Appendices cover AC

APPENDI X B
Initial Environmental and Coastal Assessment
Proposed Development of a New Linggi
Base, including Reclamation at the River
Mouth of Sg. Linggi, Malacca, Malaysia
Initial Environmental and Coastal Assessment
Linggi Base Sdn Bhd
62801075-RPT-01 Rev. 01
July 2014
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Proposed Development of a New Linggi
Base, including Reclamation at the River
Mouth of Sg. Linggi, Malacca, Malaysia
Initial Environmental and Coastal Assessment
Prepared for
Linggi Base Sdn Bhd
Current Revision Approvals
Name / Title
Signature
Date
Prepared by
Syed Mohazri Syed Hazari/Juan Savioli
Jul 02, 2014
Reviewed by
Tania Golingi
Jul 10, 2014
Approved by
Tania Golingi
Jul 13, 2014
Classification
Open
Restricted
Confidential
DHI Water & Environment (M) Sdn. Bhd. (535484-V)
Kota Kinabalu Office • Tel: +60 88 260780 • Fax: +60 88 260781
Kuala Lumpur Office • Tel: +60 3 7958 8160 • Fax: +60 3 7958 1162
dhi@dhi.com.my • www.dhi.com.my
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Document Information
Project No.
62800975
Project Title
Proposed Development of a New Linggi Base, including Reclamation at the
River Mouth of Sg. Linggi, Malacca, Malaysia
Subject
Initial Environmental Assessment
Client
Linggi Base Sdn Bhd
Project Director
Mark Oliver
Project Manager
Juan Savioli
Document No.
62801075-RPT-01
Rev
01
Distribution
Type of Data
No of copies
Linggi Base Sdn Bhd
Hardcopy+Digital
5+1
DHI Water & Environment (M) Sdn. Bhd.
Digital
1
Document Revision History
Rev
Rev Date
Description of Change/
Reason for Issue
Prepared by
Checked by
Approved by
01
Jul 13, 2014
Issued for Client
JCS/SMH
TAG
TAG
The information contained in this document produced by DHI Water and Environment (M) Sdn . Bhd. is solely for the
use of the Client identified on the cover sheet for the purpose for which it has been prepared. DHI Water and
Environment (M) Sdn. Bhd. makes no representation, undertakes no duty, and accepts no responsibility to any third
party who may use or rely upon this document or the information.
All rights reserved. No section or element of this document may be removed from this document, reproduced,
electronically stored or transmitted in any form without the written permission of DHI Wat er and Environment (M)
Sdn. Bhd.
© DHI Water and Environment (M) Sdn. Bhd.
DHI Water & Environment (M) Sdn. Bhd.
3A01 & 02, Block G, Pusat Dagangan Phileo Damansara 1, No. 9, Jalan 16/11, Off Jalan Damansara,
46350 Petaling Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
Tel: +603 7958 8160• Fax: +603 7958 1162• dhi@dhi.com.my • www.dhi.com.my
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CONTENTS
1
Introduction............................................................................................................. 5
1.1
1.2
Project Description .................................................................................................................... 5
Scope of Works......................................................................................................................... 6
2
Description of the Study Area ................................................................................ 7
2.1
2.1.1
2.1.2
2.1.3
2.1.4
2.1.5
2.1.6
2.2
2.2.1
2.2.2
2.2.3
2.2.4
2.3
2.3.1
2.3.2
2.3.3
2.3.3.1
2.3.4
2.3.5
Physical Environment ............................................................................................................... 7
Water levels .............................................................................................................................. 7
Bathymetric Conditions ............................................................................................................. 8
Currents .................................................................................................................................. 10
Wind and Waves ..................................................................................................................... 12
Water Quality .......................................................................................................................... 15
Coastal Morphology ................................................................................................................ 15
Biological Environment ........................................................................................................... 16
Turtle Nesting Area ................................................................................................................. 16
Seagrass ................................................................................................................................. 17
Corals ...................................................................................................................................... 17
Mangrove ................................................................................................................................ 18
Human Environment ............................................................................................................... 19
State Boundary ....................................................................................................................... 19
Administrative Boundary ......................................................................................................... 20
Population Profile .................................................................................................................... 21
Socio-Economic Activities ....................................................................................................... 21
Population Areas ..................................................................................................................... 22
Aquaculture ............................................................................................................................. 23
3
Review and Optimization of the Proposed Layout ............................................. 25
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
Flow Conditions ...................................................................................................................... 25
Water Quality .......................................................................................................................... 32
Wave Conditions ..................................................................................................................... 35
Coastal Morphology ................................................................................................................ 36
Conclusions ............................................................................................................................ 37
4
Planning Requirements ........................................................................................ 39
4.1
4.1.1
4.1.2
4.1.3
4.1.4
4.2
4.2.1
4.2.2
4.2.3
4.2.4
Policies and Development Plans ............................................................................................ 39
National Physical Plan 2 (NPP2) ............................................................................................ 39
National Coastal Zone Physical Plan (NPP-CZ) ..................................................................... 41
Integrated Shoreline Management Plan (ISMP) for Malacca ................................................. 43
Structure Plan for Alor Gajah District Council (1995 – 2015) ................................................. 44
Guidelines for Siting and Zoning of Industry and Residential Areas ...................................... 45
Buffer Zone Requirement ....................................................................................................... 45
Proposed Land Use ................................................................................................................ 46
Categories of Industry ............................................................................................................. 47
Required Buffer Zones ............................................................................................................ 49
5
Expected Approval Process ................................................................................ 51
5.1
5.1.1
5.1.2
5.1.3
5.2
5.2.1
5.2.2
Environmental Approval Process ............................................................................................ 51
Legislative Requirement ......................................................................................................... 51
DEIA Process .......................................................................................................................... 51
DEIA Scope ............................................................................................................................ 54
Project Planning Status and EIA ............................................................................................. 55
Project Options ....................................................................................................................... 55
Project Concept ...................................................................................................................... 55
6
Potential Sand Sourcing and Reclamation Methodology .................................. 57
i
7
Conclusions and Recommendations .................................................................. 59
7.1
7.2
Conclusions ............................................................................................................................ 59
Proposed Next Steps ............................................................................................................. 59
8
References ............................................................................................................ 61
FIGURES
Figure 1.1
Figure 1.2
Figure 2.1
Figure 2.2
Figure 2.3
Figure 2.4
Figure 2.5
Figure 2.6
Figure 2.7
Figure 2.8
Figure 2.9
Figure 2.10
Figure 2.11
Figure 2.12
Figure 2.13
Figure 2.14
Figure 2.15
Figure 2.16
Figure 2.17
Figure 2.18
Figure 2.19
Figure 2.20
Figure 2.21
Figure 2.22
Figure 3.1
Figure 3.2
Figure 3.3
Figure 3.4
Figure 3.5
Figure 3.6
Figure 3.7
Figure 3.8
Figure 3.9
Figure 3.10
Figure 3.11
Figure 3.12
Figure 3.13
Figure 3.14
Figure 3.15
Figure 3.16
Figure 4.1
ii
Overview of the proposed port development ........................................................................................... 5
Proposed land use in the proposed port area ......................................................................................... 6
Overview of the project area. .................................................................................................................. 7
Time series of predicted water levels at Kuala Linggi station (January-May 2014) ................................. 8
Water level variation in a day .................................................................................................................. 8
Bathymetric survey area marked in black ................................................................................................ 9
Zoomed-in plot of survey data at proposed reclamation .......................................................................... 9
Bathymetry in the vicinity of the proposed reclamation. ........................................................................ 10
Predicted current flows in the study area during ebbing. ....................................................................... 10
Predicted current flows in the study area during flooding. ..................................................................... 11
Mean current speed over 14 days period .............................................................................................. 11
Maximum current speed over 14 days period ....................................................................................... 12
Typical seasonal wind conditions along the Malacca Straits from a regional wind model. NE monsoon
(above) and SW monsoon (below) ........................................................................................................ 13
Extracted wind rose offshore the proposed port area. ........................................................................... 14
Wave conditions during NE monsoon ................................................................................................... 14
Characteristic wave conditions during SW monsoon periods. ............................................................... 15
Sediment transport pattern at the Sg, Linggi river mouth ...................................................................... 16
Location of recorded turtle nesting areas .............................................................................................. 17
Coral reef distribution at Batu Tg. Serai North and Batu Tg. Serai South .............................................. 18
Mangrove area ...................................................................................................................................... 19
Malacca – Negeri Sembilan state boundary (land and marine) ............................................................. 20
Administrative district and mukim boundary in Malacca ........................................................................ 21
Land use within the proposed area ....................................................................................................... 22
Settlements nearby the proposed reclamation ...................................................................................... 23
Proposed reclamation for the development of Linggi Port (Layout 1) .................................................... 25
Predicted current flows along the proposed development area during high and low tide levels ............ 26
Mean current speed for existing (top), with proposed development (middle) and difference in mean
current speed (bottom) .......................................................................................................................... 27
Maximum current speed for existing (top), with proposed development (middle) and difference in
maximum current speed (bottom).......................................................................................................... 28
Proposed reclamation layout and reclamation optimized shape overlay on bathymetry. Layout 1 (black)
and Layout 2 (pink)................................................................................................................................ 29
Predicted flow condition for optimised reclamation shape during high tide (top) and low tide (below) .. 30
Mean current speed for existing (top), with optimised layout (middle) and difference in mean current
speed (bottom) ...................................................................................................................................... 31
Differences in mean current speed for proposed condition (left) and optimised layout (right) ............... 32
Differences in maximum current speed for proposed condition (left) and optimised layout (right) ........ 32
Location of potential water quality issues .............................................................................................. 33
Dispersion pattern for reclaimed condition ............................................................................................ 34
Dispersion pattern for optimised condition ............................................................................................ 34
Wave condition during NE monsoon condition for Layout 1 .................................................................. 35
Wave condition during SW monsoon condition for Layout 1 ................................................................. 35
Sediment transport pattern for Layout 1 ................................................................................................ 36
Sediment transport pattern for Layout 2 ................................................................................................ 37
Critical erosion area identified within project site – NPP2 ..................................................................... 40
62801075-RPT-02
Figure 4.2
Figure 4.3
Figure 4.4
Figure 4.5
Figure 5.1
Figure 5.2
Figure 6.1
ESA – habitat for painted terrapin (NPP CZ) ......................................................................................... 42
ESA – turtle landing/ nesting areas (NPP CZ) ....................................................................................... 43
Proposed land use on the reclamation. ................................................................................................. 47
Overall buffer zone for the proposed project as per the Guidelines for Siting and Zoning of Industry and
Residential Areas (2012) ....................................................................................................................... 50
Process for TOR submission and approval /5/ ...................................................................................... 53
Detailed EIA procedure. DOE, 2010 /6/ ................................................................................................. 54
Pumping reclamation material ashore from a TSHD ............................................................................. 57
TABLES
Table 2.1
Table 4.1
Table 4.2
Table 4.3
Table 4.4
Table 5.1
Characteristic tidal levels at the Kuala Linggi (mCD) /1/. ......................................................................... 8
The policies under NPP-CZ in relations to the project ........................................................................... 41
Proposed land use of the reclamation area ........................................................................................... 46
Classification of industries as per the Guidelines for Siting and Zoning of Industry and Residential
Areas (2012).......................................................................................................................................... 47
Required buffer zones ........................................................................................................................... 49
Approvals required by DOE as part of the environmental approval process ......................................... 52
iii
Introduction
1
Introduction
Linggi Base Sdn Bhd (Linggi Base) is undertaking a feasibility evaluation of developing a
port located at the river mouth of Sg. Linggi. As part of this project, Linggi Base has
engaged DHI Water & Environment (M) Sdn Bhd to carry out an initial screening assessment
for this project.
1.1
Project Description
The proposed project is located at the river mouth of Sg. Linggi (Figure 1.1). It includes the
reclamation of a coastal area of approximately 640 acres. Once reclaimed, the land use will
include the following:







Fabrication yard
Ship yard
Tank farm
General cargo port
Oil port
Reserved land
Government land
Figure 1.1
Overview of the proposed port development
5
Figure 1.2
1.2
Proposed land use in the proposed port area
Scope of Works
The scope of works of the initial screening process includes:








Sharing of knowledge/information of the area
Submitting a PAT to DOE Malacca
Identifying any showstoppers to the project development
Identifying issues that could be of importance e.g. coastal, environmental,
social/economic issues that could be affected by the development and address how to
resolve or mitigate these issues
Provide initial input into development layout, shaping and initial engineering assessment
Identifying issues related to existing/previous reclamation projects and provide
recommendations/way forward
Provide a summary of key elements of the approval process
Provide conclusions and recommendations
This report presents the findings of the initial screening process.
6
62801075-RPT-02
Description of the Study Area
2
Description of the Study Area
A review of existing information and reports was carried out with a focus on Kuala Linggi
area in order to identify key environmental sensitive areas that may pose roadblocks or
show-stoppers to the proposed development.
Key sources referred to in this document include in-house data from studies carried out
between 2006 and 2009. Key features of the project area referred to in the following
subsections are shown in Figure 2.1 below.
Negeri Sembilan
Sg Linggi
Kuala Linggi
Malacca
Straits of
Malacca
Figure 2.1
2.1
Overview of the project area.
Physical Environment
This section presents a description of the characteristic physical conditions of the area. The
following components are described:






2.1.1
Water levels
Bathymetric conditions
Currents
Wind and waves
Water quality
Morphological conditions
Water levels
Water levels in the study area are predominantly semi-diurnal with a tidal range is just below
3m. Typical tidal levels at Kuala Linggi /1/ are presented in Table 2.1 and time series of
predicted water levels for period the January to May 2014 are shown in Figure 2.2.
7
Table 2.1
2.1.2
Characteristic tidal levels at the Kuala Linggi (mCD) /1/.
Tidal
Level
LAT
MLWS
MLWN
MSL
MHWN
MHWS
HAT
mCD
0.00
0.31
0.96
1.29
1.61
2.27
2.91
Figure 2.2
Time series of predicted water levels at Kuala Linggi station (January-May 2014)
Figure 2.3
Water level variation in a day
Bathymetric Conditions
The project site is located at Sg Linggi river mouth, near the border of Negeri Sembilan and
Malacca State. Bathymetric information for this assessment is obtained from a survey done
by the client and supplemented with data from sea charts outside the bathymetric survey
coverage. Figure 2.4 shows the coverage of survey data and Figure 2.5 shows a zoomed-in
plot of the survey data partially covering the proposed reclamation location. The proposed
8
62801075-RPT-02
Description of the Study Area
reclamation is located at a relatively shallow area with the depth ranging from approximately
+1m MSL to -8m MSL as shown in Figure 2.6.
Figure 2.4
Bathymetric survey area marked in black
Figure 2.5
Zoomed-in plot of survey data at proposed reclamation
9
Figure 2.6
2.1.3
Bathymetry in the vicinity of the proposed reclamation.
Currents
The current flow pattern at the proposed site is mainly influenced by tidal force and
discharge coming out of Sungai Linggi. Predicted current flows during flooding and ebbing
are presented in Figure 2.7 and Figure 2.8. A statistical analysis of 14 days current speeds
has shown that the maximum values exceed 1 m/s at Sungai Linggi river mouth (Figure
2.10) with a mean value of less than 0.2 m/s (Figure 2.9). It is noted that the results should
be considered as estimates as the simulations were carried out based on limited bathymetric
data of the shallow nearshore areas.
Figure 2.7
10
Predicted current flows in the study area during ebbing.
62801075-RPT-02
Description of the Study Area
Figure 2.8
Predicted current flows in the study area during flooding.
Figure 2.9
Mean current speed over 14 days period
11
Figure 2.10
2.1.4
Maximum current speed over 14 days period
Wind and Waves
Typical winds the Malacca Straits are seasonal and influenced by the different monsoon
seasons example of characteristic regional wind conditions in the study area during NE and
SW monsoon are presented in Figure 2.11. A wind rose extracted offshore the proposed port
area is presented in Figure 2.12 that shows NE, NW and SE wind conditions. The Malacca
Straits is also affected by short duration high intensity winds occur commonly referred as
“Sumatra” squalls. These events tend to be eastward moving line of storms that develop at
night over Sumatra or the Malacca Straits and moves over the west coast of Peninsula
Malaysia usually during the early hours in the morning. Squalls are characterized by short
duration (up to one hour or so) strong winds exceeding 20 m/s.
Wave conditions at the site are also governed by the monsoon seasons, with waves
propagating from the N-NW during NE monsoon (Nov-March) and from the S-SE during SW
monsoon (June-August). No detailed wave information at the site is available at the time of
writing this report but it is expected that wave action is more significant during the SW
monsoon season whereas during the NE monsoon waves are mild as the area is sheltered
from waves during this period.
An overview of wave condition during NE monsoon and SW monsoon are shown in Figure
2.13 and Figure 2.14 respectively. Waves from offshore will be refracted and become
parallel to the shore and break as it reaches the coastline. The waves can reach up to 0.5 m
at the proposed reclamation area.
12
62801075-RPT-02
Description of the Study Area
Figure 2.11
Typical seasonal wind conditions along the Malacca Straits from a regional wind model.
NE monsoon (above) and SW monsoon (below)
13
14
Figure 2.12
Extracted wind rose offshore the proposed port area.
Figure 2.13
Wave conditions during NE monsoon
62801075-RPT-02
Description of the Study Area
Figure 2.14
2.1.5
Characteristic wave conditions during SW monsoon periods.
Water Quality
The water quality at the area is mainly affected by the discharge of Sg. Linggi. No detailed
information is available at Kuala Linggi; however in general, the water quality in the Malacca
coast is in compliance with Malaysian Standard but some level of pollution is observed which
includes high nutrient and faecal coliform levels /10/.
Suspended sediment levels are high in the shallow area indicating nearshore re-suspension
activity or loading from rivers. Dissolved oxygen levels are generally high and above a typical
saturation level. River monitoring shows that some of the rivers are polluted with low
oxygenation; high Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) and coliform bacteria concentrations
are found in some rivers/streams. Suspended sediment and nutrient levels are also high in
some streams, possibly due to runoff of soil particles in the upstream catchment areas as a
result of logging activities and oil palm plantations in lower catchment areas. It should be
noted that no detailed information is available for Sg Linggi.
2.1.6
Coastal Morphology
Sediment transport around the project area occurs mainly where the flow velocities are
significant, which is around the Sg. Linggi entrance. The sediment transport is otherwise
small elsewhere. To the south of the proposed port, the coastaline is characterized by sandy
beaches stabilized by rock outcrops. These are medium to coarse sand beaches which are
generally narrow with a steep slope above mean sea level. The coast at the north of Sungai
Linggi river mouth is characterized by mudflats and mangrove forest.
A simulation of the potential non-cohesive sediment transport induced by currents and
waves is presented in Figure 2.15. As it can be observed, there is localised transport
induced by the strong tidal currents in the offshore areas and by the wave breaking process
in the shallow nearshore areas.
15
Figure 2.15
Sediment transport pattern at the Sg, Linggi river mouth
2.2
Biological Environment
2.2.1
Turtle Nesting Area
Southeast Asia is a turtle landing area to six out of seven species of living marine turtles
recognised in the world. Two of these species are found in Malacca waters - the green turtle
(Chelonia mydas) and hawksbill turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata). According to the IUCN Red
List of Threatened Species, the green turtle is listed as Endangered, while the hawksbill
turtle is listed as Critically Endangered. In addition, under the Wild Life Protection Ordinance
1998, all marine turtles and their eggs are totally protected.
Turtles tend return to nest at the same beach where they were hatched due to their ability to
imprint the beach. The loss or reduction of a single nesting beach due to resort development
or setting up of recreational facilities can have serious effects. In Malacca, the shoreline from
Kuala Linggi to Upeh has been recorded to be turtle nesting areas (Figure 2.16). An average
of 400 nests is recorded yearly by the Department of Fisheries Malaysia.
The nesting season for the green turtle (Chelonia mydas) is between April to August, where
there are 100 to 140 eggs per nesting. However, each female turtle only nests every two (2)
to three (3) years. According to Mortimer et al. (1993), hawksbill turtle (Eretmochelys
imbricata) has been found to nest during the months of February through September with a
peak during the months of May through July.
16
62801075-RPT-02
Description of the Study Area
Figure 2.16
2.2.2
Location of recorded turtle nesting areas
Seagrass
No seagrass has been reported within the study area. The nearest reported seagrass bed is
located north, at Teluk Kemang, near the shoreline of Port Dickson, Negeri Sembilan.
2.2.3
Corals
Coral reefs within the Straits of Malacca are generally poorly developed due to the highly
turbid water, mainly attributed to existing land clearing. In general, the existence of corals
within Malacca waters is limited around islands and nearshore areas only.
According to the Malacca Integrated Shoreline Management Plan (ISMP), the highest coral
reef coverage is found at Pulau Besar, which is located more than 50 km south from the
proposed project area. However, corals can be found along the nearshore areas along the
shoreline of Malacca, from Kuala Linggi until Pulau Besar Island Group.
The nearest recorded coral area to the proposed project area is located at Batu Tg. Serai
North and Batu Tg. Serai South, which are 500 m from the shoreline (Figure 2.17). The
ISMP described the corals as follows:
17



Coral distribution is reported to be fair, as high as 40% of coverage;
Corals included hard and soft corals, represented by at least five (5) dominant genera;
and
Reported coral species include massive coral (Trachyphyllia sp. and Lopophyllia sp.),
sub-massive coral (Goniopora sp. and Catalaphyllia sp.) and soft coral (Xenia sp.).
Figure 2.17
2.2.4
Coral reef distribution at Batu Tg. Serai North and Batu Tg. Serai South
Mangrove
The study area is located mostly within the Linggi Forest Reserve (Figure 2.18). The forest
reserve covers approximately 908 acres. The area extent of the forest reserve is
predominantly confined within Negeri Sembilan.
18
62801075-RPT-02
Description of the Study Area
Figure 2.18
Mangrove area
2.3
Human Environment
2.3.1
State Boundary
The proposed project is located within an area bordering the State of Negeri Sembilan on the
northern shoreline and the State of Malacca in the southern shoreline. At the present time,
no official marine boundary exists between the two states. However, the demarcation of land
boundary between the states is clear; where it is demarcated along Sg. Linggi according to
the principles of equidistance and it stops upstream of the river. Figure 2.19 shows the
indicative marine and land boundaries for the States of Negeri Sembilan and Malacca.
19
Figure 2.19
2.3.2
Malacca – Negeri Sembilan state boundary (land and marine)
Administrative Boundary
The State of Malacca is divided into three (3) administrative districts, namely Alor Gajah,
Jasin and Melaka Tengah (Figure 2.20). Each district is further divided into several Mukims.
The proposed project area is located within Mukim Kuala Linggi, District of Alor Gajah.
20
62801075-RPT-02
Description of the Study Area
Figure 2.20
2.3.3
Administrative district and mukim boundary in Malacca
Population Profile
In 2010, the Department of Statistics Malaysia reported that the total population in Malacca
stood at 790,136. Out of this, the District of Alor Gajah had a total population of 173,172. The
population within Mukim Kuala Linggi was 2,043.
Other key demographic information for Mukim Kuala Linggi is summarised as follows:



2.3.3.1
The largest ethnic group is the Bumiputera (90%), followed by Chinese (5%), Indian
(2%) and others (0.3%). Non-citizens made up 2.7% of the population;
The male population comprised of 51% of the population, while females constituted
49%; and
Total households were 501 while living quarters stood at 682.
Socio-Economic Activities
The current socio-economic activities within proposed project area are mainly agriculture,
tourism and fisheries. These are shown in Figure 2.21.
21
Figure 2.21
2.3.4
Land use within the proposed area
Population Areas
The population areas within the proposed project area are mainly fishing villages. These
areas are displayed in Figure 2.22.
22
62801075-RPT-02
Description of the Study Area
Figure 2.22
2.3.5
Settlements nearby the proposed reclamation
Aquaculture
Aquaculture activities within the proposed project area are located within the mangrove
areas upstream of Sg. Linggi. However, these are located within Negeri Sembilan area.
23
Review and Optimization of the
Proposed Layout
3
Review and Optimization of the Proposed Layout
The proposed development layout (Layout 1) provided by the client was evaluated to provide
feedback on the potential issues and proposed changes. A detail of the proposed initial
layout is presented in Figure 3.1.
Figure 3.1
3.1
Proposed reclamation for the development of Linggi Port (Layout 1)
Flow Conditions
Initial modelling works were conducted. An example of predicted current flow during high and
low tides are presented in Figure 3.2. Figure 3.3 presents the predicted maximum current
speeds and the differences were compared to the existing conditions which shows that the
difference in maximum current speeds due to the reclamation could go up to 0.3 m/s,
localised in the narrow channel between the reclamation and the coastline. Predicted change
in mean current speed is around 0.1 m/s as shown in Figure 3.3.
Both plots indicate that the changes of current speed only occur locally. The model results
show that the proposed works will not produce a significant modification of the flow
conditions; however the results indicated that the structure is not fully aligned to the
predominant current flow. This tends to cause weak currents to occur at the area south of
the reclamation which can subsequently lead to poor water quality conditions.
25
Figure 3.2
26
Predicted current flows along the proposed development area during high and low tide
levels
62801075-RPT-02
Review and Optimization of the
Proposed Layout
Figure 3.3
Mean current speed for existing (top), with proposed development (middle) and
difference in mean current speed (bottom)
27
Figure 3.4
Maximum current speed for existing (top), with proposed development (middle) and
difference in maximum current speed (bottom)
An optimised shape of reclamation has been evaluated (Layout 2), which includes a slight
rotation to align the reclamation with the predominant currents. Figure 3.5 presents the
original proposed reclamation layout overlaid with the optimised option. The optimised option
is aligned parallel to natural depth contour and eliminates the reclaimed connection to the
coastline. The tip of the reclaimed land is located at Sg Linggi river mouth to allow higher
28
62801075-RPT-02
Review and Optimization of the
Proposed Layout
flows along the channel in between the reclaimed land and the coastline. The predicted
current flow for Layout 2 is shown in Figure 3.6. A statistical maximum and mean current
speed over 14 days and the difference with respect to existing condition are shown in Figure
3.7. A comparison to identify the differences in mean and maximum current of proposed
development and optimised layout is shown in Figure 3.8 and Figure 3.9. Based on this plot,
the optimised layout allows current to flow through the narrow channel – therefore enabling
good flushing conditions and reduces the risk of poor water quality and sedimentation.
Figure 3.5
Proposed reclamation layout and reclamation optimized shape overlay on bathymetry.
Layout 1 (black) and Layout 2 (pink)
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Figure 3.6
30
Predicted flow condition for optimised reclamation shape during high tide (top) and low
tide (below)
62801075-RPT-02
Review and Optimization of the
Proposed Layout
Figure 3.7
Mean current speed for existing (top), with optimised layout (middle) and difference in
mean current speed (bottom)
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3.2
Figure 3.8
Differences in mean current speed for proposed condition (left) and optimised layout
(right)
Figure 3.9
Differences in maximum current speed for proposed condition (left) and optimised layout
(right)
Water Quality
When designing a development on a reclaimed land, it is important to evaluate potential
water quality issues that could lead to negative impacts of the development and the nearby
areas. Among the elements to be considered are:



Flushing capacity: Capacity of a system to flush away a pollution source
Retention time: Time required for a system to exchange a water volume. It is usually
related to enclosed environments
Sources of pollution, etc.: Relates to pollution sources, where areas with high pollution
require high flushing capacity and low retention time
The proposed reclamation will tend to reduce the flushing capacity of the area circled in red
(Figure 3.10) as a result of current flow blockage at where the reclaimed land extends to the
coastline. Based on the predicted current pattern, the reduction of maximum current in this
area is up to 0.3 m/s, which will lead to low flow circulation. A dispersion modelling exercise
has been carried to estimate the flushing capacity of the area around the reclamation area,
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62801075-RPT-02
Review and Optimization of the
Proposed Layout
by introducing a non-decaying source of pollution. Figure 3.11 shows the dispersion of the
pollution with the reclaimed land in place over a 3 day period.
The flushing capacity can be improved if it is without the reclaimed connection to the
coastline as shown in Figure 3.12. The figure shows the dispersion of the pollution over 3
days for the optimized reclamation shape.
Figure 3.10
Location of potential water quality issues
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34
Figure 3.11
Dispersion pattern for reclaimed condition
Figure 3.12
Dispersion pattern for optimised condition
62801075-RPT-02
Review and Optimization of the
Proposed Layout
3.3
Wave Conditions
Wave conditions at the proposed site have been modelled and it is observed that the
proposed reclamation will deter wave action from propagating into the nearshore areas –
therefore inducing a sheltering area mainly at Sg Linggi river mouth. The results of the
simulations are presented in Figure 3.13 and Figure 3.14 for NE and SW monsoon
conditions respectively. The results also show that the proposed reclamation will tend to
produce a sheltered area that could lead to some sedimentation.
Figure 3.13
Wave condition during NE monsoon condition for Layout 1
Figure 3.14
Wave condition during SW monsoon condition for Layout 1
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3.4
Coastal Morphology
The proposed reclamation will tend to cause some modifications to the sediment transport
pattern at the river mouth area. However, due to the present low sediment transport rates the
predicted changes are not expected to be significant. There will be an increase of sediment
transport at some areas and a reduction in others as depicted in Figure 3.15. The reduction
will be more significant along the sheltered areas where there are smaller wave actions.
Figure 3.15
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Sediment transport pattern for Layout 1
62801075-RPT-02
Review and Optimization of the
Proposed Layout
Figure 3.16
3.5
Sediment transport pattern for Layout 2
Conclusions
From the hydraulic point of view, the proposed development is feasible but it will require
optimisation. The optimisation can be carried out as part of the engineering design/EIA
process where hydraulic models are applied to minimize potential negative impacts that
could lead to negative conditions in the development itself and vicinity areas.
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