Innovations in Solid State Lighting

Innovations in
Solid State Lighting
(LEDs)
Allen M. Weiss, PE, LC (aweiss@sescolighting.com)
SESCO Lighting
1133 W. Morse Blvd.
Winter Park Florida 32779
T: 407-629-6100 F: 407-629-6213
www.sescolighting.com
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SESCO Lighting is a registered Provider with The American Institute of
Architects Continuing Education Systems. Credit earned on completion of
this program will be reported to CES records for AIA members. Certificates of
Completion for non-AIA are available on request.
This program is registered with the AIA/CES for continuing professional
education. As such, it does not include content that may be deemed or
construed to be an approval or endorsement by the AIA of any material of
construction or any method or manner of handling, using, distributing, or
dealing in any material or product. Questions related to specific materials,
methods, and services will be addressed at the conclusion of this
presentation.
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SESCO Lighting is a registered Provider with DBPR, the Florida
Department of Business and Professional Regulations. Continuing
Education Credit earned on completion of this program will be reported to
DBPR records for Registered Professional Engineers, Registered
Landscape Architects, Registered Architects, Registered Interior
Designers, and licensed General and Electrical Contractors. Certificates
of Completion will be provided for all in attendance for the entire seminar.
This program is registered with DBPR for continuing professional
education. As such, it does not include content that may be deemed or
construed to be an approval or endorsement by the DBPR of any material
of construction or any method or manner of handling, using, distributing,
or dealing in any material or product. Questions related to specific
materials, methods, and services will be addressed at the conclusion of
this presentation.
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Sesco Lighting
Innovations in Solid State Lighting [ID # 90003608]
[1]
Allen M. Weiss P.E, LC is approved and authorized as a Continuing
Education Provider by the Florida Board of Professional Engineers
(# 0003992), offering “Area of Practice” courses.
In addition, Mr. Weiss is an employee of the Sesco Lighting Company
and is offering this lecture to both the attendees and to Sesco Lighting
on a “Pro-Bono” basis.
Every attempt has been made to keep this lecture completely generic.
At no time during this lecture will products represented by Sesco
Lighting be discussed, either by manufacturer’s name, product name
or product part number.
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Learning Objectives
Attendees will;
Review and analyze the methods by which light is created, and how
solid state devices create light.
Compare and quantify the advantages and disadvantages of the various
LED types.
Investigate and apply current lighting practices regarding lighting
equipment, design strategies and energy considerations for solid state
lighting.
Identify, compare and analyze the reasons to consider the use of light
emitting diodes in the application of architectural lighting.
Learn and evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of the three
currently available LED types.
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Today, with advances in lumen output, optical
control, thermal management systems, and robust
fixture design, the LED is ready to compete with
the HID for general outdoor illumination
applications.
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Types of LEDs
Top View LED
Good for wide and slim applications
(ex: automotive field)
Side View LED
Good for small applications
(ex: cell phone‟s „on‟ light)
Chip LED
Good for small, thin applications
(ex: mobile phone keypad, site lighting)
Lamp LED
Good for outdoor or indoor applications
(ex: MR16 downlights, street lights)
High Flux LED
Known for its brightness
(ex: exterior signage, task lighting)
Dot Matrix LED
Used in notice boards or billboards
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History of LEDs
The first-ever report of light emission from a semiconductor was by
the British radio engineer Henry Joseph Round, who noted a yellowish
glow emanating from silicon carbide in 1907. However, the first
devices at all similar to today‟s LEDs arrived only in the 1950s, at
Signal Corps Engineering Laboratories, at Fort Monmouth, in New
Jersey. Researchers there fabricated orange-emitting devices.
In 1962 the first red LED was developed by Nick Holonyak at GE.
Throughout the 1960‟s, red LEDs were used for small indicator lights
on electronic devices. Green and yellow LEDs were introduced in
1970, these were used in watches, calculators, traffic signs and exit
signs. By 1990, LEDs of 1 lumen output were available in red, yellow
and green.
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History of LEDs
In 1993, Shuji Nakamura, an engineer at Nichia, created the first high-brightness blue
LED. Because red, blue and green are the three primary colors of light, LEDs could
now produce virtually any color, including white. Phosphor white LEDs that combine
a blue or UV LED with a phosphor coating to produce white light first appeared in
1996. By the late 1990‟s LEDs began replacing incandescent sources in applications
calling for colored light.
Between 2000 and today, LEDs reached levels of output of 100 initial lumens and
higher. White light LEDs became available in various shades of light to match the
warmth or coolness of incandescents, fluorescents, or daylight. LEDs began
competing with conventional light sources, and found their way into stage and
entertainment applications.
Today, LEDs represent viable sources for general illumination in many applications.
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What is Light?
Lighting 101
The 4 steps to creating light:
1. Excitement – an atom absorbs
energy
2. Jump – electrons are forced to a
higher orbit in an unsteady state
3. Fall –the electrons fall back to
their steady state orbit & release
energy
4. Release – the energy released is
a photon *
* The wavelength (color of the light photon) is dependent on the distance
the electron has to fall, from a higher orbit, back down to its steady state
orbit.
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What is Solid State Lighting?
Lighting applications that use light-emitting diodes (LEDs), organic lightemitting diodes (OLEDs), or light-emitting polymers are commonly referred
to as solid-state lighting.
The term “solid-state” refers to the fact that the light in an LED is emitted
from a solid object – a semiconductor – rather than a filament in the case
of an incandescent lamp or an expanded gas in the case of a fluorescent or
HID lamp.
The LED is based on the semiconductor diode. When a diode is switched
on electrons are able to recombine with holes within the device, releasing
energy in the form of photons. The effect is called electroluminescence.
This new technology has the potential to far exceed the energy efficiencies
of most other known light sources.
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What is a Semiconductor?
A semiconductor is a substance whose electrical conductivity can be
altered through variations in temperature, applied fields,
concentration of impurities, etc.
The most common elemental (pure undoped) semiconductor is
silicon, which is used predominantly for electronic applications
(where electrical currents and voltages are the main inputs and
outputs). Other elemental semiconductors include Carbon and
Germanium.
An optoelectronic application is when light is the
output. In order to create light, other semiconductors
material (dopants) must be used. Two examples are
indium gallium phosphide (InGaP), which emits amber
and red light, and indium gallium nitride (InGaN), which
emits near-UV, blue and green light.
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What is a Diode?
A diode is a semiconductor made up of two
dissimilar materials, an N-Type and P-Type,
bonded together.
N-Type: A semiconductor that has been
“doped” with extra negative electrons.
Dopants might include Nitrogen, Phosphorus,
Arsenic or Antimony.
P-Type: A semiconductor that has electron
holes. Dopents might include Boron,
Aluminum, Gallium or Indium.
In a diode, current can only flow in one direction. When a DC voltage is
applied, the electrons are forced to flow across a junction called the
“depletion zone” and the interaction of the electrons (“falling into”)
recombining with the holes creates light! The distance the electron falls
determines the wavelength and therefore , the color of the light.
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(4 steps to creating light… Excitement, Jump, Fall, Release)
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What is a Light Emitting Diode?
A light emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor diode that emits light of
one or more wavelengths (colors).
The two basic types of LEDs are indicator type and Illuminator type.
Indicator type are usually inexpensive, low power LEDs suitable for use
only as indicator lights in panel displays, electronic devices or instrument
illumination.
Illuminator type (high brightness) LEDs are durable high power devices
capable of providing functional illumination.
All illuminator LEDs share the same basic structure. They consist of a
semiconductor chip or dye (< 1mm² in area), a substrate that supports the
die, contacts to apply power, bond wire to connect the contacts to the
die, a heat sink, lens and outer casing.
Indicator-Type
LED
Illuminator Type LED
Illuminator LEDs are packaged in surface mount solder connections, and
provide a thermally conductive path for extracting heat. This path is
critical for proper thermal management and operation of the LED.
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How LEDs produce white light
By itself, an LED can emit only the one color that the
specific composition of its materials can produce.
The real magic happens when LEDs of different colors
are combined.
According to the RGB (additive) color model, white
light is produced by the proper mixture of red, green,
and blue light.
Methods to generate white light using LEDs can be
broadly classified into two approaches.
1. Wavelength Conversion (phosphor white)
2. Color Mixing (RGB)
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White Light –
Wavelength Conversion
In a typical phosphor white manufacturing process, a phosphor coating is
deposited on the LED die. The exact shade or color temperature of white light
produced by the LED is determined by the dominant wavelength of the blue or
ultra-violet LED and the composition of the phosphor (s). The thickness of the
phosphor coating produces variations in the color temperature of the LED.
Phosphor white offers much better color rendering (CRI) than RGB white, often
on a par with fluorescent sources. Phosphor white is also much more efficient
than RGB white. Because of its superior efficiency and CRI, phosphor white is the
most commonly used method of producing white light with LEDs.
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White Light –
Wavelength Conversion
Blue LED + yellow phosphor (the least expensive of today’s methods). Some
of the blue light from an LED is used to excite a phosphor which re-emits yellow
light. The yellow light mixes with some of the blue light leaking through,
resulting in the appearance of white light.
Blue LED + several phosphors Similar to the above method, except that the
blue light excites several phosphors, each of which emits a different color. These
different colors are mixed with some of the blue light leaking through, to make a
white light with a broader, richer wavelength spectrum. This gives a higher colorquality light than the above method, albeit at a slightly higher cost.
Ultraviolet (UV) LEDs + red, green and blue phosphors The UV light from
an LED is used to excite several phosphors, each of which emits a different
color. These different colors mix to make a white light with the broadest and
richest wavelength spectrum. This gives the highest color-quality light, again
albeit at a slightly higher cost.
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White Light – Color Mixing
Color Mixing
This method uses multiple LEDs in a single lamp, and mixes the light to produce white
light. Typically, the lamp contains at least two LEDs (blue and yellow) and sometimes three
(red, blue, and green) or four (red, blue, green and yellow).
RGB white gives control over the exact color of the light, and it tends to make colors pop.
But RGB white is hardware intensive since it requires multiple LEDs to produce white light.
Also, it tends to render pastel colors unnaturally, a fact which is largely responsible for the
poor CRI of RGB white light.
Tunable white light fixtures adapt the mixing principles of tricolor LED devices to produce
white light in an adjustable range of color temperatures. Tunable white light devices
typically combine cool and warm white LEDs, which can be individually controlled like red,
green and blue LEDs in a full color LED device. Adjusting the relative intensities of the
warm and cool LEDs changes the color temperature just as adjusting the relative intensities
of the red, green and blue LEDs changes the color in a full color device.
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Color Rendering Index & ‘RGB’ LEDs
According to the U.S. Department of Energy…
The color rendering index (CRI) has been used to compare
fluorescent and HID lamps for over 40 years, but the International
Commission on Illumination (CIE) recently announced that it
does not recommend its use with white LEDs!
Why?...
CRI is a measure of how
well light sources render the
colors of objects, materials
and skin tones.
The test procedure for CRI
involved comparing (8) color
samples under the light in
question and a reference
light source of the same
color temperature.
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The Problem…
Due to the RGB LEDs “spikiness”
it scores low on CRI, but is usually
very visually appealing.
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Chip LED Optics
Conventional HID Systems
Bare HID lamp:
- Omni-directional
- Needs reflector to re-direct light to
create different distributions
- Not uniform (significant uncontrolled
lights is emitted from luminaire)
Packaged LED System
Chip LED:
- Uniformly distributed (forward only)
- Distribution < 180°
- Secondary optics (refractors) can
be added for precise beam control
- Refractors are more efficient than
reflectors
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Chip LED Optics
Bare LED - No Optics
With Optics – Precise
Beam Control
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Chip LED Optics for Roadways
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LED Vs. HID Lumen Maintenance
LEDs average delivered lumens are 46% higher than HIDs over 60,000 hours.
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LED Vs. HID Lumen Maintenance
Where do the
lumens go?...
HID system
LED system
Note…* Therefore, LLF (Light Loss Factors) for LED photometric calculations can be
significantly higher than LLF used in Metal Halide or High Pressure Sodium applications.
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LED Progress
The development of LED technology has caused their efficiency and light
output to increase exponentially, with a doubling occurring about every 36
months since the 1960s. In 2000, the LED ranged around 50 lm/W.
By 2010 most major manufacturers of LEDs are producing 6000K LEDs around
100 lm/W that deliver 60-80 lm/W in the field depending on fixture efficiency.
(Warmer LEDs are slightly less efficacious).
Initial Lumens…
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Remember…
These #’s are initial
lumens…not
maintained lumens.
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SSL Research & Development: Multi-Year Program Plan—Summary of LED
Luminaire Price and Performance Projections (DOE)
2009
2010
2012
2015
2020
Package Efficacy (lm/W, 25C)
Commercial Cool White
113
134
173
215
243
Thermal Efficiency
87%
89%
92%
95%
98%
Efficiency of Driver
86%
87%
89%
92%
96%
Efficiency of Fixture
81%
83%
87%
91%
96%
Resultant Luminaire
Efficiency
61%
64%
71%
80%
90%
69
86
121
172
219
2009
2010
2012
2015
2020
Cool White Efficacy (lm/W)
113
134
173
215
243
Cool White Price ($/klm)
25
13
6
2
1
Warm White Efficacy (lm/W)
70
88
128
184
234
Warm White Price ($/klm)
36
25
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3.3
1.1
METRIC
Luminaire Efficacy (lm/W)
Commercial Cool White
METRIC
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General Design Factors
No matter what you’re individual opinion is (for or against LEDs), there
are decision factors that all lighting designers, architects, specifiers, etc..
must consider. The basics of the specification decision are:
Efficiency:
Once lower on the list simply because the lumens per watt were not there,
now a top reason for considering LED. (especially for colors = no filters needed)
Performance:
At the very least, LEDs must match the performance of current HID luminaires,
but it’s becoming obvious, that they are outperforming HID in light output,
lumen maintenance, light control and distribution, uniformity, color, and
reduced glare.
Longevity:
A quality LED fixture will give you long life (50k+ hrs) without sacrificing
efficiency and performance (unlike fluorescents and HIDs)
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Advantages of LEDs
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

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
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Small – (small lamp = small fixtures, good for designers + better optical control)
Instant on, Quick to reach full brightness (microseconds). No re-strike issues
Cool to the touch (Low wattage)
Tunable (Various color temperatures and CRI’s available)
On/Off constant cycling does not effect lamp life (good with occupancy sensors)
Little forward heat (good for lighting precious objects)
No UV LEDs available
No Mercury (RoHS compliant, many are lead-free as well)
One LED failure does not make others in same lamp fail
Does not require filters to create color
The LED package can be designed to focus light, without the need of an external
reflector
Resistant to external shock (good for shipping & places with constant vibration, like a
parking garage)
Long life (35-50,000 hrs for white, 100,000 hrs for red)…less environmental waste
Fail by dimming over time (not abruptly like other lamps)
Excellent lumen maintenance (very little degradation…LLFs > .90)
Full cutoff is available

Recent enforcement of testing standards to enable meaningful product comparisons

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Disadvantages of LEDs
Minor Disadvantages:



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Expensive initial cost …(but better life-cycle cost)
Performance largely depends on ambient temperature
& heat-sinking (you can’t just stick an LED in a regular fixture housing)
Must be supplied with the correct current (needs a power
supply/driver to convert AC to DC)
Because of their long life, they may not undergo the routine cleaning every
3-5 years typically corresponding with re-lamping.
Major Concerns:

False claims and misinformation from manufacturers

Technology is changing DAILY!
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Droop & Green Gap: the mysterious maladies
Although LED internal quantum efficiencies initially tend to rise with increasing
current densities, they subsequently level off and then drop as the operating
current increases.
This „roll-over‟ and the ‘droop’ that follows it are major obstacles to the
development of high-efficiency, high brightness LEDs for low-cost SSL.
Unfortunately, while droop isn‟t such a problem for near-UV devices, it
becomes increasingly important for longer-wavelength blue and green
emitters, which contain high proportions of indium in the indium gallium nitride
(InGaN) active regions of the device. This increase in indium content tends to
be correlated with drastic reductions in device efficiencies even at the optimum
operating current, limiting device performance as emission wavelengths move
into the green and yellow spectral regions.
Coming from the other end of the spectrum, the efficiencies of aluminum
indium gallium phosphide (AlInGaP) devices - traditionally used to create red,
yellow and orange emitters - also falls off as wavelengths shorten and move
towards the green, hence the term ‘green gap‟.
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What to look for?...
1. LEDs:
The first key component to an LED system is the right
LED. Different LEDs have different efficacies. The next
challenge is to maintain the efficacy of the LED as
additional components are added to the system.
Things to look for in a LED include:
• High brightness
• Super-white
• High Lumen/Watt ratio (efficacy)
• Long Life
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What to look for?...
2. Drivers:
Similar to Low Voltage Halogens, Fluorescents, & HIDs,
LEDs require a power source. The LED driver converts
line voltage (AC) into operating voltage (DC). LEDs will
only be as good as the drivers which operate them.
Things to look for in a driver include:
• 90 – 93% efficient
• A life that matches the LEDs paired with them
• Electronic
• Driver output frequency at least 120 HZ
• 12 bit or greater resolution for flicker free operation
• Auto sensing 50/60 HZ, universal voltage
• Dimming capability-Driver and Dimmer must be matched
• High power factor
• Potted in a wet listed housing compartment
• Warranty
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What to look for?...
3. Thermal Management System:
Temperature DOES affect LED’s. Although
LED performance has improved tremendously
over the past 10 years, thermal management
remains a major concern for manufacturers
and end users alike. LEDs operate most
efficiently when cool. When electrical current
is not converted into light, it is converted into
heat. The higher the junction temperature,
the lower the lumen output.
Things to look for in a TMS include:
• Robust Heat Sink – provides cool junction temperatures & proper
dissipation of heat via the submount & substrate, out through the fixture
• Cool ambient temperatures - proper method to dissipate heat out of the
fixture
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What to look for?...
4. Dimming Capability :
LEDs face a dimming challenge similar to that of CFLs: Their electronics are
often incompatible with dimmers designed for incandescents. An LED driver
connected directly to a line voltage incandescent dimmer may not receive enough
power to operate at lower dimming levels or it may be damaged by current
spikes.
More sophisticated LED dimmers use low voltage controls connected separately
to the driver. Full power is provided to the driver enabling the electronic controls
to operate at all times, thus allowing LEDs to be uniformly dimmed (5% or lower).
Most white LEDs are actually blue LEDs with a phosphor coating that generates
warm or cool white light. Their light does not shift to red when dimmed; some
may actually appear bluer with dimming. White light can be made with RGB
LEDs, allowing a full range of color mixing and color temperature adjustment.
Overall LED efficacy decreases with dimming due to reduced driver efficiency at
low dimming levels.
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What to look for?...
5. Housings:
Since an LED lighting system is designed to last 50k-100k hrs (approx.
15-25 yrs. @ 8 hrs./day), you need superior fixture design.
Things to look for in a housing:
• Durability (Low copper content, die-cast aluminum,
long lasting finish, minimum of an IP66 rating)
• Functionality (Heat dissipation-perforation or fins)
• Style (Modern…will be around in 20 years!)
Cleaning & Pre-treatment
Epoxy e-coat
Colorfast Powdercoat
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Testing Standards
IESNA -LM-79: Approved Method for testing the Electrical and
Photometric Measurements of Solid-State Lighting Products
- How to measure Lumens, Efficacy (Lumens/Watt)
IESNA- LM-80 Approved Method for Measuring Lumen
Depreciation of LED light Sources
-LED lamp life (L70) occurs when lumens depreciate 30%
NEMA /ANSI -ANSLG C78.377-2008: Specifications for the
Chromaticity of Solid-State Lighting Products for Electric Lamps
- How to determine CRI for wavelength conversion white LEDs
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Testing Standards
-CALiPER
-The DOE Commercially Available LED Product Evaluation and
Reporting (CALiPER) program supports testing of a wide array of SSL
products available for general illumination. DOE allows its test results to
be distributed in the public interest for noncommercial, educational
purposes only. Detailed test reports are provided to users who provide
their name, affiliation, and confirmation of agreement to abide by DOE's
NO COMMERCIAL USE POLICY.
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LEDs & LEED
USGBC’s LEED-Green Building Design & Construction-2009
•
•
•
•
Four Levels of Certification Available (Certified, Silver, Gold, Platinum)
Holistic Approach to Building Design
No One Product, Technology or Process will
ensure LEED Certification
BUT: Individual Products can contribute significantly to earning LEED credits
Relevant Credits that can utilize LEDs:
Energy & Atmosphere Prerequisite 2 - Minimum Energy Performance
Energy & Atmosphere Credit 1 – Optimize Energy Performance (2-10pts)
Environmental Quality Credit 6.1 – Controllability of Systems: Lighting (1pt.)
Sustainable Site Credit 8 – Light Pollution Reduction (1 pt.)
Innovative Design Credit 1 – (ex: low mercury content in lamps) (1pt.)
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Cost of HID vs. LEDs
Life Cycle Costing vs. Traditional Initial Cost Analysis
HID
LED
* Overall size of LED pie is smaller
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To Think About…

Does the fixture utilize LEDs from a reputable LED manufacturer?

Is the manufacturer quoting initial or delivered LED lumens? (is efficacy
based upon testing the entire luminaire - LEDs, drivers, heat sinks, optical
lenses and housing)

Is the manufacturer quoting individual LED lamp life, or actual LED-fixturesystem lamp life?

Does the fixture manufacturer utilize the new testing standards for quoting
their product information (lumens, lamp life, CRI)

How is the fixture designed to dissipate heat away from the LEDs?

How well is the driver made, does it meet all your needs for the project?
(PF >90%, THD <20%)

Does the fixture utilize built-in LED optics to make it more efficient or does it
depends on a less-efficient reflector?
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To Think About…

Does the fixture (LEDs-Driver combination) come with a reasonable
warranty that is similar to the life of the LEDs?

Is the housing robust? (how well is it made, is it designed to last the life of
the LEDs, IP66+, RoHS compliant (no lead, mercury, etc.)

Does the fixture have various glare control and/or cut-off characteristics that
suit your projects needs? (limit light pollution-light tresspass, sky glow &
glare)

How long will the manufacturer guarantee to be making or stock the
product? (in case a replacement is needed in the future)

What needs to be replaced when something burns out? (The whole fixture,
or a portion of the fixture?)

What are your maintenance costs? (changing lamps, ballasts, fixtures,
etc.)

Is initial cost or long-term energy cost the primary concern for the owner?
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Real World Examples
(Exterior)
Before… (HPS)
Before… (Fluorescent)
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After… (LED)
After… (LED)
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Real World Examples
(Color Changing)
Hollywood Casino
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Real World Examples
(Color Changing)
Morimoto Restaurant
Pfizer’s Training Center
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Marriott Marquis
Club Goddess
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Real World Examples
(Interior)
Downlights:
Cove Lights:
Track Lights:
Pendants & Sconces:
Under Cabinet & Task Lights:
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Real World Examples
(Exterior)
Water Features:
LEDs
Path/Marker:
47
Real World Examples
(Exterior)
Signs:
LEDs
Architecture:
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Real World Examples
(Exterior)
Landscape:
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Bibliography
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
LEDs
Beta LED
LED Lighting Simplified-Philips-Color Kinetics
(www.colorkinetics.com)
Cree Lighting (www.cree.com)
The Lighting Research Center at RPI
(www.lrc.rpi.edu)
Seoul Semiconductor
www.lighting.sandia.gov
US. Department of Energy
www.full-spectrum-lighting.com
Ruudlighting.com
http://health.howstuffworks.com/eye2.htm
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QUESTIONS?
Course Title: Innovations in Solid State Lighting (LEDs) – SESCO Lecture # 1
Provider: Allen Weiss
Instructors: Allen Weiss / Fred Butler
AIA/CES Provider # / Course #: L140 / 00SES1
FL DBPR-Architect & Interior Designer Provider # / Course #: 0003283 / 9877314
FL DBPR-Landscape Architect Provider # / Course #: 0003283 / 0008007
FL DBPR-Electrical Contractor Provider # / Course #: 0003283 / 0007521
FL DBPR-General Contractor Provider # / Course #: 0003283 / 608281
IDCEC (ASID, IIDA) Course #: 7795
FBPE Provider # / Course #: 0003992 / 0000586
USGBC/GBCI/LEED Course #: 90003608
SESCO Lighting
1133 W. Morse Blvd. Suite 100
Winter Park Florida 32789
407-629-6100
www.sescolighting.com
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This concludes the American
Institute of Architects‟, GBCI‟s &
DBPR‟s Continuing Education
Systems Programs
51