Historical Linguistics

Transcription

Historical Linguistics
By: Janice Lam Hiu Wah
What is Historical Linguistics?
• Campbell
• “Study language change”
• What kind of language change?
• Historical Linguistic =
Diachronic Linguistics
(Language change over time)
Free template from www.brainybetty.com
2
What Historical Linguistics
covers?
Sound change
Borrowing
Lexical diffusion
Analogical change
Linguistic Reconstruction
Semantic change
Lexical change
Syntactic change
3
What is Sound Change?
• Change in pronunciation of words
over time
• Neogrammarians 1870
• “All sound changes, as
mechanical processes, take place
according to laws with no
exception”
• “A matter of physiology, beyond
the awareness of the speaker”
4
Really no exceptions?
Yes, there are rules to be
captured regarding the sound
changes.
X Some words are mispronounced,
but not the others.
5
Sound change according to
laws?
• Qing dynasty: discovery of the
change of sound from [f] to [b] or
[p].
• E.g.) (fuk6) - (bau1)
(fung1) - (bong1)
(f>b) – “High plosive sounds”
6
Sound change according to
laws?
• Nowadays, some Cantonese
words still keep “high plosive
sounds”
• E.g.) /fu1/ /bou6/
/fuk6/
/buk6/
/fu5/ /pou5/
/fu6/ /puk1/
7
What EXCEPTIONS?
No changes in words like
(fuk6 sin3)
(fu5 yan4)
8
“The change is…beyond the
awareness of speaker”
Lisp ( ) -Cantonese
• Indistinguishable and n
• e.g.) (la 5)
not (lan5) > n/la
9
“The change is…beyond the
awareness of speaker”
e.g. ) (hyn3) not (gyn3)
h>g
(dzik9) not (dz 3)
i, k >
(fei1) not (fei2) (yam4) not (yam6)
10
What is Sound Change?
Shift of Tones
From upper level to upper rising
• e.g. (h n1) not (h n2)
(s u1) not (s u2)
•
11
How words can be borrowed?
Borrowing
– External borrowing
– From another language
Analogical change
– Internal borrowing
– From some of its own patterns to
change to other patterns
12
How Chinese has been modified by
foreign language over time?
First borrowing from Western
Regions ()
First upsurge of borrowing –
Buddhist scriptures
Borrowing continued – arrival of
Western scholars
13
How has Chinese changed
over time?
Second upsurge – after defeat in
Opium War
Official translation agencies were
set up in large cities
Borrowing from Japanese words
14
How has Chinese changed
over time?
1949-early 1970s: Communist rule –
Borrowing from Russians
1966-76: Cultural Revolution
Now: in the midst of the third
upsurge
15
External borrowing
First borrowing from Western
Regions ()
Transliteration
Flora and fauna
Second syllable not stressed
e.g.) !
"
– Persia
- Arabia
- India
16
External borrowing
First upsurge of borrowing –
Buddhist scriptures
Concepts
Loan translation
e.g.) (yoga)
- Zen
- Truth
– In the past
- Future
17
External borrowing
Arrival of Western scholars
-Marco Polo (1254-1324)
-Matteo Ricci (1552-1610)
Official translation agencies
- Shanghai, Beijing, Tianjin
18
External borrowing
Borrowing from Japanese words
Kanji
Readily transplanted into Chinese
e.g.) Free template from www.brainybetty.com
19
External borrowing
1949-1970: Borrowing from
Russians
Concepts of Communism
e.g.) Semantically,
Collective farm
Communism
20
External borrowing
Cultural Revolution until Nowthe midst of the third upsurge
1) Greater tendency for sound
translation
Number of syllables
Tones
Consonants and vowels
e.g.) Vitamin –(wei4ta1ming6)
Disney - (dik6si6ni4)
tart- (tat8)
21
External borrowing
Cultural Revolution until Nowthe midst of the third upsurge
2) Semantic translation
Meaning of part-word is translated.
e.g.) miniskirt – (mi2ni3qun2)
Credit card – + (xin4yong4ji1)
22
Summary
Reasons for borrowing in
Chinese language
1)Insufficient lexicons
within the language
2)Need to learn from the
West
3)Ease of translation
23
Analogy
Two types of analogy:
1)Analogical levelling
2)Analogical creation
24
Analogy
1)Analogical levelling
Simplification of rules
Eliminating the
alternation
25
Analogy
(Analogical levelling)
!"!
<<>>: ”
#!$”
Nowadays, % refers to the things
which are larger in size.
eg.) & %'
& %(
v.s. &
)
(
26
Analogy
2) Analogical creation
Lexical and conceptual
resources are updated.
Produces new forms by
extending an existing
form or function.
27
Analogy
(Analogical creation)
Examples in Chinese
Backformation
e.g.) #$
Morphological
composition
%
&
Deletion of the upper parts
Semantically, half of the children
Very small kids
28
Analogy
Examples in Chinese
Blending
e.g.) *++ = ,
Two different words
Combined to form a new word
(Semantically related)
29
Analogy
Examples in Chinese
Folk etymology
e.g.)
Meaningful associations
-
New form was created
because of the associations
30
Summary
1)To avoid confusion
-> Analogical levelling
2) To create more lexicons
-> Analogical extension
31
Summary
Sound changes
(any exceptions?)
Borrowing - externally
Analogy – internal
change
32
The End

Historical Linguistics

Transcription

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