Celebrities With Parasite Related Diseases

Transcription

Celebrities With Parasite
Related Diseases
by
Mary Jo Fahey
(layout draft, 1/31/16)
1
Front Matter
Publication Date, etc.
Dowse whether you have
permission to publish this document.
2
Table of Contents
Chapter 1: Introduction
Why a Book About Celebrities?
What Parasites Are Linked to Disease?
What Is the Conclusion?
How to Find PubMed Studies
Neem Iced Tea as a Natural Preventative (or Remedy)
How This Book Is Organized
Chapter 2: Cancer
Lung Cancer
Characteristics of Doctors (and Institutions)
Who Found "Mimicks"
References
References From My Collection of 481 Citations
Chapter 3: Eye Problems
Macular Degeneration
Cataract
References
Chapter 4: Heart Disease
Cardiovascular Disease
References
Chapter 5: Stroke
What is a stroke?
References
3
Chapter 6: Neurological Disorders
Parasitic Infections of the Brain Associated with Dementia
References
Chapter 7: Diabetes
Parasites Seem to Cause Similar Damage
References
Chapter 8: Lung Disease
Searching For Papers When Your Doctor Is In the Dark
References
Chapter 9: Kidney and Bladder Disease
Can Overactive Bladder Become Kidney Disease?
References
Reference From My Collection of 481 Citations
Chapter 10: Arthritis (Including Gout)
Most Common Forms of Arthritis
References
Chapter 11: Alcoholism
Alcoholism is Due to An Asymptomatic Roundworm Infection
References
Strongyloide References From My Collection of 481 Citations
Chapter 12: Mental Illness and Suicide
Conflict of Interests
References
4
Chapter 1
Introduction
B
Nowhere is it more true that
“prevention is better than cure,” than
in the case of parasitic diseases.
- The Parasites of Man, and the
Diseases which Proceed from
Them: A Textbook for Students
and Practitioners (1886)
ased on the number of scientific papers connecting
parasites to life-threatening diseases (I've found more
than 481), there must be an extermination agenda. The
papers have been published in peer-reviewed scientific journals
that are considered to be prestigious. Evidence that supports my
theory includes Albendazole, a favorite antiparasite drug that
costs almost $5,400 for the dose required to kill a parasite (600
mg. per day for 14 days).
Why a Book About Celebrities?
You would think that celebrities would have access to physicians
who read the latest studies in scientific journals, but strangely,
they do not. If the doctors of the stars read scientific papers,
they're not communicating what they know. Mark Twain described
a conspiracy as follows:
A conspiracy is nothing but a secret agreement of a
number of men for the pursuance of policies which
they dare not admit in public.
Upton Sinclair, Jr. (1878-1968), an American author who
wrote nearly 100 books, is the source of a well-known quote
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about the cause of what might be a blockage:
It is difficult to get a man to understand something, when
his salary depends on his not understanding it.
It appears that medical science will never “come clean” and admit
there is a secret. It is also unlikely that the public will read scientific
papers (they're dry and often difficult to read).
Without a medical expert to tell us the truth, a possible solution
may be to line up the medical histories of celebrities who have
had diseases linked to parasites. The scientific studies that link
the diseases to parasites (from scientists around the world) may
be considered circumstantial evidence. Here's a definition:
Indirect evidence that tends to establish a conclusion by
inference.
What Parasites Are Linked to Disease?
Small, microscopic parasites include bacteria, fungus, and
viruses. Larger parasites (worms) are called helminths that include nematodes (roundworms), cestodes (tapeworms) and trematodes (flatworms). Enormous numbers of species are parasitic.
For example, the total number of nematode species is estimated
to be about 1,000,000. Of these, 28,000 have been described with
over 16,000 that are parasitic in plants, animals and humans.
Over three hundred parasitic nematodes have been identified in
humans.
What is the Conclusion?
A naturopath named Dr. Hulda Clark (1928-2009) concluded
that all illnesses are related to parasite infection. Hulda wrote
about her investigations in several self-published books that were
sold in health food stores from the mid-1990s until she died of
mysterious circumstances in 2009. The scientists around the world
who publish papers linking parasites to disease, are, in effect,
agreeing with Hulda. Fortunately, for the sake of this project, the
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papers can be Googled (see instructions in the next section), and
the conclusions can be organized and summarized.
How to Find PubMed Studies
Suppose you, or a relative is diagnosed with a life-threatening
disease that your medical doctor says has “no cure” or, a “cause
that is unknown.” It's possible that he/she is clueless about
parasites because American doctors are taught that parasites
exist in third world countries (there are very few parasitologists
in the United States).
PubMed is a service of the US National Library of Medicine
that provides free access to MEDLINE, the National Library of
Medicine (NLM) database of indexed citations and abstracts to
medical, nursing, dental, veterinary, health care, and preclinical
sciences journal articles.
The MEDLINE database contains more than 25 million scientific
papers and they can be accessed through Google. In my experience,
about half of the papers in the PubMed database are free. Start
your Google searches with searches that include the following
parasites:
Herpes Virus
Toxoplasma gondii
Cryptococcus
Cytomegalovirus
Treponema pallidum
Borrelia
Taenia (cestode also known as a tapeworm)
Ascaris (nematode, or roundworm)
Toxocara (nematode, or roundworm)
Strongyloides (nematode, or roundworm)
Dirofilaria
Fasciola
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Start by typing in the name of the illness with separate searches
for each parasite. For best results, try to find the scientific name
of the illness. For example, heartworm infection (in animals and
humans) is known as dirofilariasis. Tapeworm infection of the
brain is called neurocysticercosis.
It is also helpful to know that scientists use scientific names of
parasites and add the suffix “iasis” to refer to a parasite infection.
For example, toxocariasis is an infection caused by larvae (immature worms) of either the dog roundworm (Toxocara canis), the
cat roundworm (Toxocara cati). Ascariasis is a disease caused by
a parasitic roundworm (Ascaris lumbricoides). Strongyloidiasis is
an infection caused by a nematode, or a roundworm (Strongyloides
stercoralis).
Neem Iced Tea as a Natural Preventative (or Remedy)
There are so many parasites, it is pointless to try to determine
an exact cause-and-effect. Adult worms lay hundreds of microscopic eggs every two weeks. A practical approach is to to use a
broad-spectrum herbal remedy such as Neem iced tea to kill
parasites, or to prevent them from getting established. For step-bystep instructions, see:
http://articles.x10.mx/neem_iced_tea_and_thyme_water_
instructions_04_22_15.pdf
Importance of Mercury Removal
It will be impossible to get rid of cancer if you have silver
fillings in your mouth. The silver in amalgam fillings
contains 50 percent mercury, 20 to 30 percent silver, as
well as trace amounts of tin, copper, and zinc.
The most dangerous metal that is used in dentistry is
mercury. Even though mercury has been a known toxin
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since the mid-1800s, the American Dental Association
maintains that, in the composition of the amalgam alloy,
mercury is nontoxic. The ADA maintains this position
even though there is evidence that mercury spreads to the
rest of the body.
The International Academy of Oral Medicine and Toxicology
(IAOMT) believes that it is not possible to create a “safe”
mercury amalgam, and the dentists in the IOAMT network
practice a biological approach to dentistry. Their Web site
contains a look-up feature that may be used to locate
biological dentists across the country (www.iaomt.org).
For political reasons, mercury poisoning is a subject that
never appears in the American media including books. The
few books that exist have been self-published by dentists
who have had the courage to confront the American Dental
Association.
Dr. Hal Huggins DDS (1937-2014) is the most famous
dentist who campaigned against mercury amalgams.
Huggins lost his license for refusing to place, or recommend placing, silver amalgams and refusing to recommend
or place root canals. Hugginsʼ book, It’s All in Your Head:
The Link Between Mercury Amalgams and Illness is sold in
health food stores, is available at Amazon.com.
Cancer is the #1 Disease-Related Killer of Pets
Cancer accounts for almost half of the deaths of pets over 10
years of age. Between 1975 and 1995, the incidence of bladder cancer in dogs examined at veterinary teaching schools in
North America increased six-fold. Thyme water kills parasites
in humans and it can also be used to keep pets healthy. For small
animals, add 2 drops of Thyme extract to a pet's water dish. Use
4 drops for medium-sized pets and 6 drops for large animals.
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How This Book Is Organized
Illnesses are organized in chapters and celebrities who have had
the condition are organized in the list below by last name:
1. Introduction
2. Cancer
Don Ameche, prostate cancer
Rene Angelil, throat cancer
Christina Applegate, cancer
Lance Armstrong, testicular cancer
Desi Arnaz, lung cancer
Kaye Ballard, cancer
Anne Bancroft, cancer
Brigitte Bardot, cancer
Count Basie, cancer
Kathy Bates, cancer
Barbara Bel Geddes, lung cancer
Harry Belafonte, cancer
Jack Benny, cancer
Ingrid Bergman, cancer
Beau Biden, brain cancer
Bill Bixby, prostate cancer
Shirley Temple Black, cancer
Jason Blake, leukemia
Humphrey Bogart, cancer
Joanne Borgella, endometrial cancer
Tom Bosley, lung cancer
Claude Gernade Bowers, leukemia
Ed Bradley, leukemia
Michael Brecker, leukemia
Eileen Brennan, cancer
David Brenner, pancreatic cancer
Yul Brenner, cancer
Tom Brokaw, cancer
William F. Buckley, Jr., cancer
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William C. Bullitt, leukemia
Raymond Burr, kidney cancer
Robin Bush, leukemia
Susan Butcher, leukemia
John Allan Cameron, leukemia
José Carreras, leukemia
Diahann Carroll, breast cancer
Rosemary Clooney, cancer
Ty Cobb, cancer
Johnnie Cochran, cancer
Nat King Cole, cancer
Nicholas Coleman, leukemia
Jackie Collins, cancer
Chuck Connors, cancer
Gary Cooper, cancer
Kevin Corcoran, lung cancer
Yvonne Craig, breast cancer
Wes Craven, brain cancer
Richard Crenna, pancreatic cancer
Michael Crichton, throat cancer
Sheryl Crow, cancer
Marie Curie, leukemia
Skeeter Davis, cancer
Richard Dawson, esophageal cancer
Robert De Niro, cancer
Sandy Dennis, ovarian cancer
Bob Denver, cancer
Colleen Dewhurst, cervical cancer
Walt Disney, cancer
Bob Dole, cancer
Jimmy Dorsey, cancer
Donna Douglas, pancreatic cancer
Michael Douglas, tongue cancer
Fran Drescher, cancer
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Roger Ebert, papillary thyroid cancer
Elizabeth Edwards, cancer
Jill Eikenberry, cancer
Duke Ellington, cancer
Melissa Etheridge, cancer
Chad Everett, lung cancer
Edie Falco, cancer
Farrah Fawcett, cancer
Peggy Fleming, cancer
Betty Ford, breast cancer
Daniel Fordice, leukemia
Bonnie Franklin, pancreatic cancer
Joe Frazier, liver cancer
Sigmund Freud, cancer
Ben Gazzara, pancreatic cancer
Robin Gibb, cancer
Rudy Giuliani, prostate cancer
Ahmad "Real" Givens, colon cancer
Lesley Gore, lung cancer
Frank Gorshin, lung cancer
John Gotti, cancer
Bette Grable, cancer
Billy Graham, cancer
Ulysses S. Grant, cancer
William N. Greer, leukemia
Merv Griffin, prostate cancer
Tony Gwynn, salivary gland cancer
Dan Haggerty, lung cancer
Larry Hagman, leukemia
Dorothy Hamill, cancer
Evan Handler, leukemia
Valerie Harper, lung and brain cancer, carcinomatosis
George Harrison, lung cancer
Susan Hayward, cancer
Christopher Hitchens, cancer
Dennis Hopper, cancer
Mo Howard, cancer
Hubert Humphrey, cancer
Chet Huntley, cancer
Jim Hutton, liver cancer
Jill Ireland, cancer
Burl Ives, cancer
Kate Jackson, cancer
Peter Jennings, small cell lung cancer (SCLC)
Steve Jobs, pancreatic cancer, adenocarcinoma
Angelina Jolie, cancer
Ann Jillian, cancer
Olivia Newton John, cancer
Andy Kaufman, lung cancer
Buster Keaton, cancer
DeForest Kelley, stomach cancer
Jim Kelly, cancer
Joan Kennedy, cancer
Ted Kennedy, cancer
John Kerry, cancer
Bruno Kirby, leukemia
Eartha Kitt, cancer
Ted Knight, colon cancer
Don Knotts, cancer
Hoda Kotb, breast cancer
Louis L’Amour, cancer
Michael Landon, cancer
Cynthia Lennon, cancer
Sondra Locke, cancer
Joan Lunden, cancer
Meredith MacRae, brain cancer
Nelson Mandela, cancer
Roger Maris, cancer
E. G. Marshall, lung cancer
Marcello Mastroianni, pancreatic cancer
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Louis Mayer, leukemia
Linda McCartney, breast cancer
Rue McClanahan, cancer
Roddy McDowall, lung cancer
Steve McQueen, cancer
John Mcvie, cancer
Audrey Meadows, lung cancer
Ethel Merman, brain cancer
Kylie Minoque, cancer
Robert Mitchum, cancer
Agnes Moorehead, cancer
Edward R. Murrow, cancer
Janet Napolitano, cancer
Taylor Negron, cancer
Ozzie Nelson, liver cancer
Lois Nettleton, lung cancer
Paul Newman, lung cancer
Pat Nixon, cancer
Louis Nye, lung cancer
Sandra Day O’Connor, cancer
Jackie Onassis, cancer
Jerry Orbach, prostate cancer
Sharon Osbourne, colon cancer
Jesse Owens, cancer
Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, leukemia
Arnold Palmer, cancer
Bruce Paltrow, throat cancer
Bert Parks, cancer
George Peppard, cancer
Dr. Drew Pinsky, cancer
Suzanne Pleshette, cancer
Sydney Pollack, metastatic stomach cancer
June Pointer, cancer
Colin Powell, cancer
Dick Powell, lymph cancer
Otto Preminger, lung cancer
Robert Preston, lung cancer
Vincent Price, cancer
Juliet Prowse, pancreatic cancer
Anthony Quayle, liver cancer
Gilda Radner, ovarian cancer
Tommy Ramone, lymphatic cancer
Nancy Reagan, cancer
Harry Reasoner, cancer
Lynn Redgrave, cancer
Robert Reed, colon cancer
Pee-Wee Reese, cancer
William Rehnquist, cancer
Ann Richards, cancer
Alan Rickman, pancreatic cancer
Cokie Roberts, cancer
Pernell Roberts, pancreatic cancer
Robin Roberts, breast cancer
Cynthia Robinson, cancer
Richard Roundtree, cancer
Nipsey Russell, cancer
Aaron Russo, bladder cancer
Babe Ruth, cancer
Dr. Oliver Sacks, liver cancer
Yves Saint-Laurent, brain cancer
Dick Sargent, prostate cancer
Telly Savalas, prostate cancer
Mike Schmidt, cancer
Charles Schulz, cancer
Winfield Schuster, leukemia
Stuart Scott, appendiceal cancer
Cybill Shepherd, melanoma
Ann Sheridan, esophageal cancer
Dinah Shore, ovarian cancer
Carly Simon, cancer
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Sam Simon, colorectal cancer
Frank Sinatra, cancer
Jaclyn Smith, cancer
Dame Maggie Smith, cancer
Tony Snow, cancer
Suzanne Somers, cancer
Dusty Springfield, cancer
Gloria Steinem, cancer
Pat Stevens, cancer
Ed Sullivan, cancer
Donna Summer, lung cancer
Carol Ann Susi, lung cancer
Patrick Swayze, pancreatic cancer
Wanda Sykes, breast cancer
Meshach Taylor, colorectal cancer
Craig Thomas, leukemia
Joe Torre, cancer
Mary Travers, leukemia
Linda Tripp, cancer
Forrest Tucker, cancer
Lana Turner, cancer
Robert Urich, synovial cell sarcoma
Garrick Utley, cancer
Porter Wagoner, cancer
Nancy Walker, lung cancer
Bill Walsh, leukemia
Charlie Watts, cancer
John Wayne, cancer
Gene Wilder, cancer
August Wilson, cancer
Pat Woodell, breast cancer
Garo Yepremian, cancer
Loretta Young, ovarian cancer
Jesse A. Younger, leukemia
Warren Zevon, cancer
3. Eye Problems
Rosanne Barr, glaucoma and age-related macular degeneration
Bono, glaucoma
Dame Judi Dench, age-related macular degeneration
Missy Elliot, Grave's Disease
John Goodman, cataracts
Mila Kunis, blind in one eye due to chronic Iritis
Larry King, cataracts
4. Heart Disease
Grace Allen, heart disease
Mel Blanc, heart disease
Toni Braxton, heart disease
James Cagney, heart disease
John Candy, heart disease
George Carlin, heart disease
Hoagy Carmichael, heart disease
Dick Cheney, heart disease
Bill Clinton, heart disease
James Coburn, heart disease
Howard Cosell, heart disease
Noel Coward, heart disease
Joan Crawford, heart disease
Bing Crosby, heart disease
Phyllis Diller, heart disease
Mike Ditka, heart disease
John Entwistle, heart disease
Douglas Fairbanks, Jr., heart disease
F. Scott Fitzgerald, heart disease
Henry Fonda, heart disease
Jerry Garcia, heart disease
Jennie Garth, heart disease
Benny Goodman, heart disease
Kelsey Grammer, heart disease
Andy Griffith, heart disease
J. Edgar Hoover, heart disease
Shemp Howard, heart disease
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Al Jolson, heart disease
Star Jones, heart disease
Danny Kaye, heart disease
Larry King, heart disease
Tommy Lasorda, heart disease
David Letterman, heart disease
Jerry Lewis, heart disease
Bela Lugosi, heart disease
Bret Michaels, heart disease
Carmen Miranda, heart disease
Rosie O’Donnell, heart disease
Roy Orbison, heart disease
Maureen O’Sullivan, heart disease
Regis Philbin, heart disease
George Plimpton, heart disease
Richard Pryor, heart disease
Burt Reynolds, heart disease
Charlie Rose, heart disease
John Steinbeck, heart disease
Elizabeth Taylor, heart disease
Mel Tillis, heart disease
Spencer Tracy, heart disease
Alex Trebek, heart disease
Johnny Unitas, heart disease
Luther Vandross, heart disease
Barbara Walters, heart disease
Jack Webb, heart disease
Shaun White, heart disease
Robin Williams, heart disease
5. Stroke
Chester A. Arthur, stroke
Mary Kay Ash, stroke
Lauren Bacall, stroke
Bob Barker, stroke
Ingmar Bergman, stroke
Candice Bergen, stroke
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Ernest Borgnine, stroke
Peter Boyle, stroke
Tedy Bruschi, stroke
Aaron Burr, stroke
Sebastian Cabot, stroke
James Cagney, stroke
Cab Calloway, stroke
Al Capone, stroke
Fidel Castro, stroke
Winston Churchill, stroke
Dick Clark, stroke
Nicolaus Copernicus, stroke
Howard Cosell, stroke
Broderick Crawford, stroke
E. E. Cummings, stroke
Charlie Daniels, stroke
Miles Davis, stroke
Charles Dickens, stroke
Kirk Douglas, stroke
Clive Dunn, stroke
Louis Farrakhan, stroke
Millard Fillmore, stroke
Tom Foley, stroke
Betty Ford, stroke
Gerald Ford, stroke
Glenn Ford, stroke
John Forsythe, stroke
Jim Fregosi, stroke
Ernest Gallo, stroke
James Garner, stroke
Barry Goldwater, stroke
Billy Graham, stroke
Cary Grant, stroke
Olivia De Havilland, stroke
Isaac Hayes, stroke
Hugh Hefner, stroke
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Thomas Hobbes, stroke
Gordie Howe, stroke
L. Ron Hubbard, stroke
Henry James, stroke
Rick James, stroke
Andrew Johnson, stroke
Lady Bird Johnson, stroke
Gene Kelly, stroke
Grace Kelly, stroke
Joseph P. Kennedy, Sr., stroke
Jack Kevorkian, stroke
Jake Lamotta, stroke
Burt Lancaster, stroke
Henry Cabot Lodge, stroke
Peter Lorre, stroke
Karl Malden, stroke
Patrick Moore, stroke
Richard Nixon, stroke
Alfred Nobel, stroke
Jack Paar, stroke
Louis Pasteur, stroke
Les Paul, stroke
Norman Vincent Peale, stroke
Minnie Pearl, stroke
William Penn, stroke
Kirby Puckett, stroke
Rowdy Roddy Piper, stroke
Della Reese, stroke
Oral Roberts, stroke
Jack Ruby, stroke
J. D. Salinger, stroke
Ariel Sharon, stroke
Charles Schulz, stroke
Maurice Sendak, stroke
Alexander Solzhenitsyn, stroke
Aaron Spelling, stroke
Joseph Stalin, stroke
Willie Stargell, stroke
Claude Levi-Strauss, stroke
Mel Tormé, stroke
John Tyler, stroke
Gore Vidal, stroke
Abe Vigoda, stroke
Kurt Waldheim, stroke
Eli Wallach, stroke
Mae West, stroke
Ted Williams, stroke
Woodrow Wilson, stroke
6. Neurological Disorders
Bud Abbott, epilepsy
Neil Abercrombie, epilepsy
Grover Cleveland Alexander, epilepsy
Muhammad Ali, Parkinson's
Steve Alten, Parkinson's
Jack Anderson, Parkinson's
Sparky Anderson, Parkinson's
Jacqueline Creed Archer, multiple sclerosis
Javier Artero, multiple sclerosis
Louise Arters, multiple sclerosis
April Arvan, multiple sclerosis
Jim Backus, Parkinson's
Ronde Barber, epilepsy
Tiki Barber, epilepsy
Stan Belinda, multiple sclerosis
Buddy Bell, epilepsy
Richard Berghammer, multiple sclerosis
Jackie Bertone, multiple sclerosis
Michael Blake, multiple sclerosis
Margaret Bourke-White, Parkinson's
Susan Boyle, epilepsy
Bill Bradbury, multiple sclerosis
Rachelle Breslow, multiple sclerosis
Charles Bronson, Alzheimer’s
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Nicky Broyd, multiple sclerosis
Martin Bruch, multiple sclerosis
Deborah Bruening, multiple sclerosis
Jack Buck, Parkinson's
Lindsey Buckingham, epilepsy
Clive Burr, multiple sclerosis
Caligula, epilepsy
Glen Campbell, Alzheimer’s
Dan Carnevale, multiple sclerosis
Johnny Cash, Parkinson's
Neil Cavuto, multiple sclerosis
Donal Coghlan, multiple sclerosis
Richard Cohen, multiple sclerosis
Sean Coman, multiple sclerosis
Perry Como, Alzheimer’s
Howard Cosell, Parkinson's
Carrel Cowan-Ricks, multiple sclerosis
Roland Cloutier, multiple sclerosis
Betty Cuthbert, multiple sclerosis
Salvador Dalí, Parkinson's
Deanna Davis, multiple sclerosis
Denise Davis, multiple sclerosis
Joan Didion, multiple sclerosis
Wayne Dobson, multiple sclerosis
Fyodor Dostoyevsky, epilepsy
Deborah Downey, multiple sclerosis
Khiawatha Downey, multiple sclerosis
Joe Doyle, epilepsy
Michel Dupuis, multiple sclerosis
Michael R. Duval, multiple sclerosis
Stanley Elkin, multiple sclerosis
Peter Falk, Alzheimer’s
Donna Fargo, multiple sclerosis
Lola Folana, multiple sclerosis
Bryan Forbes, multiple sclerosis
Michael J. Fox, Parkinson's
Francisco Franco, Parkinson's
Michael Frimkess, multiple sclerosis
Annette Funicello, multiple sclerosis
Roman Gabriel, multiple sclerosis
Teri Garr, multiple sclerosis
Sarah P. Gibbs, multiple sclerosis
Brenda Gildehaus, multiple sclerosis
Marianne Gingrich, multiple sclerosis
Danny Glover, epilepsy
Chrystal Gomes, multiple sclerosis
Beverly Graham, multiple sclerosis
Billy Graham, Parkinson's
Judy Graham, multiple sclerosis
Judy Grahn, multiple sclerosis
Nicola Griffith, multiple sclerosis
Robin Gurr, multiple sclerosis
William Hartnell, multiple sclerosis
Joseph Hartzler, multiple sclerosis
Eve Hayes, multiple sclerosis
Rita Hayworth, Alzheimer’s
Heinrich Heine, multiple sclerosis
Margaux Hemingway, epilepsy
Stewart Henry, multiple sclerosis
Lucien Hervé, multiple sclerosis
Charlton Heston, Alzheimer’s
Jimmy Heuga, multiple sclerosis
George Roy Hill, Parkinson's
Adolf Hitler, Parkinson's
Lena Horne, multiple sclerosis
Alastair Hignell, multiple sclerosis
Bob Hoskins, Parkinson's
Jennifer Huget, multiple sclerosis
Dr. Hal Huggins, D.D.S., multiple sclerosis
David Humm, multiple sclerosis
Frieda Inescort, multiple sclerosis
Brian Irvine, multiple sclerosis
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Valerie Jankowski Skrabut, multiple sclerosis
Dave Jennings, Parkinson's
Pope John Paul II, Parkinson's
Bobby Jones, epilepsy
Barbara Jordan, multiple sclerosis
Florence Griffith Joyner, epilepsy
Casey Kasem, Lewy Body Disease (dementia) and Parkinson's
Jonathan Katz, multiple sclerosis
Deborah Kerr, Parkinson's
Hal Ketchum, multiple sclerosis
Johnny Killen, multiple sclerosis
Susan Kisslinger, multiple sclerosis
Stanley Knowles, multiple sclerosis
David “Squiggy” Lander, multiple sclerosis
Carl Laemmle, Jr., multiple sclerosis
Ronnie Lane, multiple sclerosis
James LaRocca, multiple sclerosis
Melanie Lawson, multiple sclerosis
Margaret Leighton, multiple sclerosis
Vladimir Lenin, epilepsy
Wendy Lill, multiple sclerosis
Kathryn Lindskoog, multiple sclerosis
Robert Loggia, Alzheimer’s
Jack Lord, Alzheimer’s
William Masters, Parkinson's
Ernie McAlister, multiple sclerosis
Roger MacDougall, multiple sclerosis
Tom Magliozzi, Alzheimer’s
Nancy Mairs, multiple sclerosis
Natalie Mandzhavidze, multiple sclerosis
Maureen Manley, multiple sclerosis
Emily Mann, multiple sclerosis
Diana Markham, multiple sclerosis
John Medica, multiple sclerosis
Burgess Meredith, Alzheimer’s
Maxine Mesinger, multiple sclerosis
Laura Mitchell, multiple sclerosis
Mary Mullarkey, multiple sclerosis
John Mythen, multiple sclerosis
William Newman, multiple sclerosis
Ken Novak, multiple sclerosis
Paul Novoselick, multiple sclerosis
Cindy O’Connor, multiple sclerosis
Alan Osmond, multiple sclerosis
Jim Oelschlager, multiple sclerosis
John Pageler, multiple sclerosis
Lisa Peck, multiple sclerosis
M. Scott Peck, Parkinson's
Pope Pius IX, epilepsy
Jim Poulin, multiple sclerosis
Vincent Price, Parkinson's
Prince (musician), epilepsy
Richard Pryor, multiple sclerosis
Richard Queen, multiple sclerosis
Richard Radtke, multiple sclerosis
Jacques Raverat, multiple sclerosis
Ronald Reagan, Alzheimer’s
Jimmy Reed, epilepsy
Janet Reno, Parkinson's
Adam Riedy, multiple sclerosis
Madeline Rhue, multiple sclerosis
John Roberts, epilepsy
John Robson, multiple sclerosis
Doug Robinson, multiple sclerosis
Sugar Ray Robinson, Alzheimer’s
Fausto Rocha, multiple sclerosis
Ronald Rogers, multiple sclerosis
Linda Ronstadt, Parkinson's
Charlie Rose, Parkinson's
Wendy Carol Roth, multiple sclerosis
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Charles Schulz, Parkinson's
James Scofield, multiple sclerosis
Eric Simons, multiple sclerosis
Dean Singleton, multiple sclerosis
Keith Snyder, multiple sclerosis
Henry Steele, multiple sclerosis
Stephanie Stephens, multiple sclerosis
Kevin Stevenson, multiple sclerosis
Karen G. Stone, multiple sclerosis
Kelly Sutton, multiple sclerosis
Joan Sweeney, multiple sclerosis
Mike Szymanski, multiple sclerosis
Mitch Terpstra, multiple sclerosis
Terry Thomas, Parkinson's
Bobby Thompson, multiple sclerosis
Joe Torsella, multiple sclerosis
Pierre Elliott Trudeau, Parkinson's
Larry Tucker, multiple sclerosis
Yury Tynianov, multiple sclerosis
Mo Udall, Parkinson's
Norah Vincent, multiple sclerosis
Wally Wakefield, multiple sclerosis
Jackie Waldman, multiple sclerosis
Clay Walker, multiple sclerosis
Danny Wallace, multiple sclerosis
George Wallace, Parkinson's
Clifford T. Ward, multiple sclerosis
Rich Warden, multiple sclerosis
Lil Wayne, epilepsy
Robert “Wingnut” Weaver, multiple sclerosis
Maggie Weder, multiple sclerosis
Cathy Weis, multiple sclerosis
Paul Wellstone, multiple sclerosis
Edward Weston, Parkinson's
Maurice White, Parkinson's
Stephen White, multiple sclerosis
Paul Willey, multiple sclerosis
Montel Williams, multiple sclerosis
Robin Williams, Parkinson's
Victoria Williams, multiple sclerosis
Victor Willing, multiple sclerosis
Paul Wolfskehl, multiple sclerosis
Neil Young, epilepsy
7. Diabetes
Arthur Ashe, diabetes
Hoyt Axton, diabetes
Syd Barrett, diabetes
Marion Barry, diabetes
Menachem Begin, diabetes
Jack Benny, diabetes
Halle Berry, diabetes
Wilford Brimley, diabetes
J. Anthony Brown, diabetes
James Brown, diabetes
Delta Burke, diabetes
James Cagney, diabetes
Nell Carter, diabetes
Johnny Cash, diabetes
Carol Channing, diabetes
Dick Clark, diabetes
Ty Cobb, diabetes
David Crosby, diabetes
Miles Davis, diabetes
James Doohan, diabetes
Buster Douglas, diabetes
Thomas Edison, diabetes
Mama Cass Elliott, diabetes
Dale Evans, diabetes
King Fahd, diabetes
Freddy Fender, diabetes
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Ella Fitzgerald, diabetes
Mick Fleetwood, diabetes
Aretha Franklin, diabetes
“Smokin’ Joe” Frazier, diabetes
Jerry Garcia, diabetes
Joe Gibbs, diabetes
Dizzy Gillespie, diabetes
Jackie Gleason, diabetes
Mikhail Gorbachev, diabetes
Tom Hanks, diabetes
Ernest Hemingway, diabetes
Mike Huckabee, diabetes
Howard Hughes, diabetes
Marvin Isley, diabetes
Rick James, diabetes
Waylon Jennings, diabetes
Nicole Johnson, diabetes
Nick Jonas, diabetes
B.B. King, diabetes
Billie Jean King, diabetes
Larry King, diabetes
Ray Kroc, diabetes
Patti LaBelle, diabetes
Peggy Lee, diabetes
Tommy Lee, diabetes
Jerry Lewis, diabetes
Meat Loaf, diabetes
Marcello Mastroianni, diabetes
Jerry Mathers, diabetes
Curtis Mayfield, diabetes
Mary Tyler Moore, diabetes
Carroll O’Connor, diabetes
Minnie Pearl, diabetes
Elvis Presley, diabetes
Mario Puzo, diabetes
Della Reese, diabetes
Anne Rice, diabetes
Jackie Robinson, diabetes
Sugar Ray Robinson, diabetes
Anwar Sadat, diabetes
Ron Santo, diabetes
George C. Scott, diabetes
Art Shell, diabetes
Jean Smart, diabetes
Kate Smith, diabetes
Hank Stram, diabetes
Elizabeth Taylor, diabetes
Spencer Tracy, diabetes
Luther Vandross, diabetes
Jersey Joe Walcott, diabetes
Andrew Lloyd Webber, diabetes
H.G. Wells, diabetes
Mae West, diabetes
Neil Young, diabetes
8. Lung Disease
Jason Alexander, asthma
Loni Anderson, COPD
Tallulah Bankhead, COPD
Samuel Beckett, COPD
Leonard Bernstein, COPD
Walter Brennan, COPD
William F. Buckley, Jr., COPD
Harry Carey, COPD
Johnny Carson, COPD
Bill Clinton, asthma
Fyodor Dostoyevsky, COPD
King Edward VII, COPD
T. S. Eliot, COPD
Morgan Fairchild, asthma
Alan Ford, COPD
King George V of England, COPD
29
30
Arthur Godfrey, COPD
Frank Gorshin, COPD
John Huston, COPD
Don Imus, COPD
Billy Joel, asthma
Spike Jones, COPD
Boris Karloff, COPD
Diane Keaton, asthma
Dean Martin, COPD
Liza Minelli, asthma
Robert Mitchum, COPD
Garry Moore, COPD
Alfred Newman, COPD
Leonard Nimoy, COPD
Pat Nixon, COPD
Johnny Paycheck, COPD
Vincent Price, COPD
Jerry Reed, COPD
Del Reeves, COPD
R.J. Reynolds, Jr., COPD
R.J. Reynolds III, COPD
Dusty Rhodes, COPD
Norman Rockwell, COPD
Dennis Rodman, asthma
Chris Schenkel, COPD
Martin Scorsese, asthma
Allan Sherman, COPD
Mark Spitz, asthma
Barbara Stanwyck, COPD
Maureen Stapleton, COPD
Sharon Stone, asthma
Elizabeth Taylor, asthma
Gene Tierney, COPD
Ernest Tubb, COPD
Forrest Tucker, COPD
Christy Turlington, COPD
Bill Wilson, COPD
Amy Winehouse, COPD
Dick York, COPD
9. Kidney and Bladder Disease
Chester A. Arthur, kidney disease
Isaac Asimov, kidney disease
Edgar Bergen, kidney disease
Sarah Bernhardt, kidney disease
Manute Bol, kidney disease
Erma Bombeck, kidney disease
Ernest Borgnine, kidney disease
Art Buchwald, kidney disease
Julia Child, kidney disease
Steven Cojocaru, kidney disease
Buffalo Bill Cody, kidney disease
Natalie Cole, kidney disease
Gary Coleman, kidney disease
Howard Cosell, kidney disease
Sandra Dee, kidney disease
Dom DeLuise, kidney disease
Emily Dickinson, kidney disease
Marlene Dietrich, kidney disease
Sean Elliott, kidney disease
Freddy Fender, kidney disease
Bobby Fischer, kidney disease
Greta Garbo, kidney disease
Robin Gibb, kidney disease
Whoopi Goldberg, overactive bladder
Jean Harlow, kidney disease
Alfred Hitchcock, kidney disease
Howard Hughes, kidney disease
Samuel L. Jackson, overactive bladder
Kris Jenner, overactive bladder
Chiang Kai-shek, kidney disease
Stephen King, overactive bladder
C. S. Lewis, kidney disease
31
George Lopez, kidney disease
Douglas MacArthur, kidney disease
Norman Mailer, kidney disease
Walter Matthau, kidney disease
Ferdinand Marcos, kidney disease
Wahoo McDaniel, kidney disease
James A. Michener, kidney disease
Tracy Morgan, kidney disease
Alonso Mourning, kidney disease
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, kidney disease
Laurence Olivier, kidney disease
Marie Osmond, overactive bladder
Katy Perry, overactive bladder
Oscar Peterson, kidney disease
Cole Porter, kidney disease
Billy Preston, kidney disease
George P. Putnam, kidney disease
Lee Remick, kidney disease
Debbie Reynolds, overactive bladder
Tony Romo, overactive bladder
George Bernard Shaw, kidney disease
Neil Simon, kidney disease
Stephen Spielberg, kidney disease
Barry White, kidney disease
10. Arthritis (Including Gout)
Ansel Adams, gout
Benedict Arnold, gout
Lucille Ball, rheumatoid arthritis
Dr. Christiaan Barnard, rheumatoid arthritis
James Belushi, gout
Merideth Boyd, arthritis
John Calvin, gout
Chantal Chamberland, arthritis
Neve Campbell, arthritis
Charlemagne, gout
32
Dick Cheney, gout
Grover Cleveland, gout
James Coburn, rheumatoid arthritis
Samuel Taylor Coleridge, gout
Christopher Columbus, gout
William Congreve, gout
Bart Conner, arthritis
Leonardo Da Vinci, gout
Daniel Defoe, gout
Cosimo de Medici, gout
Charles Dickens, gout
Rudolf Diesel, gout
Benjamin Disraeli, gout
Raoul Dufy, arthritis
Allen W. Dulles, gout
Henry Fielding, gout
Charles James Fox, gout
Benjamin Franklin, gout
Frederick the Great, gout
Galileo Galilei, gout
Jennie Garth's daughter, Lola Ray, juvenile rheumatoid arthritis
Antoni Gaudi, arthritis
King George IV, gout
Edward Gibbon, gout
Goethe, gout
William Grayson, gout
Wayne Gretsky, arthritis
Alec Guinness, gout
Dorothy Hamill, arthritis
Alexander Hamilton, gout
John Hancock, gout
King Henry VIII, gout
Hermann Hesse, gout
Dorothy Hodgkin, arthritis
Byron Janis, arthritis
Thomas Jefferson, gout
33
34
Caitlyn Jenner, formerly known as Bruce Jenner, arthritis
Samuel Johnson, gout
Kublai Khan, gout
Sandy Koufax, arthritis
Shawn Lane, arthritis
Gottfried Leibniz, gout
Jared Leto, gout
Erik Lindbergh, rheumatoid arthritis
Carolus Linnaeus, gout
Nancy Lopez, arthritis
Camryn Manheim, rheumatoid arthritis
Karl Marx, gout
Kristy McPherson, arthritis
Michelangelo, gout
Phil Mickelson, psoriatic arthritis
John Milton, gout
Joe Namath, arthritis
Laurence Olivier, gout
Shaquille O’Neal, arthritis
Lord Palmerston, gout
Colonel Tom Parker, gout
Edith Piaf, arthritis
Albert Pike, gout
William Pitt the Elder, gout
Dennis Potter, arthritis
David Prowse, arthritis
Pierre-Auguste Renoir, arthritis
Peter Paul Rubens, arthritis
Rosalind Russell, rheumatoid arthritis
Nolan Ryan, arthritis
Richard L. M. Synge, gout
William Howard Taft, gout
Dylan Thomas, gout
Kathleen Turner, rheumatoid arthritis
Aida Turturro, rheumatoid arthritis
Martin Van Buren, gout
Queen Victoria, gout
Harry Warren, gout
Tina Wesson, rheumatoid arthritis
11. Alcoholism
Tim Allen, alcoholic
Tom Arnold, alcoholic
Drew Barrymore, alcoholic
Oksana Baiul, alcoholic
Tallulah Bankhead, alcoholic
Brendan Behan, alcoholic
Bobby "Blue" Bland, alcoholic
Maeve Brennan, alcoholic
Richard Burton, alcoholic
James Caan, alcoholic
Sid Caesar, alcoholic
Truman Capote, alcoholic
Nick Carter, alcoholic
Lon Chaney Jr., alcoholic
John Clare, alcoholic
Montgomery Clift, alcoholic
John Coltrane, alcoholic
Chris Cornell, alcoholic
Cherie Currie, alcoholic
Tony Curtis, alcoholic
Jeffrey Dahmer, alcoholic
Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, alcoholic
Sandra Dee, alcoholic
Robert Downey Jr., alcoholic
Kitty Dukakis, alcoholic
Patty Duke, alcoholic
Dominick Dunne, alcoholic
Steve Earle, alcoholic
Corey Feldman, alcoholic
W C Fields, alcoholic
Heidi Fleiss, alcoholic
35
36
Betty Ford, alcoholic
Tennessee Ernie Ford, alcoholic
Stephen Foster, alcoholic
Lefty Frizzell, alcoholic
Janeane Garofalo, alcoholic
Robert Goulet, alcoholic
Larry Hagman, alcoholic
Corey Haim, alcoholic
Richard Harris, alcoholic
Coleman Hawkins, alcoholic
Rita Hayworth, alcoholic
Robert Hichens, alcoholic
Philip Seymour Hoffman, alcoholican
Anthony Hopkins, alcoholic
Don Imus, alcoholic
Samuel L. Jackson, alcoholic
Billy Joel, alcoholic
Elton John, alcoholic
Joan Bennett Kennedy, alcoholic
Jack Kerouac, alcoholic
Rodney King, alcoholic
Sam Kinison, alcoholic
Kris Kristofferson, alcoholic
Peter Lawford, alcoholic
Meriwether Lewis, alcoholic
Richard Lewis, alcoholic
Sinclair Lewis, alcoholic
Jack London, alcoholic
Rob Lowe, alcoholic
Lorna Luft, alcoholic
Paul Lynde, alcoholic
Shane MacGowan, alcoholic
Herman J. Mankiewicz, alcoholic
Mickey Mantle, alcoholic
Ann-Margret, alcoholic
Clyde McPhatter, alcoholic
Robert Mitchum, alcoholic
Keith Moon, alcoholic
Tracy Morgan, alcoholic
Kate Moss, alcoholic
Modest Mussorgsky, alcoholic
Nick Nolte, alcoholic
Phil Ochs, alcoholic
Jack Osbourne, alcoholic
Ozzy Osbourne, alcoholic
Peter O'Toole, alcoholic
Charlie Parker, alcoholic
Joaquin Phoenix, alcoholic
John Phillips, alcoholic
Mackenzie Phillips, alcoholic
Edgar Allan Poe, alcoholic
Jackson Pollock, alcoholic
Dennis Quaid, alcoholic
Red Jacket, alcoholic
Charlie Rich, alcoholic
Charlie Sheen, alcoholic
Sam Sheppard, alcoholic
Bessie Smith, alcoholic
Dusty Springfield, alcoholic
Cat Stevens, alcoholic
Patrick Swayze, alcoholic
Jodie Sweetin, alcoholic
John Taylor, alcoholic
Dylan Thomas, alcoholic
Hunter S. Thompson, alcoholic
Mike Tyson, alcoholic
Keith Urban, alcoholic
Maurice Utrillo, alcoholic
Eddie Van Halen, alcoholic
Stevie Ray Vaughan, alcoholic
Little Walter, alcoholic
37
Ben Webster, alcoholic
T.H. White, alcoholic
Hank Williams, alcoholic
Tennessee Williams, alcoholic
Dennis Wilson, alcoholic
Amy Winehouse, alcoholic
Jonathan Winters, alcoholic
Ron Wood, alcoholic
Sean Young, alcoholic
Yitzhak Zuckerman, alcoholic
12. Mental Illness and Suicide
Ansel Adams, depression
John Adams, depression
Lionel Aldridge, schizophrenia
Buzz Aldrin, depression
Buzz Aldrin, Bipolar disorder
Prince Alfred of Edinburgh, suicide
Woody Allen, depression
Hans Christian Andersen, depression
Adam Ant, Bipolar disorder
Mark Antony, suicide
Antoin Artaud, schizophrenia
Alec Baldwin, depression
Christian Bale, depression
Syd Barrett, schizophrenia
Amanda Beard, depression
Ned Beatty, Bipolar disorder
Ludwig Von Beethoven, Bipolar disorder
Chris Benoit, suicide
Ingmar Bergman, depression
Halle Berry, depression
William Blake, depression
Charles Bolden, schizophrenia
Jon Bon Jovi, depression
38
Terry Bradshaw, depression
Zach Braff, depression
Russell Brand, Bipolar disorder, depression
Eva Braun, suicide
Chris Brown, Bipolar disorder
Art Buchwald, Bipolar disorder, depression
Delta Burke, depression
Tim Burton, Bipolar disorder
Barbara Bush, depression
Amanda Bynes, Bipolar disorder, depression
Truman Capote, depression
Drew Carey, depression
Jim Carrey, Bipolar disorder, depression
Karen Carpenter, depression
David Carradine, suicide
Johnny Carson, depression
Dick Cavett, Bipolar disorder, depression
Raymond Chandler, depression
Ray Charles, depression
Frederic Chopin, depression
Agatha Christie, depression
Winston Churchill, Bipolar disorder, depression
Eric Clapton, depression
Cleopatra, suicide
Grover Cleveland, depression
Rosemary Clooney, Bipolar disorder
Kurt Cobain, Bipolar disorder, depresion, suicide
Leonard Cohen, depression
Joseph Conrad, depression
Calvin Coolidge, depression
Francis Ford Coppola, Bipolar disorder
Billy Corgan, depression
Don Cornelius, suicide
Courteney Cox, depression
Sheryl Crow, depression
John Daly, Bipolar disorder
39
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Rodney Dangerfield, depression
Bobby Darin, depression
Charles Darwin, depression
Larry David, depression
Ray Davies, Bipolar disorder
Edgar Degas, depression
Ellen DeGeneres, depression
Francisco de Goya, depression
Guy de Maupassant, depression
John Denver, depression
Johnny Depp, depression
Princess Diana, depression
Charles Dickens, Bipolar disorder, depression
Emily Dickinson, depression
Micky Dolenz, depression
Fyodor Dostoyevsky, depression
Robert Downey Jr., Bipolar disorder
Richard Dreyfuss, Bipolar disorder
Kitty Dukasis, Bipolar disorder
Patty Duke, Bipolar disorder
Kirsten Dunst, depression
Bob Dylan, depression
Thomas Eagleton, Bipolar disorder, depression
George Eastman, suicide
Blake Edwards, depression
Eduard Einstein, schizophrenia
T. S. Eliot, depression
Queen Elizabeth II, depression
Ralph Waldo Emerson, Bipolar disorder
Eminem, depression
Roger Kynard Erickson, schizophrenia
Colin Farrell, depression
William Faulkner, depression
Craig Ferguson, depression
Carrie Fisher, Bipolar disorder
Larry Flynt, Bipolar disorder
Betty Ford, depression
Harrison Ford, depression
Connie Francis, Bipolar disorder
Stephen Fry, Bipolar disorder
Peter Gabriel, Bipolar disorder, depression
Greta Garbo, depression
Judy Garland, depression
Paul Gauguin, depression
Marvin Gaye, depression
Paul Getty, depression
Kaye Gibbons, Bipolar disorder
Mel Gibson, Bipolar disorder
Vincent Van Gogh, Bipolar disorder
Jane Goodall, depression
Andy Goram, schizophrenia
James Beck Gordon, schizophrenia
Tipper Gore, depression
Phil Graham, Bipolar disorder
Spalding Gray, depression
Peter Green, schizophrenia
Graham Greene, Bipolar disorder, depression
Shecky Greene, Bipolar disorder
Peter Gregg, Bipolar disorder
Ken Griffey Jr., depression
Linda Hamilton, Bipolar disorder
Jon Hamm, depression
Dorothy Hamill, depression
Darrell Hammond, schizophrenia
George Handel, Bipolar disorder
George Fredrick Handel, Bipolar disorder
Hannibal, suicide
Tom Harrell, schizophrenia
Mariette Hartley, Bipolar disorder
Elizabeth Hartman, depression
Anne Hathaway, depression
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42
Goldie Hawn, depression
Ernest Hemingway, Bipolar disorder, depression, suicide
Margaux Hemingway, depression, suicide
Florence Henderson, depression
Jimi Hendrix, Bipolar disorder
Audrey Hepburn, depression
Bill Hicks, depression
Heinrich Himmler, suicide
Adolf Hitler, suicide
Abbie Hoffman, Bipolar disorder, suicide
Dustin Hoffman, depression
Tuomas Holopainen, depression
Sir Anthony Hopkins, depression
Janis Ian, depression
Natalie Imbruglia, depression
Jack Irons, Bipolar disorder
Andrew Jackson, depression
Janet Jackson, depression
Jesse Jackson, Jr., Bipolar disorder
Henry James, depression
William James, depression
Thomas Jefferson, depression
Richard Jeni, depression, suicide
Billy Joel, depression
Elton John, depression
Lyndon B. Johnson, depression
Samuel Johnson, depression
Angelina Jolie, depression
Catherine Zeta-Jones, Bipolar disorder
Ashley Judd, depression
Franz Kafka, depression
Brian Keith, suicide
John Keats, Bipolar disorder, depression
Jack Kerouac, schizophrenia
Alicia Keys, depression
Margot Kidder, Bipolar disorder
Tawny Kitaen, depression
Beyoncé Knowles, depression
Kris Kristofferson, depression
Alan Ladd, depression
Hugh Laurie, depression
Martin Lawrence, depression
Vivien Leigh, Bipolar disorder
John Lennon, depression
David Letterman, depression
Richard Lewis, depression
Bill Lichtenstein, Bipolar disorder
Abraham Lincoln, depression
Mary Todd Lincoln, schizophrenia
Heather Locklear, depression
Jack London, Bipolar disorder
Demi Lovato, Bipolar disorder
Courtney Love, depression
Henri Matisse, depression
Kevin McDonald, Bipolar disorder
Ewan McGregor, depression
Kristy McNichol, Bipolar disorder
Joe Meek, schizophrenia
Herman Melville, depression
Burgess Meredith, Bipolar disorder
George Michael, depression
Michelangelo, depression
Spike Milligan, Bipolar disorder
Kylie Minogue, depression
William Chester Minor, schizophrenia
Carmen Miranda, depression
Claude Monet, depression
Marilyn Monroe, Bipolar disorder, depression
Alanis Morissette, depression
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44
Morrissey, depression
Bob Mosley, schizophrenia
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, depression
Edvard Munch, Bipolar disorder
Robert Munsch, Bipolar disorder
John Nash, schizophrenia
Ilie Nastase, Bipolar disorder
Aaron Neville, depression
Isaac Newton, depression
Friedrich Nietzsche, Bipolar disorder, depression
Florence Nightingale, Bipolar disorder
Vaclav Nijinsky, schizophrenia
Alfred Nobel, depression
Kim Novak, Bipolar disorder
Conan O’Brien, depression
Sinéad O’Connor, Bipolar disorder, depression
Rosie O’Donnell, depression
Tatum O’Neal, depression
Eugene O’Neill, depression
Robert Oppenheimer, depression
Ozzy Osbourne, depression
Marie Osmond, depression
Patton Oswalt, depression
Gwyneth Paltrow, depression
Dolly Parton, depression
Jane Pauley, Bipolar disorder
T. Boone Pickens, Jr., depression
Franklin Pierce, depression
Jimmy Piersail, Bipolar disorder
Brad Pitt, depression
Sylvia Plath, Bipolar disorder, depression, suicide
Edgar Allen Poe, Bipolar disorder, depression
Jackson Pollock, Bipolar disorder, depression
Meera Popkin, schizophrenia
Lisa Marie Presley, depression
Charley Pride, Bipolar disorder, depression
Freddie Prinze, suicide
Richard Pryor, depression
Sergei Rachmaninoff, depression
Christina Ricci, depression
Anne Rice, depression
Little Richard, depression
Jeannie C. Riley, Bipolar disorder
Joan Rivers, depression
Lynne Rivers, Bipolar disorder
John D. Rockefeller, depression
Theodore Roethke, Bipolar disorder
Theodore Roosevelt, Bipolar disorder
Axl Rose, Bipolar disorder
Mark Rothko, depression, suicide
J. K. Rowling, depression
RuPaul, depression
Winona Ryder, depression
J. D. Salinger, depression
Francesco Scavullo, Bipolar disorder
Charles Schulz, depression, Robert Schumann, Bipolar disorder, depression
Junior Seau, suicide
Monica Seles, depression
Anne Sexton, depression
Frances Sherwood, Bipolar disorder
Brooke Shields, depression
Sarah Silverman, depression
DMX Earl Simmons, Bipolar disorder
Don Simpson, Bipolar disorder
Frank Sinatra, Bipolar disorder
Anna Nicole Smith, depression
Brittany Snow, depression
Socrates, suicide
Suzanne Somers, depression
Britney Spears, depression
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46
Phil Spector, Bipolar disorder
Alexander Spence, schizophrenia
Dusty Springfield, Bipolar disorder
Bruce Springsteen, depression
Gwen Stefani, depression
Rod Steiger, depression
Ben Stiller, Bipolar disorder
Sting, Bipolar disorder
Darryl Strawberry, Bipolar disorder, depression
Donna Summer, depression
Louis Székely (aka Louis C.K.), depression
James Taylor, depression
Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky, depression
Emma Thompson, depression
Hunter S. Thompson, suicide
Uma Thurman, depression
Gene Tierney, Bipolar disorder
Leo Tolstoy, depression
Margaret Trudeau, Bipolar disorder
Alan Turing, suicide
Ted Turner, Bipolar disorder
Mark Twain, Bipolar disorder, depression
Mike Tyson, depression
Tracy Ullman, Bipolar disorder
Jean-Claude Van Damme, Bipolar disorder
Vincent van Gogh, depression, suicide
Eddie Vedder, depression
Herve Villechaize, suicide
Kurt Vonnegut, depression
Mark Vonnegut, schizophrenia
Tom Waits, Bipolar disorder
Mike Wallace, depression
Rick Warren, depression
George Washington, depression
Jerry West, depression
Walt Whitman, depression
Oscar Wilde, depression
Robin Williams, Bipolar disorder, depression, suicide
Rose Williams, schizophrenia
Tennessee Williams, depression
Wendy O. Williams, suicide
William Carlos Williams, depression
Brian Wilson, Bipolar disorder, depression
Carnie Wilson, depression
Owen Wilson, depression
Amy Winehouse, Bipolar disorder
Oprah Winfrey, depression
Jonathon Winters, Bipolar disorder
Reese Witherspoon, depression
Virginia Woolf, Bipolar disorder, depression, suicide
Townes Van Zandt, Bipolar disorder
Boris Yeltsin, depression
Lee Thompson Young, suicide Ansel Adams, depression
Sample Searches
When I started this project, I planned to do searches for every
illness against twelve different parasites. I soon realized that I
needed to scale the project to sample searches for each chapter.
As I mentioned at the beginning of this chapter, there are so many
parasites (that also lay eggs), it is pointless to try to establish an
exact cause and effect. Scientific studies provide proof that parasite
infections exist (often without symptoms). Once you understand the
size and significance of the threat, the next step is to use an herbal
antiparasite remedy (or high frequency energy).
47
Notes
48
Chapter 2
Cancer
With over 3 million women battling
breast cancer today, everywhere you turn
there is a mother, daughter, sister,
or friend who has been affected
by breast cancer.
- Betsey Johnson
A
s you can see in the previous chapter, the list of celebrities
who have had cancer is longer than any of the other lists.
Parasites cause cancer, but parasitology is considered
equivalent to tropical medicine.
The American Cancer Society's Web site contains the
names of three parasites that are implicated in cancer
(See: “Parasites that can lead to cancer,” cancer.org). Google
searches that access the National Library of Medicine's MEDLINE database (PubMed) indicate that there are far more than
three parasites linked to cancer. As described in the previous
chapter, there are thousands of parasitic species. It is important to
remember that parasitic infections can be treated and resolved.
Anyone can search the MEDLINE database. Links that are returned
provide references, abstracts and, in some cases, full text of papers
that are published in peer-reviewed journals.
Lung Cancer
Lung cancers, also known as bronchogenic carcinomas
(“carcinoma” is another term for cancer), have four major cell
49
types: adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, undifferentiated
large cell carcinoma, and small cell carcinoma.
A Google search on “bronchogenic carcinoma” and “Herpes Virus”
turned up two scientific papers that implicate a virus connection
to lung cancer (1, 2) (See: References at the end of this chapter).
A Google search on “bronchogenic carcinoma” and “Toxoplasma
gondii” turned up a paper about the prevalence of T. gondii in
cancer patients revealing infection in twice the number than
in controls with the highest prevalence in lung cancer patients
(60.94%) (3).
A Google search on “bronchogenic carcinoma” and “Cryptococcus”
turned up a paper describing cryptococcosis “mimicking” primary
lung cancer (4) (my list of 481 citations contains 9 journal article
titles containing the word mimick).
A Google search on “bronchogenic carcinoma” and “cytomegalovirus” also turned up a paper describing cytomegalovirus pneumonia “mimicking” lung cancer and another paper describing a
cytomegalovirus infection masquerading as carcinoma in a lung
transplant patient (5,6).
A Google search on “bronchogenic carcinoma” and “Treponema
pallidum” turned up a paper describing pulmonary botryomycosis
mimicking bronchogenic carcinoma of the lung. According to
Wikipedia, botryomycosis; also known as bacterial pseudomycosis
is a rare chronic granulomatous bacterial infection that affects the
skin, and sometimes the viscera (7).
A Google search on “bronchogenic carcinoma” and “Strongyloides”
turned up a paper describing pulmonary strongyloidiasis mimicking
metastatic lung cancer (8).
A Google search on “bronchogenic carcinoma” and “Dirofilaria”
turned up a paper describing dog heartworm (Dirofilaria immitis)
masquerading as lung carcinoma (9).
50
Fasciola hepatica appears in a chart created for a paper titled
“Helminthic infections mimicking malignancy: a review of
published case reports” (10). According to this review, fasciola
hepatica is associated with carcinomatosis. Valerie Harper has
had lung (and brain) carcinomatosis.
Characteristics of Doctors (and Institutions) Who Found "Mimicks"
Who are the doctors finding mimicks? And, where do they work?
PubMed abstract pages contain an Author Information Display
below the authorsʼ names. This supplemental information about
the authors appears as drop-down text when you click on “Author
Information.” Although this extra block of information is designed
to hold the name(s) of the authorsʼ institutions, not all PubMed
entries contain this extra information.
Two of the ten references in this chapter had no additional author
information. Seven of the remaining eight references contain the
words “mimicking” or “masquerading.” Of these, four are from
countries outside of the United States. Of the institutions listed
in the papers written by Americans, the Mayo Clinic is the most
In 2008, Fox News in Phoenix reported the story about Rosemary Alvarez's brain
tumor that turned out to be a worm. Watch the thorough report on YouTube:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sJCh7bR1Nf0
51
prestigious medical research group. The other two are the University of Texas Health Center and the University of South Florida
College of Public Health.
The doctors who found parasitic infections “mimicking” or
“masquerading” malignancies are thorough. Many use tests such as
the enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA) protocol to find
parasite antibodies. My guess is that this diagnotic approach is due
to the fact that patients in countries such as China and Korea are not
insured. Drug treatment for parasites outside the United States is
inexpensive. Albendazole seems to be the drug-of-choice in many
of the parasite studies and the wholesale price for a 200 mg. tablet is
less than 5 cents. The retail price of a 200 mg. Albendazole tablet in
the United States is more than $120 (Walgreens). The required dose
is 600 mg. per day for fourteen days.
References
1. “Herpes zoster and small cell bronchogenic carcinoma,” M.
Huberman, et al., Am J Med. 1980 Feb;68(2):214-8.
2. “Evidence that respiratory tract is major reservoir for
Epstein-Barr virus,” W. Cong, et al., Lancet 1985 Apr
20;1(8434):889-92.
3. “Toxoplasma gondii infection in cancer patients:
prevalence, risk factors, genotypes and association with
clinical diagnosis,” W. Cong, et al., Cancer Letters, 2015
Apr 10;359(2):307-13.
4. “Pulmonary Cryptococcosis Mimicking Primary Lung
Cancer with Multiple Lung Metastases,” Yu Seung Kim,
M.D, et al., Tuberculosis and respiratory diseases, 2012 Sep;
73(3): 182–186.
5. “Cytomegalovirus pneumonia mimicking lung cancer in an
immunocompetent host,” H. Karakelides, et al., Mayo Clinic
Proceedings, 2003 Apr;78(4):488-90.
52
6. “Cytomegalovirus Infection Masquerading as Carcinoma in
a Lung Transplant Patient,” Timothy Craig Allen, MD, et al.,
Archives of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Vol 129,
January 2005.
7. “Pulmonary Botryomycosis Mimicking Bronchogenic
Carcinoma of the Lung,” Ali Alavi Foumani, et al., NRITLD,
National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung
Disease, Iran, Tanaffos 2013; 12(3): 62-64.
8. “Pulmonary Strongyloidiasis Mimicking Cancer Symptoms:
A Case of Hyperinfection in a Patient With Metastatic Lung
Cancer,” Federica Bertolini, MD, et al., American Journal of
Clinical Oncology, June 2008 - Volume 31 - Issue 3 - pp 308309.
9. “Infectious Pulmonary Nodules Mimicking Lung Carcinoma,” Robert D. Allison, MPH, et al., Infections in Medicine,
2004;21(4).
10.“Helminthic infections mimicking malignancy: a review of
published case reports,” Florian H. Pilsczek, J Infect Dev
Ctries 2010; 4(7):425-429.
A nematode called Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) has been used in
genetics research since 1974. The worm's genome overlaps the human genome.
If this nematode's genome overlaps the human genome, how can a pathogist
determine that a tissue biopsy is human tissue? (Nematoda is the name of a
phylum that includes an estimated 1,000,000 species). C. elegans lays eggs
about every two weeks.
53
Parasite eradication with high-frequency sound waves is a promising method that
is described in a study conducted at Tehran University. The authors of the study
killed nematodes in 12 minutes using a Bransonic sonicator (above left) that
pulses 42 KHz of sound energy into a stainless steel tank that is filled with water.
“Inactivation of Nematodes by Ultrasonic,” A.H. Mahvi, Journal of Medical
Sciences, 2005, Volume: 5, Issue: 2, 75-77.
High freequency energy can also be generated with a Rife device (above right)
invented by Royal Raymond Rife (1888-1971), an American inventor who used
high-frequency energy to kill pathogens in late 1930s. Rife devices are available
for sale on the Web.
The following citations are from a 33 page document containing
citations to studies that link parasites to various diseases. The
numbers are the same as the PDF document:
http://articles.x10.mx/pub_med_ref_parasite_studies_06_14.pdf.
232. “Malignant Rhodesian trypanosomiasis,” Janssens PG and
De Muynck A., Ann Soc Belg Med Trop. 1977;57(6):589-92.
233. “Malignant, non-hodgkin’s lymphomas in trypanosoma
cruzi-infected rabbits treated with nitroarenes,” A.R.L. Teixeira, et al., Journal of Comparative Pathology, Volume 103,
Issue 1, July 1990, Pages 37–48
54
234. “Localised myelitis caused by visceral larva migrans due to
Ascaris suum masquerading as an isolated spinal cord tumour,” M. Osoegawa, et al., J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry
2001;70:265-266.
235. ‘Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia with Eosinophilia and
Strongyloides stercoralis Hyperinfection,” Hassan Mahmoodi Nesheli, MD, et al., Iran J Pediatr Dec 2011; Vol 21 (No
4), Pp: 549-552.
236. “Nematode infection of the liver mimicking metastasis of
malignant melanoma,”
M Maier, et al., Liver international: official journal of the International Association for the Study of the Liver, 09/2006;
26(6):742-5.
237. “Possible association between Taenia solium cysticercosis and cancer: increased frequency of DNA damage in
peripheral lymphocytes from neurocysticercosis patients,”
Herrera LA, Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2000 JanFeb;94(1):61-5.
238. “Immune response impairment, genotoxicity and morphological transformation induced by Taenia solium metacestode,” Herrera LA, Mutat Res. 1994 Mar 1;305(2):223-8.
239. “Subcutaneous tumor of the lower eyelid: a potential manifestation of a Dirofilaria repens infection,” Siepmann K., et
al., Eur J Ophthalmol. 2005 Jan-Feb;15(1):129-31.
240. “Nematode infection mimicking paratesticular malignancy,”
Jins Kallampallil, et al., The Royal Manchester Children’s
Hospital, Manchester, UK. Case Reports 01/2013; 2013.
241. “Helminthic infections mimicking malignancy: a review of
published case reports,” Florian H. Pilsczek, J Infect Dev
Ctries 2010; 4(7):425-429.
55
242. “Malignant Lymphoma of Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid
Tissue (MALT) Type Associated with Ascariasis in the Liver,” Yanabe, Hirohiko, et al., Medical journal of Kagoshima
University, 47(Suppl. 2): 137-139.
243. “Biliary ascariasis combined with a villous tumor of the
papilla. Diagnostic and therapeutic value of endoscopy,”
Sahel J, et al., Endoscopy. 1987 Nov;19(6):243-5.
244. “Parasitological and immunological diagnosis of Strongyloides stercoralis in patients with gastrointestinal cancer,”
Machado ER, et al., Scand J Infect Dis. 2008;40(2):154-8.
245. “Disseminated Paracoccidioidomycosis (Simulating Metastatic Lung Cancer) and Strongyloides stercoralis Hyperinfestation in a Steroid-Treated Patient,” Aline Gehlen Dall
Bello, et al., J. Clin. Microbiol. May 2011 vol. 49 no. 5
2054-2055.
246. “Strongyloides stercoralis Causing Polymicrobial Empyema
in a Cancer Patient,” Hung D. Tran, MD, et al., Infect Med.
2001;18(1).
247. “Trichinella spiralis and Breast Carcinoma – A Case Report,”
Jozo Kristek, et al., Coll. Antropol. 29 (2005) 2: 775–777.
248. “Trichinella spiralis and laryngeal carcinoma: a case
report,” Ljiljana Čvorović, et al., Euro- pean Archives of
Oto-Rhino-Laryngology and Head & Neck June 2005, Volume 262, Issue 6, pp 456-458.
249. “Anastomotic esophageal leak due to Taenia saginata
following esophagectomy for esophageal cancer,” Reem M
Baleela, Saudi medical journal, 03/2006; 27(2):241-3.
250. “Mucin-type O-glycosylation in Fasciola hepatica: characterisation of carcinoma-associated Tn and sialyl-Tn antigens and evaluation of UDP-GalNAc:polypeptide N-acetylgalac- tosaminyltransferase activity,” Freire T, et al., Int J
Parasitol. 2003 Jan;33(1):47-56.
56
251. “Visceral leishmaniasis mimicking lymphoproliferative disease,” Katerina Kaziani, Southern medical journal, 10/2010;
103(12):1276-7.
252. “Dermoscopic features of cutaneous leishmaniasis,” Ahmad
Reza Taheri, et al., International Journal of Dermatology,
2013, 52, 1361–1366.
253. “Cysticercosis of lumbar spine, mimicking spinal subarachnoid tumor,” Park YS, et al., Spine J. 2011 Apr;11(4):e1-5.
254. “Extraneural Cysticercosis Presenting as a Tumor in a Seronegative Patient,” Brown ST, et al., Clin Infect Dis. (1992)
14 (1): 53-55.
255. “Intramedullary Spinal Cysticercosis Simulating a Conus
Merullaris Tumor,” José Fernan- do Guedes-Corrêa, et al.,
Arq Neuropsiquiatr 2006;64(1):149-152.
256. “Cystic brain metastases radiologically simulating neurocysticercosis,” Charlene Troiani, et al., Sao Paulo Med. J.
vol.129 no.5 São Paulo 2011.
257. “Types of Cysticercus Tumors,” F. D. Bullock1 and M. R.
Curtis, J Cancer Res, December 1925 9; 425.
258. “Cysticercosis mimicking brain tumor: the role of albendazole as a diagnostic tool,” Oscar H. Del Brutto and Luis A.
Quintero, Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery, Volume 97,
Issue 3, August 1995, Pages 256–258.
259. “Spinal Cysticercosis Mimicking a Tumor in a Pediatric Patient,” Mina M. Naguib, et al., Fetal & Pediatric Pathology,
April 2012, Vol. 31, No. 2 , Pages 50-53.
260. “Intrasellar cysticercosis presenting as a pituitary tumor:
successful transsphenoidal cystectomy with preservation of
pituitary function,” P R Prosser, et al., The American journal
of tropical medicine and hygiene, 10/1978; 27(5):976-8.
57
261. “Isolated Muscular Cysticercosis: A Rare Pseudotumor and
Diagnostic Challenge, can it be treated Nonoperatively? A
Report of Two Cases and Review of Literature,” Sushil S.
Rangdal, et al., J. Postgrad Med Edu Res 2012; 46(1):43-48.
262. “Cysticercosis of the triceps--an unusual pseudotumor: case
report and review,” Ogilvie CM, et al., Clin Orthop Relat
Res. 2001 Jan;(382):217-21.
263. “Solitary cysticercosis of the biceps brachii in a vegetarian:
a rare and unusual pseudotumor,” Ibrahim Fikry Abdelwahab, et al., Skeletal Radiology, 08/2003; 32(7):424-8.
264. “Solitary cysticercosis in the intermuscular area of the
thigh: a rare and unusual pseudotumor with characteristic
imaging findings,” F Bilge, et al., J Comput Assist Tomogr
2005 Mar-Apr;29(2):260-3.
58
Chapter 3
Eye Problems
Age-related macular degeneration is the
leading cause of legal blindness in people
older than 55 years in the United States.
- eMedicineHealth
I
n February 2015, Dame Judi Dench revealed that her daily life is
becoming more of a struggle because she's losing her eyesight,
rendering her unable to travel alone. Her vision is failing due to
macular degeneration. What if Judi's doctors have not read a single
research paper since they left medical school?
Doctors John Foster, M.D., Patricia Kane, Ph.D. and Neal Speight,
M.D., wrote about parasites that infect the cell membranes of the
eye in their self-published book produced in 2007 (The Detoxx
Book: Detoxification of Biotoxins in Chronic Neurotoxic Syndromes)., They explain that parasites and heavy metals coexist in
cell membranes, including those of the eye.
Macular Degeneration
Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD) results in the deterioration of central vision, and is caused by changes in the cells of
the macula where the highest concentration of cones, responsible
for central vision, are found.
A Google search on “macular degeneration” and “Herpes Virus”
turned up a scientific paper that reported Herpes simplex in
59
patients with age-related macular degeneration (1) (See: References
at the end of this chapter).
A Google search on “macular degeneration” and “cytomegalovirus” turned up a scientific paper that reported a significant
association of high cytomegalovirus IgG titer with neovascular
AMD (2).
A Google search on “macular degeneration” and “cytomegalovirus” turned up a scientific paper that reported a significant
association of high cytomegalovirus IgG titer with neovascular
AMD (2)
A Google search on “macular degeneration” and “Toxocara”
turned up a scientific paper that reported the results Toxocara
polymerase chain reaction testing on intraocular fluids (3).
A Google search on “macular degeneration” and “Dirofilaria”
turned up a paper describing Dirofilariasis Masquerading as a Lid
Tumour (4) and a paper reporting an increase in ocular dirofilariasis
with serious consequences including damaged vision, floaters, or
loss of sight (5).
Cataract
Cataracts are a clouding or loss of transparency of the lens in
the eye as a result of tissue breakdown and protein clumping.
According to the Beaver Dam Eye Study (1998), the prevalance
of cataracts is 40.0% in those aged 75 years or older (6).
A Google search on “cataract” and “Herpes Virus” turned up a
scientific paper that discussed the management of patients with
herpetic eye disease scheduled for cataract surgery (7).
A Google search on “cataract” and “Toxoplasma gondii” turned
up a scientific paper that reported Toxoplasma gondii parasites in
the cataracts of 13 patients (8), and a paper that reported cataracts
in children with congenital toxoplasmosis (infection at birth) (9).
60
A Google search on “cataract” and “Cryptococcus” turned up a
scientific paper about fungal and parasitic infections of the eye (10).
A Google search on “cataract” and “cytomegalovirus” turned
up a scientific paper about cataract risk in eyes of patients with
AIDS and cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis (11).
A Google search on “cataract” and “Treponema pallidum” turned
up a scientific paper that discusses common long-term complications of syphilitic uveitis include glaucoma, cataract, epiretinal membrane and macular edema (12) as well as a paper that
determined the infectious aetiology (cause) of congenital cataract
based on the presence of IgM antibodies to TORCHES in the serum samples of congenital cataract patients (13) (From MedLine
Plus: The TORCH screen is a group of blood tests that check
for several different infections in a newborn. TORCH stands for
toxoplasmosis, rubella, cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex, and
HIV, but it can also include other newborn infections).
A Google search on “cataract” and “Borrelia” turned up a scientific
paper that tracks the relationship between the incidence of cataract
and evidence of bacterial infections transmitted by ticks (14).
A Google search on “cataract” and “Taenia” turned up a scientific
paper that describes neuro-ocular cysticercosis (tapeworm infection)
causing total retinal detachment and cataract (15) as well as a case
report about intraocular cysticercosis causing left uniocular cataract
and eventual left visual loss (16).
A Google search on “cataract” and “Ascaris” turned up a scientific
paper describing intestinal parasitosis among subjects undergoing
cataract surgery at the eye camps in rural hilly areas of Nepal (17).
A Google search on “cataract” and “Toxocara” turned up a
scientific paper describing cataract formation associated with
ocular toxocariasis (18).
A Google search on “cataract” and “strongyloide” turned up
a 1958 paper describing Intraocular Nematodiasis. This very
61
old paper includes a page of references including a paper published in 1950 by H.C. Wilder considered to be the first modern
researcher to make a connection between nematodal intestinal
roundworms (Ascaridoidea: Ascaris, Toxocara, Ancylostoma,
Necator, and Strongyloides) to intraocular disease (19).
A Google search on “cataract” and “Dirofilaria” turned up a paper
describing subconjunctival infection with Dirofilaria repens (20)
as well as a paper describing conjunctivitis by Dirofilaria conjunctivae in a patient who had cataract surgery (21).
A Google search on “cataract” and “Fasciola” turned up a
paper describing congenital cataracts in a baby calf with a
discussion about a bulk milk analysis that tested positive for
Fasciola hepatica (22).
Greek physician Galen (130 A.D. - 200 A.D.) was familiar with Enterobius
vermicularis (above), Ascaris lumbricoides, and Taenia. The binomial nomenclature for the nematode above is Enterobius vermicularis in the UK and Australia.
In the United States, this worm is known as Strongyloides stercoralis. Paleoparasitologists have found Taenia and Filaria in Egyptian mummies more than 5,200
years old.
62
References
1. “[Intraocular infection with herpesviruses and antiviral
immunity in patients with age-related macular degeneration],”
Mukhamed'ianova ASh, et al., Vestn Oftalmol 2008 MarApr;124(2):39-42 (article in Russian).
2. “The association of prior cytomegalovirus infection with
neovascular age-related macular degeneration,” D.M. Miller,
et al., Am J Ophthalmol. 2004 Sep;138(3):323-8.
3. “Toxocara polymerase chain reaction on ocular fluids in bilateral granulomatous chorioretinitis,” Jenny Xue Tian and and
Stephen O’Hagan, Int Med Case Rep J. 2015; 8: 107–110.
4. “A Case of Periocular Dirofilariasis Masquerading as a Lid
Tumour,” G. Mahesh, et al., Indian Journal of Ophthalmology,
Mar2005, Vol. 53 Issue 1, p63-64.
5. “Human and Animal Dirofilariasis: the Emergence of a Zoonotic Mosaic,” Fernando Simón, et al., Clin Microbiol Rev.
2012 Jul; 25(3): 507–544.
6. “Incidence of Age-Related Cataract: The Beaver Dam Eye
Study,” Barbara E. K. Klein, MD, et al., Arch Ophthalmol.
1998;116(2):219-225.
7. “Management of patients with herpes simplex virus eye
disease having cataract surgery in the United Kingdom,”
Evripidis Sykakis, MD, et al., J Cataract Refract Surg Vol 39, August 2013.
8. “Toxoplasma Gondii Associated with Human Cataracts,”
D. D. Ourth, Br J Exp Pathol. 1971 Jun; 52(3): 276–279.
9. “Cataracts in Congenital Toxoplasmosis,” Veena Arun, M.D.,
et al., J AAPOS. 2007 Dec; 11(6): 551–554.
10.“Fungal and Parasitic Infections of the Eye,” Stephen A.
Klotz, et al., Clin. Microbiol. Rev. October 2000 vol. 13 no. 4
662-685.
63
11.“Risk of cataract in persons with cytomegalovirus retinitis and
the acquired immune deficiency syndrome,” J.H. Kempen,
et al., Ophthalmology. 2012 Nov;119(11):2343-50.
12.“How to Recognize Ocular Syphilis,” Jon D. Wender, MD,
et al., Review of Ophthalmology. 11/20/2008.
13.“Infectious aetiology of congenital cataract based on
TORCHES screening in a tertiary eye hospital in Chennai,
Tamil Nadu, India,” B. Mahalakshmi, et al., Indian J Med
Res. 2010 Apr;131:559-64.
14.“Bacterial tick-borne diseases caused by Bartonella spp.,
Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, Coxiella burnetii, and
Rickettsia spp. among patients with cataract surgery,” Tomasz
Chmielewski, et al., Med Sci Monit. 2014; 20: 927–931.
15.“Neuro-ocular cysticercosis causing total retinal detachment
and cataract,” C.A. Sohoni, J Family Med Prim Care. 2013
Jul;2(3):300-1.
16.“Case report: Intraocular cysticercosis,” Bernice O Adegbehingbe,
West African journal of medicine 03/2004; 22(4):354-5.
17.“Intestinal parasitosis among subjects undergoing cataract
surgery at the eye camps in rural hilly areas of Nepal,”
S.K. Rai, et al., Nepal Med Coll J. 2008 Jun;10(2):100-3.
18.“Cataract formation associated with ocular toxocariasis,”
S.J. Ahn, et al., J Cataract Refract Surg. 2013 Jun;39(6):830-5.
19.“Intraocular Nematodiasis,” Robert C. Carter, M.D., American
Journal of Ophthalmology. June 1958Volume 45, Issue 6, Pages
853–869.
20.“Subconjunctival Infection with Dirofilaria repens,” Yehudit
Raniel M.D., et al., IMAJ, Vol 8 • February 2006.
21.“Conjunctivitis by Dirofilaria conjunctivae,” A Joseph, et al.,
Indian J Ophthalmol 1976;24:20-2.
64
22.“Congenital cataracts in an Ayrshire herd: a herd case report,”
Lea Krump, et al., Ir Vet J. 2014; 67(1): 2.
Dirofilaria repens is the scientific name for heartworm that infects the human
eye. This YouTube video zooms in to show the worm. The video producer has
incorrectly named the video Dirofilaria immitis. Dirofilaria repens infects the eye
and Dirofilaria immitis infects the heart and lungs. See:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZBdLnAkFjJA
citations to studies that link parasites to various diseases. The
numbers are the same as the PDF document (the sections in the
33-page document do not directly correspond to the chapters in
this book):
325. “A Case of Presumed Ocular Toxocariasis in a 28 year-Old
Woman, Sun-Pro Park, M.D., et al., Korean Journal of Ophthalmology, Vol. 13:115-119, 1999.
326. “Bilateral Toxocara optic neuropathy,” Cox, T.A., et al., J.
clin. Neuroophthalmol., 3: 267- 274, 1983.
65
327. “New animal model for human ocular toxocariasis: ophthalmoscopic observation,” Takayanagi, T. H., et al., (1999). Br.
J. Ophthalmol. 83, 967–972.
328. “Evidence for the involvement of the optic nerve as a migration route for larvae in ocular toxocariasis of Mongolian
gerbils,” Hayashi, E., at al., J. Helminth., 77: 311-315, 2003.
329. “Optic neuritis in cerebral toxocariasis,” Komiyama, A., et
al., J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiat., 59: 197-198, 1995.
330. “Toxocara canis central chorioretinitis,” Macarie, S., et al.,
Oftalmologia, 49: 22-24, 2005.
331. “Ocular toxocariasis in a North Indian population,” Mirdha,
B.R., and Khokar, S.K., J. trop. Pediat., 48: 328-330, 2002.
332. “Prevalence, clinical features, and causes of vision loss
among patients with ocular toxocariasis,” Stewart, J.M., et
al., Retina, 25: 1005-1013, 2005.
333. “Nematode endophthalmitis, Wilder, H.C., Trans. Amer.
Acad. Ophthal. Otolaryng., 55: 99-109, 1950.
334. “Subtenons infection by Dirofilaria repens,” Sathyan
P., et al., Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology, 2006
Jan;24(1):61-2.
335. “Periorbital dirofilariasis,” Kersten RC, et al., Ophthalmic
Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, 1994 Dec;10(4):293-6.
336. “Periorbital mass with cellulitis caused by dirofilaria,” Joseph K, et al., Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology, 2011
Oct-Dec;29(4):431-3.
337. “Human dirofilariasis due to Dirofilaria repens in southern
India,” Subbannayya Kotigadde, et al., Tropical Parasitology, 2012, Volume : 2, Issue : 1, 67-68.
66
338. “Lid abscess with periorbital cellulitis caused by Dirofilaria
repens,” AR Vinayakumar, et al., Journal of the Academy
of Clinical Microbiologists, 2013, Volume : 15, Issue : 2 ,
81-83.
339. “Subconjunctival Dirofilaria repens,” Ramin Khoramnia,
M.D. and Aharon Wegner, M.D., The New England Journal
of Medicine, 2010; 363:e37.
340. “Solitary Subconjunctival Moving Parasite- Dirofilaria repens,” YouTube.com, NEJMvideo, 2012.
341. “Management of Subconjunctival Dirofilaria repens,” JeanJacques Gicquel, M.D., et al., Archives of Ophthalmology,
2004;122(3):416.
342. “A case of subconjunctival dirofilariasis in South India,”
Savita Bhat, et al., The Journal of Ophthalmic Inflammation
and Infection, Dec 2012; 2(4): 205–206.
343. “Subconjunctival Dirofilaria repens Infestation: A Light and
Scanning Electron Microscopy Study,” Henrik A Melsom, et
al., The Open Ophthalmology Journal, 2011; 5: 21–24.
344. “Subconjunctival infection with Dirofilaria repens,” Gautam V, et al., Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases, 2002
Apr;55(2):47-8.
345. “Subconjunctival dirofilariasis in India,” S Nadgir, et al.,
The Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health, 07/2001; 32(2):244-6.
346. “Dirofilaria repens as a cause of subconjunctival infection
in a 77-years old female patient from Croatia - a case report,” Mario Sviben, et al., Collegium Antropologicum, Vol.
37, No 3 (2013).
347. “Subconjunctival Dirofilaria repens infection,” Mela, E. K.,
et al., Archives of Hellenic Medicine, Sep/Oct2011, Vol. 28
Issue 5, p406-708.
67
348. “Subconjunctival Dirofilaria with repens infection,” Olha
Plevachuk, M.D., Case Presentation, Fellows of the Salzburg Medical Seminars International, 2010, Editor/ Reviewer, Cynthia A. Lien, M.D., Weill Cornell Medical College.
349. “Worm Wobble - Subconjunctival Dirofilaria,” Dr. Arup
Chakrabarti MS DO, et al., Kerala Journal of Ophthalmology, June 2009.
350. “Dirofilaria Causing Eye Infection in a Patient Fron Malaysia,” M. Rohela, et al., The Southeast Asian Journal of
Tropical Medicine and Public Health, Vol 40 No. 5 September 2009.
351. “Human Dirofilariasis due to Dirofilaria Repens in Ahvaz
- Iran: A report of three cases,” S. Maraghi, et al., Pakistan
Journal of Medical Sciences, Vol. 22, Number 2, April June 2006.
352. “Subconjunctival Infection With Dirofilaria repens - Serological Confirmation of Cure Following Surgery, Jose M.
Ruiz-Moreno, M.D., et al., Archives of Ophthalmology,
1998; 116:1370-1372.
353. “Human Intraocular Filariasis Caused by Dirofi laria sp.
Nematode, Brazil,” Domenico Otranto, et al., Emerging
Infectious Disease, Vol. 17, No. 5, May 2011.
354. “Human Intraocular Filariasis Caused by Dirofilaria sp.
Nematode, Brazil” YouTube. com, 2013.
355. “Dirofilaria immitis: A cause of human intra-ocular infection,” Dr. D. E. Moorhouse, Infection, 1978, Volume 6,
Issue 4, pp 192-193.
356. “Subconjunctival Infection with Dirofilaria repens,” Yehudit Raniel M.D., et al., Israeli Medical Association Journal,
2006;8:139.
68
357. “Dirofilariosis in the Americas: a more virulent Dirofilaria
immitis?,” Filipe Dantas- Torres and Domenico Otranto,
Parasites & Vectors 2013, 6:288.
358. “Dirofilaria repens infection in a ten-year-old boy from the
Istria Peninsula: case report,” Nedeljka Glavan, et al., Acta
clinica Croatica, 12/2013; 52(4):533-6.
359. “Fasciola hepatica in the human eye,” Dalimi A and Jabarvand M, Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2005 Oct;99(10):798800.
360. “A 6-Year-Old Boy with Facial Swelling and Monocular
Blindness,” Clinical Infectious Diseases, Oxford Journal,
Powerpoint slide.
361. “A Non Responding Case Of Extraocular Muscle Cysticercosis Mimicking As Pseu- do-Tumor Orbit In A Child,”
N Tuli, The Internet Journal of Ophthalmology and Visual
Science, 2009 Volume 7 Number 2.
362. “Immunologic Cross-Reactivity in the Pathogenesis of Ocular Onchocerciasis,” Nicol M. McKechnie, et al., Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, September 1993,
Vol. 34, No. 10.
69
Notes
70
Chapter 4
Heart Disease
Every year about 785,000 Americans
have a first coronary attack. Another
470,000 who have already had one or more
coronary attacks have another attack.
- American College of Cardiology
B
ypass surgery costs $95,000. This is a case where it is
important to think of what Upton Sinclair said in his book
about how he lost the campaign for governor in California
in 1934 (I, Candidate for Governor: And How I Got Licked).
A pound of Neem powder costs $11 at znaturalfoods.com and it
lasts a long time. Read through the titles of the scientific papers
written by researchers who have found parasitic worms that block
blood vessels.
Cardiovascular Disease
Cardiovascular disease refers to conditions that involve blocked
blood vessels that can lead to a heart attack, chest pain (angina)
or stroke.
A Google search on “cardiovascular” and “Herpes Virus” turned up
up a scientific paper implicating a virus connection to atherosclerosis (1, 2, 3) (See: References at the end of this chapter).
71
A Google search on “cardiovascular” and “Toxoplasma gondii”
turned up a scientific paper that reported a connection between
toxoplasmosis (Toxoplasma gondii infection) and 23 different
diseases including heart failure (4, 5).
A Google search on “cardiovascular” and “cryptococcus” turned
up a scientific paper about cryptococcal endocarditis (infection in
the inner lining of the heart muscle and heart valves) (6).
A Google search on “cardiovascular” and “Cytomegalovirus”
turned up a scientific paper that reported a connection between
seropositivity (antibody blood test) to cytomegalovirus and cardiovascular disease (7).
A Google search on “cardiovascular” and “Treponema pallidum”
turned up a scientific paper that reported confirmation of tertiary treponema pallidum infection by polymerase chain reaction
(PCR) (8).
A Google search on “cardiovascular” and “borrelia” turned up a
scientific paper describing association between borrelia burgdorferi infection (BBI) and dilated cardiomyopathy (IDC). Note:
Dilated cardiomyopathy is a condition in which the heart's ability
to pump blood is decreased because the heart's main pumping
chamber, the left ventricle, is enlarged and weakened (9).
A Google search on “cardiovascular” and “cysticercosis” turned
up a scientific paper that reported cysticercosis is frequent in
elderly patients. In a review of 72 autopsies, 27.8% were elderly.
Of these, 80% presented with neurocysticercosis and 20% cardiac
cysticercosis (10). Note: Cysticercosis is the scientific name for
Taenia (tapeworm) infection, neurocysticercosis is tapeworm
infection of the brain and cardiac cysticercosis is tapeworm
infection of the heart.
A Google search on “cardiovascular” and “ascaris” turned up a
scientific paper describing ascaris-induced eosinophilic myocarditis presenting as acute ST elevation myocardial infarction and
cardiogenic shock in a young woman. (11) and a paper describ72
ing an Ascaris lumbricoides infestation with systemic involvement including the heart, kidneys, and bone marrow, without
symptoms (12).
A Google search on “cardiovascular” and “toxocara” turned up
a scientific paper that reported cardiac involvement in hypereosinophilia associated with toxocariasis (infection with Toxocara
roundworm) (13) and a paper reporting that the importance of
cardiovascular manifestations in toxocariasis, as well as its clinical relevance, has increasingly begun to be recognized.(14).
A Google search on “cardiovascular” and “Strongyloides” turned
up a scientific paper describing a 64-year-old female with clinical
signs of heart failure whose stool examination was positive for
Strongyloides stercoralis (15).
A Google search on “cardiovascular” and “Dirofilaria” turned up
a scientific paper that details two main filarial species (Dirofilaria
immitis and D. repens) that have adapted to canine, feline, and
human hosts with distinct biological and clinical implications (16).
Disturbing Scientific Paper Found During Research
The most startling scientific paper I read for this chapter is
a 2007 study titled “Cysticercosis in the elderly” (10). In
a review of 72 autopsies, 27.8% were elderly. Of these,
80% presented with neurocysticercosis and 20% cardiac
cysticercosis.
Cysticercosis is the scientific name for Taenia (tapeworm)
infection, neurocysticercosis is tapeworm infection of the
brain and cardiac cysticercosis is tapeworm infection of
the heart. The authors wrote: “cysticercosis was frequent
in elderly patients, and probably patients are continuously
infected with cysticercosis as they age.” See: Image showing
tapeworm larvae in a brain cross-section in the next chapter.
73
References
1. “Atheroarteriosclerosis induced by infection with a herpesvirus,” Minick C, Fabricant C, Fabricant J, et al., Am J Pathol.
1979;96(3):673–706.
2. “Herpes viridae in the endothelial and smooth muscle cells of the
proximal aorta of atherosclerotic patients,” Gyorkey F, Melnick
J, Guinn G, et al., Exp Mol Pathol. 1984;40(3):328–339.
3. “Herpesvirus in atherosclerosis and thrombosis: etiologic agents
or ubiquitous bystanders?,” Nicholson A, Hajjar D., Arterioscl
Thromb Vasc Biol. 1998;18(3):339–349.
4. “Toxoplasmosis – A Global Threat. Correlation of Latent
Toxoplasmosis with Specific Disease Burden in a Set of 88
Countries,” Jaroslav Flegr, et al., PLoS ONE, March 24, 2014.
5. “How Your Cat Is Making You Crazy,” Kathleen McAuliffe,
The Atlantic Monthly, March 2012.
Jaroslav Flegr is a Czech scientist who has written 47 papers about Toxoplasma
gondii, a protozoan parasite that correlates to heart disease. In 2012, author
Kathleen McAuliffe wrote an unusual article for The Atlantic Monthly that
describes his work ‟How Your Cat Is Making You Crazy,” March 2012 (5).
74
Treponema pallidum is a spirochete bacterium that causes diseases such as
syphilis, bejel (nonvenereal syphilis), pinta (skin disease), and yaws (skin, bone
and joint disease). If left untreated, the third stage of syphilis can infect the
brain, heart, and other organs of the body.
6. “Cryptococcal endocarditis,” M. Alhaji, R.T. Sadikot, South
Med J. 2011 May;104(5):363-4.
7. “Seropositivity to Cytomegalovirus, Inflammation,
All-Cause and Cardiovascular Disease-Related Mortality in
the United States,” Amanda M. Simanek, et al., PLoS ONE,
February 17, 2011.
8. “Confirmation of tertiary Treponema pallidum infection by polA
polymerase chain reaction (PCR).,” R. Chean, et al., Pathology.
2014 Apr;46(3):259-60.
9. “[Cardiac manifestations of Lyme borreliosis with special
reference to contractile dysfunction],” A detailed abstract is in
English and the article is in German. G. Seinost, et al., Acta Med
Austriaca. 1998;25(2):44-50.
10.“Cysticercosis in the elderly,” C.L. Cavellani, et al., Ann Diagn
Pathol. 2007 Oct;11(5):330-3.
11.“Ascaris-induced eosinophilic myocarditis presenting as acute
ST elevation myocardial infarction and cardiogenic shock in a
young woman,” T. Sentürk, et al., J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown). 2012 Mar;13(3):211-5.
75
12.“Ascaris lumbricoides Beyond Intestinal Obstruction,” Henrique
Pott-Junior and Alberto Pereira Ferraz, International Journal of
TROPICAL DISEASE & Health, 6(4): 119-124, 2015.
13.“Cardiac Involvement in Hypereosinophilia Associated with
Toxocariasis,” Hyun-Joon Park, MD, et al., J Cardiovasc Ultrasound. 2014 Dec; 22(4): 224–227.
14.“[Cardiovascular manifestations of human toxocariasis],”
A detailed abstract is in English and the article is in
Spanish, A. Bolívar-Mejía, et al., Arch Cardiol Mex. 2013
Apr-Jun;83(2):120-9.
15.“Eosinophilic Endomyocardial Fibrosis and Strongyloides stercoralis: A Case Report,” Zahra Alizadeh-San, et al., Res Cardiovasc Med. 2013 May; 2(2): 104–105.
16.“Human and Animal Dirofilariasis: the Emergence of a Zoonotic Mosaic,” Fernando Simón, et al., Clin. Microbiol. Rev.
July 2012 vol. 25 no. 3 507-544.
citations to studies that link parasites to various diseases. The numbers are the same as the PDF document (the sections in the 33-page
document do not directly correspond to the chapters in this book):
265. “Disseminated infection with Strongyloides stercoralis in a
diabetic patient,”A Murali, et al., Indian Journal of Medical
Microbiology, 2010l, Volume : 28, issue : 4 | Page : 407-408
266. “Tropical Diseases Targeted for Elimination: Chagas Disease, Lymphatic Filariasis, Onchocerciasis, and Leprosy,”
Jan H. F. Remme, et al., Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries. 2nd edition, 2006.
267. “Cardiac Involvement with Parasitic Infections,” Alicia Hidron,
et al., Clin. Microbiol. Rev. April 2010 vol. 23 no. 2 324-349.
76
268. “Trypanosoma Cruzi DNA in Cardiac Lesions of Argentianean Patients with End- Stage Chronic Chagas Heart
Disease,” Alejandro G. Schijman, et al., Am. J. Trop. Med.
Hyg., 70(2), 2004, pp. 210–220.
269. “Cardiac involvement in African and American trypanosomiasis,” Blum JA, et al., Lancet Infect Dis. 2008
Oct;8(10):631-41.
270. “Neglected Tropical Diseases as Hidden Causes of Cardiovascular Disease,” Yasmin Moolani, et al., PLoS Negl. Trop.
Dis., June 26, 2012.
271. “African Human Trypanosomal Pancarditis Involving the
Conducting System and All Valves,” Poltera A.A., et al.,
Pathologia et Microbiologia 1975;43:117–119.
272. “Sleeping hearts: the role of the heart in sleeping sickness
(human African trypanosomiasis),” Johannes A. Blum, et
al., Tropical Medicine and International Health, volume 12
no 12 pp 1422–1432 december 2007.
273. “Solitary Pulmonary Nodule Due to Ascaris Lumbricoides,”
Captain David P. Osborne, MC, USN, et al., Diseases of the
chest 10/1961; 40:308-10.
274. “Ascaris lumbricoides infection is associated with increased
risk of childhood asthma and atopy in rural China,” Palmer
L.J., et al., American Journal of Respiratory and Critical
Care Medicine, 2002 Jun 1;165(11):1489-93.
275. “The Prevalence of IgE Antibodies to Ascaris in Asthmatic
Patients Living in a Tropical Environment,” L. Caraballo, et
al., Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 01/2007;
119(1).
276. “Asthma and ascariasis in children aged two to ten living in
a low income suburb,” Maria Teresa Nascimento Silva, et
al., Jornal de Pediatria, 2003 May-Jun;79(3):227-32.
277. “High prevalence of asthma in preschool children in South77
ern Brazil: a population- based study,” Chatkin MN, et al., .
Pediatr Pulmonol. 2003;35:296–301.
278. “Prevalence of asthma in a tropical city of Colombia,”
Caraballo L, et al., Ann Allergy. 1992;68:525–529.
279. “Asthma and other allergic conditions in Colombia: a study
in 6 cities,” Dennis R, et al., Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol.
2004;93:568–574.
280. “Prevalence and risk factors for wheezing in children from
rural areas of north India,” Sharma SK, Banga A. P, . Allergy Asthma Proc. 2007;28:647–653.
281. “Worldwide trends in the prevalence of asthma symptoms:
phase III of the Internaitonal Study of Asthma and Allergies
in Childhood (ISAAC), Thorax., 2007;62:758-766.
282. “Changes in the prevalence of asthma and allergic diseases
among Brazilian school children (13-14 years old): comparison between ISAAC Phases One and Three. J. Trop Pediatr., 2007;18142-148.
283. “Prevalence of and factors associated with current asthma
symptoms in school children aged 6-7 and 13-14 years old
in Bogota Columbia, Garcia E, et al., Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2008;19:307–314.
284. “Ascaris lumbricoides and allergic asthma: a new perspective,” Joubert JR, et al., S Afr Med J. 1979;56:599–602.
285. “Asthma in the highlands of New Guinea Total IgE levels
and incidence of IgE antibodies to house dustmite and Ascaris lumbricoides,” Turner KJ, et al., Int Arch Allergy Appl
Immunol. 1975;48:784–799.
286. “Asthma and current intestinal parasite infection: systematic
review and meta-analysis,” Leonardi-Bee J., et al., Am J
Respir Crit Care Med. 2006;174:514–523.
287. “High titre of anti-Ascaris immunoglobulin E associat78
ed with bronchial asthma symptoms in 5-year-old rural
Bangladeshi children,” Takeuchi H, Clin Exp Allergy.
2008;38:276–282.
288. “Sensitization to Ascaris lumbricoides and severity of childhood asthma in Costa Rica,” Hunninghake GM, , et al., a. J
Allergy Clin Immunol. 2007;119:654–661.
289. “Antibody response to Ascaris lumbricoides among the children population in the Ustí Region,” Richter J., et al., Epidemiologie, Mikrobiologie, Imunologie, 2005 Nov;54(4):1437. Czech.
290. “New Allergens of Relevance in Tropical Regions: The Impact
of Ascaris lumbricoides Infections,” Luis Caraballo, M.D.,
World Allergy Organization (WAO) Journal, May 2011.
291. “Seroprevalence of IgG anti-Toxocara species antibodies in
a population of patients with suspected allergy,” Rosanna
Qualizza, et al., International Journal of General Medicine,
2011;4:783-7.
292. “Esophageal space-occupying lesion caused by Ascaris
lumbricoides,” Ping-Ping Zheng, et al.., World J Gastroenterol., Apr 7, 2012; 18(13): 1552–1554.
293. “Toxocara canis: effect of inoculum size on pulmonary pathology and cytokine expression in BALB/c mice,” Pinelli,
E., et al., (2007). Exp. Parasitol. 115, 76–82.
294. “Systemic vasculitis with lymphocytic temporal arteritis
and Toxocara canis infection,” Hamidou, M.A., et al., Arch.
intern. Med., 162: 1521-1524, 2002.
295. “Pulmonary and myocardial manifestations due to Toxocara
canis infection,” Haralambidou, S., et al., Europ. J. intern.
Med., 16: 601-602, 2005.
296. “Visceral larva migrans (Larval granulomatosis). Report of
a case and review of the literature,” Lewis, P. L., et al., Clin.
Pediat. (Phil.), 1: 19-26, 1962.
79
297. “Influence of murine Toxocara canis infection on plasma
and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid eosinophil numbers and its
correlation with cytokine levels,” Pecinali, N.R., et al., Vet.
Parasit., 134: 121-130, 2005.
298. “Chronic eosinophilia. Report of a case with necrosis of
liver, pulmonary infiltrations, anaemia and Ascaris infestation,” Perlingiero, J.G. and GyÖrgy, P., Amer. J. Dis. Child.,
73: 34-43, 1947.
299. “Pulmonary dirofilariasis: report of a human case,” Howard
K. Leonardi, et al., Thorax, 1977, 32, 612-615.
300. “Live Dirofilaria immitis found during coronary artery
bypass grafting procedure,” Požgain Z, et al., Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2013 Oct 17.
301. “Effect of Acetylsalicylic Acid on Pulmonary Arteriosclerosis Induced by a One-Year Dirofilaria Immitis Infection,”
Clarence A. Rawlings,, et al., Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis,
and Vascular Biology, 1985;5:355-365.
302. “A case of fluminant eosinophilic myocarditis associated
with Toxocara canis treated by mechanical support and high
dose methylprednisolone,” Keiko Ohta-Ohgo, et al., Shinzo,
Vol. 39 (2007) No. Supplement3 p. 112-117.
303. “Eosinophilic myocarditis in CBA/J mice infected with
Toxocara canis,” Cockston, M., et al., Am J Pathol 1990;
136: 1137-1145.
304. “Development and characterization of a model of eosinophil-mediated cardiomyopathy in rats infected with Toxocara canis,” Am J Physiol (Heart Circ. Physiol. 31) 1992;
262: H1428-H1434.
305. “Strongyloides Infection in a Cardiac Transplant Recipient:
Making a Case for Pretrans- plantation Screening and Treatment,” Inderpreet S. Grover, MD, et al., Gastroenterology &
Hepatology Volume 7, Issue 11 November 2011.
80
306. “Strongyloides stercoralis and Organ Transplantation,”
Bhalaghuru Chokkalingam Mani, et al., Case Reports in
Transplantation, Volume 2013 (2013), .
307. “Strongyloides hyperinfection syndrome following simultaneous heart and kidney transplantation,” Shugo Mizuno, et
al., Transplant International, 11/2008; 22(2):251-3.
308. “Severe hemodynamic compromise, respiratory failure and
disseminated skin lesions due to Strongyloides stercoralis,”
T Mohovic, et al., Critical Care, 01/2003; 7:1-1.
309. “Eosinophilic Endomyocardial Fibrosis and Strongyloides
stercoralis: A Case Report,” Zahra Alizadeh-Sani, et al.,
Research in Cardiovascular Medicine. 2013 January; 1(3):
104-5.
310. “Pulmonary superinfection with Strongyloides stercoralis
in an immunocompromised retired coal miner,” J. H. T. Wagenvoort, et al., European Journal of Clinical Microbiology
and Infectious Diseases, June 1994, Volume 13, Issue 6, pp
518-519.
311. “Strongyloides stercoralis Embryonated Ova in the Lung,”
Lee Schroeder, M.D., Ph.D., and Niaz Banaei, M.D., N Engl
J Med 2013; 368:e15March 21, 2013.
312. “Pulmonary Strongyloidiasis: The Varied Clinical Presentations,” Babak Mokhlesi, MD, et al., Clin Pulm Med. 2004
January ; 11(1): 6.
313. “A case of pleuritis caused by strongyloides in a carrier
of T-cell lymphoma virus type I (HTLV-I),” Oya H, et al.,
Nihon Kokyuki Gakkai Zasshi. 1998 Mar;36(3):262-7.
314. “Loeffler’s endocarditis caused by Strongyloides infection,”
Mark T Nolan, et al., International journal of cardiology,
10/2012.
315. “Respiratory hyperinfection with Strongyloides stercoralis
81
in a patient with renal failure,” Mohan Rajapurkar, et. al.,
Nature Clinical Practice Nephrology (2007) 3, 573-577.
316. “Case Report: Cardiac Involvement in Trichinellosis: A
Case of Left Ventricular Throm- bosis,” Diana Tint, et al.,
Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 81(2), 2009, pp. 313–316.
317. “Cardioanaphylaxis in trichinellosis,” Paolocci, N, et al., J.
Mol Cell Cardio, 1995; 27; A197.
318. “Myocarditis caused by Trichinella spiralis,” Ursell PC, et
al., Arch Pathol Lab Med, 1984, 108: 4-5.
319. “Microvascular changes as a cause of chronic cardiomyopathy in Chagas’ disease,” Rossi MA, Am Heart J, 1990; 36:
107-114.
320. “Pulmonary infiltrates as first sign of infection by Fasciola hepatica,” Flores M et al., Eur J Respir Dis. 1982
May;63(3):231-3.
321. “Eosinophilic pulmonary disease caused by Fasciola hepatica. Description of a case and review of the literature,” Aliaga L, et al., Med Clin (Barc) 1984 May 5; 82(17) :764-7.
322. “Fasciola hepatica infection in echinococcosis suspected
cases,” Nermin Sakru, et al., Turkish Society for Parasitology, 01/2011; 35(2):77-80.
323. “ Update on Hepatobiliary and Pulmonary Flukes,” Thomas
R. Hawn, M.D., Ph.D., and Elaine C. Jong, M.D., Current
Infectious Disease Reports, 1999, 1:427-433.
324. “A rare gigantic solitary cysticercosis pseudotumour of the
neck,” Seif J Uledi, Journal of Surgical Case Reports Volume 2010, Issue 9, p. 5.
Elizabeth Taylor died on March 23, 2011 of congestive heart failute at the age
of 79. Study #312 in my Collection of 481 Citations describes a 78yr.-old man
with strongyloidiasis who had congestive heart failure.
82
Chapter 5
Stroke
Stroke is the third leading cause
of death in the United States.
- www.strokecenter.org
O
ne of the most compelling papers in my collection of 481
scientific studies (study #3) is a report about six stroke
victims, ages 7 to 30, whose serologic tests were positive
for neurocysticercosis (tapeworm infection of the brain). All
recovered with Albendazole.
One of the most compelling photographs that I've encountered is an
National Insitutes of Health (NIH) image showing tapeworm larvae
in a brain cross-section labeled ‟neurocysticercosis” (below).
Biology text books explain that glucose is the only fuel normally used by brain
cells. It seems logical that parasites would migrate to the brain because they need
glucose for food.
83
What is a Stroke?
According to the Mayo Clinic, a stroke occurs when the blood
supply to part of your brain is interrupted or severely reduced,
depriving brain tissue of oxygen and nutrients.
A Google search on “stroke” and “Herpes Virus” turned up a scientific paper describing ischemic stroke after primary herpes simplex
virus type 1 (HSV1) infection in a previously healthy child (1) (See:
References at the end of this chapter).
A Google search on “stroke” and “Toxoplasma gondii” turned up
a scientific paper describing a 33 year-old male whose progressive
mental status over a previous 48 hours and disorientation characteristic of alcohol intoxication, endocrine abnormalities, central
nervous system (CNS) infection, toxic ingestion, sepsis, ischemic or
hemorrhagic stroke, uremia, or CNS tumors. A neurosurgical biopsy
was positive for Toxoplasma gondii.(2).
A Google search on “stroke” and “Cryptococcus” turned up a scientific paper describing a 58 year-old woman with multiple strokes
whose brain and meningeal biopsy were positive for Cryptococcus
neoformans (3).
A Google search on “stroke” and “Cytomegalovirus” turned up
a scientific paper describing a 41 year-old female whose medical
history included ischemic stroke whose serum antibody tests were
positive for Cytomegalovirus and Borrelia burgdorferi (4).
A Google search on “stroke” and “Treponema pallidum” turned
up a scientific paper describing a 46 year-old male with recurrent
stroke with positive serology for Syphilis (5).
A Google search on “stroke” and “Borrelia” turned up a a scientific
paper describing a Swiss teenager with stroke symptoms whose
microbiological cerebrospinal fluid analysis revealed Lyme neuroborreliosis (6).
84
A Google search on “stroke” and “cysticercosis” turned up a a scientific paper describing cerebral cysticercosis as a risk factor for
stroke in young and middle-aged people (7).
A Google search on “stroke” and “Toxocara” turned up a a scientific paper describing stroke in a 49 year-old man whose laboratory
tests were positive for Toxocara canis (T. canis) (8).
A Google search on “stroke” and “Strongyloides” turned up a a
scientific paper describing ischemic stroke in a 55 year-old man
whose duodenal biopsy revealed multiple filariform larvae of
Strongyloides stercoralis (9).
References
1. “Primary herpes virus infection and ischemic stroke in childhood: A new association?” Vito Terlizzi, et al., Journal of
Clinical Neuroscience, September 2014Volume 21, Issue 9,
Pages 1656–1658.
2. “Unusual Presentation of Toxoplasma Gondii Encephalitis,”
Caleb Davis, MD and Jacob Manteuffel, MD, West J Emerg
Med. 2012 Dec; 13(6): 488–490.
3. “An Unusual Case of Stroke” Michael Rosario, MD, et al.,
Neurologist. 2012 Jul; 18(4): 229–232.
4. “Acute stroke and cytomegalovirus encephalitis: a coincidence?” Michael Harzheim, Ther Adv Neurol Disord. 2010
Sep; 3(5): 323–325.
5. “Case of Neurosyphilis Presented as Recurrent Stroke,” Sudheer
Ahamed, et al., Oman Med J. 2009 Apr; 24(2): 134–136.
6. “Acute Lyme Neuroborreliosis With Transient Hemiparesis
and Aphasia,” A.A. Sokolov, et al., Ann Emerg Med. 2015
Jul;66(1):60-4.
7. “Cerebral Cysticercosis as a Risk Factor for Stroke in Young
and Middle-Aged People,” F. Alarcón et al., Stroke, Vol. 23,
No. 11, November 1992.
85
8. “[Toxocara canis cerebral vasculitis revealed by iterative
strokes],” A detailed abstract is in English and the article is in
French. L.D. Lompo, et al., Rev Neurol (Paris). 2012 Jun;168
(6-7):533-7.
9. “Strongyloides Hyperinfection and Hypogammaglobulinemia,” Raymond C. S. Seet, et al., Clin Diagn Lab Immunol.
2005 May; 12(5): 680–682.
citations to studies that link parasites to various diseases. The numbers are the same as the PDF document (the sections in the 33-page
document do not directly correspond to the chapters in this book):
1. “Parasitic Central Nervous System Infections in Immunocompromised Hosts: Malaria, Microsporidiosis, Leishmaniasis, and African Trypanosomiasis,” David R. Snydman,
et al., Clinical Infectious Diseases Volume 42, Issue 1Pp.
115-125.
2. “American trypanosomiasis (Chagas’ disease): an unrecognised cause of stroke,” F J Carod-Artal, et al., J Neurol
Neurosurg Psychiatry 2003;74:516–518.
3. “Neurocysticercosis presenting as stroke,” Jha S and Kumar
V., Neurol India, 2000 Dec;48(4):391-4.
4. “Cerebral cysticercosis as a risk factor for stroke in
young and middle-aged people,” F Alarcón, et al., Stroke,
1992;23:1563-1565.
5. “The Importance of Neurocysticercosis in Stroke in Rural
Areas of a Developing Latin American Country,” Oscar H.
Del Brutto and Julio Lama, Am J Trop Med Hyg 2013 vol.
89 no. 2 374-375.
86
6. “Hemorrhagic stroke associated to neurocysticercosis,” J
F Tellez-Zenteno, et al., Neurologia (Barcelona, Spain),
07/2003; 18(5):272-5.
7. “Neurocysticercosis presenting with stroke,” Humberto Castro-Lima, et al., Arq. Neuro-Psiquiatr, vol.68 no.1 São Paulo
Feb. 2010.
8. “Bilateral Thalamic Stroke due to Neurocysticercosis in a
Non-Endemic Area,” Finsterer J, et al., Cerebrovasc Dis
2001;11:354–356.
9. “Is neurocysticercosis a risk factor in coexistent intracranial disease? An MRI based study,” R Azad, et al., J Neurol
Neurosurg Psychiatry 2003;74:359–361.
10. “Cerebrovascular complications of neurocysticercosis,” Marquez JM and Arauz A., Neurologist; 18(1): 17-22, 2012 Jan.
11. “Binswanger’s Disease And Neurocysticercosis,” H Foyaca-Sibat and L Ibañez-Valdés, The Internet Journal of Neurology, 2002 Volume 2 Number 1.
12. “Cysticercosis: An Emerging Parasitic Disease,” Robert
Kraft, MD, Am Fam Physician, 2007 Jul 1;76(1):91-96.
13. “Stroke in central nervous system infections,” Francisco Javier Carod-Artal, Ann Indi- an Acad Neurol., 2008;11:64-78.
14. “Tuberous sclerosis with visceral leishmaniasis: a case
report,” Krishna Pandey, et al., Journal of Medical Case
Reports 2009, 3:9027
15. “Chapter 88 Schistosomes and Other Trematodes,” Barbara
L. Doughty, Medical Microbiology. 4th edition.
16. “Neurocysticercosis as a first presentation of tonic-clonic
seizures: a case report,” Matthew J Booker, et al., Cases
Journal 2008, 1:104.
17. “Cysticercosis and epilepsy: a critical review,” Carpio A, et
al., Epilepsia, 1998 Oct;39(10):1025-40.
87
18. “Neurocysticercosis and epilepsy in developing countries,” Deb K Pal, et al., J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry
2000;68:137-143.
19. “Epilepsy and Neurocysticercosis in Latin America: A
Systematic Review and Meta-analysis,” Elisa Bruno, et al.,
PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, October 31, 2013.
20. “Epilepsy surgery in context of neurocysticercosis,” Gagandeep Singh and Ashwani Kumar Chowdhary, Ann Indian
Acad Neurol. Mar 2014; 17(Suppl 1): S65–S68.
21. “How Your Cat Is Making You Crazy,” Kathleen McCuliffe,
The Atlantic, Feb 6 2012.
22. “Your cat has toxoplasmosis and you’re worried? Join the
club...” Rob Brooks, Professor of Evolutionary Ecology;
Director, Evolution & Ecology Research Centre at UNSW
Australia, The Conversation, September 30, 2012.
23. “Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma Gondii and Toxocara Spp in
Children with Cryptogenic Epilepsy,” Nora Labeeb El-Tantawy, et. al., American Journal of Infectious Diseases and
Microbiology, 2013, Vol. 1, No. 5, 92-95.
24. “Helminthic parasites and seizures,” Hector H. Garcia1 and
Manish Modi, Epilepsia, Special Issue: Central Nervous
System Infections and Epilepsy, Volume 49, Issue Supplement s6, pages 25–32, August 2008.
25. “Do helminths cause epilepsy?” R. G. Wagner & C. R.
Newton, Parasite Immunology, 2009, 31, 697–705.
26. “Investigation of probable relationship between Toxoplasma
gondii and cryptogenic epilepsy,” Suleyman Yazar, et. al.,
Seizure Volume 12, Issue 2, March 2003, Pages 107–109.
27. “Epilepsy, cysticercosis, and toxocariasis: a population-based
case-control study in rural Bolivia,” Nicoletti A, Bartoloni A,
Reggio A, et al. . Neurology 2002; 58:1256– 1261.
88
28. “Toxoplasma, Toxocara, and epilepsy,” Critchley, E.M., et
al., Epilepsia, 23: 315-323, 1982.
29. “National Seroprevalence and Risk Factors for Zoonotic
Toxocara spp. Infection,” Kimberly Y. Won, et al., Am J
Trop Med Hyg October 2008 vol. 79 no. 4 552-557.
30. “Epilepsy and seropositivity rates of Toxocara canis and
Toxoplasma gondii,” Ali Akyol, et al., Seizure - European
Journal of Epilepsy, 2007 Apr;16(3):233-7.
31. “Cerebral toxocariasis: a possible cause of epileptic seizure
in children,” Bachli, L.I.,et al., Child’s nerv. Syst., 20: 468472, 2004.
32. “Epilepsy and toxocariasis: a case-control study in Burundi,”
Nicoletti A., et al., Epilepsia. 2007 May;48(5):894-9.
33. ‘Investigation of Anti-Toxocara Antibodies in Epileptic Patients and Comparison of Two Methods: ELISA and Western Blotting,” Mohammad Zibaei, et al., Epilepsy Research
and Treatment, Volume 2013 (2013), Article ID 156815, 5
pages.
34. “Antibodies to Roundworm Linked to Epilepsy,” Pam Harrison, Medscape Medical News, September 13, 2012.
35. “Association between epilepsy and cysticercosis and toxocariasis: A population-based case–control study in a slum
in India,” Gagandeep Singh, et al., Epilepsia, Volume 53,
Issue 12, pages 2203–2208, December 2012.
36. “Toxocara Infection and Epilepsy in Children: A Case-Control Study,” Carta Arpino, et al., Epilepsia, Volume 31, Issue
1, pages 33–36, February 1990.
37. “Toxocariasis and Epilepsy: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis,” Graziella Quattrocchi, et al., PLoS Neglected
Tropical Diseases, August 2012; 6(8): e1775.
89
38. “A proposal to declare neurocysticercosis an international
reportable disease,” G. Román, et al., Bull World Health
Organ vol.78 n.3, Mar. 2000.
39. “Neurocysticercosis in children,” Singhi P, and Singhi S.,
Indian J Pediatr. 2009 May;76(5):537-45.
40. “Could Neurocysticercosis Be the Cause of “Onchocerciasis-Associated” Epileptic Seizures?” Moses Katabarwa, et
al., Am J Trop Med Hyg March 2008 vol. 78 no. 3 400-401.
41. “Onchocerciasis and Epilepsy: A Matched Case-Control
Study in the Central African Republic,” Michel Druet-Cabanac, et al., American Journal of Epidemiology, The Johns
Hopkins University School of Hygiene and Public Health,
Vol. 149, No. 6, 1999.
42. “Current Consensus Guidelines for Treatment of Neurocysticercosis,” Hector H. García, et al., Clinical Microbiology
Reviews, Oct. 2002, p. 747–756.
43. “The seroprevalence of Taenia solium cysticercosis among
epileptic patients in León, Nicaragua, as evaluated by ELISA and western blotting,” Bucardo F, et al., Ann Trop Med
Parasitol. 2005 Jan;99(1):41-5.
44. “Epilepsy in Cysticercosis (Taenia Solium): A Study of
Seventy-One Cases,” QJM (1934) 3 (4): 603-616.
45. “Pattern and presentation of epilepsy in Nigerian Africans:
a study of trends in the southeast,” Onwuekwe IO, et al.,
Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg (2009) 103 (8): 785-789.
46. “Epilepsy and retarded growth in a hyperendemic focus of
onchocerciasis in rural western Uganda,” Ovuga E, et al.,
East Afr Med J. 1992 Oct;69(10):554-6.
47. “Association Between Onchocerciasis and Epilepsy in the
Itwara Hyperendemic Focus, West Uganda: Controlling for
Time and Intensity of Exposure,” Christoph Kaiser, et al.,
Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 85(2), 2011, pp. 225–228.
90
48. “Detection of Taenia solium Antigens and Anti–T. solium
Antibodies in Paired Serum and Cerebrospinal Fluid Samples from Patients with Intraparenchymal or Extraparenchymal Neurocysticercosis,” Silvia Rodriguez, et al., J Infect
Dis. (2009) 199 (9): 1345-1352
49. “Seroprevalence of antibodies (IgG) to Taenia solium
among pig rearers and associated risk factors in Jos metropolis, Nigeria,” Rebecca P, et al., J Infect Dev Ctries 2013;
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old child,” Kincecova, J., et al., (2008). Helminthologia 45,
169–172.
185. “Toxocara canis larvae reinfecting BALB/c mice exhibit accelerated speed of migration to the host CNS,” Kinčeková,
P., et al., (2011). Parasitol. Res. 109, 1267– 1278.
106
186. “Experimental toxocariosis in BALB/c mice: effect of the
inoculation dose on brain and eye involvement,” Ollero, M.
D., et al., (2008). Acta Trop. 105, 124–130.
187. “Effect of Toxocara canis infection on the ability of white
rats to solve maze problems,” Olson, L. J. and Rose, J. E.
(1966). Exp. Parasitol. 19, 77–84.
188. “Biochemical and immunopathological changes in experimental neurotoxocariasis,” Othman, A. A., et al., (2010).
Mol. Biochem. Parasitol. 172, 1–8.
189. “Pediatric neurotoxocariasis with concomitant cerebral,
cerebellar, and peripheral nervous system involvement:
case report and review of the literature,” Salvador, S., et al.,
(2010). J. Pediatr. (Rio J.) 86, 531–534.
190. “Cognitive dysfunction, urinary retention, and a lesion in
the thalamus – beware of possible toxocariasis of the central
nervous system,” Scheid, R., et al., (2008).Clin. Neurol.
Neurosurg. 110, 1054–1057.
191. “On the invasion of the central nervous system by nematodes. II. Invasion of the nervous system in ascariasis,”
Sprent, J. F. A. (1955). Parasitology 45, 41–55.
192. “Rats, cats, people and parasites: the impact of latent toxoplasmosis on behaviour,” Webster, J. P. (2001). Microbes
Infect. 3, 1037–1045.
193. “The consequences of parasitic infection for the behavior of
the mammalian host,” Donovick, P.J., and Burright, R.G.,
Environ. Hlth Perspect., 73: 247-250, 1987.
194. “Eosinophilic pleocytosis and myelitis related to Toxocara
canis infection,” Goffette, S., et al., Europ. J. Neurol., 7:
703-706, 2000.
195. “Case no 6. Cerebral vasculitis due to Toxocara canis (or
catis) origin,” Dousset, V., et al., J. Radiol., 84: 89-91, 2003.
107
196. “The accumulation of Toxocara canis larvae in the brains of
mice,” Dunsmore, J.D., et al., Int. J. Parasit., 13: 517-521,
1983.
197. “MRI of cervical cord lesions and their resolution in Toxocara canis myelopathy,” Duprez, T.P., et al., Neuroradiology,
38: 792-795, 1996.
198. “Eosinophilic meningomyelitis in toxocariasis: case report
and review of the literature,” Eberhardt, O., et al., Clin.
Neurol. Neurosurg., 107: 432-438, 2005.
199. “Acute meningomyelitis due to Toxocara larvae,” Engel, H.,
et al., Dtsch. med. Wschr., 96: 1498, 1971.
200. “The influence of inoculum size and time post-infection on
the number and position of Toxocara canis larvae recovered
from the brains of outbred CD1 mice,” Good, B. et al., J.
Helminth., 75: 175-181, 2001.
201. “Toxocariasis and eosinophilic meningitis,” Gould, I.M., et
al., Brit. med. J. (Clin. Res. Ed.), 291: 1239-1240, 1985.
202. “Toxocara canis larvae in the brain of a British child,” Hill,
I.R., et al., Trans. roy. Soc. trop. Med. Hyg., 79: 351-354,
1985.
203. “Larva migrans visceralis (Toxocara canis) and the central
nervous system,” Huismans, H., Nervenarzt, 51: 718-724,
1980.
204. “The frequency of Toxocara infection in mental retarded
children,” Kaplan, M., et al., Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz, 99:
121-125, 2004.
205. “A case of myelitis caused by visceral larva migrans due to
Ascaris suum presenting only with Lhermitte’s sign,” Kawajiri, M., et al., Rinsho Shinkeigaku, 41: 310-313, 2001.
206. “MR in Toxocara canis myelopathy,” Kumar, J. and Kimm,
J., Amer. J. Neuroradiol., 15: 1918-1920, 1994.
108
207. “Human Toxocara infection of the central nervous system
and neurological disorders: a case control study,” Magnaval,
J.F., et al., Parasitology, 115: 537-543, 1997.
208. “Toxocara canis infection of children: epidemiologic and
neuropsychologic findings,” Marmor, M., et al., Amer. J.
publ. Hlth, 77:554-559, 1987.
209. “Toxocara canis infestation with encephalitis,” Mikhael,
N.Z., et al., Canad. J. neurol. Sci., 1: 114-120, 1974.
210. “Eosinophilic meningoencephalitis due to Toxocara canis,
Mimoso, M.G., et al., Europ. J. Pediat., 152:783-784, 1993.
211. “Toxocariasis of the central nervous system: with report of
two cases,” Moreira-Silva, Rev. Soc. bras. Med. trop., 37:
169-174, 2004.
212. “Toxocara canis encephalitis: case report,” Mrissa, R., et al.,
Rev. Méd. interne (Paris), 26: 829-832, 2005.
213. “Invasion of the spinal cord of mice by Toxocara canis,” Olson, L.J. and Petteway, M.B., J. Parasit., 58: 413-414, 1972.
214. “Diagnosis and treatment of CNS parasite infection with
special reference to parasitic myelitis,” Osoegawa, M., Rinsho Shinkeigaku, 44: 961-964, 2004.
215. “Eosinophilic meningo-encephalo-myelitis due to Toxocara
canis,” Ota, S., et al., Rinsho Shinkeigaku, 34: 1148-1152,
1994.
216. “Food-borne trematodiases in Southeast Asia epidemiology,
pathology, clinical manifestation and control,” Sripa B, et
al., Adv Parasitol. 2010;72:305-50.
217. “Cerebral vasculitis secondary to Toxocara canis and Fasciola hepatica co-infestation,” Oujamaa, L., et al., Rev. neurol.
(Paris), 159:447-450, 2003.
218. “Toxocara canis meningoradiculitis,” Robinson, A., et al.,
Rev. neurol. (Paris), 158: 351-353, 2002.
109
219. “Spinal toxocaral abscess,” Russegger, L. and Schmutzhard,
E., Lancet, ii: 398, 1987. 220. “Myelitis caused by Toxocara
canis (larva migrans), Sellal, F., et al., Rev. neurol. (Paris),
148: 53-55, 1992.
221. “Variation in the larval recovery of Toxocara canis from the
murine brain: implications for behavioural studies,” Skerrett, H. and Holland, C.V., J. Helminth., 71: 253-255, 1997.
222. “Adult Toxocara canis encephalitis,” Sommer, C., et
al., J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiat., 57: 229-231, 1994.
223. “Eosinophilic meningoencephalitis due to Toxocara canis:
case report and review of the literature,” Vidal, J.E., et al.,
Amer. J. trop. Med. Hyg., 69: 341-343, 2003.
224. “CT and MR imaging findings in cerebral toxocaral disease,” Xinou, E., et al., Amer. J.Neuroradiol., 24: 714-718,
2003.
225. “A case of myeloradiculitis as a complication of visceral
larva migrans due to Ascaris suum,” Yoshida, S., et al., Rinsho Shinkeigaku, 44: 198-202, 2004.
226. “Neuroimaging studies of cerebral “visceral larva migrans”
syndrome,” Zachariah, S.B., et al., J. Neuroimaging, 4: 3940, 1994.
227. “Emerging Foodborne Trematodiasis,” Jennifer Keiser and
Jürg Utzinger, Emerging Infectious Diseases, Vol. 11, No.
10, October 2005.
228. “Epidemiological review of human and animal fascioliasis
in Egypt,” Maha F.M. Soliman, J Infect Developing Countries 2008; 2(3):182-189.
229. “WHO (2007) Report of the WHO Informal Meeting on use
of triclabendazole in fascioliasis control.” Link: WHO_
CDS_NTD_PCT_2007.1.pdf.
110
230. “A case of ectopic parasitism: Fasciola hepatica larvae burrow through a human brain and mimic cerebral aneurysm,”
Ma Ying, et al., Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and
Hygiene, June 29, 2007.
231. “Cysticercosis of temporalis muscle: an unusual cause of
temporal headaches. A case report,” Prahlad K. Sethi, et al.,
The Journal of Headache and Pain October 2007, Volume 8,
Issue 5, pp 315-316.
111
Notes
112
Chapter 6
Neurological Disorders
Studies indicate that as many as 10 to 20
percent of people age 65 or older have
Mild Cognitice Impairmant (MCI) and as
many as 15 percent progress from MCI to
dementia each year.
- Alzheimer's Association
I
ʼve counted 30 Alzheimer's foundations in North and South
America. I believe that it is safe to say that Upon Sinclair's
adage applies to those employed in this fast-growing nonprofit
sector:
The largest Alzheimer's foundation is Chicago's Alzheimer’s Association whose motto is “Our vision is a world without Alzheimer's,”
but is it?
The National Insititutes of Healthʼs Senior Health Web siteʼs page
devoted to Alzheimer's opens with a paragraph that says, “There is
no known cure for Alzheimer's disease.” There are at least a dozen
different parasites that are linked to dementia. It is important to
remember that parasitic infections can be treated and resolved.
Parasitic Infections of the Brain Associated with Dementia
In 2005, Drs. Osvaldo P. Almeida and Nicola T. Lautenschlager
with the University of Western Australia’s School of Psychiatry
113
and Clinical Neurosciences, reviewed the most frequent infectious
causes of dementia that include Herpes virus, Toxoplasma gondii,
Cryptococcus, Cytomegalovirus, syphilis, borrelia and cysticercosis.
Similar to the other chapters, this chapter will include the results of
twelve Google searches.
A Google search on “dementia” and “Herpes Virus” turned up
a scientific paper that presents support for Herpes simplex virus
type 1 (HSV1) being a causal factor in AD (1) (See: References
at the end of this chapter).
A Google search on “dementia” and “Toxoplasma gondii” turned
up a scientific review paper that includes a 2011 case control
study (2) that found the seropositive rate of anti-T. gondii IgG
antibodies among individuals with Alzheimer's disease was
44.1% significantly higher those than control groups 24.3% (3).
A Google search on “dementia” and “Cryptococcus” turned up a
scientific paper that describes a case of cryptococcal meningitis
masquerading as Alzheimer's disease (4).
A Google search on “dementia” and “Cytomegalovirus” turned up
a scientific paper describing cytomegalovirus that is present in a
very high proportion of brains from vascular dementia patients (5).
A Google search on “dementia” and “Treponema pallidum”
turned up a scientific paper describing a neurosyphilis case
presenting with dementia (6).
A Google search on “dementia” and “Borrelia” turned up a
scientific paper that says Borrelia burgdorferi persists in the brain
in chronic lyme neuroborreliosis and may be associated with
Alzheimer disease (7).
A Google search on “dementia” and “neurocysticercosis” (tapeworm
infection of the brain) turned up a scientific paper describing cognitive
impairment and dementia in neurocysticercosis (8).
114
A Google search on “dementia” and “Toxocara” turned up a
scientific paper describing toxocariasis as a contributor in a
dementia diagnosis (9).
A Google search on “dementia” and “Strongyloides” turned up
a scientific paper describing Strongyloides stercoralis infection
in a chronically institutionalized patient with schizophrenia and
dementia (10).
References
1. “Herpes simplex virus type 1 and Alzheimer’s disease:
increasing evidence for a major role of the virus,” Ruth F.
Itzhaki, Aging Neurosci., 11 August 2014.
2. “Could Toxoplasma gondii have any role in Alzheimer
disease?” O.Y. Kusbeci, et al., Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disorder.
2011;25:1–3.
3. “Latent Toxoplasmosis and Human,” A Dalimi and A Abdolii,
Iran J Parasitol. 2012; 7(1): 1–17.
4. “Reversible dementia: a case of cryptococcal meningitis
masquerading as Alzheimer's disease,” T.A. Ala, et al.,
J Alzheimers Dis. 2004 Oct;6(5):503-8.
5. “Cytomegalovirus is present in a very high proportion of
brains from vascular dementia patients” Süleyman Özselek,
et al., Neurobiol Dis. 2002 Feb;9(1):82-7.
6. “A neurosyphilis case presenting with dementia,” W.R. Lin,
et al., Dusunen Adam : The Journal of Psychiatry and Neurological Sciences: 2011;24:145-148.
7. “Borrelia burgdorferi persists in the brain in chronic lyme
neuroborreliosis and may be associated with Alzheimer disease,” J. Miklossy, et al., J Alzheimers Dis. 2004
Dec;6(6):639-49; discussion 673-81.
115
8. “Cognitive impairment and dementia in neurocysticercosis:
a cross-sectional controlled study,” D. Ciampi de Andrade,
et al., Neurology. 2010 Apr 20;74(16):1288-95.
9. “[Cerebral toxocariasis: a rare cause of cognitive disorders.
A contribution to differential dementia diagnosis],” A detailed
abstract is in English and the article is in German, Richartz E1,
Buchkremer G., Nervenarzt. 2002 May;73(5):458-62.
10.“Strongyloides stercoralis infection in a chronically
institutionalized patient with schizophrenia and dementia,”
M. Burken, et al., Clin Infect Dis. 1995 Oct;21(4):1047.
11.“An ascaris larva in the brain in association with acute
anterior poliomyelitis,” Beautyman, W., and Woolf, A., J.
Path. Bact., 63: 635-647, 1951.
Dementia, Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and Epilepsy studies are
included in my collection of 481 citations. See citations in the
previous chapter, or search the following PDF document:
Epilepsy is a neurological disorder of the nervous system
that is characterized either by mild, episodic loss of attention or sleepiness (petit mal) or by severe convulsion. The
Epilepsy Society and several medical Web sites say that
epilepsy has "no identifiable cause in about half of those
with the condition." In the others, possible factors may
include genetics, a head trauma or a developmental disorder such as autism or neurofibromatosis (a genetic disorder
that causes tumors to form on nerve tissue).
116
Study #387 (in my list of citations) was published in 1951
(11). There's a startling introduction that says that it has been
known since 1831 and that cerebral ascariasis is accompanied by varied and severe neurological symptoms:
Since 1831, when Lepelletier reported fatal convulsions
in two children with alimentary ascariasis, there have
been numerous reports in the continental literature of
round-worm infestation accompanied by varied and
severe neurological symptoms. The relationship of the
symptoms to the ascariasis, however remains obscure.
The severity of cerebral ascariasis can be inferred from
Fernando and Balasingham's recent (1943 report of
fourteen cases suggesting encephalitis and one suggesting meningitis, in a series of 162 cases of acute
ascariasis. Eight of these patients certainly died and
three others were believed to have died at home.
The clinical appearances of cerebral ascariasis are
those of generalized of Jacksonian convulsions.
Ascariasis is an infection with a nematode called Ascaris
lumbricoides MedicineNet.com says Jacksonian convulsions
are a form of epilepsy..
117
Notes
118
Chapter 7
Diabetes
Diabetes is one of the leading causes
of deaths worldwide.
- Statista.com
I
t is remarkably easy to find scientific papers that discuss
diabetic patients with parasite infections. Researchers are
beginning to realize that diabetes may be caused by the
parasites (3). As I've mentioned at the begnning of this book,
very little careful screening for parasites takes place in the
United States.
Parasites Seem to Cause Similar Damage
Large and small parasites seem to cause similar damage in the
body's tissues and organ systems. Protozoans, bacteria, fungi,
viruses and the eggs of larger parasites are small enough to move
around in the body's circulatory system and lymph. Even though
these systems could deliver parasites anywhere in the body, the
invaders seem to have an affinity for locations with food (e.g.
intestinal tract and brain where glucose is used as food).
A Google search on “diabetes” and “Herpes Virus” turned up
a scientific review paper that describes an association of virus
infection with type 2 diabetes and Alzheimer's disease (1) as well
as a review that focuses on the role of a human herpes pathogenic virus in the onset of Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 (DMT2) (2)
(See: References at the end of this chapter).
119
A Google search on “diabetes” and “Toxoplasma gondii” turned
up two scientific papers that focus on the serologic detection of
Toxoplasma gondii infection in diabetic patients. The first paper
showed a prevalence of IgG antibodies against Toxoplasma
gondii in diabetic patients and healthy controls were 60.43% and
38% respectively causing the authors to conclude that diabetes
may be caused by Toxoplasma gondii (3). In the second study,
among 205 diabetic patients whose blood samples were examined for the presence of Toxoplasma gondii antibodies, 60
cases (29.3%) were seronegative and 145 patients (70.7%) were
seropositive (4).
A Google search on “diabetes” and “Cryptococcus” turned up a
scientific paper that reported Cryptococcus neoformans meningitis in a diabetic patient (5).
A Google search on “diabetes” and “Cytomegalovirus” turned up
two scientific papers that report an association between viruses and
diabetes. The first paper describes a connection between rubella
virus and cytomegalovirus (CMV) to autoimmune type 1 diabetes
due to a strong correlation between the presence of islet cell autoantibodies and persistent infections (6). The second study, that examined the risk of mortality from diabetes, found CMV seropositivity
more than doubles the risk of diabetes mortality (7).
A Google search on “diabetes” and “Treponema pallidum”
turned up a scientific paper that describes an increased prevalence of type 2 diabetes among patients with neurosyphilis in the
paper's “Discussion” section (8).
A Google search on “diabetes” and “Borrelia” turned up a scientific paper that describes a case of a man diagnosed with type
1 diabetes whose serum and cerebrospinal fluid were strongly
positive for Borrelia burgdorferi IgG (9).
A Google search on “diabetes” and “Ascaris” turned up two
scientific papers that describe cases of diabetics who were also
infected with Ascaris lumbricoides. The first paper describes a
120
case of a man with uncontrolled diabetes who vomited out an
Ascaris lumbricoides (10). The second paper describes a diabetic
male whose live Ascaris lumbricoides was found in his rectum
during a colonoscopy (11).
A Google search on “diabetes” and “Toxocara” turned up a
scientific paper that describes a case of a 54 year-old diabetic
man with a small hepatic nodule that was discovered during a
CT scan. Scans obtained 3, 6 and 10 months later revealed that
the nodule was migrating and contained Toxocara canis larvae.
An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for Toxocara
canis was also strongly positive (12).
A Google search on “diabetes” and “Strongyloides” turned up
a scientific paper that explores an association between positive
Strongyloides stercoralis serology and diabetes mellitus showing
a frequency of positive S. stercoralis serology in diabetics 23%
versus 7.1% in the control group (13)..
References
1. “An association of virus infection with type 2 diabetes and
Alzheimer's disease,” S. Karim, et al., CNS Neurol Disord
Drug Targets. 2014 Apr;13(3):429-39.
2. “The Role of Human Herpesvirus 8 in Diabetes Mellitus Type 2:
State of the Art and a Medical Hypothesis,” R. Pompei, Adv Exp
Med Biol. 2015 Nov 6.
3. “Serologic Detection of Anti Toxoplasma gondii Infection in
Diabetic Patients,” Shahnaz Shirbazou, et al., Iran Red Crescent
Med J. 2013 Aug; 15(8): 701–703.
4. “Investigation of IgG and IgM Antibodies Against Toxoplasma
gondii Among Diabetic Patients, ” Mohammad Jafari Modrek,
et al., Int J. Infect. 2015 July; 2(3).
5. “Cryptococcus neoformans meningitis in a diabetic patient the perils of an overzealous immune response: a case report,”
Anurag Kushawaha, et al., Cases J. 2009; 2: 209.
121
6. “Viruses as a triggering factor of type 1 diabetes and genetic
markers related to the susceptibility to the virus-associated
diabetes,” J.W.Yoon, et al., Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 1989;7
Suppl 1:S47-58.
7. “Prospective study of cytomegalovirus seropositivity and risk
of mortality from diabetes,” A. Mendy, et al., Acta Diabetol.
2014 Oct;51(5):723-9.
8. “Syphilis iridocyclitis in a patient with type 1 diabetes,”
Mario Comassi, et al., Journal of Diabetes Investigation,
Dec 25, 2015.
9. “Severe orthostatic hypotension in a diabetic patient may not
be due to diabetic autonomic neuropathy,”
M Burman, et al., Clin Med (Lond). 2011 Jun;11(3):290-1.
10.“Intractable Hiccups in an Elderly Diabetic: An Unusual Presentation of Ascaris lumbricoides,” Ramesh Aggarwal, et al.,
J Glob Infect Dis. 2013 Apr-Jun; 5(2): 88.
11 “Ascaris lumbricoides: To Expect the Unexpected during a
Routine Colonoscopy,” Kalyan Kanneganti, et al., Case Reports in Medicine ,Volume 2013 (2013).
12 “Hepatic Visceral Larva Migrans of Toxocara canis,” Jae
Hoon Lim, Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2010 Apr; 82(4): 520–521.
13 “Is there an association between positive Strongyloides
stercoralis serology and diabetes mellitus?,” S.C. Mendonça,
et al., Acta Trop. 2006 Aug;99(1):102-5.
There is one Strongyloides stercoralis / diabetes study in the citations
listed in Chapter 4 (do a PDF search on the word diabetes).
122
Strongyloides stercoralis has a complex life cycle in which parthenogenetic
females (i.e., capable of reproducing without males) lay embryonated eggs that
hatch internally. Larvae can migrate, grow, and mature into adult egg-laying
females. This ability to establish a cycle of repeated infection within a host
results in chronic infection that can last for several decades. The current record
appears to be 65 years.
Mary Tyler Moore is a Type 1 diabetic and she was diagnosed at age 33 in
1969. What if she is infected with a Strongyloides stercoralis that can re-infect
for 65 years?
123
Notes
124
Chapter 8
Lung Disease
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease,
or COPD, refers to a group of diseases that
cause airflow blockage and breathing-related
problems. It includes emphysema, chronic
bronchitis, and in some cases asthma.
- Centers for Disease Control
and Preventsion (CDC)
O
ne of the most startling papers in my collection of 481
scientific studies (study #273) is a 1961 report written by
U.S. Naval Captain David P. Osborne who found Ascaris
lumbricoides in a 48 year-old male physician who was thought
to have lung cancer. Osborne begins his paper with a detailed
description of the parasiteʼs life cycle:
It has long been established by study of Ascaris lumbricoides in man as well as in laboratory hosts, that the
larvae, on hatching in the small intestine, migrate
through the liver to the lungs. On the eighth to ninth
day after infestation, they move farther into the bronchi
and then, via the trachea and esophagus, return to the
intestine. It has also been shown that the larvae in their
migration and development often cause extreme eosinophilia, symptoms such as shortness of breath and cough,
and diffuse pulmonary infiltrations which can be roentgenographically recorded (photography with X-rays).
Osborne knew, in 1961, that Ascaris lumbricoides causes
symptoms of shortness of breath and cough? Osborne also found
125
an Ascaris lumbricoides (nematode worm) in his patient during
a thoracotomy an incision into the pleural space of the chest).
In his Addendum, Osborne also explains how the worm was
identified:
The pathological sections containing the parasite
were sent to several pathologists for their impressions. Most agreed that this parasite represented an
Ascaris. One observer suggested that possibly this
parasite represented Dirofilaria.
Dirofilaria is the scientific name for heartworm that infects humans.
The thoracotomy was performed in 1959 (Osborne's paper was not
published until 1961). Osborne, his two co-authors and the pathologists knew that Dirofilaria is a human parasite. Today, there are
many scientific papers that discuss Dirofilaria in humans (written
by authors outside the United States). In the group I have found, the
earliest paper was written in 1977.
Searching For Papers When Your Doctor Is In the Dark
Unless medical schools have trouble accessing new scientific
developments, there appears to be separate groups of physicians.
There are types like Osborne and his colleagues in one group and
everyone else—who's left behind? Are the Ivy League doctors
apprised of new scientific developments? Is it the Naval physicians
who access the latest information? Who are the elite group who
knew Dirofilaria infects humans in 1959?
I see television ads that mention heartworm in pets, but I've
never seen a news items that has mentioned human heartworm.
Heartworm infection in humans is one of the reasons I decided
to assemble this book. European doctors who write papers are
warning that Dirofilaria infections are increasing.
A Google search on “chronic obstructive pulmonary disease” and
“Herpes Virus” turned up in two scientific papers that describe
Herpes virus in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The first paper describes a 72 year old female who
126
was diagnosed with Herpes virus in simplex virus (HSV1) (1).
The second paper describes the seroprevalence of human herpesvirus type 8 (HHV-8) is high in patients with various immunologic
abnormalities including COPD. The seroprevalence of HHV-8
antibodies was higher in COPD patients than in controls (2).
A Google search on “asthma” and “Herpes Virus” turned up a
scientific paper that describes Herpes simplex type I infection
and atopy in children with asthma and allergic rhinitis (3)
A Google search on “asthma” and “Toxoplasma gondii” turned
up a scientific paper that describes T. gondii infection associated
with asthma related symptoms (4).
A Google search on “chronic obstructive pulmonary disease”
and “Cryptococcus” turned up a scientific paper that describes
Cryptococcus gattii in a 66-year-old man who had chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease (cultured through skin biopsy) (5).
A Google search on “asthma” and “Cryptococcus” turned up a
scientific paper that describes the potential for localized pulmonary C. neoformans infection to potentiate allergic responses and
airway reactivity and suggest a potential role for subclinical
pulmonary cryptococcosis in the pathogenesis of asthma. (6).
and “Cytomegalovirus” turned up a scientific paper that describes
two cases of immunocompetent patients with chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease (COPD) who developed severe cytomegalovirus (CMV) pneumonia (7).
and “Borrelia” turned up a scientific paper that describes a
64-year-old man with prostate cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection
whose lyme IgM antibody testing was positive and consistent with
acute Borrelia burgdoferi infection (8).
127
and “cysticercosis” turned up a scientific paper describing neglected infections of poverty in the United States including the
helminth infections, toxocariasis, strongyloidiasis, ascariasis, and
cysticercosis; the intestinal protozoan infection trichomoniasis;
some zoonotic bacterial infections, including leptospirosis; the
vector-borne infections Chagas disease, leishmaniasis, trench
fever, and dengue fever; and the congenital infections cytomegalovirus (CMV), toxoplasmosis, and syphilis (9).
A Google search on “asthma”and “Ascaris” turned up a scientific
paper that reports infection with A. lumbricoides associated with
increased risk of asthma (10).
A Google search on “chronic obstructive pulmonary disease”and
“Toxocara” turned up a scientific paper describing seroprevalence
of IgG anti-Toxocara species antibodies in a population of patients
with suspected allergy with asthma as the most common clinical
presentation (11).
“Strongyloides” turned up a scientific paper describing 2 fatal
cases of Strongyloides hyperinfection with initial presentation
mimicking acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary
disease (COPD) (12).
“Dirofilaria” turned up a scientific paper describing High Levels
of Serum Thromboxane B2 Are Generated during Human Pulmonary Dirofilariosis (13).
References
1. “An unusual exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary
disease (COPD) with herpes simplex tracheitis: case report,”
Alison C Boland, et al., J Med Case Reports. 2007; 1: 91.
128
2. “Human herpesvirus type 8 in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,”Cheng-Chuan Su, et al., European
Respiratory Journal. September 1, 2015.
3. “Herpes simplex type I infection and atopy association in
Turkish children with asthma and allergic rhinitis,”M. Igde,
et al., Iran J Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2009 Sep;8(3):149-54.
4. “Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in Sweden, Estonia and Iceland.,”A. Birgisdóttir, et al., Scand J Infect Dis.
2006;38(8):625-31.
5. “Cutaneous cryptococcosis due to Cryptococcus gattii in a
patient on chronic corticotherapy,”F. Bellissimo-Rodrigues,
et al., Rev Soc Bras Med Trop. 2010 Mar-Apr;43(2):211-2.
6. “Enhanced allergic inflammation and airway responsiveness
in rats with chronic Cryptococcus neoformans infection:
potential role for fungal pulmonary infection in the pathogenesis of asthma,”D.L. Goldman, et al., J Infect Dis. 2006 Apr
15;193(8):1178-86. Epub 2006 Mar 9.
7. “[Severe pneumonia due to cytomegalovirus in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease],” Article in French and
Abstract in English. C. Bosc, et al., Rev Mal Respir. 2014
May;31(5):435-8.
8. “Acute lyme infection presenting with amyopathic dermatomyositis and rapidly fatal interstitial pulmonary fibrosis: a
case report,” Hien Nguyen, et al., J Med Case Reports. 2010;
4: 187.
9. “Neglected Infections of Poverty in the United States of
America,” Peter J. Hotez, PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2(6):e256.
10.“Ascaris lumbricoides infection is associated with increased risk of childhood asthma and atopy in rural China,” L.J. Palmer, Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2002 Jun
1;165(11):1489-93.
129
11.“Seroprevalence of IgG anti-Toxocara species antibodies in
a population of patients with suspected allergy,” R. Qualizza, International Journal of General Medicine, Volume 4,
November 22, 2011 Volume 2011:4 Pages 783—787.
12.“Strongyloides stercoralis hyperinfection presenting with
symptoms mimicking acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,” H.C. Liu, J Chin Med Assoc. 2009
Aug;72(8):442-5.
13.“High Levels of Serum Thromboxane B2 Are Generated
during Human Pulmonary Dirofilariosis,” R. Morchon,
CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY, Oct. 2006, p.
1175–1176.
Heartworm incidence maps do not contain the scientific name of the nematode
that is needed in PubMed searches. This 2015 map, from the Companion Animal
Parasite Council (CAPC) is an example. Merck is a CAPC sponsor.
130
The most startling scientific paper I read for this chapter is
a 2006 study titled “High Levels of Serum Thromboxane
B2 Are Generated during Human Pulmonary Dirofilariosis”
(13). The Spanish study, conducted in Salamanca, Spain,
describes a human immune system chemical (Thromboxane
B2) that is generated in response to a Wolbachia symbiont
bacteria that lives inside the Dirofilaria immitis worm and is
released when the worm dies.
The scientists, who were interested in studying Thromboxane
B2 levels, obtained 80 serum samples from patients diagnosed with pulmonary dirofilariosis caused by D. immitis
from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,
Atlanta, Georgia (the authors mention CDC staff member
Patrick Lammie who provided the samples).
Americans don't know that Dirofilaria (heartworm) is in
humans and the CDC is supplying Spanish researchers with
blood samples from patients diagnosed with pulmonary
dirofilariosis?
The citations for heart and lung diseases from a 33 page document
containing citations to studies that link parasites to various diseases
can be found in Chapter 4. The numbers are the same as the PDF
document (the sections in the 33-page document do not directly
correspond to the chapters in this book):
131
Notes
132
Chapter 9
Kidney and Bladder
Disease
In 2012, the number of adults diagnosed
with kidney disease was 3.9 million.
and Prevention (CDC)
N
ow that television commercials for adult diapers and
pads tell us that as many as 50 million Americans suffer
from “Overactice Bladder (OAB),” I typed the words
overactive bladder and history into Google and discovered a
2013 scientific paper titled “History of the Term ʻOveractive
Bladder.ʼ” Authors Diana Cardona-Grau, and Sara Spettel explain:
The term was famously introduced in 1997 by Drs.
Paul Abrams and Alan Wein when they co-chaired
a 1997 consensus conference titled "The Overactive
Bladder: From Basic Science to Clinical Management." One of the key goals of the conference was to
develop a symptom-based definition of troublesome
lower urinary tract symptoms, without the need for
urodynamic studies. The conference title and subsequent proceedings introduced the term OAB into
widespread use. The exact definition underwent
revisions and was later standardized by the International Continence Society (ICS) in 1999 and finally
133
formalized in 2002 as: "urgency with or without urge
incontinence, usually with frequency and nocturne in
the absence of an underlying metabolic pathologic
condition.
Even before the formalization process, the term overactive bladder and abbreviation OAB quickly made
its way into the peer literature and medical vocabulary. As Abrams writes of the 1999 ICS subcommittee
discussions, "it became clear that the introduction
of overactive bladder has acquired an "unstoppable
momentum."
International Continence Society? Urgency in the absence of an
underlying metabolic pathologic condition? The ad agencies who
read this definition must have assumed that older American will
all be wearing diapers which would explain why so many paper
product companies have jumped into this new market.
I found the paper helpful because I need a term for searches. The
authors explain:
Prior to the consensus conference, the terms to
describe urge and urge incontinence symptoms were
based on findings on urodynamic study. By creating a
definition based on symptoms, the term OAB changed
the landscape of urinary symptoms and continue to be
a source of debate for urologists to this day.
Can Overactive Bladder Become Kidney Disease?
If parasites have been linked to overactive bladder problems, I
wonder if overactive bladder can develop into kidney disease.
A Google search on “incontinence” and “Toxoplasma gondii”
turned up a scientific paper that describes urinary and stool incontinence in a 10 year-old boy with Toxoplasma gondii infection (1).
See also: Additional searches on Nephritis.
134
A Google search on “incontinence” and “Cryptococcus” turned up
a scientific paper that describes urinary incontinence in a 31-yearold HIV-infected man with a Cryptococcus myelitis infection (2).
A Google search on “incontinence” and “Cytomegalovirus”
turned up a scientific paper that describes urinary incontinence in
a 53 year-old female with Cytomegalovirus (CMV) myelitis that
was detected with positive immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies
but not backed up with a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test for
CMV in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The authors suggest that
the absence of supporting PCR from CSF or blood CMV antigen
should not exclude the diagnosis (3).
A Google search on “incontinence” and “Borrelia” turned up a
scientific paper that describes infectious causes of urge incontinence (4).
A Google search on “incontinence” and “cysticercosis” turned up
a scientific paper describing urinary incontinence in a 48 year-old
male with Neurocysticercosis (NCC) (5).
A Google search on “incontinence” and “Toxocara” turned up a
scientific paper describing urinary incontinence in a 5 year-old
male with Pediatric neurotoxocariasis (6).
A Google search on “incontinence” and “Enterobius vermicularis”
turned up a scientific paper describing a 40-year-old Chinese lady
with urinary incontinence in caused by E. vermicularis infestation
in the endometrial cavity (7).
Note: Enterobius vermicularis is UK and Australian term for
Strongyloides stercoralis
A Google search on “Nephritis” and “Toxoplasma gondii” turned
up a scientific paper describing he concomitance of nephrotic syndrome and acute infection by Toxoplasma gondii (8).
A Google search on “Nephritis” and “Cryptococcus” turned up a
scientific paper describing nephritis due to cryptococcal infection
(9).
135
A Google search on “Nephritis” and “Cytomegalovirus” turned up
a scientific paper describing Interstitial nephritis associated with
cytomegalovirus infection (10).
A Google search on “Nephritis” and “Treponema pallidum”
turned up a scientific paper that describing Treponemal antigens in
congenital and acquired syphilitic nephritis (11).
A Google search on “Nephritis” and “Borrelia” turned up a scientific paper describing Lyme nephritis (12).
A Google search on “Nephritis” and “cysticercosis” turned up a
scientific paper describing bovine cysticercosis/human taeniosis
(13).
A Google search on “Nephritis” and “Ascaris” turned up a
scientific paper describing acute interstitial nephritis in a case of
Ascaris lumbricoides infection (14).
A Google search on “Nephritis” and “Toxocara” turned up a scientific review paper describing Visceral larva migrans (VLM) in
Toxocariasis involving Myocarditis, nephritis, and CNS involvement (15).
A Google search on “Nephritis” and “Strongyloides” turned up a
scientific paper describing Strongyloidiasis with gastric mucosal
invasion presenting with acute interstitial nephritis (16).
A Google search on “Nephritis” and “Dirofilaria” turned up a scientific paper that describing Microfilariosis in dogs as an emerging
cause for renal failure in dogs as well as humans. Although the paper it titled Microfilariosis in dogs, the authors state the importance
of human infection in the opening paragraph (17).
References
1. “Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis associated with acute
Toxoplasma gondii Infection,” A. Aksoy, et al., Pediatr Neurol.
2013 Mar;48(3):236-9.
136
2. “Cryptococcus myelitis: Atypical Presentation of a Common
Infection,” Tawanda Gumbo, et al., Clin Infect Dis. (2001) 32
(8): 1235-1236.
3. “Suspected CMV Associated Myelitis in Immunocompetent
Adult without Supporting PCR from the CSF,” Meir
Kestenbaum, et al., Austin J Clin Neurol 2015;2(2): 1026.
4. “Differential Diagnosis and Treatment of Impaired Bladder
Emptying,” Naoki Yoshimura, MD, PhD and Michael B
Chancellor, MD, Rev Urol. 2004; 6(Suppl 1): S24–S31.
5. “Primary extensive spinal subarachnoid cysticercosis,” S.H. Shin, et al., Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2012 Sep
1;37(19):E1221-4.
6. “Pediatric neurotoxocariasis with concomitant cerebral,
cerebellar, and peripheral nervous system involvement: case
report and review of the literature,” Sócrates Salvador, et al.,
J Pediatr (Rio J). 2010;86(6):531-534
7. “Enterobius Vermicularis Infestation of the Endometrium – A
Cause of Menstrual Irregularity and Review of Literature,”
Ying Woo Ng, et al., Annals Academy of Medicine, Letter to
the Editor, November 2011, Vol. 40 No. 11
8. “Nephrotic syndrome associated with toxoplasmosis. Report
of seven cases,” Julio Toporovski, et al., Rev. Inst. Med. trop.
S. Paulo vol.54 no.2 São Paulo Mar./Apr. 2012
9. “Acute renal failure presenting as a granulomatous interstitial
nephritis due to cryptococcal infection,”Sungjin Chung, et
al., Kidney International, Volume 76, Issue 4, 2 August 2009,
Pages 453–458
10.“Interstitial nephritis associated with cytomegalovirus infection,” J.L. Platt, et al., Kidney Int. 1985 Sep;28(3):550-2.
11.“Treponemal antigens in congenital and acquired syphilitic
nephritis: demonstration by immunofluorescence studies,” S.
O'Regan, et al., Ann Intern Med. 1976 Sep;85(3):325-7.
137
12.“Lyme nephritis,” M.P. Littman, J Vet Emerg Crit Care
(San Antonio). 2013 Mar-Apr;23(2):163-73.
13.“A survey of bovine cysticercosis/human taeniosis in Northern Turkana District, Kenya,”Lucas Asaava, et al., Preventive
Veterinary Medicine 89 (2009) 197–204198
14.“Acute interstitial nephritis in a case of Ascaris lumbricoides
infection,” Oliver Jung, et al., Nephrol. Dial. Transplant.
(2004) 19 (6): 1625-1628.
15.“Toxocariasis: Clinical Aspects, Epidemiology, Medical
Ecology, and Molecular Aspects,” Dickson Despommier, Clin
Microbiol Rev. 2003 Apr; 16(2): 265–272.
16.“Strongyloidiasis with gastric mucosal invasion presenting
with acute interstitial nephritis,” M.J. Bangs, et al., Southeast
Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2006 Jul;37(4):641-7.
17 “Microfilariosis in Dogs – An Emerging Cause for Renal
Failure,” V.R. Ambily, et al., International Journal of Science
and Research (IJSR), Volume 3 Issue 6, June 2014.
There is one study in my collection of 481 citations about kidneys
(# #307). See: “Strongyloides hyperinfection syndrome following
simultaneous heart and kidney transplantation,” Shugo Mizuno,
et al., Transplant International, 11/2008; 22(2):251-3.
138
Chapter 10
Arthritis
(Including Gout)
More than 21% of U.S. adults
(46.4 million persons)
doctor-diagnosed arthritis.
and Prevention (CDC), 2008
P
atients with gout are told to avoid foods that are high in
organic compounds called purines, but elevated uric acid
in gout is caused by parasites rather than purine-rich food.
In 2014, researchers at Brazil’s Federal University of Santa Maria
found elevated purine and uric acid levels in the brain of mice
experimentally infected with Toxoplasma gondii (1).
Most Common Forms of Arthritis
There are more than 100 different types of arthritis. The most
common forms include gout, osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.
A Google search on “arthritis” and “Herpes Virus” turned up a
scientific paper that describes three patients acute arthritis developed during the course of generalized herpes virus infections (2)
A Google search on “arthritis” and “Toxoplasma gondii” turned
up a scientific paper that found the relationship between toxoplasmosis and arthritis (polyarthritis) to be significant. (3)
139
A Google search on “arthritis” and “Cryptococcus” turned up
a scientific paper reporting two cases of septic arthritis due to
Cryptococcus neoformans (4).
A Google search on “arthritis” and “Cytomegalovirus” turned
up a scientific paper describing a 39-year-old woman developed
polyarticular arthritis secondary to cytomegalovirus (CMV)
infection (5).
A Google search on “arthritis” and “Borrelia” turned up a scientific paper describing diagnosis and treatment of Lyme arthritis (6).
A Google search on “arthritis” and “cysticercosis” turned up a
scientific paper describing two patients with arthritis that developed during the course of parasite infestation with Strongyloides
stercoralis and Taenia saginata, respectively (7).
A Google search on “arthritis” and “Toxocara” turned up a
scientific paper describing a 39 year-old man who was well until
one month before admission presenting with arthritis involving
both ankle joints. His laboratory work-up included an ELISA for
Toxocara canis using toxocara excretory–secretory antigen that
was highly positive (8).
A Google search on “arthritis” and “Strongyloides” turned up a
scientific paper describing reactive arthritis induced by Strongyloides stercoralis (9).
A Google search on “arthritis” and “Enterobius vermicularis”
turned up a scientific paper describinga rare case of reactive arthritis associated with Enterobius vermicularis infection (10).
Note: Enterobius vermicularis is UK and Australian term for
Strongyloides stercoralis
A Google search on “arthritis” and “Dirofilaria” turned up a scientific paper describing acute arthritis occurring in association with
subcutaneous Dirofilaria tenuis infection (11).
140
A Google search on “arthritis” and “Fasciola” turned up a scientific paper describing blood samples were collected from 359 individuals randomly selected and checked for IgG against F. hepatica
and A. suum by using an ELISA with their excretory/secretory
products. Seropositive cases to fasciolosis were recorded among
rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients (12).
References
1. “Influence of infection by Toxoplasma gondii on purine levels and E-ADA activity in the brain of mice experimentally
infected mice,” AA Tonin, Exp Parasitol 2014 Jul;142:51-8.
2. “Acute monoarticular arthritis caused by herpes simplex virus
and cytomegalovirus,” Harvey M. Friedman, M.D., et al., The
American Journal of Medicine, Volume 69, Issue 2, August
1980, Pages 241–247
3. “Relationship between Toxoplasma gondii and arthritis
among patients in Kirkuk city,” Yahya Jirjees Salman and
Kalawish Ali Mohammed, International Journal of Current
Research and Academic Review, Volume 3 Number 8
(August-2015) pp. 175-187.
4. “Septic arthritis due to Cryptococcus neoformans,” K.J.
Stead, et al., J Infect. 1988 Sep;17(2):139-45.
5. “Cytomegalovirus infection presenting as polyarticular arthritis following autologous BMT,” L.J. Burns, R.D. Gingrich,
Bone Marrow Transplant. 1993 Jan;11(1):77-9.
6. “Diagnosis and treatment of Lyme arthritis,” A.C. Steere,
Med Clin North Am. 1997 Jan;81(1):179-94.
7. “Reactive arthritis induced by parasitic infestation,” T.S.
Bocanegra, et al., Ann Intern Med. 1981 Feb;94(2):207-9.
8. “Human toxocariasis as a possible cause of eosinophilic
arthritis,” A. A. Rayes and J. R. Lambertucci, Rheumatology
(2001) 40 (1): 109-110.
141
9. “Reactive arthritis induced by Strongyloides stercoralis,”
O. Brocq, et al., Rev Rhum Engl Ed. 1996 Mar;63(3):217-9.
10.“A rare case of reactive arthritis associated with Enterobius
vermicularis infection,” D. Accapezzato, et al., Int J Rheum
Dis. 2013 Oct;16(5):602-3.
11.“Acute arthritis occurring in association with subcutaneous
Dirofilaria tenuis infection” L.C. Corman, Arthritis Rheum.
1987 Dec;30(12):1431-4.
12.“Helminth-sensitization in patients with rheumatoid arthritis,”
C. Diez-Morrondo., et al., Rev. Ibero-Latinoam. Parasitol.
(2010); 69 (2): 163-171

142
Chapter 11
Alcoholism
Binge drinking is heavy, excessive alcohol
consumption. The rate of binge drinking in the
U.S. is the highest in the world.
- Dr. Thomas Frieden, Director
Center for Disease Control
A
ccording to a interesting 2010 Brazilian study, infection
with Strongyloides stercoralis is much more prevalent
in alcoholic patients than in controls (20.5% vs. 4.4%).
Strongyloides stercoralis is the parasitic roundworm with parthenogenetic females (i.e., capable of reproducing without males)
that lay embryonated eggs that hatch internally. Larvae can
migrate, grow, and mature into adult egg-laying females. This
ability to establish a cycle of repeated infection within a host
results in chronic infection that can last for several decades. The
current record appears to be 65 years.
Strongyloides stercoralis Is Also Known as Enterbius vermicularis
Strongyloide stercoralis (threadworm) is called Enterbius
vermicularis in the UK and Australia. Pinworm is the common name for Enterbius vermicularis. John H. Cross, author of
Medical Microbiology, says “everyone has had pinworms.” In
his book, Strongyloidiasis: A major roundworm infection of man,
Cross says most infected individuals are asymptomatic.
Strongyloidiasis (infection) is Transmittable by Textiles
The Wikipedia entry for Strongyloide stercoralis says Strongyloidiasis (infection) is transmittable by textiles, such as sheets
143
and bedclothes. The page includes a warning that says never use
hotel bed sheets in endemic areas (but does not mention what
areas are endemic). A map in a 2013 study conducted at the Public
Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland (1) provides an important clue
about the areas of the world where Strongyloidiasis is endemic.
Prevalence of Strongyloide stercoralis in refugees and immigrants by country.
The figures in this map's legend may explain why the rate of binge drinking in
the U.S. is the highest in the world.
Alcoholism is Due to An Asymptomatic Roundworm Infection
A Google search on “alcoholism” and “Strongyloides stercoralis” turned up a scientific paper reporting frequency of Strongyloides significantly higher in alcoholic patients than in control
group (overall prevalence in alcoholic 20.5% versus 4.4% in
control group; p = 0.001) (2)
144
References
1. “Strongyloides stercoralis: Global Distribution and Risk Factors,” Fabian Schär, et al., PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 2013 Jul;
7(7): e2288.
2. “Alcoholism and Strongyloides stercoralis: Daily Ethanol
Ingestion Has a Positive Correlation with the Frequency of
Strongyloides Larvae in the Stools,” Carla Couzi Marques,
PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., June 22, 2010.
There are several Strongyloides stercoralis studies in my
collection of 481 citations. See:
145
Notes
146
Chapter 12
Mental Illness
and Suicide
Tocoplasma gondii infected brain cells
release high amounts of dopamine that
can have significant harmful consequences on a
variety of brain functions, possibly leading
to an array of behavioral changes.
- Emese Prandovszky, 2011 (1)
A
59 year-old Czech scientist named Jaroslav Flegr has
been studying a single-celled protozoan parasite since
the early 1990s and he believes that the organism contributes to car crashes, suicides, and mental disorders such as
schizophrenia. Flegr's work received a boost when a group
of parasitologists in London learned that T. gondii raises the
production of the neurotransmitter dopamine in the host brain.
As it turns out, dopamine is known to be elevated in people with
schizophrenia. Antipsychotic medicine designed for schizophrenics blocks the action of dopamine. Flegr told Atlantic Monthly
reporter Kathleen McCuliffe that there is strong psychological
resistance to the possibility that human behavior can be influenced by a parasite. He said the reviewers of his scientific papers
may have been offended (2).
Conflict of Interests
Golfer Phil Mickelson is the celebrity spokesperson for an arthritis drug called Enbrel. If you listen to him speak in an Enbrel
147
commercial, you'll hear him say he's “managing the symptoms
of his psoriatic arthritis.” The psychopharmacological era that
began in the mid-twentieth century has introduced drugs to
“manage” rather than to “cure.” I believe the “strong psychological resistance” to parasites-as-a-cause of any disease is once
again linked to the Upton Sinclair adage:
If you kill parasites that cause disease, the psychopharmacological
revenue stream stops.
References
1. “The Neurotropic Parasite Toxoplasma Gondii Increases
Dopamine Metabolism,” Emese Prandovszky, et al., PLoS
ONE, September 21, 2011.
2. “How Your Cat Is Making You Crazy,” Kathleen McCuliffe,
The Atlantic, Feb 6 2012.
148