EIA study 2x110 kV OHTL Bitola 3

Transcription

Macedonian Transmission System Operator
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT STUDY
PROJECT:
Construction of double circuit
110kv overhead transmission line
from S/S Bitola 3 to S/S Bitola 4
COMMISSIONED BY:
MACEDONIAN TRANSMISSION SYSTEM OPERATOR
TITLE:
EXECUTOR:
ENVIRONMENT IMPACT ASSESSMENT
”CONSTRUCTION OF DOUBLE CIRCUIT 110KV
OVERHEAD TRANSMISSION LINE FROM S/S BITOLA 3
TO S/S BITOLA 4”
EUROPARTNER GROUP
KIRO KRSTEVSKI PLATNIK 23-A
SKOPJE, MACEDONIA
TEL: 02 3217-306
E-MAIL: office@europartnergroup.com
EXPERT TEAM:
Study signed by:
Slavjanka Pejčinovska- Andonova,
BA in engineering
Authorized expert in EIA
_________________________
Other team
members:
Zdravko Andonov,
MA in electrical engineering science
Natalija Aceska
BA in Biology
Sašo Talevski
BA in Philosophy
(Expert in cultural and socio-economic issues)
Page ii
Environment Impact Assesment Study – Construction of double circuit 110kv overhead
transmission line from S/S Bitola 3 to S/S Bitola 4
Courtesy translation:
Republic of Macedonia
Ministry of environment and physical planning, Skopje
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
For passed professional exam due to gain status expert in EIA
Mrs. Pejcinovska Andonova Petar Slavjanka MA in Engineering from Skopje, Born on
15.02.1963 in Skopje, Republic of Macedonia.
On 01.06.2009, passed the professional exam for acknowledgment of professional
knowledge in environmental impact assessment in front of the Commission for
taking the professional exam in environmental impact assessment within Ministry of
environment and physical planning, thereby she gained a status as an expert in
environmental impact assessment where she fulfils the conditions stipulated in
Article 85 paragraph 3 of the Law for the environment, where she gains with the e
right to be included in the List of experts for EIA within the Ministry of environment
and physical planning of Republic of Macedonia.
This acknowledgement is issued on the base of Article 85 from the Law of
environment (Official Gazette of Republic of Macedonia, no. 53/05,81/05, 24/07
and 159/0).
Ministry of environment and physical planning
Minister
Mr. Neđati Jakupi
Страна 3
CONTENTS
ABBREVIATIONS .......................................................................................................7 1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................8 1.1 Basic data for the investor and the intentions in implementation of the
project........................................................................................... 8 1.2 Need for preparation of environmental impact assessment study ............. 8 1.3 Study scope and used methodology ................................................. 9 1.4 Structure and content of the study ................................................10 2. PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND CHARACTERISTICS....................................................... 11 2.1 Basic data for the project ...........................................................11 2.2 The meaning of the project in regard to transmission system of Republic of
Macedonia......................................................................................12 2.3 Process for choice of the route .....................................................13 2.4 Analysis for alternatives..............................................................14 2.5 technical characteristics of the project ...........................................18 2.6 Project phases .........................................................................26 2.6.1 2.6.2 2 Building ............................................................................26 Operational and maintenance phase..........................................29 DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT IN THE PROJECT AREA ...................................... 30 3.1 Geographic position of the location................................................30 3.2 Location of the project...............................................................31 3.3 Natural features and state of the environmental medium in the area of the
project..........................................................................................32 3.3.1 3.3.2 3.3.3 3.3.4 3.3.6 3.3.7 3.4 Climate and weather conditions ...............................................32 Geological characteristics of the area ........................................33 Seismic-tectonic characteristic ................................................34 Lithological properties ..........................................................36 Air quality in the area ...........................................................39 Noise ...............................................................................41 SOCIAL ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS ..............................................55 4 IDENTIFICATION AND EVALUATION OF THE POSSIBLE IMPACT OF THE PROJECT IN THE
ENVIRONMENT....................................................................................................... 65 4.1 IDENTIFICATION OF THE IMPACT IN DIFFERENT PHASES OF THE PROJECT ...65 4.2 Impact Assessment ....................................................................84 5 MEASURES TO MITIGATE THE NEGATIVE IMPACTS OF THE PROJECT ON THE ENVIRONMENT 87 5.1 5.2 5.3 6 7 8 9 10 Measures to mitigate the impact of the project on the environment ........87 General measures ................................................................... 102 Specific measures ................................................................... 102 MONITORING PLAN.........................................................................................103 ANALYSIS OF THE TECHNICAL FLAWS AND THE NEEDED ACTUALIZATION OF THE STUDY ..117 JUSTIFICATION OF THE PROJECT AND A CONCLUSION.............................................118 RÉSUMÉ WITHOUT THE TECHNICAL DETAILS .........................................................120 APPENDEXES ................................................................................................128 10.1 Appendix 1: Participants responsible for the creation of the study ...... 128 Страна 4
10.2 Appendix 2: Relevant legal regulative and technical precepts........... 129 10.3 Appendix 3: References ......................................................... 131 10.4 Appendix 4: Technical data related to the impact assesment ........... 133 10.5 Appendix 5 Public participation in the process of making a decision on a
EIA study of construction of double overheaded transmission lines 2 x 110kv S/S
Bitola 3 - S/S Bitola 4 ..................................................................... 140 Page 5
Page 6
ABBREVIATIONS
AD - JSC (Joint Stock Company)
MEPSO – Macedonian Transmission System Operator
EIA – Environment impact assessment
EU – European Union
S/S – Subsystem
REK – Mining and Energy Combine
OHTL – Overhead Transmission Line
Sl. Vesnik - Official Gazette
PEHD – Polyethylene high density
RIMSYS – River Monitoring System
SO2 - Sulphur dioxide
CO - Carbon monoxide
NOX - Nitrogen oxide
TSP - Total suspended particles
NO2 - Nitrogen dioxide
NMVOC - Non-methane Volatile organic compounds
UHMR – Institute for Hydro-Meteorological services
WHO – World Health Organization
INIRC – International Non-Ionizing Radiation Committee
IEEE – Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
CITES – Convention on international Trade in Endangered Species
IUCN – International Union for Conservation of Nature
Pаge 7
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1
BASIC
DATA FOR THE INVESTOR AND THE INTENTIONS IN IMPLEMENTATION
OF THE PROJECT
The company MEPSO (Macedonian transmission system operator) is in state
ownership and it was formed in 2005 due to transformation of Macedonian electric
power.
Basic activity of MEPSO is uninterrupted transmission of electricity within high
voltage network to its consumers, and successful managing the electrical energy
system. The company is also responsible for continues transmission of electric power
from Macedonian border to the distributive network of EVN Macedonia and its
consumers, as well organizes and dispatches the transit of electric power all over
Republic of Macedonia.
On the basis of approved development plans, the company MEPSO has intention
to begin with constriction of double circuit transmission line 2 X110 kV S/S Bitola 3
- S/S Bitola 4 and finishing of four transmission fields, two in S/S Bitola 4 and one
in S/S Bitola 2 and S/S Bitola 3. The length of transmission line is 12 km, from
which 400 m that are located in urban area will be realized as 100 kV underground
cable network.
With the construction of the transmission line, in the southwest part of
Macedonia the transmission network ring will be established where the improvement
of voltage conditions are expected and with this the improvement of security in
power supply for the consumers in Bitola region.
The construction of transmission line is financed from the project “Project for
development of the electricity transmission network” (ECSEE APL 3) credited by
World Bank.
1.2
NEED
F O R P R E P A R A T I O N O F E N V I R O N M E N T A L I M P A C T A S S E S S M E NT S T U D Y
In general, the construction of transmission line, its functioning and maintaining
in its expected lifetime as well it is commissioning causes possible negative and
positive impacts on the variable elements in environment.
The need of identification and evaluation of all impacts, suggestion for
mitigation strategy, prevention or compensation of negative impacts, monitoring of
suggested measures implementation and participation of public in decision making
for construction of transmission line is conditioned by the national legislation in the
field of environmental protection, EU directives, international agreements as well
requirements of the financial institution like World Bank, which had certain
requirements due to credit approve to the investor.
In that regard MEPSO in March 2009 submitted the Letter of intent for the
development of the Project to Ministry of environment and physical planning and
application for scope determination of the evaluation of the impact of the project in
the environment.
In accordance with the Environmental Law (Official Gazette of R.M. No. 53/2005,
81/2005, 24/2007 and 159/08) and Regulation for project determination and
criteria, on which is stipulated the necessity for establishment procedure for
determination of evaluation of the impact in the environment (Official Gazette of
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R.M No.74/2005) the perform of this type of project I under annex 2-Generally
stipulated projects, clause 3-Energy, (b) Industrial Installations and gas distribution,
steam, hot water and transmission and distribution of electricity within surface lines
(Projects that are not included in annex 1)
Environmental administration within the Ministry of Environmental and physical
planning, has determined the need for starting up procedure of EIA , this decision
was because the project is construction of transmission line which Is long 12 km,
from which 400 meters of underground cable network are located in the urban area.
Simultaneously the scope of the study is defined, especially on issues like:
a) Visual aspects
b) Biodiversity
c) electro-magnetic radiation
d) Cumulative impact
e) Socio-economic aspects
In the procedure of EIA, special place has the transparent publication of the
Summary without technical details and possibility of the insight of the draft version
of Study as well the panel discussion which will be organized with EIA the most
important conclusions from the Study to be presented where from the considered
public the remarks and comments will be considered. After the panel discussion the
final version of the Study will be expected.
1.3
STUDY
S C O P E A ND U S E D M E T H O D O L O G Y
This study have purpose to identify, forecast, asses and mitigate the negative
biophysical, social, health and other effects on the different elements in the
environment that can outcome from the project for construction of two system
transmission line 2 x 110 kV S/S Bitola 3 –S/S Bitola 4, before the major decision for
its realization to be made.
Before the beginning of the construction, the expert team established the
Working Methodology, the research implementation tools, assessment and analytical
approach toward the preparation process of the study, and has few steps, which
are:
- Introduction with the basic characteristics of the project, different phases of
the expected lifetime of the transmission line;
- Introduction with the major actors in the project implementation and interviews
with them;
- Analysis of available documentation related to the conditions for construction
and technical characteristics of the project;
- Review and analysis of current condition of the environment at the proposed
site and its immediate vicinity;
- Visit of the location of the suggested route (January 2010);
- Identification of the potential impacts on the project and the environment
during the construction, work, and regular maintenance in case of average and
decommissioning;
- Research and evaluation of the type, nature, period, reversibility, meaning, the
strength of the negative and positive impact of the project on the all of the
elements in the environment;
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- Assessment of whether impacts can be prevented, avoided, mitigated or
compensate;
- Suggestion of preventive and corrective action in mitigation of the impacts and
Monitoring Plan;
- Notifying all decision makers and included parties in consequences from the
Project in the environment and their participation in the completely transparent
process;
- Recommendations whether development and realization of the project should
be ongoing.
Expert team used a vast number of professional literatures, strategic national
documents, national relevant legislation, international agreements, valid technical
regulations and standards, maps, technical documentation regarding the project,
manuals, variable charts, and matrix for assessing well reports and
recommendations from similar researches.
The list of relevant law regulations, EU Directives, international agreements
and technical regulations and manuals is given in appendix 2.
The list of used professional literature and technical documentation is given in
Appendix 3.
1.4
STRUCTURE
A N D C O NT E N T O F T H E S T U D Y
The structure and content of this study is in accordance of the directions and
recommendations from the World Bank relevant for this type of projects and general
legal requirements (rule book for the content and requirements of one
environmental impact assessment study –Official Gazette of R.M No.33/06 and) and
Manual of the sector of EIA –transmission lines.
The chapter 2 is description and technical characteristics of the project, the
process of the route choice of the transmission line and reviewed alternatives.
The chapter 3 is description of the natural features and state of the
environmental medium in the area of the project
The chapter 4 gives insight and evaluation of the identified possible negative and
positive cumulative impacts of the transmission line in the variable elements in the
environment over the expected lifetime of the project.
The chapter 5 deals with the mitigation measures of the negative impacts,
responsible persons, costs of the measures and time frame of their implementation.
The chapter 6 represents the suggested Monitoring Plan, parameters that should
be monitored, monitoring fervency, responsible body, the monitoring financial costs
and time frame.
The chapter 7 is the analysis of technical flaws during the preparation of the
study and the eventual necessities for its update in certain period.
The chapter 8 is for project justification and gives conclusion drown from the
Analyses.
The chapter 9 contains the summary without technical details, which is for all
interested parties and participants of the panel discussion.
The chapter 10 contains various contributions, which show the complexity and
seriousness of the approach, and methodology that was used by the expert team for
the preparation of the study.
Page 10
2. PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND CHARACTERISTICS
2.1
BASIC
DATA FOR THE PROJECT
The double circuit transmission line S/S Bitola 3 –S/S Bitola 4 is planned with
estimated length of 12 km, from which 400 meters that are located in the urban
area will be realized as 110 kV underground cable connection.
The one of the systems from the new 2x110 KV OHTL will connect directly S/S
Bitola 3 and S/S Bitola 4. The second system will be directly linked to the S/S Bitola
4 near the S/S Bitola 3 and will be directly linked to the second system of 2 x 110 kV
transmission line S/S Bitola 2 –S/S Bitola 3 whether the direct connection of S/S
Bitola 4 – S/S Bitola 2 will be established. The terminal in S/S Bitola 4, because
passes through the urban area, the 400 meters of it will be cable connection of 440
kV to the two of the 110 kV OHTL fields which are with the buildup portals. S/S
Bitola 3 have unequipped OHTL Field for the connection of the second system
No.164 a from the double circuit OHTL S/S Bitola 3 –S/S Bitola 4. This no.164 a
system after the connection of the new 2x110 kV OHTL S/S Bitola 3 –S/S Bitola 4
will close the connection 110kV S/S Bitola 3 –S/S Bitola 4.
With the construction of this OHTL the ring will be formed in the transmission
network in the south west part of the state and with which the security of the
power will be improved as well the voltage conditions in the Bitola region will be
improved.
Figure 1: Principle scheme of the power system in the vicinity of Bitola
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2.2
THE MEANING OF THE PROJECT
REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA
IN REGARD TO TRANSMISSION SYSTEM OF
The electrical power system in the Republic of Macedonia is under more legal
entities, but the following three are the major participants:
1. Macedonian power plants (ELEM) have large production capacities and
products approximately 96% of the electricity power in republic of Macedonia
2. EVN Macedonia deals with the distribution power network and its responsible
for the electricity supply to the consumers
3. Macedonian transmission system operator (MEPSO) is responsible in the
transmission of the electricity from the production capacities to the
distribution network of EVN Macedonia, and in the management with the
electro energetic system of RM.
According to the geographic position, the major production capacities are
located in the south western Macedonia (REK Bitola with 675mW) and western
Macedonia (REK Oslomej with 125mW and HEC Vrutok with 150mW, HEC Špilje, HEC
Globočica) and the major consumers are located in the north of the country in the
towns ; Skopje, Kumanovo, Tetovo and Gostivar. The supply to the large consumers
is going through two 400 kV transmission lines among which is Bitola-Kičevo. The
major supply of the south western Macedonia mainly goes through the transmission
line Bitola-Resen-Ohrid. The electro energetic chart of Republic of Macedonia is
shown on figure 2.
Figure 2: Electro-energetic chart of Republic of Macedonia
The biggest town in the south west Macedonia, Bitola is supplied trough 110
kV network and 4 sub stations (S/S Bitola 1, S/S Bitola 2, S/S Bitola 3 and S/S Bitola
4) from which the first three are located in the eastern, industrial part of the town,
while the fourth substation is located in the western part of the town dominated by
residential buildings and business buildings. The Figure 3a shows the current
Page 12
connection of the substations in Bitola region. On the Figure 3b can be seen the
circuit that will be established with the building of this project.
HEC Globo~ica
Skopje 4 400
Sopotnica
HEC Globo~ica
Skopje 4 400
Sopotnica
Prilep 1
Prilep 1
Struga
Struga
Dubrovo 400
Ohrid 3
Resen
Ohrid 1
Ohrid 2
Bitola 1
Resen
Ohrid 1
Ohrid 2
Bitola 4
Bitola 3
Bitola2 400
Bitola 2 110
Dubrovo 400
Bitola 1
Bitola 4
Bitola 3
Bitola2 400
Bitola 2 110
Suvodol
Suvodol
Elektri~ni Centrali
Elektri~ni Centrali
Hid ro E C
Hidro EC
Termo EC
Termo EC
Dalekuvodi
ALBANIJA
GRCIJA
Amynteo
400 kV
220 kV
110 kV
2 x110 kV
Нов2 x110 kV
ALBANIJA
GRCIJA
Florina
(Лерин)
Dalekuvodi
400 kV
220 kV
110 kV
2 x110 kV
Нов2 x110 kV
Trafostanici
Trafostanici
TS 400 /110 kV/kV
TS 400/11 0 kV/kV
TS 220 /110 kV/kV
TS 220/11 0 kV/kV
TS 110 /X kV/kV
TS 110/ X kV/ kV
а.
б.
Figure 3: Schemes of the relationship of the town's sub stations in the Bitola region
a. Before construction and
b. After the construction of the project
Currently S/S Bitola 3 is connected with the double circuit S/S Bitola 2 from
which one circuit is used on 10kV voltage. This connection does not provide fluent
power supply to the consumers, which have power supply from S/S Bitola 3.
S/S Bitola 4 is connected with S/S Bitola 1 and S/S Resen and can provide the
fluent power supply to the consumers even if connection with S/S Bitola 1 is
interrupted.
In this that case the power supply should be done with transmission line (from
Resen) which in normal conditions work with high electric charge and power supply
is transferred trough very long route that causes high lost in the system.
With the suggested transmission line the circuit around Bitola will be
established, the circuit in which all four 110 kV substations will be linked. This will
provide fluent power supply to the consumers that are connected to S/S Bitola 3 and
S/S Bitola 4 trough shortest routes and with low lost in the transmission system, and
even by any reason one of them is switched off will be unnoticeable to the
consumers. The circuit will also improve the confidence of consumers in power
supply that are supplied by the other two substations.
2.3
PROCESS
FO R C H O I C E O F T H E R O U T E
According to the submitted documentation and condition of the field, it is
obvious that closure of the circuit with the construction of the transmission line,
which will connect S/S Bitola 3 and S/S Bitola 4 its part of the long term plans for
development of the electro energetic system in Macedonia.
Building the S/S Bitola 4 the basic infrastructure for another double circuit will
be build e.g. portals, fields, fundaments for the tilt measuring equipment and etc.
The transmission line that connects S/S Bitola 2 and S/S Bitola 4 is built as double
circuit, although is used only the one (the second one is used with 10 kV voltage).
In the first Feasibility study (Picture 4) is predicted that from S/S Bitola 4 goes out
the transmission line, but with the development of the town i.e. New buildings this
feasibility will be very difficult to be realized.
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In 2005 the preliminary analysis for the possible route for building the
transmission line was made, and in this analysis two possible directions were
analyzed for building the transmission line.
1. Route S/S Bitola 4 > village Lavci > slope Titovo brdo > next to the stadium >
between the housing estate and Brewery/Fridge Factory > S/S Bitola 3 and
2. S/S Bitola 4 > village Lavci > peak 717 > between village Bukovo and
settlement Bukovski Livadi > bypass of settlement Bukovski Livadi > cross over
trough road Bitola-village Kravari > turning toward the access point OHTL
2x110 kV S/S Bitola 2 - S/S Bitola 3
On Figure 4 is shown the preliminary route and the two considered alternatives
in 2005.
Figure 4: The preliminary route and considered alternatives in 2005
The investors (MEPSO) as possible for building have chosen the second route.
Because of the existence residential buildings in the vicinity of S/S Bitola 4, part of
the route will be performed with the underground cable line.
Beside the analyzed solutions as technically possible and with shortest length is
the usage of underground cable trough the town, and with this cable the two
substations will be linked. The all of these solutions and their advantages and
disadvantages will be analyzed in detail further in continuance.
2.4
ANALYSIS
F O R A LT E R N A T I V E S
The major criteria that the investor has considered as lead in choice of the most
approvable route are following:
‐ compliance with urban and spatial plans;
‐ length of the route
‐ technical posibilities for the construction of the route
‐ road network
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‐
‐
‐
‐
‐
‐
the existence of the urban areas along the route
quality of the land
property of the land
Impact on the environment
The existence of the natural and cultural heritage
The existence and intersection with energy, transportation, communication
and water supply infrastructure and etc.
2.4.1 ZERO ALTERNATIVE – NOT TO BE BUILD
If Transmission line is not built, the consequences would be following:
‐
‐
‐
‐
‐
Throughput of energy to the southwestern part of Macedonia will not increase;
The power supply won’t be improved to the consumers supplied by S/S Bitola 3;
The consumers financial losses from low quality power supply will not decline;
In case of commissioning of OHTL BT 1 - BT 4, the supply to consumers powered
to S/S Bitola 4 will be difficult and will cause high loses in the electrical power
system;
Because of the conditions in regard to electricity, the increase of the economic
activities in the region is not expected;
2.4.2 PRELIMINARY ROUTE (ALTERNATIVE 1)
The length of the route is between the new analyzed routes. This route was
projected more than 20 years ago and concludes considerations for town
development and its infrastructure. Considering the condition on the field this
project is very difficult to be realized for the reason of the new buildings such as
industrial and residential
2.4.3 ROUTE 1 (ALTERNATIVE 2)
From the analyzed routes, which were developed with the transmission line,
this one is the shortest route. This route goes trough parts, which are populated,
and trough industrial area and near the archeological site Heraklea. The rout
intersects many of the infrastructure buildings, and it is very difficult in providing
the all required licenses, but even if they will be provided, the building of the
transmission line will be very difficult.
2.4.4 REALIZATION OF THE TRANSMISSION LINE WITH THE UNDERGROUND CABLES
(ALTERNATIVE 3)
This solution is not analyzed at all by the investor; even though provide the
shortest route in connection of the substations. In this regard, reasons are justified.
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‐
‐
‐
Te building of 110 kV is very expensive capture, which is 20 times more
expensive than the performance of the surface transmission lines;
The cable system must be installed trough densely populated areas, this
implies that the streets must be dig again also transfer or bypass the low
voltage electricity, telecommunications, water and sewerage infrastructure.
The additional problem is inexistence of the underground cadastre in Bitola;
Due to the abovementioned reasons this route has not been shown on Figure 4.
2.4.5 SELECTED ALTERNATIVE – ROUTE 2
By all criteria, this route represents an optimal solution. The preliminary
defined rout during its projecting is adjusted to the field conditions and also the
residential buildings were avoided. The first 400 m on the output of the S/S Bitola 4
are constructed with underground cable through bulwark Stara Reka, and further is
considered carefully so transmission line not to pass through the urban area. In the
vicinity of the route does cultural heritage and archaeological sites. In mountainous
areas the route passes through the soil that has a category 4 and higher with short
plants and angle tighten, towers are located in close proximity to the current roads,
so the necessity of the approachable roads is minimal. In the village Kravari to the
final goal from a distance of about 35 meters, follows the existing 150 kV
transmission line without intersection. In the village Kravari to the final goal from a
distance of about 35 meters, follows the existing 150 kV long-distance without the
appearance of the final route and allocation of the towers is shown on Figure 5 and
Appendix 10.5.
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Figure 5: The route with the disposition of the towers
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Environment Impact Assesment Study – Construction of double circuit 110kv overhead transmission
line from S/S Bitola 3 to S/S Bitola 4
2.5
TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PROJECT
According to its technical characteristics, the double circuit transmission line
linking S/S Bitola 3 and S/S Bitola 4 is the the first transmission line with underground
cable length of about 400 m. The rest of the transmission line length of about 12 km
will be accomplished with a classic overhead line, from which the first tower is
intended to connect underground cable with the onground line and should be the first
of its kind built in Macedonia. The height of the columns should be different depending
on the configuration of the terrain and the infrastructure facilities, from 12m to 28m.
The following tables and images provided more detailed information on the most
important elements in lines:
Table 1: Basic data of the lines
Nominal voltage
Route
Starting point (the beginning of section I)
Intersection point
(end of section I, beginning of section II)
Endpoint
Planned section
Height of the towers
Height of top of the the towers
110kV
From the existing 110 kV portals in S/S
Bitola 4 to the place of connection of the
existing OHTL 2x110 kV S/S Bitola 2 – S/S
Bitola 3, No. 164 A, B (tower 38 A3 - tower
39 A3)
Docking portals in S/S Bitola 4
The double circuit (special) tower that
will join the cables for both systems
(near S/S Bitola 4 at cca 400m
Near the double circuit tower no. 38 and
tower no. 39 (which is currently working
on a single circuit system 10kV) is
intended to form a “triangle” that despite
the existing 110 kV S/S Bitola 2 – S/S
Bitola 3 it will establish the links: S/S
Bitola 2 - Bitola 4, S/S Bitola 1 – S/S Bitola
4
Section I сса 400m
Section II сса 12km
Min 12m Max 28m
Min 24m Max 40m
Page 18
Table 2: Technical data for the elements of the lines
Production
Towers
Geo-mechanical
characteristics
of the ground
Technical
characteristics
Foundations
Special
conditions
Conductors
Earth wire
Type
Number of
conductors per
stages
Material
Cross-section
Maximum
tension of
conductors
EMO - Ohrid
ADAD-150
SD
120
Double circuit steel
lattice tower, hot-dip
galvanized “anti
vandal“ screws and
bolts to a height of 5m.
Selection of the ground
type is based on the use
of the Elaborate for
engineering-geological
prospection of the field
Broken down reinforced
concrete
types of foundations,
with a concrete mark of
the applicable
regulations, for
different load according
characteristics of the
ground.
On the anchorages part
of the fundament of the
tower, as a protection
against corrosion an
amount of concrete is
provided with the
height of 50cm over
aligned surface of the
ground.
2х3хACSR 240/40мм2
One
AlFe
240/40мм2
Under the applicable
regulations
9.00 daN/mm2
Earth wire with
integrated optical fibres
– 24 fibres (the
mechanical
characteristics match
on AlFe 95/55мм2)
Page 19
Type of insulator
On the air line:
Massive porcelain
insulator type LG
65/22/1270 and LG
65/22/1270 EP
On the portal: U-120
Type of
insulator’s chain
Mechanically amplified
Insulation
Grounding
of the
towers
Specific ground
resistance
Material
Dimensioning
Binding equipment
Safety height
With accordance of
measurements on the
filed on the specific
places and the usage of
groundings
Round galvanized steel
Minimal cross-section
∅10мм
Overhead and Binding
equipment will be hotdip galvanized with
protective rings
adapted for the
intended isolators
Security will be worth
at least 1m higher than
prescribed in the
Regulations due to
material fatigue,
construction near, the
use of agricultural
machinery and others
Page 20
Side
Side
Figure 6: Tower Zc20
Page 21
Table 3: Technical data for the elements of the cable
General
Conductor
Production
Type
Rated voltage
Maximum voltage
The Basic Impulse
Level (BIL)
Type
Material
Cross-section
ABB
AXLJ 1х1000/95мм2 110kV
110 kV
123 kV
Round, compacted
Aluminium
1000мм2
Type
Material
Thickness
Triple extruded, dry cured
XLPE
13мм
Type
Material
Diameter
Concentric wires
Copper
95мм2
Type
Semi-conductive swelling tapes
Material
Material
Thickness
Extruded
conductive layer
Outer diameter
Pe-Al-Pe
HDPE
3,6мм
550kV
Conductor screen
Insulation
Insulation screen
Metallic screen
Longitudinal water
sealing
Radial water seal
Outer Cover
YES
82мм
Page 22
LEGEND:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
High voltage single-wire cable 110kV
PEHD tube 2 x 50mm for fiber optic cable
Cable slab
Protective concrete slabs
Excavation ground
Warning tape (BH cable)
Warning tape (TK fiber optic cable)
Figure 7: Cable channel cross-section with double circuit and triangular arrangement of conductors
Page 23
Tabel 4: Technical characteristics of the outdoor composite termination
Elements of the cable termination:
1. Upper metal fitting
2. Mechanical connector
3. Composite housing
4. Oil-filled
5. Stress cone
6. Basic plate
7. Support insulators
8. Gland and sealing
Characteristics
Operates under severe conditions
Si-oil filling
Pressure-tight composite housing
Prefabricated and tested Si-rubber cone
Fittings are made from corrosion-resistant
alloy
The comprehensive design can cover
polymeric insulated cable systems up to a
cross section of 2500 mm2
Page 24
Figure 8: Massive porcelain insulator type LG 65/22/1270, product EMO Ohrid
Page 25
2.6
PROJECT
PHASES
2.6.1 B UILDING
2.6.1.1
GENERAL
The building of the transmission line will be performed In accordance with the
previously prepared project and in accordance with the existent regulations, norms
and MKS standards. The materials that will be used are in accordance to the provisions
in the project, and in accordance with quality standards and for the same will be
submitted certificates. During the building of the transmission line, the contractor is
responsible to lead the construction diary with all predicted data. During the building
of the transmission line the monitoring by investors and contractors will be provided.
2.6.1.2
MARKING OF THE TOWER LOCATIONS AND CLEANING OF THE ROUTE
Before the building starts, the marking of the tower allocations throughout the
route will be conducted. The marking is performed manually on field by contractor’s
team; the team will use wooden poles and coloring spray for marking the poles. The
approach to the marking locations will be conducted with light vehicles on main and
country roads.
After marking of the route, the cleaning of the vegetated area under the
transmission line will start. Hereby, the transmission line does not pass through the
wood the bigger cutting of trees won’t be done, the cutting of trees will be done only
in certain cases as if the security distance of the transmission line is less than 3
meters.
In the part where the underground cable, which is with length of 400 meters, will
be placed, the marking is the same as in the above mentioned method. Route for the
underground cable passes through the urban area, next to the coast of a river basin
channel, and then extends through the grass without any need of additional cleaning or
tree cutting.
2.6.1.3
CONSTRUCTIONS AND ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION
To the market places the approach will be with Lorries, where digging of pits will
start and there is access with the machine digging. If it has concluded that the
capacity of the land is the same with the capacity of the soil, which is determined in
the Report for the engineering geological characteristics of the soil materials
throughout the route, the construction will start with concrete foundation. The
constriction material to the locations will be transported with Lorries. After backfilling
and tamping the soil around the foundations, the remaining soil if possible plans to be
transferred to a place that has provided for such things. The other waste (sand,
concrete, stone, etc.) will be displaced in a landfill waste. Then, mounting of the steel
constriction of towers is the next step. The construction will be performed with
appropriate machinery and cranes, the machinery will move around on the current
approachable roads, also they will move around in the green area but only if there is
Page 26
necessity of them. Considering the configuration of the field and condition of the
route, the breaking of new roads will not be preformed.
Figure 9: Part of the process of installing the
transmission line – raising the tower
Figure 10: Installation of the overhead
equipment
After construction of towers will start the mounting of wires and overhead
equipment. The stretching will be done through wire rope stretcher and will be set up
the temporary grounding, which will be dismantled after that. During the installation
of conductors and protective safety ropes, the stretching is carried out in accordance
with the regulations i.e. stretching to the maximum power and after twenty minutes
lose of the power that is suitable to the surrounding temperature by measuring the
span.
The mounting of the optical rope is in accordance with the national regulations
and instructions in mounting in accordance with the standard DIN 48208.
Protective rope will be placed in drums in one unit without end. On required
places will be transported with Lorries.
The equipment that will be delivered from the manufacturer will be unloaded
from freight cars or Lorries with appropriate equipment. The equipment will be
unloaded, transported and installed by qualified persons.
Within the technical documentation is considered the protection of the transmission
line from natural disasters such as: thunder strike; towers are protected from flood
with advanced foundations; protection from slipping Level by locating the towers on
stable locations; protection from additional burden (snow, frost, ice) and high wind
pressure; fire protection; pollution protection of the environment by using the isolated
elements.
From seismic forces the transmission line will be without special protection of the
towers, because the transmission lines aren’t categorized in accordance with article 4
from the Regulation for technical normative for construction of objects for high
construction in seismic areas (Off, Gazette SFRJ No.31/81).
Page 27
2.6.1.3 INSTALLATION OF THE UNDERGROUND CABLE
After marking of the cable run the dig of the cable channel will start, this mostly
will be done with machines and part of it will be done manually. Depth and width of
the channel will be 1.2 meters. Before installation of the cable, the whole route must
be dogged. Then, the layer of sand as cable beds up to 0.45 m high. Over the beds
above the installed high power cables, the concrete slabs are placed. In approximate
of 10 cm over the concrete slabs are placed the warning tapes for presence of high
power and telecommunications cables.
The constriction material to the locations will be transported with Lorries. The
waste (sand, concrete, stone, etc.) will be gathered and displaced in a landfill waste.
Figure 11: Underground cable Installation
Page 28
2.6.2
OPERATIONAL
AND MAINTENANCE PHASE
The operational life of the transmission lines is estimated for over 50 years. During
its lifetime the transmission doesn’t require special arrangements just maintenance.
The maintenance includes regular inspection and replacement of the broken
parts. During the regular inspection the condition of the route is inspected, towers,
grounding, conductors, isolators and other parts of the transmission line. During
regular inspection branches are cut, which surpasses the allowed highness, if it is
necessary the sanitation of the ground is performed and the eventual damaging of
foundations by unscrupulous people is checked. If in the future the vegetation stays
the same, and because of the existence of short plants, the intervention in cutting
branches will be minimal. The underground cables are not requiring regular
inspections.
During the operation of the transmission line from different reasons, some of the
wires can touch the ground or higher plants, and there is small chance to endanger the
life due to existence of the appropriate protection in the substations, but there can be
fire and that is why the stipulated fire protection measures should be followed
2.6.3 DECOMMISSIONING
After the end of the operational life the procedure for decommissioning in
fact takes place in the opposite order of construction, so the first the wires and over
head equipment is removed, then the towers are demounting and at the end the
foundations will be removed and the field will be repaired.
Page 29
2
DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT IN THE PROJECT AREA
3.1 G E O G R A P H I C
P O S I T I O N O F T H E LO C A T I O N
County Bitola is situated in the southwestern part of the Republic of Macedonia
with the municipal center, the town of Bitola, which is the administrative, cultural,
economic, industrial, educational, scientific and diplomatic center. Bitola is the
second most populated town in Macedonia and third for its surface. The town is set in
the foothills of Mount Baba in middle part of Pelagonia valley.
Through Bitola flows the river Dragor. Bitola is located 14 km north of Greek
border at the altitude of 576 meters. Bitola County covers the area of 794.53 m2. From
the north it borders with the Municipality of Demir Hisar and Mogila , from east with
municipality Novaci and from west with municipality Resen and from south with
Republic of Greece.
Municipal Boundaries
Municipal Center
Figure 12: Location of the Municipality Bitola
Page 30
3.2 L O C A T I O N
OF THE PROJECT
The starting point of the planned 2x110kV OHTL S/S Bitola 3 – S/S Bitola 4 is S/S
Bitola 4, which is located in the urban area of the town. On the output of S/S Bitola 4
corridor of planned 2x110kV OHTL it turns south passing through vicinity Bitola with
underground cable of approximate 40m. The corridor passes next to catchment channel
so-called Stara Reka near the elementary school Kliment Ohridski and exits on the
periphery continuing through green area. Here the corridor continuous with on ground
line, south in direction to village Lavci. Near the village Lavci the corridor turns for 40
degrees in southeastern direction passing next to Monastery St. Anastie in direction to
village Bukovo. From village Bukovo the corridor changes its direction on east toward
the angle place No. 7 toward settlement Bukovski Livadi. In this junction corridor
passes through flat terrain with some planted land. From Bukovski Livadi corridor has a
small turning toward northeast, where it passes over the highway and the railway,
which is not in function and comes near the village Kravari. From here the corridor
continuous through plain land throughout the existent 150kV OHTL S/S Bitola 1 – Greek
border. Then the corridor turns north following the 150kV OHTL to the towers 19 and
20 in the industrial zone which is the shortest distance for connection of the existent
2x110kV OHTL S/S Bitola 2 – S/S Bitola 3.
Figure 13: Section I (underground cable – marked with blue) and Section II (transmission line –
marked with red)
Page 31
3.3 N A T U R A L
F E A T U R E S A N D S T A T E O F T HE E NV I R O N M E N T A L M E D I U M I N T H E
AREA OF THE PROJECT
3.3.1 C LIMATE AND WEATHER CONDITIONS
The route of the project covers the Pelagonia region i.e. Bitola’s valley.
Temperature: From ecological aspect with its climate characteristics this region
have contrary whether - in winter is with very low temperatures and in summer
the temperature is pretty high. The average temperature for 2007 was 12.6°C. The
estimated monthly temperature in winter is 2.5°C and the average lowest
temperature is 5.3°C. The lowest measured temperature is measured in 1954 and
was -29°C, this temperature is expected in every 2 to 3 years. In winter months,
the average percentage of sunny days is 12.3% and in spring months is 28.3%; In
summer months 43% and in autumn is 24.3%.
Humidity: The relative air humidity is: in winter 81.3% in spring months 67% in
summer months 57.7% and in autumn 71.7% or 69.42% annually.
Soil temperature: Soil temperature in depth of 5cm increases from January to July
and then decreases until December. The average monthly temperature of the
surface is with smallest value in January i.e. 1.4°C and the highest value is in July
with average of 21.1°C.
Rains: Because of the particular orthographic conditions, Bitola has fewer rains
and they are uneven. The average annual amount is 598mm and not higher then
800mm with 119 rainy days in the year. Also has dry periods but they are the short
period of time with only 10 to 15 days at most up to 60 days. The snow cover starts
in October until April. The average snowing day’s count 34-36 and its maximum is
in January. The maximum high of the snow is 60 to 65cm.
Fog: Annually in average 25 days are with fog. The fog comes in September and
lasts until May. In some years, there is fog in days.
Winds: In Bitola the north wind prevails and is with average annual constancy of
189‰, the average speed is 2.2m/sec and maximum speed id up to 15.5m/sec. The
second for its constancy is the south wind with average of 134‰ with annual
average speed of 3.7m/sec and maximum speed of 18.9m/sec. The northwest wind
is also present with average of 83‰ with average speed of 2.4m/sec and maximum
speed up to 18.9m/sec. The southeast wind has constancy of 68‰ average speed of
2.7m/sec and maximum speed of 18.9m/sec. The northeast wind has constancy of
63‰ average speed of 2.7m/sec and maximum speed of 18.9m/sec. The northeast
wind has constancy of 63‰ average speed of 2.2m/sec and maximum speed of
15.5m/sec. The western wind has constancy of 61‰ average speed of 3.5m/sec
and maximum speed of 22.6m/sec. The southwestern wind has constancy of 41‰
average speed of 2.4m/sec and maximum speed of 15.5m/sec. with the lowest
Page 32
constancy is the eastern wind with the average of 22‰, average speed of 1.7m/sec
and maximum speed of 15.5m/sec.
The often draft and relatively high temperatures allow increasing of vapor
conditions from free water and soil surface. In this regard, conditions for
increasing of possible vapor are created. The average vapor is 855l/m2.
Figure 14: Wind rose in the Bitola valley
3.3.2 G EOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE AREA
The terrain throughout the transmission line route of S/S Bitola 3 to S/S Bitola 4
and wider is built from rocky masses with different geological age, genesis and
geotechnical characteristics. In terms of tectonic the wider region belongs to vast
geotectonic unit – Western Macedonian zone. The location of the route of the
transmission line in regard to the basic geotectonic unit in Macedonia is shown on
figure 15. The basic facts that can be point out for the geo-chronological
development of the wider region (those that have appropriate meaning for the
route of the transmission line) are:
‐ The oldest rocks in the Western Macedonian zone in part of the regarded
route of the transmission line have Precambrian age and they are in the
frames of the magmatic complex composed from granodiorite, shale
granodiorite, syenite rocks and granite.
‐
For today look of terrain the current geological processes during the Quarter
period are important, when the deluvial cover is created over the basic
rocks, the glaciofluvial sediment are noted in the foothill of mountain Baba
in form of wreath wide several kilometers and alluvial sediments in the
foothills of the biggest rivers but mostly they are formed in Pelagonia
valley.
Page 33
All periods of the geological development had big impact over the creation of
today condition of the terrain which is manifested with current relief and
conditions for projecting the transmission line (directly and indirectly).
Location of the route from geo-morphological aspect characterizes with sharp
slopes created from tectonic and erosion processes. On hills it is noted presence
of tranches during the contact between different lithologic elements i.e. in the
contact between the deluvium and glaciofluvial sediments as well vio grus and
granites.
The terrain is manly flat with minimal sea level of 585m on km 10 + 426.50 and
mountainous area with sea level of 769m on km 3+034.10. The zone around the
transmission line tower AZ3 gently curved ridge with soft. The bias part of terrain
of northeast side has relatively sharp slope, which is obvious on the naked basic
rocks. The present trenches – valleys in geological sense are in stadium of middle
activity. Because of the relatively sharp bow throughout them from time to time
they are becoming deeper and because of this, the case of fulfilling of proluvial
material in the zone of its connection with the occasional streams is present.
3.3.3 S E I S M I C - T E C T O N I C
CHARACTERISTIC
In correlation with the geological development of the terrain and geological
processes are the seismic-tectonic features of the space. In general the area in
which is the transmission line is in the area of determinate magnitudes of
happened earthquakes to M=4-5.5. According to Mr. Jancevski (1987) this zones are
mainly independence from regional dislocations which are from middle to high
seismic activity. According to Mercalli scale the area in accordance with the
existing seismic regionalization map in measure 1:500000 belong to intensity zone
I=VII°MCS.
This means that in the appropriate analyses during the projecting of the
object the appropriate project regulation for building objects of this type must be
respected.
The region tectonic and wider has its own reflection and over the tectonic
circumstances of the regarded terrain. The fact that transmission line is placed in
the frames of one vast geotectonic unit points presence of marks by tectonic
activity of this terrain in its geological past.
The north path of Pelister site, at the beginning of the Prespa basin then
over village of Kazani to village Trnovo goes toward west toward east and then
continuous toward southeast and throughout eastern part of the mountain Baba
up to Macedonian - Greek border. The biggest structure that is obvious of this
terrain is Pelister’s anticlinal build from quartz shale, granites, granodiorites,
green shale, gabbro and diabase, it have asymmetrical form with developed east
wing. In the Pelister’s granite masses are composing core of the mountain Baba
and partially they are stretching toward north up to Crna Reka. They are
discovered on the surface of 110km2 on mountain Baba and approximately 160km2
north from mountain Baba. These masses are stretching in direction from north
towards south in length of 40km and width from 5 to 10km.
Page 34
Figure 15: Geo-tectonic regionalization of Macedonia
Page 35
3.3.4 L ITHOLOGICAL PROPERTIES
From lithological aspect can be determined presence of more types of rocky
masses and they are:
‐ Deluvial creations (meaningful presence of deluvial slope creations as result
from change of the basic rocky mass.).
‐
Grus creations (recovered the granite of certain parts up to deepness of
around 1.5m. They are with sandy dust surface with yellow, white color).
‐
Galciofluvial creations (their presence is only on the foothill of mountain
Baba with form of wreath which is wide several km. They are created from
morenic material: blocks and singles with different sizes of granite, syenite,
granodiriote, gabbro, dolerite and various shale).
‐
Alluvial creations (are maximally spread in Pelagonia valley where the
biggest sedimentation from transported river material is. They are with clay
chuckle and dusty sand).
-
Granite (presents the base of whole terrain and they are with meaningful
geologic – geotechnic environment in which transmission line tower AZ3 will
be founded. There are two types of granite: alkali, light grey and white.
Their structure has massive texture. In tectonic zones on surface are
changed and subjected to grusification. They can be found with deepness of
2500m.
Figure 16: Lithological properties of the field on the intended route
Page 36
3.3.5 HYDROGRAPHIC AND SURFACE WATER QUALITY
On the suggested location of the underground cable and on ground
transmission line there is presence of streams of Stara Reka, Smislevska Reka, river
Kindirka and river Siva Voda, which with other rivers from vicinity Bitola belongs to
basin Crna Reka. The other trenches of the terrain are without water or with
occasional very small stream. Nearby existent substation S/S Bitola 4 where the
connection of the double circuit 2x110kV OHTL S/S Bitola 4 – S/S Bitola 4 will be
established through cable connection 110kV is the river Stara Reka. The total land
of 300m of the route of the underground cable is parallel with Stara Reka.
The on ground transmission line intersects with streams of rivers Smilevska
and Kindirka near the village Bukovo and river Siva Voda near Sugar factory.
The whole route of planned transmission line is in the frame of multitasking
Hydro-system Streževo which is show on Figure 17 (colored with yellow). The
hydro-system extends on the area of 715m2 in the south western part of Republic
of Macedonia and its task is supply of necessary amount of water for watering
certain part of Bitolsko Pole of Pelagonia region (project assessment of 20200ha
net cultivated land), constant supply of water to Bitola population and
surrounding, water supply to industrial part (REK Bitola, Mlekara BiMilk, Sugar
factory, yeast and alcohol factory etc.), as well electricity-energetic usage of part
of the hydro potential of the referred basin of the hydro system and providing
protection from floods of part of Pelagonia valley.
Figure 17: District of Hydro System Streževo and display of the route of the
transmission line that passes over the main water supply channel (indicated in red)
The basic hydrological network is created by rivers Semnica and Dragor with
its branches and streams from mountain Baba: Kisavska; Graeska, Ostrecka,
Zlokukanska, Stara Reka and Kindirka and part of the water channel network of
Pelagonia. Quantity of Baba’s streams and their input in basin of river Semnica is
Page 37
conducted with help of alimentation channel which is with total land of 67.5km
and transmission power 5m3/sec. The major channel of Hydro-system Streževo is
closed channel which transport and distribute of water from Streževo
accumulation to the regarded buildings for consumers of the water from the
system and it is with length of 39km and maximal estimated transmission power of
12.31m3/sec. the pipeline network of the hydro-system is for watering of Pelagonia
part and its network of major intersect and junction pipelines with total length of
534km.
The planned transmission line route intersects with the major water supply
channel and with part of the network of the detailed pipeline network of hydrosystem and location of the transmission line. The basic elements of the system are
shown on Figure 17.
Quality of the surface waters in Republic of Macedonia is monitored by
Institute for hydro-meteorological services through the RIMSYS (River monitoring
system). The program for analysis of hydrological parameters physical and
organoleptic indicators, mineralization, oxygen indicators, euthrophic indicators
and hazardous substances. In frames of this program Crna Reka id monitored in
regard of hydro-logical parameters in station Novaci and other parameters that
defined quality of the water and classification in accordance with the rule for
categorization of the streams, lakes, accumulations and underground waters
(official Gazete of R. M. No. 18/99 and 71/99) are monitored in Skocivir station
which is shown on Figure 18 and to which all of measure stations are also
presented.
Monitoring station to the
Crna Reka - Skočhivir
Figure 18 Overview of monitoring stations for monitoring the quality of surface water
Page 38
The data from 2006 that are reviewed by Macedonia information center
within Ministry of environment and physical planning are showing deflects of water
quality of river Crna Reka in regard to the quality stipulated with the Rule (II class
little polluted mesotrophic water. Deflections are in regard of values of dissolved
oxygen BPK5, nitrate concentration and value of index that classifies river Crna
Reka into the III class (mild euthrophic water that has hazardous substances and
microbiological pollution) in regard with content of heavy metals Fe, Mn, Zn, Cd
and ions, Ni, Cu, Cr6+ and Pb the river Crna is with oligotrophic, mesotrophic
character and belongs in the class I and II. It I very particular that all measures
conducted in 2006 at the measurement place Skocivir in regard to biomonitoring
75% of specimens are showing II class quality of the water and 25% of specimens
have III class quality.
3.3.6
AIR
QUALITY IN THE AREA
In accordance for establishment of integrated and efficiency system of
measures for air quality management on national and local level Ministry of
Environment and Physical Planning in 2005 prepared cadastre and map of polluters
and pollution matters in the Macedonia air. The cadastre has the values of
pollution substances annually from legal entities, home fireboxes and gas stations
as main sources of air pollution that has direct impact of air quality in one area.
The vicinity Bitola and transmission line are in Pelagonia statistical region which is
shown on Figure 19.
Pelagonia region
Figure 19 Statistical territorial division of Macedonia
The data for emissions and pollution matters from different sources of
Pelagonia region are given in Table 5. Data shows that 75% from total emissions of
So2 on territory of Republic of Macedonia are from industrial capacities and 74% of
emissions of NOx in Pelagonia region are result from REK Bitola and other legal
entities on the region. In addition, the emissions from the mobile resources, wild
Page 39
dumping areas burning of waste material in the open area are cause for air quality
in the project area.
Table 5: Annual emissions of polluting substances in Pelagonia statistical region in 2005.
Region
Environmental hazardous substances
[t/y]
Source of emissions
Pollution from industrial entities
Pelagonia
% In terms of total emissions in the Republic
of Macedonia
Domestic fireboxes
% In terms of total emissions in the Republic
of Macedonia
SO2
CO
NOx
TSP
74047
987
12333
4041
75%
6%
54%
16%
3844
12344
126
357
12%
12%
12%
12%
Non-methane volatile organic
compounds NMVOC [t/y]
Gasoline
Diesel
El Oil
46
45
23
Gas stations
% In termsn of total emissions in the
Republic of Macedonia
11%
9%
9%
The monitoring of air quality of Bitola is performed by two static monitoring
stations by state monitoring network which are placed in the town on two
locations and one station of Institute for hydro-meteorological services. The
stations monitor ecological and meteorological parameters such as: Carbon
monoxide CO (mg/m3), Sulfur dioxide SO2 (µg/ m3), Ozone O3 (µg/ m3), suspended
particles, the value of particles from 10 microns PM10 (µg/ m3), speed and
direction of the wind, the temperature, the pressure, air humidity, global
radiation and other parameters.
In Table 6 are given minimal and maximal middle month concentration of all
pollution substances that are monitored from the static monitoring stations. In the
predicted project area there is no direct monitoring of area quality but the values
of the two static stations are good indicator of the whole area condition.
Table 6: Minimum and maximum average monthly concentrations of polluting substances in
Bitola in 2009 год.
Environmental
hazardous
substances
SO2
PM 10
CO
O3
NO2
Minimal average monthly
concentration /month (2009)
14.0 [µg/m3]/June
14.4 [µg/m3]/may
0,7 [mg/m3]/October
28.2 [µg/m3]/October
5.87 [µg/m3]/July
Maximum average monthly
concentration /month (2009)
76.4 [µg/m3]/august
136.2 [µg/m3]/November
7.9 [mg/m3]/January
146.3 [µg/m3]/august
102.81 [µg/m3]/December
The most important data during the analysis of the values of the pollution
substances of the air is actually the knowledge is there deflection of limited one
Page 40
hour and 24 hour values for human health protection and how many times during
month and in the year these values had deflected. (Table 7).
Table 7: Limit values for human health and overdraft per year for 2009 in Bitola
Limit
ЅО2
μg/m3
NO2
μg/m3
Alert threshold
500
400
Limit 1h value for protection of human
health for 2009
440
260
0
0
How many times has exceeded 1h limit
value in 2009
24h limit value for protection of human
health for 2009
How many times has exceeded 24h limit
value for 2009
РМ10
μg/m3
CO
mg/m3
О3
μg/m3
240
-
-
-
-
-
-
125
280
59
0
0
101
14
eighthour
0
eighthour
Target value for human health
120
How many times has exceeded the target
value for 2009.
50
Data shows deflections of limited human health values in Bitola in 2009, in
regard to Ozone concentrations (50 times during the year) and suspended particles
with values of 10 microns (101 times during 2009) but there is no deflection in
regard to the other substances.
3.3.7
NOISE
The major resources of noise are all types of traffic means, gear and
machines that are used by industrial capacities as well agricultural machines. The
measurement of communal noise over the exposed population in Bitola is covered
with the network of Institute for health protection – Bitola (the measurement
locations are shown on Figure 20. The measurement location marked with 8 on
Figure 20 is next to S/S Bitola 4 where digging of the underground cable will be
performed and on ground cable passes through area which is out of the rich of
measurement stations network.
Page 41
Figure 20 Network of measurement stations for measuring the noise
- from the Institute for Health Protection-Bitola
Data gathered from constant measurement of measurement place 8 are
performed in period from April to October 2007 and are showing the level of noise
from 40dB which is under the maximum limited values and there is no intensive
constant presence of noise.
With the new law regulation for noise from 2008 are established new value
limitations for the basic indicator for noise in the environment for different areas.
The areas are defined with the noise protection degree and activity type and
population sensitivity which residents there and they are grouped in IV degrees.
The transmission line route passes through II degree area noise protection because
this is a residential area and IV degree area noise protection, which is outside the
residential part where certain performances and transportations in the area are
allowed.
Table 8: Noise levels on areas determined by the degree of protection
Area dertermined by the degree of
Noise level (dBA)
noise protection
Lд
Lв
Area of the first degree
50
50
Area of the second degree
55
55
Area of the third degree
60
60
Area of the fourth degree
70
70
Lд - day (period from 7h till 19h)
Lв – evening (период from 19h till 23h)
Lн – night (period from 23h till 7h)
Lн
40
45
55
60
Page 42
3.3.8 SOURCES OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION
With its activities, people create electromagnetic radiation with different
frequencies. Usually the separation of electromagnetic radiation is performed
depending on the frequency of electromagnetic waves, so that the basic division is low
frequent radiation (up to 3 kHz) and radio frequent radiation (from 3 kHz to 300 GHz).
Radiation with higher frequencies is not in interest to this study.
When the transmission of electricity flowing through the conductor AC power
with a frequency of 50 Hz. as is the case here occurring electric and magnetic field.
Strength of the electric field depends on whether the voltage through conductor
current flows or not. Strength of the electric field is measured in (V / m). Strength of
the magnetic field depends on the level of current in the conductor and measured (A /
m) or (T).
Strength of electric and electromagnetic fields vary in overhead and
underground lines primarily because of the way they bring and media in which
transmission lines are. Thus underground cables are relatively close to the surface
(depth about 1,5 m) and the conductors are usually grouped near one another. A
mutual distance of the conductor is large, and large distance to the surface of the
earth (in this case> 7,5 m). Therefore, the cable lines for existence of an electric field
decreases very rapidly, and electromagnetic field strength depends on the construction
of cable and layout of the conductor. Due to the security of air, distances elevated
lines and the fact that the strength of electromagnetic radiation is dependent on the
distance and schedule changes the electromagnetic field will significantly differ from
what the cable lines. There are several studies on this subject, which will be analyzed
in the following chapters.
Dangers of exposure to electromagnetic radiation monitor and analyze long
range years, whereas in the eighties and nineties of the twentieth century, in
cooperation with the World Health Organization (WHO) and International Committee
for non-ionizing radiation (INIRC) carried out extensive epidemiological and other
investigations for impact of these radiations on living organisms. In that period,
particularly followed the impact of low frequent radiation and occurrence of various
diseases with particular reference to the occurrence of cancer and leukemia. These
tests are not established direct links between individual diseases and exposure to
electromagnetic radiation.
Based on their studies and foreign various national and international
organizations and bodies define the maximum permitted values for exposure to electric
and electromagnetic radiation.
The first formal standard for exposure to electromagnetic and electrical
radiation was passed by the U.S. IEEE, which defines the maximum exposure of 0.614
kV / m for electric field and 205 μT for the electromagnetic field.
Based on the research and recommendations INIRC Council of Europe in 1999 is
adopting the recommendation 1999/519/EC of exposure to electromagnetic radiation
with frequencies to 300 GHz, and in 2004 was made and 004/40/EC directive on
minimum requirements for exposure of electromagnetic radiation. These documents
define the values of 5 kV / m for electric field and 100 μT for the electromagnetic
field. These values apply to public spaces. Individual countries have stringent values,
such as Italy and Switzerland 5 μT 1 μT.
Macedonia is using the Rules for the maximum levels of exposure of non-ionizing
radiation on people no. 06/01-93/178 of 08/08/1990, but it includes electromagnetic
radiation for radio frequency spectrum (from 300 kHz to 3 GHz).
Page 43
In the process of drafting a law on non-ionizing radiation, which should define
the maximum allowable values of exposure to electrical and electromagnetic radiation,
but still no indications of the time of its entry into force. Therefore can be considered
that at present there is no proper regulation of radiation with a frequency of 50 Hz.
Therefore, the analysis will be taken into account the recommendations of the
European Commission.
3.3.9 BIODIVERSITY AND AREA CHARACTERISTICS
3.3.9.1. FLORA
For the determination of biodiversity in a certain location was conducted
housing research and field observation in January 2010th The description of the
habitats based on the dominant plant and animal species was carried out based on a
detailed survey of the site and using the data from the study on the state of
biodiversity in Macedonia.
The assessment of flora and fauna of the planned route of the transmission lines
was conducted through review of existing documentation offered by the municipality,
the current legislation, using lists of declared protected species, through various
surveys of habitats and vegetation of the planned route, the observation of signs and
potential traces of birds and mammals, as well as through interviews with people living
near the site.
Location begins with S/S Bitola 4, extends in length from 12km to the initial part
of the 400 meters urban area passes through the town of Bitola. It is particularly
important that this part of the route will be underground cable, which significantly
reduces the negative impact of buildings on existing flora and fauna, which on the
other hand is in a deep stage of degradation due to the influence of anthropogenic
factor. Furthermore, as the overhead lines continued building and its impact
dramatically changed because it is not already in urban area of Bitola, where
biodiversity is very poor, but covers very different ground. From here, so until the
merger with S/S Bitola 3, the conditions in terms of present associations of plant and
animal species are very similar along the entire route.
Noticeable immediately are mild hilly belts of mostly dry grass ecosystems
common and characteristic of lowland and mountainous landscapes. Such a
configuration of the terrain is present due to continuous degradation of forest (mainly
oak) fitocenoze as well as the degradation of abandoned arable areas. Near Bukovski
livadi, corridor continues through the lowland t part of the valley, which passes
through the field to partially processed agricultural areas.
Page 44
Figure 21 Hilly pastures
Figure 22: Oak region
Location that is provided for the construction of lines, following
the
classification of ecosystems under study for the state of biodiversity of the Republic of
Macedonia, recognizes as a combination of hilly grassland, forest ecosystem
periodically recognized as oak region with weed communities, , bush communities,
communities of industrial, fodder, cereals, and perennial crops in low hill part of the
route of the transmission lines.
Mountainous pastures develop the elevation zone from 80-1000 meters, the
geological heterogeneous surfaces. They often have a secondary origin and occurred
mainly in the destruction of forests low hill area.
Oaks in the region stretching low hill and mountainous area to about 1100
meters altitude. In this region develop, usually warm season oak forests and orographic
eaphic-conditioned and hydrological forest communities and (forests of oak Quercus),
willows (Salix Alba), poplar (Populous nigra), sycamore (Platanus orientalis), a clear
polish (Fraxinus angustifolia) and others. As a result from field researches is
established that along the transmission line is mainly found the most native plant
species.
Corridor of transmission lines occupies a small portion of about 400 meters from
urban area of Bitola, S/S Bitola 4 In the near vicinity of Bitola substation 4 passes
watercourse of Stara Reka, which is currently on a visit to the site had negligible
amounts of water, while in summer, according to the locals, is empty. Due to the large
amount of waste present in the narrow watercourse by the flora and fauna is not
particularly important species. The fact that this watercourse is occasionally filled
with water, especially in winter and spring region explains poorness of this ecosystem
with specific living organisms. Due to suitable conditions characteristic vegetation of
this ecosystem is largely pan vegetation (Scripeto - Phragmitetum). Clearly visible is
the process of degradation of the same by the anthropogenic factor. Dominant plant
species along watercourse species are plants such as Fragile willow (Salix fragilis),
white willow (Salix alba), dog rose (Rosa canina) while the most dominating at the
ground layer plants are reed (Phragmites australis), (Typha latifolia ) and Lemna sp.
which greens the surface water during the warmer period.
Except watercourse of Stara Reka, such similar phenomena has a place where
the corridor will cut lines of the two rivers watercourses Smilevska and Kindirka which
intersects near Heraclea.
From all this it has listed, it can be concluded that the route of the transmission
lines will not jeopardize the watercourse in which can be found living organisms vital,
Page 45
Figure 23: Marsh vegetation at the beginning of the route near Bitola S/S 4
Although it is undisputed that every plant and animal species is an important
part in the food chain and this should not be destroyed.
The initial part of the route (except for the first 400 meters underground cable)
is a combination of low hill areas containing mostly native species of shrubs and trees
and lower part of alochtone plants. Dominant species near the village Lavci, Bukovo up
to Bukovski Livadi are : Luxury Dog Thorn (Rosa Canina), (Robinia pseudo acacia),
clear (Fraxinus angustifolia), fire thorn (Pyracantha spp.), Oak (Quercus), willow (Salix
Alba), birch (Betula verucosa), juniper (Juniperus), poplar (Populous), sycamore
(Platanus orientalis), gate (Rubus).
Figure 24: dominant associations of the route of the planned transmission line
On the territory of the Municipality of Bitola included a number of different
medicinal plants and mushrooms, as (Boletus pinicola, Boletus edulus, Boletus aereus)
and (Cantharellus cibarius), but their collection is not organized and controlled.
Therefore, they become endangered species as a result of these activities. Exact
records of the collectors in the country for no fresh amounts redeemed, so cannot
Page 46
provided the conditions for sustainable ways of using and protecting these endangered
species.
The field is combined with partially treated surfaces (especially in close vicinity
of the village Lavci, Bukovo village while in the village Kravari they are much more
intensively treated), so it all contributes to these areas to meet and orchards with
plums (Prunus domestica), cherries (Prunus avium), hazel (Juglands regia) etc.
According to an excerpt of local economic development of the Municipality of Bitola,
agricultural production is of great importance to the region of Bitola. Considering the
low hill and mountainous area, which largely determines the nature of agricultural
production which predominates: livestock (cattle, sheep, goat, and pigs), poultry
(chicken) and apiculture, agriculture: cereals (wheat, barley, rye, oats and corn),
industrial (sunflower, beet oil, tobacco, sugar beet etc.), feed crops (corn silage,
alfalfa, , cattle peas, beans, artificial meadows, etc..) Vegetable cultures ( potatoes,
watermelon, beans, etc.), gardening (tomatoes, peppers, onions, cabbage, etc..) fruit
(apples, peaches, apricots, plums, cherries, etc.), vine (wine and table varieties),
mushrooms, natural meadows and pastures. From this, we can conclude that
agriculture in the Bitola region offers great opportunities for developing economy, with
the opening of new jobs, achieve financial effects and good standards of population in
rural areas.
Figure 23: Parts in plain’s area in agricultural areas of the route of the lines
From all this, during the field observations spent in low hill part of the route of
lines encountered arable agricultural land which is predominantly cereal and
horticultural crops. Since cereals are found mostly corn (Zea mays), wheat (Triticum
aestivum), barley (Hordeum vulgare), rye (Secale cereale), oats (Avena sativa) from
industrial sunflower (Helianthus annuus), sugar beet (Beta vulgaris), oil turnips
(Brassica napus), tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum), the garden cabbage (Brassica
oleracea), onion (Allium fistulosum) by perennial crops plums (Prunus domestica)
apricots (Prunus persica), cherry (Prunus avium), sour cherry (Prunus cerasus ) and
others. However, we cannot say that all land is treated with crops. Much of this land
although it is quite suitable for agricultural production remained untreated.
In the examined region is richly developed also weed vegetation (ass. GeranioSylibetum) for which we can say that is present not only in low hill part of the route of
the object but also throughout the length of the planned transmission line . The most
common species can be found at the site of this vegetation is Papaver rhoeas, Rumex
pulcher, Xanthium spinosum, Sambucus ebulus, Hordeum murinum, Balota nigra,
Conyza canadensis and others.
Page 47
For most rough surfaces easily can find plants such as grasses (Senecio vulgaris),
vratika (Lolium tempoletum) Glebonis segetum, Poppy (Papaver rhoeas), ljubichica
(Viola sp), bodlika (Sircium arvense), gluvarche (Teraxacum officinale), tegavec
(Plantago spp), livadska grass (Poa spp.).
From conducted inventory of plant species can be concluded that this area
contains species that are registered in international documents and conventions as
BERN convention, IUCN Red list of threatened Plant species, Corine, EMERALD, CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora), and
national relevant documents available.
The described plants in the EIA that exist along the corridor of the electric line are not
registered in the list of international documents and conventions. There are some
species as Boletus pinicola, Boletus edulus, Boletus aereus and Cantharellus cibaris
that are endangered because of unorganized collection of them by the citizens. It is
possible that during the faze of electric line construction they can be collected by the
workers on the location. The conclusion of the biologist is that according her
observation and consultation with relevant documents the location of electric line
doesn’t content species that are registered in the international documents,
conventions and national documents as well. In term of flora there is not a potential of
significant negative impacts.
3.3.9.2. FAUNA
Based on field observations, research and utilization of available relevant
documents reach conclusion that the region has rich fauna world. In recent decades,
particular attention is devoted to the protection of endangered species in Europe,
followed by a series of international conventions and treaties to protect them. All
observation conclusions from the field were taken under the following conventions and
directives:
- Convention for the protection of wild flora and fauna and their natural habitats
in Europe (Bern Convention)
- Convention for the Protection of migration types of wild animals (Bonn
Convention). Adopted in 1979.
- The European Birds Directive (1979. And conducted 1981.)
- Natural Habitats Directive (1992. Conducted 1994.).
Due to the nature of the impact of the object of particular importance are the birds
that will be vulnerable group in terms of lines of work. It is especially important for
migratory birds and their migration corridors that could be seriously endangered if
forced to destroy. If you come to the absence of these locations along the air
migratory corridor, where they are providing basic conditions for survival can come to
declining populations of many species of birds migration which may adversely reflect
on the global level.
The most numerous birds were present on site during the field observations were:
wild pigeon (Columbia livia), jackdaw (Pica pica) and sparrow (Passer montanus). From
winter pigeons were detected (Sturnus vulgaris balcanicus), crow (Corvus cornix) and
(Corvus monedula). According to locals, it is possible that the area to online stone
partridge (Alectoris graeca) and Poland partridge (Perdix perdix), and steppe kestrel
(Falco naumanni), but during the implementation of field research, these species were
observed on nearby locations.
Page 48
On the site were not observed signs of mammals. It is possible that the presence of
the wolf (Canus lupus) which is seen by locals in the past, in the wider area of the site.
Based on existing documentation relating to fauna diversity in the region, in Table 9
show all types whose presence would be possible in this region.
Page 49
Table 9: Assessment of fauna diversity in the region
Amphibians (AMPHIBIA)
Species
People name
Pelobates syriacus balcanicus
The eastern spade foot toad
Salamandra salamandra
Salamander
Bufo bufo
The common toad
Rana ridibunda
Marsh frog
Reptiles ( REPTILIA)
Testudo graeca
Greek Tortoise
Testudo hermanni
Hermann's tortoise
Lacerta trilineata
The Balkan Green Lizard
Podarcis erhardii
The Erhard's wall lizard
Podarcis taurica
Balkan wall lizard
Coluber caspius
Large whip snake
Coluber gemonensis
Balkan whip snake
Birds (AVES)
Corvus monedula
Jackdaw
Pica pica
Magpie
Garrulus glandarius
Rook
Corvus frugilegus
Poland Crow
Corvus corax
Raven
Passer domesticus
Home sparrow
Passer montanus
Polish sparrow
Sturnus vulgaris
Starling
Hirundo rustica
Rural swallow
Delichon urbica
Urban swallow
Upupa epops
Hoopoe
Cuculus canorus
The Common Cuckoo
Bubo bubo
Owl
Coturnix coturnix
The Common Quail
Columba oenas
Stock pigeon
Columbia livia
Wild pigeon
Columba palumbus
The Common Wood Pigeon
Streptopelia decaocto
The Eurasian Collared Dove
Alectoris graeca
The Rock Partridge
Falco subbuteo
The Eurasian Hobby
Falco tinnunculus
Plain Kestrel
Falco naumanni
Hunting Kestrel
Perdix perdix
Poland partridge
Ciconia ciconia
White Stork
Streptopelia turtur
The Turtle Dove
Mammals (MAMALIA)
Lepus europaeus
Wild Rabbit
Sciurus vulgaris
Squirrel
Microtus rossiaemeridionalis
Russian vole
Crocidura suaveolens
Lesser white-toothed shrew
Vulpes vulpes
Fox
Talpa europaea
The European Mole
Mustela nivalis
Weasel
Mustela putorius
The European Polecat
Canus lupus
Wolf
Page 50
3.3.9.3. CHARACTERISTIC WILDLIFE
•
Although Macedonia is a country with rich flora and fauna, it has not yet made
the Red list of species under threat. Therefore, determining the category of
degree of threat to certain species is done using the following documents:
• Natural Habitats Directive 92/43/EEC
• Council Directive 92/43/EEC on the protection of natural habitats of wild
fauna and flora
• Bern: Convention for the protection of wild flora and fauna and their natural
habitats in Europe.
• IUCN Red List of globally threatened species under the (2007). Species under
threat are those evaluated species as Critically Endangered (CR); Endangered
(EN) and Vulnerable (VU).
Table 10: Status of threatened species of vertebrates in the region
Legal protection
IUCN
global
Category
the threat
Scientific name
92/43
Bufo viridis
Pelobates syriacus
balcanicus
Testudo hermanni
Testudo graeca
Podarcis taurica
Podarcis erhardii
Coluber caspius
Bern
IV
IV
II
II
-
II/IV
II/IV
IV
IV
IV
II
II
II
II
II
LR/NT
VU
-
Based on table above of vertebrate species in researched area, and under the
European framework, it can be seen that the species under threat are mainly
representatives of amphibians and reptiles, because the destructive behavior of
anthropogenic factors, it is due fragmentation of their habitats. Especially endangered
species like Hermann's tortoise (Testudo hermanni) and Greek tortoise (Testudo
graeca), which are registered under the list of global IUCN category of threat as a
vulnerable species (Testudo graeca), is close to the kind under threat (Testudo
hermanni).
Page 51
3.3.9.4.
STATUS OF BIRDS IN THREAT REGION
Given the fact that birds are additional directives and conventions for their protection,
determining the degree of their endangerment is determined based on the following
directives, conventions, and documents:
• Birds Directive 79/409/EEC
• Bern: Convention for the protection of wild flora and fauna and natural habitats in
Europe
• Bonn: Convention on the protection of wildlife species migration
• IUCN Red List of globally threatened species under
Based on previous observations have established several types of birds that are
protected by the Bonn and Bern Convention, and habitats have or are present in the
examined region where the lines will be built. Review established that birds are under
legal protection under Directive 79/409, Bern, Bonn Convention and IUCN global threat
category is given in Table 11th.
Table 11: Birds under legal protection
LEGAL PROTECTION
Name of the
species
Ciconia ciconia
Falco naumanni
Bubo bubo
Falco subbuteo
Falco tinnunculus
Falco peregrinus
79/409
Bern
Bonn
I
I
I
I
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
I
II
II
II
IUCN
global
Category
the threat
VU
-
Of the birds recorded in the area can be determined that Poland partridge
(Falco naumanni) is a type that falls into the category VU (vulnerable species),
according to IUCN Red List of species under global threat. Parts of the species of birds
within the area are protected by law through the Berne Convention or the Bonn
Convention as an example the hunting kestrel (Falco naumanni).
Page 52
3.3.9.5. A BIRD IN THE BITOLA REGION
The Turtle Dove
Dove
The Common Wood Pigeon
The Common Quail
Page 53
Sparrow
Hunting Kestrel
Stork
3.3.9.6. PROTECTED AREAS
Significantly for this project is that near the area proposed for the preparation
of urban project for the construction of 2x110 kV Bitola double circuit transmission line
S/S Bitola 3 - S/S Bitola 4 Municipality no recorded natural heritage.
In the corridor near the National Park Pelister, but it is important to note that
the route of the planned transmission line runs away from him, so the impact of
building on the biodiversity of the National Park is only slightly or not at all is present.
The nearest point from the transmission line to the National Park Pelister is the Power
station Bitola 4. The distance from this point to the borders of the National park is
approx. 5 km and the distance between the transmission line and the National park is
approx. 10 km as the line goes to the oposite side of the park border. The route of the
transmission line and the border of the National park Pelister in the nearest points
have been shown on the Figure below.
Page 54
3.4 SOCIAL ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS
3.4.1 DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS
In 2004 The new territorial division of the territory of the Republic of Macedonia
Bitola municipality is determined by law and covers the city of Bitola and 65
surrounding villages. According to the census of 2002, the total population in the
municipality is 95,385, of which 74,550 in
the city and 20,835 in the villages. To
Macedonians 88.70%
national identity 88.70% are Macedonians,
Albanians 4.36%
Albanians 4.36%, 2.74% Roma, 1.68 Turks,
Vlachs
and
1.33%
1.15%
Other.
Roma 2.74%
The gender structure of population is
evident downward trend in the proportion
Turks 1.68%
of the male population. Are very
unfavorable situation in terms of the
Vlachs 1.33%
natural movement of population, which is
Others 1.15%
characterized by below average fertility,
above average mortality rate and natural
Figure 24: National identity in the Municipality of
Bitola
growth with a negative sign of - 0.16. The
rate of total fertility municipality in 2008 is 1.48 and does not provide for recovery of
the population. This situation is primarily determined by extensive emigrational
movements abroad in the last four decades that significant narrowing of the
conditional basis of the reproductive population in the municipality. According to data
on external migration is realistic to assume that today is abroad at least one third of
the population of this region. In the last decade is noticeable migration from abroad
(reverse flow). As regards internal migration prevails among municipal resettlement. In
marriage, population is characterized mainly by reducing marriages growth divorces.
Unfavorable trends in natural and mechanical movement of the population are
reflected on the changes in age structure resulted in an intensive process of
demographic aging. The municipality stands out as one of the areas with the oldest
population in the country. The ranking of the population age suggests that in 2006 the
population in the region is in a deep stage of demographic old age. This age structure
implies further aging of the population in a relatively short period. As a result of these
changes in the community reduces the share of children, a growing contingent
workforce and the representation of older than 65 years. Therefore, a great burden on
the older working age population that assumes negative economic and social
implications.
This municipality has a smaller increase in the number of households in the country.
The single share of households and population living in them are higher than average in
the country in all municipalities. The total number of households is 37,225, of which
23,010 in 5932 and in the villages. The growth of households is 1.7%.
Educational structure of population Pelagonia region shows that despite the
unfavorable demographic trends in the community as a whole has high quality human
resources. However, the differences are very internal municipally highlighted, is the
existing educational structure of the population can be assessed as unfavorable due to
the large share (more than 40%) of the population with low levels of education.
Educational level of the population older than 15 years is 41.8% low, 43% medium and
15.2% with higher education.
Македонци
Албанци
Роми
Турци
Власи
Останати
Page 55
3.4.2 LAND USE AND ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES
According to data from State Statistical Bureau, Pelagonia planning region had
GDP per capita 168.560 denars in 2007. Investments in fixed assets by sectors of
activity amounts to 4 010 million denars.
According to the analysis of economic movements in non financial sector for
the period 2003-2006, the region has seen positive results in terms of total value
added of this sector, but growth is low due to the decline of manufacturing in not
restructured medium and large enterprises.
Contrast, small businesses marking a significant increase of 48% in the period
analyzed, but insufficient to substantially exceed the decline in medium and large
enterprises. As the most important sectors in the region are emerging food industry,
textile, tobacco, construction and trade.
Bitola's economy is characterized by a dominant representation of the
processing industry sector. Given the size of the existing processing capacities that
play a significant role in the economy of Macedonia.
Available data from the Pension and Disability Studies show that in the
Municipality of Bitola today has a total of 23,670 employees. Dominant employment
sectors are: industry (mainly textiles and processing of milk), trade, construction,
hotels and restaurants, agriculture. The total number of employees polled companies
on the territory of the Center for Employment of Bitola, in the period 2006-2008 year
has seen a reduction. Namely, at the time of polling indicators point to reduced
growth in the number of employees. Reducing the total number of employees polled
enterprises due to the fact that in the period 2006-2008, several major companies
went into bankruptcy (Makedonija staklo, Zito Bitola, GP Beton, etc.). Analysis in
2008 shows thatBigthe companiesSmall
polled in the previous
Medium 12 months were employed 3197
people. Of the total number of new employment accounted for 80.6% of the average,
10.5% of large and 8.9% of small businesses. Of the total new employment 83.6% were
in the processing industry.
Natural conditions have a major impact on the development of Bitola's economy and
its structure, is the representation of different sectors. Due to large amounts of
lignite in this area was built from 1983 is working the largest electric facility in
Macedonia, Mining and Energy Factory, REK-Bitola annually produces 4.2 gig watts
hours electricity. As a result of the valorization of raw present opportunities and
resources in recent decades was recorded a significant rise in: metal, textile, food,
tobacco and graphic industry, production of milk and dairy products, alcoholic and
soft drinks, sugar, yeast, methilatedspirit and others.
Figure 25: Display of new employment by size of enterprise
Page 56
Available natural resources are an
important prerequisite for accelerated
prosperity of the area of the
municipality of Bitola in the future. In
this sense, the potential for promoting
local development primarily related to:
agricultural and arable area, forest
potential mineral wealth, and others.
For example, Bitola area encompasses
the bulk of Pelagonia valley, with a total
cultivable area of about 70,000 ha. From
it, most are plow land, garden plots,
orchards, vineyards and meadows. Forest
Figure 28: the largest producer of electricity
wealth, also represents a solid basis for
in Macedonia - REK Bitola
dynamic
economic
development,
because the surrounding mountains Baba, Pelister, Kajmakčalan and other wild spaces
have large forest complexes of industrial wood and firewood. Bitola and the
surrounding is also known for its diverse mineral wealth. This is especially true of
large quantities of lignite and other non-metals.
The Municipality of Bitola in recent years is observed trend of improving economic
activity in companies. However, noted a reduced growth in the number of employees.
That, among other things is conditioned by the existence of reserves of labor in the
existing business entities. Short-term forecasting of demand for labor made based on
the results of the analysis of skills needs for 2008 shows that in the next 12 months
can be expected around 3800 new employment of which 40% are seasonal
employment or a period of time. Such demand for labor may be assessed as relatively
low or insufficient in reducing the volume of non engaged workforce.
In recent years, industry sector and medium enterprises are the largest creators of
jobs in the municipality of Bitola. And next year, two thirds of new hires will be
realized in the medium and more than four fifths of them are logged in the sector
industry.
Continuous absolute and relative reduction in the number of young workers
means that companies in the Municipality of Bitola are faced with intensely conscious
of the aging workforce. Consequently we can expect the release of jobs on the
grounds of retirement. This structure implies problems with the existing facilities
engaged workforce (outdated knowledge, lack of skills).
The structure of demand for labor also may be assessed as unfavorable because
of the small demand for labor with higher education. That complicated the problem
of employment of highly educated personnel, which represents a significant loss of
human capital.
The municipality of Bitola has no distinctive shortage of manpower. It is
primarily manifested in the lack of experience of potential workers. However, as
deficient may allocate the textile workers of different profiles with solid educational
level and construction workers.Regarding the supply of labor can be concluded that
although there has been a positive trend - reducing the number of registered
unemployed persons still remains a major problem in the Municipality of Bitola
remains unemployment. In terms of structural characteristics of the unemployed is
important to note the following: is the dominant urban unemployment, a large
number of recorded unemployed young people aged 29 years; structure employed by
Page 57
the education can be assessed as unfavorable: The proportion of unemployed with
high education is almost double than the level of the earth about 32.0% of recorded
unemployed persons waiting for employment. The structure of the supply of labor can
be assessed as unfavorable, primarily because of the large number of unemployed
persons older than 50 years, whose employment is a very serious problem.
It is obvious non-conformity of supply and demand in the labor market in the
Municipality of Bitola in terms of volume and in terms of structural features of the
labor force. It manifests itself primarily in terms of volume of demand and certain
structural features of the unemployed.
In the context of future changes in the labor market is important to consider
and demographic characteristics of the municipality of Bitola. It is an area which in
the last decade face greatly reduces the population. These conditions intensive
process of demographic aging and the contingent workforce, which implies
significantly narrowed demographic basis for an influx of new generations of the labor
market. Bitola is the immigration area for residents from other municipalities
Pelagonia region. These migrations make additional pressure on the labor market. As
the external migration is traditionally emigration municipal area which saw a very
large immigration (at least two fifths of the population of the municipality outside the
country). Because today the development of potential emigrants is enormous. In the
last decade in the intellectual growth is immigration, inter alia, conditional on the
small demand for highly educated personnel.
Од аспект на идниот In
terms
of
future
economic
development, especially important
to be singled out the construction
of industrial zone Zhabeni (located
near the village. Kravari). It is an
area of 244 hectares and is located
5 km from the border with Greece.
The opening of this industrial zone
is expected to attract significant
new investment, and thereby allow
the opening of many new jobs.
Directions of future economic
development of the Municipality of
Figure 29: Plan of Zhabeni industrial zone
Bitola are determined by the
strategic plan for local economic
development. In the context of the preparation of the Local Employment Action Plan,
it is important to consider the strategic directions and goals of local economic
development important to promote employment
:
-
Construction of industrial area Zhabeni construction and the two other zone
Development of strategies to attract expatriates
The establishment and support of business incubator
Promotion of alternative types of tourism
Page 58
3.4.3 TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION
Communication network in Macedonia, consisting of several communications
systems, is established through the system for traffic and links on the basis, inter alia,
based on space and organization of the state. Communication systems that are of
particular importance for the development of economic activities are expected to
improve, develop and evolve in two directions of development of communications:
- Finding the connection state (strategic corridors);
- Internal connection in the state (regional and local needs)
External basis for linking state defined communication corridors and under
international conventions and recommendations, which also are the basis for the
orientation towards European and Balkan commitments on economic and technological
communications, which is of particular importance for exports.
The basis for internal connection in the state, is planning and development of road
network in Macedonia is based on categorization of roads, the strategic corridors
defined international road traffic, has built a European road network - Tem with "E"
mark on the road, they have constructed highway and regional road network, and the
definitions of test strategy development.
Page 59
Road
network:
The
network of roads with "E"
designation that defines the
international
road
corridors
through
traffic
Macedonia relevant to the subject
area is:
- E-65 to match parts of major
road M-3, M-4 and M-5 (Kosovo Blace - Skopje - Tetovo - KičevoTrebeništa - Ohrid - BitolaMeđitlija-GR) - Corridor road
traffic
in
the
north-south
direction.
Bus
and
road
network
in
Macedonia relevant to the subject
area is: M-5 - (BG - Delčevo Kocani - Stip, Veles - Prilep Figure 26: Road network in Macedonia
Bitola - Resen-Ohrid - Trebenista М4) (Branch: Bitola - Međitlija GR).
Highway and road network to follow regional roads, which together with local
classified roads will include road network in Macedonia. Nearby the regarded location
passes regional road: R-508 - Bitola (around arm M5k1) Bistrica-Dragoš.
In the future road network in Macedonia, the primary travel corridors will now
follow the traditional route towards the north south (corridor 10), is east west
(Corridor 8), which intersect in the space between the towns of Skopje, Kumanovo and
Veles. Thus, part of the motorways in Macedonia will establish three major road
corridors to be built with the technical, operational characteristics compatible with
the system of European highways (TEM):
- North-South: M-1 (Serbia - Kumanovo - Veles - Gevgelija - GR);
- East-West: M-2 and M-4 (BG-Kriva Palanka-Kumanovo-Skopje-Tetovo, Struga, AL and
branch Skopje-Serbia);
- East-West: M-5 (BG-Delčevo, Kocani, Stip, Veles-Prilep-Bitola-Resen-Ohrid-Trebeništa
-М4 (branch Bitola-border with GR).
Highway and road network to follow regional roads, which together with local
classified roads will include road network in Macedonia.
The dynamics of the realization of the network, allowing full handling of
Macedonia will be a function of traffic needs (expected volume of traffic), the need for
integration in the European road system and economic power of the state, and
international roads and motorways , required to spend outside the settlements and
proposes to solve the de leveled intersection the general road network.
Road network in this region is well developed, but the current condition of the
road (M-5: Bitola - Resen - Ohrid) can be assessed as poor. Throughout this region is
planned to spend part of the 10s purchased from the European Corridor 10, as well as
the central route of Corridor 8 will contribute to improving the situation. Local road
network in this region is in bad condition, with the trend of further deterioration.
There are sections of the local road network due to heavy damage to a potential
hazard to normal traffic. Part of local roads, especially in mountainous areas are
Page 60
unpaved and in certain periods of heavy use of lightweight vehicles. As in other areas,
maintenance of local roads was inadequate and insufficient, which is due primarily to
lack of funds, and forcing the construction of new sections and maintenance of streets
in urban centers.
Rail traffic: Concept development of rail system is based on the need for
modernization and expansion of railways in general, and linking the railway network in
Macedonia with the networks of Bulgaria and Albania.
Railway network in Macedonia in the planning period should consist of: National
rail of international character, regional lines and local lines, including highway rail line
from the international character Wed-Kremenica Veles-Bitola-length of 145,6 km.
In the planning period up to 2020 years. Among other things, expected growth of
the integrated transport, is the technical-technological facilitation of Macedonian
Railways for execution of tasks and involvement in international traffic, which is in line
with the strategy of development of rail traffic and the real possibilities of Macedonia.
Pelagonia planned throughout the region spends part of the railway line SkopjeBitola-border with Greece, in length of 84.2km, but the line ends with a blind track.
The railway network in this region has an average density and length of the railways
lines of 100 thousand inhabitants is above the national average and indicates that this
region is better served with this type of transport in comparison with most planning
regions. In terms of air transport in the vicinity of Bitola is situated airport sporting
class A, which is the grass root. There airports for commercial aviation, which are
located in the vicinity of Bitola - Logovardi "and" Dame Gruev ".
Air traffic: An airway in Macedonia is an integral part of the European network
of air corridors to a width of 10 nautical miles in which controlled flights unfold over
the country.
The primary airport network in Macedonia should make up a total of 4 airports
to public air traffic, in Skopje, Ohrid, Strumica and Bitola. Skopje Airport to enable
reception and dispatch of intercontinental aircraft (with the extension of existing
flight-path land, or building a new airport to another location), the airport in Ohrid to
reconstruct the higher-II category, and the new airports that envisaged in Strumica and
Bitola to be the dominant purpose for cargo transportation of goods. Reconstruction of
Skopje airport, or activate the location to build a new airport, which will be without
limitation to fully serve all types of passenger aircraft, is determination that would
arise after manufacture of the study airports.
Secondary airport network is proposed to constitute the current 5 reconstructed
and technical equip sports ground and a total of 15 airports for commercial aviation,
including 7 new ones. Furthermore, should the device and about 20 fields for further
development of air sports and tourism in accordance with international regulations for
this type of airports.
Above indicators confirm good placement of the location in relation to traffic
routes and flows in Macedonia. The successful business operation and is in direct
correlation with the quality and extent of development of the available infrastructure.
The municipality has relatively good access to the airport Ss. Paul in Ohrid, but
this airport often work with limited capacity that is not in favor of the development of
surrounding regions that depend on it.
Page 61
Networks: AD Macedonian Telecommunications "for its customers providing a
wide range of services such as voice services (including value-added services), services
for data transmission, Internet access, mobile telecommunication services, public
payphones. Telecommunication services are provided on the basis of well established
communication network using the latest technologies.
Users in this area in the telecommunications traffic is connected through a
telephone center in Bitola.
Mobile: Individual mobile phone companies in the Republic. Macedonia TMobile, VIP and One. They are in their everyday development activities carried out

Quality network coverage of mobile signal:
Regions, municipalities, towns,
Areas of public interest (historical, sports, commercial, industrial,
border zones, etc.).
Traffic and transport infrastructure
Preparation of development projects under the existing GSM network
infrastructure on the ground
Harmonization of development plans with individual state institutions
(ministries, administrations, etc.).
This whole region is covered with a three mobile phone companies in
Macedonia.
Page 62
3.4.4 NATURAL AND CULTURAL HERITAGE
The spatial aspect of cultural
heritage is the subject of analysis in
correlation with long-term strategy for
economic,
social
and
spatial
development strategy that is to preserve
and protect this heritage in terms of
market economy.
Republic Institute for Protection of
Cultural Monuments, for the Spatial Plan
of Macedonia, Expert prepare elaborate
protection property heritage which is
given property inventory of cultural
heritage of particular importance.
Inventory contains a list of registered and
registered immovable cultural goods,
which means the list of immovable
property objects determined by a
monument of culture, is immovable
objects that are created Monumental
presumed to have capacity. These are
sites, churches, monasteries, mosques,
baths, Bezisten, towers, clock towers,
Figure 27: Sirok Sokak - Bitola
turbo, mausoleums, mansions, bridges,
buildings, houses, old bazaars, old urban
cores and other monuments to their names, locations, nearby towns places, time of
occurrence and the municipalities in which the monuments are located.
According to the Law on Cultural Heritage Protection (Official Gazette of RM no.
20/04, no. 115/07) property types of heritage are monuments monumental sets and
cultural landscapes.
The important part of cultural heritage (around 45%) is located in rural areas
and hilly-mountainous areas, which are wholly or partially abandoned, which
significantly complicated their care and use.
The area that is the subject of analysis is registered immovable cultural goods
(Expert elaborate):
1.
2.
3.
4.
Archeological site "Lyncestis Heraclea, Bitola, ancient period;
Archeological site "Villa Suburbana, Bitola, Roman period;
Archaeological Site 'Gurgur Tumba, Bitola, northeastern periphery;
Archeological site "Tumba", Bukovo;
The archaeological map of Macedonia, which examines the prehistoric and historic
layers of human existence, from the earliest times to the late Middle Ages, the
analyzed area, sites are recorded:
- Holy Trinity - Heraclea, ancient Christian basilica is located approximately 500m
southwest of the central city area; Heraclea - Heraclea Lynkestis, urban
settlement of Hellenic during the Middle Ages;
Page 63
- KO Poeševo - Tumba village, settlement of Bronze Age, situated in the village;
- KO beech - Monastery Bukovo ancient Christian basilica; Kutlište, settlement
from the Roman period; Neoljani, medieval village, situated in the locality Twelve
Kladenci; Crkvište, medieval Church and Cemetery are located 2km west of the
village, among the locality Mišev Meadow;
- KO Lavci - no;
According to the Spatial Plan of Macedonia, the highest number of goals relating
to the treatment and protection of cultural heritage in the plans of lowers level.
3.4.5 TOURISM
Tourism in the world today is one of the largest "industrial" branches, or
economic sector with the fastest growth. Anticipated growth of this branch, which
involved a large amount of labor, and has significant effects on the economy at local,
national and regional level, requires special attention because of the link between
environmental protection and sustainable tourism, in terms of further treatment in the
context Agenda of 21st.
Based on a explicitly revised natural and created conditions and resources in
volume, quality, distribution and uniqueness, functionality, attractiveness and degree
of activity, the territory of the Republic. Macedonia as separate entities can allocate
the following types of tourism potential: surface water, mountains, bathrooms, and
good with natural and cultural heritage, transit travel routes, urban settlements,
hunting parties’ areas and villages.
According to the basic long-term goals, the concept and criteria for
development and organization of the tourist offer in the Republic is defined a total of
10 tourist regions with 54 tourist zones. Route of the lines belonging to Pelagonia
region with eight travel zones and 25 tourist sites. The realization of the anticipated
effort to build 2x110kV double circuit transmission line S/S 3 Bitola - S/S Bitola 4 will be
a significant determinant in improving the infrastructure requirements for
development and tourist activity. According to the basic long-term goals, the concept
and criteria for development and organization of tourist activity, the development of
sleep total tourist offer of this area is recommended, with the future organization of
economic activities, to respect the criteria for environmental protection and
sustainable economic development.
Page 64
4 IDENTIFICATION AND EVALUATION OF THE POSSIBLE IMPACT OF THE
PROJECT IN THE ENVIRONMENT
4.1
IDENTIFICATION OF THE IMPACT IN DIFFERENT PHASES OF THE
PROJECT
Potential impacts of implementation of the project "Construction of double
circuit transmission line 2x110 kV S/S Bitola 3 - S/S Bitola 4 are identified on the basis
of all project activities to be undertaken at all stages of the project. The assessment is
used so Leopold matrix given in Table 12th The matrix showing all the main activities
in the phase of construction of underground cable and elevated transmission line
transmission line , work and maintenance of the lines in case of crashes and the
cessation of work. Activities undertaken cause different impacts on different media
environment, socio - economic situation of the population and environment in the area
of the project. Matrix provides estimates of the expert team that all dependencies
exist between the intended activities and the corresponding element of the
environment, which is threatened by the action.
From the table it is obvious that the most important project activities affecting
different elements of the environment are: a) clearing of land and existing vegetation,
b) digging a pit and placing the cable, and covering of the trench, c) marking the tower
locations, digging pits and concrete foundation d) installation of steel structure,
bringing electrical installations and installation of protective rope with optical fibers,
e) construction of new access roads, transport workers and equipment and the vehicles
that will bring the parts of steel columns, f) enrichment with other infrastructure and
the creation and management of waste and of course the work and maintenance of
lines. Activity with the smallest probability that will happen is the cessation of
operation of lines and its dismantling.
All these project activities will cause impacts of various types, intensity,
duration, and other important characteristics of the following elements of the
environment: a) change the landscape and visual character of the new area, b) flora
and fauna characteristic of the area as protected species , c) the occurrence of
electromagnetic radiation, d) the occurrence of noise, e) violation of water quality and
air in the vicinity of the lines, d) the creation of different types of waste and the need
for their proper management, f) the safety of employees and surrounding population,
h) Socio - economic aspects considered by the development of small and medium
enterprises, new jobs, providing uninterrupted electricity supply to all service facilities
- hospitals, schools, etc.
The following were developed more detailed sub chapters all possible impacts
on the elements of the environment in all phases of the implementation of the project:
a) during construction, b) during operation and maintenance of lines, c) in case of
crashes and d) during the cessation of operation of lines and its eventual dismantling.
Page 65
Table 12: Project: building of two-system transmission line 2X110 kV SS Bitola 3 - SS Bitola 4
Identification of possible impacts of the project activities on different elements of the environment (Leopold matrix)
5 Building work
For the underground cable transmission line
6 Digging a trench for underground cable
7 Setting a cable base
*
8 Filling up the trench
9 Functioning of the underground cable
10 Occurance of a breakdown
For the overhead transmission line
10 Marking (staking out) the stake points and setting a central peg
11 Digging foundation holes
12 Fundation concreting
13 Mounting a steel construction on the stakes
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Disease occurance
*
Agricultural
development
Demography
Electricity supply for the
population
New employments
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Socially vulnerable
groups
Development of
community economics
Conversion of land use
Migration of population
Odour
Electromagnetic
radiation
Noise and vibrations
Generating and
managing different
types of waste
Soil pollution
Underground water
quality
Surfice water quality
*
*
*
20 Fuel/energy consumption
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
18 Transportation of workers and/or materials
*
Air quality
Exploitation of natural
resources
*
*
19 Crossing with other transmission lines/pipelines
21 Use of natural resources/ land, water, material and energy
22 Use, storage, transportation of harmful substances
23 Generating different types of waste
24 Managing different types of waste
25 Operation and maintenance of the transmission line
26 Termination of operation of the transmission line
*
*
MSP development
*
*
Social aspects
Continuous electricity
supply for
MPS/hospitals/schoolsКо
нтинуирано
Cultural and natural
heritage improvement
*
Protected area
*
Protected species
*
*
Climate and climate
changes
*
Area and visual aspects
*
Meteorology
Hydrological conditions
*
*
Human and environmental health
*
*
14 Carry out electrofitting (mounting of ropes and insulator equipment)
15 Mounting of safety rope with optical fibers
16 Buildings for storing materials
17 Building of new access roads
Fauna
*
Flora
1 Conversion of land use
2 Clearing of the existing land, vegetation and buildings
4 Prebuilding analysis, eg. hole digging, land testing
Underground water
Project activities in all phases of the transmission line durability
Topography and geology
Physical/natural environment
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
4.1.1 VISUAL ASPECTS AND IMPACT ON THE AREA
During construction
During the construction of lines visual character of the area will change as a
result of short-term activities that will take the field in the form of clearing,
digging of trenches, arrival and presence of large transport vehicles, trucks, cranes
and other machinery required for transport of steel columns, after clearing the
towers and installation and electric installation affairs and the creation of waste.
Of course impact on the area and will have the presence of many workers (about
10-15 a tower place) and their movement in the environment. Setting the
underground cable will cause a change in visual character in the urban area by TA
Bitola 4 in length of 400m, but it will be short and local nature. It provides the
building of underground cable to be completed in about 15 days.
For the installation of double circuit steel lattice tower hot-dip galvanized
for elevated transmission line and preparing the ground by placing the concrete
seats will be required and construction material and its transport and storage
during the installation of the columns. It provides a one pillar to last about 5 days
after completion of construction works and removal of the Jester and other waste
short-term impact of the construction will stop.
Operational phase
Generally, because by their nature transmission line are positioned at
locations that exhibited in the operational phase is visually noticeable and max.
5km. distance. Basic receptors of the new look of the area on any of the elevated
transmission line will be locals and travelers passing local roads Bitola - Lavci beech - Krstoar - Kravari and tourists who passing highway Bitola - Greek border.
The local population is most sensitive category they will be subject to visual
permanently changed the area who know for years. Looking from the perspective
of the local population, the current landscape is largely flat with low vegetation,
low residential houses and gardens and view towards the surrounding mountains
and the city of Bitola.
Figure 28: Visual field of view
Places where you lay the steel poles are located at a distance of at least
500m - 1000m from the first inhabited houses and the ropes because of its
structure and thickness do not pose a greater obstacle to the sight. Steel
construction is lightweight mesh shape and although the height of the columns is
from 12m to 28m high at the top and 40m, the construction will not cause
Page 67
destruction of the area. For local passengers and tourists who travel by car to
Greece lines enter into sight a very short period because of the corridor lines with
steel poles and ropes just cut the main road and the road from Bitola to the
surrounding villages.
In flat part of the village Kravari to its end lines extending in parallel at a
distance of 35m with the existing 150 kV transmission line and no significant
changes made to the visual environment. This is especially taken into
consideration when selecting the route and the ultimate disposition of the
columns.
Lines through its elements will be visible from various points of his visual
scope that the expert team identified during the field visit in January 2010th For
the purposes of study be made simulations of the appearance of lines
characteristic of several places of the projected route in the area of the location
of the project. Simulations are given in Appendix 10.4.1 and provide
representation for the visual appearance of the area in the operational phase of
the project.
Decommissioning
When dismantling the lines again appeared disorders of visual appearance of
the area by the presence of working machinery and manpower. Nevertheless,
after the phase of dismantling that would last several months, the area will return
to original condition before starting the project.
4.1.2 IMPACT OF BIODIVERSITY
Expected that during construction of the facility during its operation and
during the average potential will appear large impacts on biodiversity.
During construction
During construction of the route of the lines are determined following
impacts:
-
-
-
-
-
-
Construction activities adversely affect the certain plant and animal
species that have their natural habitats in and near the site;
The occurrence of noise and vibration at work on construction vehicles,
machinery and the equipment used in construction, will cause high
anxiety among amphibians, and disturbances in their reproductive
process;
Often frequency of vehicles and people, causing anxiety among birds and
other living organisms, especially during their mating,
The occurrence of fragmentation of wildness which threaten
biodiversity;
Potential emergence of new access roads which are destroying existing
ecosystems and the erosion of the country;
Destruction of plant vegetation along the route;
Increasing the amount of dust in the environment as a result of intensive
construction activity, which comes to distortion of existing dwellings at
present living organisms and layering of dust on the leaves, which
reduces or prevents the intensity of photosynthesis;
Page 68
-
-
-
Creation of waste from construction activities, which pollute the
surrounding environment;
Possibility of contamination of soil and groundwater by oil from vehicles
and machinery, if improperly treated with them or in case of average;
Mortality of species of flora and fauna during the construction phase.
Operational phase
During the operational phase of the facility vulnerable group of organisms
are birds that can easily be damaged touching their wings to electrical cables.
Birds apparently because of poor string cannot timely respond. Birds that migrate
at night may face a high mortality in bad weather such as fog, rain and low cloud
cover with when the birds were disoriented.
In addition, the length and distribution of lines is an additional obstacle in
their migratory corridor.
With the existence of transmission line permanently lose part of their
natural habitats have been degraded in the building, which means it is very likely
that part of present organisms previously lived in the place of the site will migrate
to other areas, which drastically change the natural flow of biological the
ecosystem.
Successful methods that can be used to avoid touching the birds and the few lines
of research concerning the problem of conflict are planning lines and change the
design of the lines (this option includes relocating the lines, marking the elevated
wires to those be more visible to birds, the use of underground cables). In many
cases the decision to build the lines and possible mitigation measures based on
economic factors. Allocation of an existing line is the last option that should be
offered if treated mitigates conflicts of birds with lines. The huge cost of building
the new line is a reason not to be considered if this option does not appear
biologically significant mortality.
The seriousness of the problem about the injury and mortality of birds from
transmission line under voltage is considered and taken into account in setting the
policy for the Protection of Nature in 2004. The most adequate and modern
methods to protect the birds from damaging contact with the elevated power lines
is the use of Bird Flight Diverters devices (devices for transfer of birds). With the
help of special design (shown in Figure 33) these modern devices to warn birds of
danger.
Figure 29: Different types of devices to divert the birds on the market
Page 69
They are characterized by the possibility of movement under the influence
of wind, the reflection of UV rays and the emission of light. Some are made of
fluorescent material and allow visibility through the night, and also in conditions of
fog and low light. Devices are tested and developed by biologists that confirm the
uniqueness and effectiveness of devices that reduce mortality of birds during their
migration. A testing period of three years in Germany, putting these devices on
110 kV transmission line shows the following results before and after installation of
the devices:
Table 13: Reduce mortality of birds due to the installation of devices to transfer
110 kV transmission line Bernburg - Susigke (Germany)
Lines without change of direction of birds
Set of lines with devices for guiding the birds
(на 40m distance)
Set of lines with devices for guiding the birds
(на 20m distance)
Mortality in birds
156
56
1
Installation of these devices is simple. The recommendation place for their
installation is the middle lower 1/3 of the span (approx. 60% in the middle length
between two towers). The flappers should be installed at 10 metre intervals in
that middle part of the span between two towers (Recommendation has been given
by the Endangered Wildlife Trust – EWT).
During the phase of construction and maintenance of transmission line
present some destruction and inevitable change. This happens with the
construction of access roads and clearing the site. It is necessary to perform
provided distance between the wires and the soil in order to minimize the risk of
fires.
These activities can have an impact on the proliferation of birds, growth
and change in their habitat. Many birds are extremely sensitive to any disturbance
and if such disturbances occur at a critical time during the cycle of reproduction,
such as when eggs are for taking or phase hatching can easily become temporarily
or permanently abandon the nest prematurely or hatch resulting in the death of
the fetus. In both cases, the consequences are fatal. It is especially important to
avoid such interference with rare species of birds that breed once a year or once
every two years.
Basically, it is impossible to avoid the suffering of the birds in their contact
with electrical wires while proposing the best mitigation measures. It is therefore
necessary to make a risk assessment and mitigation measures of negative influence
to higher biological species important to obtain maximum results.
In the event of termination and the average work
The operator should be the maximum applicable safeguards to prevent any
average of the object. If still anything (the most common case of fire, collapse of
the pillar, tearing the wires, etc.) Should implement all measures necessary to
prevent further destruction of natural habitats, degradation of ecosystems to
replace the damage, destruction of whole Biocenosis and disruption of natural
phenomena such as the food chain, photosynthesis, breeding and nutrition of the
living species.
Page 70
4.1.3 ELECTROMAGNETIC IMPACT
During construction
During the construction does not expect significant impacts on the
electromagnetic environment and people.
During construction of the short-term workers will be exposed to more
intensive electromagnetic radiation in carrying out work in S/S Bitola 4, also short
more intensive electromagnetic radiation will occur during welding works, and
weak radiation in the use of other electrical equipment.
Operational phase
At work there are electric lines and electromagnetic field which is spread
among different overhead and underground lines. Therefore, the e
electromagnetic effect will be evaluated separately for both parts of the lines. The
construction of lines and the appearance of electrical and electromagnetic
radiation can affect wildlife and the work of equipment that works with a lecture
and receive radio signals.
Impact on wildlife may be direct (direct contact with the conductor) or
indirectly (through electromagnetic radiation).
Direct contact with the cable line is possible only in construction and hit it
were not respected the procedures for excavation and if there be damage to the
cord. Direct contact with the overhead line is easily possible, but it happens most
often when people do not adhere to a prescribed distance from the conductor or
the security measures work, and the animals frequently among birds. Should there
be contact with two conductors or one conductor and earth, because of the high
voltages, occurs certain death.
The appearance of the electric field lines is a consequence of high voltage
conditions, and radiation occurs as a consequence of the flow of electricity. On the
strength of the magnetic field and its influence have schedule conductor and their
distance from objects.
In the world, there are many studies on the distribution and impact of the
electric field of the people and the main findings are shown in Figure 33 and Figure
34th Figure 33 shows the spatial distribution of the electric field created by the
110 kV.
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Figure 30: Distribution of electric field of 110 kV transmission line
Figure 34 is a distribution of electric and magnetic field of 150kV
transmission line different columns. For voltage level lines, which is the subject of
this study is shown close by; you can believe that the effects will be the same.
Figure 31: Distribution of electric and magnetic field of 150 kV transmission line
From the pictures, it is obvious that the level of the intensity of radiation is
far lower than the maximum values defined by the recommendations of the
European Commission. Such surveys and measurements are carried out in
Macedonia by the Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technologies of
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Skopje, where the measured values of electric and magnetic field near the 110 kV
substation in transmission line . Maximum values are measured from 1783,1 V / m
and 2,673 μT. These results largely coincide with the values shown in the pictures.
The method of construction of underground cables prevents the occurrence of
electric field outside the cable, but high voltage cables create a greater
electromagnetic radiation from the elevated lines, but it depends on the depth of
placement, arrangement of conductor, whether the one circuit double circuit or
platoon, etc. Studies in Ireland show that intensity of the magnetic field at a
distance of 5m of cable for 110 kV cable is 1,5 μT.
At work, elevated transmission line its construction and electromagnetic
radiation is a possible obstacle in the work of the existing radio and receivers of
radio signals. Since near the route will transmitters effect on them is negligible,
and receivers of radio signals (TV, radio, mobile phones, etc.) can feel the slight
weakening of the signal, but only in the immediate vicinity of the lines. For
overhead lines with his part does not pass through populated areas, and the
nearest houses are far more than 100m from the conductor can be considered that
the impact of lines of radio signals will be negligible.
During the operation of the lines in bad weather is possible outbreak of
corona and partial discharges in air. These partial discharges cause interference
with radio signals from special middle wave (AM) area. As near lines do not exist
middle wave transmitters, and the occurrence of partial discharges are expected
only in extremely bad weather conditions (fog and at very high humidity) can be
considered that these barriers are negligible.
With its design and layout of the underground lines (cable) cannot affect
radio signals. The only possible impact is the signal of the telecommunication
cables are intersecting, but if the enrichment is carried out according to
regulations, this impact is negligible.
Decommissioning
With the cessation of work on lines, as in the structure, the electromagnetic
radiation will occur short term will be of local character and will be exposed only
to workers who perform work for disassembly.
After the dismantling, there will be no additional electromagnetic radiation.
4.1.4 NOISE
During construction
Source of noise are different movements of trucks, cranes and other
construction machinery and equipment and handling of building materials during
construction of the lines. The appearance of noise at this stage is inevitable, but it
is good that the construction phase lasts briefly and equipment usually used is not
intensely noisy. Equipment used to open after specifying the level of noise caused
by max. 100 dB., But must take into account the fact type of area of lines in the
degree of protection against noise provided in the new legislation in this area. The
first location of the project (underground cable) falls within the area of second
instance, the route of the elevated transmission line the area of the fourth degree.
Noise levels to ensure these areas are given in Table 11.
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Table 14: Area determined by the degree of protection against noise
Area determined by the degree of
Level of noise (dBA)
protection against noise
Lв
Lд
Area of the second degree
55
55
45
Area of the fourth degree
70
70
60
Lн
Lд - day (period from 7 to 19h)
Lв – evening (period from 19 to 23h)
Lн – night (period from 23 to 7h)
When building the presence of noise may cause short term distinctions the
wildlife of the area of the project which after completion of the building will
return to their original habitats.
Operational phase
In the phase of work on lines appear generally two types of noise - noise
caused by cables and pillars and noise from the activities of regular checks and
maintenance. When constructing the transmission line under specific
meteorological conditions and depending on the voltage appears so called Corona
effect. This effect is characterized by buzzing and cracking that create noise in
the fog, rainy weather, and clean air. Noise occurs as a result of small amounts of
electrical ionization the When building the presence of noise may cause short term
distinctions the wildlife of the area of the project which after completion of the
building will return to their original habitats rains the level of noise from rain is
higher than the noise level of the so-called Corona effect. During low rain, thick
fog, snow and in other circumstances where there is moisture in the air (typical
humidity higher than 80%), lines causes significant noise, but it is within the level
of noise in residential buildings (50 dB to 60 dB). In the dry period, the sounds are
even negligible (40 dB to 50dB), occurring only sporadic cracks.
The planned 110 kV transmission line of this effect is not expected to occur
under normal weather conditions, but only worsened.
When working lines may appear more intense noise of the wind flow around
the conductor and columns. The noise level depends on the speed of the wind and
its direction. Noise may appear when dirty or broken glass or porcelain insulators.
From high voltage leaps in average conditions, the short bang can be heard.
Decommissioning
When dismantling the same lines as during the construction the same
activities will occur and the same sources and level of noise will occur as well.
4.1.5 IMPACT ON THE EXISTING INFRASTRUCTURE
During construction
Construction of the lines will inevitably bring its own impacts on existing
infrastructure in the regions where it is spread and where the route will perform
construction work.
During construction, more hand crossing lines with the existing
infrastructure.
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According to information of the owners of infrastructure facilities (EVN Macedonia,
Macedonian Telecom, JP Plumbing, JP and JP Streževo Komunalec) in performance
of the cable platoon situation is as follows:
‐
‐
‐
‐
‐
‐
Route
‐
‐
‐
‐
‐
‐
‐
‐
No cross the water installations;
No crossing the infrastructure owned by JP Streževo;
There is at least one crossing with the sewage pipes;
There are more hand-crossing with a 10 kV underground cables;
There is at least one crossing with the telecommunication cable;
There is a local cross streets;
air platoon situation is as follows:
We have more crossing local roads;
We cross the international main road Bitola - Greece;
We cross the international railway Kremenica-Bitola;
We cross the main supply canal system for irrigation Streževo;
There are more hand-crossing with overhead power lines with voltage
levels up to 10 kV;
No cross the lines with voltage of 110 kV or more;
In the vicinity of the lines there are base stations of mobile
operators;
We cross the overhead communication lines;
Existing underground infrastructure at the construction of the elevated line
has meaning only in terms of micro location setting the foundations of the
columns, which may cause only a slight displacement of the same.
In spite of crossing construction, especially on the existing road network will
exist the impact of movement and operation of construction machines and
transport vehicles, and occasional delays and changing modes of traffic.
Operational phase
In the operational phase does not expect significant impacts on
infrastructure (existing and future), if the performers transmission line and future
infrastructural facilities adhere to legislation, applicable regulations and good
practice.
Negative effects on infrastructure can occur only when failures of lines, which
require the deployment of more machinery and manpower.
At the termination of work
Upon the termination of work, possible short term negative consequences
before the road infrastructure, because the work of construction vehicles and
carriages, which should make disassembly and transportation of parts of lines.
On the left infrastructure not expect significant impacts.
4.1.6 IMPACT ON AIR QUALITY
The Transmission lines by their nature do not include a source of combustion
fuel which is characteristic of other energy projects and a change of air quality
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occurs as a result of the phase of construction of lines and traffic operations during
the construction and regular maintenance of it.
During construction
The main impacts of the project on air quality in the area are expected
during construction – digging the soil and concrete work for the settings of
underground cable and placing the tower foundations and supporting installation of
lines.
It is Expected occurrence of fugitive dust emission as the smallest particles of soil,
sand for construction of new access roads, leveling the ground to establish the
construction site around the pillars and the performance of concrete seats. Dust
appears briefly at digging a trench for underground cable length of 400m, in the
urban part of Bitola.
Different types of vehicles, equipment and construction machinery to be
used in construction are mobile sources of emissions of polluting substances which
are characteristic NOx, CO, PM10, non burned hydrocarbons, sulfur, lead, benzene
and other flavoring hydrocarbons that contribute to the creation of secondary
ozone and represent all direct and indirect risk to human health and the
environment. The quality of fuel in the Macedonia within the European standards
and controls in accredited laboratories. The emergence of emissions burning
substances and the negative impact is short intensity at the local level and through
the distribution of polluting substances act on air quality in the area. Key
receptors that may be affected are parts of houses and buildings located around
the points of installation of underground cables and pillars of the elevated cable at
a distance of approximately 200m. This distance is expected to brief disruption of
air quality.
But it should be noted that air quality in the municipality of Bitola actively
measured at two measuring stations and the data show that the impact of
emissions from mobile sources is minimal in terms of emissions that arise from the
stationary sources - facilities that use fossil fuels especially REK Bitola. Data on air
quality in the area of the project is given in Chapter 3.3.6.
Do not expect the occurrence of odor or phase of construction, nor in the
operational phase.
Operational phase
In this phase of the major influences on the quality of air coming from
combustion of fuel in vehicles and equipment necessary for regular checks on the
lines (which usually happen once a year) and visit the necessary interventions.
However, these impacts are short, local, minimal and no question of violation of
air quality greatly.
Decommissioning
When dismantling the lines again appeared in need of construction
machinery, vehicles, which would distort the air quality in the area briefly and
minimal.
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4.1.7 IMPACT ON THE WATER QUALITY
During construction
Project activities undertaken in the phase of construction do not cause
significant long-term negative impact on water bodies because when they do not
use water resources and most activities are carried out close to surface waters.
When activities of digging, laying of underground cable near the Old River can
reach short-term temporary water pollution in the country, solid particles that
would cause blurry water, leak oil or fuel from vehicles and equipment used or
parts of waste is generated.
In preparing the land for new access roads, establishment of areas around
building foundations for installation of steel columns can be reported
contamination of surface and groundwater from temporary in the form of: a)
erosion of sediments due to the removal of soil cover, b ) leakage of fuel and oil
equipment and vehicles, c) other waste that is generated in these activities.
The above activities may affect mainly the point where the pillars will be
placed near the rivers and Smilevska Kindirka and V channel Hydro Streževo in
which will be placed near the tower AZ8.
As the water level in glaciofluvial sediments (which will be set stretched
AZ columns 2 and 4 AZ) is the depth of about 4m to 5m, and is a shallow
excavation at a depth of 2.2m, is not expected to adversely affect the quality of
groundwater.
Access roads may change the manner and mode of drainage of atmospheric
water permeability due to alteration of the surface, removal of vegetation and
thereby to cause erosion and under the influence of wind and rain can occur
sedimentation of natural drainage paths.
Operational phase
In ongoing work on lines, it is not expect negative impacts on surface and
groundwater.
What comes to dismantling the lines, all the activities provided during the
process will occur again and slightly short can come to pollution of surface and
groundwater and erosion of land.
4.1.8 GENERATION OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF WASTE
Throughout the life cycle, lines will affect the formation of small amounts
of various fractions of non-hazard waste.
Identified were the following materials and components that are an integral
part of the lines and that could occur as waste in the life of the lines: a) the cable
is made of aluminum, copper polyethylene, b) the elevated line wires made of
aluminum and iron c) porcelain insulators, d) cable ends made of composite
materials – fiberglass filled with silicone oil and metal parts, e) double circuit steel
lattice tower hot-dip galvanized profiles and steel bolts, f) based reinforced
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concrete foundation coat for concreting and other materials packaging made from
wood and paper.
During construction
In the phase of construction, waste will be reported as a result of
excavation, covering, concreting, and tracing the paths leveling the soil and
others. Construction activities and the type of waste are to be shot, inert waste.
When setting up the columns on the ropes and lines, and possible occurrence of
other waste from the various constituents of the lines and they belong to the group
non-hazard waste. Employees who work on construction and Electric installation
works will create a temporary communal waste.
As a result of construction, materials handling possible occurrence of waste
from all the above ingredients, but exclusively in the building and cessation of
work on how to perform dismantling of the lines. Waste in the following list of
categories of waste (Official Gazette of RM no. 100/05 by its characteristic is nonhazard waste:
Categorization in
accordance with the
national list of
wastes
12 01 05
12 01 13
13 07
15 01
17 01
17 02
17 04
17 05 04
17 06 04
17 09 04
20 03 01
Group / Type of Waste
particles and Cuts of plastic
Waste from welding
waste from fuel
packaging waste paper, plastic, metal, wood
waste concrete
Waste from wood, plastic and glass
waste metal
Waste from the excavation
Insulation materials
Other construction waste (mixed waste)
mixed waste
Management of all fractions of waste should be carried out in accordance
with the legislation on waste and individual waste streams bearing in mind that
some fractions can be recycled (metals, paper, glass), re-use (land, parts of the
ropes, cables), sluggish waste to wear a special landfill for inert waste, and
municipal and other non hazard waste to bear the landfill Meglenci which is a
place for final disposal of waste in the municipality of Bitola. Public Utility
Company Komunalec from Bitola is responsible for the collection, transport and
final disposal of municipal waste in the municipality of Bitola and management
Meglenci landfill.
Operational phase and removal of transmission lines
During the operation of lines is not expected occurrence of waste, and if he
came to dismantling, will again occur above the waste fractions and parts of pillars
and steel structure that should be managed in a way that meets national
standards.
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4.1.9 IMPACT ON CULTURAL HERITAGE
When making the planning documentation of lower level, the exact position is
determined of the cultural heritage sites located in the wider area through which the
route passes. Тhe minimum distance from the nearest archeiological site has been
estimated on minimum 2km of the prpoposed route.
On the proposed route within the site which was chosen for building of the
transmission line, specifically the locations where the stakes will be erected and the
line of wires that will connect them, there are no archaeological areas and sites of
cultural heritage that would represent limiting factor in the process of planning and
designing the transmission line.
During the process of building
When implementing the project neither direct nor indirect impacts are expected
on the archaeological cultural heritage i.e., on the immovable cultural goods and
archaeological sites mentioned in point 3.4.4.
However, if during realization of the ground works, the existence of artifacts is
established or there are indications of potential archeological goods, building work will
be stopped and the Directorate for Cultural Heritage at the Ministry of Culture will be
notified on time.
Operative phase
During the work, no impacts are expected on the archeological cultural
heritage.
With the cessation of work or eventual dismantling of the transmission line and
its parts, actions are the same as at the time of building, only in reverse order.
Consequently, no impacts are expected on the archeological cultural heritage.
4.1.10 SECURITY ASPECTS
During the process of building
From the security aspect during the building of the transmission line, the main
risks to the security breach are related to the activities of workers who perform
building and installation work. During building, the workers may suffer some injuries
due to careless work as well as fire breakout when using sparkling tools and
equipment.
The local population may also suffer some injuries if they carelessly approach
the building.
During erection of the metal buildings and installation of conductors, apart from
injuries as a result of careless work, accidents may happen due to electrical discharge
from the atmosphere, especially during bad weather.
Operative phase
During operation, security aspects in general can be divided into events caused
by human activities and natural disasters.
Human activities may cause injuries due to careless movement and handling of
machines and tools near the transmission line or by removing parts of the stakes by
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negligent people. The consequences of careless handling are already described in the
section of electromagnetic radiation. By dismantling parts of the stakes, their stability
is disturbed causing collapse as well as power failure. If, at that moment, there are
people or animals nearby, there is a possibility of injuries and death.
Natural hazards that can be expected in the operative phase of the work of the
transmission line are: earthquakes, floods, strong winds, thunderstorms, ice on the
conductors and fires.
The transmission line is located in the area of seismic activity VII0 degrees
Merkalli scale of the expected earthquakes, which means that earthquakes are
expected during its operation. As long as all technical normative are met, no collapses
of stakes are expected in case of earthquakes, it will only cease to work as a
protection
method.
According to the configuration of the terrain, floods are possible only in the flatland
part of the route. In Pelagonija plain there is no danger of flood outbreak that would
undermine the foundations and distort the stability of the stakes, and height of the
water is low and cannot cause danger to the work of the transmission line.
Strong thunder winds in the past caused stakes to fall, but the building of the
modern stakes is more stable, thus such problems are not expected. Under the
regulations, transmission lines must have a protective lightening rope, and each stake
must be properly grounded. In this way, the transmission line is protected from
damaging in case of lightening.
In winter months, during heavy rain, low temperatures and appearance of cold
winds, there is a possibility of conductor frosting. The technical normative defines the
forces that the conductors can handle, but in rare cases, the ice weight may exceed
the endurance of the system, which may cause the conductors to break. As soon as the
conductor falls on the ground, its protection reacts and it shuts down, and the repair is
done by replacing the damaged conductors.
The natural hazards analyzed so far, practically cannot have an impact and
cause damage to underground cable.
Occurrences are possible on the route of the transmission line due to possible
actions of the people, and very rarely due to natural phenomena (lightning strike, selfignition etc.). Damages to the transmission line that can be caused by fires are often
negligible, but sometimes the lowest points of the conductors may be on fire, which
may cause interruption of the conductor. The fire can cause damage to the cable line
only if it appears on the outlet of the cable from the ground. In this case, there is
damage to the isolation of the cable and that part of the cable should be replaced.
At the termination of work, dismantling of the transmission line and its parts
should be carried out in reverse order of its building, so that activities and security
risks are the same as at the time of building.
4.1.11 CUMULATIVE EFFECTS
Cumulative effects occur as a result of accumulation and interaction of multiple
pressures on the ecosystems that contribute to change of the state of the environment.
They are defined as changes in the environment caused by activities in combination
with other human activities in the past, present and foreseeable future activities that
could occur in that area.
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Because the that, the methodology of assessment of the impact of the project
on the environment includes analysis of current situation with all the elements that
characterize the area where the project will be conducted, and it is a base line for
determining the cumulative effects. At the same time, projects flowing parallel to the
proposed are analyzed and future plans of the same or other investors in the same area
are taken into consideration.
Analyzing all direct and indirect negative impacts that occur during building,
ongoing operation and / or cessation and dismantling of the transmission line in the
perspective of the current situation with all media of the environment in the area of
the project, the expert team has recognized the following observations:
a) The transmission line does not generate significant direct emissions in air,
water or soil during its work and no occurrence of cumulative pollution of these media
in the area of the project
b) The main cumulative effect can be identified in terms of physical presence of
transmission line in relation to the existing infrastructure of roads and the existing 150
kV transmission line Greek border - Bitola 1 (not under voltage) and other energy and
communication structures.
c) a positive cumulative effect occurs as a result of reduced energy loss
(reduced heat emission) in the electro energetic system in Macedonia
d) Positive cumulative effects are expected in the socio - economic development
of the municipality of Bitola through the development of small and medium
enterprises, which will participate in providing services during building of transmission
line and regular controls of the same, by a continuous supply of energy and providing
the opportunity for new employment of young people
e) In the area of the project there are no other industrial facilities which
impacts could establish interaction and cause cumulative effect.
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4.1.12 SOCIO-ECONOMIC ASPECTS
The purpose of setting and operating of the transmission line is to improve the
energy balance and available energy in the Municipality of Bitola, as well as to provide
uninterrupted power supply to consumers connected to the S/S Bitola 3 and S/S Bitola
4 by shortest possible routes with the smallest losses in the transmission system.
The ring which is formed around Bitola, in which all four 110 kV high voltage
stations will be connected will also improve the reliability of electricity supply as well
as consumers’ trust who are supplied by the other two high voltage stations.
Long-term positive impacts are expected on the development of small and
medium enterprises because of uninterrupted supply of electricity and reduced costs
for occasional interruptions that have happened so far. Indirect positive impacts will
be felt in the development of local economy, regular payment of taxes and sustainable
development of the municipality of Bitola.
The project will positively affect the long-term supply of energy for all services
provided in hospitals, schools, public institutions and thus enhance social welfare for
the population and its wellbeing.
The potential short-term impacts of the transmission line are seen in the
employment opportunities of local people and any small changes in the social structure
of the area and provision of services to small and medium enterprises in all phases of
the project.
During building
Increasing employment opportunities are expected through direct involvement
of the local workforce during the building phase. The influx of construction workers
will increase the need for services such as accommodation facilities (hotels and
motels), food supply and procurement (restaurants, shops, etc.), repair services (fuel,
maintenance of vehicles), involvement of local companies for specific segments of the
work or the purchase of equipment and services (maintenance of equipment,
procurement of building and other goods / materials, etc.).
Operative phase
For purposes of transmission, line in the phase of operation regular checks and
periodic maintenance of its constitutive elements will be required. Consequently, if
the existing staff is not sufficient for the above duties and responsibilities there is a
possibility of new employments for a number of people who would maintain the
transmission line and control its operation.
Termination of work
Termination of work of the transmission line will adversely affect the local
economy because deficiencies and frequent interruptions in energy supply will occur in
the real sector and negative consequences will indirectly occur on the development of
local economy.
Expropriation and use of land
The project may have a negative impact on the use value of the land along the
route. At present we have no information how much of the planned route passes
through land in private ownership or how much of the base of the stakes will be
located on private property. An important fact is also the identification of cadastral
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parcels on which building work will be performed and / or associated machinery will be
set as the current purpose of this land.
In all cases it is necessary to initiate proceedings for the expropriation of the
land by the investor against the expropriation law (Official Gazette of RM no. 33/95,
20/98, 40/99, 31/2003, 46/2005 and amendments of 2008) that regulates the
expropriation of property and rights deriving from the amount of land, buildings and
other real estate for the building of buildings and execution of works of public interest
which includes building of a transmission line. AD MEPSO so far has experience with
different models of the expropriation of land and they will be considered and offered
to landowners for building of the planned transmission line:
a) Full expropriation when with the expropriation ceases the right of ownership
and other rights on real estate arising from it.
b) Incomplete expropriation when with the expropriation, the right of ownership
may be restricted by establishing the right of formality (for setting the aboveground
line) or temporarily restricting the right of use (for temporary accommodation of
mechanization, access roads etc.) for the performance of preparatory work on the
land.
A fair compensation belongs to the current owner of the land that cannot be less
than the market value of the property and that together with the cost of the procedure
for expropriation shall be borne by the user of the expropriation for whose needs the
real estate is expropriated. In determining the market value of the expropriated land
that serves as agricultural, forestry and other production, the solvency and cadastral
class of land should be considered, climate and economic conditions and the suitability
of land for building and location of the site.
All the information are needed about cadastral parcels of land and ownership,
land use and the willingness of owners to negotiate with the investor, as a detailed
analysis about the procedure for expropriation could be made. The expert team
recommends an open discussion, the maximum respect for the view of the current
owners and their arguments and needs as well as inevitable maximum transparency in
the process of expropriation.
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4.2 I M P A C T A S S E S S M E N T
Evaluation of the impact of project activities on the various elements of the
environment was made to establish a link between the activities at all stages of the
life of the project and the natural environment of the area, the socio - economic and
health aspects of the population which lives and economically acts in the area of the
project.
Second step is to answer the question: what kind of impact is that? Do the
project activities of the building and operation of the transmission line and the
termination of work cause positive or negative impact, whether the impact is short /
medium term, which is the intensity of impact, whether it is reversible / irreversible,
whether it has cumulative effect, etc.
When setting methodology, the expert team established criteria for assessing
the impacts and prepare a matrix in where all impacts on various elements of the
environment were assessed and it is given in Table 14 and the impact on each element
of the environment received a general rating A / B / C / unremarkable as a result of
the rate of impact in relation to each criterion. The criteria are given in Table 14a.
Table 14a: Established criteria for assessment of environmental impact
Criterion
Impact assessment in relation to the criteria
Nature of impact
Positive(+)
Negative (-)
Type of impact
Direct
Indirect
Cumulative
Intensity of Impact
Range of Impact
High
Medium
Low
Surface
Volume
Dispersion
Time of occurrence
Immediately
Duration of impact
Short-term
Reversibility of Impact
Reversible
Probability of
occurrence
Importance
General impact
assessment
Certain
Local / Regional
А – Great impact
C – Small impact
With delay
Medium-term
Long-term
Irreversible
Possible
Impossible
National
Cross Border/ Global
B – Medium impact
Unremarkable impact
After the conducted evaluation of the impacts of the project in all four phases
of the transmission line’s duration (the building phase, operative phase, in the event of
crashes and the termination of operation of transmission line) elements with general
assessments of the impacts were identified and they are given in Table 14b. For the
elements of the environment that are prone to negative impact with general
assessment A (-) and B (-) measures have been developed to mitigate / compensate the
effect provided in the Measure plan (Table 15) and Monitoring Plan (Table 16).
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Table 14b: General assessment of the impacts on the elements of the environment
Importance
Impact assessment (A/B/C
/insignificant)
certain
certain
certain
local
local
national
А(-)
А (-)
А(-)
(-)
high
volume
immediate
long-term
reversible
certain
national
B (-)
direct
direct
(-)
(-)
low
low
dispersion
dispersion
immediate
immediate
medium-term irreversible
short-term
irreversible
possible
impossible
local
local
C (-)
C (-)
indirect
direct
direct
(+)
(+)
(+)
low
high
high
dispersion
dispersion
dispersion
immediate
immediate
immediate
long-term
long-term
long-term
irreversible
irreversible
irreversible
possible
certain
certain
local
regional
local
B (-)
А(+)
А(+)
Reversible/irrevesible
reversible
reversible
reversible
Duration of impact
Probability of occurance
Time of impact occurance
long-term
long-term
long-term
Range/location of impact
occurance
immediate
immediate
immediate
Intensity
surface
surface
surface
Positive(+)/negative(-)
high
high
high
Type of impact
/insignificant)
Importance
Generating and maintaining different types of waste
Noise and vibrations
Electromagnetic radiation
Odour
Social aspects
Land expropriation
Conversion of land use
Development of local economy
Social infrastructure and services
Socially vulnerable groups
New employments
Electricity supply for the population
Continuous electricity supply for MSP/ hospitals/schools
Protection of cultural and natural heritage
MSP development
Agricultural development
Demography
Disease occurance
Impact assessment
(-)
(-)
Operative phase of the project
Duration of impact
direct
indirect
building phase
Impact assessment
Positive (+)/negative(-)
Topography and geology
Underground water
Hydrological conditions
Flora
Fauna
Protected species
Protected area
Meteorology
Area and visual aspects
Climate and climate changes
Exploitation of natural resources
Human and environmental health
Air quality
Surface water quality
Underground water quality
Soil pollution
occurance
Type of impact
Elements of the environment
Intensity
Table 15: Project: Building of double-circuit transmission line 2X110 kV SS Bitola 3 - SS Bitola 4
Assessment of the impact of building and operation of the transmission line on different elements of the environment
Physical/natural environment
direct
direct
direct
(-)
(-)
(-)
medium surface
low
volume
immediate
with delay
long-term
short-term
irreversible certain
reversible possible
local
local
C (-)
Insignificant
high
high
high
surface
surface
surface
immediate
immediate
immediate
long-term
long-term
long-term
reversible
reversible
reversible
certain
certain
certain
local
local
national
А (-)
А (-)
А (-)
direct
direct
direct
А (-)
B (-)
B (-)
direct
direct
direct
direct
(-)
(-)
(-)
high
low
low
volume
dispersion
volume
immediate
immediate
immediate
short-term
short-term
short-term
reversible certain
national
global
regional
direct
direct
indirect
indirect
(-)
(-)
(-)
(-)
medium
low
low
low
volume
volume
volume
dispersion
immediate
immediate
with delay
immediate
long-term
short-term
short-term
short-term
irreversible
irreversible
irreversible
irreversible
certain
impossible
possible
possible
national
local
local
local
B (-)
Insignificant
Insignificant
C (-)
direct
direct
direct
(-)
(-)
(-)
high
high
low
volume
dispersion
dispersion
immediate
immediate
immediate
long-term
short-term
short-term
irreversible impossible
regional
local
local
А (-)
А (-)
Insignificant
direct
direct
indirect
direct
direct
direct
(-)
(-)
(+)
(+)
(+)
(+)
medium
low
low
high
low
medium
surface
surface
dispersion
dispersion
dispersion
dispersion
immediate
immediate
immediate
immediate
immediate
immediate
long-term
short-term
short-term
short-term
short-term
short-term
irreversible
irreversible
irreversible
irreversible
irreversible
irreversible
local
local
local
regional
local
local
А(-)
Insignificant
А (+)
А (+)
B (-)
B (-)
direct
direct
(-)
(+)
low
high
surface
dispersion
immediate
immediate
short-term
short-term
irreversible impossible
Legend
Type of impact: direct/indirect/cumulative
Intensity of impact: high/medium/low
Range of impact: surface/volume/dispersion
Time of occurance: immediately/with delay
Duration of impact: Short-term/medium-term/long-term
Reversibility of the impact: reverse/inverse
Probability of occurance: certain/possible/impossible
Importance: local/regional/national/across border/global
Impact assessment: A Great impact, B-Medium impact, C- Small impact , Insignificant impact
certain
possible
certain
certain
certain
possible
regional
local
C (-)
B (-)
(-)
(-)
(-)
direct
(+)
high
dispersion
immediate
long-term
irreversible
certain
regional
А(+)
direct
(+)
high
dispersion
immediate
long-term
irreversible
certain
regional
А(+)
direct
(+)
high
dispersion
immediate
long-term
irreversible
possible
local
А(+)
immediate
immediate
immediate
long-term
long-term
long-term
reversible
reversible
reversible
certain
certain
certain
local
local
national
direct
direct
direct
(+)
(-)
(-)
high
low
low
volume
dispersion
volume
immediate
immediate
immediate
short-term
short-term
short-term
reversible
irreversible
irreversible
certain
certain
certain
national
global
regional
direct
direct
indirect
indirect
(-)
(-)
(-)
(-)
medium
low
low
low
volume
volume
volume
dispersion
immediate
immediate
with delay
immediate
long-term
short-term
short-term
short-term
irreversible
irreversible
irreversible
irreversible
certain
impossible
possible
possible
national
local
local
local
direct
direct
(-)
(-)
high
high
volume
dispersion
immediate
immediate
long-term
short-term
irreversible
irreversible
certain
certain
regional
local
А (-)
А (-)
direct
indirect
direct
direct
direct
direct
(+)
(+)
(-)
(+)
(+)
(-)
low
low
high
low
low
high
surface
dispersion
dispersion
dispersion
dispersion
dispersion
immediate
immediate
immediate
immediate
immediate
immediate
short-term
short-term
short-term
short-term
short-term
long-term
irreversible
irreversible
irreversible
irreversible
irreversible
irreversible
possible
certain
certain
certain
possible
possible
local
local
regional
local
local
local
C (-)
B (-)
А(+)
А(+)
Insignificant
А(-)
/insignificant)
surface
surface
surface
Importance
high
high
high
(-)
(-)
(-)
direct
direct
direct
C (-)
Insignificant
Duration of impact
local
local
certain
possible
occurance
irreversible
reversible
Intensity
long-term
short-term
immediate
with delay
Type of impact
/insignificant)
surface
volume
Importance
medium
low
(-)
(-)
Duration of impact
direct
indirect
Intensity
Impact assessment
Termination of operation
Type of impact
occurance
Damage
Impact assessment
direct
indirect
(-)
(-)
medium
low
surface
volume
immdiate long-term
with delay short-term
irreversible
reversible
certain
possible
local
local
А (-)
А (-)
А (-)
direct
direct
direct
(+)
(+)
(+)
high
high
high
surface
surface
surface
immdiate long-term
with delay long-term
immdiate long-term
irreversible
irreversible
irreversible
impossible
impossible
impossible
local
local
national
А(+)
А(+)
А(+)
А (+)
B (-)
B (-)
direct
direct
direct
(+)
(-)
(-)
high
low
low
volume
dispersion
volume
immdiate short-term
immdiate short-term
immdiate short-term
reversible
irreversible
irreversible
certain
certain
certain
national
global
regional
А (+)
B (-)
B (-)
direct
direct
indirect
indirect
(-)
(-)
(-)
(-)
medium
low
low
low
volume
volume
volume
dispersion
immdiate long-term
immdiate short-term
with delay short-term
immdiate short-term
irreversible
irreversible
irreversible
irreversible
certain
impossible
possible
possible
national
local
local
local
direct
direct
(-)
(-)
high
high
volume
dispersion
immdiate long-term
immdiate short-term
irreversible
irreversible
certain
certain
regional
local
direct
индиректн
direct
direct
direct
direct
(+)
(+)
(-)
(+)
(+)
(-)
low
low
high
low
low
high
surface
dispersion
dispersion
dispersion
dispersion
dispersion
immdiate
immdiate
immdiate
immdiate
immdiate
immdiate
irreversible
irreversible
irreversible
irreversible
irreversible
irreversible
possible
certain
certain
certain
possible
possible
local
local
regional
local
local
local
B (-)
Insignificant
Insignificant
C (-)
short-term
short-term
short-term
short-term
short-term
long-term
C (-)
Insignificant
B (-)
Insignificant
Insignificant
C (-)
А (-)
А (-)
C (-)
B (-)
А(+)
А(+)
Insignificant
А(-)
direct
(-)
high
dispersion
immediate
long-term
irreversible
possible
local
А(-)
direct
(-)
high
dispersion
immdiate long-term
irreversible
possible
local
А(-)
direct
direct
(-)
(+)
high
low
dispersion
dispersion
immediate
immediate
short-term
long-term
irreversible
irreversible
certain
possible
local
local
А(+)
B (-)
direct
direct
(-)
(+)
high
low
dispersion
dispersion
immdiate short-term
immdiate long-term
irreversible
irreversible
certain
possible
local
local
А(+)
B (-)
Environment Impact Assesment Study – Construction of double circuit 110kv overhead transmission line from S/S Bitola 3 to S/S Bitola 4
5 MEASURES TO MITIGATE THE NEGATIVE IMPACTS OF THE PROJECT ON THE ENVIRONMENT
5.1 M E A S U R E S
T O M I T I G A T E T H E I M P A C T O F T H E P R O J E C T O N T H E E NV I R O N M E N T
Table 16: Measures to mitigate the impacts of the project on the environment
CONSTRUCTION PHASE
Element of
environment
Flora
Impact
assessment
А (-)
Measures to mitigate the impact
‐
‐
‐
‐
‐
‐
‐
‐
‐
‐
Effective cleaning of building route,
occasional water- spraying of the plants
exposed to dust;
To implement all appropriate measures during
building work to minimize negative impact on
natural habitats of living organisms;
To use existing access roads;
To minimize cutting of vegetation, especially
high trees;
Careful choice of location for building
material, storage / management of building
dump;
Protect the area and cover it with vegetation;
Secured distance between the wires and the
soil in order to minimize the risk of fires.
Avoidance of loud sound signals from vehicles
and building machines in areas where there
are habitats of
specific species;
Careful choice of location for building
material, storage /
delay of building dump i.e., choice of location
that has minimal influence on natural habitats
On the area of arable land, building works to
be performed after yield
Cost of
measure
(EUR)
Authorized
body /
institution
Date of
start /
finish of
the
measures
Insignificant
(measures are
of good
building
practice type)
Investor /
contractor of
building
works
According
to the
dynamics
of
execution
of work
Page 87
Fauna
A (-)
‐
‐
‐
‐
‐
‐
‐
‐
‐
‐
‐
‐
Visual appearance
of the area
A (-)
Most adequate methods of building to be used
in order to reduce anxiety among living
organisms, especially in birds and amphibians;
Scheduling of building activities in order to
avoid breeding seasons of living organisms;
To use existing access roads;
Avoidance of loud sound signals from vehicles
and building machinery in areas where there
are habitats of particular species;
Careful choice of location for building material
storage / management of building dump;
Monitoring bird species, their populations and
migratory routes of birds to track changes and
to take appropriate measures;
Apply appropriate placement of electrical
stakes in order to avoid potential mortality of
birds;
A solution to reduce mortality of birds in the
phase of building is to stop the building
activities during the breeding season or
migration which is a relatively short period;
To provide a distance between the wires and
the soil in order to minimize the risk of fires.
The executor should not allow workers to
catch animals, to destroy habitats, collect
turtle eggs, birds, etc.
The phase of building should not be carried
out in the evening and at night, because it
requires artificial light that would disturb the
animals, especially those that are active at
night;
Temporary access road to the site must be
determined in consultation with a faun
specialist, in order to avoid destruction of
habitats.
The main measure to mitigate the cumulative
effect of visual distortion of the area is the
use of customary practice that requires
monitoring of the route of the transmission
Insignificant
(measures are
of good
building
practice type)
Investor /
contractor of
building
works
According
to the
dynamics
of
execution
of work
Insignificant
(measures are
of good
engineering
Investor /
Designer /
contractor of
building
According
to the
dynamics
of
Page 88
Land erosion
B
(-)
line and communication lines of the route of
the roads using the rules of Holford:
‐ If possible, to avoid areas with the highest
visual and landscape value in planning the
route of the lines even though it may
increase the length of it
‐ Avoid placing more stakes on short
distances in space with high landscape
value
‐ To use direct lines with less alterations to
the route and use a small number of stakes
‐ Minimize the surface of the building site to
minimize impacts on area / careful
planning and designing of work
‐ Carefully cleaning the building site after
setting the stake
‐ Quick removal of building dump in a
landfill site for inert waste
practice type)
in large part
carried out by
defining the
route
works /
Authorized
firm for
collection of
waste
execution
of work
Careful planning of building works to
reduce the negative effects and ensure
prevention of soil pollution
Reduction of the size of the site as much
as possible in order to minimize land which
suffers negative impact
Limit the movements of vehicles and use
machinery that has less pressure on land
Preventing loss of vegetation along the
path of the route of transmission line
Prohibit the flow of building activities in
conditions of heavy rain
Implementation of preventive measures
for landslides / stabilize the slope
(retaining walls) if necessary
Planting / rehabilitation of vegetation to
reduce the spread of exhaust gases,
particles, dust
Rehabilitation of eroded channels to their
natural state / re-planting of vegetation
Insignificant
(measures are
of good
building
practice type)
Investor /
contractor of
building
works
According
to the
dynamics
of
execution
of work
‐
‐
‐
‐
‐
‐
‐
‐
10 000 EUR
Page 89
Air quality
B(-)
‐
Clearing the site of the building after
completion of building
‐
Careful determination of time of work in
residential area in Bitola and the
surrounding villages
Limit the unnecessary traffic on building
site
Speed limit of vehicles especially in the
settlements
Spraying water on access roads and
building sites during the dry summer days
in order to prevent occurrence of dust
Conducting
regular
maintenance
of
vehicles and building machinery and
procedures of periodic repairs to reduce
the leak, emission and dispersion
Use of quality (according to national
standards) fuel for vehicles
Use of masks for workers when they work
in conditions of dust
Provide health and safety measures for
workers during work on a building site
Provide measures to protect the transport
means and equipment
‐
‐
‐
‐
‐
‐
‐
‐
Waste generation
and management
А(-)
‐
‐
‐
‐
It is necessary to establish a plan for waste
management that will be generated at the
building site
The plan should include the principles of
waste management (minimizing waste
generation, selection of the place of
creation, recycling - firms that deal with
recyclable waste, reuse, etc.)
The selection of waste should be made on
the spot
Establishing contact with authorized
collectors, transporters of different
fractions of waste and its final safe
disposal
Investor /
contractor of
building
works
According
to the
dynamics
of
execution
of work
Investor /
contractor of
the building
works / JP
Komunalec
Bitola/
private
companies
authorized for
the collection
and
transportation
of certain
waste
fractions
According
to the
dynamics
of
execution
of work
10 000 EUR
5 000 EUR
5 000 EUR
5 000 EUR
10 000 EUR
Page 90
Generated waste should be stored at
specific locations marked according to the
type of waste (dangerous / not dangerous
/ inert) until the time of collection,
transport and final disposal
‐ Waste / material which is brought to the
building site should be covered to prevent
spreading it on the road
‐ Building activities end after removing all
the waste (waste should not be left on
building site)
‐ Incineration of waste is forbidden on
building site
‐ Generated waste, if possible, should again
be used as building material
‐ Building dump should be finally removed in
landfill for inert waste
‐ Overloading of vehicles with ground
material is not allowed
‐ Waste that is generated during the
workers’ presence and lunch breaks on the
building site, using the best practices for
management, the waste should be
collected, transported and deposited at
the landfill Meglenci
Protective measures to be taken during
execution
- When using tools and machines that emit
electromagnetic radiation, the prescribed
protective equipment should be used
- In order to avoid injuries due to
atmospheric discharges during installation
of the ropes they should be grounded to
each field.
Measures to be taken for protection from
electromagnetic radiation in the operative phase
- To respect the norms for minimum height
of
the
conductors
under
existing
legislation in order to avoid the effects of
‐
Electromagnetic
radiation
Insignificant
Measures of
good building
practices and
waste
management
The activities
are part of the
regular duties
of the
contractor
The measures
are legally
defined and
must be part
of project and
Contractor of
building
works,
Supervision
Designer
/Contractor
/Supervision
According
to the
dynamics
of
execution
of work
According
to the
dynamics
of
Page 91
-
electric, electromagnetic radiation and
electric shock
Crossing with the infrastructural facilities
to be conducted under existing legislation
and recommendations of the designer
The grounding of stakes to be done
according to the existing regulations
To project and execute proper relay
protection in the substations
Plates with a warning of danger from high
voltage should be placed and maintained
on each rack
The stakes should be projected so as to
prevent the removal of their parts
(antivandal projection)
The conductors of the underground cable
to be placed in a triangle structure
To respect the minimum depths when
installing the cables
To respect the minimum distances from
the other cable lines (power and
telecommunication)
execution
documentation
and are
compulsory for
the execution
execution
of work
Page 92
Cultural,
historical and
archeological
heritage
C(-)
-
-
-
-
Noise and
vibrations
А(-)
-
-
-
Prohibition of any economic activities which
are not in accordance with the purposes
and protection measures stipulated by the
legal act of appointing natural goods or
spatial plan for special purpose area;
Highway and other infrastructure (surface
and underground) to be carried out outside
the premises of natural values and in case
of smaller interventions, the infrastructure
needs to be aesthetically blended into the
natural landscape;
To perform monitoring, permanent control
and supervision of facilities with natural
values and carry out professional and
administrative procedures for reparation of
negative phenomena;
To establish principles for nature protection
under the Law on Nature Protection
(Official Gazette no. 67/04 and no. 84/07)
If it comes to new awareness of the natural
heritage that may be threatened by
urbanization
of
this
area,
during
preparation of the urban project or during
arrangement of the space, it is necessary
to provide the following measures to
protect the natural heritage.
In the urban part of Bitola, when installing the
underground cable (area with permitted
emission of noise of 55 dB during the day and
evening and 45 dB during the night), activities
must be restricted to daytime and evening,
and will not take place overnight
Setting sound barriers, sound control
equipment or fences for any kind of
equipment that emits high levels of noise
On the route of the surface line (area of
permissible noise of 70 dB during the day and
evening and 60 dB during the night) activities
must also be limited to daytime and evening
Building procedures to be planned properly in
order to reduce the time of use of equipment
Insignificant
(measures are
of good
building
practice type)
Contractor
During
building
Investor /
contractor of
building
works
According
to the
dynamics
of
execution
of work
10 000 EUR
Page 93
-
Purchase of land/
compensation for
private land use
А (-)
‐
‐
‐
that makes most intensive noise
To use the best practices for building with
special emphasis on the noise level
Use equipment with sound buffers
To prohibit the use of equipment that creates
noise above the maximum allowed level during
the weekends
A plan of expropriation needs to be
developed, which shall contain the following
elements:
a) identification of people who are owners
of land on which the foundations will be
set, the transmission line will pass and
there will be building activities
b) A need to carry out a campaign and
raise public awareness regarding the
importance and benefits of the project
through public debates, educational
workshops, brochures and more.
The procedure of expropriation must be
transparent and conducted according to the
law for expropriation
Monitoring and evaluation of expropriation
implementation
5 000 EUR
Investor/
Municipality
Bitola/
Cadastre
Before the
start of
building
work
ОPERATIONAL PHASE
Flora
А(-)
‐
‐
‐
Fauna
А(-)
‐
‐
‐
Building walls of vegetation,
preferably native;
Renewal of the surface layer of soil
by planting certain species;
Monitoring the impact of radiation on
flora.
Measures
are of good
building
practice
type 2 000
EUR
Investor /
contractor of
building works
Resumption of natural habitats;
Monitoring of bird species and their
populations, and the corridor of
migration of birds;
Setting Birds Flight Diverters devices
in order to provide signaling for
25 000 EUR
Investor /
Scientific
educational
institutions
According to the
dynamics of execution
of work
Page 94
‐
‐
Land erosion
B(-)
‐
‐
‐
‐
‐
‐
‐
Electromagnetic Insignificant
radiation
-
birds, especially bats, to protect
them from possible electric shocks;
To monitor the possibility bat
occurrence;
Monitoring the impact of radiation on
fauna.
Conservation of vegetation cover on
the area prone to erosion
Limit the movements of vehicles and
use machinery that puts less pressure
on land
Prohibit the regular checks or repairs
in conditions of heavy rain
Revision
of
the
implemented
preventive
measures
for
landslides/slopes (retaining walls) if
necessary
Planting
/
rehabilitation
of
vegetation in order to reduce the
spread of exhaust gases, particles,
dust
Rehabilitation of eroded channels
and their restoration to natural state
/ re-planting of vegetation
Clearing the site of intervention after
completing the regular control
Check the radiation of in the most
critical areas
Regular pruning of the trees as it
would not endanger the prescribed
safety distances
Regular repair of the damages caused
by already old stakes or by negligent
behavior of the population
Regular replacement of all defective
parts of the transmission line
Replacement of missing warning
plates
Maintenance of the protection of
5 000 EUR
Investor /
Contractor of
building work
Minor
Owner /
independent
body
Depending
on the
damages
Owner
At the beginning and if
necessary
At least once a year
Page 95
-
-
Noise
transmission line
Because the transmission line passes
through farmland, owners and users
should be informed about hazards
and safety measures they should
undertake during the processing of
land, through leaflets, brochures etc.
To maintain all other protection
measures given in the building
section
В(-)
‐
Actions for regular controls to be
planned properly in order to reduce
the time of use of equipment that
creates most intensive noise
2 000 EUR
Investor /
Contractor of
building work
Flora
А(-)
‐
‐
Resumption of natural habitats
Placing the wires at prescribed
distance from the soil
Investor /
Contractor of
building work
According to the
of work
Fauna
А(-)
‐
‐
Resumption of natural habitats
Placing the wires at prescribed
distance from the soil
Investor /
Contractor of
building work
According to the
of work
Waste
generation and
management
А(-)
‐
It is necessary to establish a waste
management plan that will be
generated at building site
The plan should include the
principles of waste management
(minimizing
waste
generation,
selection of the place of generation,
recycling - firms that deal with
recyclable waste, reuse, etc.).
The waste selection should be made
on spot
Establish contact with the authorized
Insignificant
(measures
are of good
building
practice
type)
Insignificant
(measures
are of good
building
practice
type)
5 000 EUR
Investor /
contractor of
the building
works / JP
Komunalec
Bitola/
private
companies
authorized for
the collection
and
transportation
of certain
According to the
of work
DAMAGE
‐
‐
‐
10 000 EUR
Page 96
‐
‐
‐
‐
‐
‐
‐
‐
Electromagnetic
radiation
-
Fires
-
waste fractions and its final disposal
specific locations marked according
to the type of waste (dangerous / not
dangerous / inert) until the time of
collection, transport and final
disposal
Waste / material which is taken from
the building site should be covered
to prevent dispersion on the road
Building activities end after removing
all the waste (waste must not be left
on building site)
Waste incineration on building site is
forbidden
Generated waste, if possible, should
again be used as building material
Building dump should be removed at
It is not allowed to overload of
vehicles with ground material
The communal waste that is
generated on building site during the
presence of workers and lunch time,
using the best practices for
management, should be to be
collected, transported and deposited
at the landfill Meglenci or the
regional landfill
To turn off the transmission line
After removing the possible danger
(fire, repair of stakes etc..) to start
with reparation of the parts damaged
during the breakdown according to
project documentation and the
applicable legal regulations
To use extinguishing equipments that
are not electrical conductors
waste
fractions
Measures for
good
building
practice and
waste
management
Depending
on
breakdown
Owner of
transmission
line
Depending on
breakdown
depending
on the
Owner of
transmission
depending on the
damage
Page 97
-
Provide
electricity for
the population
and the
economy
-
All dangers from fire caused by the
electric line should be report to the
local fire units
If the transmission line is endangered
by the fire, it should be shot down
After extinguishing the fire near the
transmission line, the necessary
repairs and replacement of damaged
parts should be done before it is put
into operation
To activate electric power supply to
the substations
from alternative
transmission line
damage
line / Fire
squad
Already built
transmission
line. The
price
depends on
the losses in
the system
Owner of
transmission
line
Immediately
Set sound barriers, sound control
equipment or fences for any kind of
equipment that emits high levels of
noise
On the route of the surface line (area
of permissible noise of 70 dB during
the day and evening and 60 dB during
the night) activities must also be
limited to daytime and evening
Building procedures to be planned
properly in order to reduce the time
of use of equipment that makes most
intensive noise
To use the best practices for building
with special emphasis on the noise
level
Use equipment with sound buffers
To prohibit the use of equipment
that creates noise above the
maximum allowed level during the
weekends
Insignificant
(measures
are of good
building
practice
type)
10 000 EUR
Investor /
Contractor of
building work
According to the
of work
TERMINATION OF WORK
Noise
А(-)
‐
‐
‐
‐
‐
‐
Page 98
Air quality
А(-)
‐
‐
‐
‐
‐
‐
‐
‐
‐
Land erosion
А(-)
‐
‐
‐
‐
‐
Careful determination of time of
work in the residential area in Bitola
and the surrounding villages
Limit the unnecessary traffic of
building site
Speed limit of vehicles especially in
the settlements
Spraying water on access roads and
building sites during the dry summer
days in order to prevent occurrence
of dust
Conducting regular maintenance of
vehicles and building machinery and
procedures of periodic repairs to
reduce the leak, emission and
dispersion
Use of quality (according to national
standards) fuel for vehicles
Use of masks for workers when they
work in conditions of dust
Provide health and safety measures
for workers during work on a building
site
Provide measures to protect the
transport means and equipment
Conservation of vegetation cover on
the area prone to erosion
Limit the movements of vehicles and
use machinery that puts less pressure
on land
Prohibit the regular checks or repairs
in conditions of heavy rain
Revision
of
the
implemented
preventive measures for landslides /
slopes (retaining walls) if necessary
Planting
/
rehabilitation
of
vegetation in order to reduce the
spread of exhaust gases, particles,
Investor /
Contractor of
building work
According to the
of work
Investor /
Contractor of
building work
According to the
of work
10 000 EUR
5 000 EUR
5 000 EUR
5 000 EUR
Page 99
‐
-
Waste
generation and
management
А(-)
‐
‐
‐
‐
‐
‐
‐
‐
‐
‐
‐
100
dust
Rehabilitation of eroded channels
and their restoration to natural state
/ re-planting of vegetation
Clearing of the site of intervention
after completing the regular control
It is necessary to establish a waste
management plan that will be
generated at building site
The plan should include the
principles of waste management
(minimizing
waste
generation,
selection of the place of generation,
recycling - firms that deal with
recyclable waste, reuse, etc.)
The waste selection should be made
on spot
Establish contact with the authorized
waste fractions and its final disposal
specific locations marked according
to the type of waste (dangerous / not
dangerous / inert) until the time of
collection, transport and final
disposal
Waste / material which is taken from
the building site should be covered
to prevent dispersion on the road
Building activities end after removing
all the waste (waste must not be left
on building site)
Waste incineration on building site is
forbidden
Generated waste, if possible, should
again be used as building material
Building dump should be removed at
It is not allowed to overload the
5 000 EUR
10 000 EUR
Investor /
contractor of
the building
works / JP
Komunalec
Bitola/
private
companies
authorized for
the collection
and
transportation
of certain
waste
fractions
According to the
of work
Measures for
good
building
practice and
waste
management
Page
‐
Providing
electricity for
the population
and the
economy
101
А(-)
-
vehicles with ground material
The communal waste that is
generated on building site during the
workers’ presence and during lunch
time, using the best practices for
management, should be collected,
transported and deposited at the
regional landfill site (it will be made
by then)
To ensure electric power supply to
the substations from alternative
transmission lines
Depending
on the new
transmission
line
Owner of
transmission
line
Depending on the new
transmission line
Page
5.2 G E N E R A L
MEASURES
General measures that need to be taken by the investor, the draughtsman and
the contractors may be reduced to:
‐ During the whole duration of the carrying out of the project, the aspects of the
environment should be considered
‐ To use the best techniques available during the carrying out of the project
‐ Activities should take place according to the current national and international
precepts, recommendations and standards
‐ All contractors should follow the best practices for minimization of the noise, the
emissions of the vehicles and the equipment used
‐ To maintain the field and the driveways as clean as possible
‐ The supervisors of the work that is being done should take care of the preciseness of
the work doing, at the same time bearing in mind the aspects of the environment
‐ The recommendations for protection at the construction site and for the safety of
the workers should be followed in order to minimize the risks of being injured
‐ Instructions for protection should be followed during the installation of the
electricity and the poles
‐ If during the digging archeological artifacts are found, the work should be stopped
and special teams should be called
‐ The demands in the Engineering report - the geological prospectus should be
followed
‐ The recommendations from the reports for intersection with objects and the
railroad should be followed
‐ The recommendations from the report for fire protection should be followed
The instructions for the building of the connecting line must be followed.
5.3 S P E C I F I C
MEASURES
The specific measures for the environmental elements which are liable to the
greatest negative influence during all of the project’s phases are given in Table 16 in
which are given:
‐ The element of the environment for which are suggested measures for reduction of
the influences
‐ The evaluation of the influence
‐ Measures suggested in order to avoid, reduce or compensate the influence in all
phases
‐ The assumed price of the measures
The person/institution in charge of the imposture of the measures suggested and
the time needed for the imposture of the measures (the date of the beginning and the
date of the end).
Page 102
6 MONITORING PLAN
The aim of the monitoring plan is to evaluate the carrying out of the measures
suggested for the reduction of the negative influences of the transmission line on the
different elements of the environment. The most important elements that need to be
followed during the construction, the working, the termination of the work and also in
the case of damage, are:
‐
‐
‐
‐
‐
‐
‐
‐
‐
The flora
The fauna
The visual appearance of the area
The erosion of the land
The quality of the air
The creation and the management of the waste
The electromagnetic radiation
The historical and archeological inheritance
The noise
In Table 17 are shown the parameters that will be monitored, the place from
where they will be monitored, the way in which they will be monitored, as well as the
frequency of the monitoring. Also important things are the cost of the monitoring, the
institution in charge and the date of the beginning/end of the monitoring.
Page 103
Table 15: Monitoring plan
Elements of the
environment
Which
parameter is
being
monitored?
Where is
this
parameter
being
monitored?
How is this
parameter
being
monitored?
The
frequency of
the
monitored
parameter
The price
for the
monitoring
The institution in
charge
The date of
the
beginning/
ending of
the
monitoring
/
Every 5 days
during
construction
Every 5 days
during
construction
/
Good
building
practice
Good
building
practice
/
The contractor
/
During the
process of
building
During the
process of
building
During the
digging of
the
foundations
and the
transmission
lines
During the
digging of
the
foundations
and the
transmission
lines
When
Good
building
practice
The contractor
During the
process of
building
500€
The contractor
During the
process of
building
CONSTRUCTION PHASE
Flora
Fauna
/
Rest homes
/
Along the
line
/
Visual
observation
Visual
appearance of
the area
Interaction with
the other
elements in the
area
Loss of
vegetation
Along the
line
Visual
observation
Along the
line
Visual
observation
Creation of
rockslides
Along the
line
Visual
observation
Taking hydrogeological
measurement
s
Erosion of the
land
The contractor
Page 104
needed
Noise
Level of noise
Noise from the
vehicles and
the equipment
used
Quality of the air The amount of
dust at the
construction
site
The creation and The quantity of
management of
waste
the waste
Types of waste
fractions
(dangerous/
non dangerous/
communal/
inert)
In Bitola’s
urban part
and the
constructio
n site
from the
declaration
of the
equipment/
vehicles
On the
accessible
roads and
in 500m
radius
around the
foundations
On the
constructio
n site
Instruments
for measuring
the noise
During
activities
with noise
producing
equipment
Review of the Before the
documentatio beginning of
n
the field
work (in the
beginning )
Visual
When
observation
needed
(usually
Measuring of
during dry
the
summer/
concentration spring)
of the
particles
Visually
There should
For the waste be every day
records
that is not
known
about the
whether it is type/
dangerous or quantity and
the way in
not an
institution
which the
should be
final removal
consulted
of the
different
fractions of
waste is
1000€
The contractor/ the
company in charge
for measuring the
noise
During the
process of
building
Good
building
practice
The contractor
During the
process of
building
1000€
The contractor/ the During the
company in charge
process of
for the measuring
building
of the quality of the
air
Good
building
practice
The contractor/
company in charge
for the collecting,
transport and the
final removal of the
waste
During the
process of
building
Page 105
Electromagnetic
radiations
- while using
tools and
machines which
emit
electromagneti
c radiation, the
recommended
safety
equipment
should be used
-in order to
avoid injuries
because of the
lightning during
installation of
the ropes they
should be
grounded in
every
stretching field
-the rules for
minimal heights
of the
conductors
according the
current laws
should be
followed in
order to avoid
the effects of
the electric,
electromagneti
At the
constructio
n site
Visual control
done
Daily
At the
constructio
n site
Visual control
Daily
Insignificant
The contractor
At the
constructio
n site
Visual control
and control
measuring
After the
placing of
the ropes
between 2
stretching
transmission
lines
Insignificant
The contractor/
supervisor/
draughtsman
At the
constructio
n site
At the
constructio
n site
Visual control
and control
measuring
Visual control
and control
During
intersection
with an
object
During the
making of
the
Insignificant
The contractor
According to
the dynamic
of the work
done
During the
placing of
the
conductors
After the
placing of
the
conductors
Insignificant
The owner of the
object/ the
contractor/
supervisor/
draughtsman
Insignificant
The contractor/ an
independent body
During the
process of
working
Page 106
c radiation and
the electric
shock
-the
intersection
with objects
should be done
according to
the current
laws and the
recommendatio
ns of the
draughtsman
-the grounding
of the
transmission
lines should be
according to
the current
precepts
-in the
transformers
there should be
an appropriate
relay
protection
-every
transmission
line should
have a warning
plate for the
high voltage
-the
measuring
At the
constructio
n site
At the
constructio
n site
At the
constructio
n site
At the
constructio
n site
Visual control
and control
measuring
Visual control
and control
measuring
Visual control
and control
measuring
Visual control
and control
measuring
foundations
for every
transmission
line
individually
According to
documentati
on
The contactor/
supervisor/
draughtsman
After the
placing of
the relay
protection
Insignificant
Before
activation
Insignificant
Regularly
during the
lifting of
every
transmission
line
During
digging,
before the
laying of the
cable
The contractor/ the
owner
The contactor/
supervisor/
draughtsman
The contactor/
supervisor/
draughtsman
After
placing the
foundation
After the
placing of
the
complete
equipment
at the
steam
power plant
Before it
starts
working
Insignificant
The owner of the
object/ the
contractor/
supervisor/
draughtsman
During the
placing of
the
transmission
lines
Insignificant
Page 107
Historical and
archeological
inheritance
transmission
lines should be
constructed in
such a way that
their
dismantling will
be made
impossible
-the conductors
of the
underground
cable should
have a
triangular
construction
-the rules for
the minimal
depth of the
cables should
be followed
-the minimal
space among
the other
cables (for
energy supply
and
communication
)should be
respected
The presence of Along the
archeological
line
artifacts
The presence of
During
digging out
and laying of
the cable
Visual
Every day
during work
Good
building
practice
The contractor/ the
institutions
responsible for the
cultural and
During the
process of
building
Page 108
the foundations
of an object
historical
inheritance
WORKING PHASE
Flora
Fauna
/
The number of
birds
/
By random
choice
/
Visual
observation
Binoculars
Erosion of the
land
Loss of
vegetation
Along the
line
Visual
observation
The creation and The quantity
management of
of waste
the waste
Types of waste
fractions
(dangerous/
non dangerous/
communal/
inert)
In places
where
regular
controls
and repairs
are done
Visually
Visually
For the waste
that is not
known
whether it is
dangerous or
not an
institution
should be
consulted
Electromagnetic
radiation
Along the
line
Measuring
-confirmation
of the radiation
/
Every 15
days in the
first 3 years
of the
working
phase
Through
regular
controls of
the
transmission
line
When regular
control of
the type/
quantity and
the way in
which the
final removal
of the
different
fractions of
waste is
done, record
should be
made
In the
beginning of
/
/
The operator
/
The first 3
years of the
working
phase
Good
building
practice
The investor
Through
regular
control
Good
building
practice
The contractor/
companies in
charge of the
collection,
transport and final
removal of the
waste
During
regular
controls
Low
Independent body
During the
whole
Page 109
at the most
critical spots
-regular
shortening of
the trees in
order not to
threaten the
distances
prescribed in
the law
-to keep track
of the damage
of the
transmission
lines as a result
of the age or
the
inappropriate
handling
-regular
replacement of
all the broken
parts of the
transmission
line
-regular placing
of the warning
plates where
they are
missing
-regular
maintenance of
the protection
Along the
line
Visual control
The owner
Insignificant
Visual control
Along the
line
Visual control
Along the
line
Visual
control/
In the
periodical
transformer measuring
s
control
Contact with
the
inhabitants
Visual control
Periodical
measuring
During
periodical
maintenance
During
periodical
maintenance
During
regular
periodical
controls
According
the dynamic
of the
contacts
with the
public
working
phase
The owner
Insignificant
During
periodical
maintenance
Along the
line
In the
beginning
of the work
process and
periodically
during the
work on the
transmissio
the working
process
During
regular
periodical
controls
The owner
Depending
on the
damages
Depending
on the
damages
The owner/
independent body
Depending
on the
condition
The owner
The owner/
independent body
Low
During
periodical
Page 110
of the
n line
transmission
line
Along the
-the owners
line
and the users
should be
informed about
the dangers and
security
measures they
need to take
during the
treatment of
the land,
through
booklets,
papers etc.
-to maintain
the rest of the
protection
measures given
in the
construction
part
control
maintenance
Flora
Degraded and
destroyed
ecosystems
Along the
line
Field
observation
Fauna
Extinction of
the animals
Along the
line
Field
observation
From the
moment of
damage till
the phase of
rebuilding
From the
moment of
damage till
Depending
on the
damages
DAMAGE
The operator
In the
moment of
damage
The operator
In the
moment of
damage
Page 111
The creation and The quantity of
management of
waste
the waste
Types of waste
fractions
(dangerous/
non dangerous/
communal/
inert)
In places
where
there is
damage
Electromagnetic
radiation
Reaction of
In the
transformer the
protection
Along the
line
Visual
control/
measurement
s
-shutting down
the
transmission
line
-after
elimination of
the possible
danger (fire,
rebuilding of
the
transmission
lines etc.)
replacement of
the parts that
were destroyed
by the damage
according to
Visually
For the waste
that is not
known
whether it is
dangerous or
not an
institution
should be
consulted
the phase of
rebuilding
There should
be every day
records
about the
type/
quantity and
the way in
which the
final removal
of the
different
fractions of
waste is
done
During
damage
After
damage
Good
building
practice
The contractor/
companies in
charge for the
collection,
transport and
removal of the
waste
In case
when
damage
appears
Insignificant
The operator in the
steam power plant,
incase the
protection isn’t
activated
The owner/ an
independent body
From the
beginning
till the end
of the
damage
Depending
on the
damages
After the
damage till
the
reactivation
Page 112
Fires
the project
documentation
and the current
legal precepts
-for putting off
the fire should
be used means
that are
conductors of
electricity
-for all
potential
dangers of fire
as a cause of
the
transmission
line, the local
fire brigade
should be
informed
-if the fire
becomes a
threat for the
transmission
line, the
transmission
line should be
turned off
-after the fire
near the
transmission
line is put off,
the needed
Along the
line
Informational During the
/ visual check fire
Report
Fire brigade
Information
Transforme
r/ along
the line
Along the
line
Visual
control/
measurement
During the
work on the
transmission
line
Insignificant
Insignificant
Insignificant
During a fire
The owner/ the fire
brigade
The owner/ the fire
brigade
The owner/the fire
brigade/ the
settlers
The owner/ an
independent body
After the fire
Insignificant
Until the
fire is over
During the
work on the
transmission
line
During the
danger
After the
threat is
removed
Page 113
Providing
electricity for
the inhabitants
and the
community
reparations
should be done
and all the
broken parts
should be
replaced before
the
transmission
line starts
working again
-activation of
Transforme
the flow of
r
energy in the
transformer
from the
alternative
transmission
lines
Information
for the
transmission
line and the
maintenance
activities
During the
shutting off
of the
transmission
line
Insignificant
The owner
During the
shutting off
of the
transmission
line
Noise
measurement
instrument
During the
usage of
noise
creating
equipment
1000 €
The contractor/ the
company in charge
for measuring the
noise
During
disassemblin
g
Good
building
practice
The contractor
During
disassemblin
g
TERMINATION OF THE WORK
Noise
Level of noise
In the
urban part
of Bitola
(the place
for the
undergroun
d cable)
and the
constructio
n site
Quality of the air The noise from From the
the vehicles
declaration
and the
of the
equipment used equipment/
Review of the Before the
documentatio beginning of
n
the work on
field (at the
Page 114
vehicles
Erosion of the
land
Loss of
vegetation
Creation of
rockslides
Создавање на
одрони и
свлечишта
Creation and
management of
the waste
The quantity of
waste
Types of waste
fractions
(dangerous/
non dangerous/
Along the
line during
disassembli
ng
Along the
side during
disassembli
ng
По должина
на трасата
при
демонтирање
At the
constructio
n site
Visual
observation
Visual
observation
Taking hydrogeological
measurement
s
Визуелна
опсервација
Спроведување
на хидрогеолошки
мерења
Visually
For the waste
that is not
known
whether it is
dangerous or
beginning of
the
disassemblin
g)
During the
digging for
the
foundation of
the
transmission
lines
During the
digging for
the
foundation of
the
transmission
lines
When
necessary
Good
building
practice
The contractor
During
disassemblin
g
The contractor
During
disassemblin
g
5000 €
При копање на
темелите за
столбовите
По потреба
5 000 ЕУР
There should
be every day
records
about the
type/
quantity and
Good
building
practice
Изведувачот
За време на
демонтирање
The contractor/ the
company in charge
for the collection,
transport and
removal of the
waste
During
disassemblin
g
Page 115
communal/
inert)
Providing
electricity for
the inhabitants
and the
community
-activation of
the flow of
energy in the
transformer
from the
alternative
transmission
lines
not an
institution
should be
consulted
Transforme
r
Construction
of a new
transmission
line
the way in
which the
final removal
of the
different
fractions of
waste is
done
After the
activation of
the new
system for
flow of
energy
The owner
Page 116
7 ANALYSIS OF THE TECHNICAL FLAWS AND THE NEEDED
ACTUALIZATION OF THE STUDY
The team of experts had a lot of documents, previously finished reports and
information about this project (given in the reference part) which enabled a complete
and detailed analysis of the influences of this project on the elements of the
environment.
The team of experts initiated several meetings with the people in charge at MEPSO
where there were conversations about particular subjects important for this project,
and the TIMEL Company as the main initiator of the Basic project visited several areas
in which the transmission line will be placed (conversations with the employees in S/S
Bitola 4).
The team of experts saw 2 situations which will initiate the need of additional
information:
1. During the making of this study it is very likely to come across some flaws in the
description of the living things at the specific location.
The field research was done during winter when the vegetation is poor; the
animals are not active enough or easily noticeable, and there are no migrant birds,
which are especially threatened by the building of the transmission line line. That is
why the possibility of finding another type of flora and fauna protected with law during
the monitoring, besides the ones noticed in the field by the team of experts and given
in the existing documents, still exists. According to the received results from the
monitoring process, appropriate measures will be taken considering the world
experiences.
2. During the preparation of this study, the team of experts had no information
about the owner of the land at the location where the transmission line lines were
supposed to be, the places used for the additional mechanization and/or the locations
where the line of the pylon was supposed to pass. Besides the information about the
ownership of the parcels, the information about their size were also unknown, their
current purpose, whether there is building land, the class of the land and other
elements which are of essential meaning about the beginning of the process of
expropriation of the land for the building of an object of public interest just as the
planned transmission line is. All these information will be examined in details in the
Report for expropriation which will be given by the investor as soon as the basic
project is finished according to the legal demands.
Based on the report of expropriation the investor will prepare an expropriation
plan which should include all the relevant information, data and real estate bases so
that there could be a dialog with the owners of the land planned for the expropriation.
Regular meetings with the local authorities and the owners of the land will enable
easier and more transparent process of expropriation and a finer sell price for the
land.
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8 JUSTIFICATION OF THE PROJECT AND A CONCLUSION
The construction of a double circuit transmission line 2x 110 kV S/S Bitola 3- S/S
Bitola 4 and the finishing of four transmission line fields, two in S/S Bitola 4, one in S/S
Bitola 2 and S/S Bitola 3 is a part of the development plan of the company SC MEPSO, a
company in charge of the transmission of electric energy in Macedonia.
The length of the transmission line is around 12km, 400m of which will be 110kV
underground cable, and the rest will be on the surface.
With the building of this transmission line a ring of transmission network is created
at the south west part of Macedonia. This might mean improvement of the voltage and
improvement of the continual flow of electricity in this region.
With the suggested transmission line, a ring around Bitola will be created in which
all four 110kV transformer stations will be connected and continual voltage will be
available for all who are put on S/S Bitola 3 and S/S Bitola 4 through the shortest
possible lines with the most insignificant losses during transmission. The ring will also
improve the confidentiality of those who receive their electricity through the other
two power transformer stations.
The analysis made by the team of experts is based on the finest techniques and
tools accepted on national level, the European experiences and the demands by the
World Bank, the bank crediting the carrying out of this project.
The main conclusions that come as a result of the conveyed analysis are the
following:
‐ This project will contribute for the improved development of the economy of
the municipality of Bitola and the whole south west region of Macedonia through the
continual flow of electric energy;
‐ The project activities that will take part during the building of the transmission
line, the current working process and the possible activities in case of damage or
ceasing of the working process and the disassembling of the transmission line can and
will affect the different elements of the environment causing more long term positive
and short term negative effects;
‐ The project won’t affect the biological diversity and the eco integrity of the
area;
‐ A detailed analysis is conducted for the negative influence of the project and
there are measures defined for alleviation which include recommendations for good
construction practice, good practice with the management of the waste, following of
the technical precepts and the legal regulative for managing with the quality of the
environment;
‐ After the preparation of the Basic project the investor will prepare a report for
the expropriation of the land and a open and transparent process for expropriation of
the land from its current owners will take place;
‐ A plan for monitoring the application of the measures for alleviation/
compensation of the negative influences id suggested.
MEPSO, as a company worried about the environment and the improvement of the
socio-economic life of the people in Macedonia will convey these measures for
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alleviation of the negative influences of this project on the environment and will
follow their application taking into consideration the Plan and dynamics for
monitoring. The measures will be conveyed at the earliest possible phase, the phase
during which they can give maximum results.
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9 RÉSUMÉ WITHOUT THE TECHNICAL DETAILS
Introduction
This study about the evaluation of the influence on the environment represents a
document about the support for the process of planning and carrying out of the project
for building of the double circuit transmission line 2x110kV S/S Bitola3 - S/S Bitola4,
which is a result of the development plans of MEPSO. The building of the transmission
line is financed through “Project for development of the network for transmission of
electricity” (ECSEE APL 3) with the credit given from the World Bank.
The study is prepared by the consultant company EUROPARTNER GROUP and it is
according to the demands of the Macedonian regulative for EIA and the directions given
in the report for the determination of the size and the content of EIA delivered by the
Ministry of environment and spatial planning, the EU Directives, the international
contracts, and the demands of the international financial institutions, like the World
Bank at the point of giving the credit to the investor.
The administration for environment at the Ministry of environment and spatial planning
affirmed the need for a procedure for evaluation of the influence of the project on the
environment, but also was defined the size of the study for the evaluation of the
influence of the project on the environment in order to attribute to the detailed
accenting of the following questions:
a)
b)
c)
d)
Visual aspects,
Biological diversity,
Cumulative influences and
The socio-economic aspects.
The aim of the study is to identify, predict, estimate and alleviate the negative
biophysical, social, health and other effects of the project for the building of the
double circuit transmission line 2 x 110 kV S/S Bitola 3 - S/S Bitola 4 on the different
elements of the environment for the investor before reaching the final decision for the
realization of the project.
The aims of the project and possible alternatives
The biggest town in south west Macedonia, Bitola, is getting electrical energy
through 110kV transmission network and 4 transformer stations (S/S Bitola 1, S/S Bitola
2, S/S Bitola 3 and S/S Bitola 4), from which the first three are located in eastern part
of the town, the industrial part, whereas the fourth is located in the western part
dominated by blocks of flats.
Currently S/S Bitola 3 is connected through a double circuit transmission line with
S/S Bitola 2 where one of the systems is used with 10 kV. This kind of connection
doesn’t provide continual electrical energy for the users from S/S Bitola 3.
S/S Bitola 4 is connected with S/S Bitola 1 and S/S Resen and this is a way to
provide continual flow of electricity even if the connection with S/S Bitola 1 is cut. In
this case the delivery should be done through the transmission line (from Resen) which
even in normal conditions is overburdened and the delivery is done through a very long
line which makes the losses even greater.
With the suggested transmission line a ring will be created around Bitola through
which all four 110kV transformer stations will be connected. In this way a continual
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delivery will be made possible for the users of S/S Bitola 3 and S/S Bitola 4 through the
shortest possible lines with the smallest losses and even if, for some reason, one of the
transmission lines is shut off the users won’t notice that. The ring will also improve the
confidentiality for delivering of energy of the users of the other two transformer
stations.
In 2005 preliminary analysis were done for the possible line of the transmission
line, and with their help 2 possible directions for the construction of the transmission
line are analyzed:
1. Line S/S Bitola 4 - Lavci - to the slope Titovo Brdo - by the stadium - between a
town’s settlement and the Brewery/ factory for refrigerators - S/S Bitola 3 and
2. S/S Bitola 4 - Lavci - peak elevation 717 - between Bukovo and the settlement
Bukovski lovadi - around the settlement Bukovski livadi - Kravari in a direction
between the peripheral industrial objects on the side of Bitola and Kravari - a
turn toward the connecting point on the OHTL 2 x 110 kV S/S Bitola 2 - S/S
Bitola 3.
The investor (MEPSO) chose the second line as more practicable in reality.
According to all the given criteria, this line presents an optimal solution. The line that
had been previously defined, during the construction was adjusted to the field
conditions, the blocks of flats were avoided. The first 400m at the exit of S/S Bitola 4
are done with underground cables along the current dike of the river Stara, and as it
continuous care was taken not to cross settlements. Near the line there are neither
cultural inheritances nor archaeological excavations. In the hilly part the line goes
through land from category IV or even higher with short plants, and the pylons for
angular tightening are located near the current roads. The need of accessible roads is
minimal. In the part from the village Kravari to the final point, at the distance of about
35m, with no intersections, the already existing 150kV transmission line is followed.
Description and characteristics of the project
The double circuit transmission line S/S Bitola 3 - S/S Bitola 4 is planned with an
estimated length of 12 km, of which the 400 m located in the urban zone will be
realized as a 110 kV underground cable connection.
The starting point of the planned 2 x 110 kV OHTL S/S Bitola 3 - Bitola 4 is S/S
Bitola 4, located in a populated area. At the very exit of the S/S Bitola 4 the corridor
of the planned 2 x 110 kV OHTL turns south passing through the General Urban Plan of
the Municipality of Bitola with an underground cable. The corridor passes by the canal
so called river Stara, near the primary school Kliment Ohridski and comes to the
periphery of the town continuing through the grassy land. Here the corridor continues
southward with a line on the surface toward the village Lavci. Near this village, the
corridor turns southeast passing by the monastery St. Anastasie in the direction toward
the village Bukovo. From this village the corridor changes its direction on east toward
the settlement Bukovski livadi. From Bukovski livadi the corridor turns toward north
east crossing the highway and the rail road which doesn’t function and comes close to
the village Kravari. From this point on the corridor continues through untilled land
until it reaches the already existing 150 kV OHTL “S/S Bitola 1 - Greek border”.
Afterwards the corridor turns north following the 150 kV OHTL to the pylon spots 19
and 20, in the industrial zone, where the shortest distance for connecting of the 2 x
110 kV TL “S/S Bitola 2 - S/S Bitola 3” can be found.
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The surface line with the length of about 12 km will be made with a classic
surface duct with 40 pylons, the first of which is intended as a connection between the
underground and surface line and this one should be the first of this kind in Macedonia.
The height of the pylons is different and depends on the configuration of the field and
the intersections with the objects and it is from 12 to 28 m, with height of the top
from 24 to 40m. The smallest distance between the conductors and the land is 7.5m,
which is higher than the demands of the current precepts and the needs of the
investor. The average distance between the pylons is about 300m.
The construction of the transmission line will be done according to a made
Project and according to the current precepts, norms and MKS standards. The
materials used, according to the regulations set in the Project, will match the
standards and the recommended quality and for each attestations will be given. During
the building of the transmission line supervision will be provided by the investor and
occasionally by the draughtsman.
The working age of the transmission line is estimated to more than 50 years.
During its active working period the transmission line doesn’t need special engagement
except maintenance.
When it no longer functions, the process of disassembling of the equipment is
the opposite of the assembling process, so the conductors are removed first together
with the equipment, then the pylons are dismantled, and in the end the foundations
are removed and there is cleansing of the field.
Description of the environment
Clime. The line of the project goes through the Pelagonija region, i.e. the valley
of Bitola. From ecological point of view, with its climate characteristics this region has
negative worm climate specifications - very low temperatures during winter and pretty
high temperatures during summer. Because of the specific orthographic characteristics
there is very small amount of rain in Bitola and it is not equally distributed. The
average annual rainfall is 598 mm; it’s never greater than 800 mm with 119 rainy days
during the year. The dry periods are also expressed, but they last very shortly 10 - 15
days; the longest dry period was 60 days.
It begins snowing in October and it ends in April.
The average number of misty days is 25 per year. They are in the period from
September until May. Sometimes the mist stays for days.
In Bitola the northern wind prevails with average annual frequency of 189‰,
and with average annual speed of 2.2 m/sec and maximal speed to 15 m/sec.
Geological characteristics. The field along the transmission line from S/S Bitola
3 to S/S Bitola 4 and the surrounding area consist of rocky masses with different
geological age, genesis and different geotechnical characteristics.
From tectonic point of view, greater part of the area belongs to the massive
geotectonic unit - West Macedonian zone. The location of the line from
geomorphologic point of view is characterized by steep slopes, which are a result of
the tectonic and erosion processes, and in the hilly areas noticeable is the presence of
ravines where there is contact between the different elements, i.e. the contact
between the diluvium and the glacial-fluvial sediments as well as the granite.
Seismic-tectonic characteristics. The Pelister fault registered along the
northern edge has regional character, it begins from the Prespa basin, then through
Kažani to the village Trnovo to the west, to east, and then it continuous toward south
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east and along the eastern edge of Baba mountain to the Macedonian - Greek border.
The most eminent structure in this area is the Pelister holocene consisting of quartzite,
quartz slates, granite, granodiorites, green slates, gabbros and diabase. It has an
asymmetric form with more expressed east wing. According to the permanent map of
the seismic areas with 1:500 000 ratio this area belongs to the zone with I = VII° MCS
intensity.
Hydrography and quality of the surface water. At the wanted location for the
underground cable and the OHTL on the surface there are several water currents on
the rivers Stara, Smilevska, Kindirka and Siva Voda which together with the other rivers
from the municipality of Bitola belong to the river basin of the river Crna. The rest of
the ravines in this area are dry or with very small temporal water flow.
The transmission line on the surface intersects with the rivers Smilevska and
Kindirka near the village Bukovo and with the river Siva Voda near the sugar plant.
The line of the planned OHTL intersects with the main supply cannel and with a
part of the network of pipes.
Quality of the air. The municipality of Bitola and the location of the
transmission line belong to the Pelagonia statistic region. Data shows that 75% of the
complete emission of SO2 from the industrial capacities on Macedonian soil and 54% of
the emissions of NOx are in the Pelagonija region as a result of the working of REK
Bitola and the other business subjects in the area. Additionally, the emissions from
mobile sources, the garbage dumps, the burning of waste in the open are contributing
for the quality of the air in the project area.
Noise. The most frequent causers of noise are all the kinds of means of
transport, the equipment and the machines used at the industrial capacities and the
agro machines. The place for measuring is next to S/S Bitola 4 where the digging for
the underground cable will be made, and the surface cable goes through the area
which is out of the network of measuring stations. The transmission line goes through
an area with II degree of noise protection because it is a settled area and an area with
IV degree of noise protection out of the settlement, areas where actions in the area
and transport activities are allowed.
Electromagnetic radiation. During the distribution of electric energy in the
conductors there is alternating current with the frequency of 50 Hz. There is
appearance of electric and magnetic field. The intensity of the electric field depends
on the voltage no matter whether there is electricity in the conductors or not. The
intensity of the electric field is measured in (V/m). The intensity of the magnetic field
depends on the intensity of the electricity in the conductors and it is measured in
(S/m) or (T). In the cable ducts because of the presence of earth, the electric field is
rapidly lost, and the intensity of the electromagnetic field depends on the construction
of the cable and the arrangement of the conductors. Because of the safety air
distances with the surface ducts and because the fact that the intensity of the
electromagnetic radiation depends on the distance, the change and the arrangement
of the electromagnetic field there is a significant difference from the cable ducts.
Biological diversity. The location begins with S/S Bitola 4, it starches for 12km
from which the first 400m go through the town of Bitola. Most significant about this is
that that part of the line is an underground cable, which significantly alleviates the
negative influence of the object on the existing flora and fauna, which are currently in
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the stadium of degradation because of the influence of an anthropogenic factor.
Furthermore, the transmission line continues as a surface object and its influence
dramatically changes because it is no longer in the urban zone of Bitola where the
biodiversity is very poor, and it covers a completely different field. From here till the
joining with S/S Bitola 3 the conditions of the flora and fauna are very similar along
the whole line.
The location planned for the building of the transmission line, according to the
qualification of the ecosystems by the Study of the condition of the biological diversity
in the Republic of Macedonia, is classified as a combination of hilly pastures, scattered
forest ecosystem known as an oak region, weedy communities, communities of
trampled spots, bushy communities, communities of industrial, forage and wheat, as
well as permanent plantations in the lowlands of the transmission line.
Based on the field monitoring and the research as well as the usage of the
relevant documentation a conclusion has been reached that this region has rich fauna.
Because of the character of the influence of this object the birds are of great
importance and they will be the most threatened group when it comes to the work on
the transmission line. On the location no mammals were noticed. There is a possibility
for the presence of a wolf (Canus Lupus) seen by local people in the past, at the wider
area of the location.
Very significant about this project is that near the area suggested for the building
of the 2x110kV double circuit transmission line S/S Bitola 3 - S/S Bitola 4 the
municipality of Bitola has no evidence of natural inheritance.
Near the corridor is the national park Pelister, but it is important to mention that
the line of the planned corridor is in the opposite direction of the park so the influence
of the object on the biodiversity of the national park is insignificant or not present at
all.
Socio-economic characteristics. In 2004 with the new territorial division of
Macedonia the municipality of Bitola legally includes the town of Bitola and 65 villages.
According to the census from 2002 the number of people in the municipality is 95 385,
75 550 of which are in the town and 20 835 are in the villages. The rate of fertility in
the municipality in 2008 is 1.48 and it doesn’t contribute for the regeneration of the
population. This situation is a result of the great migrations abroad in the last four
decades which caused the alleviation of the reproduction of the population in the
municipality.
According to the analysis of the economic movement in the nonfinancial sector for
the 2003-2006 periods, this region holds positive results when compared to the total
amount of this sector, but the rise is insignificant as a result of the decline of the
production in the unreformed small and the big companies. The economy in Bitola is
characterized by the domination of the sector of the processing industry. Given the
current number of this kind of capacities, this industry has a significant role in
Macedonian economy.
For the future economic development very important is the building of the
industrial zone Žabeni (near the village Kravari). The opening of this zone is expected
to attract new investments, and by that to increase the number of newly opened posts.
Natural and cultural inheritance. Cultural goods are found at the analyzed
location (Experts’ report): archaeological excavation site “Heraclea Lynkestis”;
archaeological excavation site “Vila Suburbana”; archaeological excavation site
“Gurgur Tumba”; archaeological excavation site “Tumba”, Bukovo.
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On the archaeological map of Macedonia stand the following excavation sites: the
old Christian basilica St. Troica - Heraclea; Heraclea - Heraclea Lynkestis; settlement
from the bronze perion, Tumba in the village Poeševo; the monastery Bukovo;
settlement from the roman era, Kutlište; mediaeval settlement Neoljani, near the
place Twelve Springs; Crkvište, mediaeval church and necropolis.
Tourism. The transmission line belongs to the Pelagonija region containing eight
tourist zones and 25 tourist regions. The realization of the planned 2 x 110 kV double
circuit transmission line S/S Bitola 3 - S/S Bitola 4 will mean certain improvement of
the conditions for development of the tourism. According to the basic long-term aims,
the concept and the criteria for the development and the organization of the tourism,
it is recommended that during the future organization of the economic activities the
criteria for the protection of the environment and the economic development should
be respected.
Potential influence on the environment
Visual aspects and influences on the area. During the process of building of the
transmission line there will be a short term changing of the area as a result of the
activities taken on the field. Activities such as: clearing, digging of the ditches, arrival
and presence of large transport vehicles, trucks, cranes and other types of
mechanization needed for the transport of the pylons, the cleaning after the
installation of the pylons and the creation of waste.
Influence on the biodiversity. It is expected that during the building of the
object, during its activation as well as during a potential danger there will be a great
influence on the biodiversity. During the active phase of the object the most
threatened group of organisms will be the bids who can be easily hurt if they touch the
cables with their wings.
Electromagnetic radiation. During the process of building greater
electromagnetic influence on the environment and the population is not expected.
During the building, part of the workers will be exposed to a more intensive
short-term electromagnetic radiation while working on S/S Bitola 4. In addition, a more
intensive short term electromagnetic radiation will appear during the process of
welding, and there will be insignificant radiation during the usage of the other electric
equipment.
The influence on the environment can be direct (through direct contact with
the conductors) or indirect (through electromagnetic radiation). The direct contact
with the cable duct is only possible during the building activities in cases when the
procedures for digging aren’t followed and if the cable is damaged. The direct contact
with a surface duct is more likely to happen, but it happens only when people do not
follow the recommended distance from the conductors or the safety measures, and
from the animals most often suffer birds.
When the work on the transmission line is done, same as during the building process,
electromagnetic radiation will appear, but in short term, locally and they will only
affect the workers who are disassembling it.
After the disassembling, there will be no further electromagnetic radiation.
Noise. A source of the noise are the movements of the trucks, the cranes and
the other types of building mechanization and equipment, and also the handling with
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the building materials during the building of the transmission line. The appearance of
noise during this phase is inevitable, but the good thing is that this phase lasts only for
a short period and the equipment usually used is not so intensely noisy.
In the phase of activation of the transmission line there are usually two types of
noise - noise caused by the cables and the pylons and the noise caused by the activities
during supervision and maintenance.
During the working of the transmission line in specific meteorological conditions
and depending on the voltage, there is an appearance of the so-called Corona effect.
This effect is characterized by buzzing and crackling which create noise during fog,
rain and unclear air.
Influences on the existing crucial objects. The building of the transmission
line will necessarily affect the existing crucial objects in the areas where the line
passes and where the building is done. During the building process the transmission line
will have at least one intersection with sewerage pipes, more intersections with
underground 10kV cables, intersection with road, streets, intersection with the
highway Bitola-Greece, intersection with the international railroad Kremenica - Bitola,
intersection with the main water canal Streževo, more intersections with surface 10kV
energy ducts and with surface communication lines.
During the working phase, more significant influences on the crucial objects
(existing or planned for the future) are not expected only if the contractors of the
transmission line are following the current precepts and the good practice.
Influence on the quality of the air. Appearance of dust is expected as a fugitive
emission of the smallest earth or sand particles during the building of new driveways,
during leveling the field for the installation of the pylons and for the installation of the
cement bases. There is a short-term appearance of dust during the digging for the
400m underground cable set in the urban part of Bitola.
The different types of vehicles, equipment and building mechanization planned
to be used during the building process are a mobile source for emission of polluting
substances such as NOx, CO, PM10, unburnt carbon chloride, sulfur, lead, benzene and
other types of aromatic carbon chlorides which contribute to the secondary creation of
ozone and all of them are direct and indirect risk for the health of humans and the
environment.
Influence on the quality of the water. During the digging activities for the
placement of the underground cable near the river Stara it can come to short term
pollution of the water by earth, solid particles which will cause blurring of the water,
leakage of oil or fuel from the vehicles and the used equipment or by parts of the
waste created.
During the active process of the transmission line no negative influences on the
surface or underground waters are expected.
If it comes to disassembling of the transmission line all the activities planned
for the assembling will happen again and it could come to short term pollution of the
surface or underground waters or erosion can appear.
Generation of different types of waste. During its period of functioning the
transmission line will affect the creation of small amounts of harmless waste. During
the building phase waste will appear as a result of the digging, burying, cementing, the
marking of the roads, the leveling of the land and other building activities, and the
type of the waste is usually inert waste. During the installation of the pylons and the
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ropes of the transmission line creation of a new type of waste is possible. Waste from
the different constituent parts of the transmission line and they also belong to the
group of harmless waste.
During the active phase of the transmission line, the creation of waste is not
expected.
Influences on the cultural inheritances. Along the planned line on the location
chosen for the building of the transmission line, especially on the locations planned for
the pylons and along the wires connecting the pylons there are no archaeological areas
or excavations with cultural inheritance that would present a limiting factor in the
process of planning and constructing of the transmission line.
Safety measures. From the point of view of safety, during the building phase of
the transmission line, the main risks for the safety have to do with the activities of the
workers doing the building and the electro installation activities. During the building
phase it is possible to come across injured workers first of all because of careless work,
but it can also come to fire because of the use of equipment and tools that emit
sparks.
During the process of working safety measures can be caused by people’s
activities or by natural catastrophes.
Cumulative effects. The transmission line does not generate direct significant
emissions of air, water or soil during its working process and there is no cumulative
pollution of these in the area of the project.
The main cumulative effect can be identified in relation to the physical
presence of the transmission line in relation to the existing crucial objects.
Positive cumulative effect appears as a result of the decreased losses of energy
and in the socio-economic development of the municipality of Bitola through the
development of small and middle companies which will take part by offering their
services during the building of the transmission line and for its supervision.
Socio-economic aspects. Long-term positive influences are expected for the
development of the small and middle companies because of the continual delivery of
electric energy and the decreasing of the expenses because of the temporal disruptions
up to that point.
The potential short-term influences can be seen in the possibilities for
employment of the local population and eventually in the smaller changes of the social
structure of the area and the offer of services for the small and middle companies in
all the phases of the project.
Expropriation and use of the land. The project can have negative influence on
the quality of the land for further use along the line.
Measures for alleviation of the influences
Concerning the identified potential influences on the environment in all phases
of the project, measures have been established for their alleviation or complete
elimination.
Each of the suggested measures is described in Chapter 5 of this Study.
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10 APPENDEXES
10.1 A P P E N D I X 1: P A R T I C I P A N T S
RESPONSIBLE FOR THE CREATION OF THE STUDY
The preparation of the Study for evaluation of the influence of the double
circuit transmission line 2 x 110 kV S/S Bitola 3 - S/S Bitola 4 is carried out and
organized by the consultant company EUROPARTNER GROUP, Skopje.
Authorized expert from the Ministry of environment and spatial planning and
signatory of this Study is:
- Slavjanka Pejchinovska Andonova, Bachelor of Science of technological
engineering
Other members who took part in the preparation of the Study are:
- M.A. Zdravko Andonov, Bachelor of Science of electrical engineering
- M.A. Natalija Aceska, Bachelor of Science of biology
- Sašo Talevski, Bachelor of philosophy
The team of experts visited the locations and did recording of the direction of
the transmission line, from the exit point S/S Bitola 4, the region Gramatnica, the
village Lavci, the region Strčin, the village Bukovo, the settlement Bukovski livadi, the
village Kravari to the last point - the location planned for the joining with S/S Bitola 3.
The team of experts visited several companies relevant in the preparation of
the Study, among which:
- The stock company for transmission of electric energy and management
with the electro - energetic system MEPSO, the company that ordered this project,
when a meeting was held with
-Branka Stanoevska and
-Elizabeta S. Atanasova
- The company for engineering, projecting, performance and project
management TIMEL PROJECT, Skopje, Draughts Company of the line, where a meeting
was held with
-Rubin Atanasoski, draughtsman
- The stock company for transmission of electric energy and management
with the electro - energetic system MEPSO - S/S Bitola 4, where a meeting was held
with the department on duty and with
-Sašo Trajchevski,
with whom it was talked about the functioning and the work of S/S Bitola 4.
For the preparation of the Study all the information gained from these conversations
were taken into consideration and so were the taken documentation and the analyses
done and the researches made for the needs for the building of the line.
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10.2 A P P E N D I X 2: R E L E V A N T
LEGAL REGULATIVE AND TECHNICAL PRECEPTS
‐ The Constitution of the Republic of Macedonia (Macedonian official Gazete No.
53/91, changes: 31/98, 31/01, 84/03, 107/05) and the constitutional law of
the Republic of Macedonia (Macedonian official Gazete No.52/91, changes
4/92);
‐ Law for the environment (Macedonian official Gazete No.53/05, 81/05, 24/07,
159/08, 83/09);
o Regulation for determination of the projects and for the criteria based on
what the need for carrying out of the act of evaluation of the influences
on the environment is determined (Macedonian official Gazete
No.74/05);
o Regulations for the content of the demands that need to be fulfilled by
the Study for evaluation of the influence of the project on the
environment (Macedonian official Gazete No.33/06)
‐ Law for spatial and urban planning (Macedonian official Gazete No.51/05;
changes 137/07 and 24/08 - reviewed text, 91/09);
o Regulations for standards and norms for spatial planning (Macedonian
official Gazete No.69/99);
o Regulations for closer content, ratio and type of graphical processing of
the urban plans (Macedonian official Gazete No.78/06 and 140/07)
‐ Law for building (Macedonian official Gazete No.130/09);
‐ Law for the quality of the ambient air (Macedonian official Gazete No.67/04;
changes 92/07);
o Regulations for the criteria, methods and actions for evaluation of the
quality of the ambient air (Macedonian official Gazete No.67/04);
o Regulations for the maximal value and the kinds of polluting substances in
the ambient air and the alarming thresholds, the deadlines for reaching
the maximum values, margins for toleration, the aimed values and the
long term goals (Macedonian official Gazete No.22.06.2005)
‐ Law for water (Macedonian official Gazete No.4/98; changes 19/00; 42/05;
46/06); Law for water (Macedonian official Gazete No.87/08 and 06/09);
o Regulations for classification of the water (Macedonian official Gazete
No.18/99);
o Regulations for characterization of the water currents, the lakes, the
accumulations and the subsurface water (Macedonian official Gazete
No. 18/99, 71/99);
‐ Law for waste (Macedonian official Gazete No.68/04; changes 71/04; 107/07,
102/08 and 134/08);
o List of types of waste (Macedonian official Gazete No.100/05);
‐ Law for protection from the noise in the environment (Macedonian official
Gazete No.79/2007);
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‐ Decision for establishing in which cases and under what conditions is the peace
of the citizens disturbed by harmful noise (Macedonian official Gazete
No.64/93);
‐ Law for chemicals (Macedonian official Gazete No.113/07);
‐ Law for protection of the cultural inheritance (Macedonian official Gazete
No.20/04; changes 115/07);
‐ Law for the protection of the nature (Macedonian official Gazete
No.67/04;changes 14/06, 84/07);
‐ Law for the wellbeing of the animals (Macedonian official Gazete No. 113/07);
‐ Law for the wellbeing of the plants (Macedonian official Gazete No. 25/98;
06/00);
‐ Law for expropriation (Macedonian official Gazete No. 33/95, changes 20/98,
40/99, 31/03, 46/05 and 10/08).
‐ Regulations for the technical norms for the building of surface electro energetic
ducts with nominal voltage from 1kV to 400kV, (Yugoslav official register), No.
65/1988
‐ Regulations for the technical measures for propulsions and maintenance of the
electro-energetic installations (Yugoslav official register, number 19/1968)
‐ Convention for the protection of the swamps which are of international
importance as habitats of the water birds (Ramsar, 1971), ratified in 1977;
‐ Convention for the protection of the world cultural and natural inheritance
(Paris, 1972), ratified in 1974;
‐ Convention for the international trade with endangered species, wild flora and
fauna (Washington,1973), ratified in 1999;
‐ Convention for protection of the wild migration animals (Bonn, 1979), ratified in
1999;
‐ Convention for the protection of the wild world and the natural habitats in
Europe (Bern, 1979), ratified in 1997;
‐ Contract for the protection of bats in Europe (London, 1991), ratified in 1999
(Amendment of the Contract ratified in 2002);
‐ Contract for the protection of African-Asian migration birds (The Hague, 1995),
ratified in 1999;
‐ Basel convention about the control over the polluters with toxic waste across
the border and its disposal (Basel, 1995), ratified in 1997;
‐ Convention for the protection of the biodiversity (Rio de Janeiro, 1992), ratified
in 1998;
‐ Convention for the accessibility of information, participation of the public in the
decision making and the right to question about the environment (Arhus,
1998), ratified in 1999;
‐ Convention for evaluation of the influence from across the border on the
environment (Espo, 1991), ratified in 1999;
‐ European convention for landscape (Florence, 2000), ratified in 2003.
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DIRECTIVE 2004/40/EC, on the minimum health and safety requirements
regarding the exposure of workers to the risks a rising from physical agents
(electromagnetic fields)
1999/519/EC, EU Council Recommendation, On the limitation of exposure of
the general public to electromagnetic fields (0Hz to 300GHz)
10.3 A P P E N D I X 3: R E F E R E N C E S
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Отворена постапка бр. 86/2009 за доделување на договор за јавна набавка,
Тендерска документација, МЕПСО, 2009г.
Проектна задача за изработка на Студија за оценка на влијан ијата на
изградбата на 2х110kV ДВ ТС Битола 3 – ТС Битола 4 врз животната средина,
МЕПСО, 2009г.
Геотехничка проспекција на трасата на далуководот 2х110kV ДВ ТС Битола 3
– ТС Битола 4, Хидро енерго Инженеринг, 2009г.
Проектна задача за изработка на Основен проект за 2х110kV ДВ ТС Битола 3 –
ТС Битола 4, ТИМЕЛ, 2009г.
Услови за планирање на просторот за изработка на Урбанистички проект за
изградба на 2х110kV ДВ ТС Битола 3 – ТС Битола 4, Агенција за планирање на
просторот на РМ, 2009г.
Решение со кое се утврдува потребата од оцена на влијан ието на Проектот
Изградба на 2х110kV ДВ ТС Битола 3 – ТС Битола 4, како и обемот на
Студијата за оцена на влијанието на проектот врз животната средина,
Министерство за животна средина и просторно планирање на РМ, 2009г.
Проект за развој на електроенергетскиот систем, Документ за оценка на
влијанието врз животната средина, МЕПСО, 2005г.
Листа на проверка за определување на обемот на ОВЖС: Прашања за
карактеристиките на проектот Изградба на 2х110kV ДВ ТС Битола 3 – ТС
Битола 4, МЖСПП на РМ, 2009г.
Општо упатство за изградба
Стратегија за локален развој на Општина Битола за периодот 2009-2014,
Работна група за изработка на стратегијата за Локален развој, 2009г.
Просторен план на Република Македонија, МЖСПП и ЈП за просторни и
урбанистички планови, 2002г.
Локален акционен план на Битола, 2008г.
Секторско упатство за ОВЖС-Далекуводи
Прилог кон познавањето на лилјаците (Chiroptera, Mammalia) на Македонија
–Ласте Стојановски
Велевски Методија, Бен Халман, Братислав Грубац, Томе Лисичанец,
Емилиан Стојнов, Емануел Лисичанец, Лука Боснич, Борут Струмбергер,
2007, Важни области на птици во Македонија, Македонско еколошко друштво
Лазаревски Ангел, Климата во Македонија , Култура, 1993г.
Exsergia S.A., Construction of Ferizaj 2 400/110 kV Substation and Connection in
Transmission Grid, Environmental impact study,Косово, 2009
Mercados – Energy Markets International et, 750 kV Zaporizka – Kakhovska
transmission line and 330 kV OHTL diversions project (Zaporizka oblast, Kherson
oblast), ESIA Report, Ukraine, 2009
Black & Veatch, Environmental and Social Impact Assessment for the Black Sea
Regional Transmission Project, Georgia, 2009
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Habash, Riadh W. Y.Bioeffects and therapeutic applications of electromagnetic
energy, CRC Press, 2008
Barnes F. S, Greenebaum B, Handbook of biological effects of electromagnetic
fields -Biological and Medical Aspects of Electromagnetic Fields, 3rd Edition,
Taylor & Francis Group, LLC, 2006
Ачковски Р, Високонапонски мрежи и системи, ЕТФ, Скопје, 1995
Ачковски Р. Надземни и каблески водови, ЕТФ, Скопје, 2004
Вржовски Б, Хидросистем „Стрежево“ – Hydrosystem “Streževo”,
Монографија, Микена, Битола, 1998
International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection, Guidelines for
limiting exposure to time-varying electric, magnetic and electromagnetic fields,
(up to 300 GHz), ICNIRP Guidelines, 1998
International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection, ICNIRP
statement on Guidelines for limiting exposure to time-varying electric, magnetic
and electromagnetic fields (up to300 GHz), ICNIRP statement, 2009
International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection, Guidelines on
limits of exposure to static magnetic fields, ICNIRP Guidelines, 2009
WHO, WHO International EMF Project Rapporteur’s Report, Workshop on
Developing and Implementing Protective Measures for ELF EMF, Geneva,
Switzerland, 2007
WHO, Electromagnetic fields and public health: Exposure to extremely low
frequency fields, Fact sheet No. 322, 2007
WHO, Electromagnetic fields and public health: extremely low frequency (ELF),
Fact sheet No. 205, 1998
Kandel S, Developing and Implementing Protective Measures for ELF EMF,
Workshop on Developing and Implementing Protective Measures for ELF EMF,
Geneva, Switzerland, 2007
Грчев Л, Кацарска М, Петкоски С, Арнаутовски-Тошева В, Хармонизација на
стандардите и легислативата на Р. Македонија со стандардите на ЕУ за
изложеностна електромагнетни полиња, 6то Советување Мако Сигре, Охрид,
2009
Грчев Л, Кацарска М, Петкоски С, Карајановски Љ, Арнаутовски-Тошева В,
Мерење на електрично и магнетно поле во урбани средини под влијание на
110 kV далекуводи и 110/35/10kV трафостаници, 6то Советување Мако Сигре,
Охрид, 2009
Ололоска Л, Некои аспектри при одредувањето на влијанијата и ефектите од
изложеноста на човекот на elf електромагнетни полиња, 6то Советување
Мако Сигре, Охрид, 2009
Чешелкоска В, Арапиноски Б, Електрично поле во околината на 110 kV
далекувод и неговото влијание врз биолошките системи, 6то Советување
Мако Сигре, Охрид, 2009
Karabetsos E., Filippopoulos G., Koutounidis D. Govari CH., Skamnakis N., ELF
electric and magnetic fields measurements in Greece, EMF-NET seminar on The
Role of Dosimetry in High-Quality EMF Risk Assessment, Ljubljana, Slovenia 2006
EirGrid, Information on electric and magnetic fields. Ireland, 2008
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10.4 A P P E N D I X 4: T E C H N I C A L
DATA RELATED TO THE IMPACT ASSESMENT
VISUALIZATION OF THE TOWERS
Brusnik settlement
From to Gramatnica villageLavci
Near the village Lavci
In place Strčin
Near the village Bukovo
Under the village Krstoar
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To the village Kravari
The last tower of the connection
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10.4.2 PHOTOGRAPHS OF THE FIELD
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From the start to the end point of the connection
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CULTURAL INHERITANCE
The arrangement of the archaeological areas and the cultural-historical
monuments
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The cultural heritage in the vicinity of Bitola (the old architecture in the village Lavci, Monastery
Bukovo, Heraclea, Kale, Saint Bogorodica)
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UTILIZATION OF THE LAND
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10.5 A PPENDIX 5 PUBLIC PARTICIPATION IN THE PROCESS OF MAKING
A DECISION ON A EIA STUDY OF CONSTRUCTION OF CIRCUIT
TRANSMISSION LINE 2X110KV S/S BITOLA 3 - S/S BITOLA 4
10.5.1 PROCESS OF ENROLLING THE PUBLIC IN THE PROCESS OF EIA OF THE PROJECT,
ACCORDING TO LEGAL REGULATIONS
The national EIA procedure is the opportunity for active public participation
through the various stages of established legal procedure.
The main objectives of public participation are:
‐ To obtain local or regional information or data that could be useful in making
further decisions;
‐ To assist in thinking about alternatives and mitigation measures;
‐ To ensure that the main influences are not neglected, and maximum benefits are;
‐ To reduce conflict through early identification of “problematic" questions;
‐ To provide an opportunity to the public can influence the design of the project in a
positive way (creating a sense of ownership of the proposal - start);
‐ To improve the transparency of the entire EIA process and to increase public
confidence in the overall process
Legislative solutions offer several levels of involvement of the public:
information, consultation, participation and negotiation (discuss with relevant
arguments).
Public participation in the national EIA procedure is regulated by the Law on
Environment (Official Gazette of RM, 53/05, 81/05, 24/07 and 159/08) and
international conventions that Macedonia has signed and ratified.
Practical public participation is achieved through: a) publication of information
to the public; b) public participation, the public can be actively involved in public
discussions and in writing to submit their opinions in various stages of the EIA
procedures; c) through the mechanism of access to justice when the public can
influence decision making by appeal to the court or the secondary panel of
government.
Any decision taken during the EIA procedure should be published in appropriate
media and the public can monitor and participate in various steps of the procedure:
the publication of the notice of intention to implement the project, publication of the
decision of establishing the need for EIA the publication of a summary of opinions on
the scope of the study, reporting on the availability of the EIA study for the publication
of a summary of netehnichkoto EIA study for the publication of a report on the
adequacy of the study, publication of the decision to issue a solution for (non)
implementation of the project.
During the EIA procedure is organizing a public hearing (continuation of public
hearing and included in it are given in the annexed scheme), and as it was realized for
the specific project of construction of double circuit transmission line Bitola 2X110 kV
S/S Bitola 3 – S/S Bitola 4 main objections and comments received by stakeholders are
given in Appendix 10.5.2 (Report of the public hearing).
The public can express their opinions on the judge for assessment of
environmental impact during the public hearing organized by the Ministry of
Environment and Physical Planning, as well as through the submission of observations
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in writing to the MoEPP. Another step where the public can express their opinion,
notification of intent to implement the project, but this is not very clearly defined in
national law and can be determined from case to case.
Legally prescribed period for providing comments, observations and opinions on
the published draft version of the study Assessment of the project on vlijenieto
zhovotnata environment is 30 days after the announcement. Then he approached the
finalization of the study and it is submitted to the MEPP in preparing a report on the
suitability of the study.
The public may appeal the following decisions taken: a) decision taken in the
process of determining need for EIA study and b) the decision to issue a solution for
(non) implementation of the project. These complaints may be made secondary to a
government commission. The public also may submit a request to the court for interim
measures prohibiting the implementation of the project against the permit to perform
the project.
Public participation in EIA procedure for cross-border context is governed by the
requirements of national legislation on information and public participation in the land
where the project is planned to be conducted or regulated by bilateral agreements
between countries to more closely regulate issue.
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Public participation in the EIA process
Announcement for the availability of
the study
EIA Study
MoEPP
Submitting of written
opinions
Public
MoEPP
Public hearing for the EIA Study
Informing of
e-NGOs
MoEPP, Investor,
Persons who have
prepared the Study
Public,
e-NGOs
MoEPP
Minutes
Participants,
conclusions,
stenographic notes, video and
audio records
MoEPP
Availability of information for
participation in the public
hearing
Investor, State Authorities,
Local- self Government,
the City of Skopje
Publishing of
the Minutes
Web page on
MoEPP
MoEPP
Legend:
EIA – Environmental Impact Assessment
Public participation
Competent Authority
Institution to which activity is directed
Participants in the public hearing
Activity
Where information is published
MoEPP – Ministry of Environment and physical planning
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10.5.2 REPORT FROM PUBLIC HEARING UPON THE EIA STUDY OF THE PROJECT
"CONSTRUCTION OF DOUBLE CIRCUIT TRANSMISSION LINE 2X110 KV S/S BITOLA 3 – S/S
BITOLA 4"
On 24. February 2010 investor AD MEPSO has submitted a draft EIA study of the
construction of double circuit transmission line 2X110 kV S/S Bitola 3 – S/S 4 to the
Ministry of Environment and Physical Planning. According to legal requirements the
competent authority - MoEPP made available a draft version of the Study on the
premises of the Office of Public Relations of the MoEPP and their web site and inform
the public about maintaining the public hearing and an opportunity to provide insight
and comments by public on the draft version of the study. The information was
published in daily 24. to 25. April 2010.
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The ad contains all the necessary elements to allow the public to be interested
and attend the public hearing held on 26. April 2010 in the Municipality of Bitola.
The public hearing was attended by 18 people who showed interest and
participated in the discussion which is open as the opening words of the purpose of
public debate (Mrs. Biljana Spiroska the MoEPP - Department of Environment),
presentation of the project and its significance (Mrs. Elizabeta Siljanovska - Atanasova
from AD MEPSO) and the presentation of the objectives of the EIA study, the main
negative impacts of project activities in all phases of the life of the project on the
environment, measures to predict and plan for monitoring (Mrs. Slavjanka Pejčinovska
- Andonova and Mr. Zdravko Andonov from the consulting team EuroPartner Group).
Minutes of the Public hearing upon the EIA Study of the project "Construction of
double circuit transmission line 2x110KV S/S Bitola 3 – S/S Bitola 4"
The public hearing was conducted in the following Agenda:
Opening and Introduction
1. The public hearing was opened by Biljana Spiroska, councelor in the EIA,
Ministry of Environment and Physical Planning
2. Opening word company investor.
Ms. Siljanovska Atanasova representative investor, MEPSO, breafly explain the
reasons and inportance for the realization of the project. She noted that it is
funded by the World Bank and company’s own funds. The new double circuit
110KW OHTL which is the subject of study directly linking S/S Bitola 3 with S/S
Bitola 4 and S/S Bitola 4 with Bitola 2. Route that is chosen is the best and it
received approval from the Agency for Physical Planning of Republic of
Macedonia and municipality Bitola.
3. Presentation of the Study
Ms. Pejcinovska Andonova environmental consultant, responsible expert for
preparation of study, introduced the team who prepared the study and she
presented the same. The study aims to identify, predict, assess, prevent,
mitigate, compensate and to discuss with the public about the negative
biophysical, social, health and other effects on various elements of the
environment from development projects to build double circuit 110KW overhead
transmission line S/S Bitola 3 – S/S Bitola 4 by the developer before making a
final decision for the project implementation.
First, it was explained the context for planning the project. Based on the type
and size of project, investor was obliged by MEPP to prepare EIA study as a condition
for obtaining a decision to give consent for the implementation of the project,
according to the Law on Environment. Potential impacts of the project on environment
during construction are identified, as well as work and maintenance in case of
accidents and termination of work.
In addition, the basic technical specifications for construction of transmission
lines were presented by Mr. Andonov. The route with the overheaded line mainly
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passes through uninhabited area. Through the urbanized part cable connection line is
used.
Ms. Pejcinovska Andonova noted that the methodology for preparation of study
includes: Researching and evaluating the type, nature, duration, reversibility,
meaning, intensity of negative and positive impacts of the project on all elements of
the environment; Assessing whether the effects can be prevented, avoided, buffered
and / or compensated; Proposing preventive and corrective measures to mitigate the
impacts; Plan for monitoring, information to all decision makers and stakeholders
about the impact of the project on the environment and their involvement in the
whole process transparent; and Providing a recommendation whether to proceed with
the development and implementation of the project. Lists are used to check/Leopold
matrix (EIA Scoping checklist, Leopold Impact matrix) Sectoral Guidelines and the
World Bank Guidelines for EIA.
The study has analyzed the following impacts: visual aspects and impacts on the
area, electro-magnetic influences, biodiversity, cumulative effects and socio-economic
aspect and in all stages of the life cycle of the project - construction phase,
operational and maintenance phase and after termination with work. For each of these
impacts on the elements of physical /natural environment, human health and wildlife,
and social aspects in each phase separately, provided the mitigation measures and
reduce potential negative impacts.
Conclusion of the expert team considering the results of the analysis of
environmental impacts is that there is great justification for the project
implementation.
Prior to open discussion, Biljana Spiroski informed that anyone interested can
look the study in the municipality of Bitola and on the website of the Ministry and to
comment in respect of the same.
Discussion
The participants developed a discussion regarding the study and project.
Mr. Tome Blazevski member of the council of the municipality of Bitola raise the
question: Is it considered new detailed urban plan of municipality Bitola which is in
the process of adoption, and where exactly the route passes, it is near Tumbe Kafe?
Response from the investor: A route towards Bitola -Lavci- Bukovo-KrstoarKravari, is quite far from Tumbe Kafe and Municipality and the Agency for Spatial
Planning are consulted.
Discussion of citizen Dimitar Dimitrov: Credit for the study and participants, but
also doubt that will properly compensate owners of land where the lines will cross.
After the long discussion and presentation of bad previous experience of the citizen,
was emphasized that although the cable line is 6 times expensiver, it is more shorter
and better way of transmission. The investor confirmed that the cable line is the
future of energy transmission in the urban areas, but now the municipalities in
Macedonia have not yet developed enough underground cadastre which is a
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prerequisite for it. On the other hand, the choice of constriction of double circuit
transmission line connecting the S-S BItola 3 and S-S Bitola 4 presents an opportunity
for safe and reliable supply of electricity consumers in the southern part of the
municipality of Bitola, where is planned urban expansion of the city. Detailed route
was explained and the way of expropriation, as well as consultation for all owners of
cadastral parcels, offering market price for the purchase of parcels where the pillars
will be placed and temporary rent of the parcels where overhead transmission lines
will pass trhough. The investor cannot get a building permit until they completed the
process of expropriation.
The citizen was suggested to address his questions in writing to the competent
authorities.
They were not asked further questions and Ms. Spiroska closed the public
hearing at 20:00 am.
The minutes of the held a public hearing conducted by Snežana Gjorgjievska
employed in the office to communicate with the public in the MoEPP and it is placed
on the website of the MEPP, along with the study. (www.moepp.gov.mk)
List of participants in the public hearing:
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10.5.3 PHOTOS FROM THE PUBLIC HEARING
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