Relationships Among Components of Yield and - assbt

Relationships Among Components
of Yield and Quality of Sugarbeets
L. G. Campbell and J. J. Kern)f.
Re ce ived for Publication October 7, 1983
IN TRODUCTION
Recoverable sucrose/ha and r ecov erab le sucrose/ton are
of
pr im e economi c im p ortance to sugar b eet
(B e t a vulgaris
L .) prod u cers and processors , r e spectively .
rel a tionships
among
th e
Understanding
components of th e se
traits
is
necessary for ma ximizing progress in a b r eeding program or
as
a
bas is
Rec o v erable
is
for
rec ommending
sucro se/ton ,
determ in ed
con c entrat i on
by
management
practices .
a measure of sugar b eet q uality ,
su cro se
and
the
int erfe re
with
c on ce n tration
of v a rio u s impurities that
sucrose e x t r action ; pr ima ril y po tas sium , sodium and amino( Ca rruth e rs & Oldfiel d,
nitrogen
1962) .
Root yield a lso
inf lue nces recov erab le su c rose/ h a .
Al ex an d er
sug arbee t
traits
(197 1 )
dis c u ssed t h e
fac tors
influe ncing
q uality and in t e r actions that may
related t o q ualit y .
occur
ou t
th at s u gar s to r ag e o ccurs at the e x pe n se of r oot
to p
gro wth .
A
"high
to n n age "
c ultivar
Powe r s e t
al .
t otal
sol ub le
solids) were ne gat i vely
c h ar acters
postively
ch ar a ct ers
asso c iated .
wit h
as soci ate d
wi th
whic h
Powers
ni t rogen and pe rcen t
a nd
which
and
weight
positively
weig h t
per
root
c u l t ivar
(1963 ) found that
su c rose conc entr a t i on and purity (the ratio
those
and
co n sisten tly
produced more sucro s e/ha t han did a " hig h s uga r"
at va ri ous yie ld levels .
among
(19 5 4 ) poin t ed
Hi ll s et al .
of sucros e to
asso ci ~t e d
with
root
was
associated
wit h
per
wa s
Pa y ne (1964 ) found
neg a tively
that
total
s u cros e were ne g a tively associated in
*Contrib u t ion from USDA-ARS , in cooperation wi th the Agric . Exp . Stn .,
North Dakot a State Uni v.,
Fargo , ND 58105 .
Approved as Jou rn al
Paper No .
1273 .
Th e authors are Resea r ch Geneti c is t, Agricultural
Reserch Service , USDA , Fa rg o, ND 58105 , a nd Plant Br eeder , American
Crystal Sugar Co ., Moorhea d , MN 56560 , respectively .
JOURNAL OF THE A.S.S.B.T.
136
a study of 20 sugarbeet hybrids.
nitrogen
levels
content
were
the
and purity suggested that
not
concentration .
possible
Smith,
predominate
sucrose yield.
on
betaine,
weight
on
recoverable
than
purity
percent.
nitrate-nitrogen,
strongly
affected
purity.
The
of
the
relative
sucrose
was
In a study of the effect of
fertility level on yield and quality
of 28 genotypes,
Pathof
amino-nitrogen,
of the components of recoverable
compromise
purity
nitrogen
suggested that one or more
not changed by ploidy level.
nitrogen
high
total
and Martin (1979) showed
of root
sucrose
analysis
importance
low
between
Sucrose concentration had a greater effect
nitrogenous compounds;
or
without
Hecker,
effect
recoverable
coefficient
The association
components
Smith and Hecker (1973) concluded that a
maximum
root
weight
probably
necessary to achieve significant increases in
would
be
recoverable
sucrose/ton.
Campbell and Kern (1982) found minor differences among
cultivars
for
sucrose/ha
recoverable
compared
to
and
rather narrow ranges in percent purity in
should include sodium,
pointed
out
purity
potassium,
betaine,
amino-nitrogen,
contrast
They
suggested
any model developed to explain variation
nitrate-nitrogen,
and
in
wide
combinations
of
purity
and possibly
sucrose.
that there is no universal model to
over
the
Smith, Martin, and Ash (1977)
the components that affected purity.
that
recoverable
to the differences observed for
components of these traits.
found
sucrose/ton
They
explain
genotypes,
s~ils,
nitrogen fertility levels, and plant population densities.
Smith
and
Martin
significant
fertility
(1982)
nitrogen
(1977)
interactions
level,
found
and
and
an
among
low
relationship
percent.
incidence
cultivars,
plant densitites.
inverse
sucrose
observed a
This
of
nitrogen
Shore
et
between
al.
amino­
relationship
was
similar in sugarbeets grown on two contrasting soil types.
Dudley
and
Powers
(1960)
reported
a
strong
positive
association between sodium and potassium.
This
study
investigated
relationships
among
the
137
VOL. 22, NO.2, OCTOBER 1983
components
of economically important traits of commercial
sugarbeet hybrids
region,
the
grown in a major
Red
River
Valley
sugarbeet
of
North
production
Dakota
and
Minnesota.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
All
analyses were based upon commercial sugarbeet va­
riety trials conducted by American Crystal Sugar Company**
(Watkins,
ND;
1976) at Wahpeton, ND; Moorhead, MN; Hillsboro,
Crookston, MN; East Grand Forks, MN; and Drayton, ND,
from 1975 through 1978.
cluded:
HH 21,
GW Mono-Hy Rl,
ACH 14,
The following cultivars were in­
Bush Monofort, Bush Mono, GW Mono-Hy D2,
Beta 1934, Beta 1345, Beta 932, Beta 1443,
and ACH 17.
All cultivars were replicated
four
times within each environment.
Plots
were
plants/ha.
Percent
nitrogen
1962).
to
a
population
sodium,
determined
used
by
potassium,
calculate
minus
sucrose,
were
procedures
Sodium,
thinned
Row spacing was 56 cm.
the
by
Crystal
sucrose/ton
was
recoverable
to
Company.
were
used
to
& Oldfield,
total
sucrose/ton
Recoverable sucrose/ha
sucrose/ton
determine
amino-
laboratory
Sugar
know sucrose loss (Caruthers
Recoverable
Calculations
tare
amino-nitrogen
the know sucrose loss/ton.
equaled
and
potassium,
standard
American
and
58,710
of
Harvested area was 8.5
times
recoverable
root
yield.
sucrose/ton
and
recoverable sucrose/ha were based upon samples independent
of those used to measure the individual components.
A
combined
cultivar
effects,
cultivar
analysis
of
variance,
effects and random replicate
was
used
to
determine
the
assuming
and
significance
and cultivar x environment effects (Tai,
Path-coefficient analysis (Li,
fixed
environmental
1956; Dewey & Lu,
of
1971).
1959) was
used to measure relationships of components to recoverable
sucrose/ton
of
and recoverable sucrose/ha.
recoverable
sucrose/ton
were
The
sucrose,
components
sodium,
**Mention of a company or proprietary product does not constitute a
guarantee,
warranty,
or endorsement of the product by U.S.
Department of Agriculture.
JOURNAL OF THE A.S.S.B.T.
138
potassium ,
and amino-nitrog en conce n tration .
Root yield
as an additional component for recoverable sucrose/ha.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Means
for
recoverable
sucrose/ha
sucrose/ton a re presented in Ta b l e
recoverable
to
6954
recoverable
sucrose/h a ranged from 6262 kg/ha for
kg/ha for Bush Monofort .
highest
and
Cultivar means for
1.
rec o ve rable
ACH-14
ACH-14
e x h ib ited
t he
su c rose/ ton wi th 14 1
kg/metric
to n
c ompared to the low of 125 k g/metr i c ton for Beta 1934 .
An
0 . 05)
a nalysis
of
v a ri an ce
cultivar
eff ec ts
(P
characters
studied .
indicated
cultivars
environmental
nitrogen .
responded
conditions
all
significant
Significant cultivar x en vi r onment interactions
that
for
ind icated
differently
for all
to
traits
t he
varied
e xc e p t
amino-
Environmental me ans for r ecove rable s u crose/ha
ranged from 3661 kg/ha at Drayton in 1975 to 9202 kg/ha at
Crookston
in 1978 .
Cultivar x environme nt mean s
ranged
f r om 3260 kg/ha for ACH 17 at Drayton in 1 9 75 to 10334 f or
Bush
Mono fort
at
Hillsboro
in
1 977.
Recov er ab le
sucrose/ton environment means ran ged from 98 kg/ metric t o n
at
Wahpeton in 1 977 to 1 7 4 kg/met r ic ton at Wah p eton
Hi lls bo ro
in
environment
kg/metric
wi th
r eco vera ble
cul t iv ar
sucro s e/ton
with
x
184
compared to 91 kg/metric to n fo r Beta
19 34
Moorhead .
Si mple
shown
ACH-14 h a d the h ighes t
fo r
ton at Wahpeton and Hillsboro in 1975 and 197 6,
respectively,
in 1978 a t
1975 .
mea n
and
correlations
among the component
Root yield was posi tiv ely
in Table 2 .
amino-nitrogen ,
sodium,
and
traits
are
asso~iated
potassium ,
wh er eas
Table 2 . Correlation coefficients for yield and qua l ity components of
11 sugarbeet cultiv a rs .
Sucrose
Root yield
Sucrose
Amino-ni t rogen
Potassium
* , **
-0 . 54
**
Amino-nitrogen
0 . 55
-0 . 57
**
**
Potassium
0. 15
-0 . 19
0 . 30
Significant at P 0 . 05 and 0 . 01 , respect ively.
*
**
**
Sodium
0 . 31
-0 . 65
0 . 48
0 . 24
**
**
**
**
Table 1 .
<:
Cultivar means for recoverable sucrose/ha , recoverable sucrose/ton , and their components .
Cultivar
Recoverable sucrose
kg/ha
kg/metric ton
Root yield
metric tons / ha
Sucrose
%
AInino­
nitrogen
Potassium
0
r-
Sodium
ppm
ppm
ppm
Bush Mon ofort
GW Mono-Hy R1
Beta 1934
Beta 1443
Beta 932
Bush Mo no
HH21
Beta 1345
GW Mono-Hy D2
ACH-17
ACH-14
6954
6851
6817
6724
6722
6718
6709
6707
6651
6642
6262
136
132
125
131
129
131
12 9
135
131
130
141
51
52
55
54
53
53
52
50
52
52
45
15 . 8
15 . 3
15 . 0
15 . 4
15 . 3
15 . 3
15 . 3
15 . 8
15 . 2
15 . 1
16 . 3
688
716
757
747
760
701
715
732
749
690
708
2283
2143
2465
2433
2375
2341
2377
2360
2246
2160
2159
687
505
731
665
669
732
593
629
495
627
597
Mean
LSD05
6706
232
132
2
52
2
15 . 4
0 .2
724
29
2304
56
629
38
N
N
~
'2.
9
~
0
~
~
0
=
tr'l
~
~
00
~
-
~
~
JOURNAL OF THE A.S.S.B.T.
140
percent
Amino-nit
negat
11
t
3
0.96
0.05
01
o
O.
0 ..
o
0,06
O.
0.04
-0.04
-0 . 03
-0.
-0.07
-0.03
-0.02
-0.03
Sodium
O•
• 25
.04
-0.02
-0.1
Indicates correlation
141
VOL. 22, NO.2, OCTOBER 1983
root yield and sucrose
and
potassium
percent.
Amino-nitrogen,
were all positively correlated
other.
The
sucrose
percent
sodium,
with
each
negative correlation between root yield
improving both
indicated difficulty
recoverable
in
sucrose/ha
and
simultaneously
and
recoverable
sucrose/ton.
Estimates
of
direct
and
indirect
effects
of
the
components
on recoverable sucrose/ha (Table 3) revealed a
relatively
large positive direct effect of root yield
recoverable
direct
sucrose/ha.
effect
effect
of
Sucrose percent had
accompanied by a large
root
yield,
a positive
negative
resulting
from
indirect
the
negative
association between sucrose percent and root yield.
resulted
in
a
near
zero
correlation
percent and recoverable sucrose/ha.
narrow range of sucrose percent,
imply
on
between
This
sucrose
These results and the
relative to root
yield,
that root yield should be given prime consideration
in increasing recoverable sucrose/ha.
Increasing sucrose
percent would have a lesser effect because of the negative
association with root yield.
be
the
most
Amino-nitrogen appeared
important impurity component
with
only
to
a
minimal effect on recoverable sucrose/ha.
Path-coefficient
analysis of recoverable
sucrose/ton
(Table 4) emphasized the importance of sucrose percent.
major
direct
effect
and
a
high
correlation
A
between
recoverable sucrose/ton and sucrose percent were observed.
Amino-nitrogen
had a greater direct effect on recoverable
sucrose/ton than sodium or potassium .
ties
were
negatively
crose/ton.
the
The
three
indirect
correlated
with
All
impuri­
thre~
recoverable
su­
association between sucrose percent
and
impurities again is apparent in the
effects for sucrose percent on
the
negative
correlation
between the three impurity components.
While
for
root
the above analysis would indicate that
yield
and
sucrose must be
breeding or management program,
should
not
predominant
other quality
be completely disregarded.
The
concern
in
a
components
correlation
between recoverable sucrose/ha and recoverable sucrose/ton
JO URNAL OF THE A.S.S.B.T.
142
Table 4.
Correlations
and path-coefficients showing direct
and
indirect
effects of quality comp o nents on reco v erable
sucrose / ton (R 2 = 0 . 88) .
Character analyzed
Coefficien t
Sucrose % vs . recoverable sucrose/ton
direct effect
indirect effect via amino-nitrogen
indirect effect via potassium
indirect effect via sodium
Total correlation
0 . 75
0 . 13
0 . 02
0 . 01
0 . 91**
Amino-nitrogen v s. reco v erable sucrose / ton
di rect effect
indirect effect via sucrose %
indirect effect via potassium
indirect effect via sodium
Total correlation
-0 . 23
-0.42
-0 . 03
-0 . 01
-0.69* *
Potassium vs. recoverable sucrose/ton
direct effect
i ndirect effect via sucrose %
indirect effect via amino-nitrogen
indirect effect via sodium
Total correlation
-0 . 09
-0.14
-0.07
-0 . 01
-0.31**
Sodium vs. recoverable sucrose/ton
direct effect
indirect effect via sucrose %
indirect effect via amino-nitrogen
indirect effect via po tassium
Total correlation
-0 . 02
-0 . 49
-0 . 11
-0 . 02
-0 . 64**
** Indicates correlation coefficient is significant at P
0.01.
was near zero, indicating that relatively high per hectare
yields of
quality
management
and choice of
Mono-Hy Rl ,
significantly
ranged
from
sugarbeets are possible
Beta 1934,
cultivar.
Beta 1443 ,
Bush
with
Monofort,
GW
and Beta 932 were not
different for recoverable
sucrose/ha,
125 kg/metric ton to 136 kg / metric
recoverable sucrose/ton .
proper
ton
but
for
Bush Monofort had a high sucrose
p e rcent and low amino-nitrogen concentration.
GW Mono-Hy
Rl had low levels of the three impurities and near average
root
yield
and
sucrose.
Beta 1934 achieved
its
recoverable sucrose/ha by producing high root yields .
high
143
VOL. 22, NO.2, OCTOBER 1983
The
other
e x tent the observed relationships would apply
production
However ,
t he
involving
effect
areas
and
cultivars
is
not
to
kno wn.
results are in ge nera l agreement with those
other re gions and genotypes .
The
predomi n ant
of root yield upon r ec o verable sucrose/ha and
negative
percent
association
b et we e n
yield
and
the
sucrose
have b een o b serve d un d er diverse conditions
numberous
genotypes (Hills e t
Sm ith & He cker,
1963 ;
root
nitrogen
al.,
1973) .
1954 ;
The relative importance of
co ntaining compounds (in c lu d ing
a mino-nitrogen)
as impur i ties has been documented under varied
(Powers & Payne ,
1982 ).
The
1964 ; Smith & Martin,
role
wi t h
Powers et al .,
of nitrogen in
conditions
1977 ; Shore et al .
d e termining
sugarbeet
quality emphasi ze s the need for proper nitrogen fertili z er
manage ment .
The resu lt s ind icate that proce s sors seriously wanting
hig h quality beet s must b e willing to c ompens ate pr od ucers
for
the
decre a se
in
recoverable
associ a t e d with improved qu ali t y .
that
sucrose/ha
pro p er managem ent and c ultivar c hoice can
qua lity
at
a given level of
asso cia tion
scurose/ha.
infl u ence
The
negative
between sucrose and root yield probably
complicate bre e di ng for high quality and yield .
t he
usually
The data also indic a te
differing
relatively
levels
high
of
t he
yie ldi ng
var ious
cultivars
will
However ,
components
ind ic ates
in
the
possibility of some im pr ovement .
SUMMARY
Recoverable s ucrose/ton and recoverable sucrose/ha are
e con omi cally
processors
important
and
sucrose/ton
concent r ation
to sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris
produ c e rs,
is
a
of
respectively .
function of sucr o se
impurities
various
L. )
Recover ab le
percent
a nd
the
sodium ,
(e . g .
potass i um , and amino-ni tr ogen) that interfere with s uc rose
extrac tion .
Root
yi eld
determ ini ng
recoverable
environments
and
is
an
additional
suc r ose/h a.
Da ta
fa c tor
in
from
23
11 sugarbeet cu lt ivars were used
as
a
basis for exa mini ng re lati ons h i ps among these t r ait s. Pat h
coeffi c ient anal y sis indicated that variabi lit y in suc rose
JOURNAL OF THE A.S.S.B.T.
144 concentration
had
rose/ton.
The
on
ef
maj
ing
or
major
sucrose
ollowed
wa
were
concentration.
yield
each other and with
positively
sucrose
rogen
amino
re
and
tively
/ton
prime
considerat
large
luence
on
st
any attempt
in
to
leve
CITED
s aff
qua
George E.
t
Iowa • Iowa.
( ) Campbe 1, environment A.
T.
962.
beet qua
ty.
The
Sugarbeet.
XI
Comm. Internationale Technique de Sucrerie
p.
224-228.
sevier Publishing Co.,
( 3)
(1960).
York.
(4)
(5 )
and
Douglas R.
lation
and
component
of
Agron.
:51
J.
F.
and K.
th-coef
wheat
H.
ient
ss
John W. and LeRoy Powers.
Lu.
95 .
A
analysis
of
production.
960.
Am.
(6)
(7
J.,
L. M.
954.
sponse 0
type sugarbeet varie ies t
time of harvest.
Proc. Am.
8(1): 4-70.
F.
Soc.
A.
sugar
nitrogen leve
and
Soc.
Beet
,
C.
956.
The concept of path c
ficient
and
s impact on population genetics.
Biomet
s
1 : 90-21 .
145
VOL. 22, NO.2, OCTOBER 1983
(8 )
Powers ,
LeRoy and Merle G.
Payne .
tions
of levels of total nitrogen,
sodium in petioles and in thin juice
roots
per plot ,
percentage sucrose
apparent purity in sugarbeets .
J.
Beet Technol .
13 : 138-150 .
( 9)
LeRoy ,
W.
H.
Schmehl ,
W. T . Federer and
Powers ,
Merle G.
Payne .
1963 .
Chemical genetic and soil
studies
involving
thirteen characters
in sugar
beets .
J . Am . Soc . Sugar Beet Technol .
12 : 393-448 .
1964 .
Associa­
potassium ,
and
with weight
of
and
percentage
Am .
Soc . S u gar
---
(10) Shore , Mervyn , John Dutton , Barry Houghton and Garry
Bowler .
1982 .
How much is that
extra nitrogen
fertilizer
costing
you ?
British
Sugar
Re v iew
50(3) : 54-56 .
(11) Smith , G . A . and R . J . Hecker.
1973.
Components of
yield
of recoverable sugar i n random and
improved
sugarbeet populations .
Can . J . Plant Sci .
53 : 665­
670 .
( 12)
Smi t h ,
G. A. , R. J . He c ke rand S . S. Ma r tin .
1979 .
Effects of ploidy level on the components of sucrose
yield and quality in sugarbeet .
Crop Sci .
19 : 319­
323 .
(13) Smith,
G.
A.
and S . S. Martin .
1977.
Effects of
plant
density and
nitrogen fertility
on purity
components of sugarbeet .
Crop Sci .
17:469-472 .
(14) Smith,
G.
A .,
S. S. Martin and K.
A. Ash.
1977 .
Path
coefficient
analysis
of
sugarbeet
purity
components .
Crop Sci .
17 : 249-253.
(15) Tai,
George C .
1971 .
Genotypic stability analysis
and its applicaiton to potato regional trials.
Crop
Sci.
11:184-190.
(16) Watkins ,
R.
E.
1976 .
The 1976 coded commercial
sugarbeet
variety trials by American Cryst&l
Sugar
Company.
N.
D.
State Univ ., 1976
Sugarbeet Res .
and Ext . Reports 7:91-95.