1 - Blonder Tongue Laboratories Inc.

Transcription

BROADBAND
REFERENCE
GUIDE
Blonder Tongue Laboratories, Inc.
Thank you for requesting our Broadband Reference Guide. We
hope you find this latest update helpful as we strive to provide
technical information for the broadband industry in a convenient
pocket size book.
Remember to look for previous versions of the reference guide on
the Blonder Tongue website. We welcome any suggestion for further
improvement, simply e-mail: feedback@blondertongue.com.
Bob Pallé
President
One Jake Brown Road, Old Bridge, NJ 08857
732-679-4000 • Fax: 732-679-4353
www.blondertongue.com
©2011 Blonder Tongue Laboratories, Inc. All rights reserved. Specifications are subject
to change without notice. Trademarks are the property of their respective owner.
1
2
3
4
5
SAFETY
System Planning.............................................................4
Cable Substitution Chart.................................................5
Current Ratings for Electronic Cables..............................6
Headend HVAC Considerations.......................................7
PRODUCTS & APPLICATIONS
Encoder Collection.........................................................11
Digital Collection.......................................................... 20
EdgeQAM & IP Solutions.............................................. 39
DIGITAL REFERENCE
Digital Cable (QAM)..................................................... 54
Digital Over-the-Air....................................................... 54
Encoding Diagram........................................................ 55
Digital Content Types.................................................... 56
Digital Closed Captioning............................................. 58
Chroma Sub-Mapping Types......................................... 59
Audio Encoding............................................................ 61
Digital Tech Tips........................................................... 64
Digital Signal Analysis................................................... 69
CATV QAM Channel Center Frequency......................... 78
North American Digital Broadcast Channel Frequency... 80
ANALOG REFERENCE
Analog Cable (RF)..........................................................82
Analog Over-the-Air.......................................................82
Analog Content Types....................................................83
Analog Closed Captioning..............................................85
North America CATV Frequency Chart...........................86
US Frequency Spectrum.................................................91
North America Off-Air Frequency Chart.........................93
FM Broadcast Channel Frequency..................................95
CONNECTORS & INTERFACES
Cables, Wiring & Pinout Reference................................ 98
Optical Connectors..................................................... 106
iv
6
7
8
9
CATV RF CALCULATIONS
System Calculations....................................................108
Passive & Coaxial Cable Characteristics.......................122
Broadband RF Network Powering................................123
OFF-AIR ANTENNAS, & SATELLITE INFO
Dipole Antenna Equations...........................................126
Multiplexers................................................................127
Antenna General Information......................................128
Antenna Spacing.........................................................129
Antenna Phasing......................................................... 131
Satellite Transmission Standards..................................132
System Calculations....................................................133
North & South American C & Ku-Band Satellites........135
Broadcast Station "List"...............................................137
INTERNATIONAL TV FORMATS
Worldwide TV Standards.............................................140
CCIR Television Transmission Characteristics............... 146
International Analog Channel Standards...................... 147
CONVERSIONS & MISC. DATA
Basic Cable Theory.....................................................150
Conversion Factors......................................................156
Fiber Optics................................................................169
10
FCC RULES
11
SYMBOLS & ACRONYMS
FCC Highlights........................................................... 174
FCC Rules...................................................................182
Common CATV Symbols.............................................188
Common IPTV Symbols...............................................190
CATV & IPTV Acronyms..............................................192
Basic Glossary of CATV & IPTV Terms......................... 224
Useful Websites and Publications................................229
v
Company Profile
Blonder Tongue Laboratories, Inc. provides
system operators and integrators serving the cable, broadcast,
satellite, IPTV, institutional and professional video markets
with comprehensive solutions for the provision of content
contribution, distribution and video delivery to homes and
businesses. With over 60 years of experience, the company
designs, manufactures, sells and supports an equipment
portfolio of standard and high definition digital video solutions,
as well as core analog video and high speed data solutions for
distribution over coax, fiber and IP networks.
1
2
SAFETY
3
DIGITAL REFERENCE
4
ANALOG REFERENCE
5
CONNECTORS & INTERFACES
6
7
OFF-AIR ANTENNAS, & SATELLITE INFO
8
9
10
11
FCC RULES
SYMBOLS & ACRONYMS
1
3
SAFETY
System Planning....................................... 4
Cable Substitution Chart........................... 5
Current Ratings for Electronic Cables........ 6
Headend HVAC Considerations................. 7
4 System Planning
Headend & Distribution System Construction
The System Contractor must adhere to both national and local
building codes when constructing a Broadband CATV System.
This includes, but is not limited to the NEC, NFPA Codes and local
building ordinances.
Related National Electrical Code (NEC) Articles
Article 250 - Grounding is one of the largest, most important,
and least understood articles in the NEC. As specified in Section
90-1(a), safety is the key element and purpose of the NEC. Proper
grounding and bonding is essential for maximum protection of life
and property. If over-current protection is considered the first line
of defense, grounding could be considered the last line of defense.
Article 810 - Radio and Television Equipment covers radio and
television receiving equipment and amateur radio transmitting and
receiving equipment, but not equipment and antennas used for
coupling carrier current to power line conductors.
Article 820 - Community Antenna Television and Radio
Distribution Systems covers coaxial cable distribution of radio
frequency signals typically employed in community antenna
television (CATV) systems.
National Fire Protection Agency (NFPA) - www.nfpa.org
5
Cable Substitution Chart (Per 2005 NEC*)
NEC ARTICLES
FIRE-RESISTANCE LEVEL
Test Requirements
800
PLENUM
CMP
4 (Highest)
725
COAX
MULTI-CONDUCTOR
CL3P
NFPA 262
(UL 910 Steiner Tunnel)
830
770
820
760
FPLP
NONCONDUCTIVE
CONDUCTIVE
CATVP
OFNP
OFCP
CATVR
OFNR
OFCR
CATV
OFNG
OFCG
BLP
CMP
CL3P
BLX
CMR
CL3R
CMG
CM
CL3
CMX
CL3X
CL2P
RISER
3
CMR
COAX
MULTI-CONDUCTOR
BMR
CL3R
UL-1666
(Vertical Shaft)
FPLR
CL2R
GENERAL
PURPOSE
CMG
CM
2
BM
PLTC
CL3
UL-1685
Vertical Tray
or CSA FT4
(UL 1581)
COAX
MULTI-CONDUCTOR
FPL
CL2
RESIDENTIAL
COAX
1(Lowest)
CMX
CATVX
CL3X
All cables other than
“Network Powered Broadband Cables”
(BMR, BM, BLP, BLX)
shall be coaxial cables.
CL2X
VW-1
(Vertical Frame)
Cables indicated can be substituted.
NEC Type
Definition
CMP, CMR, CMG, CM, CMX
Communications Cables
CL3P, CL3R, CL3, CL3X, CL2P, CL2R, CL2, CL2X
Class 2 and Class 3 Remote-Control, Signaling and Power Limited Cables
FPLP, FPLR, FPL
Power Limited Fire Alarm Cables
CATVP, CATVR, CATV, CATVX
Community Antenna Television and Radio Distribution Cables
OFNP, OFNR, OFNG, OFN
Nonconductive Optical Fiber Cables
OFCP, OFCR, OFCG, OFC
Conductive Optical Fiber Cables
PLTC
Power Limited Tray Cables
BMR, BM, BLP, BLX
Network-powered Broadband Communications Cables
*National Electrical Code and NEC are registered trademarks of the
National Fire Protection Association, Inc., Quincy, MA.
6
Current Ratings for Electronic Cables
The maximum continuous current rating for an electronic cable is
limited by conductor size, number of conductors contained
within the cable, maximum temperature rating of the cable, and
environmental conditions such as ambient temperature and air
flow.
To use the current capacity chart, first determine conductor size,
temperature rating, and number of conductors from the applicable
product description for the cable of interest.
Next, find the current value on the chart for the proper temperature
rating and conductor size. To calculate the maximum current
rating/conductor, multiply the chart value by the appropriate
conductor factor. The chart assumes cable is surrounded by still
air at an ambient temperature of 25˚ C. Current values are in
RMS Amperes and are valid for copper conductors only.
No. of Conductors**
Factors
1
1.6
2 - 3
1.0
4 - 5
.8
6 - 15
.7
16 - 30
.5
NOTE: Current ratings are intended as general
guidelines for low power electronic
communications and control applications.
Current ratings for power applications generally
are set by regulatory agencies such as UL, CSA,
NEC, and others.
** Do not count shields unless used as a conductor.
Headend HVAC Considerations
To maximize equipment reliability and life span, the headend room
should be temperature controlled. The heat generated by the
headend is one of the major contributors to the total amount of
BTU’s required for heating and cooling. The specified AC wattage
dissipation of a headend component directly correlates to the
amount of heat it generates. The conversion from watts to the
amount of heat generated in BTU’s is as follows:
Watts x 3.4144 = BTU’s/hour
With the total BTU’s per hour the headend generates along with the
buildings room details, a qualified HVAC technician can determine
the necessary heating and cooling requirements..
Sample Headend BTU Calculations
6233 + 6232B + (8) 6241A’s
7
9
2
10
ENCODER COLLECTION....................11
• HD Encoders
• SD Encoders
DIGITAL COLLECTION......................20
•
•
•
•
•
Modulators
Demodulators
Transcoders
Multiplexers
Processors
EdgeQAM & IPTV SOLUTIONS........39
•
•
•
•
DTCP-IP-to-Pro:Idiom™ QAM
Clear IP-to-Clear QAM
Bi-Directional ASI-to-IP Transcoder
12:1 ASI-to-IP Multiplexer
11
ENCODER
COLLECTION
12
HDE-ASI
HD ENCODER - ASI
1x HD/4 X SD 1x ASI
HDE-ASI (HD Encoder-ASI) accepts & auto-detects input streams in HD-SDI, SD-SDI,
and analog NTSC formats, and delivers one HD/SD MPEG-2 encoded output in ASI format.
Additionally, a multi-channel output in DVI format is available for preview and testing purposes.
The standard audio program of the digital inputs is encoded in Dolby AC-3 format. Optional
Dolby 5.1 is available. Remote monitoring and control is accomplished using any standard
Web browser.
Remote Monitoring & Control via Internet
Mode 1: 1xHD(1080i)
Mode 2: 1xHD(720p) + 2xSD(480i)/NTSC
Mode 3: 4xSD(480i)/NTSC
HD/SD MPEG-2 Encoding
Dolby AC-3 Audio Encoding
ASI
13
Features
• Three available input modes: 1xHD(1080i), 1xHD(720p)+2xSD/NTSC, and 4xSD/NTSC
• GUI-based monitoring and control menu via Web browser
• Multi-channel preview via front-panel DVI interface
• Standard real-time Dolby AC-3 audio encoding
• Optional real-time Dolby 5.1 audio encoding
• Supports EIA-608 Closed Captioning
• Supports PSIP configuration
Ordering Information
Model
Stock # Description
HDE-ASI
HDE-ASI D51
HDE-OPT-D51
RMAA
6320
6320 D51
6321
5220
HD/SD/NTSC-to-ASI Encoder
HD/SD/NTSC-to-ASI Encoder with Dolby 5.1 Audio
Factory-installed upgrade: Dolby 5.1 Audio add-on
4-input unbalanced-to-balanced Audio Amplifier
HDE-ASI Application - 1xHD (720p) + 1xSD + 1xNTSC
Typical Application
HDE-ASI Application - 1xHD (720p) + 1xSD + 1xNTSC
Optional Equipment
Satellite Receiver
Optional Equipment
Satellite Receiver
Satellite
Receiver
Optional Equipment
Balanced NTSC Audio Input
NTSC
Video Server
Video Server
Video
Server
(Video
NTSConly)
from Receiver
Balanced NTSCL+R
Audio
Input
Balanced NTSC Audio Input
L+R from Receiver
L+R from Receiver
NTSC
(Video
only)
(Video only)
Model: RMAA
RMAA Stock:
5220 5220
Model:
Stock:
Description: Accepts 4 unbalanced audio inputs
Description: Accepts 4 unbalanced
audio inputs and delivers 4 amplified and
balanced outputs that meet the encoder's
requirements for audio input
and delivers
4 amplified
and balanced outputs that
Model: RMAA
Stock:
5220
meet Accepts
the encoder’s
requirements
for audio input.
Description:
4 unbalanced
audio inputs
and delivers 4 amplified and balanced outputs that
meet the encoder’s requirements for audio input.
SD
SD
(Video/Audio)
SD
(Video/Audio)
(Video/Audio)
StudioCamera
Camera
Studio
Studio
Camera
& Microphone
&
Microphone
& Microphone
HD
HD (720p)
(720p)
HD
(720p)
(Video/Audio)
(Video/Audio)
(Video/Audio)
ASI
ASI
CoaxCoax
Distribution
Distribution
QAMModulator
Modulator
QAM
QAM Modulator
Model: AQM
Model:
AQM
Model:
AQM
Stock:
6271A
6271A
Stock:Stock:
6271A
1.800.523.6049
1.800.523.6049
RF QAM
RF QAM
Agile 54-864 MHz
Agile 54-864 MHz
Slide # 8
Slide # 8
14
HDE-2H/2S-QAM
HD ENCODER - 2x HDMI & 2x HD - SDI & 4x YPbPr - QAM
4x HD
4x QAM
HDE-2H/2S-QAM (HD Encoder – 2x HDMI & 2x HD-SDI & 4x YPbPr - QAM)
accepts up to four (4) high-definition (HD) programs in any of the following formats: HDMI,
HD-SDI and component. MPEG-2 encoded Outputs are available with the following formats
simultaneously: QAM (4 adjacent channels), GigE (1000BASE-T Ethernet), and ASI (4 streams).
The encoder supports Dolby® Digital AC-3 and Closed Captioning (EIA-608 and EIA-708). It is also
equipped with an Emergency Alert System (EAS) interface. A front-panel RF test point allows
for monitoring/testing of the QAM output without service interruption.
Comprehensive remote monitoring and control is accomplished using any standard Web
browser via a front-panel 10/100BaseT Ethernet connection.
2x HD-SDI + 2x HDMI + 4x YPbPr
(4 Inputs Total)
EAS
HD MPEG-2 Encoding
4x ASI 1x GigE
4x Adjacent QAM
(4 Programs)
15
Features
• Simultaneously delivers the following outputs; QAM CATV Channels (1 to 4 adjacent
channels)*, ASI* and GigE outputs (*user configuration)
• When user configured for a 2-Channel QAM output, each channel can accommodate 2
programs (not exceeding 38.8 Mbps)
• Accepts any combination of up to 4 inputs from the following: 2x HD-SDI, 2x HDMI, and
4x Component
• Provides +52 dBmV QAM output level for 4 combined channels (+60 dBmV for 1 QAM)
• Comprehensive GUI-based monitoring and control menu via Web browser
• Supports Closed Captioning EIA-608 for the HDMI and Component inputs
• Each of the 4 QAM channels can be turned on/off individually
• Supports Closed Captioning EIA-708 for the HD-SDI inputs
• Equipped with EAS interface (Analog Video + L/R Audio)
• Real-time Dolby Digital (AC-3) audio encoding
Model
HDE-2H/2S-QAM
Stock #
6379
Description
HD Encoder; 2x HDMI + 2x HD-SDI + 4x YPbPr inputs;
QAM + ASI + GigE outputs, EAS compatible
Typical Application
DVDPlayer
Player
DVD
withYP
YPbbP
with
Prr
output
output
Satellite
SatelliteReceiver
Receiver
with
YPbPbP
with YP
r r
output
output
4 programs
4 programs
ononVirtual
channels
Virtual channels
40.3, 51.3,
51.3, 62.7,
& 70.12
40.3,
62.7,
70.12
1x QAM
Output set
set toto
Output
Channel 55
RF RF
Channel
55
Camera
Camera
with HDMI
HDMI
with
output
output
Video
Video server
server
with HD-SDI
with
HD-SDI
output
output
16
HDE-2H-QAM
HD ENCODER-HDMI/YPbPr - QAM
2x HDMI/YPbPr 1x QAM
HDE-2H-QAM (HD Encoder – 2x HDMI/YPbPr – QAM) accepts & auto-detects up
to two (2) input streams in unencrypted HDMI & YPbPr (Component) formats. The encoder,
when applicable, digitizes & MPEG-2 encodes each input into a high-definition stream
(HD-1080i/720p), and then multiplexes the resulting two (2) streams into one (1) output in QAM
format in the 5.75-864 MHz range (CATV channels T7-T14 and 2-135). Any combination of input
multiplexing is allowed, for example, 2x HDMI, or (1x HDMI)+(1x YPbPr).
The encoder supports Dolby Digital AC-3 encoding & Closed Captioning, and is equipped with
an Emergency Alert System (EAS) interface & an ancillary ASI output port. A front-panel RF test
point allows for monitoring/testing of the QAM output without service interruption.
2x HDMI & YPbPr
EAS
Ancilliary
ASI
1x QAM
(2 Programs)
HDE-2C-QAM is identical to HDE-2H-QAM, but it does not support the HDMI input. It accepts
only two (2) inputs in YPbPr (Component) format.
17
Features
• Digitizes, encodes, and multiplexes up to two (2) HDMI and/or YPbPr inputs into one
digital QAM output
• Provides sub-band QAM output channels T7-T14 (suitable for digital return-path applications)
• Compatible with NTSC analog format, and ITU Annex A & B digital QAM formats
• Provides a front-panel ancillary ASI output
• Supports QAM 1024 Modulation
• Equipped with EAS interface
Model
Stock # Description
HDE-2H-QAM
HDE-2C-QAM
6375
6377
HD Encoder - 2x HDMI/YPbPr - QAM, +60 dBmV, 5.75-864 MHz
HD Encoder - 2x YPbPr - QAM, +60 dBmV, 5.75-864 MHz
Typical Application (2x YPbPr )
Typical Application
DVD
DVD Player
Player
with
YPbbP
Prr
with
YP
output
output
Camcorder
Camcorder
with
YP
with YP
bPb
r Pr
output
output
2 2programs
programs
onon
Virtual
channels
Virtual channels
40.3 &
& 70.12
40.3
70.12
1x QAM
Output
set
Output set
to to
RF Channel
55 55
RF
Channel
1.800.523.6049
Slide # 8
6
18
SD10E-QAM
SD ENCODER QAM
10 x SD/AV 1x QAM/ASI
SD10E-QAM (SD Encoder - QAM) accepts & auto-detects up to ten (10) inputs in SD
(480i) and NTSC baseband Audio/Video formats. The encoder, when applicable, digitizes, &
MPEG-2 encodes each into a standard-definition stream (SD-480i), and then multiplexes the
resulting ten (10) streams into one (1) output in QAM format in the 5.75-864 MHz range
(CATV sub-band channels T7-T14 and standard channels 2-135). The encoder supports Dolby Digital AC-3
encoding, and Closed Captioning.
Additionally, two ancillary output interfaces are available: one (1) in ASI format, and one
(1) in DVI format for real-time and simultaneous preview of all the ten (10) multiplexed
streams. A front-panel RF test point allows for monitoring/testing of the QAM output without
service interruption.
10x SD & AV
EAS
ASI DVI
5.75-864 MHz
QAM Agile
+60 dBmV (120 dBµV)
(10 Programs)
AV10E-QAM is identical to SD10E-QAM, but it doesn’t support the SD-SDI input. It accepts
ten (10) inputs only in NTSC baseband Audio/Video format.
19
Features
• Digitizes, encodes, and multiplexes up to ten (10) SD (480i) and NTSC baseband
Audio/Video inputs into one digital QAM output
• Compatible with NTSC analog format, and ITU Annex A and B digital QAM formats
• Allows preview of all 10 streams via a front-panel ancillary DVI output
• Provides a front-panel RF test point (at 20 dB below primary QAM output)
• Provides sub-band QAM output channels T7-T14 (5.75-53.75 MHz)
• Allows any combination of inputs, for example: 6x SD and 4x AV
• Provides a rear-panel ancillary ASI output
• Equipped with auto-sensing EAS input
Rear Panel
Model
Stock #
Description
SD10E-QAM
AV10E-QAM
6362
6360
10x SD/AV Encoder-QAM, +60 dBmV, 5.75-864 MHz
10x AV Encoder-QAM, +60 dBmV, 5.75-864 MHz
TypicalApplication
Application – Single Output ASI
Video
Video
Server
Server
Digital
Digital
Broadcast
Broadcast
(8VSB)
(8VSB)
Model:
AQD
Model: AQD
6245
Stock Stock
No.No.
6245
Satellite
Satellite
Receiver
Receiver
Model: MDDM
Model: MDDM
Stock
No.
6273
Stock No.
6273
Studio
Studio
Camera
Camera
or
2x
2x
SD-SDI (480i)
(480i)
3x AV
AV
5x
AV
5x AV
10 programs
programs
10
on 10 virtual channels
14.3, 49.8, ….
1x QAM
Output set to
RF Channel
Output
set55to
RF Channel 55
User
can
PSIP
table
User
canconfigure
configure PSIP
table
to to
allow
the10
10 programs
to be
allow
the
programs
to be
displayed on any major/minor
displayed
on any major/minor
channel combination.
channel combination.
1.800.523.6049
Slide # 10
20
DIGITAL
COLLECTION
Content from Satellite Dish
QTM Series
Digital
QPSK/8PSK
QTM-II/HD/HDPLUS
Stock No. 6242
AQM
IRD
Digital
(ASI)
IRD
2x Analog
(Components)
HDE-2H-QAM
IRD
10x Analog
(Composites)
AV10E-QAM
IRD = Integrated Receiver/Decoder
Stock No. 6271B
Stock No. 6375
Stock No. 6360
21
}
Digital (QAM)
Content from Broadcasters
DHDC
Digital
8VSB
Note: Output must be within UHF channels 14 to 69.
Stock No. 6264A & 5A
AQD
Optional: Digital ASI
Stock No. 6244
MDDM
Stock No. 6273
EAS
EAS
AP-60-860A
Stock No. 59819
AQP
Stock No. 6268
AQT
Stock No. 6275
DQMx
2x 8VSB
Stock No. 6259A
EAS
MUX-2D-QAM
Stock No. 6504
MDDA
Stock No. 6277
Analog
UHF/VHF
EAS
}
}
Analog (Composite)
Analog (Modulated RF)
DAP
Stock No. 6295-10
4x 8VSB
Digital (8VSB)
AP-60-860A
Stock No. 59819
}
Digital (QAM)
Digital (ASI)
Analog (UHF/VHF)
22
Content from Cable Companies
}
AP-60-860A
EAS
Digital
CLEAR QAM
Stock No. 59819
AQP
Stock No. 6268
AQT
Digital (QAM)
Stock No. 6275
DQMx
4x QAM
2x QAM EAS
Stock No. 6259A
MUX-2D-QAM
Stock No. 6504
AQD
Stock No. 6244
MDDM
Stock No. 6273
EAS
AP-60-860A
Stock No. 59819
DAP
EAS
Stock No. 6295-10
MDDA
Stock No. 6277
}
Analog (Composite)
}
Analog (Modulated RF)
Digital (ASI)
AP-60-860A
Agile Processor
The AP-60-860A (Agile Digital/Analog Processor) operates in one of the three
following modes:
Mode 1: Analog Heterodyne Processor (Analog RF IN > Analog RF OUT)
Mode 2: Digital Heterodyne Processor (QAM IN > QAM OUT)
Mode 3: Digital-to-Analog Processor (8VSB or QAM IN > Analog RF OUT)
Mode 2
Mode 1
QAM
Analog RF
CATV Ch. T7-T13
CATV Ch. 2-135
VHF Ch. 2-13
UHF Ch. 14-69
CATV Ch. T7-T13
CATV Ch. 2-135
CATV Ch. 2-135
CATV Ch. 2-135
+60 dBmV
CATV Ch. 2-135
VHF Ch. 2-13
UHF Ch. 14-69
EAS
CATV Ch. 2-135
QAM
Analog RF
Mode 3
QAM/8VSB
+55 dBmV
Analog RF
+60 dBmV
Features
• As an agile analog heterodyne processor: accepts one Analog RF input (CATV sub-band channels
T7-T13, CATV standard channels 2-135, VHF channels 2-13, and UHF channels 14-69) and delivers one Analog RF
output (CATV standard channels 2-135)
• As an agile digital heterodyne processor: accepts one Digital Cable QAM input (CATV sub-band
channels T7-T13, and CATV standard channels 2-135) and delivers one Digital Cable QAM output (CATV
standard channels 2-135)
• A s an agile digital-to-analog processor: accepts one Digital Off-air 8VSB or Digital Cable
QAM input (CATV standard channels 2-135, VHF channels 2-13, and UHF channels 14-69) and delivers one
Analog RF output (CATV standard channels 2-135)
• Equipped with EAS interface which can also be used as an IF (Intermediate Frequency) input
• Supports Closed Captioning (EIA-608)
Model
Stock #
AP-60-860A 59819
Description
Agile, Processor, +60 dBmV, 54-860 MHz output
Related Products
Model
DAP
AP Series
Description
Digital-to-Analog Processor; 1 RU
Agile Heterodyne Processor; 1 RU
23
24
AQC Series
Agile QAM Converter
AQC (Agile QAM Convertor) is designed for data-over-cable and digital Video-on-Demand
(VoD) applications. The unit features an advanced menu system based on a flash upgradable
microcontroller which facilitates programming information to be easily entered with frontpanel navigational key-pad.
QAM IF
QAM
44 MHz
Agile 54-860 MHz
Refer to product instruction manual for additional specification measurements and notes.
Features
• Agile output frequency range of 54-864 MHz compatible with Standard, HRC, IRC channel assignments.
• Compact design allows for deployment of 6 modules in 2RU
• QAM output is tunable in 12.5 kHz increments.
Model
Stock #
Description
AQC MIRC-12V MIPS-12D 6274 7715 7722D Agile QAM Converter
Rack Chassis (holds up to 6 modules)
100-240 VAC 50/60 Hz power supply (one per chassis)
6274 (1 of 6)
7722C
7715
AQD
25
ATSC/QAM DEMODULATOR
1x 8VSB/QAM 1x AV/2x ASI
AQD (ATSC/QAM Demodulator) accepts one input in 8VSB (digital off-air) or QAM (digital
cable) format, and delivers one output in NTSC composite analog Audio/Video format, and two
identical outputs in ASI format.
AQD allows delivering of a digital off-air program to viewers with an analog TV set. It also
allows an operator to cherry-pick channels from a “clear” QAM cable lineup.
AQD PLUS is the same as AQD, but includes the AFD broadcast package.
AFD (Active Format Description) is a standard set of codes embedded in the video
stream and used by digital television broadcasters to optimally display a
16:9 video format on an analog television set designed for 4:3 video format.
Remote Monitoring & Control via AQD-RCS
Composite
Analog A/V
8VSB OR QAM
2 x ASI
(AQD PLUS ASI only)
Features
•
•
•
•
Input standards supported are digital off-air (8VSB) and digital cable (QAM 64 and 256)
NTSC Composite Analog Audio/Video output is in 480i format and supports Closed Captioning (EIA-608)
Optional AQD-RCS module allows remote monitoring and configuration of up to 80 AQD modules
Optional AQD-SPS unit provides standby utility power to the primary power supply (AQD Power & Control module)
Model
AQD
AQD PLUS
AQD PLUS ASI
AQD-PCM
QTRC
Options
AQD-RCS
AQD/AQT-SPS
QTHF
Stock #
6245
6244
6244-10
6246
6233
Description
ATSC/QAM Demodulator
AQD with AFD Broadcast Package
AQD PLUS with 2x ASI outputs
AQD Power & Control Module
QAM Transcoder Rack Chassis
2730
6253
6235
AQD Remote Configuration Server Module
AQD/AQT Standby Power Supply
QT Headend Fan
2730
6245 (1 of 8)
6246
6233
6253
6235
26
AQM
AGILE QAM MODULATOR
1x ASI 1x QAM
AQM (Agile QAM Modulator) accepts one MPEG-2 digital transport stream encapsulated
in an ASI (Asynchronous Serial Interface) format, and delivers one output in QAM format in the
5.75-864 MHz range.
ASI
QAM (with sub-band)
Features
• Input standard supported is ASI with data stream not to exceed 270 Mbps
• Output standards supported are ITU-T J.83 Annex A and Annex B (QAM 16, 32, 64, 128, 256,
512, and 1024)
• Optional IF output (Intermediate Frequency) and LVDS input (Low-Voltage Differential Signaling) is available
• Compact design allows for deployment of six modules in 2RU rack space
Model
AQM
MIRC-12V
MIPS-12D
MIPS-12C PAL
Stock #
6271B
7715
7722D
B7722C
Description
Agile QAM Modulator
Rack Chassis (holds up to 6 AQM modules)
110 VAC/60 Hz power supply (one per chassis)
6271 (1 of 6)
7722D 7715
AQP
ATSC/QAM PROCESSOR
1x 8VSB /QAM 1x QAM
AQP (ATSC/QAM Processor) accepts one input in 8VSB (digital off-air) or QAM (digital cable)
format, including the sub-band QAM input channels T7 to T13, and delivers one output in
QAM format in the 54-864 MHz range.
AQP can be utilized in a remote headend to “regenerate” a clean QAM channel from a
degraded one. It also allows TV sets to receive digital off-air programming on CATV channel
assignments by transmodulating the 8VSB broadcast to QAM.
It can also be utilized in remote digital origination applications, where the QAM channel needs
to be delivered to the headend via the sub-band frequencies.
8VSB
OR
QAM
QAM
Agile 54-864 MHz
Features
• S upports sub-band QAM input channels T7 to T13 for remote digital origination
applications
• Input standards supported are digital off-air (8VSB & 16VSB) and digital cable
(QAM 16/32/64/128/206)
• Agile QAM output at +55 dBmV and in the frequency range of 54-864 MHz range
Model
Stock #
Description
AQP
6268
8VSB/QAM-to-QAM Processor with sub-band input
27
28
AQT
ATSC/QAM TRANSCODER
1x 8VSB/QAM 1x QAM
AQT (ATSC/QAMTransoder) accepts one input in 8VSB (digital off-air) or QAM
format, and delivers one output in QAM format in the 54-864 MHz range.
(digital cable)
AQT can be utilized in a remote headend to “regenerate” a clean QAM channel from a
degraded one. It also allows TV sets to receive digital off-air programming on CATV channel
assignments by transmodulating the 8VSB broadcast to QAM.
Remote Monitoring & Control via AQT-RCS
8VSB OR QAM
QAM
Features
• Input standards supported are digital off-air
(8VSB & 16VSB)
64, 128, and 256)
and digital cable
(QAM 16, 32,
• Agile QAM output at +40 dBmV and in the frequency range of 54-864 MHz range
• Optional AQT-RCS module allows remote monitoring and configuration of up to 80 AQT modules
• Optional AQT-SPS unit provides standby utility power to the primary power supply
(AQT Power & Control module)
Model
Stock #
Description
AQT
AQT-PCM
QTRC
6275
6276
6233
ATSC-to-QAM Transcoder
AQT Power & Control Module
QAM Transcoder Rack Chassis
2736
6275 (1 of 8)
6276 6233
6254
Optional Equipment
2736
AQT-RCS
AQD/AQT-SPS 6253
QTHF
6235
HDA Series
6240 xx
AQT Remote Configuration Server Module
AQD/AQT Standby Power Supply
Headend Fan
Integrated Combiner & Distribution Amplifier
6235
6240
AV10E-QAM
AV ENCODER QAM
10 x AV 1x QAM
AV10E-QAM (AV Encoder - QAM) accepts & auto-detects up to ten (10) inputs in NTSC
baseband Audio/Video formats. The encoder digitizes, & MPEG-2 encodes each into a
standard-definition stream (SD-480i), and then multiplexes the resulting ten (10) streams into
one (1) output in QAM format in the 5.75-864 MHz range (CATV sub-band channels T7-T14 and standard
channels 2-135). The encoder supports Dolby Digital AC-3 encoding, and Closed Captioning.
Additionally, two ancillary output interfaces are available: one (1) in ASI format, and one (1) in DVI
format for real-time and simultaneous preview of all the ten (10) multiplexed streams. A frontpanel RF test point allows for monitoring/testing of the QAM output without service interruption.
10x AV
ASI DVI
EAS
5.75-864 MHz
QAM Agile
(10 Programs)
Features
• Digitizes, encodes, and multiplexes up to ten (10) NTSC baseband Audio/Video inputs into
one digital QAM output
• Compatible with NTSC analog format, and ITU Annex A and B digital QAM formats
• Allows preview of all 10 streams via a front-panel ancillary DVI output
• Provides sub-band QAM output channels T7-T14 (5.75-53.75 MHz)
• Provides a rear-panel ancillary ASI output
• Equipped with auto-sensing EAS input
Model
Stock # Description
AV10E-QAM 6360
10x AV Encoder-QAM, +60 dBmV, 5.75-864 MHz, 115 VAC
6360-2 As above with 230 VAC input power
29
30
DAP Series
DIGITAL /ANALOG PROCESSOR
1x 8VSB/QAM 1x ANALOG RF/2x ASI
DAP (Digital/Analog Processor) accepts one input in 8VSB (digital off-air) or QAM (digital cable)
format, and delivers one output in modulated analog RF format. DAP PLUS is the same as
DAP, but includes the AFD broadcast package. AFD (Active Format Description) is a standard set of
codes embedded in the video stream and used by digital television broadcasters to optimally
display a 16:9 video format on an analog television set designed for 4:3 video format.
Both DAP and DAP PLUS can be equipped with an optional RNC module (Remote Network Card)
for remote monitoring and control operations. One RNC module can monitor and control
up to sixty-four DAP/DAP PLUS units installed in a headend. Additionally, DAP PLUS can be
equipped with an optional ASI module (Asynchronous Serial Interface) that delivers two identical ASI
stream outputs, allowing a seamless migration to an all-digital platform.
Remote Monitoring & Control via RNC Module
8VSB OR QAM
DAP
MODULATED
Analog RF
-OR-
DAP PLUS
SAME AS DAP
with AFD
EAS
-OR-
DAP PLUS ASI
SAME AS DAP PLUS
with 2x ASI
Features
• Agile Broadcast (UHF, VHF) and CATV (Standard, HRC, and IRC) channel assignments in the 54-864
MHz range
• Supports Emergency Alert System (EAS) input which can also be used as an Intermediate
Frequency (IF) input
• Automated scanning captures all available off-air or cable programs present on the input signal
• Supports both the Primary and the SAP (Secondary Audio Program) audio programs
• Output power level range of +50 to +62 dBmV adjustable in 0.2 dB increments
• Supports Closed Captioning (EIA-608)
Model
DAP
DAP PLUS
DAP PLUS ASI
DAP PLUS RNC
DAP PLUS A/R
DAP RNC
Stock #
6290
6295
6295-10
6295-12
6295-22
6290-RNC
Description
Digital-to-Analog Processor
Digital-to-Analog Processor with AFD
DAP PLUS equipped with ASI module
DAP PLUS equipped with Remote Network Card (RNC) Module
DAP PLUS equipped with both the ASI and the RNC Modules
DAP equipped with Remote Network Card (RNC) Module
DHDP Series
DIGITAL HD PROCESSOR
1x 8VSB 1x IF 1x 8VSB
DHDP (Digital High-Definition Processor) is a two-module system consisting of one
down-converter module and one up-converter module. The down-converter accepts one 8VSB
(digital off-air) input in the 54-864 MHz range and delivers one output in IF (Intermediate Frequency)
format. The up-converter accepts one IF input and delivers one output in 8VSB format.
8VSB
8VSB
Features
• A gile Broadcast (UHF, VHF) and CATV (Standard, HRC, and IRC) channel assignments in the 54-864
MHz range
• Compatible with Digital TV and High-Definition TV applications
• Compact design allows for deployment of six Combo modules in 2RU rack space
Model
Stock #
Description
DHDC-DV
DHDC-UV
DHDP-V
MIRC-12V
MIPS-12D
DHDP-50
6264A
6265A
6266B
7715
7722D
6260A
Digital TV & High-Definition TV Down-converter module
Digital TV & High-Definition TV Up-converter module
Combo modules (6264A + 6265A)
Rack Chassis (holds up to 6 combo modules)
Digital TV & High-Definition Integrated Unit (+50 dBmV Output)
6264A (1 of 6) 6265A (1 of 6) 7722D 7715
31
32
DQMx
6
DIGITAL QAM MULITPLEXER
4x 8VSB/QAM/ASI 1x QAM
DQMx (Digital QAM Multiplexer) accepts up to four inputs in ASI, 8VSB, and QAM
formats, and delivers one output in QAM format in the 54-864 MHz range. Two types of input
modules are available (ASI and 8VSB/QAM), and any combination of input modules is allowed – for
example, DQMx can be equipped with 2 ASI and 2 8VSB/QAM input modules.
Each ASI input module can process up to twelve channels, not to exceed 270 Mbps. Each
8VSB/QAM input module can process up to twelve channels, not to exceed 19.4 Mbps for
8VSB or 38.8 Mbps for QAM 256. The QAM-modulated output can contain up to twelve
channels, not to exceed 38.8 Mpbs when operating in QAM 256 mode.
ASI & 8VSB & QAM
EAS
HD/SD MPEG-2 PROCESSING
Features
QAM
aintains MPEG-2 mapping if the input ASI stream is removed and the same stream is
• M
added later (for example, after a power cycle)
• In addition to PAT, PMT, and MGT tables, supports the RRT, STT, and VCT tables of the
MPEG-2 transport stream
• Automatically re-maps duplicate PIDs, program numbers, and minor channel numbers
• Maintains mapping with new PAT/PMT/MGT versions and same programming
Model
Stock # Description
DQMx-XY 6259A XY D igital QAM Multiplexer; Shipped with (X) ASI and (Y) 8VSB/QAM
input modules For example: DQMx-31 (Stock No. 6259A 31) is factoryequipped and shipped with (3) ASI and (1) 8VSB/QAM input modules.
DQMx
6259A
Digital QAM Multiplexer; Mainframe only (requires input modules)
DQMx-RF 6256
8VSB/QAM input module
DQMx-ASI 6257
ASI input module
6256
6257
6259A
6
HDE-2H-QAM
HD ENCODER-HDMI/YPbPr - QAM
2x HDMI/YPbPr 1x QAM
HDE-2H-QAM (HD Encoder – 2x HDMI/YPbPr – QAM) accepts & auto-detects up
to two (2) input streams in unencrypted HDMI & YPbPr (Component) formats. The encoder,
when applicable, digitizes & MPEG-2 encodes each input into a high-definition stream
(HD-1080i/720p), and then multiplexes the resulting two (2) streams into one (1) output in QAM
format in the 5.75-864 MHz range (CATV channels T7-T14 and 2-135). Any combination of input
multiplexing is allowed, for example, 2x HDMI, or (1x HDMI)+(1x YPbPr).
The encoder supports Dolby Digital AC-3 encoding & Closed Captioning, and is equipped with
an EAS (Emergency Alert System) interface & an ancillary ASI output port. A front-panel RF test
point allows for monitoring/testing of the QAM output without service interruption.
2x HDMI & YPbPr
ASI
EAS
HD MPEG-2 Encoding
1x QAM
(2 Programs)
HDE-2C-QAM is identical to HDE-2H-QAM, but it does not support the HDMI input. It accepts
only two (2) inputs in YPbPr (Component) format.
Features
• Digitizes, encodes, and multiplexes up to two (2) HDMI and/or YPbPr inputs into one digital
QAM output
• Provides sub-band QAM output channels T7-T14 (suitable for digital return-path applications)
• Compatible with NTSC analog format, and ITU Annex A & B digital QAM formats
• Provides a front-panel ancillary ASI output
• Supports QAM 1024 Modulation
• Equipped with EAS interface
Model
Stock # Description
HD Encoder - 2xHDMI/YPbPr - QAM, +60 dBmV, 5.75-864
HDE-2H-QAM 6375
MHz, 115 VAC
6375-2
As above with 230 VAC input power
HDE-2C-QAM 6377
HD Encoder - 2x YPbPr - QAM, +60 dBmV, 5.75-864 MHz,
115 VAC
6377-2
As above with 230 VAC input power
33
34
MDDA-860
Micro ATSC/QAM Transcoder
1x 8VSB/QAM 1x ASI
The MDDA-860 is a digital demodulator and transcoder that receives one input in ATSC
8VSB (digital off-air) or “clear” QAM (digital cable) format and delivers one output in ASI format.
ASI
8VSB OR QAM
Features
• Input standards supported are digital off-air (8VSB) and digital cable (ITU-B QAM 64 and 256)
• Die-cast Chassis Offers Superior Protection against Ingress or Egress
• Demodulates & transcodes HDTV/SDTV digital signals to ASI
• Compact design allows for deployment of 12 units in 2RU
• On-site firmware updates available through front-panel
Model
Stock #
Description
MDDA-860
MIRC-12V
MIPS-12D
6277
7715
7722D
ATSC/QAM-to-ASI Transcoder
Rack Chassis (holds up to 12 modules)
110V/60Hz power supply (one per chassis configuration above)
6277
(1 of 12)
7722D
7715
MDDM-860
35
Micro ATSC/QAM Demodulator
1x 8VSB/QAM 1x AV
The MDDM-860 is a digital demodulator and decoder that receives one input in ATSC 8VSB
(digital off-air) or “clear” QAM (digital cable) format and delivers one NTSC composite analog video
and stereo audio output.
The unit allows delivering of a digital off-air program to viewers with an analog TV set. It also
allows operators to cherry-pick channels from a clear QAM cable lineup.
Headends processing analog broadcasts using Blonder Tongue’s MIDM demodulators and
MICM modulators can be upgraded seamlessly to process digital broadcasts by simply
replacing the MIDM with a MDDM.
Composite
Analog A/V
8VSB OR QAM
Features
• Compact design allows for deployment of 6 channels (6 MDDM modules + 6 MICM modulators) in 2RU
• NTSC Composite Analog Video output is in 480i format and supports Closed Captioning (EIA-608)
• Input standards supported are digital off-air (8VSB) and digital cable (ITU-B QAM 64 and 256)
• Scans all 8VSB or QAM channels and stores in memory for quick channel selection
• Demodulates HDTV/SDTV digital signals to NTSC video and analog L/R audio
• On-site firmware updates/status monitoring available through front-panel
• Die-cast Chassis Offers Superior Protection against Ingress or Egress
• Adjustable picture sizes for 16:9 to 4:3 image conversion
• Supports Mono, Stereo, and SAP audio modes
Model
MDDM-860
MIRC-12V
MIPS-12D
Stock #
6273
7715
7722D
Description
ATSC/QAM Demodulator
Rack Chassis (holds up to 6 MDDM + 6 MICM modulators)
7797D
110 V/60 Hz power supply
MICM
7797D
Micro channel modulator
(one per chassis config. above)
(1 of 6)
6273
(1 of 6)
7722D
7715
6
36
Mux-2D-QAM
8VSB/QAM Multiplexer
2x 8VSB/QAM QAM
The MUX-2D-QAM is designed to allow CATV operators to multiplex two digital channels
received in either 8VSB or QAM format to a single QAM output channel for delivery over a
standard coaxial distribution network.
The MUX-2D-QAM accepts up to two (2) 8VSB or clear QAM channels and aggregates them onto
one QAM RF output in the 54-864 MHz range. The MUX-2D-QAM provides the capability to filter
program streams and to assign major/minor or a single 4-digit channel number to each.
The MUX-2D-QAM also provides Emergency Alert System (EAS) program switching through ASI
input and terminal block contacts. The EAS input source, which must be in ASI format, can be
shared among multiple MUX-2D-QAM units by looping it from one to another unit without the
need for external splitting and amplification.
2x 8VSB/QAM
EAS
EAS Loop
1x QAM (MULTIPLE PROGRAMS)
Features
• Supports MPEG-2 Transport Stream Tables: PAT, PMT, MGT, RRT, STT, & VCT
• Re-maps duplicate PIDs, Program Numbers, and Minor Channel Numbers
• Allows sharing of the EAS input source among multiple units
• User-defined major/minor or 4-digit CATV virtual channels
• User-defined channel names
• EAS input replaces up to 12 program streams
• Supports PID filtering & PSIP re-assignment
• Provides QAM 256 Output at 38.8 Mbps
• Accepts ASI input as EAS input source
• User-defined QAM Output Parameters
• Maintains MPEG-2 mapping
Model
Stock # Description
Multiplexer, 2x 8VSB/QAM Inputs, Agile 54-860 MHz QAM output,
MUX-2D-QAM 6504
EAS capable
Mux-2A-QAM
ASI Multiplexer
2x ASI QAM
The MUX-2A-QAM is designed to allow CATV operators to multiplex two input sources in ASI
format to a single QAM output channel for delivery over a standard coaxial distribution network.
The MUX-2A-QAM accepts up to two (2) ASI inputs and aggregates them onto one QAM RF
output in the 54-864 MHz range. The MUX-2A-QAM provides the capability to filter program
streams and to assign major/minor or a single 4-digit channel number to each.
The MUX-2A-QAM also provides Emergency Alert System (EAS) program switching through
a third ASI input and terminal block contacts. The EAS input source can be shared among
multiple MUX-2A-QAM units by looping it from one to another unit without the need for external
splitting and amplification.
2x ASI
EAS
EAS Loop
1x QAM (MULTIPLE PROGRAMS)
Features
• Supports MPEG-2 Transport Stream Tables: PAT, PMT, MGT, RRT, STT, & VCT
• Re-maps duplicate PIDs, Program Numbers, and Minor Channel Numbers
• Allows sharing of the EAS input source among multiple units
• User-defined major/minor or 4-digit CATV virtual channels
• User-defined channel names
• EAS input replaces up to 12 program streams
• Supports PID filtering & PSIP re-assignment
• Provides QAM 256 Output at 38.8 Mbps
• Accepts ASI input as EAS input source
• User-defined QAM Output Parameters
• Maintains MPEG-2 mapping
Model
Stock # Description
MUX-2A-QAM 6505
Multiplexer, 2x ASI Inputs, Agile 54-860 MHz QAM output, EAS
capable
37
38
QTM
QAM TRANSCODER MODULE
1x QPSK/8PSK 1x QAM
QTM (QAM Transcoder Module) accepts one input in QPSK or 8PSK format, and delivers one
output in QAM format in the 54-864 MHz range.
The four available models are:
1. QTM-II - accepts one input in QPSK format, and delivers one output in QAM 64 mode.
2. QTM-HD - accepts one input in QPSK or 8PSK format, and delivers on output in QAM 256
mode.
3. QTM-HD PLUS - the same as QTM-HD, but capable of QAM 512/1024 modes.
4. QTM-HD NPU - the same as QTM-HD, but with a “Null Packet” feature that allows adding/removing
null packets to/from the input stream.
QPSK or 8PSK
QAM
Features
• Supports the 8PSK modulation typically used for High-Definition TV programming
• Supports ITU-T J.83 Annex A and Annex B standards (QAM 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, 512, and 1024)
• Compact design allows for deployment of 8 transcoders, and power & control module, in 3RU
rack space
• Optional Headend Web Server allows for remote monitoring and control of each transcoder
• Optional Standby Power Supply allows for uninterrupted service in the unlikely event of a
primary power supply failure
Model
Stock #
Description
6231A
QAM Transcoder Module; QPSK input, QAM 64 output
QTM-II
QTM-HD
6241
QAM Transcoder Module; QPSK/8PSK input, QAM 256 output
QTM-HD PLUS 6242
QAM Transcoder Module; QPSK/8PSK input, QAM 512/1024
output
QTM-HD NPU 6278
QAM Transcoder Module; QPSK/8PSK input, QAM 256 output;
Null Packet add/remove capability
QTRC
6233
Rack Chassis; 3RU (holds up to 8 QTM modules)
QTPCM PLUS 6232B
QT Power and Control Module (one per chassis)
Optional Equipment
QT-HWS-II
2728
QTSPS
6239A
QTHF
QTRFC
6235
6234 1
QTRFS
QTRFS-2
6234 2
6225 2
QTM (1 of 8)
6232B 6233
QTM Headend Web Server for remote monitoring and control
QT Stand-by Power Supply with integrated fan tray (supports 2 fullyloaded rack chassis)
QT 1RU rack-mounted fan tray
8-port QAM combiner (mounts on the top of the Rack Chassis 6233)
8-port L-band Splitter (mounts underneath the Rack Chassis 6233)
2 x 4-port L-band Splitter (mounts underneath the Rack Chassis 6233)
6239A
2728
39
EdgeQAM
& IPTV
SOLUTIONS
40
EdgeQAM Solutions
Dish Network
(64x ViP222 receivers)
DirecTV
(16x COM23-600 receivers)
BellTV
(16x 6131 receivers)
DTCP-IP
64 programs
EQAM-400
Stock No. 6520A
16 RF QAM Ch.
4 programs per QAM
DTCP-IP
16 programs
EQAM-430
8 RF QAM Ch.
2 programs per QAM
DTCP-IP
16 programs
EQAM-450
8 RF QAM Ch.
2 programs per QAM
Stock No. 6523A
Coming Soon
}
Pro:Idiom™ QAM
• Comprehensive GUI-based menu for remote monitoring and control via Web browser
• User-selectable QAM 16, 32, 64, 128, and 256 modulation modes
• Provides SNMP v2 for product and network management
• Provides comprehensive management of receivers
• Accepts variable and constant bitrate streams
• Provides Null Packet deletion and addition
MSO
headend
IP over Fiber
Transport
Network
Clear-IP
24 programs
EQAM-420
Stock No. 6522
8 RF QAM Ch.
3 programs per QAM
Clear QAM
or
Pro:Idiom™ QAM
• Configurable with 1 or 2 output modules, each with four adjacent QAM channels, for a total
of 8 QAM channels
IPTV Solutions
1x ASI
41
1x GigE
1x GigE
IPAT
1x ASI
Stock No. 6510
ASI Input/Output interface
• Supports Single or Multi Protocol Transport Services (SPTS or MPTS)
• Performs PCR (Program Clock Reference) correction
• Allows Null Packet insertion & deletion
GbE Input/Output interface
• Provides robust protection against IP network jitter and delay
• Performs PCR (Program Clock Reference) replacement
• Supports Uni- and Multi-cast thru RTP/UDP protocols
• Supports IPv4, ARP, IGMPv2, and ICMP protocols
• Supports variable and constant bitrates
Optional RF modules
• RF IN/OUT modules support both 8VSB and Annex A/B QAM modes
• RF IN module accepts 8VSB free-to-air & NTSC CATV standard channels 2-135
• RF OUT module provides NTSC CATV standard/sub-band channels 2-135/T7-T14
• RF OUT module provides output level of +40 dBmV
12x ASI
144 un-encrypted programs
EAS
MUX-12A-IP
Stock No. 6517
2x ASI
20 programs
ASI Input
• Supports unencrypted MPEG-2/H.264 Single or Multi Protocol
Transport Services (SPTS or MPTS)
• ASI port #12 is user-selectable for EAS messaging
• Supports 12 unencrypted ASI inputs, each up to 270 Mbps
• Performs Null Packet insertion & deletion
GbE Output
• Provides a single IPv4 address & port
1x GigE
42
EQAM-400 Series
EDGEQAM WITH PRO:IDIOM TM
2x GbE (DTCP-IP) 16x QAM (PRO:IDIOM
)
The EQAM-400 accepts HD content through its GbE input interface, and delivers up to sixteen
(16) outputs in QAM format, protected with Pro:Idiom™ encryption, in the 54-996 MHz range.
Each QAM channel can contain four HD programs encoded in MPEG-4 or MPEG-2 for a total of
64 HD programs per EQAM-400.
TM
The EQAM-400 is designed to accept up to 2 GbE of input from several sources; to transcode
program streams into QAM; and to add Pro:Idiom™ encryption to each program stream. This
allows the operator to aggregate up to 64 HDTV program services over 16 QAM RF channels
suitable for delivery over a standard coaxial distribution network in commercial facilities such as
hotels, hospitals, assisted living residences, and universities.
2x GbE
(DTCP-IP)
16x QAM
w/
43
Features
•
•
•
•
•
•
Comprehensive GUI-based menu for remote monitoring and control via Web browser
User-selectable QAM 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, 512, and 1024 modulation modes
Provides comprehensive management of receivers
Provides SNMP v2 for product and network management
Provides Null Packet deletion and addition
Accepts variable and constant bitrate streams
Typical Applications
INPUT
1x 1000BaseT Ethernet (GbE)
DTCP-Encrypted
Output Status LEDs
Local/Remote Monitoring/Control
1x 10/100BaseT Ethernet
4 of 4
IP Reset Button
3 of 4
2 of 4
OUTPUT
with Pro:IdiomTM Encryption
2x Adjacent QAM (12 MHz)
Agile 54-864 MHz
+40 dBmV
NOTE:
EQAM-400 can be configured with 1 to 4 output modules for a total of 8 QAM channels.
Each QAM channel can contain 2xHD, encoded in MPEG-4/2 for a total of 16x HD programs.
1 of 4
44
EQAM-420 Series
EdgeQAM
1x GbE 8x QAM (Clear or Pro:Idiom™)
The EQAM-420 is designed to allow CATV operators to aggregate multiple
HDTV programs received in IP format and to deliver them over a standard coaxial
distribution network.
The EQAM-420 accepts up to twenty four (24) HD MPEG-2/H.264 Transport Stream (TS) in
unencrypted (clear) 1000Base-T Ethernet (GbE) format, and aggregates them in up to eight (8) QAM
RF channels in the 54-996 MHz range. The EQAM-420 can be configured with one or two output
modules, each capable of delivering four (4) adjoining QAM channels. Each QAM channel can
contain up to three (3) HD programs.
The EQAM-420 allows the operator to maintain the QAM RF output unencrypted, or to encrypt
it with Pro:Idiom™ against content piracy. When Pro:Idiom™ encryption is activated, all QAM
RF outputs will be encrypted regardless of the number of output modules present or the
number of QAM RF channels assigned on each module. Pro:Idiom™ encryption is available
to Pro:Idiom™ licensees only.
Comprehensive GUI-based remote monitoring and control capabilities, including
SNMP-based management, allow CATV operators to remotely manage, operate, and trouble
shoot the network via any standard Web browser.
24x HD Programs
Clear GbE
QAM or
8x QAM Clear
Pro:Idiom™ QAM
45
Features
• Configurable with 1 or 2 output modules, each with four adjacent QAM channels,
for a total of 8 QAM channels
• Comprehensive GUI-based menu for remote monitoring and control via
Web browser
Model
Stock #
EQAM-420A-1-12 6522A-1-12
6522A-1-12P*
EQAM-420A-2-24 6522A-2-24
6522A-2-24P*
6522-PIL*
EQAM-420A-PIL
Description
EdgeQAM-420A equipped with 1 Quad-QAM output module
(accepts 12 unencrypted HD programs)
Same as above but with Pro:Idiom™ encrypted output
EdgeQAM-420A equipped with 2 Quad-QAM output modules
(accepts 24 unencrypted HD programs)
Same as above but with Pro:Idiom™ encrypted output
Software option to add Pro:Idiom™ encryption
* Available to Pro:Idiom™ licensees only
46
EQAM-430 Series
EdgeQAM with Pro:Idiom™
16x DIRECTV® COM23-600 8x QAM (Pro-Idiom™)
EQAM-430 (EdgeQAM with Pro:Idiom™) is designed to allow operators, integrators,
and resellers of DIRECTV® services to aggregate multiple HDTV programs for delivery
over a standard coaxial distribution network in commercial facilities such as hotels,
hospitals, assisted living residences, and universities. Comprehensive GUI-based remote
monitoring and control capabilities, including SNMP-based management, allow service
providers to remotely manage, operate, and trouble-shoot DIRECTV®’s COM23-600
receivers deployed in various locations from a centralized NOC (Network Operation Center).
EQAM-430 accepts HD content from up to sixteen (16) COM23-600 satellite receivers and
delivers up to eight (8) outputs in QAM format, protected with Pro:Idiom™ encryption. The
EQAM-430 can be configured with one or two output modules, each capable of delivering
four (4) adjacent QAM RF channels. Each QAM channel can contain up to two HD programs
encoded in MPEG-4 or MPEG-2 for a total of 16 HD programs delivered over eight (8) QAM
RF channels.
16x COM23-600
(GbE)
8x QAM
w/
47
Features
• Configurable with 1 or 2 output modules, each with four adjacent QAM channels, for a
total of 8 QAM channels
Model
Stock # Description
EQAM-430A-1-8 6523A-1-8 EdgeQAM-430A equipped with 1 Quad-QAM output module & 2:1
software (8 HD programs)
EQAM-430A-2-16 6523A-2-16 EdgeQAM-430A equipped with 2 Quad-QAM output modules &
2:1 software (16 HD programs)
Typical Application
2762
Encrypted HD Program #1
RJ45
USB
RJ45
RJ45
16x Encrypted
1000BASE-T HD Programs
Encrypted HD Program #16
10/100BASE-T
RJ45
up to 20
DB9
RJ45
DB9
RS-232
RJ11
Model: SSRM-20
Stock No. 2762
Headend
Coaxial
Distribution
Network
1.
Up to sixteen HD programs from DIRECTV® COM23 satellite receivers (DTCP-IP encrypted)
2.
Typical Gigabit Ethernet Switch (Linksys model SR2246 or equivalent) aggregates the input programs
3.
EdgeQAM by Blonder Tongue (Model: EQAM-430A; Stock No. 6523)
4.
Serial switch facilitates inquiry/command communications between COM23's and EQAM-430A
5.
HD Programs are viewed on Pro:IdiomTM TV sets or Standard Digital TV sets via external Pro:IdiomTM
decrypter
6.
Operator monitors/controls EQAM-430A & COM23 receivers via any standard web browser from
anywhere in the world
Requires external
Pro:IdiomTM decryption
48
IPAT
IP - ASI Transcoder
1x GbE
1x ASI
IPAT (IP ASI Transcoder) is a bi-direction IP
ASI transcoder that accepts MPEG2/4encoded input streams in 1000Base-T Ethernet (GbE) and ASI formats simultaneously. GbE
input is transcoded to ASI output while ASI input is transcoded to GbE output.
IP
GbE
IP
GbE
ASI or QAM/8VSB (with optional RF IN module)
ASI
or QAM (with optional RF OUT module)
Two factory-installed optional modules (the RF IN and the RF OUT) allow input/output in QAM & 8VSB
formats rendering the product suitable for a wider range of applications.
An integrated web server provides comprehensive GUI-based local and remote control/
monitoring thru any standard Web browser via a front-panel 10/100BaseT interface.
Features
ASI Input/Output interface
• Supports Single or Multi Protocol Transport Services (SPTS or MPTS)
• Allows Null Packet insertion & deletion
GbE Input/Output interface
Optional RF modules
• RF IN/OUT modules support both 8VSB and Annex A/B QAM modes
• RF IN module accepts 8VSB free-to-air & NTSC CATV standard channels 2-135
• RF OUT module provides NTSC CATV standard/sub-band channels 2-135/T7-T14
• RF OUT module provides output level of +40 dBmV
Model
Stock # Description
6510
GbE-to-ASI and ASI-to-GbE transcoder
IPAT
IPAT-RFO
6512
IPAT equipped with RF OUT module
IPAT-RFI
6514
IPAT equipped with RF IN module
49
Typical Applications
QAM/8VSB-to-ASI Transcoder
Model: MDDA
Stock No. 6277
ASI
CATV
Headend
Multiple Programs
Multiple virtual channels
GbE
Multiple Programs
GbE
Multiple Programs
1.
IPAT's "native ASI Input with Single- or Multi-Protocol
Transport Services (SPTS or MPTS)
2.
RF QAM channel transcoded to ASI utilizing the optional
"RF IN" module
3.
RF QAM channel transcoded to ASI utilizing an external
QAM-to-ASI transcoder
4.
GbE output with uni- or multi-cast programs
5.
Display: Computer equipped with typical media player
or typical TV via an IP-to-RF settop box
1.
GbE interface with uni- or multi-cast programs
2.
The "standard" ASI output modulated to RF QAM
utilizing the optional "RF OUT" module
3.
THe "standard" ASI output modulated to RF QAM
utilizing an external QAM modulator
4.
The "standard" ASI output multiplexed with other ASI
streams and modulated to RF QAM
5.
Display: Digital TV
ASI
Multiple Programs
ASI streams from
Other IPATs/sources
ASI-to-QAM Modulator
Model: AQM
Stock No. 6271B
50
Mux-12A-IP
12:1 ASI-to-IP Multiplexer
12x ASI
1x GbE
MUX-12A-IP (Multiplexer; 12:1 ASI-to-IP) is designed for cherry-picking applications,
allowing operators to create custom-made channel lineups by grooming standard-definition
(SD) and high-definition (HD) programs on an as-needed basis.
The multiplexer accepts up to twelve (12) unencrypted MPEG-2/H.264 inputs in ASI format,
and multiplexes them into to one MPEG-2/H.264 Multi-Program Transport Stream (MPTS)
which is then encapsulated and assigned to a single IPv4 address in 1000Base-T Ethernet
(GbE) format suitable for distribution over Cat-5 networks. Two identical MPTS outputs are
also available in ASI format.
Each ASI input stream can contain up to 12 unencrypted programs, for a total of 144 input
programs. The GbE output (single IPv4 address) can contain up to 20 programs groomed from
any of the available 144 input programs, not to exceed 214 Mbps.
The multiplexer is EAS-compliant (Emergency Alert System) – operator can assign ASI port
#12 as an EAS input which, when activated, will override the content of all other ASI inputs.
Comprehensive remote monitoring and control is accomplished via a GUI-based interface
using any standard Web browser.
12x ASI
144 Programs Total
12 Multiplexed
ASI Streams
2x ASI
20 Programs Total
Single IPv4 address
Uni- & Multi- cast
UDP/RTP
1x GbE
EAS
1x ASI
(port #12)
51
Features
ASI Input
• Supports unencrypted MPEG-2/H.264 Single or Multi Protocol Transport Services (SPTS
or MPTS)
•
•
•
•
ASI port #12 is user-selectable for EAS messaging
Supports 12 unencrypted ASI inputs, each up to 270 Mbps
Performs PCR (Program Clock Reference) correction
Performs Null Packet insertion & deletion
GbE Output
• Provides a single IPv4 address & port
Model
Stock #
MUX-12A-IP 6517
Description
12:1 ASI-to-IP Multiplexer; 12xASI inputs; 1xGbE output +
1xASI ancillary output; EAS compliant
53
3
DIGITAL REFERENCE
Digital Cable (QAM)...........................................................54
Digital Over-the-Air............................................................54
Encoding Diagram..............................................................55
Digital Content Types.........................................................56
Digital Closed Captioning...................................................58
Chroma Sub-Mapping Types..............................................59
Audio Encoding..................................................................61
Digital Tech Tips.................................................................64
Digital Signal Analysis........................................................69
CATV QAM Channel Center Frequency..............................78
North American Digital Broadcast Channel Frequency........80
3
4
2
54 Digital Cable (QAM)
1.25 MHz
3.58
0.92
0.25
6 MHz
Type:
2 Color Carrier Analog Cable (Black & White since 1941; Color since 1953)
Name:
3 Sound Carrier NTSC (National Television System Committee)
Bandwidth:
4 Video Content 6MHz
Capacity:
1 program
1
2
4
3
4
1.25 MHz
3.58
0.92
Video Carrier
Color Carrier
Sound Carrier
Video Content
0.25
6 MHz
Type:
Digital Cable
(since 1990)
Name:
QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation)
Type:
Digital Cable (since 1990)
Bandwidth: QAM (Quadrature
6MHzAmplitude Modulation)
Name:
Capacity: 6MHz Variable – depends of modulation
Bandwidth:
Capacity:
Variable QAM
– depends
of modulation
scheme
64 modulation
= 26.9
Mbps
QAM
64modulation
modulation
= 26.9
Mbps
QAM 64
= 26.9
Mbps
QAM 256QAM
modulation
= 38.8 Mbps = 38.8 Mbps
256=modulation
QAM 256 modulation
38.8 Mbps
6 MHz
6 MHz
1.800.523.6049
1.800.523.6049
QAM
QAM
6464
Slide # 12
64-Point Signal Constellation
26.9 Mbps bitrate
Can accommodate:
1x1080i HD program @ 17.9 Mbps,
or 4x480i SD programs each @ 4.2 Mbps,
or 1x720p HD program @ 8.8 Mbps + 2x480i SD programs at 4.2 Mbps,
or any combination not to exceed 26.9 Mbps
QAM
256
QAM
256
256-Point Signal Constellation
38.8 Mbps bitrate
Can accommodate:
1x1080i HD program @ 36.5 Mbps,
or 2x720p HD programs each @ 17.6 Mbps,
or 4x480i SD programs each @ 8.8 Mbps,
or 1x720p HD program @ 17.6 Mbps + 2x480i SD programs at 8.8 Mbps,
or any combination not to exceed 38.8 Mbps
Digital Over-the-Air (8VSB)
Type:
Name:
Bandwidth:
Capacity:
Digital Over-the-Air (Since Digital Transition of 2009)
8VSB (8-level Vestigial SideBand)
6MHz
19.8 Mbps
One 8VSB channel may contain 1 HD program identified, for example, as
One 8VSB
channel
mayseveral
contain
HD program
identified,
for example,
"Major"
channel
2.1, and
SD1programs
identified
as "Minor"
channels as
“Major” channel 2.1, and several SD programs identified as “Minor” channels
2.2, 2.3, 2.4, ...
2.2 , 2.3, 2.4, ...
1
6 MHz
Pilot Carrier
sche
55
Encoding Diagram
1
Un-compressed Digital content arrives in HD-SDI, SD-SDI, & HDMI formats.
igital content arrives in HD-SDI, SD-SDI, & HDMI formats.
2
Uncompressed
Digital Signal
2
Compress using MPEG-2/4 and convert to MPEG-TS
Compress using MPEG-2/4 and convert to MPEG-TS
(MPEG Transport Stream).
(MPEG Transport Stream).
Encoder
(Compressor)
oder
3
essor)
3
Pack Several MPEG-TS into one ASI stream.
Pack Several MPEG-TS into one ASI stream.
ASI Transport
ASI Carrier
Stream
(TS)
4
ASI Carrier
4
Convert ASI stream into QAM.
Convert ASI stream into QAM.
QAM Modulation
5
QAM Modulation
5
Deliver QAM over coax
Deliver QAM over coax.
Coaxial
Distribution
Network
Coaxial
Distribution
Network
MPEG-2 Transport Stream
PID
CAT
TSDT
EIT = Event Information Table
CAT = Conditional Access Table
MGT = Management Table
PAT = Program Association Table
Video
Audio (English)
Audio (French)
SI Base PID STT, MGT, VCT, RRT
EIT-n, ETT-n, other
tables referenced
by MGT
PID = Packet Identifier
56 Digital Content Types
SDI (Serial Digital Interface) refers to a family of un-compressed
un-compressed audio/video interfaces
SDI
standardized by SMPTE (Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers).
HD-SDI
HD-SDI (High-Definition Serial Digital Interface) or SMPTE 292M, provides a nominal
data rate of 1.485 Gbit/s. Typical video formats are 720p and 1080i.
SD-SDI
SD-SDI (Standard-Definition Serial Digital Interface) or SMPTE 259M, provides a
nominal data rate of 270 Mbit/s. Typical video format is 480i.
Typical interface type is a BNC connector for both HD-SDI and SD-SDI.
HDMI (High Definition Multi-media Interface)
HDMI
is an audio/video interface for transmitting
un-compressed digital data. It was founded in 2002 by Hitachi, Panasonic, Philips,
uncompressed
Thomson, Toshiba, Silicon Image, and Sony.
The proprietary content encryption scheme used is HDCP (High-bandwidth Digital Content
Protection) which is developed by Intel and licensed by the Digital Content Protection,
LLC.
Nominal data rate is 10.2 Gbits/s and various video formats from 480i to 2160p are
supported.
The only interface type is the HDMI connector.
ASI (Asynchronous
ASI
Serial Interface) is a streaming data format which often
carries an MPEG Transport Stream (MPEG-TS). Unlike the SD-SDI and HDSDI that are uncompressed, an ASI signal can carry one or multiple SD,
HD, or audio programs that are already compressed.
compressed.
Generally, the ASI signal is the final product of video compression, either
MPEG2 or MPEG4, and ready for transmission, after necessary conversions,
over various types of transmission paths such as coax, fiber, or microwave.
For example, for CATV applications the ASI stream is typically converted
into QAM. It is converted into 8VSB for broadcast applications.
The two transmission formats commonly used by the ASI interface are the
188 byte format and the 204 byte format. The 188 byte format is the more
common ASI transport stream. When optional Reed-Solomon error
correction data is included the packet can stretch an extra 16 bytes to 204
bytes total.
Data rate is variable and dependent on user’s application requirements, but
the ASI interface of most products support 270 Mbps per DVB-ASI 50083-9
standard.
57
DVI (Digital
DVI
Visual Interface) is a video-only
video-only standard designed to provide
very high visual quality on digital display devices such as LCD TVs and
computers. It was developed to replace the analog VGA (Video Graphics
Array) technology.
Depending on the DVI type (single or dual link) the data rate is
3.96 and 7.92 Gbits/s. In most CATV applications, a DVI-to-HDMI
cable is used to display the DVI signal on a HDMI-compatible TV.
58 Digital Closed Captioning
For ATSC (digital television) programming, three streams are encoded in the
video: two are backward compatible Line 21 captions (CEA-608), and the
third is a set of additional caption streams encoded in EIA-708 format. The
captioning data is carried in the video user bits of the MPEG-2 bitstream (as
specified in ATAC A/53B) and is applicable to both HD and SD.
The CEA-708 specification provides for improved captioning compared
with CEA-608:
•
Up to 63 services per program (16 announced in PSIP)
•
8 independently controlled display windows
•
Extended range of characters (i.e. more accented letters and
non-Latin letters) and fonts (monospaced and proportional
spaced, serif and sans-serif)
•
Additional font sizes (viewer-adjustable), backgrounds
(including both transparent and translucent backgrounds to
optionally replace the big black block), colors and edges
•
More text styles, including edged or drop-shadowed text
rather than the letters on a solid background
Higher bandwidth, to allow more data per minute of video
•
•
More language channels, to allow the encoding of more
independent caption streams
Chroma Sub-Mapping Types
4:4:4 YCbCr
Each of the three YCbCr components have the same sample rate. This
scheme is sometimes used in high-end film scanners and cinematic
postproduction. Two SDI connections are normally required to carry
this bandwidth: Link A would carry a 4:2:2 signal, Link B a 0:2:2, when
combined would make 4:4:4.
4:4:4 RGB (no subsampling)
Note that "4:4:4" may instead be referring to RGB (Red, Green, Blue) color
space, which implicitly does not have any chroma subsampling at all.
4:2:2
The two chroma components are sampled at half the sample rate of
luma: the horizontal chroma resolution is halved. This reduces the
bandwidth of an uncompressed video signal by one-third with little to no
visual difference. This rate is often used in high-end encoders and video
production equipment.
4:2:1
Although this mode is defined, very few firmware or hardware codecs use
this sampling mode. Cb horizontal resolution is twice as low as one of
Cr (and four times as low as one of Y). This exploits the fact that human
eye has less spatial sensitivity to blue/yellow than to red/green. Similar to
NTSC, in using lower resolution for blue/yellow than red/green, which in
turn has less resolution than luma.
4:1:1
In 4:1:1 chroma subsampling, the horizontal color resolution is quartered,
and the bandwidth is halved compared to no chroma subsampling.
Originally, 4:1:1 chroma subsampling was not considered to be broadcast
quality and was only acceptable for low-end and consumer applications.
59
60 Chroma Sub-Mapping Types Continued
4:2:0
Cb and Cr are each subsampled at a factor of 2 both horizontally and
vertically. There are three variants of 4:2:0 schemes, that are sited differently
both horizontally and vertically.
•
In MPEG-2, Cb and Cr are co-sited horizontally. Cb and Cr are
sited between pixels in the vertical direction (sited
interstitially).
•
In JPEG/JFIF, H.261, and MPEG-1, Cb and Cr are sited
interstitially, halfway between alternate luma samples.
•
In 4:2:0 DV, Cb and Cr are co-sited in the horizontal direction.
In the vertical direction, they are co-sited on alternating lines.
The PAL and SECAM color systems are especially well-suited to this kind of
data reduction. Most digital video formats corresponding to PAL use 4:2:0
chroma subsampling,
Audio Encoding
Dolby Digital: Dolby Digital is the name for audio compression
technologies developed by Dolby Laboratories. The most elaborate mode
in common usage involves five channels for normal-range speakers (20
Hz – 20,000 Hz) (right front, center, left front, rear right, rear left) and one
channel (20 Hz – 120 Hz) for the subwoofer.
• Dolby Digital (also known as AC-3):
AC-3 is a perceptual digital audio coding technique that reduces the
amount of data needed to produce high-quality sound. AC-3 is
the sound format for digital television ( DTV ), digital versatile discs
(DVD s), high definition television ( HDTV ), and digital cable and
satellite transmissions. AC-3 is a 5.1 format, which means that it
provides five full-bandwidth channels. AC-3 also has a downmixing
feature that ensures compatibility with devices that do not support
the 5.1 format.
• Dolby Digital Plus (also known as E-AC-3):
E-AC-3 is an enhanced coding system based on the AC-3 codec.
It offers increased bitrates (up to 6.144 Mbit/s), support for more
audio channels (up to 13.1), and improved coding techniques
to reduce compression artifacts, enabling lower data rates than those
supported by AC-3 (e.g. 5.1-channel audio at 256 kbit/s). It is not
backward compatible with existing AC-3 hardware.
• Dolby Digital EX:
EX adds an extension to the standard 5.1 channel Dolby Digital codec
in the form of matrixed rear channels, creating 6.1 or 7.1
channel output.
61
62 Audio Encoding Continued
• Dolby Digital Live:
Dolby Digital Live (DDL) is a real-time encoding technology for
interactive media such as video games. It converts any audio signals
on a PC or game console into a 5.1-channel 16-bit/48 kHz Dolby
Digital format at 640 kbit/s and transports it via a single S/PDIF cable.
Dolby Digital Live is available in sound cards using various
manufacturers' audio chipsets.
• Dolby True HD:
Dolby True HD is an advanced lossless audio codec. Dolby TrueHD
supports 24-bit, 96 kHz audio channels at up to 18 Mbit/s over 14
channels (HD DVD and Blu-ray Disc standards currently limit the
maximum number of audio channels to eight). It supports metadata,
including dialog normalization and Dynamic Range Control.
• Dolby Surround:
Dolby Surround was the earliest consumer version of Dolby's
multichannel analog film sound decoding format Dolby Stereo. When
a Dolby Stereo / Dolby Surround soundtrack is produced, four
channels of audio information - left, center, right, and mono
surround - are matrix-encoded onto two audio tracks. The
stereo information is then carried on stereo sources such as
videotapes, laserdiscsand television broadcasts from which the
surround information can be decoded by a processor to recreate the
original four-channel surround sound.
63
AAC:
Advanced Audio Coding (AAC) is a standardized, lossy
compression and encoding scheme for digital audio and is a part of
the MPEG-4 Systems Standard. Designed to be the successor of the
MP3 format, AAC generally achieves better sound quality than MP3
at similar bit rates. An AAC encoded file can include up to 48
full-bandwith audio channels (up to 96 kHz) and 15 Low Frequency
Enhancement channels (limited to 120 Hz) plus 15 data streams. AAC
encoding methods are organized into Profiles (MPEG-2) or Object
Types (MPEG-4). These different Object Types are not necessarily
compatible with each other and may not be playable with
various decoders.
MPEG-1 Audio Layer II (Also known as MP2):
MPEG-1 Audio Layer II is a lossy audio compression format defined
by ISO/IEC 11172-3 and primarily used in European countries. MP2
is an audio codec, and is the dominant standard for audio
broadcasting. It is similar to MP3, but MP3 has become the dominant
standard for PC and Internet applications. MP2 can have sampling
rates of 32, 44.1 and 48 kHz and bitrates of 32, 48, 56, 64, 80, 96,
112, 128, 160, 192, 224, 256, 320 and 384 kbit/s.
PCM:
Pulse-code modulation (PCM) is a method used to digitally represent
sampled analog signals. It is the standard form for digital audio in
computers and various Blu-ray, Compact Disc and DVD formats, as
well as other uses such as digital telephone systems. A PCM stream is
a digital representation of an analog signal, in which the magnitude
of the analogue signal is sampled regularly at uniform intervals, with
each sample being quantized to the nearest value within a range of
digital steps.
64 Digital Tech Tips
BER (Bit Error Rate) is the ratio of errored bits to the total number of
bits transmitted, received, or processed over a defined length of time.
Example: 3 errored bits in a total of 1,000,000 transmitted bits will
result in a BER of: 3/1,000,000 = 0.000003 = 3 x 10-6.
MER (Modulation Error Ratio) is the ratio, in decibels, of average
symbol power to average error power: MER(dB) = 10 x log (average symbol power / average error power)
MER is influenced by everything present in the signal’s transmission path
such as:
Phase Noise; CNR (Carrier-to-Noise Ratio); CTB distortion
(Composite Triple Beat); CSO distortion (Composite Second Order);
Cross Modulation (X-mod); Micro-reflections (Ghosting); Amplitude
tilt/ripple; Group Delay; Ingress.
(8VSB)
(QAM 64)
(QAM 256)
to
To help maintain the relative signal level difference between Analog and Digital channels, after adjusting for a
sloped output from the amplifier, do the following:
When using QAM 64, set signal level of digital channels 8 to 10 dB below the equivalent Analog channels.
When using QAM 256, set signal level of digital channels 6 to 8 dB below the equivalent Analog channels.
65
Interlace (1080i) vs. Progressive (1080p)
Interlace (1080i) vs Progressive (1080p)
Interlace
Interlace
First, all odd lines are scanned (1/60 sec), then all even lines (1/60 sec), presenting a full picture (1/30 sec)
Progressive
Progressive
All lines are scanned in a single pass, presenting a full picture (1/60 sec)
ATSC Scanning Formats
Definition
Lines/Frame
Pixels/Line
Aspect Ratios
Frame Rates
High (HD)
1080
1920
16:9
23.976p, 24p, 29.97p, 29.97i, 30p, 20i
High (HD)
720
1280
16:9
23.976p, 24p, 29.97p, 29.97p, 59.94p, 60p
Standard (SD)
480
704
4:3, 16:9
23.976p, 24p, 29.97p, 29.97i, 30p, 30i, 59.94p, 60p
Standard (SD)
480
640
16:9
23.976p, 24p, 29.97p, 29.97i, 30p, 30i, 59.94p, 60p
dB vs dBmV
dBmV vs µ
Decibel (dB)
A logarithmic ratio of two power levels:
–  10Log(P1/P2)
–  20Log(V1/V2)
Typical input range
for a Digital Tuner
It’s used to measure:
–  Gain
–  Loss
–  Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR)
–  Isolation (e.g. directional couplers)
–  Noise Figure
Typical input Range
for an Analog Tuner
Decibel Millivolt (dBmV)
Reference Vol
0 dBmV = 1000
across 7
A logarithmic expression of RF signals referenced to
one millivolt (or 1000 microvolts) across 75 .
It’s used to measure:
– 
– 
– 
Maximum output voltage of an amplifier
Minimum input signal
Maximum input signal
mV
dBmV vs µV
B)
atio of two power levels:
g(P1/P2)
g(V1/V2)
Typical input range
for a Digital Tuner
easure:
al-to-Noise Ratio (SNR)
tion (e.g. directional couplers)
e Figure
Typical input Range
for an Analog Tuner
dBmV
-10
-6
0
+5
+6
+12
+15
+18
…
+60
µV
300
500
1,000
2,000
4,000
8,000
…
1V
livolt (dBmV)
expression of RF signals referenced to
or 1000 microvolts) across 75 .
easure:
dBmV
-10
-6
0
+5
+6
+12
+15
+18
…
+60
Reference Voltage Level:
0 dBmV = 1000 microvolts
across 75 
67
Bitrates vs Bandwidth
Format
Description
HD-SDI
Uncompressed High-Def digital stream
SD-SDI
Uncompressed Standard-Def digital stream
ASI
Typically carries multiple compressed HD/SD-SDI programs
(via MPEG Transport Stream)
Bitrate
Bandwidth
(Mbits/sec)
(MHz)
1,485
N/A
270
N/A
270
N/A
QAM-256
Digital Cable
38.8
6
QAM-64
Digital Cable
26.9
6
8VSB
Digital Over-the-Air
19.8
6
Encoding-vs-Quality Tradeoff
1,485 Mbps
HD-SDI
IN
OUT
Uncompressed
Compressed
MPEG-2 Chip
w/ variable output bitrate
40:1 compression
40:1
compression 36 Mbps (1080i quality)
80:1 compression
80:1
or compression 18 Mbps (720p quality)
185:1 compression
185:1
or compression 8 Mbps (480i quality)
PID Information
PID Information
PID
PID:: Packet Identifier
•  Used in program header to identify different programs in a stream •  There are separate PIDs for Audio stream info and Video stream info •  PIDs do NOT affect the channel number displayed on screen •  PIDs have no relation to what RF channel the programming is on •  Programs from different sources can have SAME PIDs •  EX: two different programs coming from satellite •  If both programs are multiplexed, the multiplexer typically changes one set of PIDs so they are not the same •  This change will NOT impact anything the customer sees •  Two programs on different QAM streams can have same PIDs with no impact PSIP InformationPSIP Information
PSIP : Program and System Information Protocol
PSIP:
Allows user to set Virtual Channel Numbers for each program •  PSIP tables can contain WHOLE numbers up to 4 digits (2 – 9999), like CATV channels
channels •  PSIP tables can be formatted with Major/Minor channel numbers like Terrestrial channels (7-1, 7-2, etc.)
Terrestrial channels (7-1, 7-2, etc.) •  PSIP tables are INDEPENDENT of physical RF channel the content is on. •  PSIP tables can be modified in some Digital Equipment •  DQMx •  MUX-2D-QAM •  PSIP tables can be created in some Digital Equipment •  AV-10E-QAM •  SD4E-ASI •  HDE-2H-QAM Digital Signal Analysis
Digital signals such as QPSK & QAM use many different factors to
determine the quality and performance of the signal. The following
section will describe some of the most common factors used in
digital signal analysis.
QAM Signal to Noise Ratio vs. BER
The theoretical bit-error rate of the QAM signal as a function of the
SNR is provided for reference.
To obtain an estimated BER of the QAM signal, one can use the
following diagram to get theoretical values for BER. In the case
that the QAM 64 mode SNR is >32, it indicates 10-12 BER. It
should be noted that changing the S/N value by as little as 1 dB
alters approximately one decade. The diagram below depicts the
theoretical BER vs. SNR.
69
70 Digital Signal Analysis
QAM Signal to Noise Ratio
The following table depicts the theoretical maximum values for
various orders of QAM:
Order of QAM
4
16
32
64
128
256
SNR max
46.0 dB
46.0 dB
43.0 dB
46.0 dB
43.0 dB
46.0 dB
QAM MER — Modulation Error Ratio
The modulation error is a calculated quantity indicating the mean
or the maximum deviation of the I/Q values from ideal signal states
and thus provides a measure of signal quality.
The following diagram shows the vectors used for calculating the
modulation error:
71
The modulation error is specified as rms and as peak value. To
calculate the modulation error, all decisions fields are investigated
on after the other:
To obtain peak modulation error, the maximum magnitude of
the difference vector (error vector) formed by the vector of the
ideal and the actual signal status is determined for each decision
field. From the maximum value of these results, the peak MER
(modulation error ratio) is calculated using the following formula:
To obtain the rms modulation error, the squares of the magnitude
of all differential vectors formed by the ideal-status and actualstatus vectors are added up, and the number of symbols is counted.
Then the rms modulation error is calculated as follows:
The peak and rms modulation error can also be specified on a
logarithmic scale. Conversion is done using the following formula:
For quantized I/Q values, the peak value is output in discrete form
only since no averaging is performed in the calculation. The rms
modulation error can be calculated within the limit values specified
in the following table. The limit values are obtained for quantized
I/Q values:
Order
of QAM
MERRMS
min
MERPK
min
MERPK
min
MERdB
max
4
0.5 %
1.563 %
98.44 %
46 dB
16
0.5 %
1.398 %
43.32 %
46 dB
32
0.7 %
1.976 %
29.33 %
43 dB
64
0.5 %
1.364 %
20.46 %
46 dB
128
0.7 %
1.952 %
13.66 %
43 dB
256
0.5 %
1.356 %
9.471 %
46 dB
The term “Modulation Error Ratio” and the prescribed method of
calculation were declared an international standard by the DVB
Measurement Group.
73
What is a QAM Signal
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) uses many different
phases known as states: 16, 32, 64, and 256. Each state is defined
by a specific amplitude and phase. This means the generation
and detection of symbols is more complex than a simple phase or
amplitude device. Each time the number of states per symbol is
increased the total data and bandwidth increases. The modulation
schemes shown occupy the same bandwidth (after filtering), but
have varying efficiencies (in theory at least).
QAM — Constellation Diagrams
Constellation diagrams are used to graphically represent the
quality and distortion of a digital signal. In practice, there is
always a combination of modulation errors that may be difficult
to separate and identify, as such, it is recommended to evaluate
the measured constellation diagrams using mathematical and
statistically methods. The following section will provide application
and interpretation information of constellation diagrams of digital
modulated signals.
The constellation diagram examples shown are based on 64
QAM modulation and use the following basic settings: maximum
possible DVB data transmission rate of 6.92 Msps or 41.73 Mbit/s
(64 QAM); Cosine roll-off filtering with roll-off factor r = 0.15 and
PRBS (pseudo random binary sequence) data stream, no coding.
Constellation Diagram for an Ideal 64 QAM Signal
Amplitude Imbalance describes the different gains of the I and
Q components of a signal. In a constellation diagram, amplitude
imbalance shows by one signal component being expanded and
the other one being compressed. This is due to the fact that the
receiver AGC makes a constant average signal level.
Phase Error is the difference between the phase angles of the I and
Q components referred to 90°. A phase error is caused by an error
of the phase shifter of the I/Q modulator. The I and Q components
are in this case not orthogonal to each other after demodulation.
75
Interferers are understood to be sinusoidal spurious signals
occurring in the transmission frequency range and superimposed
on the QAM signal at some point in the transmission path. After
demodulation, the interferer is contained in the baseband form of
low-frequency sinusoidal spurious signals. The frequency of these
signals corresponds to the difference between the frequency of
the original sinusoidal interference and the carrier frequency in
the RF band.
In the constellation diagram, an interferer shows in the form of a
rotating pointer superimposed on each signal status. The example
applies the condition that there is no other error present at the
same time, The constellation diagram shows the path of the
pointer as a circle around each ideal signal status.
Constellation Diagram — 64 QAM signal with
Interferer (C/I = 25.0 dB)
Carrier suppression or leakage is a special type of interference
in which it’s frequency equals the carrier frequency in the RF
channel. Carrier leakage can be superimposed on the QAM signal
in the I/Q modulator. In the constellation diagram, carrier leakage
shows up as a shifting of the signal states corresponding to the
DC components of the I and Q components.
Additive Gaussian noise can disturb the digitally modulated signal
during analog transmission, for instance in the analog channel.
Additive superimposed noise normally has a constant power
density and a Gaussian amplitude distribution throughout the
bandwidth of a channel. If no other error is present at the same
time, the points representing the ideal signal status are expanded
to form circular “clouds”.
Additive Noise (SNR = 30.0 dB)
(Note: This diagram may also be obtained for other types of interference so
that a distinction from noise-produced patterns cannot be made)
77
Phase Jitter or phase noise in the QAM signal is caused by
transponders in the transmission path or by the I/Q modulator.
It may be produced in carrier recovery, a possibility that is to be
excluded here. In contrast to the phase error described above,
phase jitter is a statistical quantity that affects the I and Q path
equally. In the constellation diagram, phase jitter shows up by the
signal states being shifted about their coordinate origin.
Phase Jitter (PJRMS = 1.73°)
Source: Rohde & Schwarz — EFA QAM Analyzer documentation
78 CATV QAM Channel Center Frequency
EIA
CH.
2
3
4
5
6
95
96
97
98
99
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
MHz
Center
Frequency
57
63
69
79
85
93
99
105
111
117
123
129
135
141
147
153
159
165
171
177
183
189
195
201
207
213
219
225
231
237
243
249
255
261
267
273
279
285
291
297
303
309
315
321
327
Bandwith
(MHz)
54
60
66
76
82
90
96
102
108
114
120
126
132
138
144
150
156
162
168
174
180
186
192
198
204
210
216
222
228
234
240
246
252
258
264
270
276
282
288
294
300
306
312
318
324
60
66
72
82
88
96
102
108
114
120
126
132
138
144
150
156
162
168
174
180
186
192
198
204
210
216
222
228
234
240
246
252
258
264
270
276
282
288
294
300
306
312
318
324
330
MHz
Center
Frequency
EIA
CH.
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
333
339
345
351
357
363
369
375
381
387
393
399
405
411
417
423
429
435
441
447
453
459
465
471
477
483
489
495
501
507
513
519
525
531
537
543
549
555
561
567
573
579
585
591
597
Bandwith
(MHz)
330
336
342
348
354
360
366
372
378
384
390
396
402
408
414
420
426
432
438
444
450
456
462
468
474
480
486
492
498
504
510
516
522
528
534
540
546
552
558
564
570
576
582
588
594
336
342
348
354
360
366
372
378
384
390
396
402
408
414
420
426
432
438
444
450
456
462
468
474
480
486
492
498
504
510
516
522
528
534
540
546
552
558
564
570
576
582
588
594
600
79
EIA
CH.
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
MHz
Center
Frequency
603
609
615
621
627
633
639
645
651
657
663
669
675
681
687
693
699
705
711
717
723
729
735
741
747
753
759
765
771
777
783
789
795
801
807
813
819
825
831
837
843
849
855
861
867
Bandwith
(MHz)
600
606
612
618
624
630
636
642
648
654
660
666
672
678
684
690
696
702
708
714
720
726
732
738
744
750
756
762
768
774
780
786
792
798
804
810
816
822
828
834
840
846
852
858
864
606
612
618
624
630
636
642
648
654
660
666
672
678
684
690
696
702
708
714
720
726
732
738
744
750
756
762
768
774
780
786
792
798
804
810
816
822
828
834
840
846
852
858
864
870
EIA
CH.
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
MHz
Center
Frequency
873
879
885
891
897
903
909
915
921
927
933
939
945
951
957
963
969
975
981
987
993
999
Bandwith
(MHz)
870
876
882
888
894
900
906
912
918
924
930
936
942
948
954
960
966
972
978
984
990
996
876
882
888
894
900
906
912
918
924
930
936
942
948
954
960
966
972
978
984
990
996
1002
80 North America Digital Broadcast Channel Frequency
Broadcast
Channel
Center
Freq
(MHz)
2
57
6
9
10
14
15
18
-
192
26
-
198
27
-
204
28
-
210
29
-
216
30
-
476
31
-
482
32
-
488
33
-
494
34
-
500
35
488
497
25
482
491
17
186
476
485
16
-
470
479
24
210
473
180
204
213
13
-
198
207
12
23
192
201
11
88
494
500
509
-
548
-
554
-
560
-
566
-
572
-
578
-
584
-
590
-
596
-
602
590
599
542
584
593
-
578
587
536
572
581
-
566
575
530
560
569
-
554
563
524
548
557
-
542
551
518
536
545
-
530
539
512
524
533
-
518
527
506
512
521
506
515
186
195
-
180
189
22
174
183
82
8
21
-
82
177
72
BW (MHz)
503
7
20
-
76
85
66
66
79
19
-
Center
Freq
(MHz)
60
5
-
60
69
4
54
63
3
Broadcast
Channel
BW (MHz)
596
81
4
ANALOG REFERENCE
Analog Cable (RF).......................................... 82
Analog Over-the-Air....................................... 82
Analog Content Types.................................... 83
Analog Closed Captioning.............................. 85
North America CATV Frequency Chart........... 86
US Frequency Spectrum................................. 91
North America Off-Air Frequency Chart......... 93
FM Broadcast Channel Frequency.................. 95
82 Analog Cable (RF)
1
3
2
Transmission Standards
4
58
Hz
1.25 MHz
Type:
Name:
Bandwidth:
Capacity:
Analog Over-the
NTSC (National Telev
6MHz
1 program
Video Carrier
Color Carrier
Sound Carrier
4 Video Content
Same as A
1
2
3
3.58
0.92
0.25
6 MHz
Type:
Name:
Bandwidth:
Capacity:
3
2
1
2
3
4
0.92
Analog Cable (Black & White since 1941; Color since 1953)
NTSC (National Television System Committee)
6MHz
1 program
Video Carrier
Color Carrier
Sound Carrier
Video Content
0.25
Analog Over-the-Air
1
Digital Cable (since 1990)
3
QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation)
2
6MHz
Variable – depends of modulation
Type:
Name:
Bandwidth:
Capacity:
QAM 64 modulation = 26.9 Mbps
Analog Over-the
NTSC (National Telev
6MHz
1 program
Video Carrier
Color Carrier
Sound Carrier
4 Video Content
Same as A
1
QAM 256 modulation = 38.8 Mbps
2
4
1.25 MHz
Type:
Name:
Bandwidth:
Capacity:
scheme
3
3.58
0.92
0.25
6 MHz
Type:
Analog Over-the-Air
Name:www.blondertongue.com
NTSC (National Television System Committee)
Bandwidth: 6MHz
Capacity:
1 program
3
1.800.523.6049
2
Video Carrier
Color Carrier
Sound Carrier
4 Video Content
1
2
3
0.92
0.25
Same as Analog Cable
Slide # 12
Analog Content Types
Component video
Component
Video is
83
an analog video-only
video-only signal that is transmitted as three
separate signals. Component-video cables do not carry audio and are often paired with
audio cables. Component video is capable of carrying signals such as 480i, 720p, and
1080i and most high-definition TVs support the use of component video up to their
native resolution. The three most commonly used component types are:
YPbbP
Prr is
YP
the converted version of RGB which is split into three
components: Y carries luma (brightness) and sync information; Pb
carries the difference between blue and luma; and Pr carries the
difference between red and luma. The primary advantages of YPbPr
over RGB and S-video is that it is able to transfer non-interlaced video
and, and at the same time, provide high resolution video such as 1080i
or better.
RGB
RGB (Red, Green, Blue) uses no compression and contains redundant data
since most programs typically contain the same black & white image,
therefore, it requires large bandwidth to carry the signal. It’s becoming
obsolete as home theaters move toward HDMI and computers toward DVI
interfaces.
S-Video
S-Video
(Separated Video) is an extension of the analog Composite
standard. Compared to the two standards above, it provides the poorest
quality of image. It’s rarely used for today’s applications because it cannot
be used for high definition standards unless its standard is changed to
accommodate for signal modulation of the carrier frequency.
84 Analog Content Types
Composite Video is an analog video-only signal which is a composite of
three source signals called Y, U, and V. Y represents the brightness of the picture
and includes synchronizing pulses, so that by itself it could be displayed as a
monochrome picture. U and V represent hue and saturation and carry the color
information
For residential
applications,
the
For residentialand
and commercial
commercial applications,
the composite
composite
video
signal connected
is typically
video signal
is typically
usingconnected
an RCA jack,
yellow,
whichnormally
is often accompanied
with redisand
usingnormally
an RCA
jack,
yellow, which
for right and left
audio
channels.
oftenwhite
accompanied
with
red
and white for right
and left audio channels.
Analog Closed Captioning
Closed captioning rules and regulations are found in FCC 47 C.F.R. § 79.1
(part 79). Closed captioning information is embedded in the program/
signal and is decoded and displayed by the television. For all types of NTSC
programming, captions are "encoded" into Line 21 of the vertical blanking
interval. Line 21 closed captioning has two styles: 1. Scrolling (or Roll-up),
and 2. Block (or Pop-on). It allows for up to four caption services per
program and provides the limited range of white characters with-in a boxed
black background.
The Line 21 data stream can consist of data from several data channels
multiplexed together. Field 1 has four data channels: two Captions (CC1,
CC2) and two Text (T1, T2). Field 2 has five additional data channels:
two Captions (CC3, CC4), two Text (T3, T4), and Extended Data Services
(XDS). XDS data structure is defined in CEA–608. As CC1 and CC2 share
bandwidth, if there is a lot of data in CC1, there will be little room for
CC2 data. Similarly CC3 and CC4 share the second field of line 21. The
FCC recommends bilingual programming should have the second caption
language in CC3.
85
86 North America CATV Frequency Chart
EIA
CH.
T7
T8
T9
T10
T11
T12
T13
T14
2
3
4
A8
5
6
A5
A4
A3
A2
A1
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
J
K
L
CH.
none
none
none
none
none
none
none
none
02
03
04
01
05
06
95
96
97
98*
99*
14*
15*
16*
17
18
19
20
21
22
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
23
24*
25*
Standard
Video
Audio
7.0000 11.5000
13.0000 17.5000
19.0000 23.5000
25.0000 29.5000
31.0000 35.5000
37.0000 41.5000
43.0000 47.5000
49.0000 53.5000
55.2500 59.7500
61.2500 65.7500
67.2500 71.7500
NA
N A
77.2500 81.7500
83.2500 87.7500
91.2500 95.7500
97.2500 101.7500
103.2500 107.7500 109.2750 113.7750
115.2750 119.7750
121.2625 125.7625
127.2625 131.7625
133.2625 137.7625
139.2500 143.7500
145.2500 149.7500
151.2500 155.7500
157.2500 161.7500
163.2500 167.7500
169.2500 173.7500
175.2500 179.7500
181.2500 185.7500
187.2500 191.7500
193.2500 197.7500
199.2500 203.7500
205.2500 209.7500
211.2500 215.7500
217.2500 221.7500
223.2500 227.7500 229.2625 233.7625
Incremental
Video
Audio
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
55 2625 59.7625
61.2625 65.7625
67.2625 71.7625
73.2625 77.7625
79.2625 83.7625
85.2625 89.7625
91.2625 95.7625
97.2625 101.7625
103.2625 107.7625
109.2750 113.7750
115.2750 119.7750
121.2625 125.7625
127.2625 131.7625
133.2625 137.7625
139.2625 143.7625
145.2625 149.7625
151.2625 155.7625
157.2625 161.7625
163.2625 167.7625
169.2625 173.7625
175.2625 179.7625
181.2625 185.7625
187.2625 191.7625
193.2625 197.7625
199.2625 203.7625
205.2625 209.762
211.2625 215.7625
217.2625 221.7625
223.2625 227.7625
229.2625 233.7625
Harmonic
Video
Audio
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
54.0027 58.5027
60.0030 64.5030
66.0033 70.5030
72.0036 76.5036
78.0039 82.5039
84.0042 88.5042
90.0045 94.5045
96.0048100.5048
102.0051106.5051
Cannot lock to comb
ref: refer to FCC regs
120.0060124.5060
126.0063 130.5063
132.0066 136.5066
138.0069 142.5069
144.0072 148.5072
150.0075 154.5075
156.0078 160.5078
162.0081 166.5081
168.0084 172.5084
174.0087 178.5087
180.0090 184.5090
186.0093 190.5093
192.0096 196.5096
198.0099202.5099
204.0102 208.5102
210.0105 214.5105
216.0108 220.5108
222.0111 226.5111
228.0114 232.5114
* Means aeronautical channels visual carrier frequency tolerance ± 5 kHz
87
EIA
CH.
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
AA
BB
CC
DD
EE
FF
GG
HH
II
JJ
KK
LL
MM
NN
00
PP
QQ
RR
SS
TT
UU
VV
WW
XX
YY
ZZ
AAA
CH.
26*
27*
28*
29*
30*
31*
32*
33*
34*
35*
36*
37*
38*
39*
40*
41*
42*
43*
44*
45*
46*
47*
48*
49*
50*
51*
52*
53*
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
Standard
Video
235.2625
241.2625
247.2625
253.2625
259.2625
265.2625
271.2625
277.2625
283.2625
289.2625
295.2625
301.2625
307.2625
313.2625
319.2625
325.2625
331.2750
337.2625
343.2625
349.2625
355.2625
361.2625
367.2625
373.2625
379.2625
385.2625
391.2625
397.2625
403.2500
409.2500
415.2500
421.2500
427.2500
433.2500
439.2500
445.2500
451.2500
457.2500
Audio
239.7625
245.7625
251.7625
257.7625
263.7625
269.7625
275.7625
281.7625
287.7625
293.7625
299.7625
305.7625
311.7625
317.7625
323.7625
329.7625
335.7750
341.7625
347.7625
353.7625
359.7625
365.7625
371.7625
377.7625
383.7625
389.7625
395.7625
401.7625
407.7500
413.7500
419.7500
425.7500
431.7500
437.7500
443.7500
449.7500
455.7500
461.7500
Incremental
Video
235.2625
241.2625
247.2625
253.2625
259.2625
265.2625
271.2625
277.2625
283.2625
289.2625
295.2625
301.2625
307.2625
313.2625
319.2625
325.2625
331.2750
337.2625
343.2625
349.2625
355.2625
361.2625
367.2625
373.2625
379.2625
385.2625
391.2625
397.2625
403.2625
409.2625
415.2625
421.2625
427.2625
433.2625
439.2625
445.2625
451.2625
457.2625
Audio
239.7625
245.7625
251.7625
257.7625
263.7625
269.7625
275.7625
281.7625
287.7625
293.7625
299.7625
305.7625
311.7625
317.7625
323.7625
329.7625
335.7750
341.7625
347.7625
353.7625
359.7625
365.7625
371.7625
377.7625
383.7625
389.7625
395.7625
401.7625
407.7625
413.7625
419.7625
425.7625
431.7625
437.7625
443.7625
449.7625
455.7625
461.7625
Harmonic
Video
Audio
234.0117 238.5117
240.0120 244.5120
246.0123 250.5123
252.0126 256.5126
258.0129 262.5129
264.0132 268.5132
270.0135 274.5135
276.0138 280.5138
282.0141 286.5141
288.0144 292.5144
294.0147 298.5147
300.0150 304.5150
306.0153 310.5153
312.0156 316.5156
318.0159 322.5159
324.0162 328.5162
330.0165 334.5165
336.0168 340.5168
342.0168 346.5168
348.0168 352.5168
354.0168 358.5168
360.0168 364.5168
366.0168 370.5168
372.0168 376.5168
378.0168 382.5168
384.0168 388.5168
390.0168 394.5168
396.0168 400.5168
402.0201406.5201
408.0204 412.5204
414.0207 418.5207
420.0210 424.5210
426.0213 430.5213
432.0216 436.5216
438.0219 442.5219
444.0222448.5222
450.0225454.5225
456.0228460.5228
EIA
CH.
BBB
CCC
DDD
EEE
FFF
GGG
HHH
III
JJJ
KKK
LLL
MMM
NNN
000
PPP
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
CH.
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
Standard
Video
Audio
463.2500 467.7500
469.2500 473.7500
475.2500 479.7500
481.2500 485.7500
487.2500 491.7500
493.2500 497.7500
499.2500 503.7500
505.2500 509.7500
511.2500 515.7500
517.2500 521.7500
523.2500 527.7500
529.2500 533.7500
535.2500 539.7500
541.2500 545.7500
547.2500 551.7500
553.2500 557.7500
559.2500 563.7500
565.2500 569.7500
571.2500 575.7500
577.2500 581.7500
583.2500 587.7500
589.2500 593.7500
595.2500 599.7500
601.2500 605.7500
607.2500 611.7500
613.2500 617.7500
619.2500 623.7500
625.2500 629.7500
631.2500 635.7500
637.2500 641.7500
643.2500 647.7500
649.2500 653.7500
655.2500 659.7500
661.2500 665.7500
667.2500 671.7500
673.2500 677.7500
679.2500 683.7500
685.2500 689.7500 Incremental
Video
Audio
463.2625 467.7625
469.2625 473.7625
475.2625 479.7625
481.2625 485.7625
487.2625 491.7625
493.2625 497.7625
499.2625 503.7625
505.2625 509.7625
511.2625 515.7625
517.2625 521.7625
523.2625 527.7625
529.2625 533.7625
535.2625 539.7625
541.2625 545.7625
547.2625 551.7625
553.2625 557.7625
559.2625 563.7625
565.2625 569.7625 571.2625 575.7625
577.2625 581.7625
583.2625 587.7625
589.2625 593.7625
595.2625 599.7625
601.2625 605.7625
607.2625 611.7625
613.2625 617.7625
619.2625 623.7625
625.2625 629.7625
631.2625 635.7625
637.2625 641.7625
643.2625 647.7625
649.2625 653.7625
655.2625 659.7625
661.2625 665.7625
667.2625 671.7625
673.2625 677.7625
679.2625 683.7625
685.2625 689.7625
4
Harmonic
Video
Audio
462.0231 466.5231
468.0234472.5234
474.0237478.5237
480.0240484.5240
486.0243490.5243
492.0246496.5246
498.0249502.5249
504.0252508.5252
510.0255 514.5255
516.0258520.5258
522.0261 526.5261
528.0264532.5264
534.0267538.5267
540.0270544.527C
546.0273550.5273
552.0276556.5276
558.0279562.5279
564.0282568.5282
570.0285574.5285
576.0288580.5288
582.0291 586.5291
588.0294592.5294
594.0297598.5297
600.0300604.5300
606.0303 610.5303
612.0306 616.5306
618.0309622.5309
624.0312 628.5312
630.0315 634.5315
636.0318 640.5318
642.0321 646.5321
648.0324652.5324
654.0327658.5327
660.0330664.5330
666.0333670.5333
672.0336676.5336
678.0339682.5339
684.0342688.5342
89
4
EIA
CH.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
CH.
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
Standard
Video
691.2500
697.2500
703.2500
709.2500
715.2500
721.2500
727.2500
733.2500
739.2500
745.2500
751.2500
757.2500
763.2500
769.2500
775.2500
781.2500
787.2500
793.2500
799.2500
805.2500
811.2500
817.2500
823.2500
829.2500
835.2500
841.2500
847.2500
853.2500
859.2500
865.2500
871.2500
877.2500
883.2500
889.2500
895.2500
901.2500
907.2500
Audio
695.7500
701.7500
707.7500
713.7500 719.7500
725.7500
731.7500
737.7500
743.7500
749.7500
755.7500
761.7500
767.7500
773.7500
779.7500
785.7500
791.7500
797.7500
803.7500
809.7500
815.7500
821.7500
827.7500
833.7500
839.7500
845.7500
851.7500
857.7500
863.7500
869.7500
875.7500
881.7500
887.7500
893.7500
899.7500
905.7500
911.7500
Incremental
Video
691.2625
697.2625
703.2625
709.2625
715.2625
721.2625
727.2625
733.2625
739.2625
745.2625
751.2625
757.2625
763.2625
769.2625
775.2625
781.2625
787.2625
793.2625
799.2625
805.2625
811.2625
817.2625
823.2625
829.2625
835.2625
841.2625
847.2625
853.2625
859.2625
865.2625
871.2625
877.2625
883.2625
889.2625
895.2625
901.2625
907.2625
Audio
695.7625
701.7625
707.7625
713.7625
719.7625
725.7625
731.7625
737.7625
743.7625
749.7625
755.7625
761.7625
767.7625
773.7625
779.7625
785.7625
791.7625
797.7625
803.7625
809.7625
815.7625
821.7625
827.7625
833.7625
839.7625
845.7625
851.7625
857.7625
863.7625
869.7625
875.7625
881.7625
887.7625
893.7625
899.7625
905.7625
911.7625
Harmonic
Video
Audio
690.0345 694.5345
696.0348 700.5348
702.0351 706.5351
708.0354 712.5354
714.0357 718.5357
720.0360 724.5360
726.0363 730.5363
732.0366 736.5366
738.0369 742.5369
744.0372 748.5372
750.0375 754.5375
756.0378 760.5378
762.0381 766.5381
768.0384 772.5384
774.0387 778.5387
780.0390 784.5390
786.0393 790.5393
792.0396 796.5396
798.0399 802.5399
804.0402 808.5402
810.0405 814.5405
816.0408 820.5408
822.0411 826.5411
828.0414 832.5414
834.0417 838.5417
840.0420 844.5420
846.0423 850.5423
852.0426 856.5426
858.0429 862.5429
864.0432 868.5432
870.0435 874.5435
876.0438 880.5438
882.0441 886.5441
888.0444 892.5444
894.0447 898.5447
900.0450 904.5450
906.0453 910.5453
EIA
CH.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
CH.
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
Standard
Video
Audio
913.2500 917.7500
919.2500 923.7500
925.2500 929.7500
931.2500 935.7500
937.2500 941.7500
943.2500 947.7500
949.2500 953.7500
955.2500 959.7500
961.2500 965.7500
967.2500 971.7500
973.2500 977.7500
979.2500 983.7500
985.2500 989.7500
991.2500 995.7500
997.25001001.7500
Incremental
Video
913.2625
919.2625
925.2625
931.2625
937.2625
943.2625
949.2625
955.2625
961.2625
967.2625
973.2625
979.2625
985.2625
991.2625
997.2625
90
Audio
917.7625
923.7625
929.7625
935.7625
941.7625
947.7625
953.7625
959.7625
965.7625
971.7625
977.7625
983.7625
989.7625
995.7625
1001.7625
4
Harmonic
Video
Audio
912.0456 916.5456
918.0459 922.5459
924.0462 928.5462
930.0465 934.5465
936.0468 940.5468
942.0471 946.5470
948.0474 952.5474
954.0477 958.5477
960.0480 964.5480
966.0483 970.5483
972.0486 976.5486
978.0489 982.5489
984.0492 988.5492
990.0495 994.5495
996.04981000.5498
4
US Frequency Spectrum
91
92 FCC Aeronautical Band Frequencies
Used for Communication and Navigation
NOTE: The FCC mandated that- All full power TV stations in the
US cease analog broadcasts by June 12 2009. Currently only low
power and TV Translators are authorized for Analog Broadcasts.
4
4
93
North America Off-Air Frequency Chart
CH.
BW (MHz)
VIDEO
CHROMA
AUDIO
Lo VHF
2
54-60
55.25
58.83
3
60-66
61.25
64.83
4
66-72
67.25
70.83
5
76-82
77.25
80.83
6
82-88
83.25
86.83
59.75
65.75
71.75
81.75
87.75
Hi VHF
7
174-180
175.25
178.83
8
180-186
181.25
184.83
9
186-192
187.25
190.83
10
192-198
193.25
196.83
11
198-204
199.25
202.83
12
204-210
205.25
208.83
13
210-216
211.25
214.83
179.75
185.75
191.75
197.75
203.75
209.75
215.75
UHF
14
470-476
471.25
15
476-482
477.25
16
482-488
483.25
17
488-494
489.25
18
494-500
495.25
19
500-506
501.25
20
506-512
507.25
21
512-518
513.25
22
518-524
519.25
23
524-530
525.25
24
530-536
531.25
25
536-542
537.25
26
542-548
543.25
27
548-554
549.25
28
554-560
555.25
29
560-566
561.25
30
566-572
567.25
31
572-578
573.25
32
578-584
579.25
33
584-590
585.25
34
590-596
591.25
35
596-602
597.25
36
602-608
603.25
37
608-614
609.25
38
614-620
615.25
475.75
481.75
487.75
493.75
499.75
505.75
511.75
517.75
523.75
529.75
535.75
541.75
547.75
553.75
559.75
565.75
571.75
577.75
583.75
589.75
595.75
601.75
607.75
613 75
619.75
474.83
480.83
486.83
492.83
498.83
504.83
510.83
516.83
522.83
528.83
534.83
540.83
546.83
552.83
558.83
564.83
570.83
576.83
582.83
588.83
594.83
600.83
606.83
612.83
618.83
94 North America Off-Air Frequency Chart
CH.
BW (MHz)
VIDEO
UHF
39
620-626
621.25
40
626-632
627.25
41
632-638
633.25
42
638-644
639.25
43
644-650
645.25
44
650-656
651.25
45
656-662
657.25
46
662-668
663.25
47
668-674
669.25
48
674-680
675.25
49
680-686
681.25
50
686-692
687.25
51
692-698
693.25
52
698-704
699.25
53
704-710
705.25
54
710-716
711.25
55
716-722
717.25
56
722-728
723.25
57
728-734
729.25
58
734-740
735.25
59
740-746
741.25
60
746-752
747.25
61
752-758
753.25
62
758-764
759.25
63
764-770
765.25
64
770-776
771.25
65
776-782
777.25
66
782-788
783.25
67
788-794
789.25
68
794-800
795.25
69
800-806
801.25
CHROMA
624.83
630.83
636.83
642.83
648.83
654.83
660.83
666.83
672.83
678.83
684.83
690.83
696.83
702.83
708.83
714.83
720.83
726.83
732.83
738.83
744.83
750.83
756.83
762.83
768.83
774.83
780.83
786.83
792.83
798.83
804.83
AUDIO
625.75
631.75
637.75
643.75
649.75
655.75
661.75
667.75
673.75
679.75
685.75
691.75
697.75
703.75
709.75
715.75
721.75
727.75
733.75
739.75
745.75
751.75
757.75
763.75
769.75
775.75
781.75
787.75
793.75
799.75
805.75
NOTE: Channels 52-69 are no longer licensed for broadcast
(full power stations) after the digital transition date.
95
FM Broadcast Channel Frequency (MHz)
Channel Frequency Channel Frequency Channel Frequency
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
88.1
88.3
88.5
88.7
88.9
89.1
89.3
89.5
89.7
89.9
90.1
90.3
90.5
90.7
90.9
91.1
91.3
91.5
91.7
91.9
92.1
92.3
92.5
92.7
92.9
93.1
93.3
93.5
93.7
93.9
94.1
94.3
94.5
94.7
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
94.9
69
95.1
70
95.3
71
95.5
72
95.7
73
95.9
74
96.1
75
96.3
76
96.5
77
96.7
78
96.9
79
97.1
80
97.3
81
97.5
82
97.7
83
97.9
84
98.1
85
98.3
86
98.5
87
98.7
88
98.9
89
99.1
90
99.3
91
99.5
92
99.7
93
99.9
94
100.1
95
100.3
96
100.5
97
100.7
98
100.9
99
101.1
100
101.3
101.5
101.7
101.9
102.1
102.3
102.5
102.7
102.9
103.1
103.3
103.5
103.7
1039
104.1
104.3
104.5
104.7
104.9
105.1
105.3
105.5
105.7
105.9
106 1
1063
106.5
106.7
106.9
107.1
107.3
107.5
107.7
107.9
97
5
CONTENT TYPES & INTERFACES
Cables, Wiring & Pinout Reference.......... 98
Optical Connectors............................... 106
98 Cables, Wiring & Pinout Reference
DB25 Male and Female
RS232 on DB25 (RS-232C)
Note: This is NOT the same as the DB25 Parallel port on a PC.
Pin
No.
Name Dir
1
-
-
Notes/Description
2
TD
OUT Transmit Data (a.k.a. TxD, Tx) (ASYNC)
3
RD
IN
4
RTS
OUT Request To Send (ASYNC)
5
CTS
IN
Clear To Send (ASYNC)
6
DSR
IN
Data Set Ready (ASYNC)
7
SGND
-
Signal Ground
8
CD
IN
Carrier Detect (a.k.a. DCD)
9
-
-
Reserved for data set testing
10
-
-
Reserved for data set testing
11
-
-
Unassigned
12
SDCD
IN
Secondary Carrier Detect. Only needed if second channel being used.
13
SCTS
IN
Secondary Clear To Send. Only needed if second channel being used.
14
STD
OUT Secondary Transmit Data. Only needed if second channel being used.
15
DB
OUT Transmit Clock (a.k.a. TCLK, TxCLK). Synchronous use only.
16
SRD
IN
Secondary Receive Data. Only needed if second channel being used.
17
DD
IN
Receive Clock (a.k.a. RCLK). Synchronous use only.
18
LL
-
Loop Loopback
19
SRTS
OUT Secondary Request to Send. Only needed if second channel being used.
20
DTR
OUT Data Terminal Ready. (ASYNC)
21
RL/SQ
-
Signal Quality Detector/Remote loopback
22
RI
IN
Ring Indicator. DCE (Modem) raises when incoming call detected used for auto answer applications.
23
CH/CI
OUT Signal Rate selector.
24
DA
-
Auxiliary Clock (a.k.a. ACLK). Secondary Channel only.
25
-
-
Unassigned
Protective/shielded ground
Receive Data (a.k.a. RxD, Rx) (ASYNC)
Note: Leave all pins not specified above unconnected.
99
RS232 DB25 NULL Modem Pinout
DB9 Male and Female
RS232 on DB9 (EIA/TIA 574)
The column marked Dir shows signal direction with respect to the DTE.
Pin
No.
Name Dir
Notes/Description
1
DCD
IN
Data Carrier Detect. Raised by DCE when modem synchronized.
2
RD
IN
Receive Data (a.k.a. RxD, Rx). Arriving data from DCE.
3
TD
OUT Transmit Data (a.k.a. TxD, Tx). Sending data from DTE.
4
DTR
OUT Data Terminal Ready. Raised by DTE when powered on. In auto-answer mode raised only when RI arrives
from DCE.
5
SGND
-
6
DSR
IN
7
RTS
OUT Request To Send. Raised by DTE when it wishes to send. Expects CTS from DCE.
8
CTS
IN
Clear To Send. Raised by DCE in response to RTS from DTE.
9
RI
IN
Ring Indicator. Set when incoming ring detected - used for auto-answer application. DTE raised DTR
to answer.
Ground
Data Set Ready. Raised by DCE to indicate ready.
RS232 DB9 NULL Modem Pinout
Use when connecting two systems, for example two PCs, via their DB9 interfaces without
a modem. Typically called a back-to-back or NULL modem connection.
101
RS232 DB9 to DB25 NULL Modem Pinout
Use when connecting two systems (e.g. PCs) when one has a DB9 interface and the
other a DB25 interface without a modem. Typically called a back-to-back or NULL
modem connection.
RS232 DB9 to DB25 Pinout
Use when connecting a DB9 (e.g. a PC) to a DB25 (e.g. a modem) interface.
RJ 45 Pinout
103
RS232 on RJ45 (RS-232D)
HDMI Connector Pin Assignment
Pin
Signal Assignment
Pin
Signal Assignment
105
VGA Video Connector Pinout
1
5
6
10
11
15
Male Connector
106 Optical Connectors
FC Type Connectors
FCAPC (angled tip) Commonly used in broadband applications. Available on BT’s TrailBlazer Series transmitters and receivers. FCUPC Typically used in data network only. Not used in broadband CATV applications. SC Type Connectors
SCAPC (angled tip – green body) Commonly used in broadband applications. Available on BT’s TrailBlazer Series transmitters and receivers. SCUPC (blue body) Typically used in data networks only. Not used in broadband CATV applications. ST Type Connector
ST (AT&T Trademark) connectors are widely used in multimode data networks found in buildings and campuses. Not used in broadband CATV applications. 107
6
System Calculations..............................108
Passive & Coaxial Cable Characteristics..122
Broadband RF Network Powering..........123
108 System Calculations
Carrier/Cross Modulation (XM)
1. Cross Modulation for One Amplifier at Operating Level:
2. To Sum Identical Cross Modulation Ratios:
See charts & examples starting on pages 84.
3. To Sum Different Cross Modulation Ratios:
See examples starting on pages 84.
4. Cross Modulation vs Channel Loading:
XM = Cross Modulation Ratio, expressed
as a negative (-) number.
Rule: 1
dB change of the output of an amplifier
will change the cross modulation by 2 dB.
Rule: For every double the number of amplifiers
with identical cross modulation there
is a 6 dB degradation in the total
cross modulation.
FCC Requirement XM = 51 dB
N =Number of equal
contributors
NF = Noise Figure
-59.2 = Thermal Noise in
4 MHz Bandwidth
(dBmV)
109
Carrier/Composite Triple Beat (CTB)
1. Composite Triple Beat for One Amplifier at Operating Level:
2. To Sum Identical Composite Triple Beat Ratios:
3. To Sum Different Composite Triple Beat Ratios:
4. Composite Triple Beat vs Channel Loading:
A 1 dB change of the output of an amplifier will change the CTB
ratio by 2 dB.
For every double the number of amplifiers with identical CTB,
there is a 6 dB degradation in the total CTB ratio.
FCC Requirement CTB:
Standard =51 dB
IRC = 47 dB
HRC = 47 dB
Carrier/Single Second Order Distortion (C/SSO)
1. S
ingle Second Order Beat for One Amplifier at Operating Level:
2. To Sum Identical SSO Ratios:
3. To Sum Different SSO Ratios:
10
10
10
A 1 dB change of the output of an amplifier will change SSO
by 1 dB.
The 10 log assumptions shown here for second order are conservative. Some engineers use 13 log or 15 log assumptions.
FCC Requirement SSO = 51 dB
111
Carrier/Composite Second Order Distortion (C/CSO)
1. Composite Second Order for One Amplifier at Operating Level:
2. To Sum Identical CSO Ratios:
3. To Sum Different CSO Ratios:
15
15
15
4. CSO vs Channel Loading:
A 1 dB change of the output of an amplifier will change CSO by
1 dB.
FCC Requirement CSO = 51 dB
Composite Intermodulation Noise (CIN)
It is assumed that CIN is dominated by 3rd order distortion (CIN3).
This is the case in systems with analog television channels to 550
MHz and digital video above 550 MHz.
1. C
omposite Intermodulation Noise for One Amplifier at Operating
Level.
2. To Sum Identical Composite Intermodulation Noise Ratios:
3. To Sum Different Composite Intermodulation Noise Ratios:
4. To Sum Carrier/Noise and Composite Intermodulation Ratios:
Rule: C
IN behaves like CTB in a cascade of amplifiers, but it adds to the
C/N noise.
113
Carrier/Hum Modulation (C/H)
1. To Sum Identical Carrier/Hum Ratios:
2. To Sum Different Carrier/Hum Ratios:
See examples starting on page 84.
Note: A
bove calculations assume connection of all power supplies to the
same powerline phase.
3. To Convert Percent Hum to C/H Ratio:
4. To Convert C/H Ratio to % Hum:
Carrier/Noise
1. The Carrier/Noise contribution of a single amplifier when the
Noise Figure (NF) is known:
2. To Sum Identical Carrier/Noise Ratios:
3. To Sum Different Carrier/Noise Ratios:
10
10
10
4. Carrier/Noise Ratio vs Bandwidth:
Rule: For every 1 dB increase in input signal level, the C/N improves by 1 dB.
For every double the number of amplifiers with identical Carrier/Noise Ratios
there is a degradation of 3 dB in the total C/N.
N =Number of equal
FCC Requirement C/N = 43 dB
contributors
NF = Noise Figure
-59.2 =Thermal Noise
in 4 MHz
Bandwidth (dBmV)
115
Determining Acceptable Peak-to-Valley Deviation
To determine what degree of overall peak-to-valley deviation is
acceptable for the Nth amplifier in a cascade, use this formula.
Where x is equal to the acceptable P-V deviation and, N = number
of amplifiers in cascade.
For example, what is the maximum acceptable peak-tovalley deviation at the 32nd amplifier in a cascade?
Thus, 4.2 dB is the maximum acceptable peak-to-valley deviation
(highest peak to lowest valley in the broadband signal) at the
32nd amplifier.
Amplifier Cascade Factor
CASCADE (N)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
C/N + SSO
CSO
CTB & XMOD
10*LOG(N) 15*LOG(N)
20*LOG(N)
0.00
0.00
0.00
3.01
4.52
6.02
4.77
7.16
9.54
6.02
9 03
12.04
6.99
10.48
13.98
7.78
11.67
15.56
8.45
12.68
16.90
9.03
13.55
18.06
9.54
14.31
19.08
10.00
15.00
20.00
10.41
15.62
20.83
10.79
16.19
21.58
11.14
16.71
22.28
11.46
17.19
22.92
11.76
17.64
23.52
12.04
18.06
24.08
12.30
18.46
24.61
12.55
18.83
25.11
12.79
19.18
25.58
13.01
19.52
26.02
13.22
19.83
26.44
13.42
20.14
26.85
13.62
20.43
27.23
13.80
20.70
27.60
13.98
20.97
27.96
117
Amplifier Cascade Factor - Example
The Amplifier Cascade Factor Chart (on previous page) is used
to predict performance considering the contribution of various
numbers of amplifiers. It assumes that all amplifiers are
operated at the same level (input level for noise, output level
for distortion). This is generally the case in a Unity Gain Based
System.
Example: What is the trunk CTB after 13 trunk amplifiers?
ingle trunk amplifier CTB specification is 87 dB
Given:1. S
@ 32 dBmV flat (from Manufacturers specs.)
2. T
runk output is 25 dBmV, channel 2 Trunk
output is 32 dBmV, channel 60 (7 dB linear tilt)
Step 1Re-rate performance of single amp
based on actual operating level.
Geometric tilt center = 28.5 dBmV
Add .5 dB correction factor =
29 dBmV average level
32 - 29 = 3 dB x 2 (for CTB) = 6 dB
87 dB + 6 dB = 93 dB CTB @
29 dBmV average level
Step 2Find cascade factor for CTB for 13
amps, on the chart = 22.28 dB
Step 3Subtract cascade factor from single amp operating
performance
93 dB - 22.28 = 70.72 dB
CTB = 70.72 dB after 13 amps
Note: S
umming different ratios requires a grasp of the antilog concept.
For brevity, the example shown is for CTB only, but the approach is
identical for all system distortion and noise calculations.
Determine End Of Line CTB Given The Following:
10 Trunk CTB = 65 dBc
1 Bridger CTB = 60 dBc
3 Line Extender CTB = 58 dBc
-65
-60
-58
Step 1. CTBs = 20 log (10 20 + 10 20 + 10 20 )
Step 2. CTBs = 20 log (10 -3.25 +10- 3.00 +10 - 2.90 )
CTBs 20 log (antilog -3.25 + antilog -3.00 + antilog -2.90)
Note: T o perform the operations in step 2, use the “inverse” log or “antilog”
function on most calculators. Antilog (Inverse Log) is used to re-express
the different exponent values to voltage so the amounts may be easily
summed. Don’t forget the minus sign.
-4
-3
-3
Step 3. CTBs = 20 log (5.62 x 10 + 1 x 10 + 1.26 x 10 )
-4
-4
-4
Step 4. CTBs = 20 log (5.62 x 10 + 10 x 10 + 12.6 x 10 )
-4
Step 5. CTBs = 20 log (28.12 x 10 )
CTB = 51 dBc
The 20 Log and 10 Log function derate charts & example on pages 86, 87
and 88 may also be used to sum different ratios if a scientific calculator is
not available.
119
20 Log Function Derate Chart
(use for CTB and XMOD)
diff
(dB) 0.00 0.10
0 6.02 5.97
1 5.53 5.49
2 5.08 5.03
3 4.65 4.61
4 4.25 4.21
5 3.88 3.84
6 3.53 3.50
7 3.21 3.18
8 2.91 2.88
9 2.64 2.61
10 2.39 2.36
11 2.16 2.13
12 1.95 1.93
13 1.75 1.74
14 1.58 1.56
15 1.42 1.41
16 1.28 1.26
17 1.15 1.14
18 1.03 1.02
19 0.92 0.91
20 0.83 0.82
21 0.74 0.73
22 0.66 0.66
23 0.59 0.59
24 0.53 0.53
25 0.48 0.47
26 0.42 0.42
27 0.38 0.38
28 0.34 0.34
29 0.30 0.30
30 0.27 0.27
31 0.24 0.24
32 0.22 0.21
33 0.19 0.19
34 0.17 0.17
35 0.15 0.15
36 0.14 0.14
37 0.12 0.12
38 0.11 0.11
39 0.10 0.10
40 0.09 0.09
SUBTRACTION VALUES
0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60
5.92 5.87 5.82 5.77 5.73
5.44 5.39 5.35 5.30 5.26
4.99 4.95 4.90 4.86 4.82
4.57 4.53 4.49 4.45 4.41
4.17 4.13 4.10 4.06 4.02
3.80 3.77 3.73 3.70 3.66
3.46 3.43 3.40 3.36 3.33
3.15 3.12 3.09 3.06 3.03
2.85 2.83 2.80 2.77 2.74
2.59 2.56 2.53 2.51 2.48
2.34 2.32 2.29 2.27 2.25
2.11 2.09 2.07 2.05 2.03
1.91 1.89 1.87 1.85 1.83
1.72 1.70 1.68 1.67 1.65
1.55 1.53 1.51 1.50 1.48
1.39 1.38 1.36 1.35 1.33
1.25 1.24 1.22 1.21 1.20
1.12 1.11 1.10 1.09 1.08
1.01 1.00 0.99 0.98 0.96
0.90 0.89 0.88 0.87 0.86
0.81 0.80 0.79 0.78 0.77
0.73 0.72 0.71 0.70 0.69
0.65 0.64 0.64 0.63 0.62
0.58 0.57 0.57 0.56 0.56
0.52 0.51 0.51 0.50 0.50
0.46 0.46 0.45 0.45 0.44
0.42 0.41 0.41 0.40 0.40
0.37 0.37 0.36 0.36 0.35
0.33 0.33 0.32 0.32 0.32
0.30 0.29 0.29 0.29 0.28
0.26 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.25
0.24 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23
0.21 0.21 0.21 0.20 0.20
0.19 0.19 0.18 0.18 0.18
0.17 0.17 0.16 0.16 0.16
0.15 0.15 0.15 0.14 0.14
0.13 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.13
0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.11
0.11 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10
0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09
0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08
0.70
5.68
5.21
4.78
4.37
3.98
3.63
3.30
3.00
2.72
2.46
2.22
2.01
1.81
1.63
1.47
1.32
1.19
1.06
0.95
0.86
0.77
0.69
0.61
0.55
0.49
0.44
0.39
0.35
0.31
0.28
0.25
0.22
0.20
0.18
0.16
0.14
0.13
0.11
0.10
0.09
0.08
0.80
5.63
5.17
4.73
4.33
3.95
3.60
3.27
2.97
2.69
2.44
2.20
1.99
1.79
1.61
1.45
1.31
1.17
1.05
0.94
0.85
0.76
0.68
0.61
0.54
0.49
0.43
0.39
0.35
0.31
0.28
0.25
0.22
0.20
0.18
0.16
0.14
0.12
0.11
0.10
0.09
0.08
0.90
5.58
5.12
4.69
4.29
3.91
3.56
3.24
2.94
2.66
2.41
2.18
1.97
1.77
1.60
1.44
1.29
1.16
1.04
0.93
0.84
0.75
0.67
0.60
0.54
0.48
0.43
0.38
0.34
0.31
0.27
0.24
0.22
0.19
0.17
0.15
0.14
0.12
0.11
0.10
0.09
0.08
120 10 Log Function Derate Chart
(use for CNR and SSO)
diff
(dB) 0.00 0.10
0 3.01 2.96
1 2.54 2.50
2 2.12 2.09
3 1.76 1.73
4 1.46 1.43
5 1.19 1.17
6 0.97 0.95
7 0.79 0.77
8 0.64 0.63
9 0.51 0.50
10 0.41 0.40
SUBTRACTION VALUES
0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90
2.91 2.86 2.81 2.77 2.72 2.67 2.63 2.58
2.45 2.41 2.37 2.32 2.28 2.24 2.20 2.16
2.05 2.01 1.97 1.94 1.90 1.87 1.83 1.80
1.70 1.67 1.63 1.60 1.57 1.54 1.51 1.48
1.40 1.37 1.35 1.32 1.29 1.27 1.24 1.22
1.15 1.12 1.10 1.08 1.06 1.04 1.01 0.99
0.93 0.91 0.90 0.88 0.86 0.84 0.82 0.81
0.76 0.74 0.73 0.71 0.70 0.68 0.67 0.65
0.61 0.60 0.59 0.57 0.56 0.55 0.54 0.53
0.49 0.48 0.47 0.46 0.45 0.44 0.43 0.42
0.40 0.39 0.38 0.37 0.36 0.35 0.35 0.34
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
0.33
0.27
0.21
0.17
0.14
0.11
0.09
0.07
0.05
0.04
0.32
0.26
0.21
0.17
0.13
0.11
0.08
0.07
0.05
0.04
0.32
0.25
0.20
0.16
0.13
0.10
0.08
0.07
0.05
0.04
0.31
0.25
0.20
0.16
0.13
0.10
0.08
0.06
0.05
0.04
0.30
0.24
0.19
0.15
0.12
0.10
0.08
0.06
0.05
0.04
0.30
0.24
0.19
0.15
0.12
0.10
0.08
0.06
0.05
0.04
0.29
0.23
0.19
0.15
0.12
0.09
0.07
0.06
0.05
0.04
0.28
0.23
0.18
0.14
0.12
0.09
0.07
0.06
0.05
0.04
0.28
0.22
0.18
0.14
0.11
0.09
0.07
0.06
0.05
0.04
0.27
0.22
0.17
0.14
0.11
0.09
0.07
0.06
0.04
0.04
21
22
23
24
25
0.03
0.03
0.02
0.02
0.01
0.03
0.03
0.02
0.02
0.01
0.03
0.03
0.02
0.02
0.01
0.03
0.03
0.02
0.02
0.01
0.03
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.01
0.03
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.01
0.03
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.01
0.03
0.02
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.03
0.02
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.03
0.02
0.02
0.01
0.01
Combining Two X-MOD or CTB Performance
Ratings (20 Log)
10 Trunk CTB = 65 dBc
Using dB Subtraction Values
1 Bridger CTB = 60 dBc
Line Extender CTB = 58 dBc
The 20 log & 10 log derate
charts are used to sum different
ratios. The following example demonstrates how:
Step 1 Sum Trunk and Bridger CTB
1.1Find the dB difference between the
two ratios (65-60=5 dB)
1.2Look up the derate (dB Subtraction) for 5.0
dB difference in the chart (3.88 dB)
1.3Derate the poorer of the two CTB ratios
by this amount (60-3.9=56.1 dBc)
Step 2Sum the Sum of Trunk and Bridger from
Step 1 with the line extenders
2.1Find the dB difference between the
two ratios (58-56.12=1.88)
2.2Look up the derate (dB Subtraction)
for 1.88 dB difference in the chart
(5.12) (round 1.88 up to 1.9).
2.3Derate the poorer of the two CTB ratios by
this amount (56.12 - 5.12 = 51.0 dBc)
Combining Two CNR or SSO Performance Ratings
(10 Log)
Using dB Subtraction Values
10 Trunk CNR = 56.5 dB
1 Bridger CNR = 65 dB
Example: C
ombine trunk and bridger
CNR to find the resultant CNR
at the Bridger output (no line extenders).
dB difference = 65-56.5 = 8.5 dB
dB subtraction figure = 0.6 dB
Bridger output CNR = 56.5-0.6 = 55.9 dB
So then, the resultant CNR measure is about 55.9 dB.
121
122 Passive & Coaxial Cable Characteristics
Cable and Equalizer Formulas
1. Cable Loss Ratio
The ratio of cable attenuation at two frequencies is approximately
equal to the square root of the ratio of the two frequencies.
Example:To calculate the approximate cable loss at 55 MHz
when the loss at 450 MHz is 20 dB,
2. Tilt to Cable Loss
To convert tilt (differential in signal level between end frequencies
of the cable bandpass) to cable loss at the highest frequency:
Example:To calculate the cable loss at the highest frequency
when the measured tilt is 12 dB between 55 and
450 MHz
Broadband RF Network Powering
When determining the power supply location in a cable system, it
is important to know OHM’s Law, cable loop resistance, amplifier
current drain and the minimum operating voltage required for
amplifier operation.
The cable resistance is included in the manufacturers specification
sheet. Resistance is usually stated as center conductor, shield,
and loop. Loop resistance is the sum of the center conductor and
shield resistance.
The amplifier current drain and voltage requirements are also part
of the manufacturers specifications.
The ideal location of the power supply is such that the current
supplied flows equally both, away from, and towards the
headend. The total current supplied should be between 80-90%
of the power supply’s rated output. Current passing through
the amplifiers is usually limited to about 6 Amps. Since power
supplies are available with various current handling abilities, one
with slightly higher capability than required should be selected.
Determining power supply placement, refer to the figure on the
next page.
irst determine the loop resistance for each span of cable.
1. F
Example: Loop resistance = 1.7 Ohms/1000
ft. x 800’ = 1.36 Ohms.
2. L ocate the last amplifier, determine the
voltage drop across the span of cable.
sing the current draw of the amplifier, determine
3. U
the voltage drop across the span of cable.
Example: 0.375A x 1.36 Ohms = 0.51 volts.
4. S
ince the minimum operating voltage for the amplifier
is 43 volts, the voltage level at the beginning of the
800’ span would be 43.5 volts (43.0 + 0.51).
5. A
t this point, the total current flow in the coax will increase
due to the addition of another amplifier. Current flow
in this span of cable will be 0.75A (0.375 + 0.375).
123
124 Broadband RF Network Powering
6. Determine the voltage across the next span of cable.
0.75 x 1.36 Ohms = 1.02 Volts
herefore the voltage at the output of the bridger amp is 44.5
T
volts. The total current at the input to the bridger amp is 2.0
amps. This is the sum of both output legs of the bridger (1.5A)
and the current draw of the bridger amp itself.
7. C
ontinue working towards the headend until the current
draw is 40-50% of the power supplies rated capability or the
voltage level nears 60 volts.
t this time, a guesstimate of where to place a power block
8. A
in the section between the power supply and headend must
be made. Add the current draw for the line extender(s) off
each trunk station to the trunk station current requirements.
A few trial calculations will show how many amplifiers can be
powered going in this direction.
125
7
OFF-AIR ANTENNAS & SATELLITE INFO
Dipole Antenna Equations.......................................126
Multiplexers............................................................127
Antenna General Information..................................128
Antenna Spacing.....................................................129
Antenna Phasing..................................................... 131
Satellite Transmission Standards..............................132
System Calculations................................................133
North & South American C & Ku-Band Satellites....135
Broadcast Station "List"...........................................137
126 Dipole Antenna Equations
Shown below is a typical half-wave dipole antenna. The radiation
pattern of a Hertz dipole antenna is perpendicular to the axis of
the antenna. In directions other than the optimum directions, the
antenna is ineffective.
λ
L
To calculate the wavelength of a signal, l or the dipole length, L, or
the frequency, f, of a half-wave dipole antenna, use the following
three formulas:
where:
l = Wavelength (m)
k = Velocity Factor
c = Speed of light = 3 x 108 (m/s)
f = Frequency (Hz)
L = Length of the Dipole (m)
127
Multiplexers
ZUVSJ
ZHLSJ
ZUVSJ
ZHLSJ
LUV 2150
LUV 2150
128 Antenna General Information
Factors Which Determine The Quality Of Reception:
A) Distance to transmitter
B) Height of transmitting antenna
C) Transmitter power
D) Transmitter frequency (TV channel)
E) Type of receiving antenna
F) Height of receiving antenna
G) Terrain between the transmitter and receiving antenna
H) Obstacles between the transmitter and receiving antenna
(tall buildings, water tower, etc.)
Major Characteristics:
Gain:Indicates the amount of received signal level
increase as compared to reference antenna.
(usually a resonant dipole)
Bandwidth:The range of frequencies (TV channels) over
which the antenna is designed to operate. In
principle, there are two types of antennas:
1)Broadband
2)Single-Channel
Impedance:Home type antennas are usually 300 Ohms and
commercial antennas are usually 75 Ohms.
Pattern:Generally consists of two components, beam width
and front to back ratio. Refer to diagram.
Antenna Spacing
Mounting Channelized Antennas on the Same Mast
NOTE: Refer to Antenna Spacing Chart for dimensions
129
130 Antenna Spacing Chart
Dimension Notes:
A) The minimum
horizontal
spacing
between
the tower
structure and
the antenna
crossbar.
B) The
recommended
vertical spacing
for a gain
of 3 dB.
Channel
A
No.
2
113
3
101
4
91
5
78
6
72
FM
72
7
40
8
39
9
37
10
36
11
35
12
34
13
34
B
2/3 λ
138
125
115
100
93
80
44
43
42
40
39
38
37
C
1 λ
208
188
172
150
139
120
67
65
62
61
59
57
55
D
1/2 λ
104
94
86
75
70
60
33
32
31
30
29
29
28
Dimensions are in inches
B/2) T
he minimum vertical spacing between the antenna
crossbar and adjacent mechanical structures.
C) The recommended horizontal spacing for a gain of 3 dB.
D) The minimum spacing between antennas of different channels
and is the figure given for the antenna with the lowest frequency
Formulae:
One Wavelength in space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . λ (inches) =
11811
Freq. in MHz
One Wavelength in 75 Ohm coax (solid)
λ (inches) =
7783
Freq. in MHz
One Wavelength in 75 Ohm coax (foam) . . . . λ (inches) =
9565
Freq. in MHz
Antenna Nulling (finding H) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . d (λ) =
1
2 sin φ
131
Antenna Phasing
Signal Nulling
Chart No. II
φ° λ(inches)
2
3
4
5
6
FM
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
208
188
172
150
139
120
67
65
62
61
59
57
55
Chart No. III
φ°
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
d(λ)
5.733
2.880
1.931
1.462
1.183
1.000
0.871
0.777
0.707
φ°
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
d(λ)
0.653
0.610
0.577
0.551
0.532
0.517
0.507
0.502
0.500
Instructions:
1.Determine angle “φ“ using a field strength meter, compass, and a
single channel antenna.
2.
Locate angle “φ“ in chart No. III and determine d(λ);
multiply λ(inches) in chart No. II to find the spacing of “H”.
3.Both antennas must be identical, facing in the same direction, in the
same horizontal plane and both be right side up.
4. For angles not listed,
d(λ) = 1
2 sin (φ)
Satellite Transmission Standards
132 Satellite Transmission Standards
In North America, the satellite programs are transmited
primarily in digital format using the following two standards:
QPSK (Quadrature Phase Shift Keying)
8PSK (8th-order Phase Shift Keying)
~ 28 MHz
The QPSK programs are typically transmitted in the C-band (3.7 to 4.2 GHz)
and the Ku-band (11.7 to 12.2 GHz).
The 8PSK
8PSK programs are typically transmitted in DBS (12.2 to 12.7 GHz ). DBS
(Direct Broadcast Satellite), also known more broadly as direct-to-home, is a
term used to refer to satellite television broadcasts intended for home reception.
System Calculations
TVRO Formulas
1. System Gain Over Temperature
Ag = Antenna Gain (dB)
AT = Antenna Temperature (˚K)
LNAT = Low Noise Amp Temperature (˚K)
2. Carrier to Noise Ratio*
3. C/N for other RxBw
4. Convert C/N to S/N*
5. Declination Angle (Polar Mount Antenna)
3964 = Radius of the Earth
22300 = Distance to Satellite Arc
L
= Site Latitude
* RxBw = 30 MHz
133
134
Aximuth and Elevation Angles
Antenna pointing angles can be calculated in degrees from true
north from the following equations:
Where ∆ is the absolute value of the difference between satellite
and TVRO site longitudes and Φ is the site latitude.
Noise Temperature & Noise Figure
Noise
Figure
(dB)
2.0
1.9
1.8
1.7
1.6
1.5
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.1
1.0
Noise
Noise
Temperature
Figure
(˚K)
(dB)
170
0.9
159
0.8
149
0.7
139
0.6
129
0.5
120
0.4
110
0.3
101
0.2
92
0.1
84
75
Noise
Temperature
(˚K)
67
59
51
43
35
28
21
14
7
00
North & South American C & Ku-Band Satellites
North
& South
America
North
& South
America
C Ku
& Ku
Band
Satellites
C&
Band
Satellites
61.5°W
3 3
61.5°W EchoStar
EchoStar
61.5°W
6 6
61.5°W EchoStar
EchoStar
EchoStar
1212
EchoStar
61.5°W
61.5°W EchoStar 15
EchoStar 15
63.0°W
1414
63.0°W Telstar
Telstar
65.0°W
One
C1C1
65.0°W Star
Star
One
67.0°W
4 4
67.0°W AMC
AMC
70.0°W
Star
One
C2C2
70.0°W
Star One
72.0°W
6 6
72.0°W AMC
AMC
DirecTV
1R
DirecTV 1R
72.5°W
72.5°W Nimiq 5
Nimiq 5
74.0°W
2 2
74.0°W Horizons
Horizons
75.0°W
B3
75.0°W Brasilsat
Brasilsat
B3
77.0°W
EchoStar 1
77.0°W
EchoStar 1
EchoStar 4 (incl. 2.3°)
77.0°W
EchoStar 4 (incl. 2.3°)
77.0°W EchoStar 8
EchoStar 8
78.0°W
Simón Bolívar
78.0°W AMC
Simón
Bolívar
2
79.0°W
AMC 2
79.0°W AMC 5
AMC
5
81.0°W
Intelsat 3R (incl. 1.2°)
81.0°W Nimiq
Intelsat
82.0°W
4 3R (incl. 1.2°)
82.0°W AMC
Nimiq
83.0°W
9 4
83.0°W Brasilsat
AMC 9B4
84.0°W
84.0°W AMC
Brasilsat
B4
85.0°W
16
85.0°W XM
AMC
85.1°W
3 16
85.1°W Sirius
XM XM
3 5
85.2°W
85.2°W AMC
Sirius
87.0°W
3 XM 5
87.0°W Galaxy
AMC 28
3
89.0°W
89.0°W Nimiq
Galaxy
1 28
91.0°W
Galaxy
Nimiq17
1
91.0°W
93.1°W
Galaxy
2517
Galaxy
95.0°W
3C25
93.1°W Galaxy
Galaxy
95.0°W
3
95.0°W Spaceway
Galaxy 3C
96.0°W
FM 5 3
95.0°W Sirius
Spaceway
96.0°W
Sirius FM 5
97.0°W
19 19
97.0°WGalaxy
Galaxy
Galaxy
16 16
Galaxy
99.2°W
99.2°W
Spaceway
2 & DirecTV
11 11
Spaceway
2 & DirecTV
SESSES
1 1
101.0°W
101.0°WDirecTV 4S/8
DirecTV 4S/8
Spaceway
1 & DirecTV
10/1210/12
Spaceway
1 & DirecTV
103.0°W
103.0°WAMC 1
AMC 1
AMCAMC
15 15
105.0°W
105.0°WAMC 18
AMC 18
AnikAnik
F1 F1
107.3°W
107.3°WAnik F1R
Anik F1R
DirecTV
5 5
DirecTV
10
110.0°W
110.0°WEchoStar
EchoStar
10
EchoStar 11
EchoStar 11
111.1°W
Anik F2
111.1°W
Anik F2
113.0°W
SatMex 6
113.0°W
SatMex 6
114.9°W
Solidaridad 2 (incl. 2.5°)
114.9°WXM 4Solidaridad 2 (incl. 2.5°)
115.0°W
115.0°WSatMex
XM 5
4
116.8°W
116.8°WAnikSatMex
5
F3
Anik7S
F3
DirecTV
119.0°W
119.0°WEchoStar
DirecTV
14 7S
EchoStar
14 23
121.0°W
EchoStar
9/Galaxy
121.0°WGalaxy
EchoStar
9/Galaxy 23
123.0°W
18
123.0°WGalaxy
Galaxy
14 18
125.0°W
Galaxy 14
125.0°WAMC 21
AMC
21
127.0°W
Galaxy
13/Horizons
1
127.0°WCiel Galaxy
13/Horizons 1
129.0°W
2
129.0°WAMCCiel
131.0°W
11 2
133.0°W
1211
131.0°WGalaxy
AMC
135.0°W
10
133.0°WAMCGalaxy
12
137.0°W
7 10
135.0°WAMCAMC
139.0°W
8 7
137.0°WAMCAMC
139.0°W
AMC 8
For up to date info visit
http://www.lyngsat.com/america.html
135
136
mple Lyngsat
137
Broadcast Station List
For Blonder Tongue Labs Headquarters Address
The FCC released the "Final DTV" channel allotments on March 21, 2008. The final
DTV channels are RF channels that will are used after February 17, 2009. The Final
DTV assignments reflect the new core spectrum for TV broadcasts of channels 2 to
51. Channels 52 to 69 have been re-assigned for public safety and advanced wireless
services.
The former analog channel number information is carried in the new digital channel's
PSIP (Program and System Information Protocol) information. It may also be referred to
as the "tune to" or as a "virtual" channel. Digital TVs and STBs use this channel number
to tune to the particular program that in most cases is transmitted over a completely
different RF channel.
Below is a sample Station List. Because these can frequently change,
For the most up to date information, visit
www.antennaweb.org
DTV
Antenna
Type
Call
Sign
Channel
Network
City,
State
*
yellow uhf
WNJT- DT
52.1
PBS
TRENTON, NJ
*
yellow uhf
WNJU- DT
47.1
TEL
LINDEN, NJ
*
yellow uhf
WPXN- DT
31.1
ION
NEW YORK, NY
*
yellow uhf
WNBC- DT
4.1
NBC
NEW YORK, NY
51º
*
yellow uhf
WFUT- DT
68.1
TFA
NEWARK, NJ
50º
29.5
30
*
yellow uhf
WWOR- DT
9.1
MNT
SECAUCUS, NJ
50º
29.5
38
*
yellow uhf
WCBS- DT
2.1
CBS
NEW YORK, NY
51º
26.7
33
*
green uhf
WXTV- DT
41.1
UNI
PATERSON, NJ
50ºº
29.5
40
*
red uhf
WABC- DT
7.1
ABC
NEW YORK, NY
51º
26.5
7
*
red uhf
WNET- DT
13.1
PBS
NEWARK, NJ
50º
29.5
13
*
red uhf
WMBC- DT
63.1
IND
NEWTON, NJ
25º
32.1
18
*
red uhf
WNVW- DT
44
FOX
NEW YORK, NY
50º
29.5
44
11
Live
Data
Compass
Heading
Miles
From
RF
Channel
258º
20.8
43
50º
29.5
36
50º
29.5
31
26.7
28
*
red uhf
WPIX- DT
11.1
CW
NEW YORK, NY
51º
26.7
*
blue uhf
WNJB- DT
58.1
PBS
NEW
50º
29.9
8
*
blue uhf
WNJN- DT
50.1
PBS
MONTCLAIR, NJ
25º
32.1
51
*
violet uhf
WTXF- DT
29.1
FOX
PHILADELPHIA, PA
256º
53.7
42
BRUNSWICK, NJ
139
8
Worldwide TV Standards.................................140
CCIR Television Transmission Characteristics...146
International Analog Channel Standards..........147
140 Worldwide TV Standards
Country
Population
(millions)
Analog
Standard
Digital TV
Standard
Analog
Shut-off
Date
Albania
3.7
PAL BG
DVB-T
(trial)
N/A
Algeria
35
PAL B
DVB-T
2014
Argentina
40
PAL N
ISDB-T
(custom)
7/9/16
Australia
22.4
PAL BG
DVB-T
5/11/11
Austria
8.3
PAL BG
DVB-T2
2010
Bahamas
0.33
NTSC
TBD
Bahrain
0.79
PAL B
DVB-T
Barbados
0.285
NTSC
TBD
Belgium
10.8
PAL BH
DVB-T
Bermuda
0.068
NTSC
DVB-T
?
Bolivia
10.9
NTSC
ISDB-T
(custom)
?
Brazil
192
PAL M
ISDB-T
(custom)
6/29/16
Bulgaria
7.5
SECAM D
DVB-T
2012
Burma
50
NTSC
DVB-T
>2020
Cambodia
14.8
DVB-T
2015
Canada
34
NTSC
8VSB
8/31/11
Chile
17
NTSC
ISDB-T
(custom)
2017
China
1330
PAL D
DTMB
2015
EU
X
N/A
completed
X
X
141
Country
Population
(millions)
Analog
Standard
Digital TV
Standard
Analog
Shut-off
Date
Columbia
45
NTSC
DVB-T
1/1/17
Costa
Rica
4.579
NTSC
ISDBT(custom)
12/1/18
Croatia
4.5
DVB-T
2011
TBD
2025
NTSC
EU
Cuba
11.2
Curacao
0.141
Cyprus
0.87
PAL BG
DVB-T
2011
X
Czech
Republic
10.5
SECAM
DK
DVB-T
2012
X
Denmark
5.5
PAL BG
DVB-T
completed
X
Dominican
Rep.
10
NTSC
TBD
Dubai
2.2
Egypt
77.4
SECAM
BG
DVB-T
El
Salvador
6
NTSC
8VSB
Equador
13.6
NTSC
ISDBT(custom)
Estonia
1.34
Ethiopia
79.2
PAL BG
TBD
Finland
5.3
PAL BG
DVB-T
completed
X
France
60
SECAM EL
DVB-T
11/30/11
X
TBD
DVB-H
DVB-T
1/1/14
2010
X
Country
Population
(millions)
Analog
Standard
Digital TV
Standard
Analog
Shut-off
Date
EU
Germany
82.5
SECAM
BG
DVB-T
completed
X
Ghana
23.8
PAL BG
DVB-T
2013
Greece
11
SECAM
BG
DVB-T
2012
Greenland
0.056
NTSC
DVB-T
Guam
0.178
NTSC
TBD
Guatemala
14
NTSC
*8VSB
X
testing
Haiti
9
NTSC
TBD
Honduras
7.5
NTSC
8VSB
20172022
Hong
Kong
7
PAL I
DTMB
?
Hungary
9.9
SECAM
DK
DVB-T
Dec.
2012?
Iceland
0.317
PAL B
DVB-T
?
India
1000
PAL B
DVB-T2
3/13/15
Indonesia
230
PAL B
DVB-T
2015
Iran
74
PAL BG
DVB-T
?
Iraq
31
PAL B
DVB-H
?
Ireland
4
PAL I
DVB-T
end of
2012
X
X
143
Country
Population
(millions)
Analog
Standard
Digital TV
Standard
Analog
Shut-off
Date
Israel
7.6
PAL BG
DVB-T
3/30/2011
Italy
57.4
PAL BG
DVB-T
2012
Jamaica
2.8
NTSC
TBD
EU
X
Japan
127.3
NTSC
ISDB-T
Kenya
39
PAL BG
DVB-T2
2012
Korea
(South)
50
NTSC
8VSB
12/31/12
Latvia
2.5
DVB-T
2010
X
Libya
6.4
Lithuania
3.3
10/29/12
X
SECAM
BG
7/24/12
DVB-H
DVB-T
Luxembourg
0.5
SECAM C
DVB-T
Malaysia
28.3
PAL BG
DVB-T
2015
X
Malta
0.413
DVB-T
6/1/11
Mexico
107
NTSC
8VSB
2022
Morocco
32
PAL B
DVB-T
by 2015
Netherlands
16
PAL BG
DVB-T
completed
New
Zealand
4.4
PAL B
DVB-T
Nov. 2013
Nigeria
154
PAL B
DVB-H
Norway
4.9
PAL BG
DVB-T
Oman
2.8
PAL BG
DVB-T
completed
X
X
Country
Population
(millions)
Analog
Standard
Digital TV
Standard
Analog
Shut-off
Date
Pakistan
170
PAL B
TBD
Panama
3.3
NTSC
DVB-T
Paraquay
6.3
PAL N
ISDB-T
(custom)
Peru
29.4
PAL N
ISDB-T
(custom)
Phillipines
92
NTSC
DVB-T2
Mar. 2015
Poland
37.8
SECAM
DK
DVB-T
7/31/13
X
Portugal
11.3
PAL BG
DVB-T
4/26/12
X
Puerto
Rico
3.9
NTSC
8VSB
6/12/09
Qatar
1.4
PAL B
DVB-H
2020
Romania
22.2
SECAM K
DVB-T
2012
Russia
141.9
SECAM D
DVB-T
2015
Samoa
0.179
NTSC
TBD
Saudi
Arabia
28.7
SECAM
BG
DVB-T
Serbia
7.3
Singapore
5
Slovakia
Slovenia
DVB-T2
PAL BG
EU
X
Apr-12
DVB-T2
2015
5.3
DVB-T2
by 2012
X
2
DVB-T
12/1/10
X
145
Country
Population
(millions)
Analog
Standard
Digital TV
Standard
Analog
Shut-off
Date
South
Africa
49.3
PAL I
DVB-T2
(? Review)
Dec. 2013
completed
X
X
Spain
46
PAL BG
DVB-T2
St. Martin
0.075
NTSC
TBD
Surinam
0.481
Sweden
9.3
PAL BG
DVB-T
completed
Switzerland
7.1
PAL BG
DVB-T
completed
Taiwan
23
NTSC
DVB-T
by 2013
Thailand
66.4
PAL B
DVB-T
2015
Trinidad
1.4
NTSC
DVB-T
Turkey
72.5
PAL BG
DVB-T
Uganda
31
PAL BG
DVB-T (?)
UK
62
PAL I
DVB-T
2012
Ukraine
46
DVB-T
by 2015
EU
TBD
Dec-12
Uruguay
3.5
PAL N
USA
310
NTSC
DVB-T
8VSB
6/12/09
Venezuela
26.8
NTSC
ISDB-T
(custom)
1/1/20
Vietnam
85.8
SECAM
DM
DVB-T
2015
X
146 CCIR Television Transmission Characteristics
For Off Air Channels
LINES
Freq.
SYSTEM (Hz)
FIELD
Freq.
(MHz)
LINE
Width
(MHz)
B/G 625
50
15,625
7/8
5
+ 5.5
0.75
NEG FM
625
50
15,625
7
5
+ 5.5
0.75
POS AM
D/K 625
50
15,625
8
6
+6.5
0.75
NEG FM
H
625
50
15,625
8
5
+ 5.5
1.25
NEG FM
I
625
50
15,625
8
5.5 + 6.0
1.25
NEG FM
K1
625
50
15,625
8
6
1.25
NEG FM
L
525
50
15,625
8
6
+/- 6.5 1.25
POS AM
M
525
60
15,734
6
4.2 + 4 5
0.75
NEG FM
625
50
15,625
6
4.2 + 4.5
0.75
NEG FM
C
N
CCIR: CHAN. VIDEO VID/SND
B/W Spacing Sideb
VEST
VISUAL
(MHz) (MHz) (MHz)
MOD
MOD AURAL
+ 6.5
Commitée Consulatif International Radiocommunications
NTSC: National Television Systems Committee
PAL:Phase Alternating Lines
SECAM:Sequential Color with Memory
(Sequentiel Couleur Avec Memoire)
OIRT:
Organisation Internationale Radiodiffusion - Television
147
International Analog Channel Standards
Country
Color
System
Argentina
Broadcast
Standard Channel
VHF UHF Frequencies
Std.
Voltage and
Cycles (Hz)
PAL
N
N
Amer
220
50
Australia
PAL
B
G
Australian
240
50
Austria
PAL
B
G
West Euro
230
50
Bahamas
NTSC
M
Amer
120
60
Belgium
PAL
B
West Euro
230
50
Bermuda
NTSC
M
Amer
120/240
60
Bolivia
NTSC
M
M
Amer
110/220
50
Brazil
PAL
M
M
Amer
110/220
60
Canada
NTSC
M
M
Amer
120
60
Chile
NTSC
M
Amer
220
50
China
PAL
D
Chinese
220
50
Colombia
NTSC
M
Amer
110
60
Costa Rica
NTSC
M
Amer
120
60
Denmark
PAL
B
West Euro
220
50
Ecuador
NTSC
M
Amer
120/220
60
Egypt
SECAM
B
West Euro
220
50
Finland
PAL
B
G
West Euro
220
50
France
SECAM
L
L
French
115/220
50
Germany
SECAM/PAL
B
G
West Euro
220
50
Greece
SECAM
B
G
West Euro
220
50
Hong Kong
PAL
I
West Euro
220
50
Hungary
SECAM
D
K
East Euro
220
50
India
PAL
B
West Euro
240
50
Indonesia
PAL
B
West Euro
110/220
50
Iran
SECAM
B
West Euro
220
50
Iraq
SECAM
B
West Euro
220
50
Ireland
PAL
A
Irish
220
50
H
M
G
G
I
5
148
Country
Israel
Italy
Japan
Jordan
Korea S.
Malaysia
Mexico
Morocco
Netherlands
New Zealand
Norway
Panama
Peru
Philippines
Poland
Portugal
Romania
Russia
Singapore
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
United King.
Uruguay
USA
Venezuela
Color
System
PAL
PAL
W
PAL
NTSC
PAL
NTSC
SECAM
PAL
PAL
PAL
NTSC
NTSC
NTSC
SECAM
PAL
SECAM
SECAM
PAL
PAL
PAL
PAL
PAL
PAL
NTSC
NTSC
Broadcast
Standard
Channel VHF
UHF
Frequencies
B
G
B
G
M
M
B
G
M
M
B
G
M
M
B
B
G
B
G
B
G
M
M
M
M
M
D
K
B
G
D
K
D
K
B
G
B
G
B
G
B
G
I
I
N
M
M
M
West Euro
Italian
JPN
West Euro
Amer
West Euro
Amer
Morocco
West Euro
NZ
West Euro
Amer
Amer
Amer
East Euro
West Euro
East Euro
East Euro
West Euro
West Euro
West Euro
West Euro
West Euro
Amer
Amer
Amer
Std.
Voltage and
Cycles (Hz)
230
50
127/220 50
100
50/60
220
50
100/200
60
240
50
60
125
50
127/220
50
220
230
50
50
220/230
110/115/120
60
220
60
110/115/220
50
220
50
220
50
220
50
127/220
50
230
50
127/220
50
220
50
220
50
240
50
220
50
117
60
120
60
149
9
Basic Cable Theory...............................150
Conversion Factors................................156
Fiber Optics..........................................169
150 Basic Cable Theory
The Decibel
The decibel (dB) provides a means of representing large power
ratios as manageable, small numbers, and allows the overall gains
and losses in a module or a network to be calculated by addition
and subtraction, rather than by multiplication and division.
The original unit is the Bel (named after Alexander Graham Bell).
The decibel is one-tenth of a Bel. The power ratio of two power
measurements is calculated as follows:
Ratio of power P1 to power P2, in dB:
The power ratio of two voltage measurements is calculated as follows:
Power ratio of voltage V1 to voltage V2, in dB:
Voltage Confusion
dBmV and dBµV expressions of power contain an upper case V.
This does not mean they are expressions of voltage. They are
expressions of power. When all the power scales (dBm, dBmV and
dBµV) are laid next to each other, it is easy to see that each track
on a dB for dB basis.
Power Conversions
dBmV
A power measurement of ‘x dBmV’ indicates that a particular
signal is x dB greater than (‘above’) 1 millivolt in 75 ohms. A
negative dBmV value indicates that the signal is x dB less than
(‘below’) 1 millivolt in 75 ohms.
To convert x millivolts to dBmV:
dBµV
Similarly, a measurement of ‘x dBµV’ indicates that the signal is x
dB above one microvolt in 75 ohms.
To convert x microvolts to dBµV:
To convert dBmV to dBµV, add 60 to the dBmV reading:
dBm
A measurement of ‘x dBm’ indicates that a particular signal is x dB
greater than (‘above’) 1 milliwatt. A negative dBm value indicates
that the signal is x dB less than (‘below’) 1 milliwatt.
To convert x milliwatts to dBm:
151
152 Power Conversion
A power level, in dBmV, can be converted directly to power in
dBm, if the impedance, Z. is known:
To convert x dBmV directly to dBm:
The inverse operation is also possible if impedance is known:
To convert dBm directly to dBmV:
Impedance Mismatch
It frequently happens that the input impedance of a measuring
device (spectrum analyzer; field strength meter, etc.) does not match
the impedance of the system under test. In such a case, a correction
must be made to the reading displayed on the instrument.
Where Zi is the impedance of the instrument, and Zs is the
impedance of the system under test.
153
Table of Conversions
mV
1.9953
2.2387
2.5119
2.8184
3.1623
3.5481
3.9811
4.4668
5.0119
5.6234
6.3096
7.0795
7.9433
8.9125
10.0000
11.2202
12.5893
14.1254
15.8489
17.7828
19.9526
22.3872
25.1189
28.1838
31.6228
35.4813
39.8107
44.6684
50.1187
56.2341
63.0957
70.7946
79.4328
89.1251
100.0000
112.2018
125.8925
141.2538
dBmV dbµV
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
dBm
dBmV dbµV
dBm
-42.75
-41.75
-40.75
-39.75
-38.75
-37.75
-36.75
-35.75
-34.75
-33.75
-32.75
-31.75
-30.75
-29.75
-28.75
-27.75
-26.75
-25.75
-24.75
-23.75
-22.75
-21.75
-20.75
-19.75
-18.75
-17.75
-16.75
-15.75
-14.75
-13.75
-12.75
-11.75
-10.75
-9.75
-8.75
-7.75
-6.75
-5.75
158.4893 44
104
177.8279 45
105
199.5262 46
106
223.8721 47
107
251.1886 48
108
273.8420 48.75 108.75
281.8383 49
109
316.2278 50
110
354.8134 51
111
398.1072 52
112
446.6836 53
113
501.1872 54
114
562.3413 55
115
630.9573 56
116
707.9458 57
117
794.3282 58
118
891.2509 59
119
1000.0000 60
120
1122.0185 61
121
1258.9254 62
122
1412.5375 63
123
1584.8932 64
124
1778.2794 65
125
1995.2623 66
126
2238.7211 67
127
2511.8864 68
128
2818.3829 69
129
3162.2777 70
130
3548.1339 71
131
3981.0717 72
132
4466.8359 73
133
5011.8723 74
134
5623.4133 75
135
6309.5734 76
136
7079.4578 77
137
7943.2823 78
138
8912.5094 79
139
10000.0000 80
140
mV
-4.75
-3.75
-2.75
-1.75
-0.75
0
0.25
1.25
2.25
3.25
4.25
5.25
6.25
7.25
8.25
9.25
10.25
11.25
12.25
13.25
14.25
15.25
16.25
17.25
18.25
19.25
20.25
21.25
22.25
23.25
24.25
25.25
26.25
27.25
28.25
29.25
30.25
31.25
154 Return Loss, Reflection Coefficient, and
Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR)
Return
Loss (dB)
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0
10.5
11.0
11.5
12.0
12.5
13.0
13.5
14.0
14.5
15.0
15.5
16.0
16.5
17.0
17.5
18.0
18.5
19.0
19.5
Reflec. VSWR Return Reflec. VSWR
Coefficient (%)
Loss (dB)Coefficient (%)
100.00
20.0
10.00
1.222
94.41
34.753
20.5
9.44
1.208
89.13
17.391
21.0
8.91
1.196
84.14
11.610
21.5
8.41
1.184
79.43
8.724
22.0
7.94
1.173
74.99
6.997
22.5
7.50
1.162
70.79
5.848
23.0
7.08
1.152
66.83
5.030
23.5
6.68
1.143
63.10
4.419
24.0
6.31
1.135
59.57
3.946
24.5
5.96
1.127
56.23
3.570
25.0
5.62
1.119
53.09
3.263
25.5
5.31
1.112
50.12
3.010
26.0
5.01
1.106
47.32
2.796
26.5
4.73
1.099
44.67
2.615
27.0
4.47
1.094
42.17
2.458
27.5
4.22
1.088
39.81
2.323
28.0
3.98
1.083
37.58
2.204
28.5
3.76
1.078
35.48
2.100
29.0
3.55
1.074
33.50
2.007
29.5
3.35
1.069
31.62
1.925
30.0
3.16
1.065
29.85
1.851
30.5
2.99
1.062
28.18
1.785
31.0
2.82
1.058
26.61
1.725
31.5
2.66
1.055
25.12
1.671
32.0
2.51
1.052
23.71
1.622
32.5
2.37
1.049
22.39
1.577
33.0
2.24
1.046
21.13
1.536
33.5
2.11
1.043
19.95
1.499
34.0
2.00
1.041
18.84
1.464
34.5
1.88
1.038
17.78
1.433
35.0
1.78
1.036
16.79
1.404
35.5
1.68
1.034
15.85
1.377
36.0
1.58
1.032
14.96
1.352
36.5
1.50
1.030
14.13
1.329
37.0
1.41
1.029
13.34
1.308
37.5
1.33
1.027
12.59
1.288
38.0
1.26
1.025
11.89
1.270
38.5
1.19
1.024
11.22
1.253
39.0
1.12
1.023
10.59
1.237
39.5
1.06
1.021
Return Loss Ratio (RLR)
RLR (dB)
VSWR
Note: In a 75-Ohm transmission line.
155
156 Conversion Factors
Signal Levels
0 dBm
0 dBW
0 dBmV
=
=
=
+ 48.75 dBmV /75 ohms
+ 78.75 dBmV /75 ohms
60 dBµV
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
1/1,000
1/1,000,000
1/1,000,000,000
1/1,000,000,000,000
1,000
1,000,000
1,000,000,000
=
=
=
=
=
=
One Ton
3.415 Btu
746 Watts
14.6 pounds per square inch
(9/5 x °C) + 32
5/9 x (°F - 32)
Prefixes
milli (m)
micro (µ)
nano (n)
pica (p)
kilo (k)
mega (M)
giga (G)
Energy/Heat
12,000 BTU
1 Watt / hour
1 horsepower
1 atmosphere
°Fahrenheit
°CELSIUS
157
Volume
1 cubic yard
1 cubic inch
1 cubic meter
1 US gallon
1 US gallon
1 US gallon
1 liter
1 liter
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
27 cubic feet
16.38716 cubic centimeters
1.307943 cubic yards
3.7853 liters
128 fluid ounces
0.8327 Imperial Gallons
61.025 cubic inches
1000 cubic centimeters
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
16 ounces
453.592 grams
2.20462 pounds
1000 grams
2000 pounds
907.185 kilograms
2205 pounds
Weight
1 pound
1 pound
1 kilogram
1 kilogram
1 ton
1 ton
1 metric ton
Linear
1 mile
1 mile
1 kilometer
1 kilometer
1 kilometer
1 meter
1 meter
1 meter
1 centimeter
1 centimeter
1 millimeter
1 micron
1 foot
1 inch
1 inch
1 mil
1 micron
1 yard
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
5280 feet
1.60935 kilometers
3280.83 feet
0.621 miles
1000 meters
39.37 inches
3.281 feet
100 centimeters
10 millimeters
0.394 inches
1000 microns
1000 nanometers
30.48 centimeters
25.4 millimeters
1000 mils
25.4 microns
0.3937 mil
36 inches
159
Degrees, Fahrenheit to Celsius
F
0
-1
-2
- 3
-4
- 5
- 6
- 7
- 8
9
-40 -40.0 -40.6 -41.1 -41.7 -42.2 -42.8 -43.3 -43.9 -44.4 -45.0
-30 -34.4 -35.0 -35.6 -36.1 -36.7 -37.2 -37.8 -38.3 -38.9 -39.4
-20 -28.9 -29.4 -30.0 -30.6 -31.1 -31.7 -32.2 -32.8 -33.3 -33.9
-10 -23.3 -23.9 -24.4 -25.0 -25.6 -26.1 -26.7 -27.2 -27.8 -28.3
0 -17.8 -18.3 -18.9 -19.4 -20.0 -20.6 -21.1 -21.7 -22.2 -22.8
+
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0 -17.8 -17-.2 -16.7 -16.1 -15.6 -15.0 -14.4 -13.9 -13.3 -12.8
10 -12.2 -11.7 -11.1 -10.6 -10.0 -9.4 -8.9
-8.3
-7.8
20 -6.7 -6.1 -5.6 -5.0 -4.4 -3.9 -3.3
-2.8
-2.2 -1.7
30 -1.1 -0.6 0.0
0.6
1.1
1.7
2.2
2.8
3.3 3.9
40 4.4
6.1
6.7
7.2
7.8
8.3
8.9
5.0
5.6
-7.2
9.4
50 10.0 10.6 11.1 11.7 12.2 12.8 13.3 13.9 14.4 15.0
60 15.6 16.1 16.7 17.2 17.8 18.3 18.9 19.4 20.0 20.6
70 21.1 21.7 22.2 22.8 23.3 23.9 24.4 25.0 25.6 26.1
80 26.7 27.2 27.8 28.3 28.9 29.4 30.0 30.6 31.1 31.7
90 32.2 32.8 33.3 33.9 34.4 35.0 35.6 36.1 36.7 37.2
100 37.8 38.3 38.9 39.4 40.0 40.6 41.1 41.7 42.2 42.8
110 43.3 43.9 44.4 45.0 45.6 46.1 46.7 47.2 47.8 48.3
120 48.9 49.4 50.0 50.6 51.1 51.7 52.2 52.8 53.3 53.9
130 54.4 55.0 55.6 56.1 56.7 57.2 57.8 58.3 58.9 59.4
140 60.0 60.6 61.1 61.7 62.2 62.8 63.3 63.9 64.4 65.0
150 65.6 66.1 66.7 67.2 67.8 68.3 68.9 69.4 70.0 70.6
160 71.1 71.7 72.2 72.8 73.3 73.9 74.4 75.0 75.6 76.1
170 76.7 77.2 77.8 78.3 78.9 79.4 80.0 80.6 81.1 81.7
Ohm’s Law & Joule’s Law
Ohm’s Law
V = IR
V = voltage in volts
I = current in amperes
R = resistance in ohms
Joule’s Law
P = IV
P = power in watts
I = current in amperes
V = voltage in volts
Equations Summary of Ohm’s & Joule’s Laws
Ohms Law (1863)
A Law in Electricity: the strength of a direct current is directly
proportional to the potential difference and inversely proportional
to the resistance of the circuit (Georg Simon Ohm - 1870)
161
Miscellaneous Data & Constants
75 Ohm Attenuator Table & Equation
Loss
(dB)
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
11.0
12.0
13.0
14.0
15.0
16.0
17.0
18.0
19.0
20.0
T-Attenuator
Resistor (Ohm)
a
b
2.16
1302.16
4.31
650.00
6.46
432.14
8.60
322.86
10.72
257.01
12.82
212.89
16.97
157.24
21.01
123.36
24.92
100.40
28.69
83.70
32.29
70.96
35.72
60.89
38.96
52.70
42.02
45.92
44.89
40.22
47.56
35.35
50.05
31.17
52.35
27.55
54.48
24.39
56.43
21.62
58.23
19.19
59.87
17.04
61.36
15.15
Pi-Attenuator
Resistor (Ohm)
c
d
2606.49
4.32
1304.32
8.65
870.75
13.02
654.32
17.42
524.75
21.89
438.60
26.42
331.46
35.77
267.73
45.60
225.71
56.03
196.09
67.20
174.21
79.27
157.49
92.38
144.37
106.73
133.87
122.49
125.32
139.87
118.27
159.11
112.39
180.46
107.44
204.21
103.25
230.67
99.67
260.18
96.60
293.15
93.96
330.01
91.67
371.25
162 75 Ohm Attenuator Table & Equations
The equations necessary to calculate the resistance values in ohms
for T and Pi pad Attenuators are as follows:
where:
n = loss in dB
z = impedance value in Ohm
To obtain resistance values at various impedances, simply
multiply the resistances by the impedance value.
Example:
Given n =
2.0, calculate
the resistance
values for a
75 Ohm
T-Attenuator:
Passive & Coaxial Cable Characteristics
Cable and Equalizer Formulas
1. Cable Loss Ratio
The ratio of cable attenuation at two frequencies is approximately
equal to the square root of the ratio of the two frequencies.
Example:To calculate the approximate cable loss at 55 MHz
when the loss at 450 MHz is 20 dB,
2. Tilt to Cable Loss
To convert tilt (differential in signal level between end frequencies
of the cable bandpass) to cable loss at the highest frequency:
Example:To calculate the cable loss at the highest frequency
when the measured tilt is 12 dB between 55 and
450 MHz
163
164 Cable and Equalizer Formulas
3. Equalizer Loss at any Frequency
To calculate the equalizer loss at any frequency, the following
formula may be used:
Example:To calculate the loss of an equalizer for 20 dB of cable
at 450 MHz at a frequency f1 of 55 MHz,
Cable Loss Conversion Chart
Use this chart to find a cable span’s attenuation at a new frequency if
you already know its attenuation at one frequency.
If you know the cable loss at f1 and want to find the corresponding loss
at a higher frequency f2 multiply the loss at f1 by the conversion factor.
The result is the cable loss at f2.
If you know the cable loss at f2 and want to find the corresponding loss
at a lower frequency f1 divide the loss at f2 by the conversion factor.
The result is the cable loss at f1.
f1
f2
f1
f2
( MHz)(MHz)
(MHz)(MHz)
220 270
1.108
400 440
1.049
220 300
1.168
400 500
1.118
220 330
1.225
400 550
1.173
220 400
1.348
400 600
1.225
220 440
1.414
400 750
1.369
220 500
1.508
400 860
1.466
220 550
1.581
400 1000
1.581
220 600
1.651
1.054
440 500
1.066
270 300
270 330
1.106
440 550
1.118
270 400
1.217
440 600
1.168
270 440
1.277
440 750
1.306
270 500
1.361
440 860
1.398
270 550
1.427
440 1000
1.508
270 600
1.491
1.049
500 550
1.049
300 330
300 400
1.155
500 600
1.095
300 440
1.211
500 750
1.225
300 500
1.291
500 860
1.311
300 550
1.354
500 1000
1.414
300 600
1.414
330 400
1.101
550 600
1.044
330 440
1.155
550 750
1.168
330 500
1.231
550 860
1.250
330 550
1.291
550 1000
1.348
330 600
1.348
1000 1250
1.118
330 750
1.508
1000 1500
1.225
330 860
1.614
1000 1750
1.323
330 1000
1.741
1000 2000
1.414
1000 2150
1.466
Example: If a cable span attenuates a 220 MHz signal by 10 dB, by how much will it
attenuate a 300 MHz signal?
Loss at 300 MHz = Loss at 220 MHz x conversion factor = 10 dB x 1.168 = 11.68 dB
165
166 Cable Loss and Temperature
This equation calculates the percentage of change in cable
attenuation (loss) caused by a temperature change:
% change in cable loss = 1.1% per 10° F
This equation calculates the change in cable loss in a span of cable,
expressed in dB.
change in cable loss (in dB) =
standard loss x % change in cable loss
Example: If the standard loss is 22 dB* when the temperature is
70°F and the temperature drops to -40°F, what is the change in
attenuation for that cable span?
1.
Determine the number of degrees of temperature change.
T = T2 - T1 = (-40°F) - 70°F = (-110° F)
2. Find the percent change in cable loss.
% change = 1% per 10°F x (-110°F)
= (1%/10°F) x (-110°F)
= - 11%
3. Find the dB change in the span’s loss.
Change in cable loss (in dB) = -11% x 22 dB
= -2.42 dB
So, if the span’s loss was 22 dB at 70°F it becomes
22 dB + (-2.42 dB) = 19.58 dB at -40°F.
Changes in cable loss accumulate over multiple cable spans
and can cause performance degradation if not controlled by
AGC/ASC units.
Typical Cable Attenuation Chart
in dB/100 Feet @ 68°F (20°C)
167
168 Directional Couplers Insertion Loss
Indoor
TAP
VALUE NO. OF
THRU-LINE
STOCK # (dB) OUTPUTS
LOSS (dB)
SRT-1
@450 MHz @1000 MHz
4.0
1940-4
4
4.5
3.5
1940-6
6
4.0
1.6
1940-9
9
2.0
1.5
1940-12
12
2.0
1
0.7
1940-16
16
1.5
0.7
1940-20
20
1.5
0.6
1940-24
24
1.5
0.6
1940-27
27
1.5
0.6
1940-30
30
1.5
SRT-2A
@450 MHz @1000 MHz
Terminated
1942-4
4
1942-8
8
3.2
3.5
1942-11
11
2.5
3.0
1942-14
14
1.2
2.2
1942-17
17
1.0
1.8
2
1942-20
20
0.9
1.2
1942-23
23
0.9
1.2
1942-26
26
0.7
1.2
1942-29
29
0.7
1.2
1942-32
32
0.7
1.2
@450 MHz @1000 MHz
SRT-4A
Terminated
1944-8
8
1944-11
11
3.8
4.4
1944-14
14
2.3
2.5
1944-17
1.5
17
2.0
1944-20
1.2
20
1.4
4
1944-23
23
1.0
1.2
1944-26
26
0.9
1.0
1944-29
29
0.8
1.0
1944-32
32
0.8
1.0
1944-35
35
0.8
1.0
@450 MHz @1000 MHz
SRT-8A
Terminated
1948-11
11
1948-14
14
3.8
4.3
1948-17
17
2.1
2.3
1948-20
20
1.3
1.8
1948-23
23
0.8
1.2
8
1948-26
26
0.7
1.0
1948-29
29
0.6
0.8
1948-32
32
0.6
0.8
1948-35
35
0.6
0.8
Outdoor
THRU-LINE
TAP
LOSS (dB)
MODEL
VALUE
STOCK NO.
(dB) @450 MHz @1000 MHz
Terminated
4
8
4.8
4.1
11
3.7
2.2
14
2.4
1.7
DMT-1000-2
17
2.2
1.4
#3852
20
1.5
1.0
23
1.5
1.0
26
1.5
1.0
29
1.5
1.0
32
1.5
1.0
35
1.5
1.0
Terminated
8
11
4.9
4.0
14
3.7
2.2
17
2.2
1.6
DMT-1000-4
20
2.0
1.3
#3854
23
1.8
1.2
26
1.5
1.0
29
1.5
1.1
32
1.5
1.2
35
1.5
1.2
Terminated
11
14
4.9
4.2
17
3.5
2.4
20
2.6
1.7
DMT-1000-8
23
2.2
1.3
#3858
26
1.5
1.2
29
1.5
1.2
32
1.5
1.2
35
1.5
1.2
THRU-LINE
TAP
LOSS (dB)
MODEL
VALUE
STOCK NO.
(dB) @450 MHz @1000 MHz
TL-PI-1000
N/A
1.2
1.5
#3850
3.2
2.9
8
TLS-1000
2.2
1.2
12
#3851
2.2
1.2
16
TLS-1000-2
4.6
5.7
N/A
#3855
TLS-1000-3
7.0
9.0
N/A
#3856
TLS-1000-3U
5.0/8.5
6.0/9.2
N/A
#3857
(unbalanced)
Please refer to the Blonder Tongue catalog for more detailed specifications common to
indoor and outdoor passives.
169
Fiber Optics
Siecor MIC™ Cable Fiber Identification Guide
(SOLID)
1 -1O
1 Blue
2 Orange
3 Green
4 Brown
5 Slate
6 White
7 Red
8 Black
9 Yellow
10 Violet
(DASHED)
11 -20
11 Blue + Black Dash
12 Orange+ Black Dash
13 Green+ Black Dash
14 Brown+ Black Dash
15 Slate+ Black Dash
16 White+ Black Dash
17 Red+ Black Dash
18 Black+ White Dash
19 Yellow+ Black Dash
20 Violet+ Black Dash
(STRIPED)
21-30
21 Blue + Black Stripe
22 Orange+ Black Stripe
23 Green+ Black Stripe
24 Brown+ Black Stripe
25 Slate+ Black Stripe
26 White+ Black Stripe
27 Red+ Black Stripe
28 Black+ White Stripe
29 Yellow+ Black Stripe
30 Violet+ Black Stripe
Standard Single Mode Fiber
Wavelength
1310 nm
1550 nm
Attenuation
0.35 dB/km
0.24 dB/km
Dispersion
3 ps/(nm•km)
19 ps/(nm•km)
Wavelength Division Multiplexers (WDM)
Wavelengths
Bandpass
Insertion Loss
Directivity
1310/1550 nm
+ 20 nm
< 0.5 dB
≥ 60 dB
Amphenol Optical Connectors
Insertion Loss
Back Reflection
SC-FC/APC
≤ 0.3 dB
≤ -65 dB
Super SC-FC/PC
≤ .15 dB
≤ -45 dB
170 Fiber Optics
Converting MW to DBM
Use the conversion table below, to convert milliwatts (mW) to
decibel milliwatts (dBm).
mW
dBm
mW
dBm
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
-10.0
-6.99
-5.23
-3.97
-3.00
-2.20
-1.55
-0.96
-0.45
0.00
0.41
0.79
1.14
1.46
1.76
2.04
2.30
2.55
2.79
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
11.0
12.0
13.0
14.0
15.0
16.0
17.0
18.0
19.0
20.0
3.01
4.77
6.02
6.99
7.78
8.45
9.03
9.54
10.00
10.41
10.79
11.14
11.46
11.76
12.04
12.30
12.55
12.79
13.01
171
Optical Coupler Design Tool
Coupler Ports
Ratio
Loss (dB)
1 x 2
50/50
3.6/3.6
40/60
4.7/2.7
30/70
6.0/1.9
20/80
7.9/1.2
10/90
11.3/0.6
5/95
15.1/0.5
Coupler Ports
1 x 3
Ratio
Loss (dB)
33/33/33
6.0/6.0/6.0
40/30/30
4.7/6.4/6.4
50/25/25
3.6/7.3/7.3
60/20/20
2.7/8.4/8.4
70/15/15
1.9/9.6/9.6
80/10/10
1.2/11.3/11.3
Ratio
Loss (dB)
25% per port
7.3 per port
Coupler Ports
1 x 4
Coupler Ports
1 x 6
Coupler Ports
1 x 8
Ratio
Loss (dB)
16.6% per port
9.7 per port
Ratio
Loss (dB)
12.5% per port
10.8 per port
173
10
FCC RULES
FCC Highlights..................................... 174
FCC Rules.............................................182
174 Highlights of FCC Rules & Regulations Part 76
!
This section is a summary of FCC specifications that CATV systems
are required to meet. This section was created so technicians and
engineers could have a ready reference at their fingertips.
All specifications in this handbook were taken from Title 47
Telecommunications, part 76.605 from the FCC. It spells out the
rule, standard, number of channels to be tested, frequency of testing, and equipment needed to perform each test.
The intention of this section is to summarize FCC specifications it is
not intended to replace them. Consult the current editions of all
specifications and regulations for complete and detailed requirements.
Aeronautical Operational Requirements
Frequency Offsets
All carrier signals or signal components carried at an average power
level equal to or greater than 10-4 watts in a 25 kHz bandwidth
in any 160 microseconds period must operate at frequencies offset from certain frequencies which may be used by aeronautical
radio services operated by FCC licensees or by the United States
Government or its Agencies. The following table summarizes the
frequency offset requirements.
Frequency Offsets
Frequency Band(Standard and IRC)
Offset
Tolerance
118-137, 225-325.6 and 335.4-400 MHz
12.5 kHz
±5 kHz
108-118 and 328.6-335.4 MHz
25.0 kHz
±5 kHz
For Harmonically Related Carrier (HRC) systems, the fundamental
frequency from which the visual carrier frequencies are derived
should be a multiple of 6.0003 MHz ±1 Hz
http://www.fcc.gov/Bureaus/Cable/WWW/aeronaut.html
175
Aeronautical Frequency Notifications
Cable operators planning to use the frequencies in the
communications and navigational frequency bands must notify the
FCC prior to the activation of these frequencies. The aeronautical
operational requirements in the aeronautical bands are contained
in 47 CFR Sections 76.610-76.616. Each notification shall include
an FCC Form 159.
❏ Legal name and local address of the cable television operator;
❏The names and FCC identifiers (e.g. CA0001) of the system
communities affected;
❏The names and telephone numbers of local system officials
who are responsible for compliance with 76.610, 76.611, and
76.612 through 76.616 of the rules;
❏Carrier and subcarrier frequencies and tolerance, type of
modulation and the maximum average power levels of all
carriers and subcarriers occurring at any location in the cable
distribution system;
❏The geographical coordinates of a point near the center of the
cable system, together with the distance (in kilometers) from
the designated point to the most remote point of the cable
plant, existing or planned, which defines a circle enclosing the
entire cable plant;
❏A description of the routine monitoring procedure to be used;
❏The cumulative leakage index derived under 76.611 (a)
(1) or the results of airspace measurements derived under
76.611 (a)(2), including a description of the method by which
compliance with the basic signal leakage criteria is achieved
and the method of calibrating the measurement equipment.
Use FCC Form 320 to submit the results.
Visual Carrier Center Frequency
Tolerance: aeronautical channels ± 5 KHz indicated by asterisk.
For all other channels no specific tolerance indicated by FCC.
Good engineering practice ± 10 KHz for non broadcast. Local
VHF broadcasts carried “on channel” should be zero frequency
tolerance. See Option 14 in Section 1.
Rule
76.605 (a)(2) Aural Carrier Center Frequency
Standard4.5 MHz 5 kHz at subscriber terminal
& out put of modulating or processing
equipment
Number Of Channels 4 channels minimum, plus 1 channel for every 100 MHz or fractional increase:
5 Channels/54-216 MHz
Frequency Of Testing Two times per year
Type Of EquipmentSpectrum analyzer, frequency counter, or
automated testing system
Rule
76.605 (a)(3) Minimum Visual Carrier Level
Standard0 dBmV at subscriber terminal and
3.0 dBmV at end of 100 ft. drop cable
connected to tap
Number Of Channels All NTSC or similar video channels
Type Of EquipmentSLM system analyzer, spectrum analyzer,
or automated test system
177
Rule
76.605 (a)(4)
Visual Carrier Level 24 Hour Variation
StandardNot to vary more than 8 dB within any
six month interval (measured before the
converter)
Number Of Channels
All NTSC or similar video channels
Frequency Of TestingIn July/August and January/February, 1
test each channel every 6 hours for each
24 hour test
Type Of EquipmentSLM, system analyzer, spectrum
analyzer, or automated test system
Rule
76.605 (a)(4)(i) Maximum Signal Level
of Adjacent Channel
StandardWithin 3 dB of any visual carrier within
6 MHz
24 hour test
Rule
76.605 (a) (4) (ii)
Minimum/Maximum Bandwidth
Standard Within 10 dB of the visual signal on any
other channel on a cable system of up
to 300 MHz. A 1 dB increase in level
separation for each additional 100 MHz
of bandwidth
11 dB for a 400 MHz System
24 hour test
Type Of EquipmentSLM, system analyzer, spectrum analyzer,
Rule
76.605 (a) (4) (iii) Maximum Visual
Standard A maximum level that will not overload
the subscribers terminal or receiver
Number Of Channels
Frequency Of Testing
Two times per year
Type Of EquipmentSLM, system analyzer, spectrum
179
Rule
76.605 (a)(5) Aural Carrier Level
Standard10 dB to 17 dB below the associated
visual signal level. Baseband converter:
6.5 dB to 17 dB below the associated
visual-signal level
Number Of Channels
Two times per year
Rule
76.605 (a)(6) Amplitude Characteristic
of a Single CATV Channel
Standard± 2 dB from -0.75 MHz to 5.0 MHz from
the channels bottom boundary at tap and
before converter (prior to Dec. 30, 1999)
above lower boundary frequency of CATV
channel (referenced to average of the
highest and lowest amplitudes)
Number Of Channels
4 channels minimum, plus 1 channel for every 100 MHz or fractional increase:
Type Of EquipmentSweep transmitter/receiver, spectrum
Rule
76.605 (a)(7)(ii) Carrier to Noise (C/N)
76.605 (a)(7)(iii) Carrier to Noise (C/N)
Standard
Carrier to noise shall not be less than:
1) 40 dB (June 30,1993-June 30, 1995)
2) 43 dB (As of July 1,1995)
Number Of Channels4 channels minimum, + 1 channel for
every 100 MHz or fractional increase:
Rule
76.605 (a)(8)(i)
Visual Signal-to-Coherent Beats
StandardNot less than 51 dB for non-coherent
(standard) CATV systems Or not less
than 47 dB for coherent (HRC/IRC)
CATV systems
Number Of Channels4 channels minimum, plus 1 channel for every 100 MHz or fractional
increase:
Two times per year
Type Of EquipmentSLM system analyzer, spectrum
181
Rule
76.605 (a)(9)(i)(ii) Terminal Isolation
Standard
Not less than 18 dB (manufacturer’s
specification) and sufficient to prevent
subscriber-caused terminal reflections
Number Of Channels4 channel minimum, plus 1 channel
for every 100 MHz or fractional
increase:
Two times per year
Type Of Equipment
Manufacturer’s specifications
Rule
76.605 (a)(10) Hum
StandardNot to exceed 3% of visual signal
level
Number Of ChannelsOnly on a single channel with a single
unmodulated carrier
Two times per year Testing
Type Of EquipmentSLM system analyzer, spectrum
182 FCC Rules
Cumulative Leakage Index
Cumulative Leakage Index (CLI), also referred to as a “figure
of merit” measurement, is a method for assessing the leakage
integrity of a cable plant. The cable operator demonstrates
compliance with a cumulative signal leakage index by showing
either that:
using either:
where:
r
ø
R
E
n
and where:
=Distance in meters (m) between the leakage source and
the center of the cable system.
=Fraction of the system cable length actually examined for
leakage sources. The fraction is equal to the strand miles
tested divided by total strand miles.
=Slant height distance (m) from leakage source i to a point
3,000 meters above the center of the cable system.
=Electric field strength in microvolts per meter (µV/m)
measured 3 meters from leak i.
=Number of leaks found with a field strength ≥ 50 µV/m.
183
Cumulative Leakage Index - continued
The following formula may be substituted to determine the CLI
figure of merit. Compliance is attained if the formula yields a figure
of merit less than or equal to 64.
where:
Mp =
Md =
n =
L
=
k
=
Total Plant Miles (miles)
Total Plant Miles Driven (miles)
Number of leaks with the same level
Level of the leak in microvolts per meter (µV/m)
Number of different levels
Example:Given the following information about a cable system, determine the CLI.
Mp = Total plant miles = 1500 miles
Md = Plant miles driven = 1350 miles
Number of leaks and level of each in µV/m =
n1 = 300 leaks @ L1 = 50 µV/m
n2 = 30 leaks @ L2 = 100 µV/m
n3 = 3 leaks @ L3 = 450 µV/m
Sum of:
niLi2 +
n2L22 +
n3L32 =
(300 x 50 x 50) + (30 x 100 x 100) + (3 x 450 x 450) =
750000 + 300000 +
607500 =
1657500
CLI =
=
=
10 log (1.11 x 1657500)
10 log (1839825)
62.65 ≤ 64
184 FCC Rules
Maximum Leakage Levels
The following table gives the maximum leakage levels at the given
channels and voltage level.
CH#
T-7
T-8
T-9
T-10
T-11
T-12
T-13
2
3
4
5
6
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
23
24
Visual
Carrier
7.0000
13.0000
19.0000
25.0000
31.0000
37.0000
43.0000
55.2500
61.2500
67.2500
77.2500
83.2500
121.2625
127.2625
133.2625
139.2500
145.2500
151.2500
157.2500
163.2500
169.2500
175.2500
181.2500
187.2500
193.2500
199.2500
205.2500
211.2500
217.2500
223.2500
20 µV/M
(dBmV)
-17.33
-22.70
-26.00
-28.38
-30.25
-31.79
-33.09
-35.27
-36.17
-36.98
-38.18
-38.83
-42.10
-42.52
-42.92
-43.30
-43.67
-44.02
-44.36
-44.68
-44.99
-45.30
-45.59
-45.87
-46.15
-46.41
-46.67
-46.92
-47.16
-47.40
50 µV/m
(dBmV) CH#
-9.37
25
-14.74
26
-18.04 27
-20.42 28
-22.29 29
-23.83 30
-25.13
31
-27.31
32
-28.21 33
-29.02 34
-30.22 35
-30.87 36
-34.14
37
-34.56 38
-34.96 39
-35.34 40
-35.71
41
-36.06 42
-36.40 43
-36.72 44
-37.04 45
-37.34 46
-37.63 47
-37.91 48
-38.19 49
-38.45 50
-38.71
51
-38.96 52
-39.20 53
-39.44 54
Visual
Carrier
229.2625
235.2625
241.2625
247.2625
253.2625
259.2625
265.2625
271.2625
277.2625
283.2625
289.2625
295.2625
301.2625
307.2625
313.2625
319.2625
325.2625
331.2625
337.2625
343.2625
349.2625
355.2625
361.2625
367.2625
373.2625
379.2625
385.2625
391.2625
397.2625
403.2500
20 µV/M 50 µV/m
(dBmV) (dBmV)
-47.63 -39.67
-47.85 -39.90
-48.07 -40.11
-48.29 -40.33
-48.50 -40.54
-48.70 -40.74
-48.90 -40.94
-49.09 -41.13
-49.28 -41.32
-49.47 -41.51
-49.65 -41.69
-49.83 -41.87
-50.00 -42.04
-50.17 -42.22
-50.34 -42.38
-50.51 -42.55
-50.67 -42.71
-50.83 -42.87
-50.98 -43.02
-51.14 -43.18
-51.29 -43.33
-51.43 -43.48
-51.58 -43.62
-51.72 -43.76
-51.86 -43.91
-52.00 -44.04
-52.14 -44.18
-52.27 -44.31
-52.41 -44.45
-52.54 -44.58
185
Maximum Leakage Levels - continued
CH.
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
Visual
Carrier
409.2500
415.2500
421.2500
427.2500
433.2500
439.2500
445.2500
451.2500
457.2500
463.2500
469.2500
475.2500
481.2500
487.2500
493.2500
499.2500
505.2500
511.2500
517.2500
523.2500
529.2500
535.2500
541.2500
547.2500
553.2500
559.2500
565.2500
571.2500
577.2500
583.2500
589.2500
595.2500
601.2500
20 µV/M 50 µV/m
(dBmV) (dBmV) CH.
-52.66 -44.70 88
-52.79 -44.83 89
-52.91 -44.96 90
-53.04 -45.08 91
-53.16 -45.20 92
-53.28 -45.32 93
-53.40 -45.44 94
-53.51 -45.55 100
-53.63 -45.67 101
-53.74 -45.78 102
-53.85 -45.89 103
-53.96 -46.00 104
-54.07 -46.11 105
-54.18 -46.22 106
-54.29 -46.33 107
-54.39 -46.43 108
-54.49 -46.54 109
-54.60 -46.64 110
-54.70 -46.74 111
-54.80 -46.84 112
-54.90 -46.94 113
-54.99 -47.04 114
-55.09 -47.13 115
-55.19 -47.23 116
-55.28 -47.32 117
-55.38 -47.42 118
-55.47 -47.51 119
-55.56 -47.60 120
-55.65 -47.69 121
-55.74 -47.78 122
-55.83 -47.87 123
-55.92 -47.96 124
-56.00 -48.05 125
Visual 20 µV/M 50 µV/m
Carrier (dBmV) (dBmV)
607.2500 -56.09 -48.13
613.2500 -56.18 -48.22
619.2500 -56.26 -48.30
625.2500 -56.34 -48.39
631.2500 -56.43 -48.47
637.2500 -56.51 -48.55
643.2500 -56.59 -48.63
649.2500 -56.67 -48.71
655.2500 -56.75 -48.79
661.2500 -56.83 -48.87
667.2500 -56.91 -48.95
673.2500 -56.99 -49.03
679.2500 -57.06 -49.11
685.2500 -57.14 -49.18
691.2500 -57.22 -49.26
697.2500 -57.29 -49.33
703.2500 -57.37 -49.41
709.2500 -57.44 -49.48
715.2500 -57.51 -49.55
721.2500 -57.59 -49.63
727.2500 -57.66 -49.70
733.2500 -57.73 -49.77
739.2500 -57.80 -49.84
745.2500 -57.87 -49.91
751.2500 -57.94 -49.98
757.2500 -58.01 -50.05
763.2500 -58.08 -50.12
769.2500 -58.15 -50.19
775.2500 -58.21 -50.25
781.2500 -58.28 -50.32
787.2500 -58.35 -50.39
793.2500 -58.41 -50.45
799.2500 -58.48 -50.52
186 FCC Rules
Maximum Leakage Levels - continued
CH.
126
127
128 129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
Visual
Carrier
805.2500
811.2500
817.2500
823.2500
829.2500
835.2500
841.2500
847.2500
853.2500
859.2500
865.2500
871.2500
877.2500
883.2500
889.2500
895.2500
901.2500
20 µV/m
(dBmV)
-58.54
-58.61
-58.67
-58.73
-58.80
-58.86
-58.92
-58.98
-59.05
-59.11
-59.17
-59.23
-59.29
-59.35
-59.40
-59.46
-59.52
50 µV/m
(dBmV) CH.
-50.58 143
-50.65 144
-50.71 145
-50.78 146
-50.84 147
-50.90 148
-50.96 149
-51.03 150
-51.09 151
-51.15 152
-51.21 153
-51.27 154
-51.33 155
-51.39 156
-51.45 157
-51.50 158
-51.56
Visual
Carrier
907.2500
913.2500
919.2500
925.2500
931.2500
937.2500
943.2500
949.2500
955.2500
961.2500
967.2500
973.2500
979.2500
985.2500
991.2500
997.2500
20 µV/M 50 µV/m
(dBmV) (dBmV)
-59.58 -51.62
-59.64 -51.68
-51.73 -51.73
-59.75 -51.79
-59.81 -51.85
-59.86 -51.90
-59.92 -51.96
-59.97 -52.01
-60.03 -52.07
-60.08 -52.12
-60.13 -52.18
-60.19 -52.23
-60.24 -52.28
-60.29 -52.34
-60.35 -52.39
-60.40 -52.44
Determine the maximum leakage levels by using the following equation:
where:
ƒ
L = Maximum leakage level (dBmV)
E = Voltage
ƒ = Visual Carrier Frequency (MHz)
Step 1
Convert dBmV to µV.
Use tables in Section 6 to convert dBmV to mV. Multiply mV by
1000 to set µV.
Step 2
Convert µV to µV/m.
Multiply µV times frequency (in MHz) times .021
187
Common CATV Symbols.......................188
Common IPTV Symbols.........................190
CATV & IPTV Acronyms........................192
Basic Glossary of CATV & IPTV Terms...224
Useful Websites and Publications..........229
11
SYMBOLS & ACRONYMS
188 Common CATV Symbols
Common CATV Symbols
189
190 Common IPTV Symbols
Common IPTV Symbols
191
192 CATV & IPTV Acronyms
1xRTT
Single
Carrier Radio
Transmission
Technology
3DES
Triple Data
Encryption
Standard
3DTV
Three
Dimensional
Television
3G
3rd Generation
3GPP
Third Generation
Partnership
Project
4C
Consortium
of Intel, IBM,
Matsushita, and
Toshiba
5C
Consortium
of Intel, Sony,
Matsushita,
Toshiba, and
Hitachi
A/D
Analog to Digital
A/D/A
Analog to Digital
to Analog
A/O
Additional Outlet
A/V
Audio/Video
AAA
Authentication,
Authorization,
and Accounting
AAAA
American
Association of
Advertising
Agencies
AAC
Advanced Audio
Codec
ADI
Asynchronous
Digital Interface
AAC
Advanced Audio
Compression
Ad-ID
AdvertisingDigital Interface
AACS
Advanced Access
Content System
ADM
ABSBH
Average Busy
Season Busy Hour
Add/Drop
Multiplexing
Administration
ADSL
Asymmetric
Digital
Subscriber Line
AC
Access Category
AC
Alternating Current
AES
AC_BE
Access Category
– Best Effort
Advanced
Encryption Standard
AF
Assured Forwarding
AC_BK
Access Category
– BacKground
AFF
Adaptive Field/
Frame
AC_VI
Access Category
– VIdeo
AGC
Automatic Gain
Control
AC_VO
Access Category
– VOice
AGW
Access Gateway
AI
Artificial Intelligence
AIFS
Advanced
Component
Exchange
Arbitration
InterFrame Space
AIN
Advanced
Intelligent Network
ACK
Acknowledge
AIS
ACL
Access Control List
Alarm Indication
Signal
ACL
Applications
Connection-Less
AIT
Application
Information Table
ACM
Adaptive Coding
and Modulation
AKA
Authentication and
Key Agreement
AD
Activity Detection
ALG
Application Layer
Gateway
ADI
Asset Distribution
Interface
AM
Amplitude
Modulation
AC-3
ACE
Audio Coding
Revision 3
193
AM
Application Manager
APON
AMA
Automatic
Message
Accounting
ATM-based
Passive Optical
Network
Apps
Applications
AMOL
Automated
Measurement Of
Lineup
APS
Automatic
Protection
Switching
A-MPDU
Aggregated MAC
(Media Access
Control) Protocol
Data Unit
APSK
Amplitude Phase
Shift Keying
ARCNET
Attached Resource
Computer Network
AMS
Asset
Management
System
ARDP
Advanced Return
Path Modulator
ARF
Advertising Research
Foundation and
Businesses
ANA
Association
of National
Advertisers
ASI
Asynchronous
Serial Interface
AsiaPac
Asia Pacific
ASIC
ApplicationSpecific
Integrated Circuit
ASM
Asset
Management
System
ASP
Advanced
Streaming Profile
ASP
Average Selling
Price
ASR
Access Switch Router
ASTB
Advanced SetTop Box
ASTD
American Society
for Training and
Development
ANC
Announcement
ANF
Aggregate Noise
Factor
ARIN
American Registry of
Internet Numbers
ANP
Announcement
Player
ARP
Address Resolution
Protocol
AT
Advanced
Technology
ANSI
American National
Standards Institute
ARPU
Average Revenue
per Unit (or User)
ATA
Advanced
Technology
Attachment
AOD
Advertising On
Demand
AS
Application Server
ATDMA
ASAP
As Soon As Possible
ASCII
American
Standard Code
for Information
Interchange
Asynchronous
Time Division
Multiple Access
ATM
Asynchronous
Transfer Mode
ATSC
Advanced Television
Systems Committee
ATTN
Attenuator
AUP
Acceptable Use
Policy
AoR
Address of Record
AP
Audio Processor
AP
Automatic Power
APD
Avalanche Photo
Diode
API
Application
Programming
Interface
ASF
ASF
Advanced
Streaming
Format
Advanced
Systems Format
AV
Audio/Video
AV
Audiovisual
AVC
Advanced Video
Coding
AVI
Advanced Video
Interface
BDR
Baseband Digital
Reverse
Bit Error Rate
BERT
Bit Error Rate Test
BPF
Band-Pass Filter
BFS
Broadcast File
System
BPI
Baseline Privacy
Interface
BFT
Broadcast File
Transfer
BPI+
Baseline Privacy
Interface Plus
BGCF
Breakout
Gateway Control
Function
BPL
Broadband over
Power Line
B-PON
Broadband
Passive Optical
Network
Abstract Window
Toolkit
B2B
Business to
Business
B2BUA
Back-to-Back
User Agent
BGP
Border Gateway
Protocol
B2C
Business to
Consumer
BICSI
Building Industry
Consulting
Services
Bellcore AMA
Format
BB
Baseband
BB
Broadband
BC
Broadcast
BC/NC
Broadcast/
Narrowcast
BC-BS
BackwardsCompatible
Broadcast Services
Bridge Protocol
Data Unit
BER
AWT
BAF
Boundary Point
BPDU
Best Effort
Additive White
Gaussian Noise
Behavioral
Aggregate
Bootstrap Protocol
BP
BE
AWGN
BA
BOOTP
bps
Bits Per Second
BRAS
Broadband
Remote Access
Server
BRI
Basic Rate Interface
BRI
Brand Rating
Index
Broadband Radio
Service
BIF
Binary Interchange
Format
bits/
sym
Bits per Symbol
BIU
Broadband
Interface Unit
BRS
BMS
Business
Management
System
BS
Broadcast Services
BSAM
Basic Sequential
Access Method
BSAM
Broadband
Services Access
Multiplexer
BNC
Broadcast Network
BNN
Bit-Error-Rate in
the Noise Notch
BCID
Billing Correlation
Identifier
BoD
Broadcast on
Demand
BSC
Base Station
BDF
Broadband
Digital Forward
BOM
Bill of Material
BSCC
Broadcast Stream
Client Connector
195
BSS
Basic Service Set
CAN
Business Support
System
Cellular Access
Network
CCI
BSS
Copy Control
Information
Canitec
Base Transceiver
Station
Camara Nacional
de la Industria
Television por Cable
CCK
BTS
Complimentary
Code Keying
CCM
BTS
Business Telecom
Services
CapEx
Capital
Expenditure
Channel Change
Message
CCM
BTSC
Broadcast Television
Systems Committee
CAPMAN
Capacity
Management
Constant Coding
and Modulation
CCNR
BTU/hr
British Thermal
Unit Per Hour
CAS
Conditional
Access Server
Completion of
Calls No Reply
CCS
BW
Bandwidth
CAS
Conditional
Access System
Centum Call
Seconds
BYOI
Bring Your Own
Infrastructure
CAT
Conditional
Access Table
Carrier-to-Noise
Ratio
CAT5
Category 5
CATV
Community
Antenna Television
(or Cable Television)
CB
Channel Bonding
CB
Citizen Band
CBR
C/N
CA
Call Agent
CA
Conditional Access
CA
Content Archive
CAB
Cable Advertising
Bureau
CCS
Control Compact Disc
CD
Chromatic
Dispersion
CD
Compact Disc
CDC
Changed Data
Capture
CDC
Connected
Device
Configuration
Constant Bit Rate
CDL
Code DownLoad
CAC
Call Admission
Control
CBT
Computer Based
Testing (or Training)
CDMA
Code Division
Multiple Access
CAD
Computer Aided
Design
CC
Closed Caption
CDN
CCA
Circuit Card
Assembly
Content Delivery
Network
CDP
CCCM
CPE Controlled
Cable Modem
Cisco Discovery
Protocol
CDR
Call Detail Record
CCDF
Complementary
Cumulative
Distribution Function
CD-ROM
Compact Disk-Read
Only Memory
CDT
Carrier Definition
Table
CALA
CALEA
CAM
Central America
and Latin America
Communications
Assistance for Law
Enforcement Act
Content
Addressable
Memory
CE
Consumer
Electronics
CIN
Call Indentity
Number
CE
Customer
Equipment
CINIT
CEA
Consumer
Electronics
Association
CEBus
Consumer
Electronic Bus
CEO
Chief Executive
Officer
CEP
Cable Entry Point
CEPCA
Consumer
Electronics Powerline
Communication
Alliance
CMOS
Centro de
Investigacion e
Innovacion en
Telecomunicaciones
Complimentary
Metal-Oxide
Semiconductor
CMS
Call
Management
Server
CIR
Committed
Information Rate
CMTS
CLASS
Custom Local
Area Signaling
Services
Cable Modem
Termination
System
CNAM
Calling NAMe
CNIR
Carrier-to-Noise/
Ingress Ratio
CNR
Carrier-to-Noise Ratio
CNR
Chronic NonResponder
CLDC
Connection
Limited Device
Configuration
CLE
Customer
Located
Equipment
Common Local
Echange Carrier
CO
Central Office
CODEC
Coder/Decoder
COFDM
Coded Orthogonal
Frequency Division
Multiplexing
Cumulative
Leakage Index
COLD
Central Office
Layout Design
CLR
Common
Language Runtime
COPS
Common Open
Policy Service
Channel
CLV
Consumer
Lifetime Value
CORBA
Classless Inter
Domain Routing
Common Object
Request Broker
Architecture
CM
Cable Modem
CoS
Class of Service
CMCI
CM (Cable Modem)
To CPE (Customer
Premises Equipment)
Interface
COT
Central Office
Terminal
CMLA
Content
Management License
Administrator
CP
Copy Protection
CPD
Common Path
Distortion
CER
Codeword Error Ratio
CLEC
CES
Circuit Emulation
Service
CLI
Command Line
Interface
CFO
Chief Financial
Officer
CLI
CFP
Contention Free
Periods
CH
CableHome™
Ch
CIDR
CIF
Common Image
Format
CIFS
Common Internet
File System
CIM
Common
Information Model
197
CPE
Customer
Premises
Equipment
CPM
CPMS
CPPM
CPRM
CPTWG
CPU
CR-LDP
Cost per
Thousand
Impressions
Constraintbased Label
Distribution
Protocol
CRM
Copy Protection
Management
System
Customer
Relationship
Management
CSA
Copy Protection
for Prerecorded
Media
Common
Scrambling
Algorithim
CSCF
Content
Protection for
Recordable Media
Copy Protection
Technical
Working Group
Central
Processing Unit
CSV
Comma
Separated Value
CTAM
Cable &
Telecommunications
Association for
Marketing
CTB
Composite Triple
Beat
CTIA
Call State/Session
Control(ler)
Function
Cellular
Telecommunications
& Internet
Association
CTO
CSH
Central Switch
Homerun
Chief Technology
Officer
CVCT
CSMA/
CA
Carrier Sense
Multiple Access
with Collision
Avoidance
Cable Virtual
Channel Table
CW
Codeword
CW
Continuous Wave
CSMA/
CD
Carrier Sense
Multiple Access
with Collision
Detection
CWDM
Coarse
Wavelength
Division
Multiplexing
CWM
Common
Warehouse
Metamodel
CQoS
CableHome™
Quality of Service
CQP
CableHome™
QoS Portal
CSO
Composite
Second Order
CRA
Contention
Resolution Algorithm
CSR
Customer Service
Representative
D&B
Dun & Bradstreet
CRC
Cyclic Redundancy
Check
CS-RZ
CarrierSuppressed
Return-to-Zero
D/E
Decrypt/Extract
DA
Destination Address
CSS
Content
Scrambling
System
DAB
Digital Audio
Broadcast
DAC
CSU/
DSU
Channel Service
Unit/Data
Service Unit
Descrambler
Authorization
Center
DAC
Digital Addressable
CRC
CRG
CRL
Cyclic
Redundancy
Check
CableHome™
Residential
Gateway
Certificate
Revocation List
DAC
Digital to Analog
Converter
DC
Directional Coupler
DCR
Digital Cable Ready
DC
DCS
Digital Addressable
Network Interface
System
Dispersion
Compensator
Digital Crossconnect System
DCA
Digital Cable
Application
DCT
DARPA
Defense Advanced
Research Projects
Agency
DCAPMAN
Dynamic Capacity
Management
Digital
Communications
(Cable) Terminal
DCT
Direct Attached
Storage
DCAS
Downloadable
Conditional
Access System
Discrete Cosine
Transform
DAS
DCT
Discrete Cosine
Transform
DASE
Digital TV Application
Software Environment
DE
Default
DAT
Digital Audio Tape
DeCSS
DAT
DOCSIS® Settop Gateway
Address Table
Defeat Content
Scrambling
System
DEM
DAVIC
Digital Audio
Visual Council
DigiCipher Even
Manager
DENI
DB
Database
dB
Digital
Entertainment
Networking
Initiative
dBc
DANIS
DCC
Data
Communication
Channel
DCC
Dynamic
Channel Change
DCD
Disconnection Delay
DCD
Downstream
Channel
Descriptor
Decibel
DCE
Decibel Referenced
to the Carrier
Data Circuit
Comm Equipment
DES
DCF
Dispersion
Compensating
Fiber
Data Encryption
Standard
DES
Distributed
Coordination
Function
Digital
Encryption
Standard
DF
Delivery Function
DFAST
Dynamic Feedback
Arrangement
Scrambling
Technique
DFB
Distributed
Feedback
DHCP
Dynamic Host
Configuration
Protocol
dBFS
Decibel Below
Full Scale
dBm
Decibel milliwatt
dBmV
Decibel milliVolt
DBPSK
Differential
Binary Phase
Shift Keying
DCF
DCII
DigiCipher® II
DCM
Direct Broadcast
Satellite
Dispersion
Compensation
Module
DCP
Device Control Protocol
DC
DigiCipher®
DCP
DC
Direct Current
Digital Convergence
Platform
DBS
199
DigiCable
Headend
Expansion
Interface
DMIF
DHWG
Digital Home
Working Group
DML
DiffServ
Differentiated
Services
Direct Modulated
Distributed
Feedback Laser
DNCS
Div
Division
Digital Network
Control System
DIX
DEC-Intel-Xerox
DLCI
Data Link
Connection Identifier
DLL
DHEI
Delivery
Multimedia
Integration
Framework
DRAM
Dynamic Random
Access Memory
DRC
Dynamic Range
Control
DRM
Digital Rights
Management
DS
Downstream
DS0
Digital Signal 0 (zero)
DSA
Dynamic Service
Addition
DSCP
Differentiated
Service Code Point
DNS
Domain Name
System
DOA
Dead on Arrival
Data Link Layer
DOCS
DIAG
DOCSIS Diagnostic
Program
DLNA
Digital Living
Network Alliance
DSE
DOCSIS®
Digital Service
Encoder
DLS
Down Load Server
Data-Over-Cable
Service Interface
Specifications
DSG
DOCSIS® Settop Gateway
DOCSIS® Radio
Frequency Interface
DSL
Digital
Subscriber Line
DSLAM
Digital Subscriber
Line Access
Multiplexer
DSM
Digital Storage
Media, DNCS
Session Manager
DSMCC
Digital Storage
Medium Command
& Control
DSMCC
UN Digital Storage
Media Command
and Control Userto-Network
DM
Degraded Modem
DOCSIS®
-RFI
DM
Demodulator
DoD
DM
Device Manager
Department of
Defense
DM
Dispersion
Mitigation
DoS
Denial of Service
DPI
Digital Program
Insertion
DMA
Designated
Marketing Area
DPON
DMB
Digital
Multimedia
Broadcasting
Deep-Fiber Passive
Optical Network
DPSK
Differential Phase
Shift Keying
DMC
Dual Modem
Cards
DPT
Dynamic Packet
Transport
DMCA
Digital Millennium
Copyright Act
DQoS
Dynamic Quality
of Service
DSP
Digital Signal
Processing
DMH
Degraded
Modem Hours
DQPSK
Differential Quadrature
Phase Shift Keying
DSP
Digital Signal
Processor
DSR
Digital Satellite
Receiver
DVBDSNG
DSSS
Direct
Sequencing
Spread Spectrum
DVB (Digital Video
Broadcast) Digital
Satellite News
Gathering
DVB-H
DVB Handheld
DVBRCS
DVB (Digital
Video Broadcast)
Return Channel
via Satellite
DSTB
Digital Set-top Box
DS-UWB
Direct Sequence
Ultra-WideBand
DS-x
Digital Signal (level)
DSx
Dynamic Service
Change
DTCP
Digital
Transmission
Content Protection
DTCP/5C
Digital Transmission
Content Protection/5
Companies
DTD
Dial Tone Delay
DTE
Data Terminal
Equipment
DTH
Direct To Home
DTMF
Dual Tone Multifrequency
DTV
Digital Television
DVS
Digital Video
Subcommittee
DWDM
Dense
Wavelength
Division
Multiplex
E/I
Encrypt/Insert
EA-DFB
Electro-Absorption
Modulator Integrated
Distributed Feedback
Laser
EAP
Extensible
Authentication
Protocol
EAS
Emergency Alert
System
eBIF
Enhanced Binary
Interchange
Format
EBITDA
Earnings Before
Interest, Taxes,
Depreciation,
and Amortization
DVB-S
DVB (Digital
Video Broadcast
Standard
DVB-S
DVB Satellite
DVB-T
DVB Terrestial
DVC
Digital Video
Compressor
DVD
Digital Versatile
Disc
DVD+R
Recordable
Digital Versatile
Disc
DVD+
RW
Rewritable Digital
Versatile Disc
ECC
DVD
CCA
Digital Versatile
Disc Copy Control
Association
Encryption
Control Center
eCM
Embedded Cable
Modem
DUN
Dial-Up Networking
DVI
Device Under
Test
Display Visual
Interface
ECM
DUT
Entitlement
Control Message
DVNR
Digital Video
Broadcast
Digital Vision
Noise Reducer
ECR
DVB
Efficient Consumer
Response
DVR
DVB (Digital
Video Broadcast)
Asynchronous
Serial Interface
Digital Video
Recorder
ECR
DVBASI
Engineering
Change Request
DVS
Digital Video
Standard
EDC
Electronic
Dispersion
Compensator
201
EDCA
Enhanced
Distributed
Channel Access
EDFA
Erbium Doped
Fiber Amplifier
EDGE
Enhanced Data
Rates for Global
Evolution
eDOCSIS™
EEPROM
EF
Embedded
Data-Over-Cable
Service Interface
Specifications
Electronically
Erasable
Programmable
Read Only
Memory
Expedited
Forwarding
EIRP
Effective Isotropic
Radiated Power
EoS
EIS/SCS
Event Information
Scheduler/
SimulCrypt
Synchronizer
EP
End Point
EPG
Electronic
Program Guide
Ethernet Line
Aggregation
EPL
Ethernet Private Line
EPON
Ethernet Passive
Optical Network
EPRI
Electric Power
Research
Institute
EPROM
Electrically
Readable
Programmable
Read Only Memory
EQAM
Edge QAM
ER
Edge Router
ERIM
Erasmus Research
Institute of
Management
ERM
Edge Resource
Manager
ERS
Encryption
Renewal System
ES
Errored Seconds
ES
Exclusive Session
ESC
Embedded
Signaling Channel
ESCON
Enterprise
System
Connection
ESF
Extended
SuperFrame
ELA
E-LSP
EXP-Inferred-PSC
Label Switch
Path
EM
Element Manager
EMC
Encoder Monitor
and Control
EMEA
Europe, Middle
East and Asia
EMI
Electro-Magnetic
Interference
EFM
Ethernet in the
First Mile
EML
Externally
Modulated Laser
EFMS
Error Free
Milliseconds
EMM
EFS
Error Free Seconds
Entitlement
Management
Message
EHDR
Extended Header
EMS
EIA
Electronics Industry
Association
Element
Management
System
eMTA
Embedded
Multimedia
Terminal Adapter
EIC
Entertainment,
Information, and
Communications
EIGRP
Enhanced
Interior Gateway
Routing Protocol
EIR
Excess
Information Rate
ENDEC
Encode/Decode
ENUM
Electronic
Numbering
E-O
Electrical-Optical
EoD
Everything on Demand
Ethernet over
SONET
ES
Errored Seconds
ExCCI
Extended CC
FF
Fast Forward
ES
Exclusive Session
EX-MOD
FFT
ESC
Embedded
Signaling
Channel
Externally
Modulated
Fast Fourier
Transform
EXP
Experimental
FGPS
FastE
Fast Ethernet
FEC, Guard
time, Preamble,
Stuffing bytes
FAT
File Allocation Table
FHCS
Fragment
Header Check
Sequence
FHSS
Frequency
Hopping Spread
Spectrum
ESCON
Enterprise System
Connection
ESF
Extended
SuperFrame
FBI
Federal Bureau
of Investigation
ESM
EOD Server Manager
FC
Fiber Channel
ESP
Encapsulating
Security Payload
FC-AL
Fiber Channel –
Arbitrated Loop
FICON
Fiber Connection
ETS
Event Trigger
System
FCC
Federal
Communications
Commission
FIFO
First In First Out
FLR
Frame Loss Ratio
FCP
Fibre Channel Protocol
FM
FCRC
Fragment Cyclic
Redundancy
Check
Frequency
Modulation
FN
Fiber Node
FOADM
Fixed Filter
Optical Add/
Drop Multiplexer
FOD
Free on Demand
FOSC
Fiber Optic
Splice Closure
ETSI
European
Telecommunication
Standards Institute
ETTH
Ethernet To The Home
ETTx
Ethernet To The
x (end point)
eTV
Enhanced Television
EVC
Ethernet Virtual
Circuit
EV-DO
Evolution-Data Only
EVM
Error Vector
Magnitude
EVPL
Ethernet Virtual
Private Line
EVPLAN
Ethernet Virtual Private
Local Area Network
EXC
Electronic Cross
Connect
FDD
Frequency
Division Duplexed
FDDI
Fiberoptic Digital
Data Interface
FDIS
Final Draft
International
Standard
FP
Fabry-Perot
FDP
Face Description
FPM
FEC and Packet
Multiplexer
FE
Fast Ethernet
FQDN
FEC
Forward Error
Correction
Fully Qualified
Domain Name
FR
Frame Relay
FEC
Forwarding
Equivalence
Class
FRAG
Fragmentation
203
FSCWDM
Full Spectrum
– Coarse
Wave Division
Multiplexing
GBIC
Module
GNT
Grant
Gbps
Gigabits per Second
GOP
Group of Pictures
GC
Gateway
GPI
GCR
Group
Configuration
Request
General Purpose
Interface
G-PON
Gigabit Passive
Optical Network
GPRS
General Packet
Radio Service
GPS
Global Positioning
System
GQoS
Generic Quality
of Service
FSN
Full Service Network
FSO
Free Space Optical
FTA
Free to Air
GDV
Group Delay Variation
FTP
File Transfer
Protocol
GE
Gigabit Ethernet
FTTB
Fiber to the Business
GEM
Globally
Executable MHP
FTTC
Fiber to the Curb
GFL
Group Flow Label
FTTH
Fiber to the Home
GFP
FTTN
Fiber to the Node
Generalized
Framing Procedure
FTTP
Fiber to the Premises
FTTU
Fiber to the User
FTTx
Fiber to the (endpoint)
FW
Firewall
FWM
Four-Wave Mixing
FXS
GR
Generic Requirement
GRE
Generic Routing
Encapsulation
GRM
Global Resource
Manager
GRX
GPRS (General
Packet Radio
Service) Roaming
eXchange
GS
Global Server
GSM
Global System
for Mobile
communications
GSMA
Global System
for Mobile
communications
Association
GFP-F
Generic Framing
Procedure-Framed
GFP-T
Generic Framing
Procedure-Transparent
GFP-T
Transparent
Generalized
Framing Procedure
Foreign
eXchange Station
GGSN
Gateway GPRS
Support Node
Go2BroadbandSM
GHz
Gigahertz
GaAs
Gallium Arsenide
GigE
Gigabit Ethernet
GARP
Generic Attribute
Registration Protocol
GIGO
Garbage In,
Garbage Out
GB
Gigabyte
GIS
GB/s
Gigabits per Second
Geographic
Information
System
GSRM
GbE
Gigabit Ethernet
GMPLS
Global System
Resource
Manager
GBIC
Gigabit Interface
Converter
Generalized
MultiProtocol
Label Switching
GTP
GPRS Tunneling
Protocol
G2B
GUI
Graphical User
Interface
HDD
High Definition
Decoder
HIT
Headend
Interface Terminal
GVRP
GARP VLAN
Registration
Protocol
HDE
High Definition
Encoder
HITS
Headend In The Sky
HLR
HDLC
Gateway
High Level Data
Link Control
Home Location
Register
GW
HMAC
GWC
Gateway
HDMI
keyed-Hashing
for Message
Authentication Code
H&S
Hub and Spoke
High Definition
Multimedia
Interface
HMS
HAN
Home Area Network
HD-PLC
HAVi
Home Audio Video
Interoperability
High Definitionready Powerline
Communications
Headend
Management
System
HMS
Home Media Server
HCCA
Hybrid
Coordination
function controlled
Channel Access
HDR
Header
HMS
HDT
Host Digital
Terminal
Hybrid Management
Sub-layer
HDTV
High Definition
Television
HDVOD
High-Definition
Video on Demand
HE
Headend
HEC
Headend Cable
HEM
Headend Modem
HCF
Hybrid Coordination
Function
HCM
Hardware Control
Message
HCRP
Hard Copy Cable
Replacement
HN
Home Network
H-Net
Home Network
HNv1
Home
Networking
Version 1
HOD
HBO On Demand
HOM
High-Order
Modulation
Home
PNA™
Home Phoneline
Networking
Alliance
HCS
Header Check
Sequence
HF
High Frequency
HCT
Headend
Configuration Tool
HFC
Hybrid Fiber/Coax
HD
Hardware
HGW
Home Gateway
HP
Homes Passed
HD
High Definition
HH
HouseHold
HPF
High Pass Filter
HDBH
High-Day Busy Hour
HHP
Households Passed
HPLMN
Home Public Land
Mobile Network
HDCP
High-bandwidth
Digital Content
Protection
HHR
Half Horizontal
Resolution
HPNA
Home Phoneline
Networking Alliance
Hi-PHY
HDD
Hard Disk Drive
High Performance
Physical Layer
HPOV
Hewlitt Packard
Open View
205
HQ
High Quality
HVS
Human Vision System
HRC
Harmonically
Related Carriers
Hz
Hertz
HSA
High Speed Access
HSCI
High Speed
Cable Interface
HSD
High Speed Data
HSDPA
High Speed Downlink
Packet Access
I/O
Input/Output
IAG
Interactive Advertising
Guidelines
IAMS
Intelligent Asset
Management System
IANA
Internet Assigned
Numbers Authority
In-Band
IDE
Integrated
Development
Environment
IDE
Integrated
Device
Electronics
iDEN
integrated
Digital Enhanced
Network
IDS
Intrusion Detection
System
IDT
Integrated Digital
Terminal
IEC
International
Electrotechnical
Commission
HSE
HD Service Encoder
IB
HSI
High-Speed Internet
ICB
Independent
Customer Builds
HSP
Headset Profile
ICC
HSRP
Hot Standby
Router Protocol
Instant Channel
Change
ICE
Home Subscriber
Server
Information &
Content Exchange
IEEE
HSS
Institute of Electrical
and Electronics
Engineers
ICE
Inter Chip Encryption
HSS/
HLR
High Speed Serial/
Home Location Register
IEEE-SA
ICMP
Internet Control
Message Protocol
HSUPA
High Speed Uplink
Packet Access
Institute of Electrical
and Electronics
Engineers Standards
Association
ICO
Incumbent Cable
Operator
IETF
Internet Engineering
Task Force
HTML
Hyper Text
Markup Language
i-CSCF
Home Theatre
Personal Computer
InterrogatingCall State
Control Function
IF
HTPC
Intermediate
Frequency
i-CSCF
Initial First Cost
Hyper Text
Transfer Protocol
IGMP
Internet Group
Multicast Protocol
HVAC
Heating, Ventilation,
and Air Conditioning
Interrogating-Call
State/Session
Control(ler)
Function
IFC
HTTP
IGRP
ID
Identifier
Interior Gateway
Routing Protocol
HVAC
High Voltage
Alternating Current
IDC
International
Data Group Inc.
IKE
Internet Key Exchange
HD Video Compressor
ILEC
IDCT
Incumbent Local
Exchange Carrier
HVC
Inverse Discrete
Cosine Transform
ILMI
Interim Link
Management
Interface
IM
Instant Messaging
IMD
Intermodulation
Distortion
IPM
Intelligent Policy
Management
IPMP
Intellectual Property
Management &
Protection
IPPV
Impulse Pay Per View
IPRM
IP Rights
Management
System
IMS
IP Multimedia
Subsystem
INA
Interactive
Network Adaptor
IPSec
Internet Protocol
Security
I-NET
Institutional
Network
IPTA
INP
Input
Internet Protocol
Transport
Agreement
INA
Interface Adaptor
INT
International
IntServ
Integrated Services
IP
ISA
Interactive
Service
Architecture
iSCSI
Internet Small
Computer
System Interface
ISDB
Integrated
Service Digital
Broadcast
ISDB-T
Integrated
Services Digital
Broadcasting
-Terrestrial
ISDN
Integrated
Services Digital
Network
IPTV
Internet Protocol
Television
ISI
IPv4
Internet Protocol
version 4
Inter-Symbol
Interference
IS-IS
Internet Protocol
IR
Infrared
IPAT
Internet Protocol
Access Terminal
IRD
Integrated
Receiver/Decoder
Intermediate
System-toIntermediate
System
ISM
IP-CAN
Internet Protocol
Cellular Access
Network
IRI
Industrial
Reporting Inc
Industrial
Scientific Medical
ISMS
IRR
Internal Rate of
Return
Integrated Service
Management
System
IRT
Integrated
Receiver/
Transcoder
ISO
International
Organization for
Standardization
ISP
Inside Plant
ISP
Internet Service
Provider
ISTP
Internet
Signaling
Transport
Protocol
IPCDN
IP over Cable
Data Network
IPDR
Internet Protocol
Detail Record
IPDT
Internet Protocol
Digital Terminal
IRTDBG
Integrated Receiver
Transmitter
DeBuG
IPG
Interactive
Program Guide
IS
Information Systems
IPG
Inter-Packet Gap
IS
International
Standard
207
ISUP
Integrated Services
Digital Network
User Part
JCP
Java Community Process
ksym/s
Kilosymbols Per Second
JMF
Java Medium
Framework
ksym/
sec
Kilosymbols Per Second
KTTA
Korean
Telecommunications
Technology
Association
kVA
1000 Volt Amperes
kW
Kilowatt
l
Current
ISV
Independent
Software Vendor
JND
IT
Information
Technology
Just Noticeable
Difference
JNI
Java Native Interface
ITA
Interactive
Television
Association
JPEG
Joint
Photographic
Experts Group
ITU
ITU-T
International
Telecommunications
Union
International
Telecommunication
Union Telecommunication
Standardization
Sector
JSR
Java Specification
Request
L/R
Left/Right
JTA
Job Task Analysis
L2
Level 2
JVM
Java Virtual Machine
L2TP
JVT
Java Vision Toolkit
Layer-2
Tunneling
Protocol
L2TPv3
Layer-2
Tunneling
Protocol
Version 3
LAeq
Long-term
A-weighted
loudness
EQuivalent
JVT
Joint Video Team
iTV
Interactive Television
k
Kilo = 1000
IUC
Interval Usage Code
kB
Kilobyte
IVR
Interactive Voice
Response
kb/s
Kilobits per Second
kbps
Kilobits per Second
KDC
Key Distribution
Center
LAN
Local Area
Network
LATA
Local Access and
Transport Area
LC
Local Convergence
LCAS
Link Capacity
Adjustment
Scheme
LCC
Life-Cycle Cost
LCD
Liquid Crystal Display
IVRM
Intelligent
Video Resource
Manager
IWF
Internetworking
Function
KDCF
Korea Digital
Cable Forum
IWF
InterWorking
Function
kHz
Kilohertz
IXC
Interexchange
Carrier
KLS
Key List Server
km
Kilometer
KP
Kernel Processor
KSA
Knowledge, Skills
& Abilities
IXP
J2ME
Internet Exchange
Provider
Java2 MicroEdition
LCP
Local Convergence
Point
LMP
Link Management
Protocol
M/U
Modulator/
Upconverter
LCS
Line Code Signaling
LNB
M3UA
LD
Long Distance
Low Noise Blockdownconverter
MTP-3 User
Adaptation
LDAP
Lightweight
Directory Access
Protocol
LNP
Local Number
Portability
MAC
Media Access Control
MACD
Moves, Adds,
Changes, Deletes
MAN
Metropolitan
Area Network
MAP
Main Audio
Program
MAS
MPEG-Aware
Switch
MB
Megabyte
Mb/s
Megabits per
Second
MB/s
Megabytes per
Second
MB-AFF
Macro Block Adaptive
Frame/Field
LO
Local Origination
LOADM
Lightweight
Optical Add/
Drop Multiplexer
LDP
Label Distribution
Protocol
LDPC
Low Density
Parity Check
LOS
Line Of Sight
LDS
Local Digital Switch
LOS
Loss of Signal
LEC
Local Exchange
Carrier
LovSAN
a.k.a The Blaster Worm
LED
Light Emitting Diode
LP
Long Play
LEN
Length
LEO
Low Earth Orbit
LER
Label Edge Router
LF
Low Frequency
LFA
Long Format
Advertising
LH
DWDM
Long Haul Dense
Wave Division
Multiplex
LLC
Logical Link Control
L-LSP
Label-OnlyInferred-PSC LSP
LMDS
Local Multipoint
Distribution Service
LMI
Link Management
Interface
LPCM
Linear Pulse
Code Modulation
LRU
Least Recently
Used
LSB
Least Significant Byte
LSP
Label Switched Path
Mbaud
Megabaud
LSP
Legacy Set-top Profile
LSR
Label Switch Router
Mbits/
sec
Megabits per
Second
LTC
Longitudinal
Time Code
MBOA
MultiBand
OFDM Alliance
LTS
Long Term
Storage
MBOFDM
LUA
Last User Activity
Multiband
Orthogonal
Frequency Domain
Modulation
LVI
Low Voltage
Integrator
Mbps
Megabits per
Second
LWP
Low Water Peak
MBps
MegaByte per
Second
209
MBS
Mission Bit Stream
MC
Motion Compensation
M-
Modular Cable Modem
Termination System
CMTS
MC-PC
Media Center
Personal Computers
MCPC
Multiple Channel
Per Carrier
MCTF
Motion
Compensated
Temporal Filtering
MDA
Message-Digest
Algorithm
MDA
Model Driven
Architecture
MDR
MGCF
Media Gateway
Control(ler) Function
MOS
MGCP
Media Gateway
Control Protocol
MP
Media Player
MP@HL
Main Profile @
High Level
MP3
MPEG-2 Layer 3
MPAA
Motion Picture
Association of
America
MPBGP
MultiProtocol
Border Gateway
Protocol
MPC
Media Player
MPDU
MAC (Media
Access Control)
Protocol Data Unit
MGW
Media GateWay
MHP
Multimedia
Home Platform
MHz
Megahertz
MIB
Management
Information Base
MIDP
Mobile Information
Device Profile
MIMO
Multiple Input,
Multiple Output
Mean Opinion
Score
MIP
Mobile IP
Mobile Digital
Recorder
MIPS
Million Instructions
Per Second
MPE
Multi Protocol
Encapsulation
MDU
Multiple Dwelling Unit
ML@
MP
Main Level @
Main Profile
MPEG
mDVR
Multi-TV Digital
Video Recorder
Moving Pictures
Expert Group
MLD
Multicast Listener
Discovery
MEMS
Micro-ElectroMechanical
Systems
MPEGTS
MM
Multimedia
Moving Pictures
Expert Group
Transport Stream
MMD
Multipoint Microwave
Distribution
MPLS
Multiprotocol
Label Switching
MMI
Man Machine Interface
MPS
Modular
Processing System
MMT
Modulation
Mode Table
MPTS
Multiple Program
Transport Stream
MEN
Metro Ethernet
Network
MER
Modulation Error Ratio
MF
Multifield
MF
Multifrequency
MOCA
Multimedia Over
Coax Alliance
MPTSTE
MPLS – Traffic
Engineering
MG
Media Gateway
Control(ler)
MOD
Movies on Demand
MQ
Medium Quality
Media Gateway
MOF
Meta Object Facility
M-QAM
M-ary Quadrature
Amplitude Modulation
MGC
MRFC
Multimedia
Resource Function
MTBF
Mean Time
Between Failures
NASS
Network Access
Attachment Function(s)
MRFP
Multimedia Resource
Function Processor
MTP-3
Message Transfer
Part Level 3
NAT
Network Address
Translation
MRTG
Multi Router
Traffic Grapher
MTTF
Mean-Time-To-Failure
NBC-BS
MTTR
Mean Time- To- Repair
Non BackwardsCompatible
Broadcast Services
MTTU
Mean Time to
Understand
NBI
Northbound
Interface
MS
Master Server
ms
Millisecond
MSA300
Standard 10
Gigabit Ethernet
Connector
MUX
Multiplexer
NC
Network
MV
Motion Vector
NCM
Next Century Media
MSB
Most Significant Byte
MVNO
NCS
Network Control System
MSC
Mobile Switching
Center
Mobile Virtual
Network Operator
NCS
MVoD
Network-based
Call Signaling
MSE
Multi-Standard
Encoder
Mobile Video on
Demand
NCTA
MVP
Multi-View Profile
National Cable &
Telecommunications
Association
msec
Millisecond
MZ
Mach-Zehnder
NDA
MSFT
Microsoft Corporation
NABTS
Non-Disclosure
Agreement
MSN
Microsoft Network
North American
Broadcast Teletext
Standard
NDE
MSO
Multiple System
Operator
NANPA
North American
Numbering Plan
Administration
Network
Dimensioning
Engine
NDMH
MSPP
Multi-Service
Provisioning Platform
NAP
Network Access Point
Non-Degraded
Modem Hours
Mega-Symbols
per Second
NAPT
Network Address &
Protocol Translation
NDVR
Msps
Network Digital
Video Recording
National
Authorization Service
Network Element
Multi-Standard
Receiver
NAS
NE
MSR
NEBS
MSRP
Manufacturer’s
Suggested Retail Price
NAS
Network
Attached Storage
Network
Equipment
Building System
MTA
Multimedia
Terminal Adapter
NASRAC
National Authorization
Service–Regional
Access
NEMA
National
Electrical
Manufactures
Association
211
NEMS
Network Element
Management
System
NIST
National Institute
of Standards and
Technology
nRTP
Non Real-time
Transport
Protocol
NETBIOS
Network Version
of Basic Input/
Output System
NIT
Network
Information Table
nrtPS
Non-Real Time
Polling Service
NIU
Network Interface Unit
NRVC
NF
Noise Figure
Noise Reduction
Video Compression
NLOS
Non-Line of Sight
NFS
Network File System
nm
Nanometer
NRZ
NG STB
Next Generation
Set-Top Box
NonReturn to
Zero
NMS
Network
Management System
ns
Nanosecond
NG-L1
Next Generation Layer 1
NSI
Network Side
Interface
NGN
Next Generation
Network
NSP
Network Service
Provider
NGNA
Next Generation
Network Architecture
NTIA
NGO
Non-Government
Organization
National
Telecommunications
and Information
Administration
ngOSS
Next Generation
Operations
Support System
NTP
Network Time
Protocol
NTS
Near Term
Storage
NTSC
National
Television System
Committee
ngSONET
Next Generation
Synchronous
Optical NETwork
NI
Network Interface
NIC
Network
Interface Card
NID
Network
Interface Device
NIM
Network
Interface Module
NIS
Network Infrastructure
Solutions
NNI
Network-Network
Interface
NNOC
National Network
Operations Center
NNTP
Network News
Transfer Protocol
NOC
Network
Operations Center
NP
Number Portability
NPAC
Number Portability
Administration
Center
NPR
Noise Power Ratio
NPT
Network
Performance Tool
NTSC
nPVR
Network-based
Personal Video
Recorder
National
Television System
Committee
NVM
Non-Volatile
Memory
NVOD
Near Video-OnDemand
NW
Network
NRSS
Network
Renewable
Security Standard
NRTC
National Rural
Telecommunications
Cooperative
O/E
OADM
OAM
OAM&P
OCAP
OC-CC
OC-CFR
OCn
OCSP
OCST
Optical Signal-toElectrical Signal
Conversion
Optical Add/
Drop Multiplexer
Operations,
Administration, &
Maintenance
Operations,
Administration,
Maintenance &
Provisioning
O-E-O
Optical-toElectrical-to-Optical
OEPL
Optical Ethernet
Private Line
OEPLAN
Optical Ethernet
Private Local
Area Network
OEVPL
Optical Ethernet
Virtual Private Line
OEV
PLAN
Optical Ethernet
Virtual Private
Local Area
Network
OpenCable™
Application
Platform
OFC
OpenCable™
CableCARD™
Optical Fiber
Communication
OFDM
Orthogonal
Frequency
Division
Multiplexing
OpenCable™ Core Functional
Requirements
Optical Carrier (level)
Online Certificate
Status Protocol
Office of Cable
Signal Theft
OH
Overhead
OIU
Organizationally
Unique Identifier
OJT
On-The-Job Training
OLT
Optical Line Terminal
OOK
On-Off-Keying
OOO
Optical-OpticalOptical
OpEx
Operations
Expenditure
OpLT
Optical Line
Termination
OpTN
Optical Transport
Network
ORX
Optical Receiver
OS
Operating System
OSA
Open Service Access
OSC
Optical Supervisory
Channel
OSD
On-Screen Display
OSGi
Open Services
Gateway
Initiative
OSI
Open Systems
Interconnect
OSMINE
Operations
Systems
Modification for
the Integration of
Network Elements
Optical Signal-toNoise Ratio
OC-x
Optical Carrier (level)
OM
ODA
Outlet Digital
Adapter
Out of Band
Modulator
OMA
Open Mobile Alliance
OSNR
ODRL
Open Digital
Rights Language
OMG
Object Management
Group
OSP
Outside Plant
OE
Optical Ethernet
ONDS
Optical Node
Distribution Switch
OSPF
Open Shortest
Path First
O-E
Optical-Electrical
ONT
Original Equipment
Manufacturer
Optical Network
Termination
OSS
OEM
Operational
Support System
OOB
Out-of-Band
OSSI
OSS Interface
213
OSW
OTDR
Optical Switch
Optical Time
Domain
Reflectometer
PBP
Personal Basis Profile
PDG
Packet Data Gateway
PBR
Policy Based Routing
PDH
PBX
Private Branch
Exchange
Plesiochronous
Digital Hierarchy
PDI
Path Defect Indicator
OTN
Optical Transition Node
PC
PacketCable™
PDL
OTU-N
Optical Transport Unit
PC
Polarization
Dependent Loss
OTX
Optical Transmitter
Personal
Computer
PDP
PCI
Peripheral
Component
Interconnect
Policy Decision
Point
PDU
Protocol Data Unit
PDW
Polarization
Dependent
Wavelength
PEG
Public, Education,
Government
PEP
Policy Enforcement
Point
PER
Packet Error Rate
PES
Packetized
Elementary Stream
PESQ
Perceptual Evaluation
of Speech Quality
OUI
OWG
Organizationally
Unique Identifier
OnRamp
Working Group
OXC
Optical Cross Connect
P2P
Peer to Peer
P2P
Point to Point
PACM
Provisioning,
Activation,
Configuration &
Management
PCM
Pulse Code
Modulation
PCMCIA
Personal
Computer
Memory Card
PCMM
PacketCable™
Multimedia
PCR
Peak Cell Rate
PCR
Program Clock
Reference
PCS
Personal
Communications
System
PHB
Per-hop Behavior
P-CSCF
Proxy-Call
State/Session
Control(ler)
Function
PHS
Payload Header
Suppression
PHY
Physical (layer)
Personal Digital
Assistant
PID
Packet Identifier
PID
Program Identifier
PIM
Protocol Independent
Multicast
PIM-SM
Protocol Independent
Multicast – Sparse
Mode
PAL
Phase Alternating Line
PAN
Personal Area
Network
PAR
Project
Authorization
Request
PARM
Parameter
PAT
Port Address
Termination
PDA
Program Association
Table
PDD
Post-dial Delay
PDF
Policy Distribution
Function
PDF
Probability Density
Function
PAT
PBIA
Personal
Broadband
Industry
Association
PIN
PIN
PING
Personal Identification
Number
Positive-IntrinsicNegative
Packet Internet
Gopher
PIP
Picture In Picture
PKI
Public Key
Infrastructure
PKT
Packet
PL
PLC
Packet Loss
Packet Loss
Concealment
PN
Program Number
PRBS
PNA
Phone Network
Alliance
Pseudo-Random
Bits Stream
PRCF
Positioning Radio
Coordination Function
PO
Purchase Order
POD
Point of
Deployment
POH
Path Overhead
PON
Passive Optical
Network
POP
Point Of Presence
POP3
Post Office
Protocol 3
POS
PRI
Primary Rate Interface
PRM
Polarization
Recovery Module
PRNG
Pseudo Random
Number Generators
PRV
Privacy
PS
Policy Server
PS
Portal Services
Packet Over SONET
PS
Power Supply
Provisioning
Server
PLC
Powerline
Communications
POTS
Plain Old
Telephone Service
PS
PLMN
Public Land
Mobile Network
POTS
Plain Old
Telephone System
PSA
PacketCable
Service Agreement
PLT
Powerline
Telecommunications
PPD
Post-pickup Delay
PSI
Performance
Monitoring
PPE
Programmable
Processing Element
Program Specific
Information
PM
PSIP
PMB
Permanent
Message Buffer
PPP
Point-to-Point
Protocol
Program & System
Information Protocol
PSK
Phase Shift Keying
PMD
Polarization
Mode Dispersion
PPPoA
PPP over ATM
PSK
PreShared Key
PPPoE
Point-to-Point Protocol
over Ethernet
PSNR
Peak Signal to
Noise Ratio
PPT
Power Passing Tap
PSP
PPTP
Point-to-Point
Tunneling Protocol
Packet Streaming
Protocol
PSP
PPV
Pay per View
Packet Success
Probability
PRBS
Pseudo-Random
Binary Sequence
PSQ
Packet Streaming
Queue
PMI
Packet Multiplex
Interface
PMK
Pairwise Master Key
PML
Packet Multiplex
Link
PMP
Point to MultiPoint
PMT
Program Map Table
215
PSQM
Perceptual
Spec Quality
Measurement
QFM
QoS prioritized
Forwarding and
Media Access
PSTN
Public Switched
Telephone
Network
QL
Quantization Level
QL/BR
PSTN
Public Switched
Telephone
Network
PTK
RAP
Resource
Allocation Protocol
RARP
Reverse Address
Resolution Protocol
Quantization
Level/Bit Rate
RBOC
Regional Bell
Operating Company
QLP
Quantization
Level Processor
RBW
Resolution Bandwidth
RCA
Root Cause Analysis
Pairwise
Temporal Key
QoE
Quality of
Experience
RCV
Receiver
PTS
Program
Transport Stream
QOS
Quality of Service
RDI
Remote Defect
Indicator
QPSK
PTT
Postal, Telegraph
& Telephone
Quadrature Phase
Shift Keying
ReTP
Real Time Protocol
Rear-Chassis
Output Module
PTV
PowerTV
PVC
Permanent
Virtual Circuit
PVC
Private Virtual
Circuit
PVR
Research and
Development
R.H.
Relative Humidity
REL
Rights Expression
Language
RACF
Resource Access
Control Facility
REQ
Request
RACS
Resource &
Admission Control
Function(s)
ResApp
Resident Application
RF
Radio Frequency
RFC
Request for
Comment
RFP
Request for
Proposal
Personal Video
Recorder
RADD
Remote Addressable
DANIS/DLS
RADIUS
Remote Authentication
Dial-in User Service
RAID
Redundant Array Of
Inexpensive Disks
RG
Residential
Gateway
QoS Characteristics
Management Client
RAM
Random Access
Memory
RIAA
Recording Industry
Association of
America
QoS Characteristics
Management Server
RAN
Radio Access Network
RIM
RAP
Regional Access
Point
Rear-Chassis
Input Module
RIN
Relative Intensity
Noise
PWE3
Pseudo-Wire
End-to-End
Working Group
QAM
Quadrature Amplitude
Modulation
QBP
QoS Boundary Point
QCC
QCS
QEF
R&D
ReCOM
Quasi-Error Free
RIP
Routing Information
Protocol
RSA
Rivest-Shawir-Adleman
(crypto algorithm)
S/IMP
Signal-to-Impulse
Ratio
RISC
Reduced Instruction
Set Computer
RSM
Remote Satellite
Modulator
S/N
Signal-to-Noise Ratio
SAC
Subscriber
Authorization Center
SAG
Synthetic Analog
Gateway
SAN
Storage Area Network
SAP
Secondary Audio
Program
RJ
Registered Jack
RSU
RKS
Record-Keeping
Server
Resynchronization
Software Utility
RSVP
Resource reSerVation
Protocol
RSVPTE
Resource Reservation
Protocol with Traffic
Engineering
RT
Real Time
SAP
Service Access Point
RTI
Real Time Ingest
SARA
Scientific-Atlanta
Resident Application
RM
Resource Manager
RMS
Root Mean Square
RMX
Remux
RNOC
Regional Network
Operations Center
RO
Read Only
RTN
ROADM
Re-configurable
Optical Add/Drop
Multiplexing
Regional Transport
Network
SAS
Subscriber
Authorization System
RTOS
Real Time
Operating System
SATA
Serial Advanced
Technology Attachment
ROAP
Rights Object
Acquisition Protocol
RTP
Real-time
Transport Protocol
SAW
Surface Acoustic
Wave
ROB
Return on
Bandwidth
RTSP
Real Time
Streaming Protocol
SB
Switched Broadcast
RTT
Round-trip Time
SBC
Switched
Broadcast Client
RU
Rack Unit
SBCA
RW
Rewind
Satellite Broadcasting
Communication
Association
RX
Receiver
SBM
RZ
Return to Zero
Switched Broadcast
Manager
RZ-DPSK
Return to Zero
Differential Phase
Shift keying
SBS
Stimulated Brilliouin
Scattering
SBS
Switched
Broadcast Server
SBV
Switched
Broadcast Video
ROI
Return on
Investment
ROM
Read Only
Memory
RPD
Return Path
Demodulator
RPM
Revolutions per
Minute
RPR
Resilient Packet Ring
RS
Reed-Solomon
s.f.
Square Foot
RSA
Reed-Solomon
Association
S/I
Signal-toInterference Ratio
217
SBW
Signal Bandwidth
SCSI
Standard
Connector/Angled
Physical Contact
Small Computer
System Interface
SDV
SC/APC
Switched Digital
Video
SCTE
Society of Cable
Telecommunications
Engineers
SDVOD
Standard Definition
Video-on-Demand
Supervisory Control
& Data Acquisition
SD
Standard Definition
SE
Single Encoder
SEM
SmartStream
Encryptor Modulator
SEP
Simulcast Edge
Processor
SeRTP
Sequenced
Routing Table
Protocol
SCADA
S-CDMA
Synchronous
Code Division
Multiple Access
SCE
Single Channel
Encoder
SCM
Stored Content
Manager
SCM
Sub-Carrier
Multiplexing
SCMS
Serial Copy
Management
System
SCN
SCN
SCO
SCP
SCPC
SCR
Service Class Name
Shared Content
Network
Synchronous
Connection Oriented
Service Control
Platform
Single Channel
Per Carrier
Silicon Controlled
Rectifier
SCS
Service
Capability Server
s-CSCF
Serving-Call State/
Session Control(ler)
Function
SDB
Switched Digital
Broadast
SDH
Synchronous
Digital Hierarchy
SDI
Serial Digital
Interface
SDIO
Secure Digital
Input/Output
SERDES
Serializer/
Deserializer
SDK
Software
Development Kit
SES
Severely Errored
Seconds
SDL
Simple
DirectMedia Layer
SF
Service Flow
SF
SuperFrame
SFID
Service Flow
Identifier
SDM
SmartStream
Device Manager
SDMH
Severely Degraded
Modem Hours
SFP
SDMI
Secure Digital
Music Initiative
Small Formfactor Pluggable
SG
Service Group
SG
Signaling Gateway
SGC
Signaling Gateway
SDP
Session Description
Protocol
SDPF
Service Policy
Decision Function
SDRAM
Synchronous
Direct Random
Access Memory
SDTV
Standard Definition
Television
SGW
Security GateWay
SHA-1
Secure Hash
Algorithm 1
SHDB
Switched HighDefinition Digital
Broadcast
SI
System Information
SIC
Standard Industrial
Classification
SMS
Service Management
System
SPIT
SPAM over IP
Telephony
SID
AMOL
Source Identification
– Automatic
Measurement of
Lineups
S-MTA
Standalone Multimedia
Terminal Adaptor
SpIM
Splice Information
Message
SMTP
Self phase Modulation
Service Identifier
Simple Mail
Transfer Protocol
SPM
SID
SPP
Serial Port Profile
SIFS
Shortest
InterFrame Space
SPTS
Single Program
Transport Stream
SQL
Structured Query
Language
SR
Satellite Receiver
SIM
SIP
SISO
Subscriber
Identity Module
Session Initiation
Protocol
SNG
Satellite News
Gathering
SNMP
Simple Network
Management Protocol
SNR
Signal-to-Noise Ratio
SOA
Semiconductor
Optical Amplifier
SR
Switch Router
Single-Input
Single-Output
SOAP
SRAM
SIT
Splice Information
Table
Simple Object
Access Protocol
Static Random
Access Memory
SoC
Systems on a Chip
SRM
SL
Sync Layer
S-OFDM
System Resource
Manager
SLA
Service Level
Agreement
Scalable Orthogonal
Frequency Division
Multiplexing
SRS
Stimulated
Raman Scattering
SOH
State of Health
SLC
Shorten Last Codeword
SRTP
SOHO
SLIC
Subscriber Line
Interface Card
Small Office/
Home Office
Secure Realtime Transport
Protocol
SONET
Signal Level Meter
Synchronous
Optical Network
SRUP
SLM
Sequenced Routing
Update Protocol
SM
Single Mode
SP
Service Provider
SS7
Signaling System
number 7
Small & Medium
Business
SPAN
Services & Protocols for
Advanced Networks
SSB
Single Sideband
SMB
SME
Small &Medium
Enterprise
SMF
Single Mode Fiber
SMPTE
Society of Motion
Picture & Television
Engineers
SPDF
Synchronous
Piggybacked Data Flow
SSD
Solid State Disk
SSH
Secure Shell
SPDIF
Sony/Philips
Digital Interface
SSI
Synchronous
Serial Interface
SPE
Synchronous
Payload Envelope
SSL
Secure Sockets Layer
219
SSM
SSMF
SSP
Source Specific
Multicast
Standard Single
Mode Fiber
Session Setup
Protocol
STAMP
Set-top Applications
& Middleware
Platform
STB
Set-Top Box
STG
Subscriber
Telephony
Gateway
STL
Studio-toTransmitter Link
STM
Synchronous
Transport Module
STP
Spanning Tree
Protocol
STS
Synchronous
Transport Signal
STT
Set-top Terminal
STT
SW
Software
TDMA
SX
Short Reach as in
1000Base-SX
Time Division
Multiple Access
TDMoIP
SYNC
Synchronization Profile
Time Division
Multiplexing over
Internet Protocol
SYSLOG
System Log
TDT
Time & Date Table
SYST
System
Integration & Test
TEC
Triggered Event
Command
T1
A Telecommunications
Standard Committee
T1
TELR
Talker Echo
Loudness Rating
TAM
Tier Addressed
Message
TFC
Tunable Filter Chip
TFF
hin Film Filter
TFTP
Trivial File
Transfer Protocol
TGCP
Trunking Gateway
Control Protocol
TB
Terabyte
TBD
To Be Determined
Tbps
Terabits per Second
TC
Transmission
Convergence
TGS
Ticket Granting
Server
TCAP
Transaction Capabilities
Application Part
THz
Terahertz
TIA
Telecommunication
Industry Association
TIA
Trans Impedance
Amplifier
TIPHON
Telecommunications
& Internet Protocol
Harmonization Over
Networks
TISPAN
Telecom & Internet
Services & Protocols
for Advanced
Networks
TKIP
Temporal Key
Integrity Protocol
TL1
Transaction
Language One
TCM
Tandem Connection
Monitoring
System Time Table
TCM
Trellis Coded
Modulation
STTD
Space Time
Transmit Diversity
TCO
Total Cost of
Ownership
STUN
Simple Transversal
of UDP (User
Datagram Protocol)
TCP
Transmission
Control Protocol
SU
Subscriber Unit
TCP/IP
SUT
System Under Test
Transmission
Control Protocol/
Internet Protocol
SVOD
Subscription
Video on Demand
TDD
Time Division Duplex
SVP
Secure Video
Processor
TDM
Time Division
Multiplexing
TLS
Transparent LAN
Service
TSID
Transport Stream
Identifier
UCC
Upstream
Channel Change
TLS
Transport Layer
Security
TSP
Television Service
Processor
UCD
Upstream Channel
Descriptor
TLV
Type, Length, Value
T-SPEC
Traffic SPECification
UCID
TMX
Transport Multiplexer
TSR
Upstream
Channel Identifier
TN
Transit Node
Technical Service
Representative
UCS
TSS
Telephony Switching
Sub-System
Uplink Control
System
UDDI
Universal Description,
Discover & Integration
UDLR
Uni-Directional
Link Routing
UDP
User Datagram
Protocol
UDP/IP
User Datagram
Protocol/Internet
Protocol
UDSL
Unidirectional Digital
Subscriber Line
UDWDM
Ultra Dense
Wave Division
Multiplex
UEQ
Universal Edge QAM
(Quadrature Amplitude
Modulation)
UGS
Unsolicited Grant
Service
TNCS
Transmission Network
Control System
TOADM
Tunable Optical Add/
Drop Multiplexer
TTL
Time-to-Live
TTLS
Television on
Demand
Tunnel Transparent
Layer Security
TTS
Text To Speech
ToD
Time of Day
TURN
TOS
Theft of Service
Traversal Using
Relay NAT (Network
Address Translation)
TOS
Type of Service
TV
Television
TP
Transport
Processor
TVCT
Terrestrial Virtual
Channel Table
TPL
TDM Private Line
TVOD
TPS
Transport
Parameter
Signaling
Television on
Demand
TWC
Time Warner Cable
TX
Transmit
TXOP
Transmission
Opportunity
U/S
Upstream
UGS/
AD
UGS with Activity
Detection
UA
User Agent
UHF
U-ASPD
Unscheduled Automatic Power
Save Delivery
Ultra High
Frequency
UI
User Interface
UKL
Unit Key List
TOD
TR
Technical Reference
TRI
Telephony Return
Interface
TRP
Target Rating
Points
tRTO
TCP Retransmit
Timeout
TSI
Time Slot
Interchange
UBR
Unspecified Bit Rate
221
UMA
Unlicensed
Mobile Access
USM
UML
Unified Modeling
Language
UTI
Universal Transport
Interface
UMTS
Universal Mobile
Telecommunications
System
UTP
Unshielded
Twisted Pair
UWB
Ultra Wideband
V
Voltage
V/A
Video/Audio
VDC
Volts Direct Current
VAC
Volts Alternating
Current
VDLM
Virtual Data Line
Monitor
VDSL
Very High-bitrate Digital
Subscriber Line
UNE
Unbundled
Network Element
UNE-P
Unbundled
Network Element
- Platform
User-based
Security Model
VCM
Virtual Channel Map
VCO
Virtual Channel
Override
VCO
Voltage Cut Off
VCR
Video Cassette
Recorder
VCT
Virtual Channel
Table
UNI
User Network
Interface
VAD
Voice Activity
Detection
U-NII
Unlicensed National
Information
Infrastructure
VAG
Voice Access
Gateway
VDT
Video Dial Tone
UPA
Usability
Professionals’
Association
VBI
Vertical Blanking
Interval
VER
Virtual Ethernet
Ring
VBR
Variable Bit Rate
VF
Voice Frequency
UPrS
Uplink Product
Support
VBRNRT
Variable Bit Rate
– Non-Real Time
VHF
Very High
Frequency
UPnP
Universal Plug
& Play
VBR-RT
Variable Bit Rate
– Real Time
VHS
Video Home
System
UPS
Uninterruptible
Power Supply
VC
Virtual Channel
VLAN
Uniform Resource
Identifier
VC-1
VLL
Virtual Leased Line
URL
Uniform Resource
Locator
Video Compression
(Coding) 1
(Formerly VC-9-Soon to be VCAT)
Virtual Local
Area Network
URI
VLR
Visitor Location
Register
VM
Virtual Machine
VN
Voltage Null
VOD
Video on
Demand
US
VCAT
Virtual
Concatenation
Virtual Channel
Identifier
Variable Coding
& Modulation
Upstream
USB
Universal Serial Bus
VCI
USF
Universal Service
Fund
VCM
VoDSL
Video over Digital
Subscriber Line
VSB
Vestigial
Sideband
VoIP
Voice over
Internet Protocol
VT
Virtual Tributary
VTS
VoWi-Fi
Voice over Wi-Fi
Video Transport
Service
VP
Voltage Peak
WAN
Wide Area Network
VPI
Virtual Path
Identifier
WCD
VPL
Virtual Private Line
Wideband
Channel
Descriptor
WCDMA
Wireless Code
Division Multiple
Access
WiMedia
An alliance
for Wireless
Multimedia
WIP
Work in Process
WLAN
Wireless Local
Area Network
WM
Wave Multiplexing
or Wave Mixing
WM9
Windows Media
Player, version 9
WMAN
Wireless
Metropolitan
Area Network
VPLS
Virtual Private
LAN Service
VPN
Virtual Private
Network
WCM
Wideband Cable
Modem
WME
VPWS
Virtual Private
Wire Service
WCMTS
Wireless
Multimedia
Extension
VQ
Vector
Quantization
Wideband Cable
Modem Termination
System
WMM
Wi-Fi MultiMedia
WDM
Wave Division
Multiplex
WMMSA
WECA
Wireless Ethernet
Compatibility
Alliance
Wi-Fi MultiMedia
Standards
Association/
Alliance
WOFDM
WEP
Video-Rich
Navigation
Audio/Visual
Wired Equivalent
Privacy
WFA
Workforce
Automation
Wavelet
Orthogonal
Frequency
Division
Multiplexing
WPA
VRTX
Virtual Real-Time
Extension
WFM
Workforce
Management
Wireless (Wi-Fi)
Protected Access
VS
Video Server
WiFi
Wireless Fidelity
WPAFSK
VSA
Vector Signal
Analyzer
WiMax
WPAN
VSAT
Very Small
Aperture Terminal
Worldwide
Interoperability
for Microwave
Access
Wireless (Wi-Fi)
Protected Access
with Pre-Shared
Key
Wireless Personal
Area Network
WPE
Wireless Plant
Extension
VRF
VRN
VRNAV
Virtual Routing
& Forwarding
Tables
Video-Rich
Navigation
223
WRED
Weighted
Random Early
Detection
WSDL
Web Services
Definition
Language
xOD
X-service on
Demand (i.e.,
Movies on
Demand)
xoIP
Anything Over
Internet Protocol
WSS
Wavelength
Selective Switch
XPM
Cross-Phase
Modulation
WWAN
Wireless Wide
area Network
xPON
WWDM
Wide WDM
X version of
Passive Optical
Network
XAUI
10 Gigabit Ethernet
Attachment Unit
Interface
xVOD
xDSL
Any variant
of the Digital
Subscriber Line
technology
X version (or
form) of Video
on Demand (i.e.,
Subscription,
Near, etc.)
xWDM
Non-specific
form of Wave
Multiplex
y/y
Year Over Year
XENPAK
Fiber Optic
Transceiver
Module
conforming to
10GigE Standard
XFP
10-Gigabit Small
Form-factor
Pluggable
xHTML
Extensible
Hypertext
Markup
Language
XMI
XML
Metadata
Interchange
XML
Extensible
Markup
language
XMOD
Cross Modulation
ZWP
Zero Water Peak
ZWPF
Zero Water Peak
Fiber
224
Basic Glossary of CATV & IPTV Terms
For more information, visit the Technical Services section
of our web site and the Blonder Tongue “Broadband
Reference Guide”.
A
Access List: List kept by routers to control access to or
from the router for a number of services.
Address Mask: Bit combination used to describe which
portion of an address refers to the network or subnet
and which part refers to the host. mask.also subnet mask.
Administrative Distance: A rate of the trustworthiness of
a routing information source. The higher the value, the
lower the trustworthiness rating.
Amplification: The act of increasing the amplitude or
strength of a signal.
Amplifier: Device used to increase strength of TV signals.
Amplitude Modulation: A process whereby the amplitude
of a single frequency carrier is varied in accordance with the
instantaneous values of a modulating wave.
Analog Signal: A signal which is continually variable and
not expressed by discrete states of amplitude, frequency,
or phase.
Agile (Frequency Agile): The capability to change channels
quickly and easily, usually by setting switches, i.e. agile
modulator, agile processor.
Application Layer: Layer 7 of the OSI reference model.
This layer provides services to application processes (such
as electronic mail, file transfer, and terminal emulation).
Provides user authentication.
ATSC (Advanced Television System Committee): A digital
television format standard that will replace the US analog
NTSC television system by February 17, 2009. The high
definition television standards defined by the ATSC produce wide screen 16:9 images up to 1920×1080 pixels in
size, more than six times the display resolution of NTSC. In
lieu of an HD broadcast, up to six standard-definition “virtual channels” can be broadcast over a 6 MHz TV station.
Attenuator: Device used to reduce signal strength.
Automatic Gain Control (AGC): A feature of some amplifiers and radio receivers which provides a substantially
constant output even though the signal input varies
over wide limits.
B
Bandwidth: A range of frequencies (a portion of spectrum) defined by upper and lower frequency limits.
Bit-Error Rate: In a digital communications system, the
fraction of bits transmitted that are received incorrectly.
Bit Rate (Baud): The speed at which digital information is
transmitted, usually expressed in bits per second.
Block Size: Number of hosts that can be used in a subnet.
Block sizes typically can be used in increments of 4, 8, 16,
32, 64 and 128.
Bridge: A deivce for connecting two segments of a
network using identical protocols to communicate and
transmitting packets between them. Operates at the Data
Link layer, layer 2 of the OSI model. The purpose of the
bridge is to filter, send or flood any incoming frame, based
on MAC address of that particular frame.
Broadcast Address: Special address reserved for sending a
message to all stations. Generally, a broadcast address is a
MAC destination address of all ones.
Broadcast Domain: The set of all devices that will receive
broadcast frames originating from any device within the
set. Broadcast domains are typically bounded by routers
because routers do not forward broadcast frames.
C
Cable Equalizer: Device used to counter the effects of
cable slope. Can be a stand alone device or an optional
plug-in module for an amplifier.
Carrier-to-Noise Ratio (C/N Ratio or CNR): The difference in
amplitude of a carrier, and the noise power that is present in that portion of spectrum occupied by the carrier.
See Noise.
Cascade: Term used when referring to amplifiers serially
connected.
Cherry Picker: Type of headend system where a desired
limited number of channels are selected from a CATV feed,
rather than distributing all of the available CATV channels
common in schools.
CIDR: CIDR allows routers to group routes together in
order to cut down on the quantity of routing information
carried by the core routers. With CIDR, several IP networks
appear to networks outside the group as a single, larger
entity.
Class A Network: Part of Internet Protocal hierarchical
addressing scheme. Class A networks have only 8 bits
for defining networks and 24 bits for defining hosts and
subnets on each network.
Class B Network: Part of Internet Protocal hierarchical
addressing scheme. Class B networks have 16 bits for
defining networks and 16 bits for defining hosts and
Class C Network: Part of Internet Protocal hierarchical
addressing scheme. Class A networks have 24 bits for
defining networks and 8 bits for defining hosts and
Classful Routing: Routing protocols that do not send
subnet mask information when a route update is sent.
Classless Routing: Routing protocols that send subnet
mask information in the routing updates. Classless
Routing allows Variable Length Subnet Mask (VLSM) and
supernetting.
225
Combiner: Device, which permits combining of several
signals into one output with a high degree of isolation
between, inputs. Usually used for combining outputs of
processors and modulators.
Community: In SNMP, a logical group of managed devices
and NMSs in the same administrative domain.
Community String: Text string that acts as a password
and is used to authenticate messages sent between a
management station and a router containing a SNMP
agent. The community string is sent in every packet
between the manager and the agent.
Connectionless: Data transfer without the existence of a
virtual circuit. It has low overhead, uses best-effort delivery
and is not reliable.
Connection-Oriented: Data transfer method that sets
up a virtual circuit before any data is transferred. Uses
acknowledgement and flow control for reliable data
transfer.
Console: In SNMP (Simple Network Management
Protocol), a software program that has the capability of
interacting with an agent, including examining or changing
the values of the data objects in the agent's Management
Information Base (MIB).
Composite Triple Beat Distortion (CTB): CTB in an important
distortion measurement of analog CATV systems. It is
mainly caused by second order distortion in distribution systems.
Couplers: In fiber optics, a device which links three or
more fibers, providing two or more paths for the transmission signal.
D
Data Link Layer: Layer 2 of the OSI reference model. This
layer provides reliable transit of data across a physical link.
The data link layer is concerned with physical addressing,
network topology, line discipline, error notification,
ordered delivery of frames, and flow control. The IEEE has
divided this layer into two sublayers: The MAC sublayer
and the LLC sublayer.
Decibel (dB): A logarithmic unit of measure expressing the
ratio of two discrete levels, input and output for example,
of power, voltage, or current. May be used to denote either
loss (-dB) or gain (+dB).
Decibel-Millivolts (dBmV): The dB denotes a ratio between
two levels (see Decibel) but the qualifying term mV
establishes one of the levels as a reference. Zero dBmV
(0 dBmV) is one millivolt (0.001 or 10-1 volts) measured
across a 75 Ohm impedance.
Decibel-Milliwatt (dBm): A unit of power. Decibels referenced to a unit of one milliwatt. Zero dbM = 1 mW.
Decibel-Watt (dBW): A unit of power. Decibels referred to
a unit of one watt. Zero dBW = 1 Watt.
Demodulator: Device that provides baseband audio and
video outputs from a TV channel input.
DHCP : A TCP/IP protocol that dynamically assigns an IP
address to a computer. Dynamic addressing simplifies
network administration because the software keeps
track of IP addresses rather than requiring a network
administrator to do so.
Digital signal: A signal which is expressed by discrete
states. Information may be assigned value or meaning by
combinations of the discrete states of the signal using a
code of pulses or digits.
Directional coupler: A network or device that divides
the input signal in a fixed ratio between the output and
tap ports.
Diplexer: A device used to combine or separate two
signals. A U/V band separator is one example of a diplexer.
Dish: A parabolic antenna used for satellite reception.
Dynamic Routing: Routing that adjusts automatically to
network topology or traffic changes. Also called adaptive
routing.
E
Equalizer, cable: A network designed to compensate for the
frequency/loss characteristics of a cable, so as to permit
the system to pass all frequencies in a uniform manner.
Ethernet: A specification for a transmission system
including Layers 1 and2 of the OSI 7-layer model using
the CSMA/CD access method and operates over various
types of cables at 10 Mbps. In common usage, "Ethernet"
refers to both the DIX (DEC - Intel - Xerox) version of this
specification or to the IEEE version, moreformally known
as "802.3".
F
FCC: Federal Communications Commission. Regulatory
agency that sets communication standards in the US.
Filter: Device used to reject or pass a specified frequency or range of frequencies. Some
examples are band-pass filters, notch filters,
channel elimination filter, low & high pass filters.
Firewall: Router or access server, or several routers
or access servers, designated as a buffer between any
connected public networks and a private network. A
firewall router uses access lists and other methods to
ensure the security of the private network.
Frame: In data networks, the information packet and all of
the preceding and succeeding signals necessary (flag bytes,
preambles, frame checks, abort sequences, etc.) to convey
it along the data link
G
Gain: An increase in power produced by an amplifier and
expressed in decibels. See Amplifier.
226
Gateway: A TCP/IP router that routes packets between
different network numbers.
Get: In SNMP, a command given by the Console to retrieve
a single data structure from a MIB.
Guardband: A portion of spectrum left vacant and not utilized between two carriers or bands of carriers, to provide
a margin of safety against mutual interference.
H
Headend (HE): The equipment where all signals are
received, processed and combined prior to distribution.
Hertz (Hz): Frequency of periodic oscillations, expressed
in cycles per second.
Heterodyne: The process of mixing two frequencies
together to generate frequencies of their sum and difference. This process is used for channel conversion.
Heterodyne Signal Processor: A unit employed in CATV
systems to convert a carrier frequency to an intermediate
frequency (IF). The intermediate frequency carrier may
then be filtered, regulated, or otherwise conditioned, and
then heterodyned back to either the original carrier frequency, or to a completely new carrier frequency.
Highband: The radio spectrum between 174 and 216
megahertz (MHz). Standard television channels 7 through
13 fall within this spectrum.
Hub: A common connection point for computers and
devices in a network that takes an incoming signal and
repeats it on all other ports.
Hyperband: CATV channels AA thru YY (numeric
equivalents-37 thru 61) failing in the frequency range of
300 to 450 MHz.
I
Impedance: Circuit characteristic (voltage divided by current). TV distribution has standardized on 75-Ohm and
300-Ohm.
Insertion Loss: The loss introduced into a cable or system
by the Insertion of a device or network expressed in
decibels. See Loss.
Interference: Noise or other disturbances such as spurious
signals that, when introduced to a desired signal, reduce
the intelligibility of the information carried on that signal.
IP Address: a 32-bit address assigned to hosts using the
TCP/IP protocol. Each computer/device on the public
internet has a unique IP address. An example of an IP
address is 192.168.1.
IP Multicast: Routing technique that allows IP traffic to be
propagated from one source to a number of destinations
or from many sources to many destinations. Rather than
sending one packet to each destination, one packet is sent
to a multicast group identified by a single IP destination
group address.
Isolation: Electrical separation (or loss) between two
locations or pieces of equipment. Degree of isolation
usually specified in dB.
K
Ku Band: Range of frequencies used in satellite transmissions. Common uplink frequency for U.S. domestic
satellites is 14 to 14.5 GHz with a downlink frequency of
11.7 to 12.2 GHz.
L
LAN: A communication infrastructure that supports data
and resource sharing within a small area (<2 km diameter)
that is completely contained on the premises of a single
owner.
Laser: Acronym for “light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation”. A device which generates or amplifies
electromagnetic oscillations at wavelengths between the
far infrared (sub-millimeter) and ultraviolet.
Linear: The characteristic of a device or network whose
output signal voltage is directly proportional to its input
signal voltage.
Line Extender: An amplifier operating at relatively high
transmission levels in the feeder sub-system of a trunk plus
feeder designed CATV system.
LNA: Low Noise Amplifier. Provides initial amplification of
downlink signal at antenna location.
LNB: Low Noise Block (converter). Integrated LNA and
down converter. Available in either C or Ku band inputs. The
most prevalent output frequency scheme is 950-1450 MHz,
however other schemes that have been used include 9001400, 1000-1500 and 270-770 MHz.
Local Origination: Channels that are generated on site,
such as those that are derived from character generators,
laser disks, or VCR’s in the headend.
Loss: Reduction in signal strength usually expressed in dB.
Synonymous with attenuation.
Low Band: The radio spectrum between 54 and 88 MHz.
Standard VHF television channels 2 through 6 fall within
this spectrum.
M
Microwave: spectrum at frequencies approximately 1,000
MHz and higher.
Mid-band: The radio spectrum between 88 and 174 MHz,
which lies between standard VHF television, channels 6
and 7. CATV channels A through I (nine channels) fall within
the mid-band spectrum.
Modulator: A device, which produces a TV channel from
baseband audio/video, inputs.
Multicast: Single packets copied by the network and sent
to a specific subset of network addresses. These addresses
are specified in the destination address field.
227
Multicast Group: Dynamically determined group of IP
hosts identified by a single IP multicast address.DIX (DEC
- Intel - Xerox) version of this specification or to the IEEE
version, moreformally known as "802.3".
Multimode Fiber: A fiber that supports propagation of
more than one mode of a given wavelength.
Multiplexer: A device which combines two or more optical
signals onto one communications channel.
N
Network Address: Network layer address referring to a
logical, rather than a physical, network device. Also called
a protocol address.
Network Layer: Layer 3 of the OSI reference model. This
layer provides connectivity and path selection between
two end systems. The network layer is the layer at which
routing occurs. Corresponds roughly with the path control
layer of the SNA model.
Noise Figure (NF): A measure of how much noise an active
device, such as a TV amplifier, adds to the thermal noise
level constant of –59 dBmV
O
Oscillator: A circuit generating an alternating current wave
at some specific frequency.
P
Passive: Describing a device which does not contribute
energy to the signal it passes.
Phaselock: The control of an oscillator such that its output
signal maintains a constant phase angle relative to a second, reference signal.
Photodetector: Any device which detects light, generally
producing an electronic signal with intensity proportional
to that of the incident light.
Photodiode: A diode designed to produce photo-current by absorbing light. Photodiodes are
used for the detection of optical power and for
the conversion of optical power to electrical power.
PING (Packet Internet Groper): A command used to test
connectivity to a device over a TCP/IP network.
Power: Energy per unit of time.
Pre-Amplifier: Low noise amplifier usually mounted in
close proximity to a receiving antenna. Used to compensate for down lead losses.
Q
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM): Digital
modulation format where information is conveyed in the
amplitude and phase of a carrier signal.
Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK): Form of Phase
Shift Keying in which two bits are modulated at once,
selecting one of four possible carrier phase shifts (0, 90,
180, or 270 degrees). QPSK allows the signal to carry
twice as much information as ordinary PSK using the
same bandwidth. QPSK is used for satellite transmission of
MPEG-2 video, cable modems, video-conferencing, cellular
phone systems, and other forms of digital communication
over an RF carrier.
R
Receiver: A device that detects and converts a signal
after transmission over a communications network from
a transmitter.
Remote Local Origination: Closed-circuit program generated some place other than the headend. Example:
Sub-channel origination.
Repeater: A signal amplification device, often used along
cables to extend transmission distances.
Return loss: A ratio expressed in dB between the reflected
signal and the total signal applied to a device.
RFI: Radio Frequency Interference. Undesired RF signals.
Router: A device that routes/forwards data across a
networks.
RTP: defines a standardized packet format for
delivering audio and video over IP network.
S
Session Layer: The layer in the OSI 7-Layer Model that is
concerned with managing the resources required for the
session between two computers.
Signal-to-Noise Ratio (S/N Ratio): The difference in
amplitude of a signal (before modulation or after detection of a modulated carrier), and the noise present in the
spectrum occupied by the signal, when both are measured
at the same point in the system.
Single-Mode Fiber: An optical waveguide through which
only one mode will propagate.
Slope: Difference in attenuation between specified low
and high frequencies.
SNMP: A de facto standard for management of networked
devices using a simple request-response data retrieval
mechanism.
Splitter: A network or device that divides its input energy
equally between two outputs.
Strip Amplifier: Slang expression for a channelized highoutput AGC’d amplifier used in processing VHF or UHF
channels in a headend.
Sub-Band: The radio spectrum between 5 and 40 MHz.
Subnet : A portion of a network that shares a common
address component but is on a different segment than the
rest of the network.
Subnet Address: Portion of an IP address that is specified
as the subnetwork by the subnet mask. See also IP address,
228
subnet mask, and subnetwork.
Subnet Mask: A representation of a user's Internet
address where all of the bit positions corresponding to
the user's network and subnetwork id are 1's and the bit
corresponding to the user's host id are 0's.
Super-Band: The radio spectrum between 216 and approx.
400 MHz.
Switch: A switch is a device that forwards packets between
nodes based on the packet's destination node address
(either hardware or protocol).
T
Tap, Subscriber: A device that diverts a predetermined
amount of its input energy to one or more tap outputs. The
remaining balance of the input energy is presented to a tap
output port for propagation farther out into the system.
Tap, optical: A device for extracting a portion of the optical
signal from a fiber.
Telnet : A Telnet program allows a user at a terminal or
PC to log in to a remote computer and run a program and
execute other Unix commands.
Termination: Resistive device at end of distribution line or
unused outputs of equipment to avoid reflections (ghost).
Thru-Line Loss: Insertion loss of a tapoff.
Transmitter-Fiber: In a fiber optic system, the device
which converts a modulated electrical signal into an optical signal for transmission through a fiber. A transmitter
typically consists of a light source (LED or diode laser) and
driving electronics.
Transmitter: A device that launches signals into a
communications network, to be collected by a receiver
on the other end.
Transcoder: Also Transmodulator. Changing a signal’s
modulation scheme to a different modulation for bandwidth efficiency or system requirements.
Transponder: A frequency converter (translator) aboard a
satellite that changes the uplink signal to the downlink signal and provides amplifications. Typical C-Band domestic
satellites have 24 transponders.
Transport Protocol: The Protocol Layer of the OSI 7-Layer
Model that is concerned with management of the data
flow between source and destination.
Trap: A device used to attenuate specific frequencies
of channels.
Trap: In SNMP, a message sent from the Agent to the
Console when the Agent detects that condition defined by
the network manager has occurred.
Two-way: Describing a transmission system, which can
transport signals in both directions simultaneously.
T-1 Carrier System: A digital transport signal (1.5 Mbps).
A 24-channel, transistorized, time-division, pulse-code
modulation, voice carrier used on exchange cable to provide short-haul trunks.
U
UDP: A protocol within the TCP/IP protocol suite that
is used in place of TCP when a reliable delivery is not
required. There is less processing of UDP packets than
there is for TCP. UDP is widely used for streaming audio
and video, voice over IP (VoIP) and videoconferencing,
because there is no time to retransmit erroneous or
dropped packets.
Uplink: Transmission from earth to a satellite.
V
Vestigial Side Band (VSB): In amplitude-modulated transmissions, a portion of only one sideband of a modulated
carrier. The modulated carrier is passed through a filter
having a graduated cut-off characteristic near the carrier
frequency.
Video: 1. Pertaining to the signal which carries a television
picture. 2. Describing the 4 MHz band of frequencies which
constitutes a television signal.
W
Watt: The Unit of Electric Power.
Waveguide: Any device which guides electromagnetic
waves along a path defined by the physical construction
of the device.
Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM): The provision of two or more channels over a common optical
waveguide, the channels being differentiated by optical
wavelength.
8VSB: The 8-level vestigial sideband modulation method
adopted for terrestrial broadcast of the ATSC digital television standard in the United States, Canada, and other
countries.
Useful Websites
www.antennaweb.org: off-air antenna reports (see page 140 for sample)
www.tvfool.com: off-air antenna reports
www.fcc.gov: Federal Communications Commission - CATV rules
Useful Websites:
http://acronyms.silmaril.ie/cgi-bin/uncgi/acronyms: Acronym Search
(see page 139 for sample)
www.lyngsat.com:
satellite
www.antennaweb.org
– off-airinformation
antenna reports
www.satsig.net:
signalsreports
information
www.tvfool.com –satellite
off-air antenna
www.fcc.gov - Federal Communications
www.satelliteguys.us:
satellite forums Commission - CATV rules
http://acronyms.silmaril.ie/cgi-bin/uncgi/acronyms
- Acronym Search
www.geo-orbit.org:
satellite lookup
www.lyngsat.com - satellite information
www.satnews.com:
glossary
www.satsig.net - satellite signals information
www.its.bldrdoc.gov/fs-1037:
rules for telecommunications
www.satelliteguys.us – satellite forums
www.scte.org:
Society
of Cable
Television Engineers
www.geo-orbit.org
- satellite
lookup
www.satnews.com - glossary
www.its.bldrdoc.gov/fs-1037 - rules for telecommunications
www.scte.org - Society of Cable Television Engineers
Useful Publications
Useful Publications:
Cable Television by William Grant (text book)
Society of Cable Television Engineers, Inc.
140 Philips Road
Exton, PA 19341-1318
Phone: 610-363-6888
Fax: 610-363-5898
Wireless Cable and SMATV by Steve Berkhoff and Frank Baylin
Baylin Publications (paperback)
1905 Mariposa
Boulder, CO 80302
Phone: 303-449-4551
Fax:303-939-8720
229
One Jake Brown Rd.
Old Bridge, NJ 08857
TEL: 732-679-4000
FAX: 732-679-4353
800-523-6049
Please Visit our Website for a List of
Company Contacts and Literature Requests.
©2011 Blonder Tongue Laboratories, Inc. All rights reserved.
Specifications are subject to change without notice.
Trademarks are the property of their respective owner.
Rev 11.0
One Jake Brown Road, Old Bridge, NJ 08857
(732) 679-4000 • Fax (732) 679-4353
2012
$8.95 U.S.A.

1 - Blonder Tongue Laboratories Inc.

Transcription

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