301 - Oklahoma State University - Library

301 - Oklahoma State University - Library

12 Ind. C 1 . Corn. 301
BEFORE THE I N D I A N CLAIMS COMMISSION
THE YAKIMA T R I B E ,
Petitioner,
v.
THE UNITED STATES,
-Defendant.
.Docket No. 161
THE CONE'EDEWTED TRIBES OF THE
COLVILLE RESERVATION, e t a l .
Intervenor.
( P e t i t i o n e r i n Docket
Nos. 222 and 224)
Decided : J u l y 29, 1963
--
ADDITIONAL FINDINGS OF FACT
Introduction
I n o u r d e c i s i o n of J u l y 28, 1959, e n t e r e d w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e
p e t i t i o n e r s i n Dockets Nos. 161 and 2 2 4 , t h e Commission found t h a t both
p e t i t i o n e r s were proper p a r t i e s t o i n s t i t u t e t h e c l a i m s b e f o r e t h e I n d i a n
Claims C o m i s s i o n .
We found t h a t t h e Yakima T r e a t y o f J u n e 9, 1855 (12
S t a t . 951), r a t i f i e d on March 8 , 1859, merged t h e c o n f e d e r a t e d t r i b e s o r
bands named i n t h e preamble t o t h e t r e a t y i n t o t h e newly formed Yakima
z .
Nation and t h a t t h e Confederated Yakima Nation became t h e s u c c e s s o r i n
i n t e r e s t t o t h e formerly s e p a r a t e t r i b a l e n t i t i e s and a l l t h e r i g h t s of
t h e former s e p a r a t e t r i b a l e n t i t i e s were merged a s of March 8, 1859.
The Commission found t h a t n e i t h e r t h e p e t i t i o n e r i n Docket No.
161 nor
t h e p e t i t i o n e r i n Docket No. 224 i s t h e f u l l s u c c e s s o r t o t h e Yakima
Nation a s i t was c r e a t e d and e x i s t e d pursuant t o t h e Yakima T r e a t y .
Concluding t h a t both p e t i t i o n i n g o r g a n i z a t i o n s c o n t a i n e d members
.
1 2 I n d . C 1 . Corn. 3 0 1
o r d e s c e n d e n t s of members of t h e band o r t r i b e s comprising t h e Yakima
N a t i o n , we found t h a t b o t h p e t i t i o n e r s were e n t i t l e d t o m a i n t a i n c l a i m s
f o r t h e t a k i n g of t h e l a n d s i n v o l v e d i n t h e Yakima T r e a t y , and by o r d e r
d a t e d J u l y 28, 1959, p e t i t i o n e r i n Docket No. 224 was p e r m i t t e d t o i n t e r v e n e a s a p e t i t i o n e r i n Docket No. 161.
The Commission makes t h e f o l l o w i n g f i n d i n g s o f f a c t which a r e s u p p l e m e n t a l t o t h e f i n d i n g s numbered 1 through 1 8 h e r e t o f o r e made h e r e i n
(7 I n d . C1. Comm. 7 9 4 ) :
19.
The p e t i t i o n e r i n Docket No. 222 i s t h e Confederated T r i b e s o f
t h e C o l v i l l e R e s e r v a t i o n a s t h e r e p r e s e n t a t i v e of t h e P a l u s Band, o r i n
t h e a l t e r n a t i v e a s t h e s u c c e s s o r t o t h e c l a i m s of t h e P a l u s Band, a n d
two named i n d i v i d u a l s , a s t h e r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s of t h e P a l u s Band.
-
The
Commission f i n d s t h a t t h e named p e t i t i o n e r i n Docket No. 222 may p r o p e r l y
m a i n t a i n c l a i m s b e f o r e t h i s Commission i n i t s r e p r e s e n t a t i v e c a p a c i t y
o n b e h a l f o f t h e P a l u s Band o r T r i b e .
The Cormnission,further
finds t h a t
p e t i t i o n e r i n Docket No. 222 s h o u l d b e allowed t o i n t e r v e n e r n t h e a c t i o n
b r o u g h t by p e t i t i o n e r i n Docket No. 161, a n d we have s o o r d e r e d .
20.
The s u b j e c t c a s e i n v o l v e s c l a i m s a r i s i n g from t h e a l l e g e d t a k i n g
by d e f e n d a n t o f t h e a b o r i g i n a l l a n d s which had been u s e d and o c c u p i e d by
t h e I n d i a n t r i b e s which were p a r t i e s t o t h e 1855 Yakima T.reaty,
The l a n d s
a l l e g e d t o h a v e been s o h e l d were, f o r t h e most p a r t , w i t h i n t h e a r e a ceded
by t h e Yakima T r e a t y , a s d e s c r i b e d i n A r t i c l e 1.
The ceded a r e a i s d e s c r i b e d
by C h a r l e s C. Royce i n h i s c o m p i l a t i a n of I n d i a n l a n d c e s s i o n s a s Royce
,
-
-
3
Area 364, shown on Map 1 of t h e S t a t e of Washington.
T h e . p e t i t l o n e r s do
I2 Ind. C1. Comm. 3 Q l
n o t claim a l l of t h e l a n d included w i t h i n t h e Yakima T r e a t y c e s s i o n .
However, the claims a l s o i n c l u d e Lands which extend beyond t h e l i m i t s o f
t h e a r e a ceded by t h e Yakima Treaty.
S p e c i f i c a l l y , t h e a r e a s claimed
on behalf of t h e Chelan, Columbia, K l i k i t a t and P a l u s T r i b e s i n c l u d e land
o u t s i d e Royce Area 364.
The claimed a r e a i s l o c a t e d i n t h e p r e s e n t S t a t e of Washington n o r t h .
of t h e Columbia River arid e a s t of t h e Cascade Mountains.
The United
S t a t e s acquired undisputed sovereignty over t h i s l a n d by t h e ~ r e a t ~ - .o f'
June. 15, 1846, with Great B r i t a i n .
'
By t h e Act of August 14, 1848 ( 9 s t a t . '
-
323) t h e 'area was included w i t h i n t h e T e r r i t o r y of Oregon, and by t h e
.'
~ c t - o'March
f
2, 1853 (10 S t a t . 172) t h e claimed a r e a became p a r t .of t h e
T e r r i t o r y of Washington,
.
-
Both t h e Oregon and Washington T e r r i t o r i a l
-.
Acts p r o h i b i t e d any impairment of t h e r i g h t s of I n d i a n s t o l a n d - i n t h e
r e s p e c t i v e t e r r i t o r i e s s o long a s such r i g h t s remained u n e x t i n g u i s h e d by
t r e a t y between t h e United S t a t e s and such Indians.
- 21.
, -
.
-
-
..
'-.
Each of t h e t r i b e s included w i t h i n t h e Yakima T r e a t y was a
s e p a r a t e , d i s t i n c t , e t h n i c t r i b e o r group.
The s e p a r a t e t r i b e s w e r e ' a t
peace w i t h one another and possessed c e r t a i n s i m i l a r c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s and
customs.
A.
However, t h e t r i b e s can be grouped t o g e t h e r t o i n c l u d e :
The S a l i s h speaking t r i b e s :
I.
2.
3,
4.
B.
Chelan
Entiat
Wenatchee
Columbia
The Sahaptin speaking t r i b e s :
5.
6.
Kittitas
Yakima
.. .
.
.
.
12 ind. C1. Com~. 301
7.
8.
9.
10.
C.
Klikitat
Wanapam
Palus
Skeen
Chinookan speaking t r i b e :
11.
Wishram
Lewis and Clark
22,
The h i s t o r y of t h e I n d i a n t r i b e s i n Royce Area 364 began w i t h
t h e e x p l o r e r s Lewis and Clark.
I n October, 1805, t h e y s t a r t e d down t h e
upper Clearwater River i n canoes and then t r a v e l e d through t h e s o u t h e r n
p o r t i o n of t h e s u b j e c t a r e a down t h e Snake River t o i t s j u n t t i o n w i t h t h e
Columbia River.
Along t h e Snake River they noted numerous I n d i a n v i l l a g e s
and commented on a number of f i s h i n g s i t e s along t h e r i v e r , i n c l u d i n g a
f i s h i n g s i t e on t h e Snake River a t t h e mouth of Drewyers (Palouse) River.
One s k e t c h r e v e a l e d t h e name P a l - l a c e a t t h i s s i t e which might s i g n i f y t h e
a n c e s t r a l Palus group.
On t h e map of t h e expedition prepared i n 1807 by
William Clark, t h e "PaloosY1 I n d i a n s a r e i n d i c a t e d i n t h e a r e a n o r t h of t h e
Snake (Lewis) River t o t h e west of t h e Palouse (Drewyers) R i v e r .
There
were n o t a t i o n s i n t h e J o u r n a l s i n d i c a t i n g t h a t most of t h e I n d i a n s were
o u t on h u n t i n g e x p e d i t i o n s a t t h a t time ( t h e autumn season).
Onc. some o f
t h e i r maps Lewis and C l a r k used symbols t o d i s t i n g u i s h t h e wooden houses
from t h e t i p i o r mat covered houses.
D r . Verne F. Ray, ~ e t i t i o n e r ' s
e x p e r t a n t h r o p o l o g i s t , considered t h a t t h i s i n f o m a t i o n s e p a r a t e d Palus
IndFans, who used wooden houses, from t h e neighboring t r i b e s which used
t i p i o r mat houses.
However, t h e Commission has a l s o noted t h a t D r . Ray
t e s t i f i e d t h a t Lewis and Clark r e p c r t e d a "few wooden houses among t h e
12 Ind. C 1 . Corn. 301
Nez Perce b u t only i n t h e a r e a immediately a d j a c e n t t o t h e P a l u s , and
t h e Nez Perce d i d l e a r n t o make t h e s e houses from t h e Palus" (Tr. 734,
735).
The Commission a l s o has noted t h a t D r . Ray, i n h i s r e p o r t on t h e
Palus, r e f e r r e d t o Father D e Smet's map (Pet. Ex. 529) and t h e f a c t t h a t
he i n d i c a t e d a l a r g e number of "house symbols" f o r t h e Palus a r e a below
t h e mouth of t h e Palouse River (Pet. Ex. 544, p. 30).
F a t h e r D e Smet's
map shows a number of house symbols f o r o t h e r I n d i a n t r i b e s i n c l u d i n g
Yakima, Walla Walla, Cayouse, S i n p o i l and Spokane.
When they reached
t h e i n t e r s e c t i o n of t h e Snake and Columbia r i v e r s , Lewis and C l a r k took
. .
a s i d e t r i p up t h e Columbia River a s f a r a s t h e mouth of t h e Bakima River
and commented on numerous I n d i a n s w i t h mat lodges and immense q u a n t i t i e s
.
of d r i e d f i s h .
.
While t h e r e i s n o t agreement among t h e e x p e r t e t h n o l o g i s t s
concerning t h e c o r r e l a t i o n of t h e names used by Lewis and C l a r k w i t h t h e
t r i b e s and bands i d e n t i f i e d w i t h t h e Yakima Nation, t h e r e a r e a number of
.
.
i n s t a n c e s i n which t h e band names used by Lewis and C l a r k have been
v a r i o u s l y i d e n t i f i e d w i t h l a t e r bands which became p a r t of t h e Yakima
Nation.
For example, D r . Verne F. Ray and o t h e r s i n t h e i r work e n t i t l e d ,
T r i b a l D i s t r i b u t i o n i n E a s t e r n Oregon and Adjacent Regions, a p p e a r i n g i n
t h e American Anthropologist, published i n 1938, i d e n t i f i e d t h e f o l l o w i n g
Lewis and Clark names w i t h t h e E n g l i s h e q u i v a l e n t f o r t r i b e s i n v o l v e d i n
t h e Yakima cession:
1 2 Ind. C 1 . COD.
301
Lewis and Clark
naine
English
equivalent
Location i n
1805-1806
Wah-how-pum
Klikitat
North of t h e Columbia from
K l i k i t a t R. t o A l d e r d a l e
Pal-lace
Palus
Palouse R.
Wa-ner- po
Wanapam
P r i e s t s Rapids-White B l u f f s r e g i o n
Tapteet, Tapteel
Yakima
Yakima River
Shan-Wap-pom
Kittitas
Headwategs of t h e K l i k i t a t and
Yakima R.
Wah-na- a- chee
Wenat c h i
Wenatchee River
(Drewyers R.)
( P e t . Ex. 430, page 389)
I n s e v e r a l i n s t a n c e s D r . Ray noted t h a t t h e Lewis and Clark names which he
has i d e n t i f i e d w i t h p a r t i c u l a r E n g l i s h e q u i v a l e n t s have been i d e n t i f i e d
by o t h e r e t h n o l o g i s t s w i t h d i f f e r e n t I n d i a n bands.
While s c h o l a r s have
n o t been a b l e t o a g r e e on a p o s i t i v e i d e n t i f i c a t i o n of many of t h s I n d i a n
names used by Levis and Clark, t h e Commission f i n d s t h a t t h e e v i d e n c e
r e l a t i n g t o t h e Lewis and Clark = p e d i t i o n
does provide i n f o r m a t i o n con-
c e r n i n g t h e g e n e r a l l o c a t i o n of a number of I n d i a n bands w i t h i n t h e
claimed a r e a and some of t h e names which were used by Lewis and C l a r k do
i n s e v e r a l i n s t a n c e s appear t o i d e n t i f y I n d i a n bands which were t h e
a n c e s t o r s of those bands which became p a r t of t h e Yakima Nation.
Hunt and S t u a r t
23.
On t h e map prepared by Hunt and S t u a r t a s of 1811, 1812 and
1813, t h e d e s i g n a t i o n S e l o a t p a l l a h ( P a l u s ) i s placed t o t h e n o r t h o f t h e
Snake River extending west of t h e Palouse E v e r t o t h e Columbia R i v e r .
i
( P e t . Ex. 527).
12 Ind. C1. Comm. 3 0 1
David Thomps on
24.
During t h e summer of 1811 David Thompson, a f u r t r a d e r , t r a v e l e d
dow.1 t h e Columbia River from F o r t C o l v i l l e t o i t s mouth.
To t h e n o r t h
of t h e s u b j e c t a r e a Thompson stopped a t t h e mouth of t h e Methow River
where he r e p o r t e d t h a t t h e r e was a v i l l a g e of I n d i a n s c a l l e d Smeathhowe
(Methow) on t h e r i g h t bank of t h e Columbia River.
T h e i r knowledge of
t h e Columbia River extended no f u r t h e r downstream "than t o t h e n e x t
village."
( P e t , Ex. 443, page 481)
The f i r s t I n d i a n s t h a t Thompson met
w i t h i n t h e s u b j e c t a r e a were near Rock I s l a n d Rapids, n e a r t h e p r e s e n t
town of Hamond where t h e r e was a l a r g e Indian v i l l a g e o f about 120 f a m i l i e s
who were Salish-speaking people;
Dr. ;Ray :reported : t h a t t h i s .was -tEe . , '::- .
:
l a r g e s t w i n t e r v i l l a g e of t h e Columbia o r Rock I s l a n d o r I s l e d e P i e r r e
Indians.
Upon l e a v i n g t h i s v i l l a g e Thompson l e f t t h e v i l l a g e o f t h e
S a l i s h - s p e a k i n g peoples and e ~ z e r e dt h e t e r r i t o r y of t h e S a h a p t i n I n d i a n s
where h e r e p o r t e d on a v i l l a g e below Crab Creek i n t h e v i c i n i t y of P r i e s t ' s
Rapids.
I n h i s n a r r a t i v e Thompson wrote "these people a r e a l t o g e t h e r
d i s t i n c t from those w e have seen, acd a r e of t h e Shawpatin, o r a s i t i s
sometimes pronounced, S a r a r p a t i n n a t i o n , of which t h e r e a r e s e v e r a l t r i b e s y 1
(Pet. Ex. 443, p. 486).
Alexander Ross
25.
I n t h e same summer of 1811 Alexander Ross, a f u r t r a d e r f o r a
J a c o b A s t o r company, t r a v e l e d up t h e Columbia River and e s t a b l i s h e d a
t r a d i n g p o s t a t t h e mouth of t h e Okanogan River which became known as
F o r t Okanogan,
1 2 Ind. C 1 . Corn. 301
A t t h e long narrows on t h e Columbia he r e p o r t e d :
,i%
%
d2
The main camp of t h e Indians i s s i t u a t e d a t t h e head
of t h e n n r o w s , and may c o n t a i n , c u r i n g t h e salmon s e a s o n ,
3,000 s o u l s , o r more; b u t t h e c o n s t a n t i n h a b i t a n t s of t h e
place do n o t exceed 100 persons, and a r e c a l l e d Wy-am-pams;
t h e r e s t a r e a l l f o r e i g n e r s from d i f f e r e n t t r i b e s throughout
t h e c o u n t r y , who r e s o r t h i t h e r , n o t f o r t h e purpose o f
c a t c h i n g salmon, b u t c h i e f l y f o r gam5ling and s p e c u l a t i o n ;
f o r t r a d e and t r a f f i c , n o t i n f i s h , b u t i n o t h e r a r t i c l e s ;
f o r t h e I n d i a n s of t h e p l a i n s seldom e a t f i s h , and t h o s e o f
t h e s e a - m a s t s e l l , b u t never buy f i s h . F i s h i s t h e i r own
s t a p l e commodity. The a r t i c l e s of t r a f f i c brought t o t h i s
place by t h e I n d i a n s of t h e i n t e r i o r a r e g e n e r a l l y h o r s e s ,
b u f f a l o - r o b e s , and n a t i v e tobacco, which t h e y exchange w i t h
t h e c a t i v e s of t h e s e a - c o a s t a r d o t h e r t r i b e s , f o r t h e
higua beads and o t h e r t r i n k e t s . But t h e n a t i v e s o f t h e
m a s t seldom cone up t h u s f a r . Now a l l t h e s e a r t i c l e s
g e n e r a l l y change hands through gambling, which a l o n e draws
s o many vagabonds t o g e t h e r a t t h i s p l a c e ; because t h e y are
always s u r e t o l i v e w e l l h e r e , whereas no o t h e r p l a c e on
t h e Colurnbia c o u l d s u p p o r t s o many people t o g e t h e r . The
long narrows, t h e r e f o r e , i s t h e g r e a t ernporium o r mart
of t h e Columbia, and t h e g e n e r a l t h e a t r e o f gambling and
roguery.
W e saw g r e a t q u a n t i t i e s of f i s h everywhere; b u t what
were t h e y among s o many: we could s c a r c e l y g e t a s c o r e
of salmon t o buy. For every fisherman t h e r e a r e f i f t y
i d l e r s , and a l l t h e f i s h caught a r e g e n e r a l l y devoured o n
t h e s p o t ; s o t h a t t h e n a t i v e s of t h e p l a c e can seldom l a y
up t h e i r w i n t e r s t o c k u n t i l t h e gambling s e a s o n i s o v e r ,
and t h e i r troublesome v i s i t o r s gone, A l l t h e gamblers,
h o r s e - s t e a l e r s , and o t h e r o u t c a s t s throughout t h e c o u n t r y ,
f o r hundreds of m i l e s round, make t h i s p l a c e t h e i r g r e a t
rendezvous d u r i n g summer.
(Pet. Ex. 553, pp. 129, 130)
***
Turning northward on t h e Columbia he passed t h e mouth of t h e Yakima R i v e r
and camped a t P r i e s t ' s Rapids where t h e r e were a l a r g e group o f I n d i a n s
i d e n t i f i e d by Ross a s Ska-moy-num-acks which may have been a S a h a p t i n
group.
About 30 m i l e s above p r i e s t ' s Rapids Ross found a t r i b e o f I n d i a n s
i d e n t i f i e d a s Ke-waugh-tohen-emachs.
D r . Ray c o r r e l a t e s t h e s e I n d i a n s
w i t h t h e Columbia, Rock I s l a n d o r I s l e d e P i e r r e T r i b e .
Mr. Chalfant,
12 Ind. C1. Corn. 301
309
.\ .
d e f e n d a n t ' s e x p e r t w i t n e s s , considered t h i s group a s belonging t o t h e
later-known Columbia o r Sinkiuse.
Okanagon d i v i s i o n s .
Ross included t h i s band a s one of t h e
A s defined by Ross t h e Okanagon was c m p r i s e d of a
l i n g u i s t i c group of S a l i s h I n d i a n s w i t h twelve groups, which i n h a b i t e d
"a very l a r g e t r a c t of country, t h e boundary of which may b e s a i d t o
commence a t t h e P r i e s t ' s Rapids on t h e s o u t h ; from thence embracing a
space of upwards of o n t hmdred nriles i n breadth, i t runs alrnost due n o r t h
u n t i l i t reaches t h e She Whaps, making a d i s t a n c e o f more t h a n f i v e
hundred m i l e s i n l e n g t h ; w i t h i n t h i s l i n e t h e = a t i o n branches o u t i n t o
twelve t r i b e s , under d i f f e r e n t names
. . . These t r i b e s ,
beginning a t
t h e southern boundary and t a k i n g each according t o i t s l o c a l i t y , may be
. . . KeGwaught-chen-u~aughs. (Columbia);
o r Wenatchee) ; . . . T s i l l - a n e (Chelan) ; I n t i - e t o o k
c l a s s e d a s follows:
Pks-cows
(Pisquous
(Entiat)
. ..- ." (Pet.
Ex. 432, pp. 289, 290).
On h i s , m a p drawn i n 1821 and r e v i s e d
f i n a l l y i n 1849, Ross l o c a t e d t h e Columbia I n d i a n s (Re-waught-checacght)
i n a n a r e a west of t h e Col-mbia River j u s t s o u t h o f t h e f i s s cows
'(Pisquous o r Wenatchee).
H e p l a c e d t h e P i s s cows a t two l o c a t i o r r s on t h e
Wenatchee River, t h e I n t i etook ( E n t i a t ) on t h e E n t i a t River arid t h e T s i l l ane (Chelan) on t h 5 Chelan River,
Cn t h e s o u t h branch of t h e Snake River
he r e p o r t e d t h e t r i b e s t o be t h e P a l l a t o Passas (Palus), Shaw-ha-ap-ten
o r Nez Perces proper, Pa l ~ c kacd Co-sis-pa.
Ross Cox
26.
The f u r t r a d e r Ross Cox was i n t h e s u b j e c t a r e a i n 1814 and 1815.
I n a later account of h i s experiences he r e p o r t e d t h a t the Yackamans
1 2 i n d , C 1 . Corn, 301
(Yakiaas) were a numerous t r i b s i r z h a b i t i n g " t h e l e n d s on t h e n o r t h e r n
banks of t 5 e Columbia, from i t s j u n c t i o n above Lewis River u n t i l some
d i s t a n c e above a r i v e r which flows from t h e northwerd, and i s c a l l e d e f t e r
t h e name of t h e t r i b e " (Def. Ex. 21, p , 229).
Cox's l o c a t i o n o f t h e
Yakima T r i b e a l o n g t h e Columbia R i v e r i s o u t s i d e t h e a r e a c l a i m e d i n t h i s
case.
Budson's Bay Company R e ~ o r C s
27.
Gsorge Simpson, t h e governor o f t h e Hudson's Bay Company f o r
North America, made t r i p s through t h e s u b j e c t a r e a i n 1824-1825 and i n
1829.
He found t h e I n d i a n p o p u l a t i o n on t h e banks of t h e Columbia R i v e r
g r e a t e r than i n any o t h e r p a r t o f Xorth America t h a t h e had v i s i t e d .
They
s p e n t t h e g r e a t e s t p a r t of t h e y e a r c a t c h i n g and d r y i n g f i s h , l e a v i n g t h e
f i s h i n g s p o t s from October t o December t o g a t h e r r o o t s i n t h e i n t e r i o r ,
They wsre " g e n e r a l l y b o l d and w a r l i k e as r e g a r d s each o t h e r a n d e x t r e m e l y
j e a i o u s o f any encroachments on e a c h o t h e r s t e r r i t o r y s o r p r i v i l e g e s .
( P s t . Ex. 555, p. 94).
..
Simpson l i s t e d t h e names o f t h e d i f f e r e n t t r i b e s
i n h a b i t i n g t h e banks of t h e Columbia R i v e r from the Cascades p o r t a g e t o
t h e Rocky Mountains, i n 1824-1825.
Necutamechs
Wascopam
-
-
n o r t h s i d e below D a l l e s
n o r t h x i d e opposite Dalles
-
Yampam (Skeen)
Eya-Kimu
-
The l i s t i n c l u d e s :
n o r t h s i d e o p p o s i t s Chutes
n o r t h s i d e a t Small R i v e r
Nasputsemacks
Ispipichimacks
Scam-nam-nacks
-
n o r t h s i d e a t Eyakima R i v e r
-
"
11
If
11
11
If
If
11
11
If
11
I
12 ind. C1. Corn. 301
Iscamoomacks (Wanapam)
-
Incomicanatook (Columbia)
Piscowes (Wenatchee)
-
Intiatook (Entiat)
T s i l l a n i (Chelan)
Paloosh (Palus)
-
-
-
n o r t h s i d e a t P r i e s t ' s Rapids
-
n o r t h s i d e above P r i e s t ' s Rapids
n o r t h s i d e on River same name
n o r t h s i d e above River same name
n o r t h s i d e on River same name
.
Lewis and Clarkes River
-
'
(Pet. Ek, 555, pp. 168-169)
Another r e p o r t from Fort Nez Perces s t a t e d t h a t f i v e d i f f e r e n t
t r i b e s of I n d i a n s frequented t h a t e s t a b l i s h m e n t .
The Nez Perce and
Palus were r e p o r t e d t o have r e s i d e d on t h e "lower p a r t of t h e South
Branch a s f a r a s t h e Forks of t h e ' l e w i s t s o r Salmon River and up t h a t
River and Red Bears River f o r Some d i s t a n c e s a y t h e Paloush r e s i d e on
t h e lower P a r t n e a r t h e Columbia of t h e South Branch" (Pet. Ex. 2 A ) .
Another r e p o r t placed t h e Palus i n t h e a r e a toward t h e j u n c t i o n of
Lewis and C l a r k ' s River w i t h t h e Columbia.
Rev. Samuel Parker
28.
Rev. Samuel Parker t r a v e l e d along t h e Columbia River d u r i n g
t h e y e a r s from 1835 through 1837.
H e r e p o r t e d t h a t "south of t h e Long
/?nakeT
- r i v e r w i t h t h e Columbia,
Rapids, and t o t h e confluence of Lewis ' a r e t h e Yookoomans lTakimas7.
-
Ex. 577, p. 3 0 4 ) .
. . numbering about
seven hundred1' ( P e t .
This t e r r i t o r i a l d e s c r i p t i o n of t h e Yakima T r i b e
e x t e n d l n g t o t h e confluence of t h e Snake and Columbia Rivers i s o u t s i d e
t h e t e r r i t o r y claimed i n t h e s u b j e c t case.
'
-
12 Ind. C1. Corn. 301
Wilkes E x ~ e d i t i o n
29.
I n t h e summer of 1841, t h e Uriited S t a t e s Exploring E x p e d i t i o n
under t h e command of Charles Wilkes v i s i E e d t h e Columbia.
Lt. J o h n s o n ,
l e a d i n g one e x p l o r i n g p a r t y , t r a v e l e d n o r t h through Yakima t e r r i t o r y .
A t t h e moutS of t h e Wenatchee River on t h e west bank of t h e Columbia
River h e found e n c l o s e d f i e l d s of p o t a t o e s c u l t i v a t e d by t h e I n d i a n s .
A t t h e mouth of t h e E n t i a t River h e found a v i l l a g e of 20 p e o p l e who
m a i n t a i n e d a f i s h i n g s t a t i o n on t h e o p p o s i t e ( o r e a s t ) bank o f t h e
Columbia River.
H o r a t i o Hale, an e t h n o l o g i s t and p h i l o l o g i s t w i t h t h e e x p e d i t i o n ,
summarized t h e d a t a gained on I n d i a n t r i b e s .
'-3
Under t h e h e a d i n g o f
"Piskwaus o r Piscous" h e wrote:
UP'
T h i s name p r o p e r l y belongs t o t h e t r i b e who l i v e on t h e
s m a l l r i v e r which f a l l s i n t o t h e Columbia on t h e w e s t s i d e ,
a b o u t f o r t y m i l e s below F o r t Okanagan. But i t i s h e r e
extended t o a l l t h e t r i b e s a s f a r d o n a s t h e " P r i e s t ' s
Rapids," who s p e a k t h e same d i a l e c t w i t h t h e f i r s t named.
(Def. Ex. 65, p . 32)
B a l e r e c o r d e d t h a t one of t h e t v o I n d i a n s from whom h e o b t a i n e d h i s i n f o h a t i o n on t h e Columbia River I n d i a n s i n t h e a r e a was C h i e f S a k a t a t l kuusum, o r t h e Half-Sun, c h i e f o f t h e S i n a k a i a u i s h ( S i n k i u s e ) "who
on t h e e a s t e r n bank of t h e Columbia o p p o s i t e t h e Piskwaus."
live
Hale a l s o
wrote:
The t e r r i t o r y b o r d e r i n g on t h e Columbia f o r some d i s t a n c e
above and below t h e j u n c t i o n of Lewis River, i s i n t h e poss e s s i o n of s e v e r a l independent bands of I n d i a n s , who a l l
s p e a k one language, though with.some d i f f e r e n c e of d i a l e c t .
The Wallawallas, p r o p e r l y s o c a l l e d , a r e on a s m a l l s t r e a m
which f a l l s i n t o t h e Columbia n e a r F o r t Nez-perces.
The
Yakemas a r e on a l a r g e s t r e a m n e a r l y o p p o s i t e . The P e l o o s e
12 Ind. C1. Corn. 301
t r i b ? has a stream c a l l e d a f : e r . i t , which e n p t i e s i n t o
Lewis River; and t h e R l i k i L a t s wander i n t h e wooded c o a n t r y
about Mount S t . Helens. T5ese, with o t h e r minor bands, a r e
.supposcd, by t t e m i s s i o n a r i e s , t o zurnber i n a l l , twecty-two
hundred s a u l s .
They resemble t h e SahapZLc, t o whom thcy a r e a l l i e d by
. l a n g u a g e , but a r e of a l e s s hardy and a c t i v e temperament.
T h i s proceeds, no coubt, f r m t k e i r moCe of l i f e , w ~ i c hi s
v e r y s i m i l a r t o t S a t of t h e S a l i s h . T h c i r p r i n c i p a l food
i s t h e salmon, which thsy t a k e c h i e f l y i n t h e months of
August and September. A 2 t h i s season they a s s e ~ b l ei n
g r z a t c:mbers about t 5 e F a l l s of t h e Col-mbia, w5ich form
t h e most iinporzarit f i s h i n g s t a t i m a £ Cregon. A t t h i s
time, a l s o , they t r a d e wLth " c z CXrrooks, who v i s i t t h e
F a l l s f o r t h e same pcrpose. (Pet. Ex. 506, p. 213)
F a t h e r DeSmet
30.
On h i s map, d a t e d August, 1839, F a t h e r DeSmet p l a c e d t h e
"Palouse Indiansf1 t o t h e n o r t 5 of t h e Snake River, e a s t of t h e mouth of
t h e P a l o a s e River.
Ye a l s o i c d i c a t e d Kez Perce I n d i a n s t o t h e n o r t h of
t h e Snake River and e a s t of t h e Palouse River.
The nfez P e r c e l o c a t i o n
a p p e a r s t o b e a p p r o x i z a t e l y a t t h e l o c a t i o n of Almota (Pet. Exs. 529, 530).
John Wyld
31, I n 1843, t h e Qu=enls geographer, John Wyld, showed t h e
" S e l l o s t p a l l a h l ' (Palus) c o r t h of t h e Snake River i n t h e a r e a w e s t of
t h e Palouse R i ~ e r(Pet, EX. 531).
Reports of U. S. InZian Agents
32.
I n 1849, Jose?h Lace, Superintendent o f I n d i a n A f f a i r s f o r t h e
T e r r i t o r y of Oregon, r e p o r t & t h a t t h e T i l h a l l u v i t I n d i a n s l i v e d a b o u t
t h e Dalles
03
t h e n o r t h sick o f t h e Columbia River; t h e Yakinas l i v e d on
Yakama River, between t h e D a l l e s of t h e Columbia and t h e c o a s t ; t h e
K l i k i t a t s , wko were r e l a t e d t o t h e Yzkimas, occupied t h e c o u n t r y n o r t h
of t h e Columbia i n t h e v i c i n i t y of Mount S t . Helens; and t h e P i s q u o s e
l i v e d on t h e r i v e r of t t a t name,
1 2 Ind. C1. Corn, 301
I n 1831 Lane's s u c c e s s o r , Anton Dart, r e p o r t e d t h a t t h e K l i k i t a t s
cLaised a " c i i s t r i c t o f country" n o r t h of t h e Columbia; t h e P a l u s o c c u p i e d
a "distric:
of c o z n t r y " n o r t h of t h e Nez Perces, and spoke t h e Walla Walla
language ( S a h a p t i n ) ; t h e Yakimas, i n c l u d i n g t h e bznd a t P r i e s t ' s r a p i d s ,
"own t h e t r a c t of c o u n t r y " d r a i n e d by t h e Yakima R i v e r and s p o k e t h e
Walla Walla language.
12 1852 E. A.
S t a r l i n g , t k e I n d i a n Agent f o r P c g e t Sound D i s t r i c t ,
r e p o r t e d t h e K l i k i t a t s i n h a b i t e d t h e c o u n t r y e a s t o f t h e Cascade Range
b u t , i n t h e s p r i n g would go i n t o t h e a r s a w e s t of t h e mountains t o t r a d e
and gainble w i t h d i f f e r e n t t r i b e s .
I n 1853 3021 Palmer, S u p e r i n t e n d e n t of I n d i a n A f f a i r s f o r Oregon
T e r r i t o r y , r e p o r t e d t h e K l i k i t a t s t o be roaming through t h e W i l l a m e t t e
a3d Umpqua V a l l e y s f o r a few y e a r s p a s t .
He r e c o m e n d e d t h a t t h e y b e
removed t o t S e i r p r o p e r c o n n t r y n o r t h of t h e Columbia.
I n 1854 h e
d e s c r i b e d t h e P a l u s a s i n h a b i t i n g t h e c o u n t r y i n t h e f o r k of t h e Snake
and Columbia R i v e r s .
33.
By t h e A c t o f March 3 , 1853, (10 S t a t . 226) t h e P r e s i d e n t was
a u t h o r i z e d t o e n t e r i n t o n e g o t i a t i o n s w i t h I n d i a n t r i b e s w e s t of t h e
s t a t e s of M i s s o u r i and Iowa t o e x t i n g u i s h t h e t i t l e o f s u c h t r i b e s t o
t h e i r lands.
I n May, 1853, t h e Commissioner of I n d i a n A f f a i r s i n s t r u c t e d
I s a a c I. S t e v e n s , Governor of t h e Washington T e r r i t o r y , t o c o l l e c t as
much i n f o r m a t i o n a s p o s s i b l e w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e nlrmber a n d l o c a l i t i e s o f
the Indians within the territory.
Governor Stevens had a l s o b e e n
a p p o i n t e d t o d i r e c t a n e x p l o r a t i o n and s u r v e y of a n o r t h e r n r o u t e f o r
't
t h e proposed r a i l r o a d t o t h e P a c i f i c .
Stevens made s e v e r a l l o n g t r i p s
12 Ind. C l . Corn. 301
i n t o t h e a r e a between 1853 and 1855.
H e had a l a r g e s t a f f which Fn-
cluded D r . George Gibbs, who was a member of Captain George B. McClellan's
party, and J m e s Doty.
I n August, 1853, Capt. McClellan and D r . Gibbs explored t h e t r z i l s
through K l i k i t a t pass, c e a r Mounts S t , Belens and Adams.
A t the highest
p a r t of t h e r o u t e they met a l a r g e number of KlFkiCats engaged i a
.
gathering b e r r i e s ar?d
many Yakinas.
0;:
.
t h e i r 2escent t o t k e p l a i n s , t h e p a r t y m e t
Capt. McClellan field a c o u n c i l w i t h Chief Kamaiakarr,
.
. . ,.-.
A t Ahtanum Mission t k e p a r t y r e p o r t e d t h a t t h e Yakimas were r a i s i n g
f i n e p o t a t o e s , melons and squashes,
Mmbers of t h e party a l s o explored
Nachez Pass and D r . Zibbs explored t5e Yakima River t o i t s mouth.
The
p a r t y explored t h e sources' of t h e Yakima and K l i k i t a t country and found a
l a r g e band of I a d i a n s under Owhi, Kaaziakan's b r o t h e r , camped nearby.
I n October, 1854, J m e s Dot7 t r a v e l i n g up t h e Yakima River found
an e x t e n s i v e f i s h w e l r a t Nachez, which he r e p o r ~ e dt o be t h e b e s t
.
.
f i s h e r y on t h e Yakinia River.
A. W, Tinkhan, a n o t h e r ~zernber of t h e ex-
p l o r a t i o n p a r t y , made s e v e r a l t r i p s a l m g t h e course of t h e Yakina ~ i v e r
i n January and February of 1854 where h e found Yakimzs i n w i n t e r camps
s c a t t e r e d along t k e r i v e r .
34.
George GiSbs
i2
h i s r e p o r t t o Capt. McClellan, d a t e d March 4 ,
1854, w m t e concerizizg t h e KliZcatats and Yakimas who l i v e d on t h e n o r t S
s i d e of t h e ColrrmSia River,
He found t h a t t h e K l i k f t a t s i n h a b i t e d t h e
v a l l e y s l y i n g between Mourits S t , Helens and AZams b u t t h a t t h e y had s p r e a d
over d i s t r i c t s belonging t o o t h e r t r i b e s with a baad of them Seing
l o c a t e d as f a r south a s t h e Umpqua.
.
1 2 Ind. C?.
Comm. 301
D r . Gibbs r e p o r t e d t h a t t h e Yakimas occupied t h e c o u n t r y d r a i n e d by
t h e Yakima R i v e r and were d i v i d e d i n t o two p r i n c i p a l bands, e a c h made up
of a number of v i l l a g e s and v e r y c l o s e l y connected.
One p r i n c i p e l band
owned t h e c o u n t r y on t h e Nachess and lower Yakima r i v e r s w h i l e t h e o t h e r s
were on t h e Wenass R i v e r and main branch above t h e f o r k .
Kamaiakan and
h i s b r o t h e r , Skloo and Sha-wa-wai were t h e c h i e f s of t h e f i r s t band w h i l e
Te-eh-yas
and Ow-hai were t h e c h i e f s of t h e second branch.
Kamaiakan
p o s s e s s e d t h e g r e a t e s t i n f l u e n c e and none o f t h e o t h e r c h i e f s u n d e r t o o k
any m a t t e r o f importance w i t h o u t f i r s t c o n s u l t i n g him.
The Yakimas had
gardens which were s i t u a t e d i n t h e l i t t l e v a l l e y s running up toward t h e
mountains and were fenced around t o e x c l u d e animals.
"3
--...-
-3
They o c c u p i e d t h e 1
c o u n t r y around t h e n o r t h e r n o r main branch of t h e Yakima River, o p e r a t e d
f i s h e r i e s a t t h e D a l l e s , and a l s o had f i s h e r i e s i n t h e Yakima River.
On
t h e main f o r k t h e I n d i a n s l i v e d a s f a r a s Lake K i t c h e l u s .
Gibbs r e p o r t e d m e e t i n g Wee-ni-nah,
a sub-chief l i v i n g a t t h e v i l l a g e
o f S k i n o p p o s i t e t h e mouth of t h e Des Chutes River.
H i s party then
He
p a s s e d t h e mountains between t h e Yakima c o u n t r y and t h e Pisquouse.
i d e n t i f i e d t h e Pisquouse a s a t r i b e o f S a l i s h o r F l a t h e a d Nation.
The
c o u n t r y o f t h e Pisquouse, l y i n g immediately n o r t h of t h a t of t h e Yalcimas,
i n c l u d e d t h e I n d i a n s on t h e Columbia between P r i e s t ' s and Ross R a p i d s ,
on t h e P i s q u o u s e o r .Wicatshapam River, t h e En-te-at-kwu,
Methow o r B a r r i e r River.
Chelan Lake a n d
However, h e noted t h a t t h e name o f P i s q u o u s e
p r o p e r l y r e f e r r e d t o a s i n g l e l o c a l i t y on t h e r i v e r known t o t h e Yakimas
5
a s Winatshapam.
He found t h a t t h e Pisquouse themselves had s o much
i n k e r m a r r i e d w i t h t h e Yakimas t h e y had almost l o s t t h e i r n a t i o n a l i t y .
,
12 Ind, C1. Corn. 301
The bands were formerly a l l u n i t s d under the p r i n c i p a l c h i e f , S t a l koo-sum,
Gibbs prepared maps of t h e area upon which hz l o c a t s d t h e country
occupied by the various bands and t r i b e s .
On t h e map which i s P e t i t i o n e r ' s
Exhibit 453 he located t h e K l i k i t a t s i n the general a r e a a s claimed by
p e t i t i o n e r s t o t h e north of t h e Columbia River i n t h e r e g i o n of Momts
St. Helens aad Adams.
To t h e e a s t and n o r t h e a s t he l o c a t e d t h e Yekima
along t h e Yak5na River and i t s t r i b u t a r i e s .
To t h e n o r t b of t h e Yakinas
i n t h e area of t h e headwaters of t h e Yakima River and l?cr t h e northwest
he located t h e Pshawnwappam.
.t
To t h e north of t h e t t z i b e he i n d i c a t e d
a l a r g e a r e a belonging t o t h s Pisquoose o r Sin-ka-00-ish,
which a r e a
included t h e e n t i r e waterskeds, t~ t h e r i d g e of t h e cascades, of t h e
Chelan, E n t l a t and Wenatchi r i v e r s .
The Pisquoose o r Sin-ka-oo-ish
countzy a l s o .extended i n t o t h e p l a t e a u country e a s t o f t h e Columbia
River exterrd<cg i n an a r c s l i g h t l y t o t h e e a s t of t h e G r a ~ dCoulee.
The l i n e d i d not extend t o t h e 119th degree of l o n g i t u d e except where
i t touched it on t b e southeast,
The southern boundary extended t o t h e
neighborhood of P r i e s t ' s Rapids on t h e Columbia River.
Gibbs a l s o noted
the Paloose Iadizns l i v i n g i n t h e general a r e a claimed by t h e p e t i t i o n i n g
Palus Indians, although Gibbs' a r e a extended even f a r t h e r t o t h e west
including t h e whole lower v a l l e y of t h e Snake River t o t h e Palouse River,
which a r e a i s o u t s i d e t h e Palus t r a c t a s clacmed by t h e p e t i t i o n e r s ,
35,
I n August, 1853, t h e Secretary of t h e I n t e r i o r i n s t m c t e d t h e
Commissioner of Indian A f f a i r s t o o b t a i n a l l t h e information n e c e s s a r y t o
t h e preparation of f u l l and d e t a i l e d i n s t r a c t i o n s a s t o t h e terms and
12 I n d . C 1 . Comm. 301
c o n d i t i o n s of t h e t r e a t i e s t o be made w i t h t h e I r ~ l . ~ at rni b e s .
The
w r i t t e n i n s t r u c t i o n s t o Governor Stevens d i r e c t i n g him t o n e g o t i a t e
t r e a t i e s w i t h t h e I n d i a n t r i b e s of Washington T e r r i t o r y provided t h a t
t r e a t i e s were t o b e made w i t h a l l t h e t r i b e s and fragments of t r i b e s
w i t h i n t h e t e r r i t o r y by which t h e United S t a t e s would e x t i n g u i s h t h e i r
c l a i x o f t i t l e t o a l l t h e l a n d w i t h i n t h e t e r r i t o r y , except5ng s u c h
r s s e r v a t i o n s as m i & t
be n e c e s s a r y f o r t h e i r occupancy i n t h e f u t u r e .
H 2 was i n s t r u c t e d t o endeavor t o u n i t e t h e numerous bands and fragments
o f t r i b e s i n t o t r i b e s and t o p r o v i d e f o r t h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n of one o r
more o f s u c h t r i b e s upon t h e r e s e r v a t i o n which would be s e t a p a r t f o r
3
t h e i r f u t u r e homes.
36.
On September 16, 1854, Governor S t e v e n s made a l e n g t h y a n d
d e t a i l e d r e p o r t t o t h e Commissioner o f I n d i a n A f f a i r s i n which h e
d e s c r i b e d t h e a r e a s occupied by t h e v a r i o u s I n d i a n t r i b e s w i t h i n t h e
subject area.
T h a t r e p o r t , which was v e r y s i m i l a r i n d e t a i l t o t h e
r e p o r t o f George Gibbs, i d e n t i f i e d t h e a r e a s occupied by t h e v a r i o u s
Indians a s follows:
The I n d i a n s on t h e l i n e of t h e r o u t e o f t h e e x p l o r a t i o n
ere t h e b, 9. 9~ w e s t of t h e mountains, +
Palouses,
K l i k i t a t s , Yakamas, Pisquouse * *
**
*.
Pelouses
.
The P e l o u s e number 100 lodges, and a b o u t 500 p e o p l e , and
a r e i n t h r e e bands: one a t t h e mouth o f t h e P e l o u s e r i v e r of
4 0 l o d g e s , under Que-lap-tip, head c h i e f , and S l o w - y a t t s - s e ,
s e c o n d c h i e f ; t h e second band, o f 12 l o d g e s , under So-ei, o n
1 2 Ind. C 1 . Cam. 301
t h e n o r t h bank of Snake r i v e r , t h i r t y m i l e s below t h e mouth
of t h e Pelouse; and the t h i r d band a t t h e mouth of Snake
r i v e r , of 50 lodges, under T i l - k a - i c k s .
The Walla-Walla Kation
Under t h i s term a r e embraced a number of bands l i v i n g
u s u a l l y on t h e south s i d e of t h e Columbia, and on t h e Snake
r i v e r , t o a l i t t l e e a s t of t h e Pelouse; a s a l s o t h e Klika-a
t a t s and Ya-ka-mas, n o r t h of t h e formez.
**
***
*
The t r i b e s of the K l i k - a - t a t s and Yakamas i n h a b i t
p r o p e r l y t h e v a l l e y s l y i n g between Moxnts S t . Heleas and
Adams;
b u t they have spzead o v e r d i s t r i c t s b e l o n g i n g t o
o t h e r t r i b e s , and a band of t h e n i s now l o c a t e d a s f a r s o u t h
a s t h e Umpqua. T h e i r nomadic h a b i t s r e n d e r a c e n s u s v z r y
d i f f i c u l t , though t h e r e n m b e r i s n o t l a r g e . Dz. D a r t
s t a t e d them a t 492, s i n c e when t h e r e has been c e r t a i n l y
a g r e a t decrease. The number of t h e two p r i n c i p a l bands,
as obtained during t h e summer, was a t Chequoss 138, and
a t t h e Ramas p l a i n 84. These must have c o n s t i t u t e d t h e
c h i e f p a r t , a s i t was t h e season of b e r r i e s when t h e y
congregated t h e r e . Iccluding a l l o t h e r s w i t h i n t h e
T e r r i t o r y , t h e t ~ t a does
l
~ o probably
t
exceed 300. I n
t h i s , however, a r e n o t reckoned t h e 'Tai-kie-a-pain,'
a band s a i d t o l i v e a p a r t i n t h e c o u c t r y l y i n g on t h e
western s i d e of t h e nountains, between t h e heads o f
C a t h l a p o o t l and Cowlitz, and which probably d i d n o t e n t e r
i n t o t h e former estimate. But l i t t l e i s known o f thsm,
and t h e i r numbers a r e undoubtedly small. 9 9 9
***
The Yakamas occupy t h e c o u n t r y d r a i n e d by t h e river
o f t h a t name. They a r e d h i d e d i n t o two p r i n c i p a l bands,
each made up of a nunber of v i l l a g e s and v e r y c l o s e l y
connected; t h e one owning t h e c o u n t r y on t h e Nahchess and
lower Yakama; t h e o t h e r upon t h e Wenass and main b r a n c h
above t h e forks.
***
The Pisquouse
The country o f - t h e Pisqcouse liss immediately n o r t h of
t h a t of t h e Yakamas,
Under t h i s a p p e l l a t i o n are
h e r e included t h e Indians on t h e Columbia, between t h e
* * *,
12 I n d , C 1 . Comin. 301
P r i e s t s r and Ross's r a p i d s , on t h e Pisquouse o r Win-atsha-pain r i v e r , t h e En-te-at-keon, Che-laun l a k e , and t h e
Kit-haw o r B a r r i e r r i v e r . The name of Pisquouse, however,
properly r e f e r s t o a s i n g l e l o c a l i t y on t h e r i v e r , known
t o t h e Yakamas a s Win-atsh-a-pan. (Pet. Ex. 485, pp. 27, 32-47)
37.
We have i n o u r Finding of F a c t No. 5 s e t f o r t h i n p a r t t h e
w r i t t e n i n s t r u c t i o n s t o Governor Stevens concerning t h e n e g o t i a t i o n o f
t r e a t i e s w i t h t h e I n d i a n t r i b e s of t h e Washington T e r r i t o r y .
And i n
o u r Finding of Z a c t No. 7 w e have s e t f o r t h t h e f a c t s concerning t h e
p a r t i c i p a t i o n by t h e c h i e f s o f t h e v a r i o u s t r i b e s involved i n t h e
Yakima T r e a t y .
Of t h e f o u r t e e n t r i b e s which were named i n t h e t r e a t y
a s p a r t i e s , t h r e e , namely t h e K l i n q u i t , Li-ay-was,
and Shyiks, c a n n o t
c-
-
;P
8
be i d e n t i f i e d todzy.
The I n d i a n s who signed t h e t r e a t y have been
i d e n t i f i e d a s follows :
Kamaiakun was t h e acknowledged head c h i e f of a11 o f t h e
I n d i a n t r i b e s , bands and groups t h a t were p a r t i e s t o
t h e Yakima T r e a t y , and s i g n e d s a i d t r e a t y f o r and on
behalf of all. of s a i d t r i b e s , bands and groups, H e
was a l s o t h e Chief of t h e a b o r i g i n a l Yakima T r i b e , and
was of Yakima-Palus a n c e s t r y ,
Skloom was t h e b r o t h e r of Kamaiakun, and was a l s o of YakimaPalus a n c e s t r y ,
Owhi was a b r o t h e r of ~ a m a i a k u i , and c h i e f of t h e Kittitas,
o r Upper Yakima, and was of mixed a n c e s t r y , i n c l u d i n g P a l u s .
Te-cole-kun was Chief of t h e Wenatchee, and r e p r e s e n t e d t h e
Pisquouse group, which i n c l u d e d t h e Wenatchee, Columbia,
E n t i a t and Chelan a t t h e Yakima T r e a t y n e g o t i a t i o n s .
La-Hoom w a s a c h i e f a t E n t i a t , and r e p r e s e n t e d t h e Pisquouse
group a t t h e Yakima T r e a t y n e g o t i a t i o n s .
Me-ni-nock was c h i e f of t h e Skeen.
E l i t Palmer was a c h i e f of t h e Skeen.
Wish-och-knipits was a c h i e f of t h e Skeen.
1 2 Ind. C1. Corn. 301
Koo-lat-toose was chief of the Palus.
Shee-ah-cotte was a chief of t h e Skeen o r Wishram.
Tuck-quille was a c h i e f of the Skeen.
Kalooas was a chief of t h e Wishram.
Scha-noo-a was a c h i e f of t h e Wishram,
Sla-kish was a chief of t h e Wisfiram.
38.
On June 14, 1855, Governor Stevess wrote t o t h Cmnnissioner
of Indian A f f a i r s t r a n s m i t t i n g t h e exectrted Yakima T r e a t y and t h e map of
t h e ceded a r e a .
The l e 2 t e r from Governor Stevens s t a t e d t h a t :
I have t h e honor herewith t o enclose a T r e a t y , which I
concluded on Saturday June 9th with t h e T r i b e s c o n s t l t c t k g
t h e Yakama Nation and a copy of t h e o f f i c i a l proceedings
duly c e r t i f i e d t o by t h e Secretary.
By t h e t r e a t y s i x t e e n thousand nine hurdred and twenty
square m i l e s of T e r r i t o r y have been ceded t o t h e United
S t a t e s , and one thoasand two hundred and t h i r t y t h r e e
square m i l e s held i n t h e two r e s e r ~ a t i o ~provided
s
for
i n t h e Treaty. The population of t h e Natdol i s e s t i m a t e d
a t two thousand s o u l s a s per following t a b l e , though i t
i s b e l i e v e d t h a t a c a r e f u l census w i l l show a l a r g e r
number. It may run up t o n e a r l y Twenty f i v e hucdred.
Estimated population of t h e Yakama Nation.
P i s chous e
Yakamas
Palouses
Band opposite t o
above mouth of
Day's r i v e r
Band opposite t o
above mouth of
Day's r i v e r
and opposite t o
above Dalles
254 Estimate
500
"
500
"
and
John
60 a c t u a l l y enumerated
and
John
100
"
370
"
It
and
11
+C
1 2 Ind. C 1 . Corn. 301
Sand o p p o s i t e t o and
above mouth of Deschutes River
C l i k i t a t s on C l i k i t a t
river
Band on White Salmon
river
120 estimate
50
36
"
I1
*
It i s a q n e s t i o n a b l e m z t t e r whether t h e t r i b e s could
a l l have been c o n s o l i d a t e d i n a c o u n c i l h z l d i n t h e i r own
c o u c t r y , arid t h w ~ g ht h e negotLations were p r o t r a c t e d , t h e
presence of t h e p r i r c i p a l c k i e f s of t h e n a t i o n and e s p e c i a l l y
t h e g r e a t a u t h o r i t y of Ram-ai-a-kun t h e head C!-iief, e x e r t e d
a powerful i n f l u s c c e i n promoting t h e g e n e r a l r e s n l t .
The coccurrenc5 of t h e s e v e r a l t r i b e s i n e s t a b l i s h i n g
t h e Nation i s u n i v e r s a l , :k +; +.;
A map of t h e country ceded a d of t h e r e s e r v a t i o n s
accompanies t h i s r e p o r t .
(Pet. Ex. 476, pp. 26-27)
39.
I n t r a n s m i t t i n g t h e Yakima T r e a t y t o t h e S e c r e t a r y of t h e
I n t e r i o r f o r Zransmission t o t h e P r e s i d e n t and t h e Senate f o r r a t i f i c a t i o n , t h e Commissioner of I n d i a n A f f a i r s , i n h i s communication
d a t e d J u l y 9, 1856, s t a t e d t h a t under t h e provisions of t h e t r e a t y t h e
v a r i o u s t r i b e s l i s t e d t h e r e i n had agreed t o be confederated t o one
n a t i o n , t o b e c a l l e d t h e "Yakima Nation."
As we have p r e v i o u s l y found (Findings of F a c t Nos. 9 and 10) t h e
Yakima T r e a t y was r a t i f i e d on March 8, 1879, and thereby t h e c o n f e d e r a t e d
t r i b e s o r bands a s named i n t h e preamble t o t h e t r e a t y became merged i n t o
t h e newly formed Yakima Nation.
The c o n f e d e r a t e d Yakima Nation t h u s
became t h e successor i n i n t e r e s t t o t h e formerly s e p a r a t e t r i b a l e n t i t i e s
and a l l of t h e r i g h t s of former s e p a r a t e t r i b a l e n t i t i e s which were merged
-
3 23
12 Ind. C 1 . Corn. 301
. . '
a s of March 8 , 1859.
'.
...,.
i'.i
By t h e terms of t h e Yakima t r e a t y t h e c o n f e d e r a t e d
t r i b e ' s and bands ceded, r e l i n q u i s h e d and conveyed t o t h e United S t a t e s . .
.:
a l l t h e i r r i g h t , t i t l e and i n t s r z s t i n and t o t h e lands occupied a n d '
.
:
Thus t h e ' u n i t e d S t a t e s on
.
claimed by them a s d e s c r i b e d i n A r t i c l e I.
March 8, 1859, t h e e f f e c t i v e d a t e of t h e Yakima Treaty, e x t i n g u i s h e d t h e
'
I n d i a n t i t l e of a l l t h e t r i b e s , bands, o r groups w i t h i n t h e a r e a d e s c r i b e d .
40.
A, N. L z t r o n g , for t h r e e y e a r s a goverrznent s u r v e y o r i n
...
'
Oregon, w r o t e an accocnt 'concerning Indign occupation o f t h e t e r r i t o r i e s
of Oregon and Washington, which was published i2 1857.
' .
I n his.report,
M r . Armstrong noted t h a t t h e " C l i c k e t a t s " i n h a b i t e d t h a t p o r t i o n of t h e
..
country on t h e n o r t h s i d e of t E 2 C o l d i a River, e a s t o f t h e Cascade
Mountains, a r o u ~ dM t s . Ranier and St; Helers.
The Yakimas w e r e r e p o r t e d .
t o have i n h a b i t e d t h e r e g i o n of country l y i n g east of -the K l i k a t a t s - a n d
.
'
.
n o r t h of t h e Columbia River, £ram t h e Ilalles t o t h e Cascade Mountains
.,
and extending t o t h e west f o r a d i s t a n c e of 150 miles and up t h e
Columbia River a d i s t a n c e of 300 m l l e s .
.
.'
.
.
. /
.
.
. _
A. R. Robie
41.
- !
.
..
.:
..
_.
.
A. R. Robie, S p e c i a l Zinited S t a t e s I n d i a n Agent f o r t h e Yakima
d i s t r i c t , i n a r e p o r t , d a t e d J u l y 31, 1857, s t a t e d t h a t t h e Yakimas occup i e d t h e c o u n t r y d r a i n e d by t h e Yakima River.
t o be d i v i d e d i n t o two p r i n c i p a l bands:
-
He r e p o r t e d t h e Yakimas
t h e Upper Yakima upon t h e Wenass
River and main branch of t h e Yakima above t h e f o r k s , and t h e Lower ~ a k i m a
upon t h e Yakima and its t r i b u t a r i e s , below t h e f o r k s and a l o n g t h e
Columbia, from t h e mouth of t h e Yakima t b a p o i n t t h r e e m i l e s below t h e .
. .
'
..
1
... .
.
12 Ind. C 1 . Corm. 301
Dalles.
Along t h e n o r t h e r n bank of t h e Columbia River he i d e n t i f i e d t h e
Wish-hams, Click-a-hut and Skien.
T h e i r p o p u l a t i o n s had been g r e a t l y
reduced i n 1854 by smallpox epidemics.
Click-a-huts,
He s t a t e d t h a t t h e Wish-hams,
and Skiens claimed t h a t p o r t i o n of t h e d i s t r i c t l y i n g a l o n g
t h e Columbia River from t h e mouth of t h e Yakima River t o a p o i n t t h r e e
miles below t h e D a l l e s .
Hazard Stevens
42.
Hazard Stevens, t h e son of Governor Stevens; accompanied h i s
f a t h e r on t h e r a i l r o a d e x p l o r a t i o n and was p r e s e n t a t t h e Walla Walla
T r e a t y Council.
>-.=
--
I n d e s c r i b i n g a l l of t h e I n d i a n t r i b e s of t h e Upper
.
.
Columbia a r e a , Stevens wrote "Each t r i b e possessed i t s own c o u n t r y , c l e a r l y :
d e f i n e d by well-known n a t u r a l boundaries, w i t h i n whose l i m i t s t h e i r
wanderings were r e s t r a i n e d , save when t h e y 'went t o b u f f a l o , '
some grand c o u n c i l o r horse-race w i t h a neighboring t r i b e . "
p. 1 6 )
o r attended
( P e t . Ex. 438),
I n w r i t i n g a biography of h i s f a t h e r h e r e p o r t e d t h a t t h e P a l u s
l i v e d on t h e Palouse River, on t h e n o r t h s i d e o f t h e Snake and e a s t of
t h e Columbia.
A. J . Splawn
43.
A. J . Splawn was one of t h e b e s t informed e a r l y s e t t l e r s h a v i n g
s p e n t t h e g r e a t e r p a r t of h i s l i f e i n t h e c e n t r a l p a r t of t h e p r e s e n t .
S t a t e of Washington,
He moved t o K l i k i t a t V a l l e y i n 1860 and went t o
Yakima County i n 1861 where he was a c t i v e l y engaged i n t h e c a t t l e b u s i n e s s
f o r 35 years.
I n h i s book Ka-mi-akin,
L a s t Hero of t h e Yakimas he r e c o r d e d
t h e i n f o r m a t i o n which he had gathered from h i s y e a r s of c l o s e p e r s o n a l
c o n t a c t w i t h t h e Indians w i t h i n t h e s u b j e c t a r e a .
His w r i t i n g s were r e l i e d
12 Ind. Cl. C m . 301
upon by the expert witnesses of both defendant and petitioners.
Dr. Ray
testified that Splawn was 'lperhaps better acquainted personally with the
Indians than any other man of the time" (Tr. 794).
The Commission finds that Mr. Splawnfswritings concerning the areas
of occupation of the various Indian tribes and bands within the claimed
area substantiate and confirm much of the earlier recorded observations.
In summary Mr. Spl2wn described the areas of occupation to include:
Chelan
-
along the Columbia River from about 10 miles below
the mouth of the Methow to a few miles above Entiat and around
Lake Chelan.
We-nat-sha (sometimes called Pisquas)
.
.
.
. -
- were originally Salishan
but had become intermarried with the Kittitas band and later
joined Moses on the Colville Reservation.
. .
-
KO-wah-chins or Sinkuise (called Isle de Pierre (Rock Islands))
originally occupied the east and north bank of the Columbia
from Lacostum (Saddle Mountain), now Beverly, north to a point
.
a few miles below the mouth of the We-nat-sha, The KO-wah-chins
were in the Treaty of 1855, but refused to go on the Simcoe (Yakima) reservation but later were located on the Colville
Reservation.
Wi-nah-pams or Sokulks were Sha-hap-tam Indians and occupied
both banks of the Columbia from a short distance above the
mouth of the Yakima River to Saddle Mountain.
Splawn wrote
that this band belonged to the Simcoe (Yakima) reservation
-
12 Ind. C1. Corn. 301
but refused t o move onto i t , p r e f e r r i n g t o d i e where t h e i r
bones might r e s t i n t h e sand h i l l s beside t h e i r a n c e s t o r s .
Palouse once owned t h e whole Palouse b a s i n , and were s t r u n g
along t h e mouth of Palouse River up t o t h e mouth of Alpowa
Creek.
While t h e y were i n c l u d e d i n t h e t r e a t y of 1855,
Spdawn wrote t h a t t h e y d i d n o t go onto any r e s e r v a t i o n f o r
many y e a r s b u t f i n a l l y moved o n t o t h e Nez Perce Reservation.
Pisch-wan-wap-pams
t o t h e north.
were c a l l e d E-Yakimas by t h e S a l i s h t r i b e s
T h i s t r i b e o r i g i n a l l y occupied t h e K i t t i t a s
v a l l e y , t h e headwater and l a k e s of t h e Yakima River.
Splawn
then named v a r i o u s s m a l l bands which belonged t o t h e Simcoe
(Yakima) Reservation b u t t h e g r e a t e r number had d i s a p p e a r e d
because of d e a t h and i n t e r m a r r i a g e .
K l i k i t a t s had, about 1835, descended from t h e Simcoe Mountains
i n e a s t e r n Washington t o t h e Cowlitz River on t h e lower Columbia
making w a r upon t h e Chinook, and then, i n 1841, t h e y had t u r n e d
t h e i r a t t e n t i o n t o t h e Willamette Valley.
44.
James Mooney,an:ethnologist
with t h e Bureau o f American
Ethnology, i n connection w i t h an a r k i c l e on t h e Ghost Dance R e l i g i o n ,
published i n 1896, w r o t e a s y n o p s i s of t h e s e v e r a l t r i b e s a l o n g t h e
Columbia River and i n t h e s u b j e c t a r e a .
I n d e s c r i b i n g t h e c o u n t r y occu-
p i e d by t h e Methow ( a t r i b e r e s i d i n g n o r t h of t h e claimed a r e a ) h e i n c l u d e d
t h e b a s i n s of t h e Methow, Chelan, and E n t i a t Rivers.
He s t a t e d t h a t t h e
12 Ind. C1. Comm, 301
-
.
. I
Methows were c l o s e l y connected with t h e Piskwaus and I s l e de P i e r r e .
He described the I s l e de P i e r r e or Columbia o r Sinkiuse a s o r i g i n a l l y
having occupied the country i n Washington f r o m the Columbia eastward t o
. .
t h e Grand Coulee down nearly t o Crab Creek.
The Wanapum o r Sokulk were
reported t o be c l o s e l y connected l i n g u i s t i c a l l y 'and p o l i t i c a l l y with the
Yakima, Palus and Nez Perce,
They ranged along both banks of t h e Columbia
from above crab Creek down t o the mouth of Snake River,
thei;
The v i l l a g e where
chief 'Smohalla resided was on ' t h e west bank of t h e Columbia a t t h e
.
.
f o o t of P r i e s t ' s Rapids.
..
Mooney wrote t h a t t h e Palus ow&d t h e whole
.
b a s i n of the palus River i n Washington and Idaho and extended a l s o along
t h e north bank of Snake River t o i t s junction with the (blumbia River.
Their f o u r v i l l a g e s were described a s A h o t u , on t h e north bank of Snake
River, about 30 miles above the mouth of Palus 'River; Palus, on t h e n o r t h
. .
bank of Snake River j u s t below the junction of t h e palus; Ta-sawiks,
on
..
t h e .north bank of Snake River about 1 5 miles above i t s mouth; and Kasi-spa
o r Cosispa a t Ainsworth i n the junction of t h e Snake and Columbia.
Piskwaus
dr
The
,
Winatshipum l i v e d along t h e Wenatchee River,
He then
described some s i x smaller bands connected with t h e Piskwaus which l i v e d
along t h e upper Yakima River a t Ellensburg; about Boston Creek and
Kahchass Lake, a t t h e head of Yakima River; along the Yakima River j u s t
above Ellensburg; along :he
Yakima River opposite t h e entrance of Selah
Creek; about Saddle Mountain on the e a s t s i d e of t h e Columbia above
P r i e s t ' s Rapids; and a t a place c a l l e d K i t t i t a s on the e a s t bank o f t h e
Columbia about ish hop's Rock and Milk Creek, below Wenatchee River.
.
1 2 Ind. C l . Comm. 301
Mooncy described t h e Yakima as t h e most important t r i b e of t h e
Shahaptin stock n e x t t o t h e Nez Perce, end r e p o r t e d t h a t t h e y occupied
t h e country of Natchess and middle Yakima r i v e r s .
Xe d e s c r i b e d t h e
Atanum-lema a s a small t r f b e on Atahnsm Creek i n Yakiina County.
The
K l i k a t a t were r e p o r t e d t o have formerly occupied t h e s o u t h e r n s l o p e s
of M t , Adams and M t . Helens i n t h e country of t h e K l i k a t a t and Lewis
Rivers.
Mooney wrote t h a t , about s i x t y y e a r s previous t o h i s s t u d y ,
t h e K l i k a t a t had crossed t h e Columbia and overrun t h e Willamer c o u n t r y ,
even p e n e t r a t i n g a s f a r south a s t h e Umpqua, b u t t h a t t h e y a f t e r w a r d
withdrew again t o t h e i r proper country.
He l i s t e d t h e Qapnish-lema o r
Topinish a s a snaL1 t r i b e on t h e Topinish River i n Yakima County,
A=-%
%
Washington.
The Chamnapum was a t r i b e which occupied t h e bend o f t h e
Columbia below t h e Yakima River t o g e t h e r w i t h t h e country on t h e lower
Yakima.
The Pishquitpah, i d e n t i f i e d by Lewis and Clark, r e s i d e d on t h e
Muscleshell Rapids and on t h e n o r t h s i d e of t h e Columbia t o t h e commencement of t h e high country, w i n t e r i n g on t h e borders of t h e Yakima River.
Mooney i d e n t i f i e d t h i s band a s probably i d e n t i c a l with t h e Pisko band
of t h e Yakima.
The Kkawasi o r Kowwassayee were a small t r i b e f o r m e r l y
occupying a v P l l a g e by t h e same name on t h e n o r t h bank of t h e Columbia
about o p p o s i t e t h e mouth of t h e Umatilla River,
The UchichoL was a n o t h e r
s m a l l t r i b e l i v i n g on t h e n o r t h bank of t h e Columbia.
The Skinpa o r
Skien was a small t r i b e which formerly had a v i l l a g e on t h e n o r t h bank
of t h e Columbia a t t h e f a l l s o p p o s i t e C e l i l o .
The Tapanash o r Eneeshur
had a v i l l a g e .on t h e n o r t h bank of t h e Columbia about o p p o s i t e t h e mouth
..-
of t h e DesChutes River and a l i t t l e above C e l i l o .
The T l a q l u i t o r
12 ind, C 1 . Corn. 301
Wushqum o r Wishram l i v e d along t h e north bank of t h e Columbia River
fro;
Tenino about s i x miles above t h e Dalles down t o t h e neighborhood of
White Salmon River, and t h a t t h e i r t e r r i t o r y w a s t h e g r e a t f i s h i n g and
t r a d i n g r e s o r t f o r t h e t r i b e s of t h a t s e c t i o n .
James T e i t
45.
James T e i t , working under t h e d i r e c t i o n of D r . Franz Boas,
spent a few days i n 1908 among t h e Columbia I n d i a n s on t h e C o l v i l l e
Reservation,
H e w a s p r i m a r i l y concerned w i t h t h e c o l l e c t i n g of a
vocabulary of t h e i r language and information corrcerning t h e i r former
tribal territories.
T e i t divided what he c a l l e d t h e middle Columbia
S a l i s h group i n t o two t r i b e s , t h e Columbia and t h e Wenatchi.
He
described f o u r d i v i s i o n s o r bands of t h e Columbia group and s t a t e d t h a t
t h e y , occupied t h e - Columbia River v a l l e y on both s i d e s , from probably
some l i t t l e d i s t a n c e below t h e mouth of t h e Wenatchee River (about
Cabinet Rapids), s o u t h t o a l i t t l e below p r i e s t ' s Rapids and i n former
days down t o n e a r t h e Dalles, and a l l t h e a d j o i n i n g p l a t e a u e a s t o f t h e
r i v e r , from t h e confines of t h e Sanpoil, south a l o n g t h e b o r d e r s of t h e
Spokane, t o t h e Palus country near t h e Snake River, and p o s s i b l y i n
former days t h e boundaries of t h e Nez Perce.
H e d i v i d e d t h e Wenatchi i n t o t h r e e bands, t h e Methow (a band l o c a t e d
n o r t h of t h e s u b j e c t a r e a ) , t h e Chelan, and t h e Wenatchi proper.
He also
d e s c r i b e d what was probably a fourth d i v i s i o n o r band which l i v e d s o u t h
of t h e Wenatchee Mountains, on the n o r t h Yakima, w i t h h e a d q u a r t e r s
around Ellensburg o r p o s s i b l y f a r t h e r t o t h e s o u t h ,
He d e s c r i b e d t h e
12 Ind. C l . Comm. 301
country occupied by t h e Wenatchi a s i n c l u d i n g t h e C3lumbi.a Biver v a l i e y
immediately above t h e Coluxbia S a l i s h , n o r t h t o about h a l f way between t h e
mouths of t h e Methow and Okanagon r i v e r s , and embracing a l l t h e c o u n t r y
on t h e west s i d e of t h e Columbia t o t h e Cascades and a l i t t l e beyond i n
some p l a c e s , from t h e boundaries of t h e Thompson T r i b e i n t h e n o r t h t o
t h e Yakima i n t h e s o u t h and probably i n e a r l y times t o t h e Colunbia Band
occupying t h e c o u n t r y e a s t of t h e D a l l e s a d j o l c i n g t h e Upper Chinook.
Both D r . Ray and M r . Chalfant t e s t i f i e d t h a t maoy o f T e i t ' s con. .
w
c l u s i o n s have been r e f u t e d , e s p e c i a l l y h i s m i g r a t i o n t h e o r y which p l a c e d
Columbia Indians on t h e lower Columbia River.
With r e s p e c t t o t h e e a s t e r n boundary T e i t a l s o wrote:
The e x a c t a n c i e n t boiicdaries betweea t h e Spokane and
Columbia a r e r a t h e r vague. The Coeur d ' b l e n e do n o t seem
t o know of any time when Columbia boirndaries touched t h e i r s .
Sone of them s a y t h a t a t one t i m e p a r t i e s of Columbia came
c l o s e t o t h e i r borders on t h e soathwest, and o c c a s i o n a l l y
p a r t i e s of t h e t v o t r i b e s met; t h a t a t t h i s time p a r t i e s o f
Spokane seldom came s o u t h of Cheney o r Sprague, b u t i n l a t e r
.
days, periiaps a f t e r t h e advent of t h e horse, they went a s
f a r a s X i t z v f l l e , and sometimes Colfax. Spokane a r e a l s o
s a i d t o have camped on Cow Cresk, and t h e i r p a r t i e s o f t e n
went r i g h t t o t h e mouth. Colfax was considered t o be i n
Palous countzy, a t l e a s t , i n l a t e r days, b u t was t o some
e x t e n t w i t h i n both Coeur drAlene and Nez Perce s p h e r e s o f
i n f l u e n c e . It seems n o t improbable t h a t a t one t i m e t h e
narrow s t r i p of Palous country above t h e mouth of t h e
Palouse was n e u t r a l ground, t h e c o n ~ i g u o u s t r i b e s of
Columbia, Spokane, Coeur dlAlene, and Nez Perce each
making use t o some e x t e n t of t h e p a r t l y i n g n e a r e s t t o
them. T h i s n e u t r a l s t r i p , and previous decimation o f
.
t h e Columbia population by d i s e a s e , would make t h e expansion of t h e Yaicima o r Palous i n t h i s d i r e c t i o n v e r y
easy. ( P e t . Ex. 441, pp. 103, 104)
'
I n d i s c u s s i n g population of t h e Columbia group T e i t w r o t e t h a t i t
f
-
appeared t h a t a l l o r p a r t of those I n d i a n s were included i n t h e Yakima
1 2 Ind. C1. Comm. 301
Treaty.
However, most of them r e f u s e d t o recognize t h e t r e a t y a s b i n d i n g
on them, because i t was made without t h e i r consent, and t h u s v e r y few
of them went on t h e Yakima Reservation.
They were mostly on t h e C o l v i l l e
Reservation, e s p e c i a l l y those who had r e s i d e d on t h e e a s t s i d e of t h e
Columbia River.
Edward S. C u r t i s
46.
Edward S, C u r t i s , under t h e patrocage o f J. P i e r p o n t Morgan,
wrote a s e r i e s of twenty volumes d e s c r i b i n g t h e I n d i a n s o f t h e United
S t a t e s and Alaska.
I n t h e seventh volume, published i n 1911, C u r t i s
i n c l u d e d a d e s c r i p t i o n of t h e I n d i a n t z i b e s w i t h i n t h e s u b j e c t a r e a .
Ris information f o r t h e p u b l i c a t i o n had been g a t h e r e d from I n d i a n s on
b o t h t h e C o l v i l l e and Yakima r e s e r v a t i o n s .
Curtis stated:
A t t h e t i m e of t h e e a r l i e s t e x p l o r a t i o n s i n t h e P a c i f i c
Northwest t h e watershed o f t h e Yakima river i n s o u t h - c e n t r a l
Washington, from i t s mouth t o t h e v i c i n i t y of K i t t i t a s c r e e k ,
was h e l d by small bands of Shahaptian s t o c k . They were v e r y
l o o s e l y bound t o g e t h e r , and i n t h e i r speech were, and a r e ,
many d i a l e c t i c d i f f e r e o c e s . Yet they f e l l i n t o s e v e r a l
geographical d i v i s i o n s , w i t h i n which t h e r e was a c e r t a i n
degree of cohesiveness, t h e component bands cccupying
t h e i r r e s p e c t i v e t e r r i t o r i e s t o t h e e x c l u s i o n of o t h e r s ,
b u t regarding themselves a s c l o s e l y r e l a t e d .
***
Below t h e S a l i s h a n t r i b e s t h a t occupied t h e headwaters
of Yakima r i v e r w e r e t h e bands known t o them a s t h e Yakima,
extending a s f a r a s Union Gap, j u s t e a s t o f t h e mouth o f
Atanum creek. I f t h e y had a c o l l e c t i v e term f o r themselves,
i t i s not now known what i t was. From Union Gap t o t h e
lower reaches of t h e r i v e r were t h e Thapnish, l i v i n g
p r i n c i p a l l y on Toppenish c r e e k ; and about t h e mouth o f
Yakima r i v e r were t h e Chamnapam.' The a p p l i c a t i o n o f t h e
term Yakima was e a r l y extended t o i n c l u d e a l l t h e bands
of t h e Yakima v a l l e y , and i t w i l l be so used h e r e . Each
band of t h e s e d i v i s i o n s c o n t r o l l e d t h e v a l l e y , o r some
1 2 Ind. C 1 . Corn. 301
p a r t i c u l e r p o r t i o n of t h e v z l l e y , of one o f t h e s i n a l l
l a t s r a l s t r e a m s . T h i s l o c a l i t y was regarded a s t h e i r
horns, b u t was o c c u p i e d , a s a r u l e , only i n w i n t e r ; f o r
d u r i n g t h e rzrnainder o f t h e year t h e y were semi-nomadic.
In the early spring t k y repaired t o t3e fisheries i n
t k z l a r g e r r i v e r , and f i s h i n g , h n t i n g , and r o o t - d i g g i n g
c o c t i n u e d u n t i l midsummer, when t h e y moved i9t3 t h e
rnocrrains t o g a t h e r b e r r i e s . - A s a u t m n approached t h e y
r z t u r n e d t o ths v a l l e y s f o r t h e l a t e f i s h h g , which cont i n u e d u ~ t i cl o l d wzathzr f o r c e d the= i n t o w i n t e r q u a r t e r s .
( P e t . Ex. 561, pp. 3-4)
C ~ r . 2 i sr e p c x t e d t h a t a grozp of bands which Ee cazned t h e S i n k i u s e
were g e o g r t p h i c a l l y a s s o c i a t e d i n t h e r e g i o n between t h e Columbia R i v e r
aad t h a t s e r i e s of d e 2 r e s s i o n s i n t h s e a r t h ' s c r u s t b e g i c n i n g i n t h e
Grand Coulee e ~ l dc o n t i n ~ i r r gi n a nilmbzr of s m a l l c l o s e d l a k e s , t h e
lower c o u r s s of Crab Czezk, Moses Lake and t h e s i n k o f Crab Creek.
1)
These I n d i a n s , h e s t a t e d , were v a r i o u s l y kzown as t k e Columbias, t h e
I s l e d e P i e r r e ( r e f e r r i n g t o Rock I s l a n d i n t h e C o l m b i a R i v e r below
t h e mocth o f t h e W e n a ~ c h i ) , Moses Band, and S i n k i u s e .
Curtis identified
s e v e n bands w i t h i n t h i s group and i d e n t i f i z d each w i t h a s e p a r a t e v i l l a g e
s L t e on t h e Caiumbia between t h e n o u t 5 of Crab Creek, o n t h e s o u t h ,
a n d a s i t e a s h o r t d l s t a n c e above t h e mouth of t h e Wenztchee o n t h e n o r t h .
C u r t i s w r o t e t h a t t h e Wenatchee were a group of s n a l l t r i b e s whose
t e r r i t o r y extended froin Lake Chelan t o t h e Wenatchee River.
Within
t h i s group h e enumerated s i x bands which were l o c a t e d as f o l l o w s :
(I)
A t t h e o u t l e t o f Lake Chelan,
( 2 ) Aloag E n t i a t Creek,
(3)
On t h e Columbiz R i v e r between E n t i a t Creek ar.d Wenatchee R i v e r ,
( 4 ) A t t h e mouth or' t h e Wenatchee River,
12 Ind. C1. Comm. 301
(5)
Higher up on t h e Wenatchee, and
(6) A t t h e forks of the Wenatchee, where t h e town of Leavenworth
now stands.
C u r t i s a l s o s t a t e d t h a t the Indians on t h e upper Yakima River and on
t h e K i t t i t a s were c l o s e l y r e l a t e d t o t h e Wenatchee b u t n o t included
among them.
*
Curtis s t a t e d t h a t t h e Wishram were located on t h e n o r t h s i d e of
t h e Columbia River opposite t h e Dalles,
Pel-loat-tal-lah
Curtis a l s o s t a t e d t h a t the
r e f e r r e d t o by Lewis and Clark were t h e Palus, who
"by a l l t r i b a l t r a d i t i o n s , never l i v e d e l s e where t h a n on Snake River,
about t h e mouth of Palouse River and eastward."
(Pet. Ex. 503, p. 5)
L e s l i e S p i e r and Edward Sapir
,
.
47, D r . L e s l i e S p i e r i n 1930 published a work e n t i t l e d Wishram
Ethnography.
Edward Sapir had v i s i t e d t h e a r e a i n 1905 g a t h e r i n g
l i n g u i s t i c information which he turned over t o S p i e r .
S p i e r t h e n made
ethnographic i n v e s t i g a t i o n s i n t h e a r e a i n 1924 and 1925,
The Wishram
were described a s a small t r i b e which o r i g i n a l l y occupied t h e n o r t h
bank of t h e Columbia River about t h e Dalles.
The e x t e n t of occupation
was described a s roughly from White Salmon River t o Ten Mile Rapids above
t h e Dalles.
Their permanent s e t t l e m e n t was d i r e c t l y on t h e river, b u t
they hunted and sought plants on t h e higher country d i r e c t l y back from
t h e r i v e r t o t h e watershed, t h a t i s , on t h e s o u t h e r n s l o p e s of M t . Adams
and t h e so-called K l i k i t a t Mountains,
Spier r e p o r t e d t h a t it was
p o s s i b l e t h a t t h e White Salmon Indians, who occupied t h e v i c i n i t y of
t h e r i v e r of t h a t name, and who spoke t h e Wishram language, may n o t
have been properly classed a s Wishram.
Thus t h e Wishram may have
12 Ind. C1. Corn. 301
occupied a r i v e r f r o n t a g e of about t h i r t y - f i v e m i l e s , which was t h e
d i s t a n c e frorn Whi-te Salmon River t o Ten Mile Rapids o r i t may have
been r e s t r i c t e d t o only about 15 m i l e s .
D r . Verne F. Ray
48.
D r . Verne F. Ray, an e x p e r t a n t h r o p o l o g i s t , t e s t i f i e d f o r
p e t i t i o n e r s i n t h i s case.
D r . Eky has done extansive work i n t h e p l a t e a u
a r e a of nortkwest.?-rx America, which a r e a i c c l u d e s Royce Area 3 6 4 .
His
s t u d y of t h e p z t i t i o r e r I n d t a n s a ~ tdh e i r neighboring t r l b e s was commenced
i n 1923 and h z s continrrsd t o t h e p r e s e n t .
D r . Ray's study of t h e s e
I n d i a n s has i n c l a d e d f i e l d work i n 1928 and 1937 involving I n d i a n
i r f o r n a n t s from a l l of t h e t r i b e s involved as w e l l a s s t u d y arrd e v a l u a t i o n
of t k e doccmentary m a t e r i a l and e t h n o - h i s t o r i c a l records r e l a t i n g t o t h e
I n d i a n s w i t h i 2 t h e claimed a r e a .
.
.
I n h i s testimony b e f o r 2 the Commission D r . Ray described h i s f i n d i n g s
r e l z t i n g t o t h e v i l l a g e l o c a t i o n s acd ecoaomic uses kcd a c t i v i t i e s of
e a c h of t k e s e p a r a t e land u s i n g e n t i t i e s w i t h i n t h e s u b j e c t a r e a .
.
In
.
suranary h i s conclusions w i t h r e s p e c t t o each of t h e s e t r i b e s o r groups
were a s follows:
(a)
Chelan, E n t i a t and Wenatchee
The v i l l a g e l o c a t i o n s f o r t h e s e S a l i s h speaking t r i b e s were
l o c a t e d g e n e r a l l y along t h e Columbia River and along Lake Chelan and
t h e E n t i a t and Wenatchee Rivers r e s p e c t i v e l y .
The l o c a t i o n s were i n d i -
. - .
c a t e d on a map designated a s p e t i t i o n e r s ' Exhibit No. 492(a) and
d e s c r i b e d i n P e t i t i o n e r s f E x h i b i t No. 493.
i
A
were permanent abodes.
Most of t h e v i l l a g e s i t e s
1 2 Ind. C 1 . Corn. 301
335
There were 20 v i l l a g e locations l i s t e d f o r t h e Chelan T r i b e .
In
describing t h e Chelan v i l l a g e number 1 ( t h e northernmost l o c a t i o n on t h e
Columbia River) D r . Ray s t a t e d " t h i s v i l l a g e may have been occupied by
~ h e l a nonly s i n c e 1870 o r so" (Pet. Ex. 493, p, 1).
I n h i s work published
i n 1936 D r . Ray described t h i s v i l l a g e a s t h e ''home of a 'renegade
band' of Chelan numbering f i f t y o r 100.
Formerly t h i s w a s d o u b t l e s s t h e
s i t e of a Methow v i l l a g e , but was l e f t unoccupied w i t h t h e e a r l y r a p i d
dwindling of t h a t people" (Pet, Ex. 568, pp. 141-142).
There were f o u r v i l l a g e s i t e s l i s t e d by D r . Ray f o r t h e E n t i a t T r i b e ,
Three were l o c a t e d on t h e Columbia River and one a s h o r t d i s t a n c e up t h e
E n t i a t River.
I n h i s e a r l i e r work D r . Ray had n o t i n c l u d e d a n E n t i a t
T r i b e because, a s he s t a t e d , he was n o t convinced t h a t any such s e p a r a t e
t r i b e had e x i s t e d ,
However, i n preparing mattrial f o r t h i s c a s e he
encountered a l a r g e number of documents n o t p r e v i o u s l y used by him which
c l e a r l y i n d i c a t e d t o him t h a t t h e " E n t i a t were n o t j u s t a p a r t o f t h e
Chelan Tribe, a s I had before assumed, b u t t h a t t h e y were indeed a
s e p a r a t e t r i b e unto themselves" (Tr. 301).
The Wenatchee a r e a included f i f t e e n v i l l a g e sites on D r . Ray's map.
Seven of t h e s i t e s were located along both banks o f t h e Columbia R i v e r
with t h e remainder l o c a t e d along t h e Wenatchee River and i t s t r i b u t a r i e s .
The a r e a s which D r . Ray found were occupied by t h e Chelan, E n t i a t ,
and Wenatchee Tribes were s i m i l a r i n topography and c l i m z t e and o f f e r e d
s i m i l a r economic resources which were e x p l o i t e d i n s i m i l a r manner by t h e
.respective tribes.
Each a r e a contained a s t r e t c h of t h e Columbia R i v e r
v a l l e y , extending on t h e e a s t bank of t h e r i v e r t o t h e p l a t e a u above t h e
12 Icd. CI. Corn. 301
river.
To t h e w2st t h e t e r r i t o r y e x t m d e d up t h e r i v e r o r r i v e r and
lake v a l l e y s .
The t h r s e a r e a s were r e l a t i v e l y p a r a l l e l t o each o t h e r
e x t e n d l s g w e s t ~ a r dt o t h e peaks of t h e Cascade Range.
The s p r i n g and f a l l seasons were mostly s p e n t near t h e v a r i o u s
fishing stations.
Other seasons were devoted Eo g a t h e r i n g r o o t s and
b e r r i e s and hunting f o r game.
.
The higher mountain e l e v a t i o n s s u p p l i e d
t h e n % i t 5 l a r g e game such a s d e s r , e l k , b e a r , mocntain goats and sheep
while t h e lawer a r e a s s u p p l i e d s m a l l e r game such a s r a b b i t s .
They found
ducks, g e e s e and t a r k e y i n t h e low regions.
The f i s h i n g , p r i n c i p a l l y salmoc, was t h e p r i n c i p a l a c t i v i t y of t h e s e
tribes.
A l l had f i s h i n g s i t e s w i t h i n t h e i r r e s p e c t i v e t e r r i t o r i e s .
However, t h e b e s t f i s h e r y was i r i t h e Wenatc5ee t e r r i t o r y a t t h e f o r k s o f
t h e WenaEches River and I c i c l e Creek.
d u r i c g t h e l a r g e salmon runs.
'
Weirs were used t o t r a p t h e salmon
This s p o t was a g a t h e r i n g p l a c e f o r t h e
.
I n d i a n s and many members of t h e Ckelan and E n t i a t T r i b e s a s w e l l a s t h o s e
from t h e Columbia and K i c t i t a s - T r i b e s w o d d congregate a t t h e s i t e .
Dr.
.
Ray r e p o r t e d t h a t t h e Wenatchee themselves hilt and maintained t h e w e i r s
b u t - f i s h would be d i s t r i b u t e d by t h e Wenatchee t o t h e v i s i t i n g I n d i a n s
f o r t h e i r d a i l y ne&?s.
There was b a r t e r i n g f o r s u p p l i e s of t h e f i s h to .
'
be t a k e n back t o t h e v i s i t o r s ' home t e r r i t o r y .
(b)
Columbia
The C o l ~ m b i aTribe, although a l s o S a l i s h speaking and w i t h a
b a s i c c u l t u r e r e l a t i v e l y s i m i l a r t o t h a t of t h e Chelan, E n t i a t and
Wenatchee, occupied a much d i f f e r e n t t r i b a l a r e a .
-
5
sites.
D r . Ray l i s t e d 44 v i l l a g e
About one-half t h e s i t e s were n e a r t h e western b o r d e r of t h e claimed
1 2 Ind. C 1 . Corn. 301
areacfor t h i s t r i b e .
Another s u b s t a n t i a l p o r t i o n formed a n i r r e g u l a r
line from Moses Lake northward t o nezr t h e n o r t h e r n boundary.
The
remaining seven v i l l a g e s were summer camps i n t h e n o r t h w e s t e r n s e c t i o n
of t h e Columbia claimed a r e a .
Only a few v i l l a g e l o c a t i o n s , on t h e
Columbia River, were occupied through a l l seasons.
Many o t h e r s i t e s
on t h e Columbia River were occupied o n l y i n t h e u i n t e r .
S e v e r a l o f &he
v i l l a g e sites i n t h e Moses Lake r e g i o n were h e a d q u a r t e r s f o r summer
festivals,
-Indians gathered t h e r e i n J u l y and August f o r t h e i r a n n u a l
games, horse r a c i n g and o t h e r a c t i v i t i e s .
The a r e a claimed f o r t h e Columbia T r i b e i n c l u d e d a s t r e t c h o f t h e
Columbia River watershed i n t h e southwest,
Most of t h e a r e a was i n t h e
f l a t , semi-arid p l a t e a u r e g i o n e l e v a t e d about 1500 t o 2000 f e e t above
the Columbia River.
It was covered g e n e r a l l y w i t h bunch g r a s s and i n -
cluded small b a s i n - l i k e l a k e s and streams, many of them a l k a l i n e and
not s u i t e d t o man o r h o r s e ,
F i s h i n g was n o t of g r e a t importance t o t h e Columbia I n d i a n s , t h e i r
few f i s h i n g s i t e s not p o s s e s s i n g t h e e x c e l l e n c e of t h e i r w e s t e r n n e i g h b o r s .
Likewise hunting was n o t a s important a s w i t h t h e Chelan, E n t i a t and
-
d
<
.
Wenatchee Tribes.
Nost of t h e i r s u b s i s t e n c e was o b t a i n e d from t h e r o o t s ,
b e r r i e s , deer and a n t e l o p e and o t h e r s m a l l game found o v e r t h e p l a t e a u
region.
The Columbia I n d i a n s had many h o r s s i n a b o r i g i n a l t i m e s and
used them i n t r a v e l i n g over t h e i r t e r r i t o r y .
South of t h e four S a l i s h speaking t r i b e s were t h e S a h a p t i n s p e a k i n g
tribes
-- t h e K i t t i t a s ,
Yakima, K l i k i t a t , Wanapam, P a l u s , and Skeen
and one Chinookan speaking t r i b e , t h e Wishram.
--
12 i n s . C l . Corn. 301
(c)
Kittitas
The v i l l a g e l o c a t i o n s f o r t h i s t r i b e , as w e l l a s f o r a l l t h e
S 2 3 a p t i x speaking t r i b s s , were taken from D r . Ray's 1936 p u b l i c a t i o n
( f e t , E s . 568) and p 3 a t t a d on t h e map, p e t i t i o n e r s
e x 5 i b i t number 590.
T5e 12 v i l l a g e locations were along t h e upper reac5es of the.Yakima
River znd i t s t r i b u t a r i e s t o t h e head of Lake Cle E l m .
The t e r r i z o r y claimed £3- t h i s t r i b e was of f a i r l y h i g h e l e v a t i o n s .
The K i t t i t a s depended f o r s u b s i s t e n c e l a r g e l y upon game from t h e mountains,
r o o t d i g g h g i n t h e s o u t h e r m o s t p o r t i o n and f i s h i n g a l o n g t h e Yakima
River acd i t s t r i b u t a r i e s .
(d)
D r . Rzy p l o t t e d 41 v i l l a g e l o c a t i o n s f o r t h i s t r i b e .
C - 2
&
:
-
Yakiaa
1
He d i d ,
-I
n o t u s e t h o s e v i l l a g e l o c a t i o n s numbered I through 3 which he had l i s t e d
i n h l s 1936 s t - ~ d y(Pet. Ex. 568), which l o c a t i o n s were t o t h e e a s t of t h e
The v i l l a g e s w e r e l o c a t e d a l o n g t h e
s r e a claimed f o r t h e Yakima T r i b e ,
c o w s e s of t h e lower Yakima River and i t s t r i b r r t a r y s t r e a m s .
A number
of t h e l o c a t i o n s were f a i r l y h i g h up i n t h e mountains.
The Y a k h a s used t h e h i g h mountain a r e a s t o p r o v i d e them w i t h e l k ,
d e e r and b e a r a s w e l l a s b e r r i e s .
They dug r o o t s i n t h e p l a t e a u a r e a
found i n t h e lower l e v e l s i n t h e n o r t h e a s t e r n and s o u t h e r n p o r t i o n s of
the territory.
The Yakima River provided e x c e l l e n t f i s h i n g l o c a t i o n s ,
a n d ' i t was r e p o r t e d t h z t t h e Yakiolas a l s o r a i s e d p o t a t o e s , melons, squashes
and a l i t t l e b a r l e y and I n d i a n corn.
(e)
Klikitat
There were f i f t e e n v i l l a g e l o c a t i o n s noted by D r . Ray i n t h e
t e r r i t o r y claimed f o r t h e R l i k i t a t .
These v i l l a g e s were s c a t t e r e d i n
1 2 Ind. C l . Corn. 301
t h e southern p o r t i o n of the claimed a r e a below M t . Adam.
D r . Ray did
n o t i n c l u d e on h i s map the v i l l a g e l o c a t i o n No. L l i s t e d i n h i s 1936
work s i n c e , a p p a r e n t l y , it was l o c a t e d o u t s i d e t h e K l i k i t a t claimed
a r e a opposite t h e town of Lyle on t h e Columbia River i n t h e t e r r i t o r y
l i s t e d a s wishram.
The t e r r i t o r y claimed f o r t h e K l i k i t a t was mountainous i n c h a r a c t e r
w i t h p r a i r i e i n t h e lower regions.
They depended l a r g e l y on l a r g e game
f o r t h e i r s u b s i s t e n c e a s w e l l a s silmon which ascended t h e r i v e r s which
flowed from t h e i r t e r r i t o r y t o t h e Columbia River,
Roots and b e r r i e s
were a l s o gathered i n t h e p r a i r i e a r e a i n t h e c e n t r a l and s o u t h e r n
p o r t i o n s of t h e t e r r i t o r y .
It w a s a l s o r e p o r t e d t h a t t h e K l i k i t a t depended t o a Large e x t e n t
on t r a d e f o r a r t i c l e s which t h e i r country d i d n o t supply.
D r . Gibbs
r e p o r t e d t h a t t h e K l i k i t a t had an a p t i t u d e f o r t r a d i n g and t h a t t h e y
had "become t o t h e neighboring t r i b e s what t h e ~ i i n k e e swere t o t h e once
Western S t a t e s , t h e t r a v e l i n g r e t a i l e r s of n o t i o n s " (Pet. Ex. 416, p. 4 0 3 ) .
The K l i k i t a t s had ceremonial grounds a t Tahk p r a i r i e n e a r Glenwood,
where t h e y m e t w i t h t$e Yakimas, and had t h e i r annual h o r s e r a c i n g ,
gambling and o t h e r f e s t i v i t i e s
(f)
.
Wishram
The v i l l a g e l o c a t i o n s l o c a t e d by D r .
from Lewis and Clark.
Ray on h i s map w e r e t a k e n
The seven permanent v i l l a g e s were d e s c r i b e d by
D r . Ray a s having been l o c a t e d c l o s e t o t h e r i v e r bank from one t o t h r e e
m i l e s a p a r t extending throughout t h e i r t e r r i t o r y .
The Wishram economy was based p r i m a r i l y upon f i s h i n g , p a r t i c u l a r l y
t h e salmon.
The Wishram had some of t h e b e s t f i s h i n g l o c a t i o n s on t h e
1 2 ind. C1. Corn. 301
r i v e r and they caught and d r i e d salmon i n immense q c a n t i t l e s , both f o r
s u b s i s t e n c e and t r a d e .
I n d i a n s from t r i b e s some d i s t a n c e away came t o
t h e D a l l e s t o t r a d e and a t t e n d ceremonies.
D e ~ were
r
found i n t h e
western p o r t i o n s of t h e t e r r i t o r y claimed f o r t h e Wishram and s m a l l
game was hunted throughout t h e e n t i r e a r e a .
(g)
Skeea
I
+
To t h e e a s t of t h e Wishram along t h e Calumbia River was t h e .
Skeen T r i b e ,
D r . Ray l o c a t e d s i x v i l l a g e s along t h e n o r t h bank of t h e
Columbia River c i t i n g t h e a u t h o r i t y f o r such l o c a t i o n t h e r e p o r t s of
t h e Lewis acd C l a r k e x p e d i t i o n which Located t h e Skeen v i l l a g e s (designated by Lewis and Clark a s Eneeshure) i n t h e a r e a of C e l i l o F a l l s , o r
3
t h e Great F a l l s as i t was t h e n c a l l e d .
4
These I n d i a n s were q u i t e s i m i l a r t o t h e Wishram,
p r i m a r i l y upon f i s h f o r t h e i r s u b s i s t e n c e and t r a d e .
They depended
C e l i l o F a l l s was
.
one of t h e g r e a t f i s h i n g p l a c e s along t h e Columbia River where I n d i a n s '
g a t h e r e d i n g r e a t numbers during t h e f i s h i n g season.
There was no
a p p r e c i a b l e number of l a r g e game i n t h a t t e r r i t o r y , b u t t h e r e w a s s m a l l
game which t h e y o c c a s i o n a l l y hunted.
(h)
Wanapam
The t e r r i t o r y claimed f o r t h i s t r i b e was t o t h e e a s t o f t h e
K i t t i t a s and Yakima a r e a s and s o u t h of t h e Columbia t e r r i t o r y .
D r , Ray
l o c a t e d f i v e v i l l a g e s f o r t h i s t r i b e a l l on t h e west bank of t h e Columbia
River.
i
The v i l l a g e l o c a t i o n s were n e a r p r i e s t ' s Rapids, t h e home o f t h e
r e l i g i o u s l e a d e r , Smohallah.
1 2 Ind. C1. Com. .301
The t e r r i t 6 r y claimed f o r t h i s t r i b e extended f a r t o t h e e a s t .
With t h e exception of t h e Columbia River i n t h e western p o r t i o n of
t h e i r t e r r i t o r y , t h e Wanapam a r e a was dry, t r e e l e s s , r e l a t i v e l y l e v e l ,
and covered with g r a s s e s .
This t r i b e caught g r e a t q u a n t i t i e s of salmon
i n t h e Columbia River and used t h e a r e a t o t h e west of t h e Columbia 60
hunt antelope.
The a r e a extending t o t h e e a s t s u p p l i e d them w i t h r o o t s
a s w e l l a s small game.
I n h i s earlier s t u d i e s D r . Ray had designated t h e e a s t e r n p o r t i o n
of t h e t e r r i t o r y claimed f o r t h e Wanapam a s t h e l o c a t i o n of .the
'Wauyukma."
However, he t e s t i f i e d t h a t t h i s d e s i g n a t i o n was i n e r r o r
and he i s of t h e opinion t h a t t h e e n t i r e a r e a was occupied by t h e
Wanapam.
'Wauyukma" was, i n D r . Ray's opinion, = - v i l l a g e l o c a t i o n r a t h e r
than a t r i b a l a r e a designation.
(i)
Palus
The t e r r i t o r y claimed f o r t h e Palus T r i b e was immediately t o
t h e e a s t of t h e Wanapam t e r r i t o r y .
D r . Ray has noted 34 v i l l a g e l o c a t i o n s
f o r t h i s t r i b e most of them l y i n g along t h e Snake R i v e r and t h e P a l u s
River near- i t s mouth with t h e Snake River.
I n P e t i t i o n e r r s E x h i b i t No.
535, D r . Ray has s e t f o r t h t h e 34 v i l l a g e l o c a t i o n s w i t L a b r i e f s t a t e ment concerning t h e type of v i l l a g e and i t s use t o g e t h e r w i t h t h e s o u r c e s
from which he has obtained t h e s e v i l l a g e l o c a t i o n s .
The Commission has noted t h a t t h e v i l l a g e l o c a t i o n s i n t h e e a s t e r n
p a r t of t h e claimed a r e a along t h e Snake River and a l s o t h o s e few l o c a t i o n s
t o t h e s o u t h of t h e Snake River contained source c i t a t i o n s which r a i s e
doubts concerning t h e i d e n t i f i c a t i o n of t h e v i l l a g e s i t e s a s Palus.
For exainple:
V i l l a g e l o c a t i o n 27, which i s i d e c t i f i e d by t h e name Alpowa, i s
r e p o r t e d by D r . Ray t o have been "a Palus v i l l a g e of a few houses
l o c a t e d a t t h e mouth of Alpowa Creek."
This l o c a t i o n i s i n t h e extreme
s o u t h e a s t e r n c o r n e r of t h e t e r r i t o r y claimed f o r t h e Palus.
-
1ncluded.in
t h e c i t a t i o n s g i v e 3 by D r . Ray as h i s sources f o r t h i s l i s t i n g a r e t h e
following:
1.
Lewis and Clark map (Pet. Ex. 526, p a r t I )
--
Lewis and C l a r k
noted an I n d i a n v i l l a g e a t t h i s l o c a t i o n w i t h a d i s t i n g u i s h i n g symbol
which r e p r e s e n t e d a wooden house a s d i s t i n g u i s h e d from t h e i r symbol
d e s i g n a t i n g ''straw and mat lodges."
Lewis and Clark d i d n o t i d e n t i f y
t h e I n d i a n t r i b e o r group t o which t h i s v i l l a g e belonged.
2.
Lewis and C l a r k (Pet. Ex. 509, pp. 107-108)
-- T h i s
source
i n d i c a t e s t 5 a t Lewis and Clark reported t h e presence o f a n I n d i a n v i l l a g e
a t t h i s l o c a t i o n without i d e n t i f y i n g t h e I n d i a n s who occupied i t .
3.
Doty (Pet. Ex. 504)
-- This
distances i n t h e general area,
.
.
.
e x h i b i t d e s c r i b e s v a r i o u s t r a i l s and
I n h i s " i t i n e r a r y of r ~ u t e sfrom 'Whitman's
S t a t i o n ' i n t h e Walla Walla Valley t o ' C r a i g ' s '
i n t h e Nez Perce c o u n t r y ,
t h e Coeur d t A l e n e Mission and Spokane P r a i r i e a t Antoine P l a n t e s " James
Doty wrote:
Continuing down t h e Alupah-hah, reach i t s j u n c t i o n w i t h
Snake R i v s r a t Al-pow-ow-ow o r Red w o l f ' s Ground
, there
i s a Nez Perce V i l l z g e of 25 Lodges and they have some t h i r t y
a c r e s under c u l t i v a t i o n p r i n c i p a l l y Cn Corn. ( P e t . Ex. 504, p. 2 )
..
Doty does n o t r e f e r t o any Palus v i l l a g e a t t h i s l o c a t i o n .
12 Ind. C1. Corn. 301
4. Curtis (Pet. Ex. 503, p. 158)
-
In his section dealing with
the Nez Perce Indians, Curtis listed "the former settlements of the Nez
Perces, carefully compiled data furnished by a number of their oldest
and best informed representatives."
Included among the villages listed
in the section entitled, "Snake River from Tucanon Creek to the Clearwater," was the village Alpoowih or Alpowaima, located at the mouth of
Alpowa Creek with the notation that "this band was the most powerful of
the Nez Perces of Lower Snake River."
5. Spinden (Pet. Ex. 517, p. 175)
-
In his work concerning the Nez
Perce Indians there is a listing of the names for a number of the bands
of geographical divisions of the Nez Perces with each group containing
at least one important permanent village and a number of temporary fishing
camps.
Included in his list of the most important divisions was Alpowema
which he listed as a band on Alpaha (Alpowa) Creek.
6.
Dr. Ray's own ethnographic field research.
Village location 26.
Proceeding down the Snake River the next village
location, numbered 26, has no name identification and is merely listed as
a "large Indian
house" which Dr. Ray obtained from Lewis and Clark.
- .
As
with the previous village location cited above, Lewis and Clark merely
noted the presence of an Indian cabin without identifying the tribe or
band of Indians to whom it belonged. There is no other source listed for
this village location.
Village location 25 is listed as' Kelalshun, which is located on the
south side of the Snake River. The only source which is cited for this
location is Curtis who included this village location in his description
of Nez Perce settlements (Pet. Ex. 503, p. 158).
-
1 2 i n d . C l . Corn. 301
V i l l a g e l o c a t i o n 24 i s L d e n t i f i e d a s Witkispa and l c c a t e d o n t h e .
n o r t h s i d e of t h e Snake R i v e r o p p o s i t e t h e p r e v i o u s v i l l a g e l o c a t i o n .
D r . Ray r e p o r t e d t h a t i t w a s t h e l a r g e s t of t h e P a l u s v i l l a g e s on t h e
upper Snake River and was t h e primary b a s e f o r e x p l o i t i n g t h e h u n t i n g
and r o o t and b e r r y ground o f t h e a r e a .
The f i r s t two c i t a t i o n s f o r t h i s
l o c a t i o n a r e Lewis an6 C l a r k , who r e p o r t e d two I n d i a n b u t s a t t h i s
location, mapping them w i t 5 two symbols f o r wooden h o u s e s and l a b e l i n g
them c a b i n s .
Lewis and C l a r k d i d n o t i d e n t i f y t h e I n d i a n t r i b e o r band
which occzpied t h i s v i l l a g e .
The n e x t c i t a t i o n i s C u r t i s , who a g a i n
l i s t e d t h i s v i l l a g e a s a Nez P e r c e s e t t l e m e n t .
The n e x t c i t a t i o n i s
Spinden who L i s t e d t h i s l o c a t i o n as a Nez Perce band ( P e t . Ex, 517, p,
175).
The f i n a l c i t a t i o n i s D r . Ray's s t h n o g r a p h i c f i e l d r e s e a r c h .
V i l l a g e l o c a t i o n s numbered 21, 22 arid 23, a l s o a l o n g t h e Snake R i v e r ,
s i 3 i l a r l y c i t e C u r t i s who i n e a c h i n s t a n c a l i s t e d t h e v i l l a g e as a Nez
Perce location.
V i l l a g e l o c a t i o n s 19 a n 2 1 8 w e r e l i s t e d by C ~ r t i sand S p i n d e n as
b e i n g Nez P e r c e ; v i l l a g e l o c a t i o n 17 was l i s t e d by C u r t i s as b e i n g Nez
P e r c e ; v i l l a g e l o c a t i o n 13 was l i s t e d by b o t h C u r t i s a n d S p i n d e n as b e i n g
Nez Perce; v i l l a g e l o c a t i o n 1 2 was l i s t e d by C u r t i s as b e i n g Nez P e r c e ;
v i l l a g e l o c a t i o n I1 was l i s t e d by b o t h C u r t i s and Spinden as b e i n g Nez
P e r c e ; and v i l l a g e No. 8 was l i s t e d by C u r t i s as b e i n g Nez P e r c e .
,
V i l l a g e l o c a t i o n Mo. 3 2 on t h e Tucannon Z i v e r was r e p o r t e d b y C u r t i s
and Spinden t o have been a Nez P e r c e l o c a t i o n .
The one i s o l a t e d v i l l a g e
numbered 3 1 i n t h e extreme n o r t h e a s t e r n p o r t i o n of t h e t r a c t d o e s n o t
12 Ind. C 1 . Comm. 301
have any source c i t a t i o n and was r e p o r t e d by D r . Ray t o have been an
approximate l o c a t i o n of t h i s somewhat i s o l a t e d Paltis v i l l a g e .
I n his
testimony, i n responding t o a question concerning t h e d a t e f o r t h e
l o c a t i o n of v i l l a g e No. 31, D r . Ray r e p l i e d :
The v i l l a g e numbered 3 1 was occupied i n 1855 and post-1855
times
(Tr. 889)
...
*.' D r . Ray has explained i n d e t a i l t h e ' f a c t t h a t t h e Palus c u l t u r e
set t h a t t r i b e a p a r t from a l l of i t s neighbors.
The main f e a t u r e which,
i n D r . Ray's opinion, d i s t i n g u i s h e d t h e Palus w a s t h e i r c h a r a c t e r i s t i c
u s e of wooden houses f o r w i n t e r dwelling.
He s t a t e d t h a t t h e l a r g e wooden
houses were unknown t o any o t h e r p l a t e a u t r i b e e x c e p t down t h e Columbia
n e a r t h e Cascade Mountains where t h e p l a t e a u I n d i a n s came i n c o n t a c t w i t h
t h e coast Indians.
However, D r . Ray d i d note t h a t Lewis and C l a r k had
r e p o r t e d a few wooden houses among t h e Nez Perce b u t , h e e x p l a i n e d , o n l y
i n t h e a r e a immediately a d j a c e n t t o t h e Palus, and t h a t t h e Nez Perce
l e a r n e d t o make t h e s e houses from t h e Palus (Tr. 7 3 4 , 735).
The Palus t e r r i t o r y was p a r t of a high p l a t e a u of r a t h e r l e v e l
t e r r a i n , c u t by many s t r e a m s , . The Palus and Snake Rivers flowed through
t h e t e r r i t o r y i n deep gorges and t h e p r e c i p i t o u s f a l l s of t h o s e r i v e r s
provided w i n t e r p r o t e c t i o n f o r t h e Palus.
The a r e a s away from t h e v i l l a g e
l o c a t i o n s were e x p l o i t e d f o r g a t h e r i n g r o o t s , b e r r i e s , and i n h u n t i n g
for subsistence.
The Palus t e r r i t o r y provided game, both l a r g e and s m a l l ,
throughout t h e e n t i r e a r e a .
Salmon f i s h i n g was one of t h e i m p o r t a n t
sources of s u b s i s t e n c e f o r t h e Palus.
The mouth of t h e P a l u s River had
long been noted a s an o u t s t a n d i n g f i s h i n g l o c a t i o n .
346
12 ind. C1. Coan. 301
.
D r . Ray's a n t h r o p o l o g i c a l f i e l d work i n thLs r e g i o n was comenced
i n 1928 and h e worked with informants from a l l of t h e p e t i t i o n e r t r i b e s . .
His f i r s :
t e n t a t i v e findings on t r i b a l boundaries were published i n 1936
and, they were f u r t h e r r e f i n e d by f i e l d s t u d i e s a s s e t f o r t h i n a p u b l i c a t i o n i n 1938.
I n g e n e r a l D r . Ray's conclusions, which were made b e f o r e
t h e passage o f t h e I n d i a 2 Clains Commission Act, were a r r i v e d a t from h i s
work w i t h ir,formar,ts and independent of t h e e t h n o - h i s t o r i c a l r e c o r d s ,
which have lat2I.y been reviewed by him.
D r . Ray s t a t z d t h a t h i s con-
c l u s i o n was based on r c s e a r c h which he had done over t h e y e a r s i n t h e
1930 ' s , supplemented by subsequent r e s e a r c h a r d l a t e r s t u d i e s of a l l o f
t h e a v a i l a b l e primary sources of m a t e r l a l , w i t h s p e c i a l emphasis o r
-
i
3
I
meanicg upon such well-lnfomed a u t h o r i t i e s a s Lewis acd Clark, Alexander
.-SF
Boss, I. I. Stevens and, i n p a r t i c u l a r , George Gibbs.
D r . Ray p l a c e d a
g r e a t ernphasis on George Gibbs because he was working on t h e q u e s t i o n of
tribal locatiom.
The t r i b a l maps which Gibbs prepared i n 1853 and 1854,
j u s t p r i o r t o t h e t r e a t y , were e t h n o l o g i c a l maps showing t r i b a l boundary
.
-
l i n e s and, i n D r . ~ a y ' sopinion, t h o s e t r i b a l boundary l i n e s were e n t i t l e d
t o a v e r y g r e a t d e a l of weight and such weight was given them by D r .
Ray
i n a r r i v i n g a t h i s u l t i m a t e conclusions.
S t u a r t Chalfant
. 49.
nologist.
S t u a r t Chalfant t e s t i f i e d f o r t h e defendant a s a n e x p e r t et&
H e a l s o submitted r e p o r t s concerning h i s survey of t h e a n t h r o -
p o l o g i c a l and h i s t o r i c a l m a t e r i a l r e l a t i n g t o t h e I n d i a n t r i b e s l o c a t e d
w i t h i n t h e s u b j e c t a r e a a n d h ' i s c o n c l u s i o n s t o be drawn therefrom.
1 2 Ind. C1. Corn. 301
With r e s p e c t t o t h e f o u r Salish-speaking t r i b e s i n t h e n o r t h e r n
(a)
p a r t of t h e claimed a r e a , M r . Chalfant cokcluded t h a t t h e Wenatchee
were r e p r e s e n t e d a t t h e t r e a t y c o u n c i l and were a p a r t y t o t h e Yakima
Treaty.
He concluded t h a t t h e term Wenatchee could be a p p l i e d t o t h a t
s i n g l e group of Indians which r e s i d e d i n t h e Wenatchee V a l l e y o r i t
could be a p p l i e d t o t h e Methow, Chelan, E n t i a t and Wenatchee bands.
He concluded t h a t t h e Wenatchee were i r r f a c t t h e Wenatcheepam named
i n t h e t r e a t y and t h a t t h e Pisquose named i n t h e t r e a t y r e f e r r e d n o t
only t o t h e Wenatchee, b u t t o t h e o t h e r Pisquose bands.
Chalfant
a o t e d t h a t h i s t o r i a n s and e t h n o l o g i s t s had tended t o exclude t h e E n t i a t
a s a s e p a r a t e t r i b a l group, i n c l u d i n g t h e n a s a p a r t o f e i t h e r t h e
Chelan o r t h e Wenatchee group.
The E n t i a t , he s t a t e d , had a mixed
p o p u l a t i o n of Wenatchee, E n t i a t o r Chelan I n d i a n s and t h e r e f o r e e x i s t e d
as a '%xixed
population, which, n o n e t h e l e s s , c a n be looked upon as a
geographic d i v i s i o n o r a s a s e p a r a t e people occupying a geographic a r e a ,
o r t h e area bounded by t h e r i d g e s surrounding t h e E n t i a t R i v e r d r a i n a g e
system."
relati&
.
&
(Tr. 484)
While M r . Chalfant ooted t h a t t h e r e was v e r y l i t t l e
to t h e e a r l y h i s t o r y of
.
t h e Wenatchee, Columbia, E n t i a t , and
- ,
~ h e l a nt r i b e s , he t e s t i f i e d t h a t "what meager r e f e r e n c e s we do f i n d go
t o c o n f i r m t h e e x i s t e n c e of t h e s e s e v e r a l t r i b a l groups i n t h e a r e a a s
f a r back as t h e h i s t o r i c a l r e c o r d s go.
I n o t h e r words, t h e r e i s n o t h i n g
i n t h e h i s b o r i c a l r e c o r d s t o show t h a t t h e s e a r e a s . w e r e o c c u p i e d a t
a former time by groups o t h e r t h a n tHe S a l i s h groups, and t h e y do a t
times--the h i s t o r i c a l r e c o r d s do--confirm t h e l o c a t i o n o f s p e c i f i c bands
and v i l l a g e s i t e s
..
.If
(Tr. 491)
12 Ind. C l . Corm. 301
3r. Chalfant p r e s e n t e d a nap of t h a t p o r t i o n of Royce Area 364
claimed by t h e S a l i s h t r i b e s (Def. Ex. 6 7 ) cogezher w i t h a c e t a t e o v e r l a y s ,
oce of which was Defendant's Exhibit No. 67-G on which h e o u t l i n e d t h e
t e r r i t o r y which he considered was used and occupied by t h e Wenatchee
and t h e Columbia t r i b e s .
H e a l s o l o c a t e d permanenr v i l l a g e s i t e s ,
temporary v i l l a g e s i t e s , and e a r l y h i s t o r i c a l v i l l a g e s i t e s .
With r e s p e c t
t o t h e t e r r i t o r i e s which ke o u t l i n z d C 5 a l f a s t t e s t i f i e d t h a t "I have n o t
intended t o r e p r e s e n t a boundary i n t h e s29se of territorial own2rship
t h a t would imply e x c l u s i v e ownership, t h a t i s , e x c l u s i v e u s e and occupancy,
on t h e p a r t of t h e r e s i d e n t group; r a t h e r , t h e s e l i n e s r e p r e s e n t t h e
maximum a r e a f o r which t h e r e i s t o t a l agreernect i n t h e framework o f t h e
a n t h r o p o l o g i c a l and h i s t o r i c a l l i t e r a t u r e on t h z s e people f o r t h e a r e a
t h a t t h e a b o r i g i n a l Columbia on t h e one hand and t h e a b o r i g i n a l Wenatchee
on t h e o t h e r hand occupied and c t i l i z e d . "
(Tr. 5&8)
Chalfant did not
i n c l u d e a r e a s f o r e i t h e r t h e Chelan o r E n t i a t f o r t h e r e a s o n t h a t h e d i d
n o t b e l i e v e t h a t they were p a r t i e s t o t h e Yakima T r e a t y .
However, h e
t e s t i f i e d t h a t t h e land used by both of t h o s e t r i b e s was t o t h e n o r t h
w i t h t h e E n t i a t u s i n g and occupying t h e t e r r i t o r y w i t h i n t h e E n t i a t R i v e r
drainage and t h e Chelan u s i n g and occupying t h e t e r r i t o r y w i t h i n t h e
Chelan d r a i n a g e system.
The Wenatchee a r e a of occupation i n c l u d e s t h e d r a i n a g e system o f
.
t h e Wenatchee River, extending t o t h e west t o t h e Cascade Mountain r a n g e ,
t o t h e n o r t h t o t h e range l i n e becween t h e E n t i a t and Wenatchee R i v e r , .
t o t h e south t o t h e Wenatchee mountain range d i v i d i n g t h e d r a i n a g e o f
t h e Wenatchee River from t h e upper Yakima River, and t o t h e east t o t h e
12 Ind. C1. Corn. 301
Columbia River.
The area does include a small section east of the
Columbia River in the vicinity of Malaga, an area extending from approximately opposite the present town of Wenatckee down to a few miles below
Malaga.
The area of occupation for the Columbia Tribe includes all of the
Columbia bands, except a single band named by Curtis at Crab Creek.
area, as described by Chalfant, lies east of the Columbia River.
The
The
northern line is along the Badger Mountains south of Waterville continuing eastward to the vicinity of Coulee City and then turning south
a few miles to the southwest of Coulee City to follow the eastern side
of the Grand Coulee area and continuing southward to include the Soap
Lake area, the Ephrata area, including all of Moses Lake and then due
south from the town of Moses Lake to approximately the 47th parallel and
from that point running southwestwardly to the Colwbia River to the area
just north of the town of Beverly.
Although Chalfant has clearly indicated that the territories which
he has described for both the Wenatcfiee ar-d Colmbia tribes were used
-
and occupied by the respective tribes, he has also testiiied that in
..
certain areas the use and occupation was not to the exclusion of all
?
other Indian tribes.
On the acetate overlay (Def.
the areas of use by alien groups.
Ex. 67-F) Mr. Ckalfant has indicated
With respect to the Wenatchee area
he has indicated a small area of use -by the Chelan in the approximate
center of the described area at the permanent Wenatchee village site
which he has indicated near Leavenworth. He has also indicated an area
1 2 Ind. C 1 . Corm. 301
of Wenapen u s e i n t h e s o ~ t h e a s t e r np o r t i o n extending m o s t l y t o t h e s o u t h
o u t S i d e t h e d e s c r i b e d Wmatchee a r e a .
With r e s p e c t t o t h e a r e a u s e d a n d
occupied by t h e Columbia T r i b e C h a l f a n t h a s i n d i c a t e d an a r e a of Wanapam
u s e i n t h e c e n t r a l - e a s t e r n p o r t i o n of t h e Columbia t r a c t i n t h e E p h r a t a
a r e a , and i n t h e extreme s o u t h e a s t e r l y p o r t i o n i n t h e Moses Lake a r e a .
H e h a s a l s o i n d i c a t e d u s e by t h e S a n p o i l and ~ e s ~ e l e ra nl o n g t h e n o r t h -
e a s t e r l y boundary of t h e Columbia a r e a a c d has i c d i c a t e d a n a r e a o f u s e .
by t h e Okanagon a l o n g t h e n o r t h e r n boundary.
With r e s p e c t t o t h e remaining t r i b e s which were p a r t i e s t o t h e
Yakima T r e a t y , l o c a t o d t o t h e s o u t h of t h e S a l i s h - s p e a k i n g t r i b e s ,
M r . C h a l f a n t t e s t i f i e d c o c c e r n i n g each of s a i d t r i b e s as f o l l o w s : '
*,
(b)
Kittitas
C h a l f a n t concluded t h a t t h e K i t t i t a s T r i b e was a n i n d e p e n d e n t
e t h n i c group of I n d i a r s c l o s e l y r e l a t e d t o t h e Yakima T r i b e .
He a g r e e ?
w i t h t h e v i l l a g e l o c a t i o n s a s s e t f o r t h by D r . Ray i n h i s w r i t i n g s i n
1936 as w e l l a s t h e l o c a t i o n s d s s c r i b e d by Gibbs and Gov. S t e v e n s .
On
t h e map i d e n t i f i e d a s Def. Ex. 27 M r . C h a l f a n t has i n d i c a t e d t h e areas
which h e concluded were used and occupied by t h e r e s p e c t i v e Yakima T r e a t y
tribes.
The K i t t i t a s a r e a a s o u t 1 i n e d : b y Chalfant i n c l u d e d t h e u p p e r
d r a i n a g e of t h e Yakima River and conformed i n g e n e r a l t o t h e a r e a mapped
by D r . Ray a s K i t t i t a s t e r r i t o r y w i t h t h e exception o f a n a r e a i n t h e
s o u t h e r n p o r t i o n which C h a l f a n t concluded was an a r e a o f j o i n t occupancy
by t h e Yakima and K i t t i t a s t r i b e s .
The a r e a of such j o i n t u s e and
occupancy i s i n d i c a t e d on t h e map by o r a n g e c r o s s h a t c h i n g .
Chalfant
t
t e s t i f i e d t h a t , "After reviewing t h e m a t e r i a l s t h a t I have r e s e a r c h e d
12 Ind. C1. Corm. 301
over t h e s e v e r a l years t h a t I have worked on t h i s c a s e , and w i t h c a r e f u l
c o n s i d e r a t i o n of t h e s e v e r a l sources of c o n f l i c t i n g m a t e r i a l , i t i s my
own opinion t h a t i t can be c l e a r l y s t a t e d t h a t t h e K i t t i t a s e x c l u s i v e l y
occupied t h a t p o r t i o n of t h e t e r r i t o r y i n d i c a t e d on my map (Def. Ex. 27)
north of t h e orange s e c t i o n and e n t i r e l y enclosed i n g r e e n
. . . and
it
includes t h e upper Yakima River Valley from Umptanum northwestward t o
include a l l of i t s t r i b u t a r i e s t o t h e Cascade Mountains and t o t h e d i v i d e
between t h e Yakima and t h e Wenatchee Rivers."
(c)
(Tr. 314)
Yakima
M r . Chalfant t e s t i f i e d t h a t i n t h e e a r l y l i t e r a t u r e a d i s t i n c t i o n
was n o t made between t h e K i t t i t a s and t h e Yakima t r i b e s , t h e y u s u a l l y
being r e f e r r e d t o e i t h e r a s Chimnahpum o r by some o t h e r term r e l a t i n g
s p e c i f i c a l l y t o Indians of t h e Yakima River v a l l e y .
In l a t e r history,
however, d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n between t h e two t r i b e s became q u i t e c l e a r .
P o l i t i c a l l y t h e Yakima were q u i t e s i m i l a r t o t h e K i t t i t a s i n t h e i r l o c a l
autonomy on v i l l a g e l e v e l b u t with a tendeccy toward t r i b a l o r g a n i z a t i o n .
They had a sense of t e r r i t o r i a l r i g h t s i n c e r t a i n v i l l a g e a r e a s and a
common a r e a of u t i l i z a t i o n f o r t h e banding t o g e t h e r d u r i n g t h e s e a s o n
t o f u l f i l l t h e i r a r e a s ' economic needs.
The a r e a of u s e and occupation
by t h e Yakima T r i b e , a s i n d i c a t e d on Defendant's E x h i b i t 27, conformed
i n most r e s p e c t s with t h e a r e a described by D r . Ray w i t h t h e e x c e p t i o n
of an a r e a of j o i n t Kittitas-Yakima use along t h e n o r t h e r n boundary,
which a r e a i s i n d i c a t e d on t h e map by orange c r o s s h a t c h i n g .
The a r e a
of Yakima occupation included t h e lower Yakima River v a l l e y from S e l a h ,
south t o Prosser and westward along t h e western t r i b u t a r i e s of t h e
Yakima River t o include t h e American River drainage.
1 2 Ind. C 1 . Corn. 301
(d)
Klikitat
Chalfant found t h a t the K l i k i t a t T r i b e was a r a t h e r s m a l l group
of Indians which was well known and r a t h e r mobile and had a tendency
towards a d i v i s i o n i n t o a western and e a s t e r n d i v i s i o n of t h e t r i b e .
C h a l f a n t t e s t i f i e d t h a t t h e i n d i c a t i o n s were t h a t K l i k i t a t s moved cons i d e r a b l y t o t h e west and a t one time extended i n t o t h e Willamette v a l l e y
s o u t h of t h e Columbia River,
He concluded t h a t t h e Yakima T r e a t y c e s s i o n
d e a l t w i t h t h e t e r r i t o r y occupied by the e a s t e r n p o r t i o n of t h e K l i k i t a t
T r i b e , e a s t of t h e Cascade Mountains and was not intended t o i n c l u d e
t h a t - a r e a west of t h e Cascades.
...\
The western K l i k i t a t T r i b e was d i v i d e d
i n t o a group known a s t h e Taidnatam and t h e west K l i k i t a t .
b
_J-
Mr. Chalfant
h a s i n d i c a t e d a r e a s f o r both of t h e s e groups on Defendant's E x h i b i t No. 27:
b u t he t e s t i f i e d t h a t t h e a r e a s f e l l o u t s i d e t h e c e s s i o n t e r r i t o r y and
i n h i s o p i n i o n would not i n any way be considered a s p a r t o f t h e a b o r i g i n a l group t h a t Gov. Stevens d e a l t with i n t h e Yakima Treaty.
Chalfant
concluded t h a t t h e K l i k i t a t Tribe which was t h e a b o r i g i n a l t r i b e o f
I n d i a n s which w e r e a p a r t y t o t h e Yakima T r e a t y used and occupied a n
a r e a i n d i c a t e d on Defendant's E x h i b i t No. 27 which included t h e upper
d r a i n a g e systems of t h e K l i k i t a t River and t h e White Salmon River.
He
a l s o t e s t i f i e d t h a t t h e K l i k i t a t d i d make u s e of t h e a r e a s o u t h of t h e
d e s i g n a t e d K l i k i t a t t e r r i t o r y a l l t h e way t o t h e Columbia River, a l t h o u g h
t h a t a r e a of use was i n common with Indians from o t h e r s e p a r a t e t r i b a l
groups.
T h e r e f o r e , Chalfant included an a r e a south of t h e K l i k i t a t
t e r r i t o r y along t h e northern p o r t i o n of t h e Columbia River which h e found
t o be used by s e v e r a l Indian groups and which a r e a he has i n d i c a t e d by
orange c r o s s hatching.
.
(e)
Wishram
M r . Chalfant i d e n t i f i e d the Wishram, Chinookan-speaking I n d i a n s ,
a s a t r i b a l group which had been located from e a r l i e s t white c o n t a c t
about t h e i r important f i s h i n g s t a t i o n a t t h e Dalles.
He s t a t e d t h a t
t h e Wishram were exceptionally shrewd t r a d e r s and t h e i r l o c a t i o n served
as a p i v o t a l point between the c o a s t a l peoples and t h e peoples of t h e
interior.
He i d e n t i f i e d t h e t e r r i t o r y used and occupied by t h e Wishram
on Defendant's Exhibit No. 27 and included a small a r e a n o r t h of t h e
Columbia River from a point a few miles below t h e mouth of White Salmon
River eastwardly t o a point a few miles below t h e town of Wishram.
The
area immediately n o r t h of t h e Wishram t e r r i t o r y was cmss hatched t o
i n d i c a t e t h e "secondary u t i l i z a t i o n " of t h i s a r e a by t h e K l i k i t a t .
(f)
Skeen
-
.
Chalfant found t h a t t h i s t r i b e of Indians, occupying t h e a r e a
north of t h e Columbia River t o t h e e a s t of t h e Wishram, was comprised of
Indians which had been variously i d e n t i f i e d , o f t e n mistakenly, i n
h i s t o r i c a l writings.
.
Chalfant concluded t h a t t h e r e were s u f f i c i e n t
,
r e f e r e n c e s i n t h e h i s t o r i c a l l i t e r a t u r e t o i d e n t i f y t h e Skeen I n d i a n s
--
as a v i l l a g e of t h e Sahaptin Indians, who were i d e n t i f i e d i n t h e Yakima
Treaty a s Skeenpah.
He located them i n a small a r e a on t h e n o r t h bank
of t h e Columbia River j u s t above t h e town of Wishram.
Other Groups
(g)
The Ochechote
The Ochechote group of Indians was found by Chalfant t o have
been very s i m i l a r t o the Skeen and were i d e n t i f i e d a s one o f t h e named
3 54
12 I n d . C1. Cow. 301
t r i b e s i n t h e Yakima T r e a t y .
He l o c a t e d them immediately e a s t o f t h e
Skeen T r i b e on t h e n o r t h bank o f t h e Columbia River e x t e n d i n g a s f a r
east as Cliffs.
To t h e e a s t C h a l f a n t l o c a t e d two groups of I n d i a n s , i d e n t i f i e d a s
t h e Eneeshur and Waiyampam.
Although he s t a t e d t h a t t h e y m i g h t h a v e
"?
been r e l a t e d t o t h e
keen
o r might assume t o be i n c l u d e d u n d e r t h e name
Skeen, t h e y were n o t s p e c i f i c a l l y i d e n t i f i e d a s p a r t i e s t o t h e Yakima
T r e a t y , and h e t h e r e f o r e d e s i g n a t e d a n a r e a f o r them on Defendant's.
E x h i b i t No. 27 i n d i c a t i n g t h a t t h e y were 'Inon-treaty" I n d i a n s , .
C h a l f a n t a l s o i d e n t i f i e d a group known a s t h e Kowassayee I n d i a n s ,
who were p a r t i e s t o t h e Yakima T r e a t y , b u t concerning whom t h e r e was no
-- ---
-,.
3
.If
s p e c i f i c informaCion a s t o t h e i r t e r r i t o r i a l h o l d i n g s o r as t o t h e e x t e n t
o f t h i s group o f Iridians.
C h a l f a n t assumed t h a t t h e y were e x t i n c t a l t h o u g h
h e had some i c f o r m a t i o n t h a t t h i s band o r vilLage had been l o c a t e d on t h e
n o r t h s h o r e o f t h e Columbia R i v e r o p p o s i t e t h e mouth of t h e U m a t i l l a
River.
(h)
The a r e a s o l o c a t e d by C h a l f a n t i s o u t s i d e t h e c l a i m e d area.
Wanapam
Chalfant i d e n t i f i e d t h i s t r i b e of Sahaptin h d i a n s a s a s m a l l
t r i b e r e l a t e d e t h n i c a l l y and l i n g u i s t i c a l l y t o t h e Yakima and K i t t i t a s
tribes.
.
They o c c u p i e d a t e r r i t o r y which was a d j a c e n t to. t h e e a s t t o . t h e .
K i t t i t a s and Yakima.
T h e i r v i l l a g e l o c a t i o n s were l o c a t e d o n b o t h s h o r e s
o f t h e Columbia R i v e r e x t e n d i n g from approximately t h e mouth of Crab
Creek o r t h e p r e s e n t s i t e o f Beverly southward t o Arrowsmith.
Chalfant
i d e n t i f i e d a n a r e a which was, i n h i s opinion, used and o c c u p i e d by t h e
Wanapam which i n c l u d e d t h e bend or' t h e Columbia R i v e r a t P r i e s t ' s Rapids.
and t h e White B l u f f a r e a .
12 Ind. C l . Corn. 301
-
(i) Palus
Chalfant t e s t i f i e d t h a t t h e Palus were members of t h e S a h a p t i n
group of Indians being c l o s e l y a f f i l i a t e d t o t h e Walla Walla and Wanapam
and showing s l i g h t divergence from t h e Yakima.
H i s t o r i c a l l y t h e y were
g e n e r a l l y reported t o have occupied two major a r e a s , one a t t h e mouth o f
t h e Palouse River on t h e Snake River and t h e o t h e r a t t h e mouth o f t h e
Snake River on t h e Columbia River.
With r e s p e c t ts#e
v i l l a g e locaizions
which have been i d e n t i f i e d a t v a r i o u s t i m e s i n h i s t o r y C h a l f a n t concluded t h a t only one, t h a t a t t h e mouth of t h e P a l o u s e River', c o u l d b e
p o s i t i v e l y i d e n t i f i e d a s t h e Palus band which was a p a r t y t o t h e Yakima
Treaty.
Chalfant t e s t i f i e d t h a t t h e Palus T r i b e ranged o v e r a l a r g e
t e r r i t o r y u t i l i z i n g many a r e a s i n common w i t h n e i g h b o r i n g I n d i a n t r i b e s .
However h e concluded t h a t t h e range of Palus permanent o c c u p a t i o n extended
from approximately 10 m i l e s below t h e mouth of t h e P a l o u s e R i v e r on t h e
Snake, up through t h e Palouse River v a l l e y i t s e l f a t l e a s t as f a r as
Almoto on t h e east and perhaps a s f a r a s Wawawai.
50.
Upon t h e foregoing f i n d i n g s o f s f a c t and upon a l l t h e e v i d e n c e
t h e Commission f i n d s t h a t t h e v a r i o u s c o n s t i t u e n t t r i b e s comprising t h e
confederated Yakima Nation each h e l d I n d i a n t i t l e , through e x c l u s i v e u s e
and occupation i n I n d i a n f a s h i o n , t o a r e a s of land d e s c r i b e d , r e s p e c t i v e l y ,
a s follows :
.
(a)
Chelan
Beginning a t a p o i n t where t h e main Sawtooth Ridge a b u t s
and a d j o i n s t h e Cascade Mountains, s a i d Ridge being t h e d i v i d e
between t h e waters of t h e Methow River on t h e n o r t h and t h e
Stehekin River and Lake Chelan on t h e south, t h e n c e s o u t h e a s t e r l y along s a i d Sawtooth Ridge t o the Col-mbia R i v e r ,
'.
thcinct s o u t h e r l y a l o n g t h e Caluxbia Rive: t o i t s i n t e r s e c t i o n
w i t h a l i n e r u n n i n g a l o 3 g t h e x a i n r i d g a of t h e Ckelan
MountzFns, wkich r i d g e s e p a r a t e s tb.e w z t e r s o f Laks C3elan
and t > s E n t i a t R i v e r , t h e n c e n s r t 5 w e s t e r l y a l o n g t h e main
d i v i d e of t h e Chelan mount air,^ Lo i t s j u r c t i o n w i t h t h e
. maln d i v i d e o f t h e Cascade M o u ~ t z i n s , t h e n c e n o r t h e r l y
2nd e a s t e r l y t o t h e p o i n t of b e g i n n i n g .
(b)
-
1
%
Entiat
Beginning a t t h e p o i n t w k r o t h e m a h r i d g e of t h e
C h ~ l a z lMocztains a k u t s a d 3 6 j o i ~ st h e rnairz r i d g e of t h e
EnZLat M o x i t a i n s , t h e x s s o ~ i h e a s ~ e r layl o ~ gt h e maia
rF?gs.-of t h e C'helar? Moi2~Lai:s, wkich r i d g e s e p r a t e s t h e
wacers of Lake Cbelan and t h e E n t i a t Xi7er t o t h e Columbia
R i v e r , t h e n c e s o u t h e r l y a i o n g t h e Columbia Rivzr t o i t s
L n t e r s e c t i o r ? w i t h a l i n e r u n i n g a l o n g t h e mzir- r i d g e o f
t h e E ~ t i z Mountains,
t
which r i d g e s e p a r a t s s t h e v a t e r s o f
t h e E r t i a t R i v e r and t h e Wecatchee R i v e r , t h e z c i n o r t h w e s t e r l y a l o n g t h e main r i d g e o f t h e E n t i a t Mountatns t o
Ch2 p o i n t o f beginning.
(c)
Wenatchee
tieginning a t t h e p o i c t w5ere t h e main r a n g e o f t h e
C h e l a 3 Mountsins a b u t and a d j o i n t5s main range of t h e
Cascade Mountains, t h e n c e e a s t e r l y a l o n g t h e r i d g e o f
s a l d C h e l a 3 ?loantains t o t h e p o i n t o f j u n c t i o n w i t h t h e
main r i d g e o f t h a E n t i a t Mountains, t h e ~ c es o u t h e a s t e r l y
a l o n g s a i d r i d g e cf t h e E n t i a t Mauntains t o t h e Calumbia
River, t5ecce s o u t h e r l y along t h e C o l m b i a U v e r t o its
i r i t e r s e c t F o n w i t h a l i n e r u 3 n i n g a l o n g t h e d i v i d e which
s e p a r a t e s - t h e w a t e r s o f S t e n i l t Creek f r o a t h e w a t e r s
o f Colockum Crsek and t h e n c e s o u e h w e s t e r l y a l o n g s a i d
d i v i d e t o t h e main r i d g e of t h e Wenatchee Mountains,
thence northwesterly along s a i d ridge to the junction
with t h e main r i d g e of t h e Cascade Xountains, tI?ence
n o r t h e r l y a l o n g t h e main Cascade r i d g e t o t h e p o i n t of
beginning.
(d)
Columbia
Beginning on t h e Columbia R i v e r a t Rock I s l a n d , Washington,
t h e n c e n o r t h e r l y a l o n g t h e d i v i d e which s e p a r a t e s t h e w z t e r s
o f t h e Columbia River on t h e w e s t from t h e w a t e r s of Eeaver
C r e e k on t h e e a s t t o t h e head o f Beauzr Creek, thence n o r t h e a s t e r l y t o W a t e r v i l l e , Washington, thence e a s t e r l y t o t h e
C o u l e e C i t y , Washington, t h e n c e s o u t h e r l y t o O t h e l l o ,
0
Washington, t h e n c e w e s t e r l y a l o n g t h e l i n e o f 46 50' n o r t h
l a t i t u d e t o i t s i n t e r s e c t i o n w i t h Crab Creek, thence w e s t e r l y
a l o n g Crab Creek t o t h e Columbia R i v e r , thence n o r t h e r l y
12 Ind. Cl. Corn. 301
along the Columbia River to a point east of the eastern
extremity of the ridge of Ryegrass Mountain, thence west
to said extremity, thence westerly almg said ridge to the
westerly extremity thereof, thence westerly along the
ridge which separates the waters of Middle,Canyon and
Ryegrass Coulee to the highest point betwecn t h ~
source
of the waters of Middle Canyon Creek and the source of
the waters of Ryegrass Coulee, thence northerly along
the divide which separates the waters of the Yakima
River on the west from the Columbia River on the east
to Whiskey Dick Mountain ar,d continuing northerly to
Colockm Pass, thence northeasterly along the ridge
separating the waters of Stemilt Creek and Colockum
Creek to the point of beginning.
(e)
Kittitas
Beginning at the point where the main ridge of the
Wenatchee Mountains abuts ar?d adjoins the main ridge of
the Cascade Mountains, thence soutkeasterly along said ridge
of the Wenatchee Mountains to C~lockrrmPass, thence southerly
along the ridge which divides the waters of the Yakima River
and the Columbia River to Whiskey Dick Mountain and continuing
southerly along said divide to the summit of the Boylston
Mountains, thence easterly alocg the ridge of Boylston
Mountains to the s u d t at the eastern extremity of said
mountains, thence southsrly to the intersection with the
ridge of the Saddle Mountains, thence easterly along the
ridge of Saddle Mountains to the highest point in said
mountains, thence southerly along the divide which separates
Creek and
the waters of Squaw Creek on the west arid
Alkali Canyon on the east to the abutment of said-divide
with ffmtanum Ridge, thence northwesterly along said ridge
to the junction with Manastask Ridge, t5enc.p northwesterly
along the ridge which divides ths waters of the Naches River
and the Yakima River to the summit of the Cascade Mountains,
thence -northerlyalong the main ridge of the Cascade Mountains
to the point of beginning.
an son
(f) Yakima
Beginning at a point on the main crest of the Cascade
Mountains which is the commercement of the ridge which
separates the waters cf the Yakima River and the Naches River,
thence southeasterly along said *ridgeto the junction with
Manastask Ridge, thence southeasterly ta .a point which is the
northwest extremity of Umtanum Ridge, thence southwesterly
along said Ridge to the commencement of the divide which
separates the headwaters of Selah Creek and Cold Creek, thence
12 I n d . C1. Coinin. 301
s o u t h e r l y along s a i d d i v i d e t o t h e s u m i t of Yakima Ridge,
thence s o u t h e r l y along t h e r i g g e which passes immediately
e z s t of t h e Mackintosh-Dougles Ranch t o t h e i n t e r s e c t i o n
with t h e R a t t l e s n a k e B i l l s a t approximately 46'30'
latitude,
1 2 8 ~ 8 ' l o n g i i u d e , thence e a s t e r l y along t h e R a t t l e s n a k e
H i i l s t o t h e e a s t e r n extremity t h e r c o f , thence s o u t h e r l y
t o t h e i n t e r s e c t i o n of C o r r a l Canyon and Sunnyside Canal,
thence s o u t h e r l y a c r o s s t h e Yakima River t o t h e h i g h e s t
p o i n t on t h e escarpment s o u t h e a s t of Chandler, Washington,
thence s o u t h w e s t e r l y t o Davis Ranch t h e n c e ' s o u t h w e s t e r l y
t o t h e town of B i c k l e t o n , Washington, thence w e s t e r l y t o
t h e simmit of Grayback Mountain, thence w e s t e r l y along t h e
main r i d g e of Grayback Mountain t o t h e K l i k i t a t River, thence
n x t h e r l y along t h e K l i k i t a t River t o i t s s o u r c e , thence
n o r t h w e s t e r l y a l o n g t h e r i d g e of Goat Rocks t o Old Snowy
M o u ~ t a i non t h e main r i d g e of t h e Cascade Mountains, thence
n o r t h e r l y along s a i d r i d g e of t h e Cascade Mountains t o t h e
p o i n t of beginning.
(g)
Klikitat
Begirrning a t t h e summit of Old Snowy M o u ~ t a i non t h e main
r i d g e of t h e Cascade Mountains, thence s o u t h e a s t e r l y a l o n g t h e
r i d g e of Goat Rocks t o t h e source of t h e K l i k i t a c River, t h e n c e
s o u t h e r l y along t h e K l i k i t a t River channel t o t h e main r i d g e o f
Grayback Mountains, thence s o u t h e r l y along t h e r i d g e which .
s e p z a t e s t h e w a t e r s of Dry Canyon Creek and t h e main K l i k i t a t
River t o K l i k i t a t Creek, thence s o u t h e r l y a c r o s s K l i k i t a t Creek
t o t h e i n t e r s e c t i o n of 1 1 9 ~ 5 9 ' l o n g i t u d e and 45°42'30*1 l a t i t u d e ,
thence w e s t e r l y f i v e and one-half m i l e s t o t h e surmnit of a peak
of 3210 f e e t e l e v a t i o n , thence n o r t h w e s t e r l y t o a p o i n t on t h e
K l i k i t a t River which i s one mile below P i t t , Washington, thence
n o r t h w e s t e r l y t o Appleton, Washington, thence n o r t h w e s t e r l y t o
t h e d i v i d e which s e p a r a t e s t h e waters of t h e White Salmon River
on t h e northwest and t h e waters of t h e Columbia River on t h e
s o u t h e a s t , thence southwesterly along s a i d d i v i d e t o a p o i n t .
on t h e White Salmon River which i s one-half m i l e s o u t h of t h e
mouth of L i t t l e Buck Creek, thence w e s t e r l y t o t h e summit of
Underwood Mountain, thence n o r t h w e s t e r l y t o t h e s u m m i t o f
Hauk Butte, thence n o r t h e r l y along t h e d i v i d e which s e p a r a t e s
t h e waters of t h e Wind River on t h e w e s t and t h e White Salmon
River on t h e e a s t t o t h e main r i d g e of t h e Cascade Mountains,
thence n o r t h e r l y a l o n g s a i d r i d g e t o t h e p o i n t o f beginning.
(h)
Wishram
Beginning on t h e Columbia River a t mid-channel o p p o s i t e
t h e mouth of t h e White Salmon River, thence n o r t h e r l y a l o n g
.
t h e channel of t h e White Salmon River t o a p o i n t one-half
*
.12 Ind. C 1 . Comm. 301
m i l e s o u t h of t h e mouth of L i t t l e Rock Creek, thence n o r t h e a s t e r l y along t h e d i v i d e which s e p a r a t e s t h e w a t e r s of
Rattlesnake Creek on t h e north and Catherine and Major
Creeks on t h e south t o t h e headwaters of Major Creek, thencc
e a s t e r l y t o Appleton, Washington, thence s o u t h e a s t e r l y t o
a p o i n t on t h e K l i k i t a t River which i s one m i l e below P i t t r
Washington, thence s o u t h e a s t e r l y t o a peak of 3210 f e e t
e l e v a z i o n which i s s i t u a t e d f i v e and one-half m i l e s n o r t h .
of S p e a r f i s h S t a t i o n , Washington, thence t o a p o i n t f i v e
and one-half miles e a s t , thence s o u t h e r l y t o a p o i n t on
t h e Columbia River which is o n e - t h i r d k i l e w e s t of 121°00'
longitude, thence westerly along t h e Columbia River t o t h e
p o i n t of beginning.
Skeen
Beginning a& a p o i n t on t h e Columbia River o n e - t h i r d
m i l e w e s t of 121 00' longitude, t h e n c e n o r t h e r l y t o Swale
Creek, thence n o r t h e a s t e r l y along Swale Creek u n t i l i t
c r o s s e s t h e northern boundary of Township 3 North, thence
e a s t e r l y along t h e northern boundary of Township 3 North
t o 1 2 0 ~ 3 0 ' loggitude thence s o u t h e r l y t o t h e Columbia
River thence w e s t e r l y along t h e Columbia River t o t h e
p o i n t of beginning.
(j) Wanapam
Beginning a t a p o i n t on t h e Columbia River one and oneh a l f m i l e s south of t h e mouth of Crab Creek, t h e n c e e a s t e r l y
t o t h e main r i d g e of Saddle Mountains, thence e a s t e r l y a l o n g
s a i d r i d g e t o 119°30r longitude, thence s o u t h e r l y t o t h e
Columbia River, thence along t h e Columbia River t o t h e p o i n t
where t h e boundary of Grant and F r a n k l i n Counties touches t h e
Columbia River, thence southwesterly a c r o s s t h e Columbia
River. t o t h e westerly extremity of t h e r i d g e of Gable
Mountain, thence s o u t h e r l y t o t h e p o i n t on t h e r i d g e of t h e
s o u t h e a s t e r l y spur of t h e Rattlesnake H i l l s where 1 1 9 ~ 3 6 '
l o n g i t u d e c r o s s e s s a i d r i d g e thence w e s t e r l y a l o n g s a i d r i d g e
t o t h e i n t e r s e c t i o n with 120tl 8' l o n g i t u d e , thence n o r t h e r l y
a l o n g t h e r i d g e which passes immediately e a s t of t h e MackintoshDouglas Ranch t o t h e summit of Yakima Ridge, t h e n c e n o r t h e r l y
along t h e d i v i d e which s e p a r a t e s t h e waters of t h e head of
Selah Creek and the head of Cold Creek t o t h e summit o f Umtanum
Ridge, thence northwesterly along s a i d Ridge t o t h e p o i n t of
abutment with t h e d i v i d e which s e p a r a t e s t h e w a t e r s of Squaw
Creek on t h e west and Banson and A l k a l i Creeks on t h e e a s t
t o t h e h i g h e s t point i n the Saddle Mountains, thence w e s t e r l y
t o t h e i n t e r s e c t i o n with t h e r i d g e o f t h e Boylston Mountains,
thence n o r t h e r l y along s a i d r i d g e t o t h e summit of t h e
e a s t e r n extremity of t h e main r i d g e of t h e Boylston Mountains,
1 2 ind. Cl. Corn. 301
thence w e s t e r l y a l o n g said main r i d g e 'to t h e h i g h e s t p o i n t
of t h e Boylston Mountzizrs, thence n o r t h e a s t e r l y t o t h e h i g h e s t
point between t h e s o u r c e o f t h e waters of Middle Canyon and
t h e source of t h e w a t e r s of Ryegrass Coulee, thence e a s t e r l y
a l o c g t h e d i v i d e whick, s e p a r a t e s the waters of s a i d canyon
and s a i d c o u l e e t o t h e r i d g e of Ryegrass Mountain, t h e n c e s o u t h e a s t e r l y a l o n g s a l d r i d g e t o the e a s t e r n e x t r e m i t y
t h e r e o f , thence e a s t - t o t h e Columbia River, thence s o u t h e r l y
along t h e midchannel o f s a i d - Z v e t t.9 thn m i n Y 09 h-q.nnq.ng,
(k)
_
--..
Palus
Beginning a t t h e v e s t e r n m o s t p o i n t of Kahlotus Lake,
thence n o r t h e r l y t o t5e d i v i d e s e p a r a t i n g t h e waters o f
R a t t l e s n a k e Canyon an2 Sand H i l l s Coulee, thence n o r t h e a s t e r l y
along s a i d d i v i d e t o t h e s o u r c e of t h e southernmost branch
oT t h e waters of Rat tllesnake, Canyon, thence n o r t h e a s t e r l y t o
t h e mouth of Rock Creek, t h e n c e n o r t h e a s t e r l y t o L a n c a s t e r ,
Z a s h h g t o n , t h e n c e e z s c e r l y t o S t e p t o e , Washington, t h e n c e
s o u t h e r l y t o Wawawai, Kashington, thence w e s t e r l y along t h e
Snake River t o a p o i n t o p p o s i t e Devils Canyon, thence
n o r t h w e s t e r l y a l o n g s a i d canyon t o t h e place o f beginning.
The Commission f i z d s t h a t i t has n o t been e s t a b l i s h e d by sub-:
.s t a n t i a l evidence t h a t any of t h e c o n s t i t u e n t t r i b e s o r groups'. coniprZs%ng
51.
t h e Yakima Nation e x c l u s i v e l y used and occupied t h e r e m a i n 2 n g . p o r t i o ~ ?
of t h e claimed a r e a s i
52.
The t r a c t which the C o d s s i o n has found was e x c l u s i v e l y irsed.
.
.
.
.
and occupied by t h e P a l u s i n c l u d e s a n a r e a o u t s i d e - t h e Yakima T r e a t y calls,
I
. .
.
P a r t of t h i s a r e a was i n c l u d e d w i t h i n lands described i n t h e ' Nez 'Per=@
T r e a t y c e s s i o n (dated June 11; 1855, r a t i f i e d on March 8 , 1859, L'2
. .-
957).
. . ..
.
;
_
SC?-'-,,
A p o r t i o n of t h e a r e a was n o t included w i t h i n e i t h e r t h e Yakima
o r Nez Perce T r e a t y c e s s i o n .
Following t h e e x e c u t i o n o f t h e Yakima T r e a t y t h e r e was a . p e r i o a .
.
.
of h o s t i l i t y between t h e I n d i a n s and t h e United S t a t e s .
The I n d t a n 3
r e s i s t e d wh.ite i n t r u s i o n i n t o t h e i r l a n d s , and United S t a t e s t r o o p ?
12 Ind. C1. Corn. 301
were employed t o subdue t h e Indians.
The Yakima t r e a t y provided i n
A r t i c l e Eleven t h a t t h e t r e a t y " s h a l l be obligatory" upon t h e p a r t i e s
when r a t i f i e d by t h e P r e s i d e n t and Senate of the United S t a t e s .
Finally
on March 8, 1859, b o t h t h e Yakima and Nez Perce T r e a t i e s were r a t i f i e d
by t h e Senate.
From and a f t e r March 8, 1859, t h e United S t a t e s c o n s i d e r e d and
d e a l t w i t h t h e e n t i r e Palus t r a c t a s p u b l i c lands f r e e of I n d i a n t i t l e .
53.
Accordingly, t h e Commission f i n d s t h a t t h e United S t a t e s on
March 8, 1859, e x t i n g u i s h e d t h e Indian t i t l e which t h e c o n s t i t u e n t t r i b e s
o r groups comprising t h e Yakima Nation held t o each of t h e r e s p e c t i v e
t r a c t s described i n Finding of Fact No. 50.
Arthur V. Watkins
Chief Commissioner
wm. M * H o l t
A s s o c i a t e Commissioner
T. Harold S c o t t
A s s o c i a t e Commissioner