Prescribed by the National Curriculum and Textbook Board

Transcription

Prescribed by the National Curriculum and Textbook Board
as a textbook for class six from the academic year 1997
PHYSICAL EDUCATION
AND
HEALTH
[Class Six]
Written by
Sheikh Mohammad Rustom Ali
Sribash Bishwash
Translated by
Qazi Abdul Abu Mohammod
Edited by
Abdul Haque Bhuiyan
National Curriculum and Textbook Board, Dhaka
Published by
The National Curriculum and Textbook Board
69-70 Motijheel Commercial Area, Dhaka-1000
(All rights reserved by the Publisher)
First Print: 1997
Re-print: 2007
Reprint: March’ 2009
Computer Compose
Mars Solutions Ltd.
Cover
Md. Abdul Halim
Illustration
Anawar Faruque
Design
NCTB, Dhaka
Web verson developed by: Mars Solutions Limited
Preface
New textbooks at Junior Secondary and Secondary levels were introduced in the early
80’s in the light of the recommendations of the National Curriculum and Syllabus
Committee formed in 1975. Although more than a decade has elapsed, no major attempts
were made to modify and revise the curriculum and develop new textbooks to meet the
changing socio-economic needs of the country and to incorporate advanced scientific and
technological knowledge of the contemporary word.
In this context, the Government took a comprehensive programme to modify and reform
the time-old curriculum and syllabus of Junior Secondary, Secondary and Higher
Secondary stages of education in 1994-1995. The broad aims and objectives of the
modified curriculum are: to raise the standard of our education upto international level, to
enable the students to acquire newer knowledge, to inculcate in them religious, moral and
social values, and equip them with such skills that help them in self- employment.
New textbooks for classes VI to X were developed in accordance with the modified and
renewed curriculum and syllabus. These books were first introduced in classes VI and IX
in 1996 and those for classes VII and VIII were introduced in 1997. As usual these
textbooks are written in Bangla.
In compliance with the Government decision of allowing the students to study in English
medium also, National Curriculum and Textbook Board, for the first time in its history,
undertook the task of preparing English version of the existing textbooks of different
subjects for classes VI to X.
This book Physical Education and Health for class six is the English version of the
original textbook entitled ‘Sharirik Shikkha O Shasthya’ written in Bangla
The work of translation, editing and printing was done rather in haste so as to make the
book available to the students in time. In spite of sincere efforts some inadvertent errors
and omissions may be found in the book. As curriculum development is a continuous
process, our efforts will continue to make the book free from these errors and improve
accordingly in the next edition. In this respect positive advice and constructive
suggestions from any quarter will be highly appreciated.
My sincere thanks and gratitudes are due to those who were involved in translating,
editing and printing the book. My thanks are also due to Higher Secondary Education
Project for their financial assistance and co-operation in this work. All efforts will be
deemed fruitful if the teachers and students are benefited by the book.
Professor Md. Mostafa Kamaluddin
Chairman
National Curriculum and Textbook Board, Dhaka
Contents
Chapter
Subject
Pages
One
Games without equipment
19
Two
Games with equipment
34
Three
Games, drills and combined exercises
73
Four
Folk dance, swimming, athletics and indoor games
92
Five
Guiding and scouting
101
Six
Recreation, rest and sleep
106
Seven
Personal and Surrounding cleanliness
115
Eight
Accidents in Daily life and first-aid
114
Nine
The human body
121
Chapter One
Games Without Equipment
Physical Education : General discussion
To maintain the balance of the body and mind physical education is an integral part
of general education. Healthy body, work ability and intelligence are connected
with physical excellence. Physical education means development of the body and
mind through physical exercise.
A process for the harmonious development of the body and mind to bring changes
in physical, mental, social and educational aspects through games and sports is
called physical education.
Necessity of physical education:
(1) To make the structure of the body strong and well-built.
(2) To develop natural growth and vitality.
(3) To maintain health and to form a habit of healthy way of living.
(4) To develop socially the qualities of ideal character - moral courage, good
thinking, honesty, leadership, obedience, friendship, loyalty, discipline, sense
of duty, patriotism etc. physical education is needed.
The maximum practices of physical education are practical and their jurisdiction is
spread in the field, class room, throughout the school campus. One can use his
acquired strength and ability in his daily life, Along with the movement of limbs in
physical education bodily feeling, mental process and efficiency in work are linked
together. With practices of sports and games keep body strong and free from
diseases.
Games without equipment:
Many of us think that without equipment no activities of sports and games are
possible. Many types of sports and games could be played without equipment in
different ways which help boys and girls to play difficult type of sports and games
in later stage. For all ages walking is the best exercise. Walking could be done in
different styles, for example forward, backward, sideways, walking by bending the
head forward and keeping the hands sideways and putting the hands up on the
head, putting stress on the ball of the feet etc. Besides, one can walk imitating birds
and animals.
2
Physical Education & Health
Sitting position:
1.
2.
3.
4.
While sitting keep your spine erect.
While sitting in a chair the waist will
touch the back of the chair. The height of
the table should be such so that the
elbows could be place on the table at ease
and one can sit straight.
The sole of the foot will rest on the
ground in one level.
The chest should be kept high so that the
function of the heart and lungs remains
natural.
Walking
A. Natural Walking:
One should walk keeping the body straight, the head and the chest up, the eyes
front and stepping forward on the ball of the foot. At the time of walking the
opposite arm will follow the front foot. In this way the arm and feet coordination should be maintained to make the habit of walking.
B. Walking fast:
Keeping the pace of natural walking the speed of walking to be increased. For
walking a long distance habit should be formed to keep the elbows folded 45
degree and the hand should move alternately by keeping rhythm with the feet,
C. Slow Walking:
By keeping the style of walking natural the slow walking habit to be formed.
D. Practice of walking on the spot:
The style of hand and feet will be like walking. But steps will be place on the
same place or spot.
E. Sometimes one can walk by placing both hands on the hips, the ball of the
feet, on the heels of the feet, Walking by changing directions and speed
walking in bend knees, forward backward, walking by stepping to the right
and left. Time to time one can walk carrying one partner on the shoulder.
Walking competitions should be held among themselves.
3
Walking properly:
(1) The steps should be taken after raising the foot
from the ground
(2) Knees, the middle of the feet and toes will
directly face forward.
(3) The leg will be placed forward, the alternate
hand will come forward,
4) The head up, the shoulder in natural position and the spine should he kept
straight. When the foot comes forward the weight or balance will be on the
ball of the foot.
Walking like a Chinese:
A. Two players of same height should
stand by placing back to back locking
their elbows (that their hands). After
this one will walk forward and the
other back ward. They will take 10/12
steps forward and backward. While
walking in this style one should take
small steps.
B. Walk fast in front by taking very small
steps. The head will remain bend
slightly forward.
4
Walking like a Coolie:
Walking characteristic of a coolie is that they
naturally place their foot almost flat and
parallel (flat foot) to the ground. While
carrying light weight they walk like common
people keeping their body erect. While
carrying heavy weight on the head or back
they band a little forward and band their leg at
knees and take short steps rhythmically. They
get the benefit of keeping the balance of their
body and the advantage of carrying the load.
Students with the help of their partners can
imitate the walking of a porter and practise it.
Running:
Running is a useful exercise for body building. Regular habit of running in the
morning or in the evening is very useful for health. Before starting exercise or any
game the body should be warmed up through running. Among various kinds of
running description of some are given below
Running with one leg:
Standing in a starting line bending one leg at knee
either catching it with one hand or with out
catching it with the hand keep oneself ready. After
this with the command one should start running
and reach the fixed finishing line. One who can
reach the fixed finishing line will be the winner. In
this run whenever required the legs could be
changed. Besides, for the practice or preparation of
cook-fight running practice with one foot for wardbackward, to the right to the left will help to
maintain the body balance and makes the leg
muscles strong.
5
Three legged race:
For this run two partners of equal height and weight are necessary. The partners
should stand side by side. The partners’ inner legs which have been placed side by
side are to be tide up with a handkerchief or a short piece of rope. The partners will
place one of their hands either on each
other’s shoulders or on the hips and
become one. Before the competition starts
they should practise it for several times
from the starting line to the finishing line,
they will report to the starting for
competition. With the signal of the starting
they should take the steps with their tied
legs and place their both back feet together
and maintain the rhythm and start going
forward. They should maintain good
understanding among themselves and keep
equal foot steps in running to reach the
finishing line. However reaches the
finishing line first will be declared the
winner.
Running with the palm on the knees:
To run with the palm on the knee all players are to stand in a line on a starting line,
After this the hands should be bent at elbows and placed parallel to the ground and
start double march or running with high knees, that is, running with raising their
legs high. During running the knees should
be raised so l that it should touch the palm of
the hands. At the beginning one should stand
in one place raise the knees and practise
touching palm with raised knees and with
slow and fast stepping-running, Practice can
be done with marching rhythm. Besides,
running practice can be done by placing the
palms of the hands on both knees.
6
Running by placing palms on heels:
For this run all competitors will stand on the
starting line. With the command of ‘set’ the
competitors will bend their hips and hold their
own heels with the palms of their hands. After
the signal or whistle of the starter, the
competitors start running by keeping the same
position. The competitor who can each the
finishing line first will win.
Usefulness: Practice of this kind of run
strengthens and develops the leg muscles.
Besides, the skill of controlling the body
balance can be achieved.
Jump and landing:
This history of jump is as old as human. Jumping is a good exercise and an
Olympic event. By putting weight on one or both feet fly in the air is called
jumping and from tip in the air position come down to the ground is called landing.
During landing most of the lime the balls of the feet sin touch the ground and the
body remains bending forward.
Jumping upward. body twisting, turning and landing:
Before the start of the practice of this jump
(1) Warming up,
(2) Stand straight putting weight on the bail of the feet,
hop up and jump high and land.
(3) From jumping position land with folded knees.
(4) Body twisting in the jump to be practised while
kicking one leg up in the air, After this the twisting
should he practised in the way it is ho in the
picture.
Usefulness: Practice of this kind of jumping up and twisting of the body will help
to learn high jump. While jump up keep equal weight on both feet, look to
7
the right, left and backward In the same way bend forward and touch your toes.
After twisting the body left and right while in the air land softly.
Jumping over the obstacle:
Human life is full of obstacles. For the existence of life, one has to overcome many
barriers. In the school the aim of’ the teaching of obstacle crossing is to achieve the
qualities of crossing the obstacles easily, and to develop strength, swiftness,
endurance, self reliance etc.
While learning crossing students barrier attention should be given for the security
of the students.
8
(1) The students will stand in two or three files of equal numbers. The student a
lead of the file will bend and place his both hands on the knees. With the
whistle of the teacher or leader hands should be placed on the back of the
banded student very lightly and jump over with both legs apart side ways,
cross him and stand in the same position and style as was his friend. In this
manner all other fellows will jump over and cross and stand like their friend.
In this way the group who finishes first will be declared the winner.
(2) After placing a bench in front the student will run forward one or two steps
and take off with both legs simultaneously and jump over on the other side of
the bench and land on the balls of the feet.
Jumping by keeping weight on the back of two partners:
The players will stand as shown in the picture
B’. the players standing in a file will come
forward one by one and put weight with their
hand on the back of the partners (with folded
knees chest height) jump over and land for
ward.
Special note: The jumping practice over the
barrier can be done in many ways or styles
and with implements. While doing barrier
crossing type exercises one should note (1)
taking off from the ground (2) staying in the
air landing on the ground.
These three main points should be kept in mind. Besides, a helper or stand by
should always stay near by.
Exercise for Balance:
While playing or doing exercise the balance of the body should be kept in control.
One who can control his balance only he can achieve his goal without causing any
accident. In fact balance means to control weight and speed of the body.
Sitting like an egg:
Sit on the heel and ball of the feet on the
ground or mat with folded knees. After this
hold the knees with two palms of your hands,
bend the head forward at the knee level so that
it touches the knees. As far as possible the
shape of the body will be like an egg.
Keeping balance on knees:
Sit in an imaginary chair in folded knee
position. Stay for some time in this position
then stand straight. During the practice of this
exercise extend both the arms in front parallel
to the shoulder and ground. The knee
balancing and standing exercise can be
practised 10 to 15 times. This exercise makes
the legs strong and develops the muscles.
Those who have weak legs if they can practise
this exercise adequately and regularly will be
benefited.
Balance like a frog (Frog balance):
Sit with both the hands in between your thighs
and place them on the ground or mat with
open palms. Now keeping the body weight, on
the palms try to keep balance and lift your
legs. This position looks like a frog.
By maintaining balance like a frog one can
reach by hoping up to a particular point.
9
10
To maintain balance like a tiger (tiger balance):
From the elbow to palm portion of the hand to be placed on the ground or mat.
After this keeping weight on the arm raise the legs with a little push by the toes In
this position he is to stay for thirty seconds and then legs will come down. After
taking rest this exercise is to be practised three or four times.
For the sake of learning this and safety measure one helper should be kept near by.
This exercise strengthens the hands, legs, chest, hack and the backbone and make
them capable of work. The body becomes light and agile like a tiger.
Somersault (Roll)
During play or exercise somersoult or roll is required. If skills arid techniques of
somersault are known can be avoided.
Jump in between the two hands of two partners (dive roll):
The player will get ready in the starting place. Both partners will stand by holding
hands in such a way so that it makes a ring. Instead of holding hands
11
the partners can hold a ring made of bamboo or cane. The starting player takes a
run and gives a dive through the ring or hand made ring of the partners. After
crossing the diver will place his hands on the mat and then the folded elbows will
be placed on the mat, the forehead to be tucked near the knees, the heels will he
nearer the buttocks and then roll of (see picture). Before performing this body
should be warmed up properly with quite a number of front rolls, standing dive
rolls and running dive roll.
Kneeling down:
From standing position by putting weight on the all of the feet and discharging
breath slowly bend the knees until it touches the mat or ground. At the time of
sitting the eye sight will remain in front and both the hands are to be place on the
thigh and then slowly drawn towards the knees.
In his position of kneeling down the
buttocks will touch the heels of the feet and
then after taking breath you will spring up
and stand up. This exercise should be
practised 5-7 times slowly and rapidly.
This exercise develops the muscles from the
hips to the legs and increase the strength,
The blood circulation becomes natural.
Accidents can be avoided by keeping
balance of the body.
Rolling like an egg:
In this chapter the exercise sitting like an egg have been described. In a sitting
position the head will be tucked between the knees and both the legs will be held
with two hands in a criss-crossed position. From this position roll the body on the
left shoulder towards left and rest on the back then roll on the right side and come
to a sitting position. In this way the exercise is to be repeated from the right side.
Practise rolling for several times. In this way this exercise will be under controlled.
12
Imaginative and imitative exercise:
To increase the power of imagination, imaginative and imitative types of exercises
are taught. These exercises are generally done by imitation of animals, birds,
transports etc. For example:
(1) Running or walking like a dog or horse
(2) To be big like a giraffe
(3) To be small like a hare.
(4) To fly like an aeroplane.
(5) To jump like a kangaroo
(6) To fly like a crow or other birds.
(7) To move like a cart wheel etc.
To run like a dog or a horse:
The run of a dog and a horse is almost of
same nature, but the steps of a horse are
relatively bigger. To run like a dog or a
horse one has to run on all fours (hands &
feet). To imitate a dog and a horse running
first, practise slowly and gradually faster.
To move like a seal fish:
In prone position, the feet together, the
hands to be folded from the elbows on the
mat or ground.
Now basing on the hands and toes keeping
the body erect one has to be up from the
ground or from the mat. The position is
almost like a push up position. Now just
like stepping on the foot walk forward
with both the hands.
The position of the body from the head to the toes will remain straight. While
walking by the hands, body will go right and on the left. But no help can be taken
from the legs. The toes will be dragged to go forward.
13
Rhythmic Exercises
The co-ordinate exercise of musical measurement and time which makes exercises
more attractive, fruitful are called rhythmic exercises. The media which are used
for rhythmic exercises are:
(1) With the sound of clapping the foot will be up and down, limbs move or
dance.
t2) With the sound of the finger snapping movement of limbs or dance will
start.
(3) With the recitation of small rhymes dance or exercise will start
(4) With the sound of muscial instuments marching and dancing with dif—
ferent posture will be started. Examples of some joyous rhymes are given
below. By realising the meaning of the rhymes the students can practise
other movements or dances.
Games Rhymes:
(1) I am as small as a mouse.
I am as big as a giraffe
I walk like a camel
I run like a horse.
I fly like a bird.
I shake like a tree.
(2) By clapping we move and go
We dance by raising two hands on our sides.
We light electric lamp on our head.
Sometimes we make an umbrella with the help of our hands.
We make a ring by catching each other hand.
We jump together one, two, three.
A sample of a song of ceremonial marching has been given below.
(a) Chal chal chal
Urdha gagane baje madol
Nimne utala dharanital
Arun prater tarun dal
Chalre chal chal
14
The Song, to maintain the musical time during stick dance:
(1) Rhythm Left-Right music
(B) Chak Dhum’a Dhum
Nak Dhuma Dhum
Ek Dhama chal
Ekta patal,
(2) Sound of madal:
(C) Takta-Dhating.........Dhating-tak
“Aga dale bashe Kokil
Maj dale bashare
Bhangiio hirikher dal
gihoner nai ashare.”
The teachers of school and the guardians have an important role to play at the time
of teaching the rhytmical exercise by the rhyme of play, songs, instrumental music
etc
Exercises with partner:
One can get enjoyment and benefit from exercise when performs with one or more
partners. Few example of exercise with partners are given below:
Eskimo roll or double roll:
Eskimo roll is also called double roll. One partner will lie on the ground or mat, the
other partner will stand beside his lying partner with his feet a little apart. The
lying partner will raise his legs; both the partners will hold each other’s ankles
firmly. From this position the standing partner coming to a diving position will
learn forward and roil. The legs of the lying partner will
15
remain very near to his buttock. When upper partner rolls the lying partner automatically will come to a standing position. In this way the Eskimo roll will be
done 4 to 5 times and them come to a stop for taking rest for some time. Before
learning double roll the students should learn front roll.
Back to Back roll:
(1) For performing this exercise two partners have to stand in a back to back
position and lock each other's elbows. After this one partner will carry the other on
his back and put him down and vice versa. After this one partner will carry the
other partner in his back and move around.
The partner on the back with cooperation of the partner underneath will in a
reverse way bring around (back roll) his feet on the mat or ground and as he comes
near to touching the mat he will release his elbows and land and stand on the
ground.
Hand wrestling:
Hand to hand wrestling on a table: Two
competitors will stand on the two ends of a
table. After this they will put their elbows on
the marked place of the table and grab each
other's palm. With the signal of starting they
will try to put down each other's hand on the
table only with
16
the strength of the arm. In no circumstances the elbows will come up from the
surface of the tale. In this competition the highest scorer of the fixed 3 to 5 rounds
can be declared the best hand wrestler.
To maintain balance with partners:
Generally this type of exercise is exhibited where different types of balance, ic,
physical feat, gymnastics, tumbling etc. are required. These activities of balance
give much pleasure to the audience when performed with partners.
Shoulder balance:
Two partners are required to perform this
exercise. One partner will lie on his back
by making his hands and feet as four legs
of a bench. Now the other partner will
catch hold of the ankles of his lying
partner and place his head between the
thighs of his partner. After this he will give
a little push from his toes stand erect with
his legs up and head down and keep his
balance. The exercise may be imitated
from the picture shown here. The exercise
will be practised for thirty seconds 3 to 4
times as shone in the picture. For
performing this exercise a stand by or
helper is required
Head balance:
An imaginary triangle should be drawn on
the ground or mat before starting this
exercise. Now the forehead and two hands
are to be placed on the mat. Then the two
legs will be raised up keeping balance with
the head and two hands. After the legs are
lifted up (1) the body will be erect (2) the
ball of the feet and the toes pointed upward
(3) the
17
breathing will remain normal. Staying in this position for 30 seconds the legs will
come down. While practising standing on the head it is better to keep a helper. The
palms of two hands and the forehead will work as parts and each of them are to be
placed a foot (12 inches) apart from one another. At the time of landing from this
position the chin should touch the chest and roll on your back. In this process there
in no possibility of hurting or causing accident.
Forming a pyramid with two or three partners:
Building a pyramid is very interesting. This requires strength, capacity and
courage.
Two people’s pyramid:
For the formation of this pyramid the partner
underneath should be stronger.
The partner above must have good sense of
balance.
First, the partner underneath will form an
arch. The upper partner will maintain his
balance and stand straight on his belly.
A helper can help the upper partner in taking
position on the belly of his partner.
Pyramid with three partners:
Two partners vi1l be in kneel down position
placing their palms on the mat or ground.
Their back will remain taut. The third partner
will stand on the back of two partners and
maintain balance.
18
Exercises
1. Put a tick (√) mark against the correct answer.
A) Most of the physical exercises are
1) internal
2) the field work
3) practical
4) walk and move around.
B) Habit of regular running in the morning or evening for health is
1) very useful
2) bad
3) laborious work 4) nothing
C) While taking part in sports and games to keep the control of balance is
1) not good
2) necessary
3) hard work
4) easy
D) Dog and horse run is almost
1) not seen
2) seen
3) seem good
4) same.
2. Fill in the blanks with suitable words:
a) Practising of sports and exercise keeps the mind and body __ disease.
b) Many of us guess that __ equipment __ cannot be performed.
c) Running is _ exercise for building body.
d) The Eskimo roll is also called __ roll.
3. Answer in brief.
a) What are the specialties of cooli or pooter's walking?
b) Why are imaginary and imitating exercise taught?
c) What is rhythmic exercise?
d) How many persons are required for hand, wrestling?
e) Who needs to be very strong in building pyramid?
4. Essay type questions:
a) What do you understand by "physical education" and write about its
necessity.
b) Explain how exercise is performed through walking.
c) Describe two kinds of running.
d) Describe the jump and landing system.
e) Which are the imaginative and imitative exercises?
f) What are the advantages and disadvantages of the games without
equipment?
Chapter Two
Games With Equipment
For sports and games or physical exercises lots of equipment such as balls, sticks,
rope, parallel bars, vaulting, boxes etc. are used. As a result, sports, games and
physical exercises become more attractive.
Throwing ball to a partner in bowling style:
Through this play the students can learn the ball throwing and catching neatly. The
techniques of bowling of cricket and other games will easily be learned.
Equipment: rubber, plastic/tennis ball
Place: Playing field.
Preparation
All players will be divided into two parties ‘A’ ‘B’ and will stand 15-20 metres
away face to face from each other.
Throwing
(1) The players of 'A' Team will stand feet apart and will throw the ball very high.
(2) The ball will be thrown after taking one or two steps forward and the number
of steps will be increased gradually.
(3) The ball will be thrown at first with slow running and then with fast running
by rotating the arm near the ear,
(4) Practice of throwing will be done by sending the players of "B" team near and
far.
Points to be noted
(1) Always the ball should be thrown directly towards
the opposite players.
(2) At the time of throwing the ball the opposite leg of
the throwing hand will come forward.
(3) Players of ‘B’ team will catch the ball and throw
like players of ‘A’ team and ‘A’ team players will
catch the ball and in this way the practice will go
on.
20
Catching the ball in different techniques:
1) The fingers of both the hands taken together a
cup or a funnel is to be made.
2) The ball is to be caught with close fist and firmly.
3) Catching the ball is to be practiced in near the
chest, over the head, bending and stooping right
and left, with rolling etc.
The points to note:
(1) To catch the ball always keep the eyes on the
ball.
(2) The ball should have to be caught with
promptness.
(3) ‘A’ & ‘B’ both the groups should be habituated to catch the hail.
The fielders of soft ball or cricket sometimes have to throw the bail in great height
to test the strength of the hand and to increase the strength of mind, Practice of
throwing and catching the ball of high and long distance can be done.
The skipping rope:
To skip with rope is a delightful game and very useful for the development 0 the
body.
Equipment: Skipping rope. In absence of a skipping rope a thick rope putting two knots on both
ends can be used as skipping rope. All the time one
should keep in mind that during the rotation of the
skipping rope it should be round in shape.
Otherwise it will touch the legs and rotation will
be stopped
A. To skip with one leg:
1. By holding the two ends of the rope with two
hands one is to skip with single leg rhythmically.
In between skipping the leg can be changed. (see
picture).
2.
21
In this way as far as possible practice can be done in one spot or on moving
forward.
B. Skipping with double leg:
Some technique discussed above in single leg skipping is to be applied. The
only difference is instead of single leg double leg will be used (Figure B.).
Besides, if there are three players two of the players will move the rope around
rhythmically and the third player will skip with double leg.
While skipping getting the partner in team:
1. Two players will skip with one rope
simultaneously.
2. When a few stand in a circle one will
move a rope round the circle. All will
have to jump over the rope.
Hoops made of bamboo or cane):
Games played with the help of hoops
build the habit of perseverance and self
control and also give pleasure.
Equipment: Bamboo, cane, steel made
hoops or ring. The diameter of the ring
will be 1 8 to 24 inches.
Keeping balance in different styles in
the ring place on the ground:
(A)
1. Stand in a ring placed on the ground.
2. After this maintain balance changing
the hand and the foot as sown in the
picture.
3, For maintaining balance keep the leg
and the hip straight.
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(B)
1. Standing in the ring keep weight on the
right leg at first, fold the left knee and
raise up. Now as shown in the picture
hold the knees with two hands against the
chest.
2. In this way alternately lift the right and
left knee and pratise.
3. During practice of maintaining balance
keep the backbone and the hand as for as
possible straight.
(C)
1. Firstly one should sit in kneel down
position in the ring.
2, After this as shown in the picture without
bending the elbows the body will bend
like a bow and the heels of the legs will
be grabbed with both the hands.
3. Keeping the breathing natural hold this
position for 20-30 seconds.
4. In this way the practicing for maintenance of balance will be done for 3 to 4
times. Besides, if one can maintain balance in various ways in the ring as shown in
the picture below.
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To jump on the ground and in the air with two rings:
Like the picture below with the help of two rings one can jump on the ground in
the air and do exercises in different styles and rythm.
Exercises with the help of rings made of bamboo or cane:
(A) Throwing up the ring made of cane and catching it again, going through the
ring, jumping over the ring, after putting the ring on the hip moving around etc. are
many types of exercises can be done.
24
Exercises with the help of rings made of bamboo or cane
(B) Put a ring in a slanting position towards yourself. The ring will move in its own
orbit by itself. In this moving ring try to cross through it. Sometimes jump over to
cross it and catch it before t lands on the ground.
Sticks:
The exercises with the help of sticks develop energy, fitness, discipline etc.
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Exercise with the help of sticks:
Equipment: Small and big different kinds of sticks made of bamboo, cane or wood.
The sticks should be 1 to 3 hands long and round with a smooth surface.
Procedure:
(A)
1. Hold both ends of one hand long stick with your two hands and hold it at hip
level by bending your elbow.
2. Now raise your hand with the stick over your head and bend the body backword as far as possible like, a bow.
3. After this return to the first position. In this way practice 3 to 4 times.
Exercise with the help of sticks:
(B)
1. Two players will sit on the ground with their legs straight having their feet
placed with one another.
2. Now keep a strong stick of two hand long straight close to their feet and both
of them will hold the stick and with the starting signal each will pull the stick
to his own side. In one time it will be noticed that comparatively less strong
partner will start standing up by bending the body like a bow.
(C)
1. Sitting on the ground by bending the knees hold ends of a two hand long stick
firmly with two hands.
2. Now place the sole of two feet on the stick and extend the legs forward by
pushing the stick and pull the stick towards yourself simultaneously.
3. Relax the body and come to the primary stage and do the exercise for several
times.
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Changing of sticks to the partner in different ways:
Equipment: A one hand long stick
Procedure:
1. With feet little apart two players will
stand face to face keeping 5 to 6 feet
distance from one another.
2.
One player will hold the stick at its two
ends and bring the stick towards his
chest
by
folding
his
elbows.
Immediately he will extend his two
hands and hand over the stick to his
partner with a small push.
3.
The partner immediately will hold the
stick with his both hands and following
the same procedure will send back the
stick to his partner. The receiver will
always keep his eyes on the stick.
4.
Practise this exercise of stick for several
times. This game can be played by
dividing the students into two groups.
Changing of a stick to one or more
partners during run:
Procedure:
(1) Everyone will stand at a distance of 30
to 30 metres. The stick will remain in
the left hand of the first layer.
(2) With the starting signal the first player will start running. When the running
play will come near the stick receiver will start running and with much caution
will receive the stick with his tight hand. After the change of the stick he will
change the stick from his right hand to his left hand.
(3) The time should not be wasted to exchange the stick.
Rope Climbing:
Place: Playing field or gymnasium
Equipment: Climbing rope.
For increasing the strength and development of
muscles of the body rope climbing is a romantic
feeling. Through this game courage and tolerance are
increased. These are much needed in life.
Rope climbing with the help of the hands and the feet
Climb with the help of the hands and the feet
Procedure:
(a) The practice is to be done with hanging a rope
knotted at a distance of one hand.
(b) Climb up with the help of the hand by the
unknotted rope.
(c) The practice of climbing a rope with the help of two hands and two legs.
27
28
Different kinds of hanging with the help of rope:
Place: Gymnasium or big hail room.
Procedure:
(a) To hang in a swing rope, to swing in a
hanging rope etc. may be practised.
(b) To hang like Tarzan in a swinging rope.
(c) With the help of rope swing like a cradle.
Low bench:
To gain aptness in gymnastic tumbling and
other modern techniques in the primary level
rolling in low bench is very useful.
Roll in different posture on a low bench:
Equipment: a low bench 18 inches high 2x1
hand or 5/6 feet long.
Preparation:
(1) All players standing in a file or line will
walk a little and run slowly and fast Will
give roll (forward and back ward) for a few
times on mat or ground.
(2) All players will stand at one end of the
bench in a starting line. After this they will
be on the one end of the bench by turns,
after walking and running take a jump to
land to the other end.
(3) Before the start of roll or somersault two
helpers will stand by the two sides of the
bench.
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Procedure:
(a) With the signal of starting the students will
do front roll in turns.
(b) After this they will practise back roll.
Stand on low parallel bars in different ways
Parallel bars is a kind of attractive playing
equipment. With its help through body movement
the muscles of the body and nerves get
conditioned.
Equipment: Low parallel bars and mats which can
be made locally by bamboo and wood.
Preparation: First body should be warmed up
then all will come to the starting line in a file. Two
persons are to stand as helpers on two sides of the
bars.
Procedure:
(a) The two bars of the parallel bars are to be caught with two hands. With the help
of the hands after a mount in parallel bars students will take their position on it.
After this with the help of the hands students will walk on the hand from one end
to the other end of the bars and dismount on the mats with a small jump.
(b) Parallel bars is to be mounted with the help
of pressing the hands. After a little swing the
legs will go over the bars and spread on the
two sides of the bars. Then the arms will be
extended in a line at shoulder level to grab the
bars with the hand by learning the body
forward come to the original position. After
practising from one end to the other end
dismount from the bars with a little jump.
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(c) Standing on the shoulder and the hands on low
parallel bars: The body will be in forward
position. Keeping the weight on the upper part
of the arms, the legs should be raised.
(d) The weight of the body will be carried on one
shoulder. In this position two hands will hold
the two bars firmly.
Caution: A mat should be placed under the
parallel bars so that one does not get heart if falls
down due to carelessness.
Vaulting Box:
Mounting, dismounting and showing different kinds of feats on vaulting box are
enjoyable game. These games develop fastness and physical skill.
Equipment: vaulting box, mat. These could be made locally with wood.
Mounting and dismounting on vaulting box in different styles:
Preparation: First, after warm up the player will stand on the starting place. Two
helpers will stand at the take off point and another at the landing point on the mat.
The vaulting box should be placed crosswise to practise the exercises.
Procedures:
(a) With a starting signal the player will take a run and place both the hands on
the vaulting box and with a jump pull the body up like a spring and stand on
the vaulting box. After this he will jump down on the mat. In this way every
player will practise several times.
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(b) On listening the starting signal the
players in turn jump up on the
vaulting box and extend their two legs
in between their two hands and
dismount on the other side of the
vaulting box.
(c) With the starting signal players will
run one by one and place their hands
on vaulting box and extend two legs
and removing their hands land on the
other side.
Placing partner like a vaulting box position and dive roll:
Teach front roll on soft soil or grass before teaching the partner ‘Dive Roll’ on
mat.
Procedure:
(1) Players will stand in one file
(2) The first player will place his hands and the knees on the mat or ground to be
like a vaulting box.
(3) After getting the signal the next player will place his two hands on the mat
over the first player and make a dive roll. After completing his dive roll he
will take position as the first player did.
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(4) Rest of the players will proceed and perform dive rolls and take their position
till all the players finish in the same way. This is the prophet pro cedure to
learn dive roll and in it you will find pleasure. Dive roll can be practiced
competitively by dividing students in two groups. At the time of learning dive
roll the positional height of the player who takes the position of the vaulting
box can be lifted a little higher and the dive roll case be made more attractive.
Exercises
1.
Tick (√) the correct answer.
a) The use of equipment in sports and games or physical exercises makes it
(1) heavy
(2) hard
(3) easy
(4) attractive
b) To skip with the help of a rope is
(1) joyful
(2) dangerous
(3) an act of courage
(4) very easy
c) Climbing rope is a
(1) injurious game
(2) lifeless game
(3) game of romantic feeling
(4) good game
d) While exercising the vaulting box should be placed
(1) upside down
(2) crosswise
(3) vertically
(4) any one way
2.
Fill in the blanks with proper words.
(a) Playing games with the help of ring_____ and _____good habit side by
side and gives pleasure.
(b) At the time of practising balance so far possible_____ and head should be
kept straight.
(c) In changing sticks _____should not be wasted.
(d) Parallel bars is a _____playing media.
(e) Exercising with the help of sticks energy, fastness _____ etc. virtues are
developed.
3.
Answer briefly
(a) What kind of materials are used to make balls used in bowling?
(b) With what kind of materials one can make low cost ring?
(c) What kind of rope is required to learn rope climbing?
(d) With what kind of materials are vaulting boxes made?
(e) What exercises are performed with sticks?
4.
Write notes on the following
(a) Ring made of bamboo and cane.
(2) Sticks
(3) Vaulting box.
5.
Essay type questions
(a) How is exercise performed in pretence of ball playing?
(b) Explain how rolling can be done in a low bench.
(e) What are the differences between a forward roll and a dive roll?
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Chapter Three
Games, Drills and Combined Exercises
Small games or minor games:
The games we play in a short time or in a small space for warming up our bodies
without any equipment are called minor games. Through these games we can
develop bodies and get pleasure for our mind. The children will play these games
with enjoyment, encouragement in the competition.
Touch partner by hopping on one leg (Hopping touch):
Make a circle of 10 yds and all will stand in the circle on one leg and the other leg
will be folded and held by the hand. For the game all students will have to stay in
the circle in a scattered position. With the signal the one legged player will try to
touch other players by hopping. The player who will be touched will go out of the
circle and is out of play. In this way the game will go on and the player who can
save him from touching till the last will be the winner. The legs could be changed
during play.
Through this game the skills of warming up, maintaining balance, saving him s by
faking the partners could be achieved. Besides, the legs become strong, powerful
and speedy. Lots of pleasure is achieved through this game.
Circle chase:
For this game, a big circle is to be made in the field with lime. After that, every
body will stand beside the circle keeping a space between each other facing one
side. With the signal all will start running round the circle and will try to catch the
player in front of him. The player who has been caught will go out of play and sit
down. In this way chasing the front player the game will continue. With the blow
of the whistle of the teacher everybody will turn about and start chasing the player
in the front. Through this game the students will achieve the capacity to run fast.
The lungs and the heart will be more effective. The leg muscles will be strong, the
body will be supple and the mind will become cheerful.
35
Rest and recreational games:
Island tag:
Place: Playing field.
A particular area is to be earmarked and inside it players will remain in a scattered
position. There will be a leader among the players. With the blowing of the whistle
the leader will try to touch the other players. Nobody can go out of the area. The
player who is touched will join or tag the leader. In this way the tagged players and
leader will hold hands of each other and touch other players and included them on
their side. The player who goes out of boundary will also be tagged. The player
who will be tagged last will be the winner. In this game much pleasure is gained.
Circular dodge ball:
Place: Field or gymnasium. Number - 25/30 persons.
Equipments: One or two balls.
For this game players will be divided into two equal groups. One group will take
their position round the big circle and the other group will take their position inside
the circle. With the starting signal the players of outside the circle will try to hit the
players of inside the circle with the ball below their knees to make them out.
On the other hand, the players of inside circle will
run to and fro or sitdown to save themselves from
the touching of the ball. In this way the game will
continue for a specific time. When the time
elapses the sides will by turn change places and
continue the game as before. With the signal
when the game is over the group who has fewer
number of out players will be the winner.
36
Ball and stick relay:
Place: Gymnasiums/field
Equipment: 3 balls/sticks
The players will be divided into three
groups. Each group will stand at the
starting line in a file. At a distance of 3
0/40 yards a ball or a stick will be kept for
each group. With the signal first player of
the group will run and collect the ball/stick
and hand it over to the second player of his
group and will stand behind other players.
The second player will put the ball from where it was collected by the first player
of his group and come back to his file and touch the hand of the third player of his
group and stand at the end of his file. The third player will run for the ball and give
it to the fourth player. The fourth player will place the ball in the end line and
comeback to his life. In this procedure the game will go on.
The group who can finish first the exchange of ball will be the winner.
Flag relay:
Equipment: A flag for each group
Place: Field or gymnasium
Procedure: The groups will stand half behind the
‘A’ line and other half behind the ‘B’ line. With
the signal players no. 1 and 2 of each group will
run and meet in the “C” line and exchange their
flags. After this they will run back to their own
line and hand over the flag to the next player. He
will repeat this. The game will go on in this way.
The group who could first finish will be the
winner.
37
Circle relay:
Place: Field or gymnasium.
Equipment: Each group will have a bean bag.
Procedure: Four groups will be for with equal member of players. As shown in the
picture each group will stand in their own file. With the signal of the whistle last
player of each group will run with the bean bag in his hand around all groups and
return to his own groups and hand over the bean bag to the player number two and
stand at the end of his file. Next player will move round with the bean bag in the
same way and pass the bag to the last man of his group. In this way the group who
will move round one first will be the winner.
Regional Games:
In the different regions of Bangladesh various types of recreational games are
organized. Amongst them Daria banda, Bou Chee, Kho Kho, Kabadi are note
worthy.
Daria Banda
This game is played in different regions of Bangladesh in local rules. For playing
the game in uniform rules some rules are given below.
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The play field: Length 27.15 metres (89’ - 1’) and width: 7.03 metres (23’ - 1”).
For the junior group, length 24.71 metre (81’ - 1”) and width 6.42 metre (21’- 1”)
and each room will be 3 metres x 2 43 metres (1 O’x 8’) The middle lane and
crosslanes will be 30.48 cm (1) wide. If required the number of courts may be
increased or decreased to conduct the game.
Playing time: 20 + 5 + 20 45 minutes, it can be increased or decreased if
necessary.
The rules:
1. Two groups play the game: defender and attacker. Each group consists of 8 to
10 players.
2.
At the start of the game players of the attacking group will stay in the ‘A’
place outside side the court and the defender group will stand one by one
inside the foot or 30.48 c.m. wide line. With signal the game will start. With
the start of the game if the attacking group enters the court from a place and
goes to every court and touch it and comes back in A marked place
successfully a lona will be scored.
3.
The defence group will obstruct so that the players of the attacking group
cannot touch all the courts and score a lona.
4.
If a defender touches an attacker during changing of court than he will be out.
In this way if the attackers can touch all courts then they will be regarded as
“puckka’ If a puckka player while entering in the court again gets touched by
the player of the defender, the team will be out. Playing this way if a pukka
player can cross the last court and again comes to A place then he will score a
lona.
5.
In the specific time the group who can score maximum number of lona will
win.
6.
If any player of a defending team after touching an attacker becomes
unbalanced and touches the ground he will not be out.
7.
While touching the opposite group no fear can be shown or unnecessary sound
cannot be made to cause disturbance in the game. It is forbidden to play by
using (rubbing on the body) oil or oily substance on the body.
8.
39
Umpire, scorer and time keeper:
For conducting the game one umpire and one scorer will be needed. The
umpire will conduct the game according to the rules and the scorer will keep
records of lonas and players who are out. The time keeper will keep the time.
9.
With the blowing of the whistle of the umpier the game will start. After the
specific time with blowing of umpire’s whistle the game will be over.
10. The decision of the umpire will be treated as final.
Techniques:
1.
Before the start of the game both the groups will warm up their bodies by
running and exercises.
2.
During the game one of the attacking players will try to get out from one
corner and the other players will come out swiftly from an open space. To
learn this technique two defiance players will spread tow hands and bend ing
to the right and to the left will try to cover the open space. To deceive the
defending player, intelligence, technique and swiftness are to be adopted.
3.
The teacher and the students together will workout the technique (skills) and
practise it.
Bou Chee
Bou Chee is the regional game of Bangladesh. The source of the name of this game
is said to be that in one family the bride (Bou) was taken to captivity by a man of
another party. Then the relations of the bou tried to drive away the captivator and
bring back the bou home.
Basing on this within some rules and regulations Bou Chee has become a corn
petition game. This game is now included in the inter-school competition.
By taking part in this game the players not only get immense pleasure but also
achieve good health, strength, working power and speed life, group conscious ness,
feeling of unity, cooperation, endurance, sociality etc. No equipment is needed to
play this game.
40
The playing court of Bou Chee:
For girls the court of this game is 40 yards in length and 30 yards in width. The
boy’s court is of same size. But if needed the length and width could be increased
up to 50/60 yds. and 30/40 yds. respectively. 9 yds. away from the middle of the
two end lines two rooms are to be made inside the field one for the Bou and one
for players.
The room of the Bou will be 4 4 and the players’ house is 8 8 . The distance of
the two houses will be 18 yds. The lines of the courts will be 2 inches wide. In the
four corners of the court there will be four 5 high red flags and there will be 4 lines
men.
Players: Each party will consists of 22 players in total, During competition 7
players will take part and 4 players will be exchange players.
Duration of the game: 40 minutes for girls and 60 minutes for boys and for - small
girls the duration is 30 minutes, Interim rest is 5 minutes.
41
The start of the game: In presence of the captains of both the teams the game will
start with a toss. The winner of the toss will have the choice of becoh defender or
chaser.
Results: During the duration of the game the group whoever scores the highest
point will be declared as winner. It the game is a tie then for each out and dead
player one point is to be added.
The procedure for Bou Chee game:
1.
The chaser party will select someone from their party as Bou. The Bou 22011 sit in her own home. Bou will wear a 4 width red ribbon on her or his
waist. The rest six chasers will stay in their house. The defender party will
take suitable position in the court as the please. With the blowing of the
whistle of the umpire the game starts. Umpire will announce ‘Dan”.
2.
The chaser while taking a Dan will be out of his house with one breath and
pronounce the word Chee ---e and try to touch the defender. Whether suc
cessful or not he must return to his home safely or incase of emergency he can
enter the ‘Bou’s house by keeping his breath with chee-e-e sound.
3.
The chaser will get 9 Dans. The Bou may try to go to her house any time
within these 9 Dans.
4.
The Chaser who will be stranded in the Bou’s house can return home by
avoiding the defenders.
5.
Between the 9 Dans anytime if the Bou can safely return to her house by
avoiding the touch of the defenders then the classers will sore a lona or two
points. But if any member of the defenders could touch the Bou then not only
the Bou but the whole chaser party will be dead. In this situation changing of
side or runs will take place. The defenders will become chasers and the
chasers will become defenders. In this way the game will go on till scheduled
time is over.
6.
In one Dan if more than one chaser comes out with chee-e-e the umpire will
announce “more” and the chaser have to go back to his house. This Dan will
be counted.
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The chaser will be pronounced dead:
1.
2.
3.
4.
If the goes out of the field during the game.
At the time of going chee if he goes out of breath before returning home and is
touched by any player of the defending team.
If he gives broken chee-e-e and after the declaration of the umpire the
defending player touches him.
If a chaser at the time of going chee-e-e does not come out of his house from
the front part or does not enter the house by the front part etc.
The defender will be out:
1.
2.
3.
4.
According to the rule if a chaser touches him.
If he goes out of the field during the game.
While keeping the whole body inside the house the chaser touches the
defender.
If the Bou or any stranded player of the Bow’s home keeping one leg or both
legs inside the room touches the defender etc.
Conducting the game:
For conducting the game one referee, two umpires, one scorer, one time keeper and
four linesmen are required.
Primary techniques:
The group who has speed, swiftness, patience, tolerance and holder of good breath
wins the game easily. Therefore basing on the qualities one should select the
players and take care of their practice.
Some of the primary skills are given below:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Related exercises for warming up the body.
Short distance run.
Running from one part of the field to another part with a chee-e and coming
back.
Dodging and marking to the right, left, in a zig zag way for touching the
players of the opposite group etc.
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Kho Kho
Koh Koh is a rural and regional game. The game is widely practised in India
particularly in Maharashtra. This game has similarity with Daria Banda or Attia
Pattia. But there are some dissimilarities in rules and skills.
This game is seen to be played according to the
rules created by the Maharastra Physical
Education Department in India, Pakistan and
Bangladesh. In this game players gain
conception of time, speed and capacity of
walking at right time, player can acquire skill to
defeat the opponent with intelligence, develop
the qualities of group consciousness,
cooperation, unity and humanity. The players
and the spectators get lots of pleasure.
Play Ground:
1. The kho kho is played in a rectangu lar field
of 34.58 metres (113-8) in length and 16.25
metres (53 -4 ) in width.
2. ‘G’ and ‘H’ are two rectangles, the length
of the rectangle is 16.25 metres (53 -4) and the
width is 4.87 metres (16).
3.
4.
5.
6.
In place of A & b 1.21 metres(4) long two wooden poles to be set up.
Up to ‘A’ and ‘B’ the length of the centre line is 24.79 meters (81 -4) and the
width is 30.48 cm (1). There will be 8 plots of 11 square on this lane. In each
square one chaser will sit.
‘K and ‘L’ is a cross lane. There are 8 cross lanes in the court the length of
each cross lane is 16-25 meters (53 - 4) and width is 30.48c (1).
The outline of the court will be marked with lime.
44
The rules of the game:
1.
Each group will consists of 9 players.
2.
Each competition will have two innings of 28 minutes. The chaser and runner
will get 7 (seven) minutes time for each turn.
3.
No part of the body of the main chaser can touch or cross the centre lane.
4.
The main chaser will give Kho to the seated chaser. Before giving the “Kho”
the seated chaser cannot rise from his square.
5.
If the main chaser crosses the cross of the square the sitting chaser of the
square cannot give kho even if he is asked to give Kho.
6.
If the main chaser breaks the rule No. 3-4 and 5 then the umpier will blow his
whistle repeatedly and declare foul and force him to move in the right
direction. After the declaration of foul if the main chaser touches any run ner
he will not be out.
7.
The main chaser will sit in the place of the seated chaser as soon as he gives
Kho to the seated chaser.
8.
After getting Kho he who will be the main chaser, will run facing that way that
he passes cross line.
9.
The main chaser when runs facing a direction he cannot change this way or
turns about.
10. When the main chaser moves from one post to another he can give Kho to any
chaser sitting in the square and can turn his face or shoulder. But the main
chaser cannot go in the opposite of the control line without coming round the
post.
11. Being obstructed by a chaser if any runner becomes out then he will not be
treated as out.
12. While running in a direction the rules which has been laid on turning the face
and shoulder will not he applicable in the rectangle of ‘G’ ‘H’.
13. Runners cannot touch the seated chasers. If he touches then he will be given a
warning. But if he does it again he will be treated as out.
45
14. If both the legs of any runner go out of the boundary he will be out. But if both
the legs of the runner will be out bout his body remains inside he will be given
a chance.
15. According to the rule if the main chaser touches any runner with his hand the
runner will be out.
1.6. The main chaser and other chasers cannot break the rules form 3 to 1 0.
17. If the main chaser disobeys the rules form 7 to 10 then the umpire will force
him to go in definite direction.
18. For the out of each runner the chaser party will get one point. If before the
scheduled time all runners are out then the chaser party will get a lona. Till the
time of turn is completed the game will continue according to rules. When the
turn is going on the runners cannot change their serial numbers of the list.
2. Gollachut:
Gollachut is a country game and is very popular with the rural children. It does not
require any equipment. The game can be organised in any open space. It may even
be played in the courtyard of a house. The children as well as the youths take part
in the game with equal interest. The game is played between t teams. In the open
space or field, a spot is set from where one goes out to reach the other end of the
around. This may be the reason of being called gollachut. This game brings forth
speed, stamina, physical strength to the players. The players as well as the
spectators enjoy this game very much. The players act the opportunity to learn new
attacking and defensive techniques.
a.
Playing field: The measurement of the field is generally 54.86 metres X 36.
meters. The field may be bigger or smaller than this measurement. The field
will be leveled so that the players can run without any difficulty.
b.
Players: The number of players in each team will he from 8 to 12. The
number varies according to the size of the playing field. The players will have
uniforms with different colours. If uniforms are not available, the coloured
tapes may be used to differentiate them from each other:
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e.
Playing time: The total time of play is 60 minuets and- after every lona, there
will be recess of 2 minutes. If gollachut is played during school hours, the
game may be played for about 30 minutes.
d.
Toss: The referee makes a toss to decide which team will play as Golla Team
or Goliachut Team. The Golla Team will hold each others hand by circling the
Golla spot. They will make a chain with their hands. While Gollachut team
will field their players scattered. The fielding side will obstruct the Golla
Team member to move freely and to reach the set circle in the other side of the
field.
e.
Game conducting officials: The officials of conducting the Gollachut game
are-referee, umpire, scorer arid timekeeper.
f.
Golla player: A very fast player will be selection act as a Golla player. He
will be placed in the Golla spot. All other players will make a chain by holding
their hands. The Golla player is required to be a very good player. Because he
is to give ‘lona’ for his team.
g.
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Lona: if the Golla player can reach the set circle in the other side of the field
without being touched or caught by any opponent, the Golla team will get a
Lona and will score 2 points extra for the lona.
h. Technique of reaching the other side of the field by the Golla team
members:
(i) The member of the Golla Team will reach the other side of the field. hut he
will not be touched or caught by the fielding side i.e. Gollachut Team. In
doing so, he is to be very fast in running
(ii) When a player of Golla Team can reach the set place without being touched or
caught by any opponent of the fielding side, he will be called ‘pacca’ or
successful. In this way, when all players of Golla team reach the set circle one
by one safely, then they return ‘to their Golla spot and take if standing long
jump from the Golla spot one by one. The last player’s jumping spot will be
the next Golla spot. The Golla players will make a chain from this new spot
they achieved.
i. Change of Team: The Golla team will be Gollachut team for the following
reasons:
(i) If the Golla player tries to reach the other end of the ground and if he is
touched or caught by any member of the fielding team, then the Golla Team
will be changed. They will play as Gollachut team..
(ii) If some of the players of Golla Team break the chain and try to reach the other
end and if they are caught or touched by the opponent, then all of them will be
out. But the players who are holding the chain with Golla player will not be
out.
(iii) If all the players except the Golla player are out, the referee will give a signal
and the Golla player must move from the Golla spot to reach the other end. If
he can riot reach safely his Golla team will be out,
j. A player will be declared out if he goes out of the boundary of the field.
k. Techniques: (i) The players are required to be warmed up properly. They will
do all the free hand exercises during warm-up session. (ii) They will take some
short and fast runs. (ii) In pairs, they will pull each others hand, run in a zigzag
way. (iv) They will jump and kick in the air.
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1.
Techniques of Golla Team
(i) The fast and intelligent player will be selected as Golla player. He is to be able
to run in a zigzag way. He should learn how to dodge an opponent while
reaching the other end of the ground.
(ii) The Golla team members are required to be clever. They will break chain and
will try to allure the opponent to bring closer to them. Them finding an
opportunity they will try to reach the other end.
(iii) Members of the Golla team should show that they arc going to be ‘pacca’ by
reaching the other end.
(iv) They will try to run as fast as they can without being touched by the opponent.
(v) They are to adopt the tactics of being successful in reaching the other end.
(vi) They are to follow the technique that a member of Golla team may be caught.
But at the cost of that player, the other members of the team can reach the
other end of the ground.
m. The techniques of Gollachut team:
(a) They are to employ one or two players to guard the Golla player so that he can
not reach the other end of the ground and earn lona
(ii) They will place some players at the other end of the ground so that none from
Golla team can become ‘pacca or successful.
(iii) A very fast player is to be selected so that he can chase any opponent very
successfully.
(iv) When for certain reasons the Golla team members break the chain the
Gollachut team will not allow them reunite with their own team.
(v) They are to weaken the opponent by catching the maximum member of Golla
team players.
3. Touch Game
It is an excellent recreational activity. It does not require any equipment. The
children enjoy this game very much. To do good in this game; one is required to be
physically fit and mentally intelligent. Every member of the team is to be very fast
in running.
Games, Drills and Co Exercises
49
a.
Playing field: Big gymnasium or any open space. According to the natire of
the game it does not require any fixed area..
b.
Equipment: No equipment is necessary for this indigenous’ game.
c.
Players: The number of players is not fixed. The number should be a little bit
larger than the normal one! Because, the lead runner is to catch or touch
somebody, so the large number of players will help the runner to touch any
player with ease and comfort.
d.
Method of the game: The players will be fielded scatteredly. There will be
one lead runner who will be chosen from the players and will chase the players
in the field. He will wear certain distinctive mark so that he can be identified
easily. He will run and try-to touch a moving player inside the field. If he can
touch any one, he will hand over the distinctive mark to the touched player.
That player will now be the chaser. In this way, the game will continue. This
game can be said as Li Li play.
e.
Besides the touch Game there are various other indigenous games which give
recreation to the children. The children enjoy these games and participate in
them spontaneously. The games like “Good morning sir,” ‘What is the time,
Mr. wolf? “Find out the leader” “Crow and crane”, “Head and tail”, “Bull in
the ring” etc.
Country and foreign games
Football
In the present world ‘football is a popular international game. Everywhere in our
country the players and spectators take part in this game with much enthusiasm and
zeal.
Through football game the qualities of feeling of cooperation, self confidence,
swiftness, perseverance etc. are developed. Leadership, obedience and respect for
law build one as an ideal citizen and social being.
(A) General rules:
1. According to the international rules the playing field will be 110 yds. or 115
yds. in length and 70 yds. in width or 75 yds. For the juniors the court will be
80 yds. in length and 40.yds. in width.
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2.
Equipment: An inflated ball, 6 feet high goal post and 8 feet long goal bar and
goal net. The international measurement for goal posts is 8 feet high and the
goal bar is 8 yrds. long. 1-lere goal bar is 8 feet long and 6 feet high goal post
for the juniors.
3.
Number of players: Each team will have ii or 9 players and 3 (three) extra
players for replacement.
4.
Director: One referee, two deputy referees or linesmen.
5.
The name of the players (as placed in the field):
(1) Goal Keeper (2) Right back (3) Left back (4) Right half (5) Centre half
(6) Left half (7) Right out (8) Right in (9) Centre forward (10) Left in (11)
Left out.
6.
Toss: From the toss the winner will decide according to his wish whether he
will take ‘Kick off or side. Generally after winning a toss ‘Kick off is taken.
7.
The duration of the game: First half 20 minutes and rest 5 minute and sec ond
half 20 minutes, total 45 minutes. According to the international rule 45
minutes + 5 minutes rest + 45 minutes. Total 95 minutes is the dura tion of the
game.
8.
Fouls: generally fouls are of nine kinds. It is a fault if these are done to the
opposite team’s players:
(1) To kick (2) To jump on his body (3) To trip (4) To charge dangerously (5)
to hit (6) To hold (7) to push (8) to charge the opponent player from behind
when he is not obstructing (9) handling the ball. But in penalty area the goal
keeper can hold the ball by hand.
9.
Penalty kick: Any player in their own penalty area when willfully commits a
foul described above than a penalty kick will be awarded to against that party.
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10. Corner kick: If the ball crosses over the goal line being last touched by the
defending team then a corner kick is awarded against the team.
11. Goal Kick: If the ball crosses the goal line being touched last by an attack er
then the defenders will get a goal kick.
12. Direct and indirect kick: Any offence caused by any member of both the teams
for this two kinds of kicks are awarded. The kick by which a goal is scored is
called a direct kick and in indirect kick the ball must be touched or played by
others to score a goal.
13. Throw in: The ball when crosses the side line is brought into play by a throw
in. When the ball last touched by a party goes out the opposite party will get
the throw in.
B) Technique:
To become a good football player one must have the minimum qualities of
good kicking, ball control, passing the bail amongst his own teammates and
the capability of defending the attack of the against party.
(1) Kick : By kicking with leg the ball is passed to other is called a kick. There
are many kinds of kicks. The description of a few preliminary kicks is given
below.
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(2) Low hard kick: With the instep (the upper part
of the ball of the foot) the ball should be kicked
in the middle.
(3) Volley kick: To send the ball in the air the ball
will be hit with the instep before it touches the
ground.
(4) Half Volley:
The ball should be hit just after it touches the
ground and start coming up. This is called the
half volley kick.
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(5) Chip shot: The feet is to be bent
outwardly to make a side kick shown in
the picture is called a chip shot. In this
kick the leg is moved in such a way that
the ball with very little effort comes
over the ground and reaches to the
player of his own party.
(c) Trapping:
With different skills the bail is brought
to own control is called trapping. The
skill of controlling the ball from toe to
head is to be learned with patience and
tolerance.
1.
2.
V. Trap: With the sole of the foot the upper part of the sole and lifting the
heel 3/4 inches high somewhat like the letter V’ it should be performed.
Shin trap: The very moment the ball touches the ground immediately the
two knees to be brought forward with a little bend and to control the ball with the
shin.
3.
4.
Head trapping: To control the ball with the help of the head is called head
trapping. Receive the ball with the forehead and deliver it at 40 (degree)
angular distance and the very moment the ball touches the ground get the ball
with your foot.
Goal keeping: Goal keeper plays a vital role in winning and losing a game.
The goal keeper must keep keen eyes on the ball. He should catch the low
54
balls, high ball, rolling ball with his hand after bringing to his control sends it to
his own party player. The ball which might have the possibility of entering into the
goal he may fist it with his fist to remove it from the dangerous zone. A football
player in whatever position he plays should take care of his body and practise the
game regularly.
Soft ball:
It is not known correctly how, when and where the game of soft ball was started. In
the modem history of America George W. Han Cock in the year 1887 introduced
the game. After the Second World War the game was widely spread in America.
This game can be played in a small field and does not require a lot of equipment.
Besides, it costs less to arrange this game.
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Important useful equipment:
I One wooden round bat.
2. A leather covered soft ball.
3. A diamond shaped field with long and wide open spaced area.
Field: A diamond shaped field whose each arm will be 18.24 metres (60). For
fielding a long and wide open space. The long home base will be of almost 60.96
metres (200 feet).
The short rules of the game:
1. Each team will consists of nine players who will stand in different places of
the field. It is shown in the picture.
2. In one game five innings are played. If three players of the batting team is out
one innings is over. Then fielders will come to bat.
3. If the game is a draw both the teams will play extra three innings.
4. Batter will stand in the right or left home of the home base. From pitchers
plate, the pitcher will throw ball to the batter.
5. The pitcher will throw the l in between the knee and the shoulder level just
over the home base. If there is a violation of this the ball will be a “No ball”.
6. If there are four no balls then the batter will get a free base.
7. When the ball becomes dead or goes out of play:
a) The ball comes back in the hand of the pitcher.
b) If the ball hit by the batter goes to the foul area crossing the bare area will
not be a dead ball.
8. After the ball has been hit by the batter if he is successful in touching 1st
2nd and 3rd base and return the home base then one run will be scored.
9. If the batter can run fast still he cannot come home base by overtaking the base
runner of his own team and cannot take a run.
10. Batter will be out for the causes stated below:
(a) If he strikes three times ‘stricks’ will be written against his name
1. If he fails to hit the ball.
2. If he does not hit the correct bail
3. Hits in “No ball”.
(b) If the fielder catches the ball which has been hit by the batter.
(c) Before reaching the base if the fielder touches the base with the ball or touches
the batter.
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Techniques of the game:
The students as advised by the teacher will know about the technique and
practise it.
1. Holding the bat (grip) and batting stand - The batter will stand by putting his
two feet on the batting block. In case of a right handed batter his left foot and
eyes will be on pitcher. The elbows of both hands in a bended position will go
over the chest up to the shoulder level at the time of holding the bat with both
the hands.
2.
The bat will be given a swing to hit a ball.
3.
A slight touch of the ball with the bat (Batting hit). Instead of hitting the bould
ball it will be touched lightly with the bat and then run towards the first base.
4.
Ball throwing (pitching and throwing): After noticing the weakness of the
batter one should throw the ball accurately.
(a) Ball should be pitched for several times to the batter. Pitch the ball in
different styles.
(b) To throw the ball by taking the hand straightway at the back, with a swing
bring it in front and throw the ball. Throwing ball in this style is called
“underhand throwing”.
(c) The hand along with the ball straight extended overhead and taken at the
back with a twist bring it in front and throw. This style of throwing is
called “overhand throwing”.
5.
6.
7.
Catching and fielding: The speedy ball and slow ball, ball coming from up and
down, rolling ball and throw it to different fielders. .
With the. personal signal of own group choose the base or fielding.
By understanding the nature of the hatter the catcher will stay near or far.
Tenl koit game:
Teni koit is a foreign game. This game is played in single or in double.
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Rule no. 1
a) The playing field: The playing field will be right angle rectangular. The length
will be 12.19 metres (40) and width 5.48 metres (18).
b) The net: In length 5.18-6.09 metres (18 to 20), in width 45.72cm (18).
e) The poles in which net will be tied will be of 1.52 metres (5) height. In the
middle the height of the net will be 1.44 metres (4-9).
d) Ring: A rubber ring will be of nearly 17.78 cm (7) diameter, 1¼ thick and 7 to
9 ounces weight.
Rule No. 2
a) The start of the game: The game will start with toss. The winner of the toss
will choose the side or service and starts the game.
b) The game is of 15 points.
c) Out of three games whoever wins maximum games will be the winner. On the
start of second and third game court should be changed.
d) In any of the hand the ring could he held: After holding the ring immediately it
will he thrown to the opposite court. Until the ring is dropped on the court or it
goes out of the court the play will continue
58
e)
If the ring is grounded in the neutral zone or if any body enters the neutral
zone it will be a foul.
f) Any line of the court can be touched but if fully crossed it will be considered
as a foul.
g) Where the ring first touched the ground will he considered as its landing spot.
h) In a singles game the court will be used length single portion.
The technique of the game:
Service: With the left foot the forward forehand pass and the right foot forward
back hand ring pass are to be practised.
Throwing the ring:
a) Swiftly throwing the ring over the net with a downward trend.
b) Always to keep an eye on the ring.
c) To hold the ring by watching its movement and practise of placing the ring in
a vacant space of opponent’s court.
Foot work: From the specified marked place, to practise the various foot-work of
right leg, the left leg, forward and backward stepping. Practise the body balance to
the right, the forward, backward step and stooping position.
Smashing: For fast offensive playing a short run with a jump is needed to smash.
This time the ring should he thrown in speed with a downward trend.
In single and double game physical will-being, mental preparation and self
confidence are required. In doubles game in addition to these qualities
understanding with the partner and consciousness about both’s responsibility are
required. The excitement should be controlled to win the game.
Badminton
In our country particularly during winter season in the village or town every where
children play this game. In the past this game was played in Poona in India. In
latter period the English introduced this game to their country. This game was
played in a village called Badminton of the Duke of Bedford and after this the
game was named Badminton. In the past the game was called the Poona game.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
59
The Court: The playing field will be right angle rectangle. The length is 44
feet and width 22 or 20 feet. In both ends long service line from the end lines
will be 2.5 feet inside. After deducting the false court the remaining space of
the court will be divided into three parts of 13 feet each. After taking 13 feet
from the end lines two parallel straight lines to be drawn. The two lines are
.called the short service line. The court’s longest lines are called the side line.
From the middle of these two lines two posts are posted at a distance of .5
(feet) away. The net is tied with these posts.
The net: The net will be made of thread. The space of the squares of the net
will be 3/4 square inch each. The net will be 22 (feet) long and 18 (inches) in
width. At the point of the posts the net will be 5 -l in height and in the middle
5 (feet). The height of the posts will be 5 -1 from the ground.
Shuttlecock: Shuttlecocks are made of feather. Now a days for practice less
expensive plastic made shuttlecocks are available.
The players: Each team consists of one (Single) or two (Double) players play
between two teams.
Toss: Who will get side or service is decided by a toss.
Point: for man’s single or double, the game point is 15. For women the game
point is 11.
Rules of the doubles game:
For the first service the right side player will serve diagonally in the
opponent’s court. He only can receive the service to whom it is served. No
player can serve twice in a single game. The winner of the first game will
serve at the beginning of the second game.
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7.
Rules of the single game:
If the score of the server is zero or even then the player will serve from the
right court and if point is an odd number the service will start from the left
court. After each point scored the players will change their service or the
receiving court.
8.
Penalty for a fault:
a) If the server breaks a rule then their running service will be cancelled. If
the opponents make same mistake the server will score a point.
b) Service cannot be taken unless the opponent is ready.
c) The server and the receiver both will be motionless and start the game.
During this time no line of the court can be touched.
d) If during service the shuttlecock touches the net or line the service will be
cancelled.
e) If during service the shuttlecock falls from the hand it can be picked up and
the server will again get a chance to serve. But if it falls alter touching the
recket then the service will be cancelled.
9.
The faults:
a) If the bottom of the shuttlecock is not hit correctly.
b) If the racket remains over the waist during service.
c) If the shuttlecock is dropped in the wrong court.
d) During a ninning game touching the net with cloth or the body.
e) If the same player hits the shuttle consecutively.
f) If the player cheats while serving.
10. Umpires: The game will be conducted by an experienced umpire. If he feels
necessary he can take help of a referee.
11. The technique of the game:
a) To serve: The shuffle should be sent in opponents court a little higher from
the net or sent with a big height according to server’s own skill.
b) Receiving service: While receiving the service a keen eye should be kept
on the shuffle. The moment the shuffle comes to your reach hit it back to
opponents court in a vacant space of the court
c) Smash: The hand from behind and above with a upper swing with a trend
of the wrist downward the shuttle should be hit hard.
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Putting the body in an orderly manner:
We are indifferent in maintaining the correct body posture. Due to this indifference
the body is affected. Never one should sit or walk ending forward, bending
sideward and bending the neck, the back and the waist.
Kabaddi:
Kabaddi is a very popular game with the rural people of Bangladesh. Previously it
was called Ha-du-du, Che-dug-dug. Chu kit-kit etc. and was played under various
rules. Now the game has been named as kabaddi to bring uniformity of names,
rules, and regulations. The Government has formed Bangladesh Kabaddi.
Federation with a view to bringing all round development of this game.
a.
Kabbadi court: It is a leveled and rectangular ground. The ground is made of
earth, manure and sawdust. For men, the kabaddi court measures 12.5’
metres long and 10 metres broad, but for women and juniors, the length and
breadth are 11 metres and 8 metres.
i) Midline-The kabaddi court is divided into two halves by a line called mid
line.
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ii) Baulk line-In each court a line will be drown 3 metres away from and
parallel to the midline. This line is called the baulk line.
iii) Lobby-In each side along the length of the court, there will be a strip called
lobby. It will measure 11 metres in length and 1 metre in breadth.
iv) Sitting block-In each end of the court, there will be a seating block where
the dead players will sit during the game. The measurement of this block is
6m 1m.
v) Every line drown for making a court will be 5 cm. in breadth.
b.
Players- 12 players will make a team. 7 players will take part in the game and
5 players will be kept as substitute.
c.
Playing time- The playing time is divided into two halves. Each half will be of
20 minutes duration. In between these two halves, there will be a recess of 5
minutes. For women, junior boys and girls, the timing will be (15 { 5 ± 15)
minutes.
d.
Game conducting officials- In order to conduct the game, the officials will be
one referee, two umpires, one scorer and two assistant scorers. The decision of
the umpires shall be the final and if there is any disagreement between the two
umpires, the referee will give the final decision on that dispute.
e.
Rules of play:
i) Toss- The referee will take the toss before the captains of both teams.
ii) Start of the game- The side that wins the toss, have the choice of the court
or the raid. But in the second half, the side will be changed and the side
which had not sent their raider first, will send their raider in this half.
iii) Raid- On signal from the umpire, a player will raid the opponent court with
a cant called kabaddi-kabaddi-kabaddi. During the raid, he will not break
this cant. The raid will be done by the players of both teams alternately.
Games, Drills and Combined Exercise
63
iv) To put out a player- If a player touches any opponent during his raid and
comes back to his own court with the cant then the opponent play er will be
out and the winning team will score a point.
The out player will sit in the sitting block. And if the raider is caught, he will be
out and the opponent team, will scope a point.
v) If the raider is caught in the opponent’s court, the opponent team will score
a point. During raid, if any player touches the line, he will be out and the
opponent team will score a point.
vi) Lona- The play will be continued in this way one after another. When all
the players of a team will be out, the winning side will score two additional
points. This is called lona.
vii) If the raider fails to continue his cant and he is touched by any oppo nent,
he will be out and the opponent team will score a point.
viii) Fouls:
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
A raider should not be stifled by shutting his mouth or by any other way.
Violent tackling will not be allowed.
The raider will not be held with the help of scissors operated by legs.
A raider -shall not take more than 5 minuets to start his raid.
ix) Techniques of raid:
(a) The raid in the opponent’s court can be taken either from the right or the left
side.
(b) The raider will try to cross the baulk line first and then he will attack the
opponent.
(c) During raid, the raider will not show his back to the opponent:
(d) The raider will not close both feet together. He may be caught by the opponent
easily.
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(e) While returning to own court, the-raider should pause a few moments in the
midline area of the opponent and come back quickly so that he can not be
pursued suddenly by the opponent.
k) Techniques of defence:
(a) The opponent team will try to block the raider so that he can not cross the
baulkline. If the raider fails to cross the baulkline, he will be out
(h) The opponent will try to catch the raider by adopting various ways. They will
allure him, so that the raider can not go back with full cant
(c) The raider can be caught by the chest, Legs and the palm of the hand.
(d) The opponent players may make chain to block the raider and keep him in
their court. The leg of the raider can be caught and raised high quickly so that
he loses his strength.
(c) As soon as the raid is over, the raider can be pursued quickly.
Kabaddi is a team game. In order to gain experience, regular practice is
required. Since no equipment is required for this game, it can be organ ised
easily and the children and youth get much enthusiasm from this game.
Silent games:
Due to inclement weather ie rain, excessive heat, wind etc. when it is not possible
to conduct physical education classes the teacher arranges for some silent games so
that the students can pass time with pleasure.
The guess of the blind:
Number : All students of the class.
Equipment: a stick or cane.
Playing procedure:
One student will be made blind by teethe a piece of cloth on his eyes. Others will
make a suitable circle and stand round it. Now the blind player will remain
standing silently in his place or move around of his own spot 34 times. In the mean
time others will change their places in the circle. The blind now slowly moves
around and touches others with his stick and ask him. “Tell me who I’m?” the
student who is touched by the stick will change his own voice and repeat the blind
man’s sayings three times: The blind will imaging his name from hearing his
voice.
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A touch or pinch on the forehead:
The students will be divided into two equal groups and sit face to face 20- 25 feet
away from each other. After winning the toss the leader will shut the eyes of one of
the opponents with his hand. From the beckoning of the leader one player will
come running and give a pinch or touch the forehead of the blind player and go
back to his line and sitdown. All other players will start talking with one another in
a low voice and make various gestures and posture to show as if they are very
busy. The group leader will take away his hand from the eyes of the player. The
player now will guess and try to recognize the player who pinched his forehead
within 5-7 seconds. If successful he will get one point. Then the leader of the blind
group will make the eyes of one of the members of the opposite group lose and the
same sequence will follow. In this way all players of the team will have a chance
of becoming blind and pincher. In the stipulated time the party whose sore is
highest will be declared winner.
Stealing the handkerchief:
Like other countries of the world this game is widely prevalent in our country.
Equipment: One handkerchief.
Participants: Everybody.
The playing procedure and rules:
All will sit in a circle facing the centre of the circle. One player will act as a thief.
He will take a handkerchief and pretend to keep the handkerchief behind
everybody’s hack. Whoever’s back the handkerchief has been kept he will try to
find it. When he finds it, immediately he will chase the thief. The thief of the
handcarchief will sit in the vacant place of the chaser. And in this way the game
will go on. If the chaser is successful in touching the thief before he sits in the
vacant place, then the thief will have to go round to keep the handkarchief behind
anybody.
If there is a hunge member of players the group can e divide into small groups and
continue the game.
The physical teacher should keep an eye that every member of the group gets the
handkerchief and the exchange of handkerchief does not become the monopoly of
a chosen few.
66
Class formation:
Outside the school premises different kinds of class formations are required. To
take part in sports and games and formal marching disciplinary class formation is
indispensable.
Line and file: When everybody stands side by side, that is one stands at the left of
another, this formation is called a line. When one stands behind one and behind
him stands another, this formation is called a file.
Drill
Drill means repetition of some regular activities.
Through the repetition of some regular activities
students can learn discipline, leadership and
obedience. Generally for physical exercise and
conducting of sports and games the teacher or leader
gives command informally. But in military drill
formal command is given.
According to the military rule each group will stand
in three files before the commander. The
commander will stand at a distance of 10/15 steps.
When the command is given, the commander will
come to attention position. To finish or to start the
drill whatever signal is given is called command.
Before giving order the commander has to perform
certain responsibilities.
These are stated bellow:
(a) Address: Before giving any command the commander should address a
caution or get ready sound to the group. For example class/squad etc.
(b) The command.
1. Caution address - parade/class. The word squad is to be pronounced. After that
what work will have to be done is to be announced.
2. There will be a short pause.
3.
Effective order should be given - for example: Stand at-ease. A rough sketch is
given below so that the drill activity becomes easy. This will help all.
Objective
Place
1 . Attention
Standing Attain-tion or
Caution
2.
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Stand at ease
Command
Work or Action or order
To stand with both the legs
together. In this position the
heels of both legs will be
together and the toes of both the
legs will remain at a distance of
400-450 from one another.
”
Stand at ease
Stand at ease Stand keeping the
right foot in place and widening
the left foot apart. Both the
hands will be at the back and
keep in right hand on the left
hand.
3. Ease/rest
”
Stand-Easy
Will take rest But feet wil1 stay
in the same place.
4. Mark time
”
Mark- time
In attention position the
feet will be up and down by
bending the knees alternatively.
5. Stop mark time
”
Half or Now-Stop All wil1 mark time and stop at
the count of 1-2.
6. To turn
”
Right Turn
On the heel of the right foot and
the ball of the left foot turn right
and the back foot will come
forward to meet the other foot.
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Turning in this way or changing sides to the left (the opposite procedure of turning
right) also can be done.
Daily Assembly
The daily assembly is included in the routine of all sorts of educational institutions.
Generally in the dry season the open space of the institution and in the rainy season
or during inclement weather the assembly room of the institution or a class room
could be used for daily assembly.
The physical education teacher or any other teacher selected by the Headmaster
will conduct the assembly. It is compulsory for all the teachers of the institution to
be present in the assembly.
The students of the institution will stand n line or file according to their height in
front of the national flag housewise.
The teachers will stand face to face with the students housewise. The work of the
daily assembly will be the following.
1. To recite some portion from the holly books.
2. Hoisting of the national flag and saluting it.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
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Oath taking.
Physical training for five minutes i.e. combined exercises (P.T.)
Lecture of the head of the institution (if required)
National anthem
When the assembly is over the students in a file will return to their class rooms
in a disciplined way.
Oath:
I am taking oath that, I will keep myself engaged in the service of mankind. I shall
be obedient to my country. I shall remain ever endeavoring for the solidarity and
unity of my country. O Allah give me strength so that I can serve Bangladesh and
build Bangladesh a strong state.
The Nation at Anthem.
Avgvi †mvbvi evsjv ................. Avwg
bqb R‡j fvwm|
Combined drill
At the beginning of each exercise everybody will stand straight and with the signal
start the exercises.
A) Introductory exercises:
First drill: With the first signal every body
will put one hand on the hip and the other
hand will extend sideways up to the shoulder
level and stand erect. With the second signal
they will raise their right and left feet and
start jumping. With the third signal they will
stop.
The second and the third exercise: In the
same way by keeping both the hands on the hips and keeping both the hands
sideways the exercise will be repeated.
70
B) Exercises for the hand and the shoulders:
The exercise is called Jumping Jack.
Exercise (1) : With the first signal everybody
by turn will stand on the legs apart and clap
with both hands over the head and come to the
original position. This exercise will go on
rhythmically. With the second signal
everybody will come to a stop.
Exercise (2): With the first signal everybody
will raise one hand on their head and keep the
other hand on their side and stand. With the
second signal everybody will raise their other
hand by turn and give a clap and bring the
hand down. With the third signal everybody
will spread both hands at their sides and stop.
C) Exercises for the legs:
First exercise: On the first signal stand erect
with hands on the hips. On the second signal
all by turn will spread their legs once on their
sides and bring the legs together with a jump.
With the third signal everybody will bring
their legs together and stop.
Second exercise: On the first signal all will
stand as before. On the second signal by turn
both feet wide, one foot front and other back
and jump.
71
D) Combined drill (Co-ordination exercise)
First exercise: At the first signal every body will
stand straight. With the second signal everybody by
turn will raise their both hands on the side of their
body and spread their legs apart and again stand
straight. With the 3rd signal all will stop.
Second exercise: On the first signal everybody will
stand straight. On the second signal everybody in
turn will clap under the knees and over the head. On
the third signal everybody will bring their feet
together and stop.
Through a salutation the Combined drill (Exercises) will be over. It will look better
if the salutation is performed just after the end of the activities of the third signal.
1.
Exercises
Put a tick mark (√) against the correct answer.
a) Blind manes guess
(1) A foreign game
(2) A rural game
(3) Boys game
(4) A silent game
b) In between the home and
(1) l2yds.
(2) 14 yds.
(3) 18 yds.
(4) 40 yds.
c) In the present world football is a
(1) popular game
(2) urban game
(3) foreign game
(4) good game.
d) What is the diameter of a teni-kait ring?
(1) 5 inches/ 12.7 cm
(2) Almost7 inches /17.78 cm
(3) 12 inches/ 30.48 cm
(4) 11 to 12 inches/27.14 cm.
e) Pinching or touching the forehead is played
(1) among all groups
(2) between three groups
(3) between four groups
(4) between two groups
72
2.
Fill in the blanks
a) For each group one been bag and totally will be used.
b) if to cannot be out from ____
c) Chaser and runner for their each turn will get minutes.
d) According to the international rule the duration the football game is _____
e) When one stands beside other and thus is made.
3.
Answer in brief
(a) What is a minor game?
(b) What type of game is kho kho?
(c) What are the other names of Dana banda?
(d) Where is football played in Bangladesh?
(e) When does the daily assembly take place?
(f) When was Badminton game first played?
5. Essay type questions
a) Write the procedure of playing dodge ball.
b) Draw a map of the football field.
c) Write down the faults of badminton game.
d) How will you play the stealing handkerchief game or touching the fore
head game.
e) Describe the programme of daily assembly.
f) Describe any of the small games.
g) What are a line and a file?
h) Write down the measurements of Kahaddi Court.
i) In Gollachut game, what are the techniques of Gollachut team in the
fielding side?
Chapter Four
Folk dance, Swimming,
Athletics and Local Games
Folk Dance
Everybody likes to express himself through various activities. Dancing may be one
of the activities through which one can show his physical abilities. Dancing is
performed in rhythm along with music. Folk dances in the country side are very
popular and people enjoy it thoroughly. There are various kinds of folk dances and
these can also be practiced in educational institutions. These dances are performed
in a body. So the students of an educational institution can par ticipate in such
group dances. It not only gives recreation but also provides physical exercises. The
folk dances are bamboo stick dance (Ion dance), small stick dance (kathi dance),
jhumur dance etc.
A. Bamboo stick dance (tori dance)
a. Location: Playing field or any open space.
b. Equipment: Bamboo sticks 3-4 feet long cane shield and small drum
c. Rhythm: Jha-jha-jha, Ta-ta-ta.
Bamboo stick dance is very popular in the country side. It creates enthusiasm
among the performers as well as the spectators. It is a rhythmic activity and cannot
be performed without music. The students of educational institutions can take part
in this activity in a group.
It is a good media for learning defensive technique and preservation of health. The
dance can be organized on a competitive basis where the performers can show their
excellence.
The bamboo stick dance has several parts. These are: a. friendly dance (Shoka
Nritya), b. Ali dance (dance of showing bravery), c. Victory dance (Buoy nritya),
d. Rowing dance. All these dances are performed with rhythm. On a sig nal from
the teacher the drummer starts playing the drum and the participants start their
performance. These are the dances of primary stages.
Technique of the dance:
The students will take the cane shield and the stick in their left hand and stand
74
in files. They will be equal in number in each file. The teacher will stand in front of
the file and the drummer will stand at a little distance away from the files. The
students will reach to the starting point with double marching.
a. Friendly dance (Shoka Nritya): On having a signal from the teacher, the
drummer starts beating the dram in a jha-jha-jha rhythm. The students start
marking time on the spot after the second signal. The students will move for ward
in files when the teacher gives the third signal. They will do the ‘double mark
time” and after covering some distance in the fIeld they will Lome back to their
original position. On the fourth signal, the students will stop manning time. This
activity is called “Paitara”. It means the preparation of the r activ
The teacher will not say anything but will blow his whistle to indicate the s nal.
The signals and the activities are serialized belov
Signal one: The drummer beats one loud sound. The players will stand in two files
with even number of players. The students hold the head of the stick ith their right
hand and ring it out quickly from the left hand. But the tapering part of the stick
will still be held by the left hand along with the shield. The position of the hands
will be straight and placed on both the thighs.
Signal two: The drum will be beating rhythmically and the students will start
performing the activity. Say, there are two files of students. The students of both
the files will raise their hands inwardly as high as possible keeping the sticks in
their hands. The first file will move the hand from right to left and the second file
will do it from left to right.
The toes of the right legs of the first file will he placed on the front of the left leg.
Similarly the toes of left legs of the second file will he placed on the front of the
right leg. The raising of hands and placing of toes will he done simultaneously with
the rhythm of the drum heating. When the students raise their sticks at left and
right direction their eyes will .follow the movement of the sticks.
Signal three: Both the files will move forward. When they reach the cud of the
ground, they will turn back. The first file will turn to the right and the second file
to the left direction and they will come hack to their original position.
Signal four: The participants of both the teams will continue the performance on
the same place.
Folk dance, Swimming, Athletics and Local Games
75
Signal five: The drum beating and activities will be stopped.
Signal six: The players will come to the original position again and the files will
leave the ground, keeping rhythm with drum beat.
The shoka dance is required to be practised thoroughly. This may be performed in
any particular occasion. the performers as well as the spectators enjoy it very
much.
B. Small Stick dance (Kathi Nritya):
This dance is very much known as Brotochari Nritya. It is so named after
Gurusadaya Dutt who innovated this dance and introduced it successfully among
the young children. The dance is performed with two small sticks in hand and with
patriotic song. The song motivates and inspires people to work for building up the
country. The students can get a lot of enthusiasm in the dance and build their
health.
The stick dance is performed in an open space. It has 3 parts: rhythm, music and
folk song.
Equipment: To small sticks for each student. The sticks are generally 2 -2.5 long
and tapering towards the end, one small drum with drumstick and whistle.
Techniques of the dance:
i) The students will stand in files with two sticks in hand. There will be 3 files
and number of students in each file will be even. The number of the second
file will be 2.50 times bigger than the first file and the number of the third file
will be double of the number of the second file. Say. for example, the number
of students in the first file is 12. so the number of the second and third files
will be 30 and 60 respectively.
ii) The students will dance in the circles. There will be 3 circles. The first file will
form the inner circle. The third file will be in the outer circle, while the second
file will stand in between the first and third circles.
iii) The circles will be prepared in the ground with white lime. The signals of the
dance will be given by the teacher with his whistle and the drummer will start
beating the drums with the signal.
Sequence of the dance:
In the preparation of the dance; the students will stand in files facing the ground.
They will hold two sticks in both hands. On a signal, they will lower down the
76
hand at the hip level. Then they will bring it at the chest level on the next signal.
The students start marking time standing on the same spot rhythmically and drum
also starts beating. On getting the next signal, the students enter the ground and
move to the circles prepared for them. When all of them are in proper circles, the
teacher will give another signal to stop marking time.
These are the preparatory parts of the dance. Now everything is set for the actual
dance. In this dance also, the signals are very important. In order to perform this in
a befitting manner the signals along with the dance sequences are given below:
Signal 1: The three files will move forward keeping the circles at their left. They
will follow the rhythm of the drum. The rhythm is dhatin-ta, dhatin-ta, tak-ta,
dhatin-ta.
Signal 2: They will move fast by making double mark time. They will follow the
same rhythm of the drum.
Signal 3: They will stop marking and the two sticks will be taken at the left hand.
The odd members of each file will make an about turn to the even number holders.
While the even numbers will not make any turn. For example-the odd numbers
1,3,57, 9 etc. will turn to the even members 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 etc.
Signal 4: The students will now cross the sticks in front of each other. At the time
of crossing sticks, they will strike to each other’s stick and will make a sound with
the sound of the drum.
Signal 5: With the continuous rhythm of drum beating, the performers will strike
both the sticks up and down and at the same time, they will make a sound by
hitting the ground with their right feet. This activity will be performed seven times.
Signal 6: The performers will strike the opponent’s stick once by the right and then
by the left hand. While striking, they will make sound with their feet.
Signal 7: The students in their files will move forward along the respective circles
and will continue the striking of sticks with the rhythm of the drum.
Signal 8: The students will slowly come back to their original position and leave
the ground filewise. The third file will leave first and they will be followed by the
second and first files.
The stick dance has many varieties. It can be performed singly or in twos. It can
also be performed sitting on the knees or on the ground and even in lying position
too. The stick dance is performed with patriotic songs. During the activity,
77
they sing the song in a chorus.
Song of Lory Dance
Kodal chalai
Chal kodal chalai
Vule moner balai
Jhere ashal mejaj
Habe sharir bhalai
Jota baadhir balai
Bolbe palai palai Peter khudhar jalai
Khavo khir ar malai
Song of Stick Dance
Kathir nrittya karte shabere
Bhaire na kario hela
Sakal khelar bara khalare
Ore moder bhai
Khathi nacher khala
Bhai khati nacher khela
Khathi shamalo-re-bhai khathi shamalo
Chokhe mukhe lage jadi re
Ore moder bhai
Nam dosh nai
Shabe khathi shamalo.
C. Jhumur dance:
It is a folk dance and is very popular in countryside. The dance is performed in a
group. It is a good form of recreation and gives a lot of physical exercises. The
dance should be practised in educational institutions. The girl students can per
form the dance very well. This is also a rhythmical activity. The dance is prac tised
with the drum beating rhythmically.
Equipment:
i. Two pairs of jhumurs for each student
ii. Small drum
iii. Whistle Technique of the dance:
The students will fall in two files. One file will be smaller in number than the
other. The smaller file will stand at the left of the bigger one. Every student will
take two pairs of Jhumurs in their hands.
78
Sequence of the dance: After making files, the teacher will give signal by blowing
his whistle. The sequences of jhumur dance are stated below with the numbers of
signals.
Signal 1: The students will make a small jump on the spot with both hands on the
hip.
Signal 2: The students will make two circles in the field. The small number of
students will form the inner circle and the bigger one will stay in the outer cir cle.
The teacher will take his position in the centre of the circle.
Signal 3: The students will turn left facing the teacher. The drum will start beat ing
and the students will take necessary space by extending their hands side vise. They
will be marking time while they take space.
Signal 4: The students will stop marking time and their hands will come back to
their original position.
Signal 5: Two hands will be at the hip position and 1-7 steps are to be taken at the
left side with the rhythm of the drum. The right and left feet will take the steps
alternately. The teacher will count the number 1, 2 and 3. At each count, the
students will dance following the sequence. When the teacher counts the number
three, both hands will come forward and down. In each sequence of the dance, the
students will be with the jhumurs in their hands which will make a uniform sound.
The teacher will continue the sequence until a uniform sound is made. This
sequence of dance is to be practised twice.
Signal 6: The left hand will circle around the head and will then lower down in
front of the body. As per the teacher’s count, the students will take 1-7 steps and in
each step, they will strike the jhumur for the sound. At third count the hands will
come down.
Signal 7: The right hand will perform the same sequence of dance as done in signal
6.
Signal 8: Now two hands will perform this sequence simultaneously. 1-7 steps are
to be taken by the students under the same counting.
In this sequence, the dance will be progressing.
There are many variations of the sequences of jhumur dance. The teacher can
innovate new sequences which will be very attractive. The dance can also be
performed with songs. These songs are mostly folk in nature. An example of a flok
song is given below.
Folk dance, Swirnming, Athletics and Local Games
79
Jhumur Song
Aga dale basho kokil
Maj dale basho re
Vangilo birikher dal
Jibane flair ashare
Akale pushilum pakhi
Khud kura dia re.
Shakale palalilo pakhi
Damn shok diare
Swimming
Nobody can deny the necessity of learning swimming. It has manifold useful ness.
The people of Bangladesh are closely associated with swimming. They learn
swimming from the early childhood. Swimming is a very good exercise. It helps to
keep a person physically fit. Swimming can be practised by persons of any age
group. The students should learn and practise it regularly. Swimming pool is the
proper place where swimming techniques can be learnt. But it can be learnt in
other water bodies which are safe.
Equipment: Artificial aids to buoyancy like floats, rubber tubes, life jackets and
improvised equipment like dry bamboos, aluminium pitchers etc can be used for
the primary learners.
Precautionary steps for the learners: The pool should be shallow and water should
be clean. The arrangement should be made to use the artificial aids to buoyancy.
The learners having skin diseases should not be allowed to swim and they should
maintain healthful habits. They must not spit or urinate in the water of the pooi.
The learners should take special note that they will take breath by mouth and will
keep their eyes open in the water. Learn breathing with nose and mouth. Try to
take deep breathing.
Type of swimming
Generally, there are four styles of swimming. These are-1. Front crawl, 2. Back
stroke, 3. Breast stroke and 4. Butterfly. In this chapter, the techniques of front
crawl and back stroke are described.
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1. Front crawl:
It is a very competitive style of swimming. The swimmers are to work very hard to
learn the technique of the front crawl. The students are naturally fond of learning
this style of swimming.
Techniques of front crawl:
a. The body will be in the horizontal position in the water and the head will be
raised a little over the water. Breathing will be done by the mouth when it will
be turned either at the right or at the left.
b. The legs will be closed together and will remain inside the water. The heels
will break the water surface only. The leg-action starts from the hips and
ripples down in the water. It is a scissors like action and the feet hit the water
finishing with a whiplash effect.
c. The hands will move forward alternately. One arm is splashed forward and
will pull water at the side of the body and at the same time, the other hands
bent at the elbow is lifted from water and splashed forward for a similar
action. The hand is slightly cupped while it pulls water.
d. In each movement of a hand the scissors-like leg action will be 3-4 times. The
movement of the legs and the hands are to be systematic and the ratio of
movements between these two will be 1 : 3 or 1 : 4 respectively.
e. The swimmer will take air when his head comes above water and he will
breath out into the water.
2. Back stroke:
This is also a very good style in competitive swimming. The swimmers can float
on the back and feel comfortable in this swimming. They do not face any difficulty
in breathing.
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Techniques of back stroke:
a. The stroke starts when the swimmer get into water. The body remains
horizontal in position with the hip slightly below the surface. The head is com
fortably pillowed on the water and the ears are just below the surface of the
water. The eyes will be usually looking upwards and slightly towards the feet.
b. The arm action operates continuously without pause.. The hands enter into
water alternately with little finger first. It pulls water sideways. It works like
the blade of an oar.
c. There are usually six leg-beats to one complete arm cycle. The leg move ment
is similar to that of front crawl except that there should be a slight inward
rotation of the legs which produces a whipping action. The leg will never be
up of the water.
d. The movements of the legs and the arms are integrated and systematic. The
ratio of these movements is 3 1 or 4 1.
e. Since the head remains on the surface of the water looking upwards no
problems of breathing arise. The swimmers can practise breathing as per
convenience.
Athletics
Athletics is also called the track and field sport. The running events are held in a
track while the jumping and throwing events are performed in a field. An athlete
acquires speed, stamina, endurance, power through these activities. The students
like athletic sports and take part in it with much enthusiasm. In fact, athletic
competition is the most attractive one and it dates back in the ancient Olympics. In
the modern Olympic competitions, the athletic events become the centre of all
attractions.
Athletics has two sections viz-track and field. The track events are short, mid dle
and long distance runs. The running events up to 400 metres. 1000 metres and
beyond 1000 metres fall in the category of short, middle and long distance runs
respectively. The start of short distance run is very important. If an athlete can not
take proper start for the sprints, he can not succeed in it. There are 3 types of starts
for short run or sprint, middle and long distance runs. These are bunch, medium
and elongated.
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50 metre and 80 metre runs:
The 50m. and 80m. runs are called dash or sprint. The athletes are to run as fast as
possible. So the start of the sprint plays an important role to win the run.
b.
c.
Techniques of the sprint:
a. The body is to be warmed-up thoroughly
The athlete will take some preparatory starts to
adjust himself so that no false start occur
During these starts, the athlete will run at least
20-30 meters from the starting block. This will
give him self-confidence. During this run the
co-ordi nation of the hand with the feet is very essential.
Generally the sprinters use crouch start for the fast running events. The athlete
will put his both hands and one knee just behind the starting line. The other
knee will be in raised position. Both the feet will be set on the starting blocks.
On the starting signal, the athlete will give a powerful push with his feet
against the starting blocks and will move forward very fast. He will run on his
feet and will lean forward shightly. He will look forward. In this sprint, the
athlete will maintain the same speed from the start to finish. After crossing the
finishing line, he will not stop but runs a few metres.
High Jump
It is an interesting event for the new athletes. Traditionally, the new athletes try to
cross the bar in scissors style.
But it does not help them to jump over a good height. Several modem methods
have been invented and proved effective in crossing the bar. These methods are
western roll, straddle or belly roll, fosbery flop etc. Among these methods, fosbery
flop has been proved most effective and it is the latest one also. The athletes use
this techniques now a days.
83
Western roll and straddle or belly roll:
It is the best for the beginners to learn western roll first. If the athlete learns the
western roll well, it will be easier for him to learn the straddle roll. The techin ques
of these two methods are more or less same.
The difference between these two
methods is the technique of take off. In
western roll method, the athlete takes
seven steps as approach run from an
angular degree of 450 while in straddle
roll, this angular distance is 300 and it
requires 8/9 steps for take off.
Techniques of high jump:
a. The athlete will make an approach run of 7-9 steps for take off. The approach
run will be of 3 00-450 angle.
b. The toe of the take off foot will be placed around 18 from the crossbar. If the
left foot of an athlete is the take off foot then he will approach the bar from the
left side. He will kick his right leg high spring off his left foot and cross over
the bar with his left side keeping the feet together. He will then turn by
twisting his hip and land on his left leg and on both the arms.
c. In the style of straddle or belly roll, the athlete will kick the right leg as high
84
d.
as possible in order to raise his body and turn about, so that the stomach
remains towards the bar at the peak of the jump. The athlete will now land in
the pit on his back or on his right side.
For the learners of high jump, the cross bar is to be fixed at a very low height
so that they do not become afraid of it, the athlete will try to kick the opposite
foot as high as possible after take off and landing will be on the opposite foot
of the take off foot.
Fosbery Flop:
This style of high jump has been proved most effective and the technique is very
scientific. It is quite different from other styles of high jump. The special char
acteristics of this method are that the athlete takes the approach run in a banana
like semi-circular manner. He uses one foot for take off similar as scissors style,
lifts the centre of gravit yof the body and crosses over the bar on the back. His
landing is also different from other styles. He lands on the neck. For the safety of
the neck and the head, high foam must be used under the cross bar.
Long Jump:
The main objective of long jump is to cross a distance as far as possible. To
achieve this objective, the athlete after take off will jump high and forward so that
he can cross a good distance.
85
Techniques of long jump:
The athlete will warm-up his body thoroughly before taking part in long jump. To
cross a good distance, he is to run in high speed. So he is to practice good approach
run and to take off correctly from the take off board. He will land on both feet, his
knees will be tucked in his chest. The techniques of long jump comprises four
aspects viz- a. approach run, b. take off, c. hang in the air and d. landing.
a.
Approach run: The athlete is to run from a short distance with high speed. This
speed helps him to raise the body in the air and to cross a good distance. The
athlete is required to perfect his approach run so that his take off
feet will be placed on the take off board rightly. So he, is to practise it very
hard and he will perfect it by putting check marks on the approach run.
b.
Take off: At the end of approach run, the take off foot will be planted on the
take off board and then he will make a forward high jump as much as he can.
This will help him to raise the body in the air.
c.
Hang in the air : While raising the body high, the two hands will make a
forceful swing from backward to forward. During the gaining of height, he
will make a hitch kick in the air and will take steps like right, left and right.
This walking in the air helps to gain distance.
d.
Landing: While the jumper lands, he will swing his arms forward and will put
his legs as f away as possible. His heels will land first in the pit. The knees
will be bent a little and the balance of the body will be maintained by the
hands.
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Hop, step and Jump
It is as good as a long jump with a little difference The take off foot takes a hop
first and lands on the same foot. Then the athlete takes a step and lands on ‘he
other foot. H.e then takes the final jump and lands on both feet like long jump. It is
like a bouncing ball. The hop is a low bounce, the step slightly higher rnd the final
jump is the highest of all. To do good in this event, the athlete is required to have
good practice on long jump.
The athlete will, as usual, warm up his body and will take some preparatory
approach runs to see whether the check marks are correct or not, it is ely essential
to take a correct take off.
Hop: The jumper takes a jump on the take off loot and lands flat on the ground
The body lands over the hopping foot. The chest will be kept up and the other foot
will be driven forward to take the step. The arms swing vi obtain a more powerful
jump.
Step: if the athlete take the hop on left foot, he will take the next step with hi right
loot. The weight of the body will be a Rule bit forward, the knees Will be up and
will be gliding in the air.
Jump: As soon as the right foot, after the hop, touches the ground, he will make a
speedy jump and land on both feet.
Throwing of Tennis ball
It is a very good exercise for the school children. When it is organized on
competitive basis, the children enjoy it very much. The throwing of tennis hail
makes the hand strong and it also gives strength to the f as well as the body.
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Techniques and rules:
a. The ball will be caught by all the fingers of the hand. The students will take at
least 10-15 steps to throw the ball.
b. When the bail is thrown, the opposit hand and foot will be towards the
direction of the ball.
c. The check line will not be crossed by the leading foot while throwing and the
1a: step will be a little longer than the pervious one. The throwing hand will
come from behind the shoulder.
The students can practise the throwing regularly in order to get proficiency in this
event.
Game of Carrom
Carram belongs to the group of indoor games. It is very popular among the rural
and the urban people. The game of carrom is played between two or four players.
In the single competition, the two players sit at the board face to face. But in
doubles game, the players of the same team sit face to face.
Equipment:
The following equipment is required to play the
game of carrom: Carrorn board, carrorri men (19 in
number 9 white, 9 black and I red), striker, table or
stand and powder.
Methods of play:
1. The car are se within the circle in the middle.
The red is called the queen and is placed in the
centre of the circle. The white and black
carrommen are set in the circle alternately.
2. The chance of the first strike at the start of the
game is decided by a toss. He strikes the carrom men with the striker. The first
striker will try to pocket the white carrom men and his opponent will play with
black ones,
3. The queen is common. If any player can pocket the queen rightly, he earns 3
points.
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4.
A player will continue his striking so long he can pocket his carrommen or
queen. But once he fails, his change goes and his opponent gets the chance to
strike.
The player or the team wins the board if he or the team can pocket all his or
team’s carrommen. He will count the opponent’s carrommen left in the board.
He will earn one point against each carrommen and 3 points for the queen if it
is pocketed as per rules.
A game is counted by 25 points. The player or team will win if he or the team
can score 25 point first.
The game is conducted by an umpire.
5.
6.
7.
Bagatelle or Bagaduli:
This is an indoor recreational game and is very interesting to the young as well as
aged persons.
The game requires cool temperament. Sine the small marble moves in different
directions in the begatelle board, the player gets exited to see where the marble
settles. Because in each hole or circle, there
exists a number. The marbles thus placed, will
bring a total number these numbers are
counted finally to decide the winner.
Equipment: Bagatelle board, small glass
marbles., a small wooden stick and score
sheet.
Method:
The bagatelle board contains several holes
and, semi-circles made with iron pins. Each
hole and semi-circles has been marked with
different numbers. A small wooden passage
has been set at the right side of the board. It
has been partition with a thin piece of board.
A similar passage is made
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at the bottom of the board. The glass marbles are placed in this base at the bot tom.
The bagatelle player pushes the marbles one by one with the help of the stick.
When the marbles set either in a hole or in a semi-circle, he scores that number
mentions in the spot. If the marble does not settle in any hole or semi circle, the
score will be zero. There are two special marks in the board. One is T.A. meaning
“Try Again” and the other is LTP which means “Lost Total Points”
Scoring: The total score of this game is 100. The player scoring these marks wins
the board.
Indoor Games
The Game of Ludo
Ludo is also included as an event of indoor games. It is a very simple but exit ing
game. There are two types of ludu game-box ludo and snake ludo.
Equipment:
a. Box Ludo: Ludo board with painted boxes, 16 four coloured counters, a dice
and a dice box.
b. Snake Ludo: Ludo board with snakes and ladders of different shapes. 4 pieces
of colourd counters, a dice arid a dice box.
Methods of game:
Ludo game is played by 2-4 persons. In the box ludo, the 4 sets of coloured
counters are set in their respective homes. The players throw the dice with the help
of the dice-box on the board. If the dice shows the number 6, he can get out one of
his four counters and moves it towards FIOME. In this way, the game progress.
Since 6 is the opening number and if a player gets 6 at one chance, he will try
again. If a player gets three 6 consecutively his score or the number, he got will be
lost. D the game, a player can attack his opponent’s counter when it comes across
the way. In that case the attacked counter will be out and will be sent back to its
home again. If a player can move all his four counters to his own HOME by
traveling successfully all the square boxes, he will win the game.
Method of Snake Ludo: The player who starts first, sets the spotted dice on the
board. If he gets number 1, he can bring his counter out of the interned home and
start his journey towards 100. On its journey, it will see the snakes and movable
ladders. If the counter reaches the bottom of the ladder, it goes to the top
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of it automatically. But if it falls in the mouth of a snake, it will come down to the
tail of the snake. In this way, the game progresses. The player who reaches 100
first, wins the game.
Exercises
1.
Put a tick mark (√) against the right answer:
a. In the small stick dance, students of which circle will leave the ground last?
(i) small circle
(ii) middle circle
(iii) large circle
(iv) all at a time
b. In the free style swimming, which part of the body is required to move
most?
(i) Hand
(ii) Leg
(ii) Head
(iv) Chest
c. Which jump is based on the most modern scientific method?
(i) Scissors cut
(ii) Front roll
(iii) Fosbery flop
(iv) Straddle roll
d. How many points are to be scored to win in a carrom game?
(i) 29
(ii) 27
(iii) 25
(iv) 23
e. Which one of the following items is not required to play bagatelle?
(i) Marble
(ii) Striker
(iii) Wooden stick
(i)
Bagatelle board
2.
There are two sets of words given below. Connect the words of the right hand
side with the words of the Left hand side with an arrow:
bamboo stick dance
swimmer
dice
bagatelle
high jump
red queen
ludo game
marble
3.
shokha/friendly dance
life jaket.
straddle or belly roll
carrom
Fill in the blanks with the right words:
a. Small stick dance is very much known as ______
b. During swimming, the breathing will be done the water.
c. The sprinters generally use ______ start for fast run.
d. An athlete uses his both feet for high jump.
e. In box ludo, a player wins the game if his counters can reach the safely.
4. Answer in brief
a. What are the stages of bamboo stick dance?
b. Write down the gradual steps of small stick dance.
c. What preparations do you need to take part in any running event?
d. How many styles are there in swimming? What are those styles?
e. Write down the names of some indoor games.
f. What are the functions of snakes and ladders in the snake ludo?
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Chapter Five
Guiding and Scouting
Girls Guiding:
Girls guiding is an international educational youth movement. Without discrim
inating caste, creed, colour and religion. The girls of the world are eligible to take
part in this movement. Girls guiding helps to build up character and values of the
young girls and girl children in order to make them good, honest and responsible
citizen of the country. It plays a complementary role to formal edu cation. It also
helps to make the guiders habituated to a health way of living through various
joyful activities.
Role of Bangladesh Girls Guiding:
Girls Guiding was in fact, introduced in this country long before but in a very
limited way. After achieving independence girls guiding was started a new with
much more activities than before. Bangladesh Girls Guide Association was
established in 1972 and keeping in view the future requirement of the girls in the
country, the Association took up a lot of programmes in educational institution.
Girls Guide promises:
With a view to building character and to bringing all-around development of girls
students of the country in a very systematic way, Girls Guiding has been divided
into 2 sections viz-(a) Yellow Birds, and (b) Girls Guides. Girls belong ing to the
age group of 6 to 10 years, fall in the category of Yellow Birds and the girls aged
between ii to 16 years are called Girls Guide. But to become a good guide, they are
to undergo certain set training and every member of the Girls Guide is to take
successfully.
A. Yellow Bird Promises:
On my honour I promise that I will do my best
To do my duty to Allah and my country.
To help other people at all times and specially the people at home.
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B. Girls Guide promises
On my honour I promise that I will do my best
To do my duty to Allah and my country.
To help people at all times.
To obey the guide laws.
The Guide laws
1. A Guide’s honour is to be trusted.
2. A Guide is loyal to her-country, her Guiders.
3 A Guide’s duty is to be useful and to help others.
4. A Guide is a friend to all and a sister to all guides.
5. A Guide is courteous.
6. A Guide is a friend to animals.
7. A Guide obeys orders.
8. A Guide smiles and sings under all difficulties.
9. A Guide is thrifty.
10. A Guide is clean in thought, word and deed.
Guide Motto
The Guides’ motto is, “Be prepared”.
National Flag and Girls Guide World Flag:
A. National Flag
The National Flag of a country is the symbol of independence, sovereignty and
national pride. The National Flag of Bangladesh is made of green colour in the
background with red sun inside. The green colour indicates the natural scenery of
the country and it also resembles the youthfulness and vigour of life. The red sun
symbolises the War of Liberation.
Design of the national flag:
It is rectangular in shape. The ratio of the length and breadth of the flag is 10:6.
The radius of the red circle in the flag will be one fifth of the length of the flag.
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Rules of using the national flag:
The national flag is hoisted in the public places, buildings etc. on all nationally
important days. In other important occasions, the hag is also be hoisted. During the
ceremony of hoisting the flag, everybody shows respect by standing silently. The
flag remains hoisted during the day time. It is to be kept in mind that it must be in
proper size and colour. The flag is hoisted half-mast on any nation ally important
mournful occasion.
B. Girls Guide World Flag:
Like all other national and international organisations, World Girls Guide
Association has its own flag. This flag is known as World Flag to all Girls Guides
Associations of the world. Each part of the flag signifies the basic principles and
objectives of the Girls Guide movement.
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Design of the Girls Guide World Flag:
The flag is square in shape and its length and breath are 91.44 cm 114.30 cm. Or
91.44 cm. 137.16 cm. The background of the flag is sky-blue in colour. There a
circle in the flag and within this circle there are three leaves which are golden
yellow in colour. The position of the three leaves within the circle will be in the c
U e between length and breadth of the hag. The blue colour of the flag resembles
the sky and expansion of guiding activities throughout the countries of the Girl g
world flag world. It also indicates he purity and liberalism of mind. The golden
yellow colour of the three leaves resembles the sun rays.
As the sun rays fall on rich and poor alike, the guides help everybody without
discrimination.
RvZxq msMxZ
National Anthem
Avwg †mvbvi evsjv, Avwg †Zvgvq fvjevwm|
wPiw`b †Zvgvi AvKvk, †Zvgvi evZvm, Avgvi cÖv‡Y evRvq euvwk||
I gv, dv¸‡b †Zvi Av‡gi e‡b NÖv‡Y cvMj K‡i,
gwi nvq, nvq †iI gv, ANÖv‡Y †Zvi fiv †¶‡Z Avwg Kx †`‡LwQ gayi nvwm||
Kx †kvfv, Kx Qvqv †Mv, Kx †mœn Kx gvqv †MvKx AvuPj weQv‡qQ e‡Ui g~‡j, b`xi Kz‡j Kz‡j|
gv, †Zvi gy‡Li evYx Avgvi Kv‡b jv‡M myavi gZ,
gwi nvq, nvq‡igv, †Zvi e`bLvwb gwjb n‡j, I gv, Avwg bqbR‡j fvwm||
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The world song:
The guides sing their own song. It is called the world song. They sing it in any
national and international occasions.
The World Song
Our way is clear as we march on
And see our flag on high,
is never furled throughout the world
For hope shall never die.
We must unite for what is right
In friendship true and strong
Until the earth in its rebirth
Shall sing our song!
All those who loved the true and good
Whose promises were kept,
With humble mind, whose acts were kind
Whose honoui never slept
These were the free! And we must be
Prepared like them to live
To give to all both great and small
All we can give! All we can give!
Girl Guide Song
MvBW `xc
MvBW `xcwU GB‡Zv Avgvi
Avwg G‡K R¡vjv‡Z PvB
R¡vjv‡Z PvB, wPiw`b R¡vjv‡Z PvB|
bv bv bv G‡K wbwfI bv
Ny‡i wd‡i Pj‡Z wbwfI bv
R¡vjv‡Z PvB wPiw`b R¡vjv‡Z PvB|
jyKv‡Z wM‡q G‡K wbwfI bv
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Programmes of Girls Guiding:
The main objective of the guide programme is to learn how to be an ideal per son.
The programmes are, therefore, based on three special promises and ten laws.
Good character, sense of responsibility, healthful habits, discipline, creativity,
service to humanity, loyalty, patriotism, brotherhood, fellow feeling, leadership
etc. are the qualities which can be achieved through these progrannmes.
Scouting:
Scouting in educational institutions has brought about a revolution in building
good qualities in persons. There are three stages of scouting prevalent in
educational institutions. These are: Cub-Scouts: 6 - 10 years. Boy Scouts: 11-15
years and Rover Scouts: 16 - 24 years. The scouting becomes complete when a boy
starts from Cub-Scouting and finishes Rover Scouting. The Cub-Scouts follow the
orders of the leader and learn to work for the troop. The scouts through out their
scouting activities, gather experiences and earn leadership quality to lead the
scouting activities in future.
Scouting activities teach the boys how to learn from others and to become loyal,
self-reliant, regular, courageous, religious, patriotic. The scouts dedicate them
selves for the good of others and serve the country in time of need. These activities
help them achieve the leadership qualities.
Scout movement was introduced first by Robert Stephenson Smith Baden Powell.
He was popularly known as Lord Baden powell. He was born in England in 1857
and took up the career in the army. He died in 1941.
Scout laws:
Scouts all over the world have unwritten laws which bind them together. Because
of the these laws, they show world brotherhood in scouting. These laws have come
down from the old times to the present days. Scouts follow these laws intently. The
scout laws are same as those of the Girls’ Guide laws. These laws can be seen in
this chapter under the title of Girls Guiding.
Scout Promises:
Every scout has to under go training and on completion of the training, he is to take
scout promises before the troop in an investiture ceremony. The following are the
scout promises:
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On my honour, I promise that I will do my best
To do my duty, to Allah and my country.
To help other people at all times.
To obey the scout law.
Scout’s salute and scout’s signs
The Scouts have their own custom to pay salam to
each other. The three fingers held up (like the three
points of scout’s badge) is the scout salute and
reminds a scout of his three promises. Standing
straight when the finger tips will touch the eyebrow
of the right eye with scout sign is called salam or
salute. The Muslims will utter the word, “Assalamu
Alaikum” while the other with reply with “Oa
Alaikum Assalam” with less sound.
Scouts will always salute as a token of respect. Tile
salutes are to be performed at the hoisting of
national flag; at the playing of national anthem and
at the hoisting of scout flags.
The scout sign is done by the three middle fingers of
the right hand. These fingers will remain fixed to
each other and erected. The thumb finger will cover
the nail of the little finger. The palm of the hand will
look to the front. The hand will form a 90° angle
from the shoulder and the right arm will remain in
horizontal position.
Scout’s handshake:
After saluting each other, the scouts shake hands with a fellow scout. It is a social
custom that people shake with their right hands. But in scout system, the
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scouts shake hands with their left hands. Through this handshake, they express
friendship and good fellow feeling.
Scout Motto
The scout motto is, “Be Prepared”. This means that you are always to be in a state
of readiness in mind and body to do your duty. The Cub-Scout motto is “Try
utmost”, while “service” is the motto of Rover Scouts. The scouts have a slogan
too. They say, “At least, I shall do a good deed every day.”
Exercises
1.
Put a tick (√) mark against the right answer:
(a) What do the scouts do for the welfare of the country and society?
i) come forward
ii) go away
iii) think over
iv) become afraid
(b) What do the scouts do after saluting each other?
i) speak
ii)
embrace
iii) shake hands
iv) nothing
(c) What does a girl guide do at the time of investiture?
i) takes oath
ii)
speaks
iii) sings
iv) dances
(d) Our national flag is
i) circular
ii)
almost circular
iii) rectangular
iv) square
(e) What is the motto of Girl Guides?
i) Be prepared.
ii)
Be stood
iii) Be seated
iv) Be sung a song
2.
Fill in the blanks:
(a) In order to grow the young girls as responsible citizens of the country
......... helps immensely.
(b) The Girl Guides ......... and.........during any emergency.
(c) The Girl Guides are .........in thought, word and deed.
(d) The scouts .........when they see each other.
(e) The scouts have a .........to identify them.
(f) The scouts are......... to animals.
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3.
Answer in brief:
(a) Who founded the scout movement?
(b) How many fingers are used in a scout salute?
(c) What is the title of the Guid’s song?
(d) What is the colour of the Guide flag?
(e) What is the method of hoisting the National Flag and the World Guide
Flag?
4.
Answer the questions with a few sentences
(a) Write down the Girl Guides’ promises.
(b) What is the role of Bangladesh Girl Guides?
(c) When and how is the scout salute done?
(d) What are the scout’s laws?
(e) What are the mottoes of Cub, Boy Scout and Rover Scouting?
Chapter Six
Recreation, Rest and Sleep
Recreation
When we work, we become tired and we need rest. During rest, if we do some
recreational activities, we get inspired to do more work. Recreations bring joy and
happiness in mind. We may get recreation through leisure time activities. These
may be competitive games, cultural functions, journey to any place of interest,
picnic etc. Participation in any voluntary activities may also bring happiness in
mind, All these activities bring joy to the participants as well as viewers. But
recreation varies from person to person and according to age.
Ludo and carrom board game
Ludo and carrom Board fall in the groups of indoor games. During leisure time,
Ludo and carrom game are extensively played in the country. This is a very good
medium to give recreation. These two games have been elaborated in the Chapter
Four.
Chess
Chess has earned reputation as a brain
stimulating game. It is said that chess is
originated in the 5th century in Indian subcontinent. In earlier days, it was known as a
game of dices (chaturango). Chess was
introduced in Persia in the 6th century.
When Persia was conquered by the Islamic
army during the Caliphate of Haziat Umar
(RA), the game of chess as brought to the
Asab world by the conquering army. From
there, it spread to other countries and in
course of time, the game of chess became
very popular among the people, who wanted
to spend their leisure time through this
game. Chess is now an international game
and it has become a prestigious event. The world famous chess players are mostly
found in Rassia. The highest title of Grand
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Master is conferred to the best chess players of the world. There are many Grand
Masters in the countries like the USA, UK. India. Bangladesh etc.
The game of chess requires coolness of mind, sharp brain, patience, perseverance,
attentiveness etc. without having these qualities, one can not become a good chess
player.
a.
Equipment- (i) Chess board-It has 64 squares coloured alternately white and
black, The chess board is always placed between the players so that each
player has a white coloured square at his right hand corner.
(ii) Chess men-A chess set consists of two similar teams of 16 “men one white
and the other black. The chess men of each black and white are one king, one
queen, two bishops, two rooks, two knights and eight pawns.
b. The conduct of games
(i) The move-The player having white pieces will move first. His move will be of
one time and only one piece will be moved. After his move, his opponent
having black pieces will move his piece. At the first move, one can send his
pawn by moving two squares. After that the pawn can be moved only one
square.
The king can move at any direction only one, square, while the queen can
move at any direction to any number of squares. The rooks can move
vertically and horizontally to any number of squares.
But bishops can move diagonally and the knights can jump over and move to
two and a half squares at any direction.
All the moves except in the case of knights will be limited by the presence of
other men.
(ii) The check: The king can never be taken, but if he stands in such a position
that he is threatened with capture at the opponent’s next move, he is said to be
“in check”. If the king is unable to move to a safe square, or to “take” the
checking piece or, pawn or to intervene by his another man for shelter, then he
is said to be Checkmated” and the game is ended. If the king is to be
checkmated in the end of play the following minimum power is required - a.
king and queen, b. king and rook c. king and two bishops,, d. King, one bishop
and one knight, and e. king and pawn (one pawn is to reach the 8th square of
the file and it will earn the power of queen).
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(iii) The won game-The player who checkmated the opponent’s king is the winner
of the game.
(iv) The drawn game-If the game is stalemated, repetition olmoves are done or
both the players agree to draw, then the game is said to be drawn.
(v) Castling-For greater safety of the king. a castling is made between the king
and the rook. This can be done when in between the king and ‘rook, there will
be no other chessmen.
c. The power of the chess men-(i) Queen 9 points (ii) Rook-5 points, (iii)
Bishop-3 points, (iv) knight-3 points, and (v) Pawn-I point.
d. Setting of chessmell in the board-The two rooks will be placed first at the two
corners of the board. Then the two knights will be put beside the two rooks.
The two bishops will sit beside the two knights. Then the white king will sit in
the white square and similarly the black king will be put to the black square
and queen will be put to the next vacant square and obviously this square will
be black in the case of white pieces. For black pieces, queen sits in the .white
square.
e. The Arbiter of the competition
There will be one Arbiter who will conduct the game as per rules and
regulations.
f. Wrong strategy:
(1) Immature attack: It is not wise to move very fast.
(ii) Taking of pawn by Queen: This may lead to a very had position for Queen
from where she cannot come out in time.
(iii) Queen’s position is distressed: if the Queen is trapped and lost, the chance of
winning the game is also lost.
(iv) Unnecessary move of a pawn: The wrong position of a- pawn hinders the
smooth movement of other powerful chess men. This hampers the progress of
the game while the opponent gets advantage from such unnecessary move.
g. The chess is to think, observe and perform every thing positively. He must not
surrender before the actual end play comes.
6. Other educational and recreational activities:
Besides the games and sports activities, there are other activities too
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These are reading of educational books, recitation from the holy hooks, poems
depicting heroism, patriotism etc. The books on the Liberation War of
Bangladesh, national history, culture can also be read to acquire knowledge.
The books can be read out to the illiterate persons who find pleasure of
hearing many aspects of knowledge. Recitation is another pursuit of
knowledge. It inspires the readers as well as the hearers. It helps improve the
voices and acquire the technique of good recitation: This can be done solo or
in a group. Music is another medium and most probably the best one which is
used for recreational purposes. As the singers them selves enjoy it so arc the
attending persons in a musical fur It removes monotony, tiredness of body and
mind. It has manifold useful ness. The music is of various types these arc
classical, modern, folk, parody, patriotic etc. The cultural function is as a
whole, a ‘good medium to give recreation, in these modern days, the
programmes broadcast and shown on Radio and TV respectively also, provide
recreation to a variety of viewers. One is to prepare thoroughly to participate
in such programmes.
7. Rest and sleep:
We need food to maintain our body. When we work, our body gets tired and
then we need rest. This is essential to restore energy so that we can work
further. We know that the human body is composed with innumer able number
of cells. These cells are constantly supplied with food in a very complex
method. We thus get energy for work. When the supply of food to the cells is
exhausted. we feel tired. Then we need rest to regain the energy. Sometimes
we take sleep also to get ourselves fit for work. The rest and sleep are essential
for human body. Without this no one can survive. During sleep all the limbs of
the body remain in rest, breathing functions properly and digestive system also
works in close harmony with other systems of the body.
As per physiologists, the young hi1dren of 10-12 years of age require - 10
hours sleep per day. This of course varies for the older people. So the
recreational activities, rest and sleep for the children, youths and older people
are to be set carefully.
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Exercises
1.
Put a tick (√) mark against the correct answer:
a. What is the length of a kabaddi court?
(i) 7 metres
(ii) 9 metres
(iii) 11 metres
(iv) 13 metres
b. How many players are there in each team of Gollachut game?
(i) 8-10 players
(ii) 6-8 players
(iii) 7-8 players (iv) 8-12 players
c. Which one can be selected as Golla player?
(i) A big and sturdy player (ii) A fat player
(iii) Any one of the players
(iv) A fast moving, clever and intelligent player
d. To read educational books and to recite are
(i) not good.
(ii) excellent qualities.
(iv) worthless habits.
(v) simply wastage of time.
e. In the game of chess, the number of arbiter is
(i) four persons.
(ii) three persons.
(iii) one person.
(iv) five persons.
2.
Put the right word in the blanks.
(a) Castling can be done between king and
(b) Rooks can move and
(c) The game of chess was first introduced in
(d) Gollachut is a game in rural Bangladesh.
(e) Mental weariness is removed by
3.
Answer in brief.
(a) When was the game of chess first introduced?
(b) Which one is our national game?
(c) How many squares can the king move?
(d) What is the number of players in Touch game?
4.
Descriptive questions
(a) Write down the names and numbers of chessmen.
Chapter Seven
Personal and Surrounding Cleanliness
Health and Health Education
Very often we say that health is wealth and health is the root of all happiness.
Health does not mean the mere absence of diseases. It is the complete well being of
physical, mental and social health. This state of health depends upon certain
healthful habits like good association, good thinking, religious belief, pursuit of
knowledge, neatness and in order to keep good health, a person needs required
quantity of food and good rest. A person can lead a happy life if he can avoid
tension.
Necessity of health education:
i) It helps to acquire a good heath.
ii) It ensures personal as well as social healthful environment.
iii) It helps to provide first aid then and there for any accident.
iv) It helps to grow the body harmoniously.
v) It helps to prevent diseases and to cure ailment early.
vi) It helps to regulate life according to the principles of health.
Health education should be complementary to general education. Without health
education, general education is bound to he incompieted. But general education is
very much necessary to learn and practise health education. So it is complementary
to each other. The general education helps to apply health education principles for
a good body and mind. Without healthful habits, it is not possible to improve the
condition of health. Personal hygiene can be maintained by following the health
education. So personal and environmental health depend upon certain factors.
These are discussed below:
1. Physical cleanliness
Body works and it creates much wastage in the body through a complex
mechanism. As a result, the skin, eyes, cars, mouth, nose, teeth, hands, nails etc.
become dirty easily. These are required to be cleaned immediately to lead a good
life. To clean the body regularly is called the physical cleanliness. If the health
principles and healthful habits are maintained, the physical cleanliness
107
can be attained and the health remains out of diseases. Unclean conditions spread
diseases directly and indirectly.
2. Washing of the hands before and after eating:
We are engaged in various kinds of work. Our hands become dirty during the
work. So before eating any food by the hand, we need to wash our hands very well.
Pure water should be used for washing. If the food is taken with dirty hands, the
germs of various diseases may enter into the stomach and we will fall sick. But
after the meal also the hands are to be washed properly. The nails are to be cut and
cleaned regularly.
3. Cleanliness of the mouth:
The tooth is very essential for chewing food. If the food is well chewed, it gets
digested easily. So the teeth arc to be cleaned. The uncleaned teeth breaths bad
smell, it destroys the beauty of the face also. After taking food, the tbod parti cles
stick to the corners of the teeth. If these are not cleaned, it creats germs of diseases.
A sort of acid is produced from these food particles and the acid harms the teeth.
This is called dental cabbies, Thus the teeth are decayed and finally are picked out.
So the mouth is to be washed and the teeth are to be brushed with good tooth paste.
The scientific method of brushing the teeth is to be fol lowed. After washing the
mouth and teeth, the tongue is to be cleaned by a tongue cleaner. The brushing of
teeth should be done at least twice a day, once in the morning and once in the
evening after dinner.
To spit here and there is a very bad habit. While sneezing a handkerchief is to be
placed on the mouth so that the cough does not go out and pollute the environment.
This spitting and sneezing spread diseases. The saliva, cough, spit from the sick
persons carry the germs of diseases either by air or by insects. So none should spit
in open places. If any one does so, he should be warned for his wrong doing.
4. Care of the hand:
The hands are important parts of the body. So proper care of the hands should be
taken. They should always be kept clean. While washing the hands, the fingers as
well as the spaces between the fingers are to be cleaned thoroughly. The
108
hands are to be wiped with clean towel. It is seen that somebody’s palms are
swatted too much. In that case he should keep dry and clean towel with him so that
the sweat can be wiped out easily. Hand lotion or mustered oil may be used to keep
the skin soft and bright.
5. Care of the leg:
Proper care is also to be taken for the legs like that of the hands. The legs are to be
washed with clean water. This should be done after games and sports, exercises,
home gardening or other work. While washing it is to be seen that there should not
be any dirt or other substances in between the toes of the feet. If the legs are
washed with soap and warm water, it cleans well, if there is any wound in the leg,
it is to be cleaned carefully. Nobody should wear wet shoes or shocks. During
summer season, the legs are sweated, so the shockings are to be washed regularly
and the legs should also be cleaned. If necessary, some medicated powder may be
used for taking proper care of the legs.
6. Care of the nails:
If the nails become big and long, the dirt is stored in the nails. This dirt goes to
stomach and causes various diseases. Bedsides this, the long nail can cause harm to
other players during games. So the nails are to be trimmed at regular intervals in
order to keep it neat and clean. The soap and warm water may be used for proper
care of the nails.
7. Care of the nose:
Breathing is done through the nostrils. The inhaling and exhaling of air is done
through the nose. So the nose is to be kept always clean, Fresh water can be used to
clean the nose from dirt, dust etc. The nose should be cleaned with a piece of thin
cloth. A handkerchief should be used when sneezing is needed. Small match stick
or any particle should not be put info the nostrils just for the sake of fun. Care
should be taken during any sports activity so that there should not cause any
damage to the nose.
8. Care of the ears:
The ears are very important organs of the body. We hear with the help of the ears.
Proper care of the ears should be taken from the very childhood. It is harm-
109
ful to the ears if there occurs any violent sound, any sharp material is pricked or
entered inside. It is natural to grow ear-wax and sometimes it becomes hard. So the
ear -wax should be removed with the help of cotton bud, glycerin, or oil. It is to be
taken care that water should not enter into the ears during open bathing in the tank
or swimming.
9. Care of the mouth, teeth and throat:
The mouth, teeth, throat and tongue should be cleaned with fresh water regularly.
The water will be taken by the mouth and will be used in such a way that no food
particle or any substance can remain in the mouth. The teeth should be brushed
after taking food. But it will be beneficial if it is done at least twice a day. i. e. in
the morning and before going to bed. Sometimes the toothbrush should be cleaned
with hot salted water. We should take bath every day for physical cleanliness.
10. The Clothing:
In order to protect the body from cold and heat and also to enhance. beauty of the
body, necessary clothing is required. The clothing will be according to sea sons,
working conditions and age. During summer season, thin and soft clothes should
be worn. But in the winter, woolen clothes are required to protect the body from
severe cold. The clothes should not be tight fitting, it should be rather loose. If we
wear clean clothing, we feel better and the mental well- being remains good.
11. Cleanliness of clothing:
It is natural that the body always perspires. During work, exercise or play, this
perspiration increases. The sweat, dust and dirt from roads, heavy exercise, games
and sports and many other reasons, make the clothings dirty. We must not wear
dirty clothes. The clothes should be washed with fresh water and we should wear
clean clothes. We should not wear wet clothes and shoes. The cleanliness of
clothing is essential for physical cleanliness. The sports dresses, under wear are to
be washed regularly. It is good to keep the clean clothes tidy in the room. if any
dress is torn out, it should be mended as early as possible. The clothes used in day
time should not be worn at night. All the clothes of one person should be kept at a
fixed place in an orderly manner. It helps to get the
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clothes easily. Besides this, the environment of the living room becomes good.
During winter, the clothes should he dried in the sun. No body should wear other’s
clothes.
12. Environmental cleanliness:
Students of educational institutions should be habituated to follow the healthy way
of living. They should keep the environment of educational institutions clean.
Their houses should also be free from dirty waste. Unclean and unhealthy
environments are detrimental to good health. Under these unhealthy conditions, the
body and mind can not grow properly. So the environmental cleanliness around the
houses, schools and other educational institutions and even the working places
should be maintained for healthful living.
13. Cleanliness of reading table and living room:
Books, paper, pens, pencils and other implements of reading table are to be kept in
order. This helps to get the necessary things at ease. If the reading table is tidy,
children can read attentively. The table should be put in such a place that adequate
light and air are easily available.
The living room should contain very few pieces of furniture. ‘The furniture should
be clean and properly varnished. Under the healthful environment, there will he
sound sleep and it will be possible to maintain good health. The children find
pleasure and get inspiration to read hard. The living room should be well arranged
i.e. all the articles inside the room are to he arranged in an orderly manner.
14. Cleanliness of classrooms and school:
The health of the students, joy and happiness and above all the capability of study
depend mostly on good environment of class rooms and school. So the
environment of the school should be clean. The authority of the school should look
into it. Garbage should be disposed beside the school. Slums, excreta ground,
graveyard etc. should not be set around the school. The school campus should be
planted with trees and gardening should be made in the fixed area. The classrooms
are to be neat and clean and airy, furniture will be repaired and varnished
classroom implements should be arranged orderly-all these things
111
influence the environment of the school. So students should be taught how to keep
the classroom clean. The teachers should give co-operation towards this end. No
students should throw any piece of paper outside the classroom. It should be kept
in the waste paper basket. The walls should not be made dirty.
The playing field should also be kept clean. It will help the children to take part in
games and sports with interest. Besides, they will not be injured by any foreign
element littered in the field.
Arrangement of pure drinking water should be made in school campus. Facilities
for sanitary latrines are essential for an educational institution. There should not be
any water body around the school. The mosquitoes grow in the filthy water. Such
water body should be filled up so that water can not be stored there.
Personal and surrounding cleanliness is essential for daily life. To rise early in the
morning take fresh air, regular exercise and rest, balanced diet, neat and cleanliness
help to maintain good health.
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Exercises
1.
Put a tick (√) mark against the correct answer:
(a) Health education is necessary to regulate life according to the principles
of health / body.
(b) Bad smell comes from the immatured / uncleaned teeth.
(c) Wet shoes and stockings should be worn / not be worn.
(d) We should wear cotton / woolen clothes in summer.
(e) There should be an arrangement of supplying / draining out polluted water
from the school compound.
2.
Fill in the blanks:
(a) Physical cleanliness means the cleaning of from the body regularly.
(b) After taking sweets, the must be brushed.
(c) If anybody catches cold, he should with a handkerchief.
(d) The school compound can be made beautiful by planting
(e) Dirt sticks to’ nails.
3.
Multiple choice questions:
(a) Where should we spit?
i) Here and there
ii) In classrooms
iii) In schools
iv) in a spit box.
(b) Which type of clothes is good for health?
i) Loose clothes
ii) Additional clothes
iii) Costly dress
iv) Foreign clothes.
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(c) What is to be used to keep the softness and smoothness of the hands?
i) Perfume
ii) Oil or lotion
iii) Cold water
iv) Soap
(d) Which one is not the healthful habit?
i) To take pure and fresh air ii) TS rise early
iii) To wear dirty clothes
iv) Regular rest.
4.
Write the answer in Brief:
a) How do we take care of the teeth?
b) What is to be done if ear -wax grows?
c) Way should the school compound be cleaned?
d) How do we impermanent the health principles?
e) What type of clothes do we need to wear in different seasons?
5.
Descriptive questions:
a) What do you mean by health education ?
b) How should we take care of the nails?
c) What steps are to be taken for the cleanliness of classrooms and school
premises?
Chapter Eight
Accidents in Daily Life and First Aid
Avoidance of accidents:
Accidents may occur at any time in our day life. Sometimes the accidents may risk
our There are serious types of accidents. But there are accidents which cause
temporary problems. In our daily activities if we remain careful we may avoid
accidents. The following precautionary and preventive measure may be taken to
avoid accidents in our daily life:
Accidents due to absence of knowledge:
We should warm up our body thoroughly before taking part in any games and
sports or physical activity. If the body is not harmed up properly, there is every
possibility of muscle injury. The muscle may be pulled and the sportsman remains
out of the activity. Beside there may be other small injuries which will cause
problems.
Before starting the activities, the equipment, location etc. are to he checked so that
any harmful element does note exist there. When the physical activities are done in
pairs, the partner’s weight and height are to be looked into. Otherwise there is
possibility of occurring an accident.
Excessive exercises or games and sports make the body over tired. They body can
not regain strength in due time because of this over exercise and as a result it may
become vulnerable to the attack of any disease. Besides this, accidents may occur.
In our day to day activities and particularly in games and sports, we should not do
any thing in haste. Sports activities should be avoided around the electric poles,
uneven ground full of harmful elements.
To avoid transport accidents:
While we move in the roads, streets or highways, we should know the traffic rules
and these rules should also be followed carefully. The pedestrians should walk
through the footpath. Where there is no footpath, they will walk through the right
side of the road. The pedestrian will cross the busy road through zebra- crossing. If
there is no zebra-crossing, they will look at the right side
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first and then at the left. If no transport approaches, they will quickly cross the
road. Otherwise serious accidents may occur. None should get in the running
transport. When the vehicle stops fully the passengers should then get in it. While
sitting at the window the passenger should not keep his hands outside the window.
If it is done, his hands may be broken by another running transport.
To avoid accidents from dogs, cats and other wild animals:
a) Mad dogs, jackals and other wild animals contain the germs of
hydrophobia. If these sick animals bite any human being or other animal,
then the person or the animal suffers from the disease of hydrophobia.
The diseased person will die if proper treatment, is not given to him in
time. In order to prevent this disease stray dogs in the streets should be
avoided. The municipal authority is to be informed about such sick and
stray dogs. The pet dogs should be vaccinated regularly. If any stray dog
bites some body and dies within 10 days than the person so bitten must
be given injection of hydrophobia
b) Cats spread diphtheria germs. Cat’s hair and saliva are injurious to
health. The cooked food, water jug, crockery should be well covered so
that cats cannot eat anything.
c) Poisonous snakes normally live in the woods. When we move in the
jungles, we should take care of avoiding the snake infested areas. If any
person is bitten by snake, a handkerchief should be tied firmly round the
limb above the level of the bite. The patient should be sent to the
hospital as early as possible.
The animals should not be disturbed unnecessarily. If annoyed they may bite and
create problems.
To avoid accidents from drowning:
Generally in the rural area, the ponds and various other types of water bodies are
found around the homestead or schools. Accidents may occur from these water
bodies. So precautionary steps should be taken to avoid any such accidents. The
weeds around the pond should be cleared and if the pond has been derelict, it
should be re-excavated to remove the mud and dirty water. The bathing stairs
should not be kept slippery. It should be scrubbed regularly so that none can slip
and cause accident.
If any body does not know how to swim he should not take bath in the tank
116
alone. Somebody should accompany him so that he is not drowned. Besides that
everybody should learn swimming and its safety measures.
To avoid accidents from fire, burning thing and hot liquid substance:
Open fire, hot water, acid and other chemicals, gas cylinder etc. may cause
accidents. Carelessness as well as ignorance of danger from these things may bring
collosal damage to human lives and properties. So we should remain careful about
the danger of fire. The match sticks, kerosene lamps, burning wood of the oven,
candle etc. should be kept in proper care. After cooking the fire should be put out.
Everybody should be careful about the danger of hot water.
To avoid accident from electrical equipment:
If the electrical equipment is defective then serious accidents may occur and can
cause damage. The faulty electric lines are dangerous. Anybody who comes in
contact with it, may be electrified-and died. This can cause fire which bums. every
thing in the house. So necessary precautionary steps are to be taken to avoid such
type of accidents.
The faulty electric lines should be removed and new lines should be installed. The
defective lines, if possible, may be repaired. Electric fans, bulbs, calendar are to be
checked regularly. These gadgets may cause accidents if proper care is not taken at
the time of its use. Electricity passes through wet cloth. If wet cloth comes in
contact with the live electric wire, it may electrified a person and cause death. So
necessary care should be taken against such accidents. If any body is, by chance,
electrified, he should not be touched by the hand. In such case, the main electric
switch is to be put off and the victim should be separated from the electric line
with the help of dry wood, bamboo stick etc. He should he hospitalised as soon as
possible.
To avoid accidents from sharp materials:
We often use sharp knife, cutter, scissors, blade etc. But if anybody uses these
instruments carelessly, he may cause accident. These implements should be kept in
a safe place and should be used with every fare. The broken glass, pieces of cans,
bamboo and wooden sticks etc. can cause accidents. The body may be injured with
these elements. So these broken things should be swept over and are to be kept in
the garbage box.
In order to avoid accidents, the sharp implements of house hold necessity should
be kept in a fixed place after its use. Children should not play with sharp things.
Ever body should move carefully.
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First Aid
First aid is the help given at once to injured people or to those taken suddenly ill
before the doctor or nurse takes over or the ambulance arrives. The objective of
First aid is (i) to save life, (ii) to prevent the injury becoming worse and (iii) to
help recovery. A good first aider’s task is (i) to find out what has happened, (ii) to
deal with the condition or the illness, (iii) to reassure and protect the per son from
further danger, and (iv) to arrange for him to be taken home or to hospital. So it is
essential for everybody to have some knowledge about first aid so that he can
apply his knowledge to save life before the doctor comes or the patient is sent to
hospital. The person who does this job of first aid is called the first aider.
First aid kit:
A first aider should have first aid kit with him. This kit can be made easily. The kit
can be put in a box which will contain, dettol, germ free gauze, clean cotton,
antiseptic ointment, bandages and dressings, a small scissors etc. But a good first
aider does not depend on them. If the first aid kit is not readily available he will
improvise things and will use it
Wounds:
A wound is a break in the skin. It allows blood to escape and germs to enter the
body. Wound may occur at may time by accident. The first aider should see where
the wound occurs and how much damage has been caused. He should take the
following steps immediately to address the problem:
i) He will seat the patient.
ii) He will wash his hands thoroughly. He will place a clean towel or
handkerchief on the wound and before doing it he will not try to remove
clotting from the injured part.
iii) He will protect the wound temporarily by keeping it covered with a clean
swab; gently clean around it with soap and water. The blood clots should
not be cleaned as it may cause farther bleeding. A small wound may be
washed with clean water und a running tap.
iv) He will remove any loose foreign matter, but will not try to remove
anything which is impeded in the wound
v) He will cover the wound with cotton wool and bandage gently but firmly
enough to make sure that the dressing does not ship later prepared sterile
dressing are often used in place of gauze, wool and bandage.
118
vi He will give rest the injured as far as possible.
vii) Above all, the first aider will send the patient to the nearby hospital or
clinic as fast as possible.
Bruising:
This is bleeding under the skin from an injury which may or may not break the
skin. A black eye’ is a bruise. A tender lump or swelling quickly forms and the
area becomes blue/black after a short time. Bruising may be caused by the hit ting
of any heavy material. The first aider should take the following steps against such
accident:
i) He should put the bruised part of the body at rest.
ii) He should check that there is no fracture.
iii) He should apply a cold compress. He should, if necessary, send the
patient to hospital.
Caring of wounds:
This has been stated in the foregoing para before the subject of bruising.
Bleeding:
Severe bleeding which is flowing fast and freely must be stopped. In order to do it,
the first aider should seat patient or lay him down. He should raise the bleeding
part of possible. This must not be done if the bone is fractured. He should press
directly with his thumb and fingers on to or around the wound. If necessary, he
should grasp and hold its edges firmly together. He may have to keep up this
pressure until bleeding has been controlled and a dressing is available. Quick
control is more important than time spent on washing He should press the dressing
over the wound. It is to be kept well in position and to be covered with a thick pad
and bandaged firmly but not too tightly. He should make sure that the dressing
extends well beyond the area of the wound. Improvised dressings and bandages, in
an emergency, can be made from clean handker chiefs or towels. If bleeding
continues and blood oozes through the bandage, the dressing should not be
removed. In that case, more dressing and pads and band age should be added
Dressing or bandage:
The bleeding of wounds can be stopped with clean gauze, bandage, cotton wool,
clean cloth etc. this process is called dressing. The bandage is necessary
119
to keep the dressing on the wounds properly. The bandage helps to keep the injured
part hanging with the body. It also helps to stop bleeding with the help of dressing.
The wounds can be kept clean with the helps of bandage. For any fracture, the
bandage helps to keep the injured part safe from further damage.
Types of bandages: There are various types of bandages:
i) Triangular
ii) Roller
iii) I shaped with multiple ends.
Triangular bandage:
This bandage is very often used in the first aid. A piece of square of rectangular
white cloth can be cut diagonally and then it will be turned into triangular
bandages. Its one arm will be measured by 1.07 metres. But base line will be
bigger than the two lines or arms. The multiple use of triangular bandage is stated
below with pictures.
The triangular bandage can be turned into a broad bandage. It can be folded several
times. The triangular bandage can cover a greater part of the injuries. It is very
useful while making a sling. After completing the bandage the ends are tied with
reef knots.
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Exercises
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Put a tick (√) mark against the right answer:
a) We may avoid many accidents
i) if we remain alert.
ii) if we move without care.
iii) if we sit.
iv) if we ride car.
b) What is the name of the disease if bitten by a mad dog?
i) Malaria
ii) Pneumonia
iii) Hydrophobia
iv) Rheumatic accident
c) What may happen for the curious habit if a child?
i) may cause falling
ii) may cause laugh
iii) may cause sorrow
iv) may cause accident.
d) What happens if the artery is cut?
i) something good
ii) something bad
iii) profuse bleeding
iv) nothing
Put the right words in the blanks.
a) is crossed through zebra crossing.
b) Cat and spread diseases.
c) The and of a pond should be cleaned.
d) Always keep from fire.
e) Clotted must not be removed, from the wound.
f) The wounds are to be washed with water.
Answer in brief:
a) What action is to be taken if there is snake bite?
b) What happens if the bathing steps of a tank are slippery?
c) Flow is to put out the fire if it is caught with the clothes?
d) How many types of bandages are there and what are those?
e) Why should not be blister squeezed?
Write notes on
a) First aid
b) First aid kit
c) Triangular bandage
Descriptive question:
a) What steps are to be taken to avoid accidents from drowning?
b) What is called First Aid and how is the first aid kit prepared?
c) Discuss the methods of curing the wounds.
d) How will a pedestrian move in the streets?
Chapter Nine
Human Body
Position of human being in the animal world:
In the animal world around us, we find varieties of animals most of which are
vertebrate and some are invertebrate. Among the vertebrate, human being is the
greatest of all. He has acquired unique characteristics among these animal world.
The body of human being is complex in formation but arranged in such a way that
every part of the body functions properly. The parts i. e. the limbs do not clash
each other. They are coordinated by a vital organ called the brain, it is because of
this brain that human being claims as the most rational animal in the world and
dominates over other animals of the world.
Structure of the human body:
The human body has two types of organs: external and internal. The external
organs consist of the head, mouth, eyes, ears, nose, throat, chest, belly, hands, legs
etc. Each organ has its own function which is separated from others. For example,
we eat with the mouth, see with the eyes, hear with the ears, smell with the nose,
walk with the legs etc. Each organ has its own function which is separated from
others. For example, we eat with the mouth- see with the eyes, hear with the ears,
smell
with the nose, move with the help of legs etc. Though the organs are same for each
human body. yet the appearance does not resemble each other.
Different organs of the human body:
There is an excellent co-ordination among the organs of the human body. We
know that the human body is composed of cells. The cells which form a partic
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Physical Education & Healthy
ular organ, have specific functions. The structure and functions of the organs are
different from each other. Bones, muscles, blood, fat etc. have specific functions to
perform. Thus the specific cells form the specific limbs and these limbs function
under a systems. So we can say that cells form limbs, limbs form org organs form
systems and the systems make the human body.
Organic system:
The Organs of the human body work under different systems with mutual cooperation and co-ordination. In the following table, the organic systems it
formation and functions are given:
Serial No.
1
Organic Systems
2
Movement
system
transport system
lymphs
Respiratory system
Digestive system
Excretory system
Nervous system
Endocrine glands
Organs of the System
3
Bones, joints and
muscles
Functions
4
Forms the structure of the body
movement of limbs, save vital
organs like the brain.
Heart, blood vessels Supply of oxygen and withdrawal
and
of carbondioxide, absorption of
protein and mineral substances are
transported, various antibodies and
plasma are also transported.
Lungs, chest well
Supply and withdrawal of oxygen
and carbondioxide respectively to
and from the body
Gullet, mouth stomach, Digestion and absorption of food,
small and
nutrition to body.
large intestine and
other digestive
organs like liver,
pancreas
kidney, skin, lungs
Waste product of the body in the
form of urine discharged through
the kidney, perspiration through the
skin and discharge of carbondioxide
through the lungs.
brain, spinal cord
Receipt of various reactions in the
peripheral nerves
brain arid action accordingly.
Thyroid, Adrenal
Stimulants through plasma.
Pituitary Glands etc
Human Body
8
Reproductive
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Male reproductive organs
genitals, testis, seminal
vesicles. Female organs
ovary, genitals, uterus etc.
Reproduction of child.
Necessity of food:
We may compare the human body with an engine. In order to keep the engine in a
running condition, it needs petrol, mobil, water, battery etc. Similarly food is
required to keep the body healthy and fit for work. Food is the fuel of the human
body. Food is required from birth to death. Food is the materials that we eat and
digest. It grows the organs and keeps the body fit for working by producing
energy. Without food the human body cannot survive.
Functions of food:
a) Development of the body
b) Production of heat and energy of the body
c) Recovery of loss caused due to work
d) Prevention of diseases
Sources of food and its functions:
Food has multifarious functions. One particular food cannot serve all purposes of
the body. Every kind of food has its own functions. There re chemical sub stances
in food. These chemicals actually perform the functions according to its nature.
These are called element of food.
The elements are of 6 kinds which are as follows:
(i) protein, (ii) carbohydrate, (iii) fat/oil (iv) vitamin, (v) mineral salt, and (vi) water.
All these elements are required to be present in the body. If any element of food
remains absent then it affects the body. The body becomes susceptible to certain
disease. And continuous absence of a particular element couses malnutrition. The
children suffer very much from malnutrition and die a premature death.
The sources of food element and its functions are described bellow:
1. Protein:
Protein comes from two sources, viz- animal protein and vegetable protein. Fish,
meat, egg etc. fall in group of animal protein and lentils, soyabean etc. in the group
of vegetable protein.
Functions of protein:
a) It helps the growth of the body and recovers the loss caused by work.
b) It produces energy and heat in the body.
c) It forms the muscles of the body.
2. Carbohydrate
The carbohydrate is available mainly from vegetables. Rice , wheat, potato,
124
sugar, gur (from sugarcane or date palm trees), ripe fruits etc. are the sources of
carbohydrate. Carbohydrate is also found in milk.
Functions:
It produces heat and energy in the body and also helps to digest the protein.
3. Fat and oil:
The animal and vegetable sources supply the fat and oil in our day to day diet.
Animal fat, ghee, butter come from the animal sources whereas mustard oil,.
soyabean oil, nut oil etc. belong to vegetable group.
Functions:
a) It keeps the skin soft and smooth.
b) It produces heat and energy in the body.
c) It saves the protein in the body from decay.
4. Vitamin:
Vitamin is essential for human body. Without vitamin the body can not sustain.
Vitamin has been classified in 6 groups. There are A, B, C, D, E, K.
Vitamin A:
vitamin A is found mostly in milk, egg, liver, cod-liver oil, butter etc. The vegetables
like cabbage, carrot, palong, shajina etc. Supply the vitamin A to the body.
Functions:
a) It keeps the eyes healthy and removes nightblindness.
b) It helps to remove the roughness of the skin.
c) It increases the preventive capability of contagious diseases.
vitamin B:
Vitamin B is found in the animal liver, milk, egg, fish, meat etc. and in home made
rice, wheat, green vegetables etc.
Functions:
a) It keeps the nervous system strong and active.
b) It increases the digestive power.
c) It increases the blood volume of the body.
d) It makes the food of carbohydrate workable in the body. Vitamin C:
The sources of vitamin C are green vegetables and fresh fruits like guava,
karnranga, amra (a kind of sour fruit), all types of lemon, tomato, orange etc.
Functions:
It creates preventive capability of the body from being attacked by diseases.
Vitamin D:
Milk. butter, bone marrow, cod-liver etc. are the sources of vitamin D. It helps hu u
strong bone and teeth. Calcium and phosphorsus are the main chemi cak fibone
and teeth. Vitamin D helps these chemicals.
Human Body
125
Vitamin E:
Vitamin E is found in green vegetables, liver, heart of the animals, egg etc. It
increases the capability of reproductive system and milk in the mother’s breast.
Vitamin K:
It is available in green vegetables, carrot, tomato, egg, soyabean oil etc. It helps to
coagulate blood.
5. Mineral salt:
Generally the table salt, milk, curd, egg, meat, liver, small fish and fruits like
mango, banana, papaya etc. Supply the mineral salt in the body.
Functions:
a) The calcium and phosphorus help build the bones and teeth.
b) It protects body from anemia caused due to absence of iron.
c) Iodised salt helps build the mental function of the children.
Foods containing vitamins
126
6. Water:
Water is life. Human being cannot survive without water. The body of a person
contains 70% water of the total weight. Water is present in the muscles, blood,
bonemarrow, skin, heart, lungs etc. water is one of the main elements of blood. A
person should drink at least 6-8 glasses of water per day. Water comes from natural
sources like springs, rivers, tanks and from fruits etc.
Functions:
a) Water liquefys the food in the mouth while it is chewed and helps to send the
chewed food to the stomach. It also helps the body digest and absorp food.
b) It reaches the food to all the parts of the body.
c) It brings out the body waste in the form of stool, urine, sweat etc.
d) It helps blood circulation and controls heat.
Balanced food/diet:
The body needs all types of food. The food which is full of vitamins contains other
necessary elements is called balanced food. The contents of balanced food vary
according to age, sex, labour, weather etc. The balanced food is generally prepared
for the boys and girls considering the factors of physical work, growth of the
organs, recovery of energy. But for the aged persons, the balanced food will be
different. Even the diet of the patients, pregnant woman will be different from that
of normal diet. The balanced food or diet should be tasteful and acceptable.
Normally we should take food containing 2500-3000 calories as per our
requirement of the body. We should select balanced diet or food of less cost. The
balanced food does not mean costly food. It is possible to select low cost food to
meet our daily requirement.
Human Body
127
In the following table, a list of costly and less costly balanced food is
Balanced food on same quality
Presented:
We suffer from various diseases which are caused due to the shortage of vitamins
and necessary elements of food. We should know what are the diseases and their
causes particularly the food related reasons. A Chart is presented below showing
elements of food, diseases as caused and the symptoms of the diseases
128
Vitamins and other elements of food vis-a vis diseases:
Prevention against diseases due to imbalanced food
There are diseases which are caused due to the absence of some food elements. In
those eases, the wanting food elements are to be taken more than usual quantity.
The sources of food elements have been described in the foregoing paras of this
chapter.
Human Body
129
Bad effect of the putrid and adulterated food
The puttrid and adulterated food is very harmful for human consumption. Germs
oldiseases and acid are created in these rotten foods.
If these foods are taken, germs are taken in which couses various diseases. The
stomach diseases break out due to rotten food. Colera, typhoid. dysentery,
indigestion, constipation etc. are caused due to this putrid and adulterated food.
Rotten and adulterated food loses the real taste of foods. Besides this, the
nutritional value is lost totally. This sort of food is so harmful that it may cause
death.
Preservation of food:
No food can be preserved naturally for a long time. If it is kept so, it may become
putrid and stale. But if the food is preserved keeping nutritional value intact, then it
can he eaten without any problem. Such arrangement is called the preservation of
food. The preserved food can be taken when necessary. Some methods of
preservation are described below
1. Preservation of food through drying up in the sun:
This is the easiest way of preserving food. In this way, the watery substance is
dried up and germs cannot grow. Fish, meat can be dried and preserved for future
consumption. The winter vegetables, like cauliflower, cabbage, turnip, sweet
potato etc. and rice, wheat, mango plums etc. can he preserved after properly dried
in the sun.
2. Preservation of food by applying salt:
The germs can not survive in salt. So the food can be preserved if salt is applied to
it properly. Sweet potato, mango, tomato etc. can be preserved by using salt for
future use, This can be eaten all through the year.
3. Vinegar or lemon juice can be used for preservation of food:
Vinegar or lemon juice destroys the germs. So food can be preserved in vinegar or
lemon juice. Green mango, olive, green lemon can be preserved in the lemon juice
or vinegar.
4. Preservation of food with oil:
Seasonal fruits like green mango, olive, plums etc. can he preserved in oil.
Skin diseases
If any one remains dirty, he .is very much susceptible to skin diseases. His dirty
clothes carry germs of various diseases. Physical unseemliness and dirty habits are
main reasons for skin diseases. Some skin diseases are described below
Itches:
Among the skin diseases, itches arc the most disturbing one. This disease has an
irritating sensation in the skin. It is a contagious disease. It causes mainly due
130
Physical Education & lea
to dirtiness in habits. Skin loses its preventive power due to malnutrition. So a kind
of germ causes this disease when one remains dirty.
Symptoms of the disease:
Itching is the principal symptom of this disease. The irritating sensation becomes
so high that skin bruises. The bruises thus create small sores or boils on the skin.
The patient may have fever for such sores. The boils may form pus. This pus
becomes full of germs and spreads the disease through out the body.
Ring worm:
It is a very painful skin disease. It spreads through a kind of fungus. It is a
contagious disease. This disease spreads through the infected person.
Symptoms:
At first if grows in the covered part of the body. Gradually it spreads on the
different parts of the body. It looks like a circular ring. Small sores grow around
the ring and severe itching starts till it is bleeding. If treatment is not done in time
it spreads.
Eczema
It is another kind of skin disease. Generally it erupts on the hand or leg. it has some
genetically linkage. It may be hereditary or due to some allergy.
Symptoms:
Very small sores are found in the affected body. Each sore bears sonic gummy
substance and comes out from the skin. This thing spreads around the affected part.
At the primary stage, the sores become soft and later on these are dried up. A
severe itching tendency occurs in the affected area.
Preventive measures against skin diseases:
I . The patient should be separated from others and kept in a room.
2. The clothes and used bed sheets: towels etc. Should be washed with hot water.
3. Care should be taken to keep the surrounding neat and clean.
4. None should use the patient’s clothes and other materials.
5. Proper treatment should be provided,
a. Treatment for itches-- Ointment and oil on sulpher group and benjiail benzoid
imulsion may be applied on the advice of the physician.
b. Treatment for ring worm-Ointment of Crisophenic acid is to be applied. But this
should be clone on the advice of the physician.
c. Treatment of eczema-As per doctor’s advice, potasium permanganate calamin
lotion are to be applied. Medicine on antibiotic and antihistamine may also be
used.
Human Body
131
Louse and its harmful effects
The louse is a parasitical insect. It grows due to unseemliness of the body,
clothings, bedding. It survives by sucking blood staying in the hair of the head. A
disease named typhus is spread by the louse. The louse when sucks blood from the
body of the patient, takes the germs in it and spreads to other persons at the time of
sucking their blood.
Prevention against the louse:
The hair is to be shortened. (7lOthings are to be boiled properly and regularly.
regular bath is to be taken and head and body are to be cleaned, the clothings and
beds should be dried in the sun time to time and finally some medicinal oil is to be
used for the hair.
Tooth and its proper care:
The tooth is invaluable to every human being. Food is masticated in the mouth
with the help of glandial Juices. This helps mastication on and digestion also. The
tooth keeps the beauty of the mouth. After the meal, food particles stay in between
the teeth and it causes tooth decay if it is not cleaned. So everybody should take
proper care of the teeth. The teeth should be brushed regularly after taking meal. It
helps the longevity of the teeth. Good toothbrush should he used and while
brushing, the brush should move up and downward so that no single food particle
can remain inside the mouth and in the teeth. Massage should also be done to the
gums. This keeps the gums healthy. Fresh vegetables and foods rich in calcium.
potassium. Fruits etc. are to be taken regularly. If there is any dental disease, the
dental surgeons should be consulted.
Skin and its care:
Our body is covered with skin. We get senses about heat, touch, pain through the
skin. It covers the body and protects the inner organs. balances the heat of the body
and perspiration is done through the skin. We should keep the skin clean from the
attack of various skin diseases. Vitamin A and C and other lat related food should
he taken to give nutrition to the skin. To keep the skin smooth and soft, body lotion
etc. may be used.
Menstruation:
When a girl child reaches tile age round 9-14, she feels changes physically and
mentally. The girl moves towards puberty.
The menstruation occurs in every months with an interval of 28 days. It continues
for 3 to 7 days. During menstruation healthy girls normally do not feel any pain or
uneasiness.
During menstruation the girls should follow certain healthful habits. These are-
132
i) to keep neat and clean.
ii) to wash with moderately warm water.
iii) to use sanitary pads, if these are not available, clean napkin or cotton can be
used.
iv. to do light work etc.
Menstruation is not a disease. It is quite natural for every female person, there is
any complication the doctor (gynecologists) should be consulted.
Exercises
1.
2.
3.
Put a tick (√) Mark against the right answer:
(a) Which is the external organ of the human body?
(i) Stomach
(ii) Lungs
(iii) I lead
(iv) Blood vessel
(b) It is formed with bones, joints and muscle.
(i)
Movement system (ii) Respiratory system
(iii) Transpiration system
(iv) Excretory system
(e) Flow many elements of food are there?
(i) 4
(ii) 6
(iii) 8
(iv) 10
d) The name of water is (i) life.
(ii) liquid substance.
(iii) ice.
(iv) vapour.
Match the words on the right with the words on the left:
Transportation system in green vegetables, small fishes.
The functions of digestive system in flour, potato, rice etc.
Excretory system
is formed with heart blood vessel
and lymphs.
There is no carbohydrate
to digest food and to absorb it.
Mineral salts are available
is formed with kidney and skin.
Answer in brief:
a) What is called a human system?
b) What is the percentage of water in a human body?
c) What is the reason for skin disease?
d) What do you mean by balanced food?
e) What are the external organs of a human body?
f) What is the function of water?
g) What are the functions of vitamins?

Prescribed by the National Curriculum and Textbook Board

Transcription

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