 is 64 bits wide.
• The word size, sometimes called the internal data path size, is
the largest number of bits the processor can process in one
operation.
• Word size of today's processors is 32 bits (4 bytes) or 64 bits (8
bytes).
• The word size need not be as large as the data path size; some
processors can receive more bits than they can process at one
time, as in the case of the Pentium in Figure 4-2.
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DATA PATH SIZE
• But this is expected to soon change because Intel
and AMD both have 64-bit processors that are
currently used in the server market, and AMD has
64-bit processors for the desktop and notebook
market.
• Earlier processors always operated in real mode,
using a 16-bit word size and data path on the
system bus.
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DATA PATH SIZE
• Later processors, protected mode was
introduced,
• uses a 32-bit word size.
• Most applications written today use 32-bit protected
mode, because the most popular processors today
for desktop and notebook computers are the
Pentiums, which use a 32-bit word size.
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DATA PATH SIZE
• Problem!
• To take full advantage of a 64-bit processor, such
as the Intel Itanium or the AMD Athlon, software
developers must recompile their applications to use
64-bit processing and write operating systems that
use 64-bit data transfers.
• Microsoft provides a 64-bit version of Windows XP
that works with the 64-bit processors.
• Microsoft Vista 64-bit is the newest OS to use 64bit processors.
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MULTIPROCESSING
• CPU designers have come up with several creative
ways of doing more than one thing at a time to
improve performance.
• Three methods are popular: multiprocessing, dual
processors, and dual-core processing.
• Multiprocessing is accomplished when a
processor contains more than one ALU.
– Simultaneous processing by two or more ALUs
• Older processors had only a single ALU.
• Pentiums, and those processors coming after
them, have at least two ALUs.
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MULTIPROCESSING
• With two ALUs, processors can process two
instructions at once and, therefore, are true
multiprocessing processors.
• Because Pentiums have two ALUs, the front-side
data bus is 64 bits wide, and the back-side data
bus is only 32 bits wide.
• Because each ALU processes only 32 bits at a
time, the industry calls the Pentium a 32-bit
processor even though it uses a 64-bit bus
externally.
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MULTIPROCESSOR
• A second method of improving performance is
installing more than one processor on a
motherboard, creating a multiprocessor platform.
• A motherboard must be designed to support more
than one processor by providing more than one
processor socket.
• For example, some motherboards designed for
servers have two processor sockets on the board
for a dual-processor configuration.
• The processors installed on these boards must be
rated to work in a multiprocessor platform.
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MULTIPROCESSOR
• Some Xeon processors are designed to be used
this way.
• You can install a single Xeon processor in one of
the processor sockets, but for improved
performance, a second Xeon can be installed in the
second socket.
• In computer ads, a Xeon processor rated to run on
a multiprocessor platform is listed as a Xeon MP
processor (MP stands for multiprocessor).
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DUEL-CORE PROCESSING
• The latest advancement in multiple processing is dual-core
processing.
• Using this technology, the processor housing contains two
processors that operate at the same frequency, but
independently of each other.
• They share the front-side bus, but have independent internal
caches.
• Figure 4-3 shows how dual-core processing is implemented
by AMD, which is similar to Intel's configuration used by the
Pentium D and Celeron D processors (D stands for dualcore).
– For Pentium and Celeron dual-core processors, each of the two
processors in the processor housing still use two ALUs.
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Figure 4-3 AMD dual-core processing using two Opteron
processors in the single processor housing
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MEMORY CACHE
• Memory cache
– Static RAM (SRAM): holds data as long as power is on
• Lets processor bypass slower dynamic RAM (DRAM)
– L1 cache is on the processor chip,
– L2 cache is external
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MEMORY CACHE
• A memory cache is a small amount of RAM
• referred to as static RAM [SRAM]
• much faster than the rest of RAM, which is called
dynamic RAM (DRAM).
• SRAM is faster than DRAM because SRAM does
not need refreshing and can hold its data as long
as power is available.
• DRAM loses data rapidly and must be refreshed
often.
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MEMORY CACHE
• The processor can process instructions and data
faster if they are temporarily stored in SRAM
cache.
• The cache size a processor can support is a
measure of its performance, especially during
memory-intensive calculations.
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MEMORY CACHE
• To take advantage of the little SRAM available,
when the processor requests data or programming
code, the memory controller anticipates what the
processor will request next and copies that data or
programming code to SRAM (see Figure 4-4).
• Then, if the controller guessed correctly, it can
satisfy the processor request from SRAM without
accessing the slower DRAM.
• Under normal conditions, the controller guesses
right more than 90 percent of the time and
caching is an effective way of speeding up memory
access.
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Figure 4-4 Cache memory (SRAM) is used to
temporarily hold data in expectation of what the
processor will request next
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MEMORY CACHE- SRAM
• In the past, SRAM was contained on the
motherboards, and upgrading SRAM could be
accomplished by adding SRAM to slots on the
board.
• SRAM on a motherboard was contained in
individual chips or on a memory module called a
cache on a stick (COAST).
• Figure 4-5 shows an older motherboard supporting
the Classic Pentium with 256 K of SRAM installed
on the board in two single chips.
• A COAST slot holds an additional 256 K.
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MEMORY CACHE- SRAM
• Historically, SRAM used these different
technologies: burst SRAM, pipelined SRAM,
pipelined burst SRAM, and synchronous and
asynchronous SRAM.
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MEMORY CACHE- SRAM
• Most present-day motherboards don't contain
SRAM—
– rather most SRAM is contained inside the processor
housing as an embedded function of the processor
itself.
• Processors have a memory cache inside the
processor housing on a small circuit board beside
the processor chip and also on the processor chip
itself.
• In documentation, the chip is sometimes called a
die.
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MEMORY CACHE- L1 / L2
• A memory cache on the processor chip is called an
internal cache, a primary cache, or a Level 1
(L1) cache.
• A cache outside the processor microchip is called
an external cache, a secondary cache, or a
Level 2 (L2) cache.
• Some processors use a type of Level 1 cache
called Execution Trace Cache.
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• For example, the Pentium 4 has 8 K of Level 1
cache used for data and an additional 12 K of
Execution Trace Cache containing a list of
operations that have been decoded and are waiting
to be executed.
• Many times, a processor decides to follow one
branch of operations in a program
• Only branches of operations that the processor
has determined will be executed are stored in
the Execution Trace Cache, making the
execution process faster.
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• L2 caches are usually 128 K, 256 K, 512
K, 1 MB, or 2MB in size
• In the past, all Level 2 Cache was found on
the motherboard, but beginning with the
Pentium Pro, some L2 cache has been
included inside the processor housing.
• Figure 4-6 shows two methods in which
Intel implements L2 cache inside the
processor housing.
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L2 CACHE
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• Using one method, a Pentium has L2 cache stored on a
separate microchip within the processor housing, which
is called discrete L2 cache or On-Package L2 cache.
• The back-side bus servicing this cache runs at half the
speed of the processor,
– which is why Intel advertises this cache as "half speed
On-Package L2 cache."
• Using another method, some Pentiums contain
L2 cache directly on the same die as the processor
core,
– making it difficult to distinguish between LI and L2 cache;
• this is called Advanced Transfer Cache (ATC).
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MEMORY CACHE- L1 / L2 / L3
• ATC makes it possible for the Pentium to fit on a
smaller and less expensive form factor.
• The ATC bus is 256 bits wide and runs at the same
speed as the processor.
• If there is L2 cache in the processor housing and
additional cache on the motherboard, the cache on the
motherboard is called Level 3 (L3) cache.
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• In addition, some advanced processors manufactured
by AMD have LI, L2, and L3 cache inside the processor
housing.
• In this case, the L3 cache is further removed from the
processor than the L2 cache, even though both are
inside the processor housing.
• Table 4-1 summarizes the locations for memory
caches.
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Instruction Set Overview
• Instruction set: microcode used for basic operations
• Three types of instruction sets:
– Reduced instruction set computing (RISC)
– Complex instruction set computing (CISC)
– Explicitly parallel instruction computing (EPIC)
• Some Intel instruction set extensions:
– MMX (Multimedia Extensions)
– SSE (Streaming SIMD Extension)
• SIMD: single instruction, multiple data
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INSTRUCTION SETS
• INSTRUCTION SET AND MICROCODE Groups of
instructions that accomplish fundamental operations,
such as comparing or adding two numbers, are
permanently built into the processor chip.
• Less efficient processors require more steps to perform
these simple instructions than do more efficient
processors.
• These instructions are called microcode and the groups
of instructions are collectively called the instruction set.
• Earlier processors use an instruction set called reduced
instruction set computing (RISC), and many later
processors use a more complex instruction set called
complex instruction set computing (CISC).
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INSTRUCTION SETS
• Intel has made several improvements to its
instruction sets with multimedia applications in
mind.
– perform many repetitive operations,
• MMX (Multimedia Extensions) is used by the
Pentium MMX and Pentium II
• SSE Streaming is used by the Pentium III
• SSE2, SSE3, and Hyper-Threading for the
Pentium 4.
INTEL vs. AMD
• http://www23.tomshardware.com/cpu.html?modelx
=33&model1=430&model2=464&chart=185
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In the Beginning, there was 8086...
• CPUs have gone through many changes through the few
years since Intel came out with the first one.
• IBM chose Intel's 8088 processor for the brains of the first
PC. (1975)
– This choice by IBM is what made Intel the perceived leader of
the CPU market.
• Intel continues to remain more than a viable source of new
technology in this market, with the ever-growing AMD
nipping at their heels.
• The first four generations of Intel processor took on the "8"
as the series name, which is why the technical types refer to
this family of chips as the 8088, 8086, and 80186.
• This goes right on up to the 80486, or simply the 486.
8086 (1978)
• It was a true 16-bit processor and talked with its
cards via a 16 wire data connection.
• The chip contained 29,000 transistors and 20
address lines that gave it the ability to talk with up
to 1 MB of RAM.
• What is interesting is that the designers of the time
never suspected anyone would ever need more
than 1 MB of RAM.
• The chip was available in 5, 6,, 8, and 10 MHz
versions.
Intel 8088 (1979)
• The 8088 is, for all practical purposes, identical to
the 8086.
• The only difference is that it handles its address
lines differently than the 8086.
• This chip was the one that was chosen for the first
IBM PC, and like the 8086, it is able to work with
the 8087 math coprocessor chip.
Intel 80286 (1982)
• A 16-bit, 134,000 transistor processor capable of
addressing up to 16 MB of RAM.
• The 286 was the first "real" processor. It introduced
the concept of protected mode.
• This is the ability to multitask, having different
programs run separately but at the same time.
• It ran at 8, 10, and 12.5 MHz, but later editions of
the chip ran as high as 20 MHz.
– While these chips are considered paperweights
today, they were rather revolutionary for the time
period.
Intel 386 (1985 - 1990)
16, 20, 25 & 33 MHz
• The 386 signified a major increase in technology from Intel.
• The 386 was a 32-bit processor, meaning its data throughput
was immediately twice that of the 286.
• Containing 275,000 transistors, the 80386DX processor
came in 16, 20, 25, and 33 MHz versions.
• The 32-bit address bus allowed the chip to work with a full 4
GB of RAM and a staggering 64 TB of virtual memory.
• In addition, the 386 was the first chip to use instruction
pipelining, which allows the processor to start working on the
next instruction before the previous one is complete.
486 (1989 - 1994)
33 MHz
• The 80486DX was released in 1989.
• It was a 32-bit processor containing 1.2 million transistors.
• It had the same memory capacity as the 386 (both were 32bit) but offered twice the speed at 26.9 million instructions
per second (MIPS) at 33 MHz.
• The 486 was the first to have an integrated floating point unit
(FPU) to replace the normally separate math coprocessor
(not all flavors of the 486 had this, though).
• 8 KB on-die cache.
– This increases speed by using the instruction pipelining to
predict the next instructions and then storing them in the cache.
The Pentium (1993)
60 to 200 MHz
• It was not to be called the 80586.
• There were some legal issues surrounding the
ability for Intel to trademark the numbers 80586.
• So, instead, Intel changed the name of the
processor to the Pentium, a name they could easily
trademark.
The Pentium (1993)
• They released the Pentium in 1993.
• The original Pentium performed at 60 MHz and 100
MIPS. Also called the "P5" or "P54",
• the chip contained 3.21 million transistors and
worked on the 32-bit address bus (same as the
486).
• It has a 64-bit external data bus which could
operate at roughly twice the speed of the 486.
The Pentium (1993)
• The Pentium family includes the
60/66/75/90/100/120/133/150/166/200 MHz clock
speeds.
• The original 60/66 MHz versions operated on the
Socket 4 setup, while all of the remaining versions
operated on the Socket 7 boards.
• Pentium is compatible with all of the older
operating systems including DOS, Windows 3.1,
Unix, and OS/2.
• Pro – MMX
Pentium MMX (1997)
133 to 300 MHz
• Improve the original Pentium and make it better serve the
needs in the multimedia and performance department.
• One of the key enhancements, and where it gets its name
from, is the MMX instruction set.
• The 57 additional streamlined instructions helped the
processor perform certain key tasks in a streamlined fashion,
allowing it to do some tasks with one instruction that it would
have taken more regular instructions to do. It paid off, too.
• The Pentium MMX performed up to 10-20% faster with
standard software, and higher with software optimized for
the MMX instructions.
– Many multimedia applications and games that took advantage
of MMX performed better, had higher frame rates, etc.
Pentium II (1997)
233 to 450 MHz
• Pentium II is kind of like the child of a Pentium
MMX mother and the Pentium Pro Father.
• Pentium II has 32KB of L1 cache (16KB each for
data and instructions) and has a 512KB of L2
cache on package.
• The L2 cache runs at ½ the speed of the
processor, not at full speed.
• Nonetheless, the fact that the L2 cache is not on
the motherboard, but instead in the chip itself,
boosts performance.
Pentium II (1997)
•
•
•
•
•
•
One of the most noticeable changes in this processor is the
change in the package style.
Almost all of the Pentium class processors use the Socket 7
interface to the motherboard.
P II makes use of "Slot 1".
The package-type of the P2 is called Single-Edge contact (SEC).
The chip and L2 cache actually reside on a card which attaches to
the motherboard via a slot, much like an expansion card.
The entire P2 package is surrounded by a plastic cartridge.
– In addition to Intel's departure into Slot 1, they also patented the new
Slot 1 interface, effectively barring the competition from making
competitor chips to use the new Slot 1 motherboards.
– This move, no doubt, demonstrates why Intel moved away from
Socket 7 to begin with - they couldn't patent it.
Celeron (1998)
850 MHz to 2.9 GHz
• Entry level market with a stripped down version of
the Pentium II, the Celeron.
• In order to decrease costs, Intel removed the L2
cache from the Pentium II.
• Removing the L2 cache from a chip seriously
hampers its performance.
• On top of that, the chip was still limited to the
66MHz system bus.
• As a result, competitor chips at the same clock
speeds could still outperform the Celeron.
• What was the point?
Celeron (1998)
850 MHz to 2.9 GHz
• Intel had realized their mistake with the next edition of the
Celeron, the Celeron 300A.
• The 300A came with 128KB of L2 cache on board.
• The L2 cache was on-die with the 300A, meaning it ran at
full processor speed, not half speed like the Pentium II.
– This fact was great for Intel users, because the Celerons with
full speed cache operated much better than the Pentium II's
with 512 KB of cache running at half speed.
• 300A became well-known in overclocking enthusiast circles.
• It quickly became known for the cheap chip you could buy
and crank up to compete with the more expensive stuff.
Pentium III (1999)
600 MHz to 1 GHz
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Intel released the Pentium III "Katmai" processor in February of
1999, running at 450 MHz on a 100MHz bus.
Katmai introduced the SSE instruction set, which was basically an
extension of MMX that again improved the performance on 3D
apps designed to use the new ability.
Also dubbed MMX2, SSE contained 70 new instructions, with four
simultaneous instructions able to be performed simultaneously.
Katmai eventually saw 600 MHz, but Intel quickly moved on to the
Coppermine.
In April of 2000, Intel released their Pentium III Coppermine.
While Katmai had 512 KB of L2 cache, Coppermine had half that at
only 256 KB.
But, the cache was located directly on the CPU core rather than on
the daughtercard as typified in previous Slot 1 processors.
– This made the smaller cache an actual non-issue, because
performance benefited.
Celeron II (2000)
533 MHz to 1.1 GHz
• Just as the Pentium III was a Pentium II with SSE and a few
added features, the Celeron II is simply a Celeron with a
SSE, SSE2, and a few added features.
• The chip is available from 533 MHz to 1.1 GHz.
• This chip was basically an enhancement of the original
Celeron, and it was released in response to AMD's coming
competition in the low-cost market with the Duron.
• Celeron II would not be released with true 100 MHz bus
support until the 800MHz edition, which was put out at the
beginning of 2001.
Pentium IV (2000 - Current)
1.4 GHz to 3.06 GHz
• Pentium IV was exactly what Intel needed to again take the
torch from AMD.
• Pentium IV is a truly new CPU architecture and serves as
the beginning to new technologies we will see for the next
several years.
• The new NetBurst architecture is designed with future speed
increase in mind, meaning P4 is not going to fade away
quickly like Pentium III near the 1 GHz mark.
• According to Intel, NetBurst is made up of four new
technologies: Hyper Pipelined Technology, Rapid Execution
Engine, Execution Trace Cache and a 400MHz system bus.
Hyper Pipelined Technology
• There are a couple of ways to increase the speed of a
processor. One is to decrease the die size.
• Plan B is to change the design of the CPU pipeline so that it
is wider, can accommodate more instructions.
• Hyper Pipelined Technology refers to Intel's expanding of
the CPU pipeline from 10 stages (of the P6) to 20 stages.
• This effectively makes the data pipe (bad term, but
descriptive) wider, and allows each stage to do actually less
per clock cycle than the P6 core.
– Expanding a street highway - you add more lanes and for
awhile each lane has less traffic, but eventually traffic increases
and the road can handle much more traffic.
Rapid Execution Engine
• The Pentium IV contains 2 arithmetic logic units
and they operate at twice the speed of the
processor.
• While this might sound like absolute heaven, it is
good to keep in mind that they had to do it this way
due to the pipeline design in order to even keep
integer performance up to that of the Pentium III.
– So, this is really a necessary design change due to
the increase pipeline size.
Execution Trace Cache
• First, they increase the branch target buffer size to eight
times that of the Pentium III.
• This cache is the area from which the branch predictor gets
its data.
• Secondly, Intel reduced the size of the L1 data cache to only
8K in order to reduce the latency of the cache.
• This, no doubt, increases the need for the 256 KB on-die L2
cache, and the latency of that has been improved on the P4
as well.
• Lastly, Intel added a execution trace cache.
• This is a new cache that can hold instructions that are
already decoded and ready for execution.
Intel Core 2 Duo processors
Intel® Core™2 Quad processor
• Up to 54% better performance for intense
multimedia applications, streaming movies, music,
and more with powerful Intel quad-core technology¹
• Up to 53% better performance when enjoying
immersive 3-D gaming²
• Up to 79% faster performance for highly-threaded
applications when creating multimedia and 3-D
content³
• Up to 8MB of L2 cache and 1066 MHz Front Side
Bus for an unrivaled multitasking experience
AMD
Advanced Micro Devices
AM486DX Series (1994 - 1995)
• Intel was not the only manufacturer playing in the
sandbox at the time.
• AMD put out its AM486 series in answer to Intel's
counterpart.
• AMD released the chip in AM486DX4/75,
AM486DX4/100, and AM486DX4/120 versions.
• It contained on-board cache, power management
features, 3-volt operation and SMM mode.
• This made the chip fitting for mobiles in addition to
desktops.
• The chip found its way into many 486-compatibles.
AMD AM5x86 (1995)
• This is the chip that put AMD onto the map as
official Intel competition.
– AMD's competitive response to Intel's Pentium-class
processor.
• Users of the Intel 486 processor, in order to get
Pentium-class performance, had to make use of an
expensive OverDrive processor or ditch their
motherboard in favor of a true Pentium board.
• AMD saw an opening here, and the AM5x86 was
designed to offer Pentium-class performance while
operating on a standard 486 motherboard..
AMD AM5x86 (1995)
• They did this by designing the 5x86 to run at
133MHz by clock-quadrupling a 33 MHz chip.
• This 33 MHz bus allowed it to work on 486 boards.
• This speed also allowed it to support the 33 MHz
PCI bus.
• The chip also had 16 KB on-die cache.
• All of this together, and the 5x86 performed better
than a Pentium-75.
• The chip became the de facto upgrade for 486
users who did not want to ditch their 486-based
PCs yet.
AMD K5 (1996)
• Designed to go head to head with the Pentium
processor.
• It was designed to fit right into Socket 7
motherboards, allowing users to drop K5's into the
motherboards they might have already had.
• The chip was fully compatible with all x86 software.
• In order to rate the speed of the chips, AMD
devised the P-rating system (or PR rating).
• This number identified the speed as compared to
the true Intel Pentium equivalent.
AMD K5 (1996)
• K5's ran from 75 MHz to 166 MHz (in P-ratings,
that is).
• They contained 24KB of L1 cache and 4.3 million
transistors.
• While the K5's were nice little chips for what they
were, AMD quickly moved on with their release of
K6.
AMD K6 (1997)
• The K6 gave AMD a real leg up in performance, and it
virtually closed the gap between Intel and AMD in terms of
Intel being perceived as the real performance processor.
• The K6 processor compared, performance-wise, to the new
Intel Pentium II's, but the K6 was still Socket 7 meaning it
was still a Pentium alternative.
• The K6 took on the MMX instruction set developed by Intel,
allowing it to go head to head with Pentium MMX.
• Based on the RISC86 microarchitecture, the K6 contained
seven parallel execution engines and two-level branch
prediction.
AMD K6 (1997)
• It contained 64KB of L1 cache
– (32KB for data and 32KB for instructions).
• It made use of SMM power management, leading
to mobile version of this chip hitting the market.
• 166MHz to 300 MHz versions.
• It gave the early Pentium II's a run for their money,
but AMD had to improve on it in order to keep up
with Intel for long.
Cyrix 6x86MX (1997)
• Well, Intel came up with MMX and AMD was already using it
starting with the K6.
• The 6x86MX, also dubbed "M2", was Cyrix's answer.
• This processor took on the MMX instruction set, as well as
took an increased 64KB cache and an increase in speed.
• The first M2's were 150 MHz chips, or a P-rating of PR166
(Yes, M2's also used the P-rating system).
• The fastest ones operated at 333 MHz, or PR-466.
• M2 was the last processor released by Cyrix as a standalone company.
• In 1999, Via Technologies acquired the Cyrix line from it's
parent company, National Semiconductor.
AMD K6-2 & K6-3 (1998)
• AMD was a busy little company at the time Intel
was playing around with their Pentium II's and
Celerons.
• In 1998, AMD released the K6-2.
• The "2" shows that there are some enhancements
made onto the proven K6 core, with higher speeds
and higher bus speeds.
• They probably were also taking a page out of the
Pentium "2" book.
AMD K6-2 & K6-3 (1998)
3D NOW!
• The most notable new feature of the K6-2 was the addition
of 3DNow technology.
• Just as Intel created the MMX instruction set to speed
multimedia applications, AMD created 3DNow to act as an
additional 21 instructions on top of the MMX instruction set.
– With software designed to use the 3DNow instructions,
multimedia applications get even more boost.
• Using 3DNow, larger L1 cache, on-die L2 cache and Socket
7 usability, the K6-2 gained ranks in the market without too
much trouble.
– When used with Socket 7 boards that contained L2 cache on
board, the integrated L2 cache on the processor made the
motherboard cache considered L3 cache.
AMD K6-2 & K6-3 (1998)
3D NOW!
• The K6-3 processor was basically a K6-2 with 256
KB of on-die L2 cache.
• The chip could compete well with the Pentium II
and even Pentium III's of the early variety.
• In order to eek out the full potential of the
processor core, though, AMD fine tuned the limits
of the processor, leading the K6-2 and K6-3 to be a
bit picky.
AMD K6-2 & K6-3 (1998)
3D NOW!
• The split voltage requirements were pretty rigid,
and as a result AMD held a list of "approved"
boards that could tolerate such fine control over the
voltages.
• Processor cooling was also an important issue with
these chips due to the increased heat.
AMD Athlon K7
(1999 - Present)
• With the release of the Athlon processor in 1999, AMD's
status in the high performance realm was placed in concrete.
• The Athlon line continues to this day, with the highest clock
speeds all operating off of various designs and
improvements off of the Athlon series.
• But, the whole line started with the original Athlon classic.
• The original Athlon came at 500MHz.
• Designed at a 0.25 micron level, the chip boasted a superpipelined, superscalar microarchitecture.
• It contained nine execution pipelines, a super-pipelined FPU
and an again-enhanced 3dNow technology.
AMD Athlon (1999 - Present)
SLOT A
• These issues all rolled into one gave Athlon a real
performance reputation.
• One notable feature of the Athlon is the new Slot
interface.
• While Intel could play games by patenting Slot 1,
AMD decided to call the bet by developing a Slot of
their own - Slot A.
• Slot A looks just like Slot 1, although they are not
electrically compatible.
• But, the closeness of the two interfaces allowed
motherboard manufacturers to more easily
manufacturer mainboard PCBs that could be
interchangeable.
• They would not have to re-design an entire board
to accommodate either Intel or AMD - they could
do both without too much hassle.
• Also notable with the release of Athlon was the
entirely new system bus.
• This bus operated at 200MHz, faster than anything
Intel was using.
• The bus had a bandwidth capability of 1.6 GB/s.
Thunderbird
• In June of 2000, AMD released the Athlon Thunderbird.
• This chip came with an improved 0.18 micron design, on-die
full speed L2 cache (new for Athlon), DDR RAM support, etc.
• It is a real workhorse of a chip and has a reputation for being
able to be pushed well beyond the speed rating as assigned
by AMD.
• Overclocker's paradise.
– Thunderbird was also released in Socket A (or Socket 462)
format, so AMD was now returning to its socketed roots just as
Intel had already done by this time.
AMD Athlon XP (2001)
Palomino
• In May 2001, AMD released Athlon "Palomino", also dubbed
the Athlon 4.
• While the Athlon had now been out for about 2 years, it was
now being beaten by Intel's Pentium IV.
• The direct competition of the Pentium III was on its way to
the museum already, and Athlon needed a boost to keep up
with the new contender.
• The answer was the new Palomino core.
• The original intention of Palomino was to expand off of the
Thunderbird chip, by reducing heat and power consumption.
Palomino
• Due to delays, it was delayed and it ended up
being beneficial.
• The chip was released first in notebook computers.
AMD-based notebooks, until this time, were still
using K6-2's and K6-3's and thus AMD's reputation
for performance in the mobile market was lacking.
• So, Athlon 4 brought AMD to the line again in the
mobile market.
• Athlon 4 was later released to the desktop market,
workstations, and multiprocessor servers (with its
true dual processor support).
Palomino
• Palomino made use of a data pre-fetch cache
predictor and a translation look-aside buffer. It also
made full use of Intel's SSE instruction set.
• The chip made use of AMD's PowerNow!
technology, which had actually been around since
the K6-2 and 3 days.
• It allows the chip to change its voltage
requirements and clock speed depending on the
usage requirement of the time.
• This was excellent for making the chip appropriate
for power-sensitive apps such as mobile systems.
Palomino
• When AMD released the Palomino to the desktop market in
October of 2001, they renamed the chip to Athlon XP, and
also took on a slightly different naming jargon.
• Due to the way Palomino executes instructions, the chip can
actually perform more work per clock cycle than the
competition, namely Pentium IV.
• Therefore, the chips actually operate at a slower clock speed
than AMD makes apparent in the model numbers.
• They chose to name the Athlon XP versions based on the
speed rating of the processor as determined by AMD and
their own benchmarking.
Palomino
• So, for example, the Athlon XP 1600+ performs at
1.4 GHz, but the average computer user will think
1.6 GHz, which is what AMD wants.
• But, this is not to say that AMD is tricking anybody.
• In fact, these chips to perform like the Thunderbird
at the rated speed, and perform quite well when
stacked against the Pentium IV.
• In fact, the Athlon XP 1800+ can out-perform the
Pentium IV at 2 GHz.
Palomino
• Besides the naming, the XP was basically the
same as the mobile Palomino released a few
months earlier.
• It did boast a new packaging style that would help
AMD's release of 0.13 micron design chips later on.
• It also operated on the 133MHz front-side bus
(266MHz when DDR taken into account).
• AMD continued to use the Palomino core until the
release of the Athlon XP 2100+, which was the last
Palomino.
Thoroughbred
• In June of 2002, AMD announced the 0.13 micron
Thoroughbred-based 2200+ processor.
• The move was more of a financial one, since there
are no real performance gains between Palomino
and Thoroughbred.
• Nonetheless, the smaller more means AMD can
product more of them per silicon wafer, and that
just makes sense.
K8
• 32-bit processors have served us well since the
1980s, but their life is coming to an end.
• Once the 4GB memory limit (usually 2GB per
process) seemed far away, but nowadays even
home users could run into it.
K8 Clawhammer
• The Athlon 64 (The Processor Formerly Known As
ClawHammer) increases that address space to
over 16 Exabytes (16 billion Gigabytes) of RAM.
• Which should be enough for the moment.
• Trouble is, you need 64-bit software to take
advantage of it, and right now there’s virtually
none.
• So it’s just as well that the CPU runs 32-bit
software even better than the Athlon XP, thanks to
new architectural features.
Clawhammer
• High on the list is a DDR SDRAM controller (single
channel, sadly), integrated into the core.
• This reduces the amount of data that needs to be
sent over the processor bus, boosting performance
and reducing latencies.
• And it’s one less component for chipset
manufacturers to be concerned about, simplifying
their designs.
Clawhammer
• Connection to the motherboard chipset is handled
by AMDs HyperTransport bus, which also connects
CPUs together in a multi-processor system –
although this feature won’t be available for the
desktop model.
• provides a bandwidth of 3.2GB/s in both directions
• The move to a full 1MB Level 2 cache is another
plus point.
Sempron
•
•
•
•
AMD Sempron™ Processor Family
AMD Athlon™ 64 X2 Dual-Core Processor
AMD Athlon™ 64 FX Processor
AMD Opteron™ Processor Family
K8 64bit
• The K8 is a major revision of the K7 architecture
– 64-bit extension to the x86 instruction set (officially
called AMD64, an x86-64 implementation),
– on-chip memory controller
– HyperTransport, as part of a Direct Connect
Architecture.
– The Opteron, released on April 22, 2003,
– It was followed by the Athlon 64 on September 23,
2003.
K8 64bit
AMD Opteron
• It is arguable that at the time of its release 64-bit was not yet
needed by mainstream users.
• However the fact that the architecture offered high
performance 32-bit application compatibility made it feasible
for home users.
• It was so popular in fact, that the AMD64 standard was
adopted by Microsoft and Sun Microsystems and quickly
supported by the GNU/Linux and BSD communities.
• This left Intel in a position where they were forced to license
the x86-64 extensions for their own 64-bit
K8
• The K8 is marketed under many names, depending
on the targeted end-user:
–
–
–
–
Athlon 64 (and FX),
Opteron,
Turion 64
some Semprons
• The Opteron is the server version of the K8.
AMD Athlon 64 X2 Dual-Core
April 21, 2005
• AMD released the first dual core x86 server chip on April 21,
2005.
• The first desktop-based dual core processor family
– the Athlon 64 X2 came a month later.
• The X2 can be distinguished from Intel's early (Pentium D)
dual-core design, as the X2 mated two cores into a single
chip, rather than two chips on a single package.
• The X2 improved upon the performance of the original
Athlon 64, especially for multi-threaded software
applications.
• Intel released its Core 2 Duo processor a year later, which,
like the Athlon 64 X2, incorporated two processing cores on
a single chip.
Socket AM2
• To compete with Intel's advantage in memory
bandwidth, AMD released a new socket dubbed
"Socket AM2".
• Socket AM2 CPUs use DDR2 memory instead of
the older DDR memory
Quad Core
AMD K10: Date 2007
• The quad-core architecture, also known
as "AMD K10" is AMD's new
microarchitecture.
• The "AMD K10" microarchitecture is the
immediate successor to the AMD K8
AMD64 microarchitecture, and is due
mid-2007.
• K10 will come in a single, dual, and quad
core versions with all cores on one single
die.
117
AMD Opteron 64
• 4 CPU Cores
• 4 L2 Cache
– 512KB
• 2MB L3 Cache
118
119
AMD Fusion
• Merger between AMD and ATI
– merges a CPU and GPU on one chip
• 20 lane PCI Express link to
accomodate external PCI Express
peripherals
–eliminating the Northbridge chip,
completely from the motherboard.
• It is expected to be released late2008 or early-2009.
AMD Launches Phenom II CPU, Its
Fastest Yet
• AMD Phenom II Explained
• AMD is positioning Phenom II in between Intel's
Core 2 Quad and Core i7 offerings. Phenom II
chips are available in two versions, the X4 920 and
the X4 940 Black Edition, which compete tit-for-tat
against Intel's highest Core 2 Quad CPU
frequencies at 2.8 and 3.0 GHz, respectively.
121
• AMD bumped the shared L3 cache of the Phenom
II processors up from 2MB to 6MB, giving each
CPU a total cache of 8MB.
• L3 cache serves as a shared memory space for the
cores to draw from.
• Increasing the amount improves the CPU's ability
to pull data from this faster memory space instead
of having to issue slower requests to the system's
main memory.
122
• The move puts Phenom II processors right in the
middle of Intel's Core 2 Quad lineup for cache size,
but the result is still short of the 12MB caches
found on higher-end Core i7 chips.
• Though limited overclocking of the 920-edition
processors is available through AMD's OverDrive
software, the company is tipping its hat toward the
extreme-performance crowd with its Black Edition
processors.
123
• These CPUs run multiplier-unlocked, which liquidnitrogen-armed enthusiasts have been able to
exploit to frequencies above 6 GHz, surpassing the
world record for Intel Core i7 processors, which
stands at 5.5 GHz.
• Performance
• The Phenom II's integrated memory controller and
HyperTransport interface give it a technical edge
over competing Core 2 Quad chips, which lack
those features. Intel moved to an integrated
memory controller and began incorporating its own
A+ Guide
to Hardware,
4e
version
of HyperTransport--dubbed
QuickPath 124
Interconnect--only with its Core i7 platform The
125
The Intel Processors
Review
• Early model numbers: 8088, 8086, 80286, 386, 486
• New three-digit processor numbers:
– Pentium processors: 5xx to 8xx
– Celeron processors: 3xx
– Pentium M processors: 7xx
• Overview of the Pentium family of processors
–
–
–
–
Two ALUs are used for multiprocessing
64-bit external path size and two 32-bit internal paths
Eight types of Pentium processors; e.g., Pentium 4
Celeron and Xeon are offshoots from Pentium family
130
131
The Intel Processors (continued)
• Older Pentiums no longer sold by Intel
– Classic Pentium, Pentium MMX, Pro, II, and III
• Celeron
– Uses a 478-pin socket or a 775-land socket
– Uses Level 2 cache within processor housing
• Pentium 4
– Runs at up to 3.8 GHz
– Later versions use Hyper-Threading (HT) Technology
132
Figure 4-8 The Pentiums are sometimes sold boxed with a
cooler assembly
133
The Intel Processors (continued)
• Some mobile Pentium processors
– Pentium M, Mobile Pentium 4, and Celeron M
• Xeon processors
– Use HT Technology and dual-core processing
– Designed for servers and high-end workstations
• The Itaniums
– Utilize EPIC, a newer instruction set than CISC
– External data path is 128 bits
– L1 cache on processor die, L2 and L3 cache on board
134
INTEL CPU’s
• Intel Core 2 Extreme QX6700 2.66GHz / 8MB
Cache / 1066MHz FSB / Quad-Core / Socket 775
• Intel Core 2 Duo E6600 2.40GHz, 4MB Cache,
1066MHZ FSB Socket 775
• Intel Pentium D 940 3.20GHz / 4MB Cache /
800MHz FSB / Dual-Core / Socket 775
• Intel Pentium D 840 3.2GHz / 2MB Cache / 800
FSB / Socket 775 / Dual-Core
• Intel Celeron D 360 3.46GHz / 512KB Cache /
533MHz FSB / OEM / Socket 775
135
Table 4-3 The Intel Itanium processors
136
AMD Processors
http://www.amdcompare.com/us-en/desktop/Default.aspx
• Manufactured by Advanced Micro Devices, Inc
• Geared to 64-bit desktop and mobile processors
• Older AMD processors
– Use motherboards not compatible with Intel processors
– Earlier processors used a 321-pin socket
• Current AMD processors
– For desktops: Athlon 64 X2 Dual-Core, Athlon 64 FX
– For servers: Athlon MP, Opteron
– For notebooks: Turion 64 Mobile, Mobile Athlon 64
137
Table 4-4 Older AMD processors
138
VIA and Cyrix Processors
• Use same sockets as earlier Pentium processors
• Target: personal electronics and embedded devices
• Three processors:
– VIA C3: comes in EBGA and nanoBGA packages
– VIA C7: for electronic devices, home theater, desktops
– VIA C7-M: designed for ultrasmall notebooks
139
AMD Phenom QUAD CORE
140
False
• Scales memory bandwidth and performance to
match compute needs.
• HyperTransport™ Technology provides up to
14.4GB/s peak bandwidth per processor
– reducing I/O bottlenecks.
• Up to 27.2GB/s total delivered
• processor-to-system bandwidth
• (HyperTransport bus + memory bus)
141
False
•
•
•
•
AMD Balanced Smart Cache
In addition to the 512K L2 cache per core,
up to 2MB of L3 cache shared by up to 4 cores.
Shortened access times to highly accessed data
for better performance.
142
HyperTransport™ 3.0 Technology
• Up to 8 .0 GB/s HyperTransport™ I/O
bandwidth;
• Up to 14.4GB/s in HyperTransport
Generation 3.0 mode.
• Up to 27.2GB/s total delivered processorto-system bandwidth
– (HyperTransport bus + memory bus).
• Quick access times to system resources
for
better
performance.
143
144
Processor Packages
• Processor package: provides processor housing
• Flat and thin processor packages
–
–
–
–
Lay flat in a socket or motherboard
Connectors can be pins or lands (newer)
Intel example: PPGA (Plastic Pin Grid Array)
AMD example: CPGA (Ceramic Pin Grid Array)
• Cartridge processor packages
– Can be installed on a slot or lay flat in a socket
– Intel example: SECC (Single Edge Contact Cartridge)
• Stands in slot 1 on the motherboard
145
Figure 4-12 This Intel Celeron processor is housed in
the PPGA form factor, which has pins on the underside
that insert into Socket 370
146
Figure 4-13 Pentium II with heat sink and fan attached goes
in slot 1 on this motherboard
147
Processor Sockets and Slots
• Used to connect the processor to the motherboard
• Motherboard type must match processor package
• Types of sockets
– Sockets are built around pin grid or land grid arrays
– Variations: PGA, SPGA, LGA, DIP, LIF, and ZIF
• Types of slots
–
–
–
–
Packages fit into slots like expansion cards
Designated slots: Slot 1, Slot A, and Slot 2
New processor packages use sockets, not slots
Slocket: adapts Slot 1 to processor requiring a socket
148
Figure 4-16 Socket LGA775 is the latest Intel socket
149
Figure 4-17 A riser card can be used to install a Celeron
processor into a motherboard with slot 1
150
The Chipset
• Set of chips on the motherboard
• Controls memory cache, external buses, peripherals
• Intel dominates the market for chipsets
– Example: i800 series of chipsets
• Intel 800 series Accelerated Hub Architecture
–
–
–
–
–
All I/O buses connect to a hub interface
The hub connects to the system bus
North Bridge: contains graphics and memory controller
South Bridge: contains I/O controller hub
Each bridge is controlled by a separate chipset
151
Figure 4-18 Using Intel 800 series Accelerated Hub
Architecture, a hub interface is used to connect slower I/O
buses to the system bus
152
Heat Sinks and Cooling Fans
• Cooling assembly should keep temperatures <185° F
• Target temperature range: 90° - 100° F
– One or more fans are needed to meet cooling needs
• Cooling fan sits on top of processor with wire or clip
• Heat sink: clip-on device pulling heat from processor
• Cooler: combination of heat sink and cooling fan
153
Heat Sinks and Cooling Fans
Figure 4-19 A processor cooling fan mounts on the top or
side of the processor housing and is powered by an
electrical connection to the motherboard
155
FAN REPLACEMENT
HEAT DOPE
• Critical Step.
• All modern CPUs require some sort of thermal material be
added to the die to improve the thermal interface with the
heatsink.
• The purpose of a thermal compound is to fill in the
microscopic voids in both the CPU die and the metal bottom
of the heatsink.
• You don't want to drown the CPU in thermal compound, just
use enough (many manufacturers define the amount as a
large grain of rice or a small pea) so when the heatsink
presses down on it it will spread it over the die.
Installing a Processor
• Types of installation technicians are asked to perform:
–
–
–
–
Assemble a PC from parts
Exchange a processor that is faulty
Add a second processor to a dual-processor system
Upgrade an existing processor to improve performance
• Motherboard documentation lists suitable processors
• Some processor features to consider:
– The core frequency and supported bus speeds
– Multiprocessing capabilities
– An appropriate cooler
159
Voltage to the Processor
• Earlier processors drew power from system bus lines
– Newer motherboards may have a power connector
• Modern motherboards regulate voltage to socket
• Sockets were more universal for older processors
– Processor may fit socket, but not get correct voltage
– Ensure that motherboard supports older processor
• Dual-voltage processor
– Voltages for internal and external operations differ
• Single-voltage processor: requires only one voltage
160
Figure 4-23 Auxiliary 4-pin power cord from the power
supply connects to the ATX12V connector on the
motherboard to provide power to the Pentium 4
161
CPU Voltage Regulator
• Voltages could be set on some older motherboards
– Enabled motherboard to support various CPUs
• Ways to configure voltage on older motherboards
– Set jumpers to configure voltage to processor
– Use a voltage regulator module (VRM)
• A VRM can be embedded or installed with upgrade
162
Installing a Pentium II in Slot 1
• Before beginning tasks, follow safety procedures
• Summary of seven installation steps:
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
1. Unfold the universal retention mechanism (URM)
2. Determine how the cooling assembly lines up
3. Fit the heat sink on the side of the SECC
4. Secure the cooling assembly to the SECC
5. Insert the cooler and SECC into supporting arms
6. Lock the SECC into position
7. Connect power cord from fan to power connection
163
Figure 4-27 Insert the heat sink, fan, and SECC into
the supporting arms and slot 1
164
Installing a Pentium 4 in Socket 478
• If necessary, install frame holding the cooler in place
• Summary of six installation steps:
–
–
–
–
–
–
1. Lift the ZIF socket lever
2. Install the processor in the socket, lower the lever
3. Place some thermal compound on processor
4. Attach cooling assembly to retention mechanism
5. Push down clip levers on top of the processor fan
165
Figure 4-30 Carefully push the cooler assembly clips
into the retention mechanism on the motherboard until
they snap into position
166
Installing a Pentium 4 in Socket 775
• Socket 775 has a lever and socket cover
• Cooler is installed between Steps 4 and 5 below
• Summary of five installation steps
–
–
–
–
–
1. Release the lever from the socket
2. Lift the socket cover
3. Place the processor in the socket
4. Close the socket cover
• After components are installed, verify system works
167
Figure 4-38 The cooler is installed on the motherboard
using four holes in the motherboard
168
Figure 4-42 The CPU and motherboard temperature is
monitored by CMOS setup
169
Intel / AMD: Video Edit Test
Summary
• Basic CPU components: I/O unit, control unit, ALUs
• Registers: high speed memory used by ALU in
current processing
• Internal cache: holds frequently used instructions
• Types of buses in CPU: internal and external (system)
• Standard Intel Pentium features: two ALUs, 64-bit
external path size and two 32-bit internal paths
172
Summary (continued)
• Processors are housed inside a processor package
• Processors fit into slots or sockets in the motherboard
• The chipset controls memory cache, external buses
and some peripherals
• A cooler comprises a cooling fan and a heat sink
• A voltage regulator module (VRM) controls the
amount of voltage to a processor
173

A+ Guide to Hardware, 4e

Transcription

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