a:u.1 - European Copper Institute
Transcription
a:u.1 - European Copper Institute
XalK6t; & ApxtTeKTOV1/Ktj npwm tK6oan - troc: 2001 Et\t\HNIKO INI:TITOYTO ANAnTY := HI: XAAKOY lOTOpia TT]c; apxm:KTOVtKTjc; QVQO€lKVU€l TT]V QOtappf1KTT7 axeOTJ TTJc; J.l€ ra uAtKQ KQTQOK€UrJc;. o x6.Au{3ac; Kat Kar6mv ro orrAtaJ.Jevo aKup6&J.Ja OTJJ.ltoupyr]aav€ {3aBtec; TOJ.lec; OTov "rp6no " nou nap6.y€rat ro apxtr€KTovtK6 epyo. H auvx.povry apxtr€KTOVlKrJ T€iV€l 0€ 6ao TO ouvar6v €Aacpp6r€p€c; KaraaK€uec;. Kripta J.l€ "oOTa" an6 x6.Au{3a Kat J.JSraMtKec; "smo€pJ.1i&c;". 'Evac; OUVOUQOJ.lOc; nou OLVSL TT]V OUVQTOTT]TQ OTOV J.1€A€TTJrrJ va npayJ.Jaronotr]a€t TTJ OTJJ.lLOupytKrJ rou cpavraa{a r] Kat ywr{ 6xt, va n€tpOJ.1QTLOT£i OTQ 6pta KOBS OUJ.1{30AtKf]c;-J.10pcpoAoytKTjc; ava~r]rryar]c; rou. Ta "apxtr€KTOVLK6." J.JiraMa. YAtKQ sE,WT€plKWV SntKaAUI/JSWV, 17 SntOSpJ.l{Oa TOU KTtpiou. 0 XOAK6c;, TO TlTOVlO, 0 TlTQVlOtJxOc; 1/JSUOapyupoc;, TO aAOUJ.llVlO, ro J.lOAu{3t, XP170LJ.10notouvrat OTtc; €ntKaAui/J€tc; un6 rryv J.10pcpr] cpuMwv J.lS naxoc; av6.Aoyo rryc; aKAryp6rryrac; Kat rryc; avroxr]c; roue;. 0 XaAK6c;. T0 QlWVlO J.leTaMO OITOU XOPTJ OTtc; €E,atpSTLKec; cpUOlKec; TOU tot6rryrsc; Kat ra OTJJ.lOVTtK6. nAsov€Krr]J.1ara nou otaBerst, Bswp€irat eva an6 ra toavt.K6rspa uAtK6. OTtc; apxtrsKTovtKec; €cpapJ.1oyec;. Irey€c; xaAKou KaraaKwa~ovrat as oA6KArypo rov KOOJ.lO sow Kat atwvsc;, npoaoioovrac; J.1SyaAonpensta Kat UI/JTJM ataBryrLKr] 0€ J.1VTJJ.1£ia, J.lOUOS{Q, SKKAryaisc;, OTJJ.lOOlQ Kat lOLWTLKQ KT{pta, aMa Kat a€ avapiBJ.lryrsc; arrAec;, KarotKisc; sE,aacpaAi~ovrac; nap6.MryAa atwvta avroxr] Kat otapKsta. K. T. 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To £ /AX {3Atnovra~ TTJV J1€Y6.ATJ av6.muE,TJ TTJ~ XOOlVTJ~ artYTJ~ ra reAeura{a XP6vta Kat aroxeuovra~ 017]v rrArJP'l €VT]JJtpWOTJ Kat T€XVlKrJ unoarryptE,T] TOU T€XVtKOU KOOJJOU npot{3et 017]V tKoOOTJ rou {3t{3Aiou 'XaAK~ & ApxrreKTovt.Kf( ro ono{o neptyp6.cpet J-1€ AemoJJtpeta n~ rexvtKt~ KaTOOK€UrJ~ XOAKLVT]~ artyT]~ Kat Uopoppory~. nEPIEXOMENA • XaA.K6c;: To Au.bvto MeTaMo ..................................................................... 3 • lt5t6TTJTE:<:; - XOPOKTTJplOTlKO & TE:)(VlKE<:; t5TJI.!l0Upyiac; TE:)(VTlnlC: nOTfvac; .... 7 • XaA.K6c; KQl OTEY'l ..................................................................................... 13 • :Ln~yec; IJE: ~uA.tva tsOKOpta ....................................................................... 17 • :Ln~yec; K68eTTJc; paq>f}c; ............................................................................ 21 • E~eA.ty!Jevo • AMa crucrTi)IJaTa xoA.KLVllC: emcrrtya011c; ................................................ 33 • K6Au~11 lliJLOq>atptK<.i>v emq>avw.bv IJE: q>uMa XaAKou ............................ 37 • X6A.Ktvot vepocrraA.6KTec; Kat npocrraTeUTtKec; Kopwvioec; ...................... 41 • KOTaK6puq>ec; xoA.Ktvec; emKaA.u~etc;- enevtsucretc; ....... ......................... 47 • TE:)(VtKec; crTi)pt~'lC: Tou cruv8eTou panel XaAKou copperbond ............... 51 • Ap!Jo( t5tacrroA.f}c; & ap1JOK6Aumpa ............. ................................... ......... 55 • Opt~6VTtec; • K6crroc; OTeY'lc; an6 XaAK6 ..................................................................... 65 • <l>wToypaq>tK6 YA.tK6 ................................. ................... ............................. 69 • Btf3A.toypaq>(a ............................ .................... .......................................... 102 OUOTlliJO K08E:TTJc; paq>f}c; ..................................................... 31 Kat KOTOK6puq>ec; XOAKtvec; utspoppotc; ............................... 59 EIIIIHNIKO INITITOYTO ANAnTY E HI XAIIKOY Xaln6t;: To Atu5vto Mirallo Ma essi lo fecero per lo piu di rame perche meno dal tempo pu6 essere consumato>> (A . Palladio, " I quattro libri dell' architettura" Venezia, 1950) « AMa auToi Ta KOTOC1Keuo~ov we; eTTi TTAeiaTov oTTo xoAKo, ytoTf AtyOTepo OTTO TO XPOVO IJTTOpef VO KOTOC1Tpo<pef » . « TO ~ 1111\011'0 OPUKTOU IJ&TOAAI:UIJOTO<; 1'£ Kappouvo on6 l;u-'o Ko-'ounco~11o IJ&TOAAou ot tllSIKO KOAoumo E/\1\HNIKO INITITOYTO ANAnTv::H~ XAI\KOY 3 i .i U it.SA QWJ l$.1 'hi i4leiSI 1!4! 8 /crropiKtj ava~poptj 0 XoMO<; dvot TO npWTO llCTaAAO nou XPflatllonotf)9T)Ke OTT)V tOTopla TWV noA.lTlOflWV, T) 1-lE:YOAT) OT)flOaia Tou onolou ano6et· KvueTat an6 TO yeyov6<; 6Tt fllO m;pio6o<; TT)<; npo·iOToptKr'j<; enoxr'j<; OVOilOOTT)Ke «Enoxr) TOU XaAKOU». H Enoxr'J TOU XoN<ou t neTOl TT)<; NeoA.t9LKrl<; Enoxr'j<; KOl npoT)yciTut TT)<; Enoxr'J<; TOU OpeixaA.Kou, To yvwOT6 K()OilO XaA.Kou lle KaaaiTepo. To naA.m6Tepo xaA.Ktvo OVTtKefllevo nou txet ppe9e{ llEXPl m'lllwa, avr)Ket OTT) 10T) XtA.teTia n .X. Kat avaKaA.uq>811Ke OTTl anT)A.t6 Shanidar, OTO Pouv6 Zagros, OTO lpaK. 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AVTLOTOIXO, ot Atyunnot XPT)atf..lonotouaav Te)(VtKt<; eAOOT)<; XaA.Kou, nou Tou<; entTpene va XPT)at· f..lOnotr'jaouv TO IJCTaAAO KOt ytO TT)V napaywyr) OWA'lVWOE:WV. LTT)V OlKOOOf..lLKr'j Ot np<i>Te<; f..lOpTuplec; yta XPrlOT) XaAKOU avaq>tpoVTat OTT) enoxn TT)<; PWf..lOTKr'JC: OUTO· Kpmopia<;. H ovof..1ocr(a «cyprium» 666T)Ke OTO opuKT6 TT)V iota enoxr'J Kat m9av6TT)TO npoflA.6e an6 TT) auvr)8eta va OVOf..lO~OUV TO XaAKO «aes cyprium» nou OT)IJOLVE:t «IJtTaAAO an6 TT)V KunpO». Apy6Tepa TO OVOf..lO OUVTf..ll'J· 8T)Ke ae cyprium, cyprum , copper OTO ayyA.tK6, cuivre OTO yaMtK6, combre OTO tanavtK6, kupter OTO yepiJOVtKO K.An. To naveeov TflC: P<i>1-111C:. nou eixe KOT6 noaa m8av6TT)TO emK6Au4J'1 OTtY'l<; f..l€ xoN<6, eawTeptK6 el-lnepte!xe noMa f..ltpT) 6taKOOIJllf..lEVO Kat enev6u1-1tva f..lE: xoN<o. 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I:To n epou napoum6~eTot tva KPOIJO XPUoou - apyupou - XaAKou. evw ot A~TtKot XP110l1JOnotouv KPOI.IO XaAKOU 1.10Mj36ou Kat KOT6mv optiXOAKO. 0 XOAK6c; KOI 1J f310J.IIJXOVIKrj E;TTOVOCJTOC11J LTT)V Eupwn11 nptv Til j3tOIJ11XOVtKri enav60TOOT') o 1JOV06tK6<:; «OVTaywvtOTtiC:" Tou XaAKOU dvat o oi6T)poc;. H nOAEIJlKrl KOl VOUTLAl0Krll3lOIJ11X0Vl0 WOTOOO, 6nwc; Kot1113lOIJ11XOVOnOl111.1EVT) nopaywyf) onarrouv 1Jey6A.tc; noo6TT)Ttc; xoA.Kou Ka8apou r1 ot KPOIJOTO. H 6ta6tKaoia napaywvric; yivtTOt OKOIJ11 IJE napa6ootaKtc; 1Je966ouc;. To !JtTOMWIJO 6toxwpt~6Tav ot f:KelVO nAOUOlO oe XaAKO (nep(nou 2-4%) KOl Ot <pTWXO oe XaAK6. To nA.oumo oe XaAKO 1JtT0Meu1JO ntpvaye an6 Touc; <poupvouc;, evw TO <pTWXO unoj3af..A6Tav ot IJLO t6taiTtpa noAtinA.oKT) 6ta6tKaoia yta va j3youv TO unoA.eii.II.IOTO XaAKou . H noA.unA.oKOTT)TO UJC: napan6vw 6ta6tKaoiac; ono6etKvuet 6Tt TT)V enoxri X&lpOVOKTlKq tf;6puf;1J IJ&TOAAEUIJOTO<; on6 op ux&io EIII\HNlKO IN!TITOYTQ ANAnTY:Hl XAI\KOY 5 &KdVT'] &Cxe npoxwpr')o&t T'J tpeuvo yto TTl J..l&yaA.liT&pT'J <5uvon; &KJ..l&TC!M&uOT') Tau uA.tKou . 'Eva J..l&YOAO KOl OT')J..lOVTlKO y&yov6r::, OUVT&l\&(Tat OTO TCAT') TOU 1.800 Kat OTIC, opxtr::, 1.900 1-l.X. Otwva: T') XPrlOT'J TOU UAlKOU WC, T'JA&KTplKOC, oywy6r::,. H avayKT') yta Ka9ap6TT')TO TO 99,9 % <5T')f..HOUPYT'JO& vtour::, Tp6nOUC, &n&~&pyaoior::, TOU UAlKOU, 6nwr::, TO 1-l&TOTponto Bessemer KOl Tl<; T')A&KTpOAUTlKe<; <5to<5tKOOl&C,. H 13tOJ..lT'JXOVlKrl wavaOTOOT'J avot~& TO <5p6J..lo OTT') 13tOI.lT'JXOvono(T')OT'J TWV npo'i6VTwv &MOT')<; nou KOV&t TT'JV nopoywyr')tKOVOT&pT') Kat ono<50TlKOT&pT'). 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JJE:ptKO OTTOC:TrTOOJ.lOTO OTTO TO fJtfJAfo TOU noAAa6tou: cc I quattro libri dell' architettura " Me xoltK6 KoltunTouv 11£PIKtc; cpoptc; To 61]#)0010 KTfp10 KOI 01 opxofot tcpTIOXVOV KOpcpta TTOU OTI] AOiicrj yJ..waao OVOIJO~OV xpuaocptvlo (dorini).» « noAU OIJIJOVTIKrJ £fVOI I] cc OKOUplO » TOU, TTOU TIJV OVOIJO~OU#)£ TO npOOIVO Tou xoAKou ( verde rame ).» « AMa OUTOf TO KOTOOK£UO~OV we; en{ TO nlteiarov orr6 xoAK6 , ytoTi ltty6Tepo on6 TO XPOVO IJTT0p£f VO KOTOOTpocpef». « 6 EAAHN I KO INrTITOYTO ANAnTY:Hr XAAKOV I8z6rrzre~ - x apanrrzpzOTl'KCt & rexvzni~ 8rzpzovpyia~ rexvrzrlj~ nariva~ reviKO XOPOKTI]plCTTIKO TOU XOAKOU 0 XaM6<; ~E: ClTO~lKO apt8~6 29, E:ivOl TO npWTO OTOlXE:{O 111<; unoo~66a<; <<E:Uyevi} ~traAAO». 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E161K6 ~6poc; 8.90gr{cm' Lr)IJE:IO lf'l~l)c; 1.083't LT11V J1MKTPOXJ1~lKrl OE:tp6 TWV OTOlXetWV (ni- 0.0168 mmtm/ C VOKO<; I) 0 XaAK6<; elVOl 0111 ~WVT) TWV E:UyE:- 48 m{O{mm' VWV ~eT6Mwv, ~e anoTD..eo~a 11 e:na<pi] TOU rpow~Koc; owre:1.e:o'l1\ ooo1oM<; e20- 100 CJ H).e:xrpiK~ ovwVl~Oif'ITO orouc; 2o•c 83% 10~ ~E: ~ETaAAO .\ty6Tepo euyevi} (apVT)TlKO J1M· E161x~ ee:p~6Tf'ITO orouc; 2o•c 385 J/kg/K 0.0921 col{gr ,.C KTPOXTl~tK6 6uva~tK6) Km 11 6n~toupy(a ya"-- 6€pj.JIK~ OVWVJIJOli)TO 330 VJ/m/K 13avtKou 99.90 %min XaAKO, aAAO TO AlYOTE:pO E:UYE:VE<; ~ETaAAO. ne:piE:KnKOTI)TO K09opou XOAKoU <pmvo~evou npo61aypacpt~ TOIVIWV xaAKOU niVOKO<; 1 tlUVOIJIKO OE: 5Au' + 3e--+ Au Pd' + 2e- - • Pd Hg1 + 2e-~Hg Ag' + e- ~ Ag Cu' + e- -+ Cu Cu.. + 2e--+ Cu 2H' + 2e- ) H, Volt OTOU<; 25"C 1.50 0.987 0.854 0.800 0.52 1 0.337 0.000 -0. 126 -0.136 Pb' ' + 2e· -+ Pb Sn' + 2e- ~ sn Ni1 + 2e- -+ N1 COt+ 2e- -+ N1 Tl' + e--+ Tl -0.250 -0.277 -0.336 -0.342 ln' +3e- ~ln Cd' + 2e- -> Cd Fe' + 2e- -+ Fe Go' + 3e- -+ Go Cr' + 3e--+ Cr Cr' + 2e- )Cr -0.403 -0.440 -0.53 -0.74 -0.91 -0.763 - 1.18 Zn' + 2e- -+ Zn Mn' + 2e- -+Mn Zr ' +Lie- -+ Zr Ti' + 2e- -+ Tl u' + 3e--+ u Be'' + 2e- - ) Be Mg,. +2e- Mg No· + e--+ No · 1.53 -1.63 -1.66 - 1.70 -1.80 -1.85 -2.37 ·2.7 1 Co' + 2e- -+Co K' + e- -+ K u· + e--+ u ·2.87 ·2.93 -3.05 l• Ai + 3e--+ AI Hf•· + 4e- ) Hf E /\1\HNIKO INI:TITOYTO va ~Tl 6tal3pwvet To cpuMwv - To <puMa XaAKOU OHP, nou npoop(~OVTOl yta apxtTeKTovtKi] XPilOTl (eniarpwOT} are:ywv, u6popp6ec;, K..\n.), nap6yoVTm ou~<pwva IJE: 111v npootaypa<pr'J EN 1172. To ~eytOTO nM<O<; <WV <puMwv XaAKOU dVOl 1.000 mm (Tunonmn~eVT) 6t60TOOT}) . Ta <puMa Xa"-Kou Twv Kpa~6Twv Cu-DHP 6taTi8e:VTat oe: Tunonotn~tva ~rlKTl Twv 2.000 mm. Ot TOtvie:c; XaAKOU 6tmi8E:VTOl oe: p6.\ouc; ~E: ~eytOTO l36poc; po.\ou 6 kg/mm nMTOU<;. Yno.\oyt0}.16<; J36pouc; avo TE:IJQxtO: Mr'JKo<; X nMl· To<; X nQxo<; X et6. J36poc; {et6. J36poc; XaMOU 8.9) B6poc; <puAAwv xaAKOU I..II'JKOU«; 2.000 mm KOI nA6TO«; 1.000 mm (KIA6 av6 T£1J6XIO). \1) ,jC. J rJ'~':_ .. c i K1M 0.60 10.680 0.70 12 ..460 0.80 , .4.2.40 0 .90 16.020 1.00 , 7.800 ANAnTY:::HI XAI\KOY 7 AVTfopaaq OTIJ 01(lJ3pWC11J To J3aatK6 X£1Toupy1K6 xapaKTTJpiOTLKOIJiac; emK6AU!Jll"Jc;, elvall"] npocrraaia nou napexe1 crro tcrip1o an6 nc; e~wTepiKec; KOIPIKec; auvSf)Kec; (uypama, avt:IJO, XMO~I KJ\.n.) KOI nou Sa enpene va exouv 6Xa Ta uX1K6 nou XPT'JOIIJOTIOIOUVTOI yta emKaAU!Jlt:lc;. EKeivo OIJWc; nou OIO<poponOLei ae 1JE:y6Ao 13aSIJ6 Ta 016cpopa UAIKO KOI nou eiva1 101aiTepa Ol"JIJOVTIK6, eivm l1 OIOPKEIO, Ol"]Aaof) l"J ouvOTOTT'JTO Touc; va OIQTT']pouv Ta xapaKTTJpiOTIKO nou npoavacpepa1Je ae IJEYOAT'J XPOVIKT') OIOPKEIQ. nivaKa<; 2 AyponKo K~i~o 0.00036 0.0005 1 Oopo9oMOOIO& ~IOIJI)XOVIKO K~iiJO 0.00122 0.00 132 0.00142 nopo9o}.ooo•o KNIJO 0 XC1AK6c;, EtVOI xwp(c; KOIJIO OIJ<plf30Al0 eva e~OXO UNKO, 11 OIOpKE:IQ TOU onoiou elVOI ano&:fuYIJeVT'] EntOTilIJOVIKO KOI npaKTIKO. 'Exe1 Til ouvm&rrrra va aUTonpocrrmeuetal IJE Til Ol"JIJIOupyia Tl"]c; cpumKf)c; nmivac;, 1JS anoTSX£0J..iO VQ napalJSvel 0Ktpa1oc; KOI VQ OIQTT']pei nc; IOIOTrrrE<; TOU OTO nepOOJ..iQ TOU )(P6vou. H EniOTI11JOV1KrlJ31J3Noypacp(a IJO<; OlVEIIJIO TIIJrliJElWOT']<; TOU naxouc; TOU XaAKOU 0.00142 mm QVO tToc; ae 101aiTepa emJ3apu1Jevo nep1j36Ahov. LTOV niVOKQ 2 napOUOlO~OUIJS TO noaocrra IJElWOT']c; TOU naxouc; TOU XaAKOU ae OIO<pOpt:TIKec; nt:plj3aAAoVTIKec; auvSf)Kec;. Ta crro1xeia auTo npoepxoVTal an6 netpaiJanKec; OOIJIKec; OIOpKetac; 20 eTwv nou eKave TO ASTM (American Society for Testing Materials) . MtBoooc; OIJJ.Jtoupyiac; rexvqrljc; narivac; Ene1or') o XP6voc; nou anmTdTm y1a TllV OlliJIOupyia Tile; 1JnXe - npaatvl"]c; f) npaatVT']c; - !JnXe nm{vac; eivm OXETIKO 1JE:y6Aoc; KOI e~apTOTm O!Jeaa an6 TO nep1J36Mov IJE TO ono(o tpxeTm ae enacpf) o xC1AK6c;, OL apxiTSKTOvec;, KaAAITexvec; KQI TE)(VtTec; IJEAetOUV EOW KQI mwvec; Tp6nouc;, wcrre va EntTOXUVOUV aUTT')v Til <pUatKr') OlaOIKaaia IJE XlliJIKec; oumec;. To va O~EIOWO"t:lc; TEXVT'JTO TO XaAKO efVOIIJIO IOIQlTEPT'J TeXVT'] KQI TE)(VIKrl nou OTIOITel nefpa KOI IJEPOKI. 0 Xl"JIJIKO<; XPWIJOTIOIJO<; Kal 01 TE)(VIKec; TOU e~apTWVTQI IJeTa~u OMwv an6 Til 8ep1JOKpaaia, Tl"JV npoetOIIJaaia Tl"]c; emcpave1ac; TOu XMKOU, Tl"JV uypaaia, TO XP6vo KOI TOV Tp6no E<pOpiJOYrl<; TOU. /\6yw Twv noMwv napa1JtTpwv nou unapxouv, 01 Xl"JIJIKO Ol"JIJIOUPYT'Jilevec; nmivec; napouma~ouv OIO<popa npoj3"-flllata, 6nwc; np6j3Al"JIJO crraSepono(l"]Ol"]c;. llll XPWIJOTIKf)c; 01JOLoyeve1ac; ae 1JEy6Xec; emcpavetec;, K.An. yeyov6c;, nou ea npene1 Kaveic; va A6j3e1 un64J11 TOU, 6Tav Sa npoanaSr')ae1 va OlliJIOupyr'Jael Tt:XVT'JTT'J o~eiowal"] crro xC1AK6. ITo E:1Jn6plo Kui<Aocpopouv nponmlvaplaiJeva <puMa xC1AKou, y1a 6no1ov SeX£1 va exe1 eva anoTeXeOIJa XPWIJOTLKf)c; OIJOLO!Jopcpiac; ae eva auVTOIJO XPOVLK6 OIOO"Tl"]IJO. Ta <puMa auTO ElVOI J3101Jl"JXOVIKW<; nponOTIVOpiOIJeVa, IJE noM KaAf) crra8eponotl"]Ol"] Tl"]c; TENKT')c; Ent<pOVEIO<; Kal iawc; Sa tnpene va npoTIIJT']Souv 6mv np6KetTOI va emKC1Aucp8ouv 1JE:y6Aec; emcpavetec;. Ita IJ1Kp6Tepec; emcp6ve1ec; r; y1a OIOKOcriJT'JTIKec; ecpap1Joyec; IJnopei Kanotoc; va OOKIIJOOEI Kano•a an6 Ta evo1acpepoVTa (XPWIJOTIKO) Xl"JIJIKO «KOKTe·IA, nou avacpepoVTm napaKOTW. M1a npwT6Tun11 KOI maST']nKa evo1acpepouaa naTiva Ol"JIJIOUPYllOE o apxrretcrovac; Andrea Bruno crro Mouae(o Maac; nC1AaiOKOOTpou O"Tl"]V nacpo Tl"]c; Kunpou, o~u 8 E<pOpiJO~OVTac; OTT'] XOMIVT'] crrey11 TOU KtTpiKO Kal 8aXaaa1v6 vep6. EAAHNIKO IN I:T I TOVTO A N AnTV: H I X A AKOY XlJJ.liKO XPWJ.lOTIKO 1. « KOKTti"A » MnA& - np60IVI"J naTiva ot nopTOKaAi - Kacpt un6~aepo - Semi -matt Copper nitrate 110 gm. Cu(NO:J2 3H 2 0 Ntp6 110 gm Ammonia (880 OtclAUIJO ) NH3 440 gm2 Acetic acid (6% 6t6Au1Ja ) CH 3 COOH 440 gm2 Ammonium chloride NH4 CI 110 gm fl16pK&IO t q>OpiJOVr\<; TOU uypou: 5 I"JIJ&pt<; To 6lclAUIJO anA.WV&\01 TOIJnOVOplOTOIJ& tva KOIJIJOTl IJOAOKOU Uq>OOIJOTOC: KQl acpi)v&TOl VO OT&yvwo&L To IJtTaMo ouVTOIJO oKoupaivtt Kat OTaotaK6 OI11JlOupyefTat OTI1V emcpaveta IJlO Kovtw611C: 1JnA&-np6mvl1 nmiva nou aonp(~&L 'OTav OT&yvwoet, Tp(J3tTOl IJ& tva 1JaAOK6 OT&yv6 ucpoOIJO, WOT& va t~OIJaAuveef KOl va A&tav9ei 11 emcp6veta, nptv an6 T11V en61J&VI1 tq>OPIJOYri OlaAUIJOTOC:. H 6ta6tKao{a aUTr'j enavaAOIJJ36ve;at YlO IJlO ntpio6o neVT& I11J&pwv, OTO Ol00TI11J0 TI1C: onoiac: 11 nmiva OKOupa(v&l KOl y{v&\Ol IJtpoc: TI1C: emcpavetac;. 'Omv oA.oKA.11pw8ei 11 otaotKaoia KOl 11 emcpaveta OT&yvwoet T&A&iwc;, IJnopei TtAoc: va enaA&tcp9ei IJ& Kepi. 'Eva mo oKoupo Kot m:ptaa6TE:po pwf3 - Ka({Je un6f3aBpo emwvxavcrat ae copper - plated ent({Javetec;. 0 XPWIJOTlOIJ6C: ea nptn&t va npay1JOTOnOLT]8ei oe KaA6 aept~61l&vo xwpo. en&tot'l 01 ava8uj.it6o&tC: OIJ· j.lwviac: nou 9a 6111JlOUPY119ouv an6 TO OlclAUIJO, j.lnop&l va npoKaAtoouv &p&8to1J6 OTa IJCma KOl npoJ3A.t'l1JOTO OTO avanvtuOTlKO OUOTI11JO. To 6lclAUIJO 9a nptn&l va IJI1V tp9&l 0& &nacpr) IJ& TO IJOTlO r) TO Mp1JO, ytm( 1Jnopei va OI11Jtoupyi)oet eyKOUIJOTO r) ooJ3opouc: ep&9tOIJOUC:. 2. MnA&- np60IVI1 naTiva 0& nOIKIA6XPWIJO KOq>t - IJOA& un6~a9po. Copper sulphate CuS0 45H 2 0 20mg Copper acetate (CH3C00)2 Cu H2 0 20mg Ammonium chloride NH4 CI 10mg Acetic acid (6% otclAUIJO) CH3 COOH 00., noo6tr]Ta XP£l6q:TOI yta va yivtt noA.T6c; fl16pKtiO t q>OpiJOVr\<; noATOU : OpK&Tt <; I"JIJ&pt<; To OUOTOTlKO yivOVTOl tvac; KP&IJWOI1C: nOA.T6C: j.l& T11 J3or'j8&l0 O~lKOU o~twc; KOl XPI10lj.IOnOlWVTOC: you6oxtpl KOl you6i. 0 noA.TOC: OnAWV&\OliJ& eva 1JaAOK6 mvtAo KOl acpr)v&;Ql va OT&VVWO&l yta IJlO 111Jtpa. To OT&yv6 un6Atl1JIJO OTI1 ouvtxe•a ~enMve;at IJ& Kpuo v&p6, XPI10l1JOnOlWVTOC: tva j.laAOK6 mvtA.o. 'Eva A&m6 OTPWIJO nOATOU aA&icp&TOl en&lTO OTI1V &mq>OV&lO KOl acpi)ve;al YlO IJlO 111Jtpa va OT&VVWO&l KOl 6mv nMov OT&yvwo&t eo nptnet To un6AtliJIJO va ~&nA.ueei KOl n6At1J& Kpuo v&p6. H otaotKaoia aUTT') TI1C: &q>Opj.loyt')c; AtnTWV OTPWIJCrrWV noA.TOU OTI1V &nlq>OV&lO &navaAaj.IJ30V&\Ol j.l& TOV lOlO Tp6no, j.lt)(pl va OT]IJlOUPYI19&( IJlO notKIA6XPWIJT] nmiva. eo nptn&t wOT6oo va acpf)ve;at va OT&yvwvet K69e cpop6 KaAO, &VW OTO TtAOC:, IJnOp&( VO n&pOOT&i 11 &nlq>OV&lO j.l& K&pi. 3. MnAt - np6o1v11 naTiva o& K6KKIVO un6~aepo - semi - matt Copper nitrate Cu(N0 3) 2 3H 2 0 200 gm Ammonium chloride NH4 CI 200 gm N&p6 1 A.(TpO EAI\HNIKO INrTI T OYTO ANAnTY : H r XAIIKOY 9 Tp6noc; &cpopJJoyr}c; Tou uypou: ~uo cpoptc; TI'JV 'lJJt po v•o ntVT& 'lJJtpec;. To OIOAUIJO aMc.i>VeTOI TOIJnovaptarOIJ€ tva KOIJIJOTIIJoAOKOu ucpaOIJOToc; KOL acpt']ve-rm va ar~yvwm:L H oLaotKaofa €navo.Aa1Jf36v~Tm ouo cpoptc; TflV fl1Jepa y1a ntvr~ fl!Jep~c;. I:Tfl ouvtx~ta, Tl ~mcpav~LO acpt']v~ raL 6Mec; ntvr~ fliJEP~C: y10 va ar~yvwo~L To XPWIJO rou un6f3a8pou Ofl!JtOupy~iTaL araotaK6 OTfl otapK~La aUTt']c; TflC: n~plOOOU KOI en~lTO an6 2-3 fl!Jep~c; O)(lliJOTl~~TOI IJlO IJTIA~ - npOC1lVfl naTfva. H T~ALK!') ~mKOAUliJfl , ea npen~L va yiv~L 1J6Xtc; eivm f3ef3mo 6r1 Tl ~mcpav~ta tx~t ar~yvwo~t r~A&iwc; Km Tl OfliJtOup- yia TflC: nmiva tx~1 oA.oKXflpw8ei. 'EXE:l OlOTtlOTWBd on '7 TE:XVU<IJ TOU TOf.JTTOVap{Of.lOTOC: dvm KaAUrE:PTJ arr6 TT]V w6.AeUjJT], WE:lOrJ '7 &t.JrtpT] avaK6rrw TTJ oTJf.ltoupyia rryc; rrarivac;. Eav urrapxst Karroto n.p6f3ATJf.lO f.lE: aur6 rov rp6rro, ro uyp6 f.lTTOpti va arrAweei f.l& aKN]p6 {3ouprotaf10 OTa OPXtKa araota TTJC: otaocKaaiac;. 'Orav UTTOPX&l uypaaia, TO ariyvWf.lO TTJC: C:rT.L(j)OV&tac; /.mopE:{ VO OlOpKiaet rreptao6repo. nap6Ao TTOU f.lTTOpei VO Oti'XVE:l OTeyvrJ, '7 WL(j)OVE:IO f.lTTOpd rreptoOLKO VO «tOpWV&l>>. fta va yivet '7 TeNKrJ &TTLKOAUI/1'7 f.lE: Kepi, eo n.ptrret va txec OTeyvwoet reAdwc;, wOTe va txe1 oAoKAT]pweei '7 XTJf.lLKrJ ocepyaoia. 4. MnA&-npaaiVI'J noTfvo a& Kocpt un6rJo9po - semi matt/matt Ammonium chloride NH4 CI 35gm Copper acetate (CH 3C00) 2Cu H20 20mg N€p6 1 NTPO AlapK&IO &cpOpJ.IOVrl«; noATOU: OpK&Tt«; I'JJ.!&p&c; Ta uN.Ka ava~JetYVUOVTOIIJ~ A.iyo v~p6, XPflC1liJOnOL<.i>vrac; youooxtpt KOI youoi Km npoari8~vrm aro un6A.OLno v~p6. To otOAUIJO aM<.i>ve-rm T01Jnovaptar6 1-1~ tva IJoAOKO ucpaOIJO. To XOAKtvo OVTIK~iiJ&VO acpt']ve-rat OTfl OUVEX~Ia va OT&yv<.i>o~l. AUT!'] Tl OlOOLKao(a &navo.A01Jf36verm IJlO cpop6 TflV fliJEpa yta apKe-rec; fliJEp&c;, OfliJLoupywvrac; OTaotaK6 ro XPWIJO Tou un6f3a8pou KOI TflC: IJTIM - npOotVflc; nmivac;. 'OTav fl otaoLKaaia oXoKA.flpw8~(, 8a npen~1 va acp~8~f apK~rec; fliJEp~c; y1a ya ar~yv<.i>oet, OTfl ot6pK&ta rwv onofwv, Tl nmiva ouv~x~~~ va Ofl!Jtoupy~irat. M6N.c; Tl ~mcpav~10 ar~yvwo~t ~vr~wc; , ylv~rat ~mKOAUll.Jfl ll~ K~pL E£vm OTJf.lOVTtK6 va txet oAoKArypweel '7 OTJf.ltoupyla rryc; rrarlvac; Kat '7 emcpaveta va txet areyvwoet reAeiwc;, rrptv va emKaJ.ucpeei f.l& Ktpi. Ie rrsptf36M.ov uypaaiac; '7 XPOVLKrJ ou1pKeta rou areyvwf1aroc; f1Tropd va sm{3paouved yw apKeric; s{3oof16oec;. 5. MnA& - np601VI'J noTfvo a& nopToKoAi - Kocpt un6rJo9po - Matt Ammonium carbonate 24gm Potassium hydrogen tartrate COOH.CH(OH).CH(OH) .COOK 6gm Sodium chloride NACI 6gm Copper sulphate cuso•.5Hp 6gm Acetic Acid (6% OlOAUIJO) CH 3 COOH OOfl noaOTflTO XP&t6~&Tal yta va yfve1 noA.T6c; AlapK&Io &cpopJJoyr}c; noATou: opKertc; rwtp&c; Ta OUOTOTlKO y(VOVTOI evac; Kp&IJWOflC: noA.roc; IJ& Tfl f3o!')8&ta O~lKOU o~ewc; KOI XPflOliJOnOLWVTac; youoo- XEPl KOI youoi. 0 noXr6c; aM<.i>ve-rat IJ€ tva 1JoAOK6 mveXo, Tl emcp6ve1a acpf)ve-rm va ar~yvwo~L y ta ouo TliJEp&c; KOI &navaA.aiJf36verm OTfl ouvexeta Tl lOlO OlOOlKQOlO. 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" KijlWTO<; " TOU APXIT&KTOVIKfl 90 1\ovl'iivou MtAtTI'J: Ralph Erskine E/\1\HNIKO IN ITITOYTO ANAnTY :: HI XAI\KQY W.' U&t.Sa Q WJ J!h a f4 M~i If4! 8 ~,IIIII ~9VJK6 KtVTpO y:a TllV En:OTJliJil KOI TllV T&l(VOAoyfa OTO 'AIJOT&pVTOIJ ApXIT&KTOVIKrl M&AtTil: Renzo Piano Building Workshop ~&v&Tfa Lido-Biennale -B:j3A:onwA&fo Til<; Electra Apx:T&KTOVIKrl M&AtTil: J. Stirling, M. Wilford, T. Muirhead E/1/IHNI K O I N IT I TOYTO AN AnTY::HI XAIIKOY 91 • drnJapxEio N∾ Y6pKI1<; Apxrr£KTOVIK~ 92 E/1/IHNIKO INITITOYTO M£AtT11: Kenneth Hewes Barrlcklo ANAnTY : H:E XA/IKOY • noAUT&l(ViO Otianiemi OTf'JV <IIIAavlila ApXIT&KTOVIKll M&Atrq: Alvar Aalto EI\1\HNIKO INITITOYTO ANAnTY:HI X AI\KOY 93 W.i Uit.SAQ WJIS!hlllif4lt1Siif4!8 • KTfp10 rpaq>&fwv Tf'l<; B. Braun Melsungen A.G. ApXIT&KTOVIKrl M&Atrfl: J . Stirling, M. Wilford and A ssociates - N. Nageli • Schllthorn Gipfelstation ApXIT&KTOVIKrl M&AtTf'l: A .F Feuz 94 E/IAH N IKO I NI T I TOYTO ANAnTY : HI XAAKOY ... ... ...... ·~ • EKKAr'JOIOC7TJK6 Ktvrpo - . Mt~JKO ApXIT£KTOVIKrl M£AiTrJ: Plutarco Barrelre G. EAfdiNIKO INITITOVTO ANAnTV c HI XAAKOV 95 • noAITIC7TIK6 KtVTpo C7TO Toledo, lonavia ApxrT£KTovrK~ 96 EAAHNIKO INtTITOYTO ANAnTY:Hr M£Atn'J: XAAKOY Frank 0 . Gehry • n&pim&po CTrf1 B&v&Tia APXIT&KTOVIKrj M&A.trl'): A. Francesconi, G. Gianighian EA/11-!NIKO INITITOYTO ANAOTY::H! XAAKOY 97 a:u.H.sa Q&J a:t' a:; Mm ~~: • • Opt1jlOTIK6 KaTacpuy1o, Chamonlx ApX1T£KTOV1Krl MtAtTfl: P. Parizet 98 E/\1\H NI KO INITITOYTO ANAnTY:HI XA I\KOY a:u.1:t.saQ WJIS.1,U!iitmi:,:a • Eanar6p1o " Onda " - Cernobbio O'TI'IV lraAfa Apxm:KToVIKrJ M&AtTil: D. Valli E i\ i\ H N I K 0 I N 1 T I T 0 Y T .O A N AnT V :: H r X A i\ K 0 Y 99 8.if.1!{,}A Q WjiS!4'tal !ilel~ll i~!M • KOTOIKiO KOVTO 0& AftJVI"J OTI"JV X•Ar1 APXIT&KTOVIKrl M&AtTI'): Mlrene Elton P., Mauricio Leniz M. 100 EAIIHNIKO INl:T ITOYTO ANAnTY:OH! XAAKOY ~OTOIKia OTO Santiago - X1Ar] APXIT&KTOVIKrl M&AtTI'): Luis Binimells de D. ApXIT&KTOVIKrl M&AeTI'): EI\1\HN I KO I NrTITOYTO Knud Munk A N AnTY::Hr XA/IKOY 10 I i .i¥.1!(.)8 QWJ IS.1 ' l!h MSII!l! I 818/\IOfPACI>IA • Kupfer Dachdeckung- Kupfer Bauklempnerei " Deutsches Kupfer lnstitut", Berlin. • Sheet copper in building construction, "Copper and Brass Research Association", New York. • British Standard Code of Practice. • "Copper in architecture" CDA New York • " II rame sui tetti "C. Comoletti, Electa, 1994 • Modern Applications of Sheet Copper in building Constructions, CABRA, New York 1948. J02 • II rame nell'architettura, I tetti, CISAR, Milano 1964. • Copper in Roofing, CDA, UK, 1985. • Architektur mit Kupfer, DKI, 1987. • Cu biertas, pro Cobre, 1991. • " Roofing, Pocket book, Copper Roofing Advisory Service", CDA, UK, 1992. • Tejados de cobre, CEDIC, 1993. • European Architecture with Copper. ECRC, 1993. • Alvar Aalto, a cura di K. Fleig, Zanichell, 1978. • Coperture di rame, Pennacchio, 1990. E II II H N I K 0 IN IT IT 0 Y T 0 AN AnT Y : HI X A II K 0 Y