PowerPoint - Afghan Ag

Guava (Psidium guajava) production
in south Florida
Jonathan H. Crane, Tropical
Fruit Crop Specialist
University of Florida, IFAS
Tropical Research and Education Center,
Homestead
Botany
• Myrtaceae
• Other fruit crops within the Myrtaceae include feijoa (Fiejoa
sellowiana), cattley guava (P. cattleianum), jaboticaba
(Myrciaria cauliflora), purple mombin (Spondias purpurea ),
Malay apple (Syzygium malaccensis), wax jambu (S.
samarangense), Surinam cherry (Eugenia uniflora), clove
(Eugenia caryophyllus), allspice (Pimenta dioica), and
eucalyptus (Eucalyptus sp.).
• Origin – Tropical America (Peru to Mexico).
• Distributed throughout the subtropical and tropical world.
• Major producers include India, Brazil, Mexico, Thailand, and
Taiwan.
Botany
• Single or multi-trunked small to medium trees to 3-10 m tall.
• Seedlings with taproot but relatively shallow root system (especially
airlayered trees), fibrous root system within 30-45 cm soil surface.
• Evergreen – leaf abscission rate is influenced by temperatures and
soil moisture.
• Leaves are simple, take 9-13 weeks to mature, and under
subtropical conditions may live12-18 months or more.
• New shoots arise from lateral buds on older stems and as extension
of already established terminals.
• Flowers are solitary or in 2-3 flowered cymes and arise from leaf
axils of new shoots; flowers are white to pink to red with numerous
stamens and a 4-5 locular ovary.
Botany
• Guava fruit is a berry with a persistent calyx, thin to thick exocarp
(peel) and thick, smooth to gritty, mesocarp with zero (triploid) to
many seeds. Flesh color ranges from white, off-white, pink, reddishpink to dark purplish-red.
• Fruit may be obovate
to globose to oblong to
pyriform with a light
green to yellow to
maroon peel. Fruit may
weigh from 28 g to ~1.0
kg
‘Homestead’
Climatic adaptations - optimum
• May grow well from sea level to ~1500 m; an
aseasonal, tropical climate best.
• Shoot growth, 23-28oC; >15oC minimum.
• Root growth, >13oC?
• Optimum temperatures during flowering, 23-28oC.
• Optimum temperature range for fruit growth varies
with cultivar but is in the mid- to upper 20s.
Optimum climatic scenario
• Optimum flowering and fruiting occurs in nonseasonal
climates where vegetative growth and reproductive growth are
not limited by temperature and soil moisture. In asynchronous
environments guava may have a nonsynchronous phenology
which results in low yields. In synchronous environments, a
check in growth by drought or cool temperatures induces
quiescence and subsequent warm temperatures and
nonlimiting soil moisture initiates flowering. The quiescence
synchronizes growth, flowering, and fruit production. Pruning
may also be used as a tool to induce synchronous tree
behavior and flowering.
Guava growth habit
• Architecturally guava is a polyaxial species with a
synchronous growth pattern which may be
characterized by alternating root and shoot growth
and concurrent vegetative and reproductive growth.
Site selection and soils
Guava is grown in a wide range • Exposure to cool and/or dry
of environments and regions
periods enhances
• Mediterranean, semi-arid,
synchronous behavior.
winter rainfall pattern areas • Many well drained soil types,
(Israel, Egypt).
pH 4.5-7.0, with moderate to
• Warm, humid subtropical
high fertility.
areas (Mexico, Florida,
• Moderately tolerant of
Taiwan).
periodic excessive soil
• Hot, low-midland tropical
moisture and flooding.
areas (Central and South
America [Brazil], Caribbean,
Africa, Southeast Asia,
Australia).
Orchard/grove infrastructure
• Land preparation – clearing,
leveling or sloping and/or
bedding, ditches/canals.
• Grove layout – NS is
preferred for optimum
duration of light exposure; for
some land parcels it is more
efficient for equipment and
movement for rows to be
oriented in EW direction.
• Irrigation system(s)
installation – for watering
and possibly fertilizing;
microsprinkler or drip; for
cold protection use high
volume irrigation.
• Wind machines for cold
protection in areas with
predominantly radiation
type freezing events.
Cultivars
• Cultivars vary depending
• Florida grows a
upon the target market, e.g.,
number of “private”
Asian American market for
selections and
large white fleshed types
cultivars.
eaten green like an apple.
• There are
• Generally, less than 10% of
numerous cultivars
the flowers set fruit and are
carried to maturity. This may
and types grown
not be true for some of the
throughout
white cultivars.
subtropical and
tropical areas.
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Beaumont (pink) – HI
Examples •of cultivars
• Kah hua Kala (pink) – HI
• Bassateen Edfina – Egypt
Supreme (white) - FL
• Puerto Rico – Colombia
Ruby (red) - FL
• Rojo – Colombia
Blitch (pink) - FL
• Agrio – Colombia
Patillo (pink) - FL
• Hong Kong Pink (pink) –
Homestead (Ruby x
Hong Kong
Supreme) (pink-red) - FL • Kampuchea (white) – Vietnam
Webber (white)
• Thai Maroon (maroon) –
Webber x Supreme (white)
Thailand
• Pearl – Taiwan
Lucknow (white) – India
• Century – Taiwan
Pearl (white) - Taiwan
• Crystal - Taiwan
‘Blanca’
‘Century’
‘Homestead’
(Ruby x Supreme)
Guava propagation
• Seed: variable progeny due to being open-pollinated;
although purposeful hand pollination and seeds from
a solid planting will result in less variable progeny.
• Division: stooling and marcottage.
• Cutting: greenwood with 1-2 internodes, reduced
leaves in size by one-half, rooting hormone, and mist
bed.
• Budding: patch, Fokert, T-bud.
• Grafting: veneer.
Plant spacing in Florida
• Mature/ripe market guava: Range
• Factors
3.7 m to 6.1 m in-row (12-20 ft);
– Life expectancy
5.5 m to 7.6 m between-row (18of the grove
25 ft).
– Climate
• Recommended: 1) 5.5 m to 6.1 m
– Tree vigor
in-row (20-25 ft) and 6.1 m to 6.7
– Ultimate tree
m between rows (20-22 ft); 2) high
size desired
density until crowding then remove
every other tree in-row.
– Presence of
irrigation system • Green market guava: Range from
1 to 2 m in-row (3-6 ft); 3 to 4 m
between-row (10-13 ft).
Requirements for optimum
flowering and fruiting
• Exposure to drought and/or cool •
non-freezing temperatures to
induce quiescence.
• Warm (~mid to upper 20oC)
temperatures to induce
vegetative growth and flowering •
and fruit set; nonlimiting soil
moisture.
• High temperatures (mid to
upper 20oC) during fruit
development and nonlimiting
soil moisture.
•
A period of time for carbon
assimilation (A) and storage
before the next cycle of
flowering and fruiting.
The degree of selfincompatibility varies among
cultivars. Flowers may be cross
or self pollinated. Percent fruit
set from cross pollination
ranges from 26-43%.
Pollinators include various bee
species (including Apis
mellifera).
Crop production strategy
• Time N fertilizer applications to • Maintain nonlimiting soil
support flowering and fruit
moisture from flowering
through harvest.
development cycles and
postharvest A and
• Appropriate tree size
control program to
carbohydrate accumulation.
maintain productive
• Not to over apply N which
canopy.
results in favoring vegetative
• Maintain postharvest
over reproductive growth.
canopy for A and
• Maintain all other nutrients at
carbohydrate
nonlimiting levels.
accumulation.
Plant nutrition
• Moderate to high soil fertility.
• Leaf litter and/or mulching is
beneficial.
• Apply 168-225 kg ha-1 yr-1
(150-200 lbs N acre-1 yr-1).
• Split nitrogen applications
into 2-4 application per
cropping cycle; prior or at
bloom, mid-season, at or just
after harvest.
• High N applications may
enhance “off season”
flowering and fruiting.
• Secondary and minor
elements should be
applied on an as needed
basis or maintenance level
to maintain tree health.
Leaf nutrient levels
for guava
Taken from: Shigeura,
G.T. and R.M Bullock.
1983. Guava (Psidium
Guajava L.) in Hawaii –
History and Production.
Univ. of HI, HITAHR,
Hilo, HI.
Element
Unit
Opt.
value
N
P
K
%
%
%
1.70
0.25
1.50
Ca
%
1.25
Mg
S
Zn
Mn
%
%
ppm
ppm
0.25
0.18
20
60
Cu
ppm
8
B
ppm
20
Iron deficiency
Guava phenology
Amount of development
Vegetative flush
Nov
Dec
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Month
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Guava phenology
Amount of development
Vegetative flush
Root flush
Nov
Dec
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Month
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Guava phenology
90
80
29
Air temperature
Soil temperature
27
Vegetative flush
75
24
70
21
65
18
Root flush
60
Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct
Month
16
Temperature (°C)
Temperature (oF)
85
32
Guava phenology
Flower bud
development
Amount of development
Flower bud
development
Nov
Dec
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Month
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Guava phenology
Flower bud
development
Flowering
and fruit set
Nov
Dec
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Month
Jun
Amount of development
Fruit
drop
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Guava phenology
Fruit
development
Harvest
Amount of development
Harvest
Nov
Dec
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Month
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Guava phenology
Harvest
Amount of development
Harvest
Nov
Dec
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Month
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Production practices for Florida guava.
Operation
Disease1
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
anthracnose
Insect
2
Monitor for flower and fruit pests all year. Mite problems greater during young fruit stage.
Fertilizer:
General3
Nutritional4
Iron5
Iron applications more effective during warm weather
Weed control:
Mow
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Herbicide
Contact
Irrigation6
Harvest
Moderate
light
moderate to heavy
Hedge and
topping7
Frost protection
Hedge and top after harvest. Pruning induces off-season flowering.
Operation
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Critical periods for irrigation
•
•
•
•
At flowering and fruit set.
During fruit development.
During excessively dry conditions.
Irrigation rate (amount) varies with tree size, climatic demands, soil
type and depth and should be determined with soil moisture
monitoring.
Tree training and tree size control
• Training of young trees is not common. However,
heading back to force lateral development and removal
of misplaced and V-crotched limbs will reduce problems
later.
• Trees size control may be by hand pruning and/or more
commonly mechanically.
• Suggested tree size varies with environment, plant
spacing, available technology, frequency of hurricanes,
and cultivar growth habit and harvest season.
• Reasons for tree size control – maintain light levels and
lower productive canopy, improve crop production,
increase air movement – reduce disease incidence,
reduce potential hurricane damage.
Tree training and tree size control
•
•
•
•
•
In general, the warmer the climate the more vigorous tree growth will
be.
The wider the spacing the longer it takes to require regular pruning.
The closer the plant spacing the earlier a pruning program is
required and the more frequently trees are pruned.
In general, designing a pruning program for cultivars with a vigorous,
upright growth habit is more difficult than for less vigorous,
spreading growth habit cultivars.
Recommendation for Florida fresh ripe market groves, top trees to
1.8-2.4 m (6-8 ft) and maintain an 1.8-2.4 m (6-8 ft) middle.
Selective pruning to open up the canopy to light and air movement
improves production and reduces fruit disease incidence.
Note: Green market guava trees are generally extensively hand
pruned and maintained at 0.8 to 1.2 m tall (~2.5-4 ft).
Hedging and topping guava
Crop cycling strategies
• In general, guava has two “natural” harvest seasons per
year, however, usually one is usually more pronounced.
• Crop cycling in guava is based on the fact that guava
flowers are borne on new, succulent, vigorously emerging
vegetative growth; either from lateral buds on older wood
or at the shoot terminals.
• Cool temperatures and/or lack of soil moisture (drought)
induces quiescence in guava trees. This may be used to
provide flowering/fruiting year round.
• Guava trees also respond reproductively to defoliation
and fertilizer.
• Guava trees also respond reproductively to pruning by
itself, i.e., prune to induce new vegetative/reproductive
growth.
Crop cycling strategies
• Crop cycling may be initiated immediately after a crop
is harvested or timed to when the next cycled crop is
desired. Usually, a crop harvest may begin 5.5 to 7.5
months after a cycling treatment.
• Method 1: Harvest > pruning > impose drought stress>
irrigate (water) plus fertilization.
• Method 2: Harvest > prune (20-30% of undesirable
limbs need to be eliminated) > foliarly apply defoliant >
irrigate plus fertilization.
• Defoliant mixtures (options): 1) ethrel (900 ml), 10.9 kg
urea plus surfactant; 2) ethrel (600 ml), 10.9 kg urea
plus surfactant; 3) 25% solution of urea plus surfactant
Reaction of guava
to pruning
Guava crop production in Florida
• Young trees begin to produce on a commercial scale after 3 to 4
years.
• Yields from mature trees average 23-36 kg per tree (50-80 lbs)
however, greater yields are possible.
• Naturally, there is a bigger and lesser harvest each year; however,
crop cycling may change the distribution of harvest throughout the
year.
Harvest indices
• Picked based on
target market and
cultivar.
• Asian American
market – large,
white fleshed
cultivars, picked,
green mature.
•Hispanic American market – small to
large, pink fleshed cultivars picked, at
color break (green to light green/yellow)
Major diseases and insects in Florida
• Red alga (Cephaleuros
virescens) – periodic copper
applications
• Anthracnose (Colletotrichum
gloeosporioides)
• Root-knot nematode
(Meloidogyne incognita) –
rootstocks (P.
friedrichsthalianum)?,
nematicides?
• Eryphide mite
• Guava whitefly (Metaleurodicus
cardini)
• Caribbean fruit fly (Anastrepha
syspensa)
• Guava moth (Argyresthia
eugeniella)
• Allow “natural” predators to
work, use least disruptive
materials, scout/monitor grove
continuously and apply
insecticide as needed.
Caribbean fruit fly control
• Two main options
– Insecticide spray
program
– Bagging individual fruit
Postharvest handling
• Pick carefully and
place bins in shade
immediately.
• If available hydrocool.
• Sort and pack and
place in cold storage
immediately.
• Optimum storage
temperature ranges
from 5-8oC.
‘Blanca’
Guava environmental stress and management
Moderate to highly tolerant
High tolerance
• Flood – leaf wilting, chlorosis,
desiccation, and abscission;
• Drought – leaf wilting, chlorosis,
fruit desiccation and abscission;
desiccation, and abscission;
stem and limb dieback; severe
crop loss; tree death.
fruit drop, reduced fruit size;
stem and limb dieback; reduced • Solutions – site selection,
tolerant rootstocks, mounding,
crop yields; tree death.
bedding, ditch/canal/ contour,
• Solutions - wide plant spacing,
subsurface drainage, hardpan
deep rooting, mulching,
disruption.
irrigation.
Guava environmental stress and management
Moderate tolerance
• Freezing – leaf wilting, water
soaking, desiccation,
abscission; stem and limb
dieback; fruit drop; tree
death; cool temperatures
accelerate leaf senescence.
• Solutions – site selection,
cold tolerant cultivars, high
volume irrigation, wind
machines.
Moderate tolerance
• Salinity – marginal and tip
necrosis on leaves; stem and
limb dieback; reduced fruit
size, fruit drop; tree death.
• Solutions – site selection,
water quality and quantity –
flushing soil profile
periodically; tolerant
rootstocks.
Guava environmental stress and management
Tolerant
• Wind – stem, limb
breakage; toppling,
windthrow, stumping;
tree death.
• Solutions – site
selection, wind
breaks; regular
pruning program.
Moderate tolerance
• High pH, calcareous
soil – nutrient
deficiencies, especially
iron, zinc, manganese,
and magnesium.
• Solutions – frequent
foliar applications of
minor elements (Zn,
Mn, Mg) and chelated
Fe materials.
Guava fruit nutrient content –
value per 3.5 oz (100 grams) of fruit
Water, 86%
Calories, 51 kcal
Protein, 0.82 g
Total lipid (fat), 0.60 g
Vit. C, 183.5 mg
Vit. A, 624 IU
Vit. E, 0.73 mg
Vit. B-6, 0.14 mg
Source, USDA
Thiamin, 0.05 mg
Niacin, 1.2 mg
Calcium, 20 mg
Magnesium, 10 mg
Phosphorus, 25 mg
Potassium, 284 mg
Sodium, 3 mg
High in antioxidents/ phenols
(Red>white types)
Uses
•
•
•
•
•
Fresh fruit, ripe or green
Juices, purees
Jams, jellies
Ice cream
Desserts, pastries