bamboo for Europe

Aus dem Institut für Pflanzenbau und Grünlandwirtschaft
Anne-Marie Korte Wolfgang Bacher Gerhard Sauerbeck
Scientific Leader: Nasir El-Bassam
Final individual report - FAIR-CT-96-1747
Bamboo for Europe
Participant no. 3: Determination of water requirement
and water use efficiency as well as plant adaptation in
Northern Germany
Manuskript, zu finden in www.fal.de
Braunschweig
Bundesforschungsanstalt für Landwirtschaft (FAL)
2001
Final individual Report – FAIR CT 96-1747
01.07.1997 – 30.04.2000
Bamboo for Europe
Participant n° 3
Federal Agricultural Research Centre (FAL)
Institute of Crop and Grassland Science
Bundesallee 50
D-38116 Braunschweig
Tel: 0049 (0)531/596-600 Fax: -365
e-mail: nasir.elbassam@fal.de
Scientific Team:
Dr. Anne-Marie Korte, Dr. Wolfgang Bacher, Dr. Gerhard Sauerbeck,
Scientific Leader: Dr. Nasir El Bassam
Contributions
-
Eco-physiological research, determining water use efficiency of bamboo
Development of plantation under climatic conditions of northern Germany
Final individual Report
01.07.1997 – 30.04.2000
Bamboo for Europe - FAIR CT 96 1747
Participant n° 3
Determination of water requirement and water use efficiency as well as plant adaptation in
northern Germany
Type of contract: Shared – cost research project
Total cost: 1.237.000 ECU
Participant no. 3:
EU contribution: 830.000 ECU and
as 67% of the total cost
Federal Research Centre for Agriculture (FAL)
Institute of Crop and Grassland Science
Bundesallee 50
D-38116 Braunschweig, Germany
Tel: +49 (0) 531/596-600 email:nasir.bassam@fal.de
Total cost: 112.000 ECU
EU contribution:112.000 ECU and
as 100% of the total cost
Commencement date: 1.12.1996
Duration: 42 months
EC contact: DG VI / F.II.3
fax : 32 – 2 – 2963069
Coordinator:
COBELGAL
Portugal
Tel: 351 – 83 – 623309
fax: 351 – 83 – 623308
Email: cobelgal@devos@mail.telepac.pt
2
Final individual Report
01.07.1997 – 30.04.2000
Bamboo for Europe - FAIR CT 96 1747
Content
Page
4
1
Summary
2
Introduction
7
3
Materials and Methods
9
3.1
Research area, soil and weather conditions
9
3.2
Plant material and water requirement experiments
10
3.3
Field experiments and plant adaptation
16
3.4
Contribution to other parts of the research network
18
4
Results
20
4.1
Water requirement experiments
20
4.2
Water use efficiency under experimental conditions
30
4.3
Plant development under field conditions
32
5
Discussion
34
6
Conclusions
39
7
Acknowledgement
40
8
References
40
9
Appendix
43
3
Final individual Report, Participant no. 3
Bamboo for Europe
Determination of water requirement and water use efficiency as well as plant
adaptation in northern Germany
1 Summary:
The native growth areas of Bamboo on earth are located roughly between the
northern and southern 40° latitude with dominating tropical, subtropical and
Mediterranean climate conditions. Nevertheless several bamboo genotypes do
exist, which can stand colder climate and frost temperatures. In Europe, bamboo
genotypes have been introduced since 200 years and planted in botanical
gardens. The interest in bamboo cultivation in tropic and subtropic countries
increased in the past decades because of good technological qualities and high
potential for industrial use, construction, paper production, furniture and food.
Bamboo could also have high ecological advantages. This perennial plant could
influence climatic conditions and has potential for CO2 neutral production and
use. The root system with high amount of rhizomes could be used for protection
of soil and riverbank erosion.
For Europe new market niches such as bio-energy and renewable industrial
resources might be an interesting, forward-looking research field for bamboo
cultivation. Agricultural plant cultivation cycles could be widened and give new
economical chances and income for rural populations. In this context the
Institute of Crop and Grassland Science at the Federal Agricultural Research
Centre in Braunschweig, Germany, began in 1990 to investigate Bamboo
genotypes for introduction into agricultural production systems under climatic
conditions of northern Germany.
This report reflects the activities and results of the research work carried out by
the Institute of Crop and Grassland Science within the European Research
Network “Bamboo for Europe” in the period 1997 – 2000. Two major aspects
are considered, the adaptability of species under field conditions in Germany
and the assessment of effects of water stress on bamboo genotype growth.
4
Therefore water use efficiency as an important physiological growth parameter
was calculated for several major bamboo genotypes. At the Institute a method
has been developed to determine water consumption and water use efficiency
under controlled climatic conditions and adapted to Bamboo cultivation. During
the research period also assistance was given for other European research groups
in the network during installation of research fields and partners were advised in
cultivation management and harvesting technology.
Ten Bamboo genotypes (Bambusa multiplex, Dendrocalamus asper,
Phyllostachys aureosulcata “Spectabilis“, Phyllostachys aurea, Phyllostachys
praecox, Phyllostachys vivax, Phyllostachys viridis, Sasa palmata, Pseudosasa
japonica and Sasa tsuboiana) were tested for water consumption and efficiency
under controlled water potential as well as for growth development under
controlled and field conditions. Water stress conditions at defined water
potential of ψ = -300 hPa (medium-dry soil conditions) were simulated in pot
experiments containing loamy loess soil with an subsurface irrigation system
with borrowed ceramic irrigation candles and a controlled water supply. The
reaction of the plants were compared with conditions under nearly unlimited
water supply at a potential of ψ = -100 hPa (moist soil conditions).
The method for water requirement and water use efficiency investigations could
be used for estimation transpiration coefficient for bamboo genotypes for
periods until 1-2 years. Some changes in the type of irrigation tubes would
provide an improvement of the maintenance during experimental periods.
Bamboo growth and shoot development was reduced under water stress
conditions. Some Bamboo genotypes such as Bambusa multiplex, Phyllostachys
aureosulcata and Phyllostachys vivax showed a high water efficiency also under
higher water potential (medium-dry moisture conditions) in the soil. Other
genotypes showed only minor differences in transpiration coefficients during the
experiments but higher water consumption per kg dry matter produced.
Plant development and growth in pot and field experiments were dependent on
propagation method, genotype and height when planted in the fields. Shoot
growth showed dependencies on the genotype as taller plants had fewer shoots
than smaller plant genotypes. Highest plant growth was obtained for Bambusa
5
multiplex and Dendrocalamus asper under controlled conditions and for
Phyllostachys aureosulcata and Phyllostachys vivax with more than 2.5 m
height under field conditions.
All planted genotypes were able to stand climatic conditions in northern
Germany although weather conditions during the research period were warmer
and dryer than the long-term average. Plant growth and shoot development in
the fields indicated for Phyllostachys aureosulcata, Phyllostachys vivax,
Phyllostachys aurea and Phyllostachys viridis sufficient high biomass
production.
Bamboo genotypes grown under climatic conditions of northern Germany and
showed high potential for use for energy, pulp and paper production. Harvested
biomass material reached until 7 t/ha DM yield, contained more than 40%
cellulose and had an energy content about 17 kJ/kg DM. The material could be
used for solid fuel combustion or gazeification, a thermal treatment in presence
of controlled oxygen.
Harvesting technology and management should be further investigated as only
little knowledge in Germany exist. As stem diameter after 5 years of growth did
not exceed 2 cm in diameter mechanical harvest may be possible. Sympodial
Phyllostachys genotypes would facilitate harvesting process after 3 years of
plant growth but needs carefully managed in order to preserve vitality of the
plantation. Further experiments are necessary to evaluate regeneration after
partly harvest of the population.
For the first time, the water uptake and water demand of various Bamboo
cultivars could be determined and evaluated. This was possible due to
incorporating the method of measurement of water uptake under defined soil
water potential, which had been developed by the Institute. The physiological
investigations in this project indicated that some bamboo cultivars have a high
water use efficiency: i.e they have relative low water demand for biomass
production. This finding is essential for considering of bamboo introduction in
Europe and elsewhere. The water use efficiency of bamboo is comparable with
those of some C4-plant species.
6
2 Introduction and objectives
Bamboos are a group of giant woody perennial grasses that have naturally
habitats roughly between the 40° southern and northern latitudes, excluding
Europe (Figure 1). More than 1300 species with different herbaceous and woody
growth are mainly described for tropical, subtropical and mild temperate zones
of the world. Important genus are Bambusa, Dendrocalamus, Phyllostachys,
Pseudosasa and Sasa, which can also stand frost conditions as low as <25 °C.
Bamboos are used as important source for industrial production, construction,
furniture’s, food and energy in countries such as Bangladesh, China, India,
Indonesia along with other Asian countries.
Figure 1: Native bamboo regions in the world
Bamboo was introduced into Europe about 200 years ago. More than 400 of
different bamboo varieties have been developed, mainly for horticultural use
under European conditions although Europe is the only one continent, where
bamboo is not indigenous (Eberts, 1991; Gielis, 1995).
The characteristics of bamboo plants is their long life cycle mostly ending with
flowering after 15 – 120 years with an average falling after about 30 years, a
large growth rate of 40-90 cm per day under favourable climatic conditions (207
30 °C and 1000-2000 mm annually) and its ability of quick recovery after
logging (El Bassam, 1998). The sprout and later trunk of natural undisturbed
Bamboo grows within months to its final length and the plant develops only
further twigs with leaves in the following years (Eberts, 1991). There is no
secondary growth in diameter of the stem. Bamboo favours soils with high
content of organic matter, good soil ventilation and water availability and
sufficient nutrient supply. Soils with high content of clay or sand as well as
waterlogged and flooded soils should be avoided for bamboo plantations.
There are two different Bamboo root systems, which also affects the features of
plantation. Monopodial roots spread as a horizontal rhizomes having shoots and
roots at intervals of distance. The cultivation looks like planted in rows.
Sympodial roots, which is the typical root system of tropical genotypes, spread
in clumps. Temperate bamboos can be of either category.
The dry matter yield is dependent on soil conditions, water supply and size of
the genotype and varies between 5-15 t DM/ha (Meise, 1995). The wood can
carry high loads and has high stability, hardness compared to its low weight
(Liese, 1985). It consists of a high amount of long fibres, has a high cellulose
content of more than 40% until 70% and is used for pulp and paper production
in Asian countries (Elberts, 1991).
The interest in bamboos has increased worldwide. Major research was carried
out on Bamboo resources, cultivation, propagation methods, industrial
utilisation and sozio-economical questions (Rao et al.; 1985, Nair & Sastry;
1991, Meise, 1995, INBAR, 1998; Liese, 1999). Also demonstration projects
such as the bamboo pavilion of the ZERI organisation on the EXPO 2000 world
exhibition area in Hanover, Germany, were carried out and proved to stand
European weather conditions. In this context the Institute of Crop and Grassland
Science of the Federal Research Centre for Agriculture in Braunschweig,
Germany, started in 1990 activities concerning collection and evaluation of
several bamboo genotypes in order to study the performance under the
predominating climate conditions. Of great importance in northern Europe is the
ability of various bamboo genotypes to tolerate frost temperatures, the potential
of fast growth rates and the excellent chemical and physical characteristics.
8
Plant physiological methods as for examination and assessment of the
transpiration coefficient of plants under controlled conditions have been
developed at the Institute (Sommer, 1978, 1980) and could be used for
evaluation of Bamboo genotypes. Bamboo cultivation methods, processing and
utilisation possibilities have to be determined for European regions with their
wide range of different conditions.
It is suggested that these plant species can be developed as a new alternative
crop for the production of raw materials for industry and energy uses (El
Bassam & Dambroth, 1991; El Bassam, 1993). In this context the use of
bamboos as an energy and biofuel source has been researched (El Bassam et al.,
1999).
The objectives of this research project were the determination of water use and
water use efficiency under controlled growth conditions. Additionally plant
genotypes were tested under field conditions for bamboos introduction in
northern Germany. During the research period scientific assistance was given
for the development of plantation experiments in Portugal and Spain (Task IV)
as well as with reports on existing harvesting techniques for energy crops (Task
VI) and on quality aspects of harvested energy crops (Task VII).
3 Materials and Methods
3.1
Research area, soil and weather conditions
The field experiments were carried out at the agricultural research centre (FAL)
near Braunschweig. The altitude of the experimental area was 81 m and the soil
of the field trials was a loamy sand with low organic matter content (FAO soil
type: Dystric Cambisol) over sand and a depth to the groundwater table between
7 – 10 m. For laboratory experiments a loamy loess soil was used.
Table 1: Description of soil properties of the field trials at the FAL, Braunschweig
Horizon
Ah/Ap
Depth cm
0 – 30
Soil type
uS
Bv
30 – 60
uS - S
C
60 – 90
S
Sand %
63.9
Silt %
30.3
Clay %
5.8
64.7
29.4
5.9
Porosity %
43.8
37.8
40.3
9
The weather conditions during the period 1997 to 1999 are described in Table 2:
Table 2: Weather conditions in the years 1997 – 1999
No. of Frost days (Minimum < 0°C)
No. of Ice days (Maximum < 0°C)
Solar radiation total J/cm2
Temperature °C
Rainfall mm
Climatic water balance mm
1997
69
16
1067
9,5
587
-37
1998
60
21
930
9,7
732
215
1999
59
9
1085
10,4
536
-153
Average
63
15
1027
9,9
618
The long-term climatic data (1951 – 1980) are for temperature 8,8 °C and
rainfall 619 mm. During the research years a warmer and dryer climate
predominated than measured in the long-term average. A negative climatic
water balance was calculated for the years 1997 and 1999 (a very warm and dry
year during summer). In 1998 higher rainfall and wet weather conditions were
observed.
3.2
Plant material and water requirement experiments
- Plant material
Table 3: Bamboo genotypes used in the phytosolarium (water requirement
experiments) and for field plantation (after OPRINS Plant N.V.)
Genotype
Lab.
Lab.
Tolerance of
Frost until
- 12 °C
- 10 °C
Plant height
Maximum
> 6 - 10 m
>6m
Lab. / Field
- 35°C
>6-8m
Lab. / Field
Lab. / Field
- 35 °C
- 30 °C
> 6 - 10 m
0,5 – 3 m
Pseudosasa japonica
Field
- 25 °C
3–6m
Phyllostachys aurea
Field
- 25 °C
4->6m
Sasa tsuboiana
Field
- 25 °C
1 – 1,5 m
Phyllostachys praecox
Phyllostachys viridis
Field
Field
- 25 °C
- 30 °C
>6–9m
>6m
Bambusa multiplex
Dendrocalamus asper
Phyllostachys aureosulcata
(“Spectabilis”)
Phyllostachys vivax
Sasa palmata
Used in
Remarks
Giant, clumps
Giant,
clumps
Medium,
runners
Giant, runners
Small, many
runners
Medium,
some runners
Dense clumps
Very invasive
Small, many
runners
Giant runners
Giant runners
10
Ten different bamboo genotypes were selected for the water requirement
experiments and for field experiments (Table 3, page 7). These genotypes were
delivered by the company OPRINS PLANT in Belgium.
- Method of cultivation and used technique in water requirement
experiments
A method has been developed at the institute, which enables the determination
of the actual water consumption of plant species at different water supply levels
(Sommer, 1978, 1980) (Figure 2). The water uptake per plant can be daily
measured during an entire vegetation period under controlled climatic conditions
using an automatic device. Also plant development and growth can be
monitored and biomass productivity and water use efficiency can be assessed.
The system for maintaining constant water potential in experimental pots is
described in Figure 2.
Figure 2: System for supplying greenhouse pots with water based on soil water
potential regulation
1 pump; 2 vacuum vessel; 3 and 7 vacuum meter; 4 electronic control; 5
electromagnetic valve; 6 vacuum bottle; 8 water supply bottle (2.5 l); 9 air collection
flask; 10 irrigation candle ø = 4 cm, l = 32 cm; 11 PVC container with soil; 12
tensiometer with tensiograph;
11
A vacuum pump maintains a certain pressure, which must be higher than the
maximum soil water potential (absolute value of ψ) needed in the vacuum
vessel, regulated by a vacuum meter and an electronic control. By means of an
unit A, several containers (11), which are connected in series will be supplied
with a certain water potential ψi . Such a unit A consists of an electronic valve, a
vacuum bottle and a regulating vacuum meter, which is adjusted to the ψi
wanted. Water storage bottles are connected to the ceramic cell by means of
water filled flexible tubes of 6 mm inside diameter. An air-collecting bottle is
interconnected to prevent interruptions of the water supply.
Whenever the equilibrium between the vacuum in the upper part of the storage
bottle and the absolute value of the soil water potential is impaired by water
uptake of the plant, water will flow into the soil continuously.
The amount of water supply to the soil can be measured by means of a scale on
the storage bottle. The soil water potential can be controlled by recording
tensiometers. The water uptake by the plants was measured daily.
The bamboo genotypes were planted in PVC containers (40 cm diameter, 40 cm
height) filled with 69,5 kg loamy loess soil. The soil was tuned on 45% pore
volume. Each container was supplemented with mineral fertilisers in the same
amount of 120 g Magnesium sulphate (MgSO4 *7 H2O) (10% Mg), 20 g
Phosphate-potassium fertiliser (Thomaskali: 10% P2O5, 20% K2O) and 300 g
Ammonium-depot fertiliser (solid granules: 10% N) once in the beginning of the
whole period of the experiment. No chemical protection of plants was necessary
in spring 1999. Plant protection against mites (Tetranychus urticae) was
successful with the predator Phytoseiolus persimilis.
The design of the experimental pots in the phytosolarium is given in Figure 3.
Three ceramic irrigation tubes were installed in each container to guarantee a
defined water potential in the soil and for the continuous measurement of the
water consumption of the growing plants (Figure 3). The water potential was
constantly held at ψ = -100 hPa (moist treatment) and ψ = -300 hPa (medium dry treatment) during the whole year 1998 and January 1999. From the
beginning of February 1999 the sucking tension was taken away from the
ceramic cells.
12
1
2
3
4
tube to vaccum pump
water storage bottle
air collecting bottle
ceramic irrigation tubes
(diameter: 4 cm, length: 32 cm)
5 Nitrogendepot granules
6 PVC container with loess soil
3
1
4
2
5
6
Figure 3: Part of the System for supplying greenhouse pots with water based on soil
water potential regulation
13
The containers were placed in a greenhouse (phytosolarium) under controlled
climatic conditions (Photo 1). Climatic conditions like temperature and
humidity was automatically regulated in the phytosolarium while daylight was
used for photosynthesis. Day/night-temperatures were ranging between 26 °
and 29 °C respectively 21 ° and 23 °C in summer and approximately 4-5 °C
less during winter time. The relative humidity in the greenhouse ranged
between 65 % and 75 %.
Air collection bottle
PVC container
Water storage bottle
Photo 1: Bamboo genotypes in the phytosolarium and parts of the system for water
potential regulation
The experimental design of the trials with pot numbers and plant genotypes are
given in Figure 4 (page 11).
14
20
Sasa
palmata
15
Phyllostachys
aureosulcata
"Spectabilis"
10
Sasa
palmata
Dendrocalamus
asper
14
4
Sasa
palmata
5
19
Phyllostachys
aureosulcata
"Spectabilis"
Bambusa
multiplex
9
Phyllostachys
vivax
18
13
8
3
Phyllostachys
vivax
Dendrocalamus
asper
Dendrocalamus
asper
Bambusa
multiplex
17
Bambusa
multiplex
12
Sasa
palmata
7
Phyllostachys
aureosulcata
"Spectabilis"
2
16
11
Dendrocalamus
asper
Phyllostachys
vivax
6
Bambusa
multiplex
moist (ψ = -100 hPa)
Phyllostachys
vivax
1
Phyllostachys
aureosulcata
"Spectabilis"
medium-dry (ψ = -300 hPa)
Entrance
Figure 4: Experimental design and pot number in the greenhouse (phytosolarium)
15
3.3
Field experiments and plant adaptation
The field experiments for the assumption for introducing a successful bamboo
production were carried out under natural conditions with eight different
genotypes (Figure 5). Of special interest were the reaction on low temperatures
during winter time and the regeneration in spring under climatic conditions of
northern Germany. The bamboo genotypes were planted in May 1997 and each
plant received 5g of a solid nitrogen fertiliser as deposit adjacent to the plant
root. This fertilisation was repeated in 1998 (Bacher, 1997).
1m
2m
3m
Figure 5: Plantation diagram of bamboo genotypes in the field
16
Photo 2: View to Bamboo plantations after 10 years of growth at the field side
of the Institute
Photo 3: View to the field plantation of different Bamboo genotypes in 1998
17
3.4
Contribution to other parts of the research network
For bamboo introduction in Europe there are only little information about crop
management, planting density, fertilisation and regeneration rate. Therefore an
evaluation system was proposed by the Institute of Crop Science and Grassland
Cultivation and later installed from project partners in Portugal and Spain
(Figure 6).
Figure 6: Proposed spacing trail with a “Nelder-design” installed in research trials in
Portugal and Spain
This spacing trail is used to investigate the interaction between spacing,
fertilisation and growth of bamboo. Four cycles were proposed to be set up in
the “Nelder-design” corresponding with four replications. Each “Nelder” field is
divided into 8 plots with 8 rows and contains four bamboo genotypes at two
levels of nitrogen supply (Figure 6). The bamboo plants were planted in
concentric circles. Each circle contains the same number of plants. The spacing
increases between the circle as well as the distance between the plants within the
row.
18
During the vegetation periods growth data, establishment and biomass
production of the four bamboo genotypes were recorded in dependence on
spacing and fertilisation in order to identify any significant differences on
adaptability and productivity. In addition, the bamboo material could be
analysed for nutrient content to get information related to mineral nutrient
requirements and utilisation efficiencies of bamboo.
For harvesting procedure it was proposed to determine appropriate time of
harvesting and kind of harvested plant portion, type of used machines as well as
adequate regeneration rates for different regions and bamboo genotypes.
19
4
4.1
Results
Water requirement experiments
During the vegetation period 1997 and 1998 and until January 1999 the water
potential was constantly adjusted to -100 hPa (moist treatment) and -300 hPa
(middle – dry treatment). Higher sucking tensions influenced the growing of
bamboo negatively. The water uptake of bamboo was measured once every
week. The cumulative water uptake of the different genotypes were continually
recorded until week 131 in October 1999, when the plants were harvested and
dried. Data are given for pots with high water potential (ψ = -300 hPa, medium dry) and low potential (ψ = -100 hPa, moist) for the years 1997 (Figure 7), 1998
(Figure 8) and 1999 (Figure 9). Due to differences in growth and replanting
actions during the start phase of the experiment each pot was monitored
individually and is represented in the figures with its pot number. Because of
technical problems water potential in the medium – dry variant was changed to –
100 hPa but this had only little effect on the results at the end of the experiment
(Figure 9). Tables of collected water consumption data are given in the
appendix.
The used genotypes showed large differences in growth and water consumption.
High water potential (-300 hPa, medium – dry) led to lower water consumption
of maximum 340 l (Bambusa multiplex) compared with 578 l (Phyllostachys
aureosulcata “Spectabilis”) in pots with low potential at –100 hPa (moist). The
water consumption decreased in the order Bambusa multiplex > Phyllostachys
aureosulcata > Phyllostachys vivax > Sasa palmata = Dendrocalamus asper
under high water potential and Phyllostachys aureosucata > Bambusa multiplex
> Dendrocalamus asper = Sasa palmata = Phyllostachys vivax under low
potential with nearly unlimited water supply. Further details are given in the
appendix (Appendix 1).
20
60
Water uptake (l) from medium moisture content soil
1997
50
2
3
40
6
30
1
20
start
10
8
5
4 7
9
10
0
20
60
30
40
60 Week
50
Phyllostachys aureosulcata "Spectab ilis"
Phyllostachys vivax
Dendrocalamus asper
Bamb usa multiplex
Sasa palmata
Water uptake (l) from high moisture content soil
1997
14
50
40
15
20
30
19
20
18
16 12
17
11 13
start
10
0
20
30
40
Phyllostachys aureosulcata "Spectabilis"
Phyllostachys vivax
Dendrocalamus asper
Bambusa multiplex
50
60 Week
Sasa palmata
Figure 7: Cummulative water uptake from bamboo genotypes under different water
potential
(ψ = -300 hPa: medium – dry and ψ = -100 hPa: high moisture) in 1997
(represented as pot numbers and genotype planted)
21
400
Water uptake (l) from medium moisture content soil
300
200
100
0
1
400
11
21
31
41
Phyllostachys aureosulcata "Spectabilis"
Phyllostachys vivax
Dendrocalamus asper
Bambusa multiplex
51
Sasa palmata
Water uptake (l) from high moisture content soil
1998
300
15
200
20
19
14
17
100
13
11
12
16
18
0
1
11
21
31
41
Phyl lostachys aureosulcata "Spectabilis"
Phyl lostachys vivax
Dendrocalamus asper
Bambusa multiplex
51
Week
Sasa palmata
Figure 8: Cummulative water uptake from bamboo genotypes under different water
potential
(ψ = -300 hPa: medium – dry and ψ = -100 hPa: high moisture) in 1998
(pot number 3, 7 and 15 problems with water supply)
(represented as pot numbers and genotype planted)
22
600
Water uptake (l) from medium moisture content soil
1999
3
500
7
400
300
5
200
10
100
6
28
4
1
9
0
1
600
11
21
31
41
Phyllostachys aureosulcata "Spectabilis"
Phyllostachys vivax
Dendrocalamus asper
Bambusa multiplex
51
Week
Sasa palmata
Water uptake (l) from high moisture content soil
1999
15
19
20
500
400
14
11
17
13
300
200
12
100
16*
18*
0
1
11
21
31
41
51
Week
Phyllostachys aureosulcata "Spectabilis"
Phyllostachys vivax
Dendrocalamus asper
Bambusa multiplex
Sasa palmata
Figure 9: Cummulative water uptake from bamboo genotypes under different water
potential
(ψ = -300 hPa: medium – dry and ψ = -100 hPa: high moisture) in 1999
(pot number 3, 7 and 15 problems with water supply, plants died back in pot
16, 18)
(represented as pot numbers and genotype planted)
23
The actual weekly water requirement of the plants varied during the vegetation
period, with higher amounts during the growth of new shoots as an example for
the year 1998 shows (Figure 10). For the other years 1997 and 1999 figures 11
and 12 are given in the following pages.
Water uptake (l) from medium moisture content soil
40
30
20
10
0
-10
53
16
63
73
83
93
Phyllostachys aureosulcata "Spectabilis"
Phyllostachys vivax
Dendrocalamus asper
Bambusa multiplex
103
113
Sasa palmata
Water uptake (l) from high moisture content soil
1998
14
15
12
10
8
20
6
19
13
14
18
17
4
2
11
12
16
0
-2
53
63
73
83
93
Phyllostachys aureosulcata "Spectabilis"
Phyllostachys vivax
Dendrocalamus asper
Bambusa multiplex
103
113
Week
Sasa palmata
Figure 10: Weekly water requirement of bamboo genotypes per pot 1998
(ψ = -300 hPa: medium – dry and ψ = -100 hPa: high)
(some peaks pot No. 3 are caused by broken irrigation needles)
24
Water uptake (l) from medium moisture content soil
5
1997
4
3
start
2
3
6
2
5
47
8 9
1
0
1
10
-1
-2
20
4
30
40
60 Week
50
Phyllostachys aureosulcata "Spectab ilis"
Phyllostachys vivax
Dendrocalamus asper
Bamb usa multiplex
Sasa palmata
Water uptake (l) from high moisture content soil
1997
start
3
14
15
2
19
1
20
17
0
11
18 12
16
13
-1
-2
20
30
40
Phyllostachys aureosulcata "Spectabilis"
Phyllostachys vivax
Dendrocalamus asper
Bambusa multiplex
50
60 Week
Sasa palmata
Figure 11: Real water consumption per pot and week measured in 1997 at water
potential
(ψ = -300 hPa, medium and ψ = -100 hPa high moisture content)
25
14
Water uptake (l) from medium moisture content soil
1999
12
3
10
5
8
6
6
7
4
8
2
9
1
10
4
2
0
106
12
111
116
121
126
131
Phyllostachys aureosulcata "Spectabilis"
Phyllostachys vivax
Dendrocalamus asper
Bambusa multiplex
136
Week
Sasa palmata
Water uptake (l) from high moisture content soil
1999
10
19
20
11
8
6
15
4
14
2
16
18*
0
13
12
17
* plants dead
106
111
116
121
126
Phyllostachys aureosulcata "Spectabilis"
Phyllostachys vivax
Dendrocalamus asper
Bambusa multiplex
131
136
Week
Sasa palmata
Figure 12: Real water consumption per pot and week measured in 1999 at water
potential
(ψ = -300 hPa, medium and ψ = -100 hPa high moisture content)
The biomass production of the bamboo-genotypes used in this experiment was
measured as shoot length. Additionally number of shoots were counted once
every month (Figure 13). Although the root space was limited in the pots,
differences in shoot development between genotypes and water potential were
observed. Phyllostachys aureosulcata and Bambusa multiplex showed the most
26
vigorous growth potential compared to other genotypes with little differences in
all variants. The plants of both genotypes were from tissue cultures. Lower
water potential (-100 hPa) promoted shoot development during the first years
1997 – 1998 especially for Phyllostachys aureosulcata (Figure 13).
250
number of shoots
Phyllostachys aureosulcata "Spectabilis"
Dendrocalamus asper
Phyllostachys vivax
Bambusa multiplex
Sasa palmata
200
150
100
50
0
Oct Nov Dec Jan Mar May Aug Nov
Oct Nov Dec Jan Mar May Aug Nov
1997
1997
1998
Medium – dry (ψ –300 hPa)
1998
Moist (ψ – 100 hPa)
number of shoots
Phyllostachys aureosulcata "Spectabilis"
Sasa palmata
400
Phyllostachys vivax
Dendrocalamus asper
Bambusa multiplex
300
200
100
0
Mar
May
Jun
Aug
Sep
Oct
Medium – dry ((ψ –300 hPa)
Mar
May
Jun
Aug
Sep
Oct
Moist (ψ – 100 hPa)
Figure 13: Total number of shoots of different bamboo genotypes in the years 1997 –
1999
The shoot length was influenced by the plant height, when delivered from
OPRINS. Effects caused by the soil water potential were uncertain (Figure 14).
27
The plant growth culminated at 2.07 m height (Dendrocalamus asper) in 1999.
Shoot length of Phyllostachys aureosulcata indicated increased plant growth
under low water potential conditions. Plant growth rates generally decreased in
the order Dendrocalamus asper = Bambusa multiplex > Sasa palmata >
Phyllostachys vivax = Phyllostachys aureosulcata (Figure 14).
180
Phyllostachys aureosulcata "Spectabilis"
Phyllostachys vivax
Sasa palmata
Dendrocalamus asper
Bambusa multiplex
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
ct
O
ec
D
n
Ja
M
1997
ar
M
ay
A
ug
ov
N
1998
ec
D
n
Ja
M
1997
Phyllostachys aureosulcata "Spectabilis"
Sasa palmata
250
ct
O
ar
M
ay
A
ug
ov
N
1998
Phyllostachys vivax
Dendrocalamus asper
Bambusa multiplex
200
150
100
50
0
ar
M
ay
M
n
Ju
g
Au
p
Se
1999
medium – dry (ψ –300 hPa)
ct
O
ar
M
ay
M
n
Ju
g
Au
p
Se
ct
O
1999
moist (ψ –100 hPa)
Figure 14: Plant growth in cm (maximum shoot length) of bamboo in the phytosolarium
28
After 131 weeks bamboo genotypes were harvested in order to gain biomass
yield and to assess dry matter content and water efficiency. Biomass increased
under moist soil conditions conditions for Phyllostachys vivax and Phyllostachys
aureosulcata but little effects were observed for Sasa palmata and
Dendrocalamus asper (Figure 15). Lower biomass yield under high water
supply indicated limited soil air conditions for pots planted with Bambusa
multiplex but these pots contained also plants with many shoots of low height.
1200
Dry matter yield [g/ container]
Phyllostachys aureosulcata "Spectabilis"
Sasa palmata
Phyllostachys vivax
Dendrocalamus asper
Bambusa multiplex
1000
800
600
400
200
0
medium – dry (ψ –300 hPa)
moist (ψ –100 hPa)
Figure 15: Average dry matter yield from bamboo plant harvested in the
phytosolarium
The dry matter content was only slightly higher in pots with low water potential
conditions. Highest dry matter content was measured in plant material of
Bambusa multiplex (60% DM) lowest content was 45% DM in material of
Phyllostachys vivax. The average content was 50% DM. Further details are
illustrated in the appendix (Appendix 2).
29
4.2
Water use efficiency under experimental conditions
With data material of dry matter yields and water consumption water use
efficiency can be calculated for bamboo genotypes (Figure 16).
Water uptake [l/pot]
1200
DM Yield [g/plant]
1000
800
600
400
200
Ph
p a Sa
l m sa
at
a
B
m am
ul bu
ti p sa
le
x
Ph
yl
lo
st.
vi
va
x
yl
" S l o st
pe . a
ct u re
ab o
i l i su
s" l c
.
0
Medium – dry treatment (ψ = -300 hPa)
1000
Water uptake [l/pot]
DM Yield [g/plant]
800
600
400
200
0
Sasa palmata
Bambusa multiplex
Phyllostachys
aureosulcata
Moist treatment (ψ = -100 hPa)
Figure 16: Dry matter yield and water consumption per pot (transpiration +
evaporation) of Bamboo dependent on the moisture content of the soil
during the period 1997-1999
30
During the experiments high water consumption per pot was measured for
Phyllostachys aureosulcata, Phyllostachys vivax and Sasa palmata, when
compared with their dry matter production. Only Bambusa multiplex indicated
water efficiency. Relatively high water use was detected for the other bamboo
genotypes (see also Appendix 3). Under high water potential (ψ = -300 hPa)
water consumption was lowest for Phyllostachys aureosulcata but increased a
lot under nearly unlimited water supply conditions at ψ = -100 hPa.
It was suggested that water consumption was affected also by some evaporation
of the soil. Therefore water consumption was corrected with a supposed
evaporation rate of 50 l and 100 l for water potential conditions of ψ = -300 hPa
(dry-medium) and ψ = - 100 hPa (moist). Under this assumption the corrected
transpiration coefficient for Bambusa multiplex could be 293 l/kg DM (at ψ = 300 hPa) and 327 l/kg DM (at ψ = -100 hPa) (Figure 17).
1400
1200
Water uptake [l/plant]
Water uptake [l/plant]
DM Yield [g/plant]
DM Yield [g/plant]
medium moisture content of soil
high moisture content of soil
1000
800
600
400
p a Sa
lm s a
at
a
B
m am
ul bu
ti p s
le a
x
0
Ph
"S au r yll
pe eo o s
ct s u t.
a b lc
ili .
s"
200
Figure 17: Dry matter yield and corrected water uptake (assumption: evaporation 50 l
(medium moisture)/ 100 l high moisture) per pot of Bamboo dependent on
the moisture content of the soil during the period 1997-1999
31
4.3
Plant development under field conditions
Also under field conditions plant development and growth was dependent on
plant height in the beginning of the experiment. Growth rate was highest for
Phyllostachys vivax followed by Phyllostachys viridis, Phyllostachys
aureosulcata and Phyllostachys aurea while shorter plant genotypes developed
more shoots like Sasa tsuboiana (Table 4 and 5 and Appendix 4 and 5):
Table 4: Average shoot number per plant of Bamboo genotypes in the field
Genotype
Sasa palmata
Pseudosasa japonica
Phyllostachys aurea
Phyllostachys vivax
Sasa tsuboiana
Phyllostachys praecox
Phyll. aureosulcata
Phyllostachys viridis
1997
1998
1999
Difference
10
18
8
4
24
8
10
7
15
31
13
7
66
13
21
10
26
47
15
7
119
13
24
12
16
29
7
3
95
5
14
5
Table 5: Plant height of Bamboo genotypes in the field during 1997-1999 in cm
Genotype
1997
1998
1999
Difference
Sasa palmata
Pseudosasa japonica
Phyllostachys aurea
Phyllostachys vivax
Sasa tsuboiana
Phyllostachys praecox
Phyll. aureosulcata
Phyllostachys viridis
40
66
151
141
21
166
191
139
52
50
192
205
35
174
202
166
56
101
214
223
47
174
255
211
16
35
63
82
26
8
64
72
Under field conditions Phyllostachys aureosulcata “Spectablis” reached a height
of more than 250 cm (average of the longest shoots) (Figure 18).
32
300
length of shoots
number of shoots
150
250
100
length [cm]
200
150
50
100
50
0
.
ul "
a
a
a
x
a
is
s
t
n
o ilis
re
ic
a
id
va
a
i
e
r
u
i
n
i
r
v
a
v
o
lm
bo
t.
au ctab
t.
t.
u
ap
pa
s
.
j
s
s
t
.
s
t
lo
st
llo
llo
sa
os Spe
yl
sa
a
l
o
y
y
a
l
l
h
a
s
l
"
S
P
hy
Ph
Ph
os
hy
Sa
P
d
P
eu
s
P
ox
c
ae
pr
0
Figure 18: Growth height and total number of shoots of different bamboo genotypes under field conditions in 1999
33
5
Discussion
Plant development and growth of bamboo species have been researched for 10
years at the Institute of Crop and Grassland Science. The research was carried
out in field experiments with questions about plant adaptability to colder climate
conditions in northern Europe. Further experiments under controlled conditions
have been started to assess water use efficiency, as bamboo growth might be
limited under limited water supply in the soil as well as lower precipitation rate
than under native conditions. In this context a method was developed, which
allowed calculation of transpiration coefficients also under water stress
conditions and adapted to bamboo cultivation (Sommer, 1978, 1980). This
method has been used also for assessment of water use efficiency of other
cultivated plant species results and can be compared with results obtained in the
bamboo research network. Also earlier research reports for the bamboo research
network will be considered (Korte & El Bassam, 1997; Korte & El Bassam,
1998 a and b; Bacher & El Bassam, 1999; Bacher, 2000).
The plant development and growth of three Bamboo genotypes Phyllostachys
aureosulcata, Phyllostachys vivax and Sasa palmata could be compared with
regard to controlled and field conditions. For Phyllostachys aureosulcata
“Spectablis” there was about 100 % more length observed than this genotype
reached in the water treatments in the phytosolarium but less than 50 % of the
number of shoots. The growth of Sasa palmata was comparable between
phytosolarium and field grown plants, even the number of shoots was higher of
field grown Sasa palmata. Shoot length and shoot number were mostly reduced
in pot experiments than under field conditions. It might be possible that plant
development was influenced by the pot size because of the sympodial root
growth of the bamboo species used. The type of propagation could influence
further plant growth as the most vigorous genotypes Phyllostachys aureosulcata
and Bambus multiplex in the pot experiments were from tissue culture (Gielis,
1995, Gielis & Oprins, 1998). However the slow growth rate was comparable
between both experimental conditions. In the field dry weather conditions
during the research period together with limited soil water availability might
have reduced plant growth of some genotypes.
34
In the field the smaller bamboo genotypes such as Sasa palmata, Sasa japonica
and Sasa tsuboiana produced more shoots than taller genotypes like
Phyllosachys vivax or Phyllostachys aureosulcata. This was also observed in
other experiments (Table 5).
Table 5: Some morphological features of 6 Bamboo genotypes after 5 years of
growth
Bamboo genotype
Fargesia murielae
Phyllostachys aureosulcata
Phyllostachys praecox
Phyllostachys vivax
Pseudosasa japonica
Phyllostachys humilis
Fargesia nitida “Nymphenburg”
Phyllostachys “Zwijnenburg”
Plant height
cm
Longest shoot
cm
Shoot number
100
128
70
104
40
115
170
178
130
163
135
117
73
185
223
217
144
19
6
22
60
10
256
286
(after El Bassam & Jakob, 1996)
The bamboo grew after planting only up to 82 cm further in height within three
years. Maximum height for taller bamboo plants are lower than in southern
regions and under tropic and subtropic climate but until 3 m to 10 m height are
reported (Recht et al., 1994; El Bassam & Jakob, 1996).
The method of SOMMER (1978, 1980) can be used for different plant species.
For sugar beets transpiration coefficients of 240 l/kg DM and 229 l/kg DM were
calculated after 12 weeks of growth under a water potential of -50 hPa
respective –600 hPa (Sommer & Bramm, 1978). HÖPPNER (1997) reported
about experiments with root vegetable (chicory, Cichorium intybus) and
investigated water consumption as well as dry matter yield under water potential
of ψ = -60 hPa (moist) and –600 hPa (dry) in the soil.
During the experiments high water potential of ψ = -500 hPa were tried but led
to reduced growth of bamboo and later death of the plants.
35
Water efficiency of the used Bamboo genotypes was low for Bambusa multiplex
with 245 l/kg DM under a water potential of ψ = -300 hPa. Sasa palmata,
Phyllostachys vivax and Phyllostachys aureosulcata showed in these
experiments higher water consumption also under medium-dry soil moisture
conditions (ψ = -300 hPa) after three years of growth.
Table 6: Transpiration coefficients (TK) in l/kg DM for bamboo genotypes measured
at water potential of Ψ = - 60 hPa and –100 hPa (moist soil conditions)
Bamboo genotype
Water consumption
[in l]
TK [l/kg DM]
Period in
Months
Phyllostachys vivax
Phyllostachys aureosulcata
Phyllostachys pnopingna
39.7
47.6
35.8
331
297
256
9
9
9
Bambusa multiplex
274
327
33
(after El Bassam & Jacob, 1996)
In other experiments carried out under a water potential of ψ –60 hPa
transpiration coefficients of 297 respective 331 l/kg DM were calculated for
Phyllostachys aureosulcata and Phyllostachys vivax after a shorter period of 9
months (El Bassam & Jakob, 1996) (Table 6). For Bambusa multiplex under
similar moisture conditions 327 l/kg DM was calculated although the period was
much longer. Higher water potential (medium-dry soil conditions) led to
reduced biomass production but showed only little effect on water use efficiency
although water consumption was reduced. These results are similar of those
reported from cultivated species (Sommer & Bramm (1978) and Höppner
(1997)). Compared with transpiration coefficients of other agricultural C3-plant
species (grain crops and rape with transpiration coefficients between 400 and
700 l/kg DM) the calculations for bamboo showed high water efficiency for
some genotypes, which could be very interesting for future crop management.
The dry matter content of the biomass harvested in the phytosolarium was
dependent on the genotype but with 50% on average lower than data of earlier
36
experiments with younger plants (El Bassam & Jakob, 1996) and seemed to be
affected by the culm age (Liese & Weiner, 1996).
Under field conditions dry matter contents of 83% can be reached also under
climatic conditions in northern Germany (El Bassam et al., 1999)
Biomass yield from other Bamboo field trials were calculated up to 7 t DM per
year for the research area (El Bassam & Jakob, 1996). No data are available
from the field experiments described in this report. The shoot development and
height in the field experiment indicated that Phyllostachys aureosulcata and
Phyllostachys vivax could produce highest biomass yield although the number of
shoots of these giant genotypes is much less than of smaller genotypes like Sasa
tsuboiana and Pseudosas japonica.
Bamboo plant genotypes under northern European climate showed potential for
sufficient high biomass yield but stem diameter not more than 20 mm were
observed in the fields. This material could be mechanically harvested and used
for paper industry or energy. Harvest may be influenced by the type of shoot
spreading of Bamboo genotypes. Sympodial growing genotypes might make
harvesting easier. Results of Phyllostachys plantation management in the USA
could be copied for European conditions (Meise, 1995; Turtle, 1998). Clear
cutting of the whole plantation for sympodial species is not recommended
because then vitality of the plants might be reduced (Meise, 1995).
At the end of the research period of the water requirement experiments plants
were cut down and harvested. The highest amount of biomass yield was
obtained from Phyllostachys aureosulcata, Bambusa multiplex and
Dendrocalamus asper. Afterwards a recovery of the plants was monitored and
showed for some sympodial genotypes (Dendrocalamus asper) a reduced
number of shoots in the pots. These effects should be further investigated also in
the field experiment.
Bamboo genotypes planted in other field experiments similar to the trial
reported in this report and harvested under the same climatic conditions of
northern Germany showed an energy content of 17.1 kJ/kg DM and a cellulose
content about 40.9 % (El Bassam et al., 1999). As the fibre content could be
37
influenced by maturation in the first two years first harvest is recommended
after three years of plantation (Liese, 1995). An incorporation into the design of
an energy farm (El Bassam & Dambroth, 1991) should be further investigated.
Some problems occurred during the water requirement experiments as several
irrigation candles broke down. This was mainly caused by the high root pressure
in the pots. Future pot trials with plant types which develop rhizomes should be
carried out with ceramic irrigation plates installed on the bottom of the pots.
38
6
Conclusions
The experiments showed that all genotypes planted in the field grew under
climatic conditions of northern Germany. Only few plants died back partly
caused by flowering. Although there warm years predominated during the
research period it could be suspected that Phyllostachys genotypes could survive
longer frost periods and produce acceptable biomass yields.
The development of bamboo plantation is dependent on the type of root systems.
Sympodial genotypes should be used to facilitate mechanical harvest under
climate conditions in northern Europe.
Plant growth of bamboo genotypes was dependent on the propagation method
and plant height at the time of planting and type of genotype. Smaller genotypes
reached only about 50 to 100 cm height. The tallest plant genotypes were 2.5 m
high. Small genotypes produced a greater number of shoots than taller plant
genotypes with less shoot numbers.
The method for water requirement and water use efficiency investigations could
be used for estimation transpiration coefficient for bamboo genotypes for
periods until 1-2 years. Some changes in the type of irrigation tubes would
provide an improvement of the maintenance during experimental periods. Some
bamboo genotypes Bambusa multiplex, Phyllostachys aureosulcata and
Phyllostachys vivax showed very high water efficiency also under water stress
conditions. Other genotypes showed only minor differences in transpiration
coefficients during the experiments but higher water consumption per kg DM
produced.
Bamboo genotypes have a high potential as source for industrial and energy raw
material. Furthermore the long lifecycle of this plant genus and high production
of rhizomes runners could be used for soil erosion and protection of water ways.
Also possible positive effects on climate development and reduction of harmful
gasses such as CO2 should be investigated.
39
7
Acknowledgements
We would like to thank Anja Voges and Helmut Klöpper for their valuable
technical assistance. This work was supported by the European Community.
8
References:
Bacher, W.; 1997:
Stickstoffversorgung bei Gemüse in Abhängigkeit
Applicationstechnik
Clausthal-Zellerfeld: Papierflieger, ISBN 3-932243-68-4
von
der
Stickstofform
und
Bacher, W.; El Bassam, N.; 1999:
Individual progress report, Bamboo for Europe, participant No. 3
Period 1.1. – 30.6.1999
Bacher, W., 2000:
Report to Bamboo for Europe: Ecophysiological aspects, Determination of water requirement
and water use efficiency of bamboo held at the project meeting at Cobelgal, Portugal,
Summer 2000
Eberts, W.; 1991:
Bambus in Haus und Garten
Gräfe und Unzer GmbH, München, 2. Aufl.
El Bassam, N.; Dambroth, M.; 1991:
A concept of energy plant farm.
In: Grassi, G. et al (eds.): Biomass for Energy, Industry and Environment
Elsevier Applied Science, London, pp. 34-40
El Bassam, N.; 1993:
Prospects and practical applications of renewable energy in Germany
Europe’s Agricultural Future, Papers discussed at EAF yearly meeting 1-4th July 1993
Coventry, England
El Bassam N., Jakob, K.; 1996:
Bambus – eine neue Rohstoffquelle – Erstevaluierung –
Landbauforschung Völkenrode Heft 2/1996 pp. 76-83
El Bassam, N.; 1998:
Bamboo
In: Energy Plant Species: Their use and impact on environment and development
James & James, London ISBN 1-873936-75-3 pp. 88-94
El Bassam, N.; Meier, D.; Gerdes, Ch.; Korte, A.-M.; 1999:
Potentials of producing biofuels (Oil, Charcoal and Gas) from Bamboo
in press
40
El Bassam, N.; Meier, D.; Gerdes, Ch.; Korte, A.-M.; 1998:
Energy from Bamboo
In: INBAR, 1998: V International Bamboo Congress, VI International Bamboo Workshop,
Abstracts p. 59
Gielis, J.; 1995:
Bamboo and Biotechnology
European Bamboo Society Journal, Vol.6, pp. 27 – 39
Gielis, J.; Oprins, J., 1998:
Strategic role of biotechnology in mass scale production of woody bamboos
Sustainable Agriculture for Food, Energy and Industry pp 165-171
James & James Ltd, London
Höppner, F.; 1996:
Influence of water supply and soil density on growth and yield of root chicory (Circhorium
intybus L.) In: Frese L, Schittenhelm S, Fuchs A (eds): Proceedings of the 6th Seminar on
Inulin, Braunschweig, 14-15.11.1996. , pp 19-21, ISBN 90-803195-3-8
Korte, A.-M.; El Bassam, N., 1997:
First annual report to “Bamboo for Europe, participant No. 3, Ecophysiological research”
November, 1997
INBAR, 1998:
V International Bamboo Congress, VI International Bamboo Workshop, Abstracts
San José, Costa Rica, November 1998
Impresos COPIECO, San Pedro, Costa Rica
Korte, A.-M.; El Bassam, N., 1998a:
Mid-term report to “Bamboo for Europe, participant No. 3, Ecophysiological research”
August, 1998
Korte, A.-M.; El Bassam, N., 1998b
Bamboo for Energy: Ecophysiological investigations
Proceedings of the international conference: Biomass for Energy and Industry; 8.-11.6.1998
Liese, W.; 1985:
Anatomy and properties of Bamboo
In: Rao, A. N.; Dhanarajan, G.; Sastry, C. B. (edrs.):
Research on Bamboos
Proceedings of the International Bamboo Workshop, October 1985
Hangzhou, China
Liese, W.; 1995:
Anatomy and Utilisation of Bamboos
European Bamboo Society Journal, Vol.6, pp. 5-12
Liese, W.; Weiner, G.; 1996:
Ageing of bamboo culms. A review
Wood Science and Technology 30, pp. 77-89
41
Liese, W.; 1999:
Bamboo: Past – Present – Future
American Bamboo Society, Vol. 20, No. 1, pp. 1-7
Meise, 1995:
Devos, J.; Gielis, J. (edrs.):
Report on the Bamboo Workshop held at the National Botanic Garden of Belgium
on March 11, 1995, 14 p.
Nair, C. T. S.; Sastry, C.; 1991 (edrs.):
Bamboo in Asia and the Pacific
Proceedings 4th International Bamboo Workshop
Technical Document GCP/RAS/134/ASB FORSPA Publication 6
FAO, Bangkok, Thailand
Rao, A. N.; Dhanarajan, G.; Sastry, C. B. (edrs.); 1985:
Research on Bamboos
Proceedings of the International Bamboo Workshop, October 1985
Hangzhou, China
Recht, Ch., Wetterwald, M. F., Simon, W.; 1994:
Bambus
Ulmer, Stuttgart, ISBN 3-8001-6556-2
Sommer, C.; 1978:
Eine Methode zur kontinuierlichen Wasserversorgung von Vegetationsgefäßen nach dem
Bodenwasserpotential
Landbauforschung Völkenrode 18/1: pp. 17-20
Sommer C., Bramm A.; 1978:
Wasserverbrauch und Pflanzenwachstum bei Zuckerrüben in Abhängigkeit von der
Wasserversorgung
Landbauforschung Völkenrode, vol 28, pp. 151-158
Sommer, C.; 1980:
A method for investigating the influence of soil water potential on water consumption,
development and yield of plants
Soil & Tillage Research 1 (1980/81): pp. 163-172
Turtle, A.; 1998:
Feasibility of Bamboo plantation in the cooler parts of warm temperate climates
In: INBAR, 1998: V International Bamboo Congress, VI International Bamboo Workshop,
Abstracts p. 48
42
Appendix
43
Appendix 1: Data of actual water requirement per pot and
genotype
Medium 1997 Phyllostachys Phyll.
Aureosulcata vivax
Week-No.
pot no. 1
2
29
2,3324
1,8802
30
2,6656
1,8088
31
-0,6575
-1,0234
32
1,8564
2,0944
33
0,4938
0,7467
34
-0,6191
-0,271
35
0,3126
0,5417
36
0,0594
0,4878
37
0,5087
1,1364
38
0,7765
1,7492
39
1,1034
2,1925
40
0,6633
1,7546
41
0,7622
2,14
42
0,8743
2,2696
43
1,3145
3,2661
44
1,0515
2,5561
45
0,9311
2,1865
46
1,2376
2,6894
47
1,3712
3,1385
48
1,1155
2,1773
49
1,2167
2,2728
50
1,5946
2,9039
51
1,9218
3,0226
52
2,2401
3,3676
Sum
25,1266
45,0883
Medium 1997 Phyll.
Phyll.vivax
aureosulcata
44
Bambusa
multiplex
Sasa
Palmata
Dendrocal.
asper
Bambusa
multiplex
Phyllo.
aureosulcata
Dendrocal.
Asper
Phyll. vivax
Sasa
palmata
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
2,142
2,5942
2,1033
2,0973
1,9278
1,8326
1,9516
2,2074
2,3324
3,0464
2,0706
2,4038
2,261
1,666
2,1896
2,4276
-0,9044
-0,9996
-0,9044
-1,1361
-1,0441
-1,3328
-0,7556
-0,9282
1,9992
1,5797
1,8326
1,666
1,5975
1,8326
1,8564
1,6749
0,5087
0,3421
0,4849
0,4967
0,3332
0,4135
0,3808
0,351
-0,4614
-0,9904
-0,6458
-0,6518
-0,726
-0,6696
-0,5715
-0,5895
0,2561
0,3553
0,1399
0,3186
0,1161
0,0746
0,1133
-0,0413
0,1784
-0,4743
-0,1012
0,3063
-0,1637
-0,2529
-0,0834
-0,1936
0,6604
0,3094
0,3421
0,946
0,2618
0,2022
0,2796
0,2825
1,0828
0,5531
0,5741
1,5826
0,4938
0,4135
0,4878
0,2423
1,4398
0,6931
0,6842
2,0795
0,5652
0,3837
0,589
0,5293
1,1929
0,4551
0,583
1,6153
0,3986
0,351
0,345
1,0114
1,4939
0,636
0,6983
2,1618
0,6716
0,5434
0,7605
0,2045
1,627
0,6125
0,675
2,0999
0,5293
0,3447
0,3447
0,1959
2,6235
0,7794
0,9368
2,9538
0,7464
0,4729
0,5471
0,5113
2,1753
0,8187
0,849
-0,6042
0,6434
0,2491
0,2643
0,6793
1,8859
0,5919
0,9013
1,9961
0,6544
0,4551
0,5205
0,2764
2,5466
0,952
1,2614
2,3086
0,8806
0,714
0,6902
0,7378
2,9182
0,8419
1,0799
2,4898
0,9222
0,583
0,7496
0,6306
2,686
0,6005
0,8385
1,8383
0,6214
0,3212
0,4402
0,3714
2,8529
0,5325
0,8568
1,904
0,6039
0,357
0,4849
0,3361
3,6804
0,5775
0,9821
2,142
0,7083
0,4046
0,476
0,3217
3,7931
0,6128
0,833
1,9961
0,6188
0,3659
0,4284
0,4224
4,1309
0,6693
0,9787
2,0944
0,708
0,3897
0,4938
0,3926
42,8406
15,6891
18,0541
35,1048
14,3295
10,115
12,9828
12,0538
Bambusa
Sasa
Dendrocal.
Bambusa
Phyllo.
Dendrocal.
Phyll. vivax
Sasa
multiplex
palmata
asper
multiplex
aureosulcata asper
palmata
Moist 1997
Phyll. Vivax
Week-No
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
Sum
Moist 1997
45
Sasa palmata
Dendrocal.
Asper
Bambusa
multiplex
Phyllost.
Aureosulc
Dendrocal.
asper
Bambusa
multiplex
Phyll. Vivax
pot no. 11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
2,4276
1,9754
2,3413
2,3175
2,0944
2,3324
2,4692
2,3324
2,9036
1,8802
2,9036
2,6894
2,4276
2,856
2,7846
2,5942
-0,7825
-1,19
-0,833
-0,6039
-0,5296
-0,714
-0,6842
-0,6604
1,6184
1,8891
1,4756
1,9218
1,9516
1,5559
1,6927
2,0497
0,3094
0,5087
0,3748
0,7229
0,9133
0,4849
0,2707
0,5712
-0,7587
-0,4763
-0,8869
-0,1961
-0,1282
-0,7083
-0,6102
-0,4436
0,0241
0,2323
0,0241
0,8476
0,7886
0,25
0,0241
0,1907
-0,1609
0,0089
-0,2589
0,8597
0,702
-0,1399
-0,2174
0,0921
0,1606
0,4729
0,2111
1,1249
1,2227
0,3897
0,3123
0,5265
0,3837
0,6128
0,351
1,8028
1,4349
0,4224
0,3272
0,7734
0,4373
0,7556
0,3837
2,2252
1,5946
0,5979
0,3837
0,7465
0,1457
0,3788
0,1614
1,6391
1,2167
0,3272
0,6076
0,4172
0,6283
0,952
0,7854
2,4491
1,9424
0,7951
0,4551
0,9996
0,714
0,7616
0,714
2,46
1,5946
0,714
0,476
0,7616
0,5652
0,9311
0,6842
3,6265
2,1687
0,714
0,595
1,0174
0,5058
0,8063
0,4582
3,2428
1,8386
0,6664
0,4522
0,7854
0,476
0,6693
0,5414
2,5733
1,7403
0,6902
0,589
0,7705
0,833
0,952
0,8806
3,2368
2,0468
0,9282
0,833
1,3804
1,0234
1,2078
1,1989
3,2219
2,4276
1,3804
1,0085
1,2554
0,4224
0,6842
0,5652
2,4067
1,7225
0,6871
0,4373
0,7318
0,476
0,595
0,5236
2,618
1,9129
0,595
0,5236
0,6664
0,4284
0,595
0,476
3,0226
2,142
0,7854
0,476
0,6664
0,3837
0,595
0,4046
2,4961
2,1331
0,2856
0,4284
0,5236
0,3332
0,5087
0,3986
2,6685
2,4692
0,7943
0,4849
0,6515
13,4977
16,3064
13,8785
49,3732
37,8273
16,6899
14,1193
19,3999
pot no. 11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
Phyll. Vivax Sasa palmata Dendrocal.
Bambusa
Phyllost.
Dendrocal.
Bambusa
Phyll. Vivax
asper
multiplex
Aureosulcata asper
multiplex
Phyll.
Sasa palmata
Aureosulcata
19
20
2,3324
2,2134
2,856
2,8084
-0,2707
-0,5176
1,5083
2,3264
0,4849
1,19
-0,5864
0,3387
0,2621
0,9345
0,1159
0,9339
0,5265
1,3446
0,8121
1,6867
1,0174
1,892
0,5511
1,3368
1,19
1,9485
0,9698
1,6184
1,3328
2,2163
1,0948
1,785
1,071
1,2881
1,3566
2,0706
1,904
1,8326
1,0977
0,8686
1,1424
0,7854
1,2376
0,9044
1,1246
0,7616
1,2614
0,8181
24,3923
33,3854
19
20
Phyll.
Sasa palmata
Aureosulcata
Medium 1998 Phyll.
Phyll.vivax
Bambusa
Sasa
Dendrocal.
Bambusa
Phyllo.
Dendrocal.
Phyll. vivax
Sasa
aureosulcata
multiplex
palmata
asper
multiplex
aureosulcata asper
palmata
pot number
Week-No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1
27,0867
47,9527
48,3077
16,3076
18,8631
36,8894
14,9006
10,4568
13,396
12,3866
2
2,8262
0,8121
4,9418
3,7931
0,2558
2,5971
0,8181
0,5563
0,5087
0,326
3
2,7287
3,9626
5,4437
0,9787
0,2558
2,5168
0,1784
0,3748
-0,0298
0,3094
4
1,3319
2,9071
4,7867
0,6738
0,8642
2,1925
0,5488
0,4046
0,4224
0,3748
5
2,2312
2,5595
3,9508
1,6184
1,6422
2,8351
1,455
1,2227
0,9549
1,1929
6
1,5886
1,9186
5,0574
0,3094
0,4284
1,9129
0,1901
0,0178
0,0892
0,1844
7
1,904
1,9963
4,7718
0,827
0,9044
2,1687
0,6366
0,1279
0,0505
-0,1637
8
1,8117
1,7552
4,6023
0,7854
0,9073
2,0081
0,6188
0,2082
0,8835
0,6753
9
1,8177
1,9694
4,754
1,2279
0,9907
2,1598
0,7937
0,3272
-0,2139
-0,25
10
1,9218
2,0021
5,3995
0,792
1,0888
2,1598
0,5597
0,2945
0,3447
0,1219
11
1,8162
2,0646
6,1849
1,0174
1,1275
2,3814
0,6521
0,7209
1,0455
0,9646
12
1,547
1,4547
4,1263
0,6753
0,8984
1,9218
0,7616
0,357
0
0,0178
13
2,0944
2,3353
7,3582
1,2345
1,1037
3,0493
1,0888
0,595
0,714
0,476
14
1,9694
2,2252
6,8312
1,428
1,3268
2,9303
1,3087
0,833
0,714
0,6664
15
1,6153
1,588
7,9695
0,5916
0,907
2,5939
0,589
0,5027
0,053
0,1368
16
1,9218
1,7581
6,8452
1,0441
1,1066
2,9154
1,0412
0,7854
0,4373
0,351
17
2,499
2,7101
9,0913
1,6927
1,3982
3,7246
1,4458
1,2227
0,6039
0,6303
18
1,309
1,1281
6,9617
0,872
0,8184
2,0798
0,241
0,6962
0,2113
0,2561
19
1,6898
1,9485
4,4684
1,5261
1,2078
2,9303
1,2703
1,0085
0,4224
0,4046
20
1,5499
2,0557
8,4132
2,1598
1,3655
3,2038
1,6511
1,4042
0,3808
0,3094
21
1,1186
1,4636
5,9558
1,7879
0,9698
2,2788
1,2465
1,2078
0,3123
0,3748
22
1,4375
1,4209
6,8885
1,9438
1,2058
2,9432
1,5238
1,336
0,17
0,0837
23
1,2852
1,4994
6,0481
2,1687
1,2138
2,637
1,4636
1,3804
0,2618
0,238
24
0,952
1,6451
6,2058
2,4841
1,19
2,5644
1,7225
1,7612
2,9274
0,3183
25
1,19
1,6511
6,5688
2,6358
1,3566
2,856
1,9307
2,142
3,689
0,2945
26
0,9521
1,297
4,861
2,0853
1,0054
2,2817
1,6927
1,5439
2,0706
0,113
27
0,8568
1,2554
4,9355
1,3744
0,9609
2,261
1,9694
1,785
3,4986
0,2469
28
1,2732
1,7552
7,491
3,0582
1,6927
3,3587
2,8916
2,5644
-3,1654
0,4611
29
1,4458
2,0704
7,5653
3,3765
1,7105
3,2962
3,6056
2,7399
0,1159
0,3183
30
1,5708
2,2372
7,7468
4,272
1,6749
3,5253
4,3732
3,2308
6,0928
6,1404
31
1,3417
1,9605
7,0299
3,9597
1,666
3,2368
4,2364
3,1505
4,1174
4,4744
46
Medium 1998 Phyll.
Phyll.vivax
Aureosulc.
pot number
Week-No.
1
2
32
1,3506
1,9307
33
1,4547
2,1954
34
1,1751
2,0884
35
0,714
0,8551
36
1,1364
1,7194
37
0,8508
1,2078
38
0,9609
1,8177
39
0,8746
1,4636
40
0,8746
1,5648
41
0,8746
1,1393
42
0,9133
1,3893
43
0,8419
1,654
44
0,4224
0,8359
45
0,5474
0,7229
46
0,4938
0,821
47
0,6604
1,2078
48
1,1929
2,1687
49
1,0888
2,4721
50
1,1989
2,5019
51
1,2078
2,3442
52
1,1751
2,4276
53
1,303
2,3502
Sum
97,996
142,2375
Medium 1998 Phyll.
Phyll.vivax
aureosulcata
47
Bambusa
multiplex
Sasa
palmata
Dendrocal.
asper
Bambusa
multiplex
Phyllo.
aureosulcata
Dendrocal.
asper
Phyll. vivax
Sasa
Palmata
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
6,4914
3,4628
1,779
3,1445
4,1441
3,1594
0
0
7,2499
4,1083
1,8504
3,3676
4,986
3,4717
2,261
2,4067
4,8879
2,8827
1,422
2,6358
4,0251
2,6596
0,119
0,952
3,9164
2,1672
1,1275
2,2174
3,1637
2,2587
1,3655
0,8568
4,6172
2,4276
1,2792
2,38
3,7604
2,493
1,1424
3,3796
3,5938
1,7254
1,0888
2,0437
2,5942
2,1836
0,2142
0,3094
4,5398
2,4603
1,4756
2,5168
3,5907
2,9125
0,0714
0,0476
3,9775
2,4156
1,2167
2,2312
3,3051
2,2639
1,9278
2,3324
3,4152
2,3978
1,3417
2,1449
3,1118
2,3978
3,1892
3,9746
3,3587
1,9129
1,2465
2,017
2,8738
2,255
2,618
2,7608
3,8169
2,255
1,5499
2,136
3,2457
2,4603
3,332
3,8169
3,8258
2,6269
1,8088
2,3264
3,3498
2,8262
3,4034
4,046
1,7076
0,8359
0,827
1,0888
1,1037
1,4696
2,2848
2,7846
1,9843
0,946
1,0948
1,3179
1,4458
1,422
2,1658
1,7374
2,4692
0,9609
1,2078
1,5172
1,4607
1,9456
2,6596
3,5224
3,5878
1,4934
1,6838
1,9069
2,3502
2,1122
2,5406
2,6269
5,7209
2,4692
2,731
3,0077
4,6023
3,207
3,4123
3,7604
5,7298
2,5555
2,9274
3,5253
4,6261
3,1832
3,3082
2,4603
5,5632
2,606
3,3051
2,2074
5,6584
3,1921
2,7072
4,2542
5,4293
2,4454
3,3022
3,1445
5,7863
3,3022
3,094
3,5551
5,4353
2,2461
3,5462
3,1892
5,9678
3,3885
3,451
4,046
5,3252
2,374
3,3409
3,1029
6,182
3,0969
2,8084
2,499
328,2052
118,4761
93,2593
169,579
138,7391
102,6193
89,1546
88,5631
Bambusa
Sasa palmata Dendrocal.
Bambusa
Phyllo.
Dendrocal.
Phyll. vivax
Sasa
multiplex
asper
multiplex
aureosulcata asper
palmata
Moist 1998
Phyll. Vivax
Week-No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
48
pot no.11
13,7593
0,4284
-1,1424
-0,0445
1,547
0,595
0,359
0,5325
0,2618
0,2856
0,9044
0,238
0,595
0,476
0,4522
0,5712
0,7438
0,476
0,4522
0,595
0,476
3,332
0,0711
0
0,2856
0,4849
0,476
0,9609
0,8568
1,0948
0,952
Sasa
palmata
Dendrocal.
asper
12
16,806
0,6337
0,1009
0,4522
0,5236
0,476
0,4284
0,2856
0,4046
0,3183
0,8634
0,3332
0,595
0,476
0,4284
0,6486
0,8181
0,476
0,5712
0,6902
0,5474
2,975
0,0445
0,0476
0,6902
0,595
0,6426
0,952
0,714
1,2376
0,6902
13
14,2115
0,5623
0,3659
0,357
0,2142
0,1993
0,2945
0,2767
0,2856
0,1904
0,7888
0,119
0,3094
0,4284
0,3332
0,4195
0,6664
0,3094
0,3094
0,5236
0,357
2,9274
0,0445
2,5704
5,355
4,76
4,4506
-1,5946
0,4849
1,3328
0,9996
Bambusa
multiplex
Phyllost.
Dendrocal.
Bambusa
Phyll. Vivax Phyll.
Sasa
Aureosulcata asper
multiplex
Aureosulcata palmata
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
51,6816
39,9215
17,1182
14,4761
19,9413
25,4244
34,0515
3,3647
2,9988
0,7496
0,6188
0,7378
1,6987
1,19
3,332
3,3257
0,2142
0,1666
0,1904
1,8564
1,5648
2,8024
2,5736
0,4998
0,4938
0,5414
1,4756
0,9996
2,5942
2,4276
0,5236
0,4373
0,4998
1,6273
0,9044
3,3885
3,2933
0,476
0,4284
0,4998
2,142
1,3982
2,9928
3,3974
0,476
0,5147
0,476
2,2074
1,3804
2,7757
3,2606
0,2618
0,4284
0,2856
2,023
1,4696
2,8798
3,7217
0,3808
0,6039
0,4611
2,38
1,7076
2,618
3,8258
0,3332
0,6515
0,357
2,5882
1,4607
3,1029
4,5874
0,357
0,6426
0,3748
3,2368
1,779
2,2877
3,7633
0,357
0,5741
0,595
2,7548
1,3357
3,9924
6,414
0,4224
0,8508
0,4462
4,7302
2,6269
3,3796
6,3099
0,357
0,7616
0,4998
4,8879
2,4276
2,9985
5,435
0,4313
0,7673
0,4015
4,6407
1,6003
3,3796
6,6729
0,476
0,952
0,4938
5,6406
2,2639
4,3107
9,4303
0,7585
1,5737
0,6366
9,6895
3,4969
1,9726
7,4614
0,0923
0,8063
0,369
6,6165
1,309
2,2873
4,8076
0,3837
1,4696
0,3123
4,3792
3,1029
3,6414
8,6573
0,476
1,2078
0,4671
8,0146
4,629
2,5257
6,2801
0,952
1,1215
0,9787
5,5007
3,9924
3,2055
7,6899
2,7909
3,7733
2,5862
7,2066
6,0544
2,8529
6,5212
0,0533
2,499
0,0445
5,712
4,8314
2,856
7,2321
0,0178
3,4986
0,0089
6,3159
5,831
3,2368
7,5208
0,119
4,0162
0,238
7,2114
6,1642
2,3978
6,3515
0,357
3,1683
0,3421
5,8637
5,3341
2,618
7,1578
0,5236
3,2308
0,476
6,3813
6,2712
3,8169
9,2583
0,714
4,7689
0,7407
8,8477
7,7617
4,0549
3,2998
0,5236
4,7867
0,476
6,325
8,1187
4,2126
1,8742
0,827
5,1824
0,7616
4,8492
10,2518
4,0073
1,666
0,357
4,5785
0,357
4,284
9,6717
Moist 1998
Phyll. Vivax
Week-No.
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
Sum
Moist 1998
49
Sasa
palmata
Dendrocal.
asper
pot no.11
12
13
1,0561
0,9282
1,5946
1,2227
0,8508
1,904
4,8076
0,6902
1,309
0,8657
0,5236
1,4369
0,9282
0,595
1,4994
0,7318
0,476
1,2614
1,0234
0,6991
1,9843
1,1186
0,4998
1,5946
0,9282
0,6128
1,9456
0,9044
0,6245
1,4845
1,0561
0,6426
1,904
1,0948
0,8092
2,4127
0,351
0,9282
1,1989
0,476
0,2618
1,19
0,3808
0,2618
1,4369
0,7467
0,4522
1,6838
1,4131
0,714
3,094
1,4994
0,8806
3,2546
1,547
0,7229
3,5075
1,6124
0,6753
3,9775
1,7136
0,714
4,4982
1,8653
0,7318
4,1619
58,4185
49,7599
91,1864
Phyll. Vivax Sasa
Dendrocal.
palmata
asper
pot no.11
12
13
Bambusa
multiplex
Phyllost.
Aureosulcata
14
15
3,8258
2,142
4,1739
3,0464
3,1743
2,5704
2,6269
2,1658
2,8322
2,0944
2,2877
2,1417
3,0315
2,261
2,4692
1,7136
2,3502
2,0973
2,2461
2,0944
2,4841
2,0081
2,618
2,856
1,1691
1,666
1,428
2,0468
1,6511
2,0468
2,0021
2,5704
3,2219
4,6172
3,1743
6,426
3,3111
9,1868
3,4777
12,5902
3,4748
13,7326
3,445
12,001
206,0418
291,2117
Bambusa
Phyllost.
multiplex
Aureosulcata
14
15
Dendrocal.
asper
Bambusa
multiplex
Phyll. Vivax
16
17
18
0,5236
4,1977
0,4849
0,5563
4,5137
0,5474
0,3808
3,5075
0,4938
0,4938
2,8322
0,3421
0,3808
3,0702
0,3897
0,238
2,499
0,2945
0,8806
3,2933
0,3183
0,3748
2,6031
0,357
0,4611
2,2134
0,389
0,3986
2,3175
0,3332
0,3897
2,6269
0,4075
0,3094
2,6894
0,2856
0,1517
1,2554
0,1517
0,1904
1,5946
0,119
0,0952
1,5797
0,1844
0,2231
2,017
0,1993
0,3808
3,57
0,3094
0,5087
3,7693
0,5087
0,3332
3,3438
0,3183
0,3659
3,6741
0,2618
0,833
4,2929
0,3808
0
3,1505
3,183
40,8491
133,6607
45,8554
Dendrocal.
Bambusa
Phyll. Vivax
asper
multiplex
16
17
18
Phyll.
Sasa
Aureosulcata palmata
19
20
3,7604
8,199
3,5224
9,7191
3,0464
6,7294
2,7548
8,4341
3,0702
6,1522
2,3562
4,1768
3,1029
6,0421
2,6418
5,5451
2,6745
4,8188
2,5079
3,8556
2,856
4,76
2,9988
4,8314
1,184
1,6184
1,428
0,9074
1,3804
1,5946
2,023
2,3026
3,2606
3,5967
3,0791
3,1385
3,4688
3,9121
3,4986
3,7128
3,9359
3,2457
5,0396
4,3167
230,1016
246,5897
Phyll.
Sasa
Aureosulcata palmata
19
20
Medium 1999 Phyll.
Phyll.vivax
Bambusa
Sasa
Dendrocal.
Bambusa
Phyllo.
Dendrocal.
Phyll. vivax
Sasa
aureosulcata
multiplex
palmata
asper
multiplex
aureosulcata asper
Palmata
pot number
Week-No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1
100,588
144,2461
328,5295
120,6451
96,1193
172,2942
144,9721
105,1516
91,0763
89,6902
2
0,9996
2,2134
5,4502
2,011
3,213
2,8767
5,6076
2,7608
3,0702
3,4361
3
1,6511
2,951
6,8306
3,2695
3,7128
3,4212
8,4548
3,3796
3,4272
3,3558
4
1,4934
2,8738
6,8068
3,2695
3,5938
3,5313
8,7464
3,3974
3,1416
3,3082
5
1,7552
3,802
7,7319
4,4357
4,4684
4,1352
9,9751
4,7153
3,6652
3,451
6
1,9278
4,1412
7,9194
4,5547
4,3405
4,284
9,2671
5,1408
2,9274
3,1505
7
1,785
3,7128
7,1162
3,9597
3,8556
4,403
8,4252
4,5458
2,7608
3,3082
8
1,547
3,6176
6,8544
3,6652
3,808
4,5934
8,2199
4,4982
2,8322
3,332
9
1,785
3,808
6,9198
3,7128
3,927
4,6648
8,2675
4,5934
2,8084
3,1981
10
1,5946
3,57
6,5628
3,6503
3,8734
4,4446
7,6725
4,4744
2,6507
3,1178
11
5,117
7,3631
12,5544
7,729
7,735
4,522
8,5947
4,7004
2,9274
3,3082
12
1,666
3,808
2,7226
3,5462
3,7366
4,4833
7,4672
4,284
2,3562
3,0464
13
1,6422
3,4688
3,9508
3,9061
3,4212
4,3792
6,7443
3,8556
2,6894
3,4688
14
1,6898
3,4034
3,8794
3,3558
3,5938
3,808
5,6882
3,451
2,499
3,0464
15
1,3566
3,689
4,4744
3,2844
3,7842
3,9746
5,9024
3,7604
2,6894
1,666
16
1,7612
3,9508
4,9504
3,5938
3,8318
4,3316
7,021
3,8556
2,8798
1,7136
17
1,4994
3,7366
4,9266
3,2368
3,7128
3,8794
5,95
3,7128
1,5946
2,9274
18
1,9992
4,284
6,2118
3,9032
4,165
4,5696
7,3155
4,1888
0,1666
2,975
19
1,4042
3,1892
6,9734
2,6418
3,451
3,7128
4,6172
3,5224
0,1428
2,856
20
1,4042
4,0698
5,5661
3,689
4,1412
4,4922
5,7536
4,5696
2,4422
2,142
21
1,785
3,8556
5,7358
3,332
3,8794
4,1412
6,307
4,403
0,5474
1,2376
22
1,5946
3,7128
4,9504
3,0702
7,5446
3,808
5,593
3,9984
0,3332
0,0238
23
1,4994
3,3796
4,284
3,0226
3,4986
2,6149
5,0872
4,1025
0,5858
0,1755
24
1,7136
4,0222
5,2122
3,9032
3,689
7,9968
6,069
4,165
1,3153
0,2945
25
1,666
3,7366
4,7362
3,4272
3,451
3,927
6,1404
4,1174
2,1002
0,1993
26
1,3328
2,975
3,7366
2,9274
3,1892
3,57
5,1408
3,7128
1,2376
0,0714
27
1,2852
2,1896
2,4752
2,0944
2,2372
2,023
3,5075
2,4752
1,666
0,1279
28
1,7374
3,6176
4,4982
3,9032
3,5224
4,4506
6,9315
4,0311
3,3796
0,226
29
1,9456
4,3167
4,8133
4,1263
4,1263
4,6172
7,8001
4,6499
2,9988
0,1961
30
1,3417
2,5079
2,5793
1,8177
2,4365
2,8322
4,3167
2,8649
1,0948
0,0803
31
1,6422
3,5224
3,8556
3,332
3,4986
4,2364
6,7592
4,0162
0,833
0,0981
50
Medium 1999 Phyll.
Phyll.vivax
aureosulcata
pot number
Week-No.
1
2
32
1,666
2,8084
33
1,4994
2,7608
34
1,8802
3,1178
35
1,666
3,0226
36
1,8326
3,5224
37
1,5232
2,856
38
1,7136
2,9988
39
1,7136
2,9036
40
1,8564
2,7846
41
1,547
2,2134
42
1,3804
2,38
43
0,6188
0,595
44
1,2376
1,428
45
1,2614
1,2376
46
1,19
0,9282
47
1,19
1,4042
48
1,19
1,19
49
1,2614
1,2614
50
1,2376
1,6927
51
1,2852
1,666
52
1,2852
1,6184
Sum
182,2456
298,1245
Medium1999 Phyll.
Phyll.
Aureosulcata Vivax
1
2
51
Bambusa
multiplex
Sasa
palmata
Dendrocal.
asper
Bambusa
multiplex
Phyllo.
aureosulcata
Dendrocal.
asper
Phyll. vivax
Sasa
palmata
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
3,0702
2,618
3,0702
3,4272
5,3074
3,4599
0,113
0,6395
2,9512
2,3324
3,0226
3,2606
5,2836
3,213
0,2825
0,2142
3,689
2,8322
6,069
3,9032
6,9496
3,7604
1,0234
0,2142
3,3082
2,5942
3,213
3,6414
6,545
3,6652
2,38
1,5232
3,7604
3,1178
3,5938
3,9746
6,9258
3,8318
2,4276
3,9508
3,1416
2,6656
3,2606
3,5938
5,2122
3,6176
2,2134
2,7846
3,1654
1,9754
3,2219
3,6176
5,4264
3,3796
1,9754
1,8802
3,4748
2,7608
3,2368
3,6414
5,8548
3,7604
0,3094
0,714
3,4986
2,6418
3,332
3,5462
5,7834
3,8318
0,4284
0,238
2,737
2,1182
2,856
3,0702
4,9028
3,2844
1,213
0,3094
2,9036
2,38
3,1892
3,332
5,7358
3,7604
0,9996
0,8806
0,714
0,595
0,9758
0,9996
0,9996
0,9282
0,7616
0,714
1,4994
1,4994
1,7374
2,2134
1,785
1,6749
0,5503
0,119
1,4756
1,4756
1,7374
2,1658
1,8802
1,7374
0,119
0,1428
1,2138
0,8568
1,4994
1,5232
1,904
1,2792
0,4046
0
1,3804
1,6184
1,428
1,8564
2,7608
1,1424
0,2618
0,0238
1,4042
1,2376
1,309
1,547
3,7366
1,1186
0,4046
0
1,309
1,0948
1,2614
1,2376
4,879
1,1424
0,5382
0,0952
1,547
1,6422
1,8088
2,3324
5,2836
1,3566
1,0234
0,119
1,2376
1,2138
1,5232
1,7136
5,7834
1,1424
2,8798
3,189
1,3804
0,952
1,309
2,3324
5,4264
1,2376
2,2134
1,0234
542,6697
267,2378
266,2117
351,948
446,6801
277,4185
177,3615
168,0031
Bambusa
Sasa
Dendrocal.
Bambusa
Phyllo.
Dendrocal.
Phyll. vivax
Sasa
multiplex
palmata
Asper
multiplex
aureosulcata asper
Palmata
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Moist 1999
Phyll. Vivax
Week-No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
52
pot no.11
60,4899
1,7701
2,9839
3,3409
4,879
4,873
4,998
5,8815
6,3962
6,5688
7,9432
7,7826
6,8811
6,4498
7,2828
8,0444
7,616
9,8375
5,9024
7,8331
8,2348
7,021
6,4974
7,9016
7,9968
6,4498
4,2602
7,5208
8,4966
4,403
6,4736
Sasa
palmata
Dendrocal.
asper
12
49,968
0,595
0,9996
1,1662
3,57
3,5551
3,8556
3,5224
3,6592
3,4748
3,4748
3,3736
3,7366
3,213
3,3558
3,3082
3,213
3,2844
3,0226
3,7604
3,1178
3,5224
2,9036
3,4034
2,764
2,7846
2,0795
3,1892
3,3498
2,3978
2,856
13
94,9405
4,1203
4,7064
4,7302
5,3788
5,6346
4,8314
5,5692
5,6019
5,236
5,4978
4,998
3,9448
3,6176
4,403
4,4268
3,9508
4,998
3,9032
4,5785
4,4744
4,2364
3,8794
4,4982
4,165
3,4272
2,38
4,3316
4,9622
4,403
4,5665
Bambusa
multiplex
Phyllost.
Dendrocal.
Bambusa
Phyll. Vivax Phyll.
Sasa
Aureosulcata asper
multiplex
Aureosulcata palmata
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
209,8896
295,6949
41,0243
137,7954
43,3478
234,2987
251,4499
3,207
7,4732
0,3332
3,2219
0,2796
4,5398
2,3978
4,0578
8,7108
0,3808
6,0452
0,4522
7,491
5,0307
4,1828
8,1396
0,4998
4,1828
0,476
8,0146
5,0158
4,6588
7,7112
2,7132
4,3018
3,094
8,8238
5,8875
4,641
7,4732
2,2848
4,5872
3,9359
9,2433
6,4349
4,5934
7,378
2,1138
4,3316
3,094
9,163
6,783
4,284
6,9941
0,8806
4,3792
3,7128
8,6959
5,7923
4,2066
7,491
3,207
3,9746
1,7374
9,4188
6,2594
4,2602
7,2441
1,6184
4,3316
9,4426
6,4587
4,5458
8,1396
1,5946
4,5934
10,6951
7,5208
4,1263
7,372
1,3656
4,3405
9,1808
6,4736
3,5224
6,1344
2,0081
3,808
7,7528
6,0392
3,1416
5,8548
1,7136
3,4748
8,0682
5,8548
3,4748
6,2594
1,3328
3,8318
8,4252
5,6168
3,808
7,1162
1,2852
4,046
9,044
6,3784
3,451
6,0214
1,0948
4,046
7,5446
5,5454
4,1888
7,0686
1,5946
4,7362
9,4084
7,497
3,2368
4,9504
2,0944
3,5938
5,4502
3,689
3,8556
6,182
2,9988
4,4595
7,4018
5,1408
3,9746
6,4498
3,1416
4,403
8,1634
5,6406
3,4986
5,4026
2,9036
3,9984
6,6402
5,355
3,4748
5,2449
2,5704
3,927
6,307
4,6172
3,8318
5,8072
2,856
2,4514
7,1876
6,2118
3,57
5,6168
2,6418
4,284
7,8064
9,52
3,0226
4,0844
2,3324
3,7604
6,4229
5,4026
2,0706
2,99979
1,9516
2,2848
3,8556
3,9984
3,6652
5,5792
3,9984
4,284
8,3538
8,3062
4,2184
6,1344
5,1497
8,9488
9,1183
2,5435
3,6027
3,2308
4,76
4,516
3,5938
5,1675
4,046
7,4256
8,3062
Moist 1999
Phyll. Vivax
Week-No.
pot no.11
Sasa
palmata
Dendrocal.
asper
12
13
3,808
2,856
3,99984
4,8552
2,4038
3,57
5,95
2,9274
4,3316
5,7596
2,0706
4,2304
6,9198
2,7132
4,3792
5,593
2,4752
3,9032
5,7923
2,5555
3,6979
7,0686
2,618
4,1174
7,3066
2,7608
3,8794
6,7116
1,9754
3,3796
7,378
4,522
3,332
1,9278
3,6414
2,2848
2,2134
2,3324
1,904
1,6184
1,7374
1,785
0,9282
1,0472
1,3655
2,1896
2,0468
1,2614
1,547
1,5708
1,19
1,3328
1,2614
1,19
3,2933
2,3324
1,309
1,547
1,547
1,071
2,0468
1,1424
1,19
Sum
338,7968
189,0135
287,76294
Moist 1999
Phyll. Vivax Sasa
Dendrocal.
palmata
aspers
Pot number
11
12
13
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
Bambusa
multiplex
Phyllost.
Aureosulcata
14
15
2,9125
3,6652
2,7846
3,7693
3,3558
4,76
2,9988
4,522
3,4212
4,6975
2,9274
3,927
2,9274
4,3316
2,9512
4,3078
3,0702
4,2126
2,5704
3,332
4,403
4,3316
4,0222
0,8568
1,6898
0,7556
1,309
0,5712
1,4518
0,7229
1,3804
1,428
1,3566
1,7612
1,3328
2,3086
1,666
2,0944
1,428
2,2848
1,19
2,1658
373,9453
546,30409
Bambusa
Phyllost.
multiplex
Aureosulcata
14
15
Dendrocal.
asper
16
dead
Bambusa
multiplex
Phyll. Vivax
17
18
4,3748
dead
3,2606
3,9032
3,7604
4,046
3,57
3,0553
3,6414
3,6652
3,0226
3,8318
1,9516
1,785
1,785
1,2614
1,4994
1,2376
0,952
1,4518
1,1186
0,9996
94,4
314,0741
60,1
Dendrocal.
Bambusa
Phyll. Vivax
asper
multiplex
16
17
18
Phyll.
Sasa
Aureosulcata palmata
19
20
5,7834
5,4026
4,6886
5,0694
6,9734
6,426
6,5212
6,307
7,0686
7,5116
5,4502
6,1404
5,5692
5,2062
6,069
5,6406
6,1642
5,4502
4,6172
3,8794
6,5688
6,3784
3,3082
2,7132
0,9282
1,4934
0,7616
1,071
0,7854
0,9758
0,8806
0,9044
1,6898
0,833
3,1416
0,692
3,927
0,9044
4,1412
0,7378
3,808
0,6902
556,8193
506,6851
Phyll.
Sasa
Aureosulcata palmata
19
20
Appendix 2: DM yield of bamboo genotypes planted in experimental pots after 3 years of growth (Harvest on
18.10.1999)
Genotype
pot number
FM total
g/pot
DM total
g/pot
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
382,4
488,6
1961,1
393,8
821,5
1415,8
710,3
1214,5
165,4
28,2
192,2
243,9
1262,1
205,1
399,8
799,3
349,4
631,7
74,1
14,5
DM Shoot DM Leaves % DM total %DM Shoot
g
g
Medium-dry
Phyllostachys aureosulcata
Phyllostachys vivax
Bambusa multiplex
Sasa palmata
Dendrocalamus asper
Bambusa multiplex
Phyllostachys aureosulcata
Dendrocalamus asper
Phyllostachys vivax
Sasa palmata
54
87,9
69,9
1087,6
64,1
286,3
573,4
95,8
440,1
40,7
5,5
104,3
174
174,6
141
113,5
225,9
253,6
191,6
33,4
9
53
51
61
51
48
58
53
52
47
52
51
51
69
47
52
62
56
54
42
50
Appendix 2: DM yield of bamboo genotypes planted in experimental pots after 3 years of growth (Harvest on 18.10.1999)
Genotype
pot number
FM total
g/pot
DM total
g/pot
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
721,3
62,9
1012,6
1349,3
852
1283,9
848
940,5
20,1
610,3
328,5
32,1
545,2
837,7
471,3
729,7
471,6
508,9
8,9
350,4
DM Shoot DM Leaves % DM total %DM Shoot
g
g
Moist
Phyllostachys vivax
Sasa palmata
Dendrocalamus asper
Bambusa multiplex
Phyllostachys aureosulcata
Dendrocalamus asper
Bambusa multiplex
Phyllostachys vivax
Phyllostachys aureosulcata
Sasa palmata
55
80,6
11,2
412,3
649,6
258,3
582
183,2
194,7
3,3
276,4
248
20,9
132,9
188,2
213
147,7
288,4
314,2
5,6
74
49
51
52
62
59
56
59
54
45
56
49
47
57
67
61
61
63
52
46
61
Appendix 3: Water consumption, dry matter yield and calculation of transpiration coefficients for bamboo genotypes grown
under medium-dry and moist soil conditions (Harvest in Oktober 1999)
Plant Genotype
pot number
Water use
L / pot
DM-yield
g
TK
Evaporation
l / kg DM
L / pot
Corr. TK
l/ kg DM
1
7
Calculation
182,2
446,7
182
192,2
349,4
192
948
50
688
2
9
Calculation
298,1
177,4
238
243,9
74,1
244
974
50
769
3
6
Calculation
542,7
351,9
352
1262,1
799,3
1031
342
50
293
4
10
Calculation
267,2
168
168
205,1
14,5
205
820
50
576
5
8
Calculation
266,2
277,4
277
399,8
631,7
632
438
50
359
Medium-dry soil conditions
Phyllostachys aureosulcata
Phyllostachys vivax
Bambusa multiplex
Sasa palmata
Dendrocalamus asper
56
Appendix 3: Water consumption, dry matter yield and calculation of transpiration coefficients for bamboo genotypes grown
under medium-dry and moist soil conditions (Harvest in Oktober 1999)
Plant Genotype
pot number
Water use
L / pot
DM-yield
g
TK
Evaporation
l / kg DM
In l / pot
Corr. TK
l/ kg DM
15
19
Calculation
546,3
556,8
546
471,3
8,9
471
1159
100
947
11
18
Calculation
338,8
60,1
339
328,5
508,9
419
809
100
570
14
17
Calculation
373,9
314,1
374
837,7
471,6
838
446
100
327
12
20
Calculation
189
506,7
348
32,1
350,4
350
994
100
709
13
16
Calculation
287,8
94,4
288
545,2
582
545
528
100
345
Moist soil conditions
Phyllostachys aureosulcata
Phyllostachys vivax
Bambusa multiplex
Sasa palmata
Dendrocalamus asper
57
Appendix 4: Plant growth in cm of bamboo genotypes at the field site of the institute
Genotype
Sasa palmata
Pseudosasa japonica
Phyllostachys aurea
Phyllostachys vivax
Harvest on
04.11.97
Plant no.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Average
Stand. dev.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Average
Stand. dev.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Average
Stand. dev.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Average
Stand. dev.
29
38
40
32
45
49
35
53
36
39,7
7,9
65
65
60
65
74
50
70
78
66
65,9
8,1
135
174
140
174
170
167
130
140
130
151,1
19,5
200
150
100
150
160
180
110
110
110
141,1
35,5
05.08.98
09.07.99
Growth height in cm
53
64
61
56
50
51
46
41
46
52,0
7,4
39
62
60
40
72
49
37
43
52
50,4
12,1
141
200
250
196
168
200
175
210
191
192,3
30,2
212
221
253
247
230
153
194
229
108
205,2
47,2
45
42
43
72
54
87
63
19
78
55,9
21,2
65
125
114
105
134
118
57
106
88
101,3
26,4
194
220
240
205
200
249
176
224
219
214,1
22,9
210
245
261
245
287
151
242
254
110
222,8
57,0
02.06.00
55
48
52
64
55
83
75
0
82
57,1
25,1
91
132
118
103
122
122
70
98
87
104,8
20,2
207
237
256
212
200
255
175
248
234
224,9
27,9
211
239
274
256
289
105
247
211
119
216,8
64,8
58
Appendix 4: Plant growth in cm of bamboo genotypes at the field site of the institute
Genotype
Harvest on
Plant no.
Sasa tsuboiana
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Average
Stand. dev.
Phyllostachys praecox
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Average
Stand. dev.
Pyllostachys aureosulcata
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Average
Stand. dev.
Phyllostachys viridis
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Average
Stand. dev.
04.11.97
20
24
18
23
23
22
18
22
19
21,0
2,3
185
143
130
163
230
150
180
180
150
167,9
29,9
200
200
190
200
160
150
200
210
210
191,1
21,5
190
100
85
125
190
190
170
110
90
138,9
45,6
05.08.98
09.07.99
Growth height in cm
39
40
37
34
35
32
32
33
30
34,7
3,4
172
177
196
176
200
160
186
155
148
174,4
17,9
250
167
180
220
210
200
197
200
196
202,2
23,6
145
163
207
215
176
116
90
222
157
165,7
44,9
44
44
45
51
62
46
47
42
39
46,7
6,6
223
251
120
188
210
90
215
150
115
173,6
56,5
225
235
273
270
252
276
293
227
240
254,6
24,4
189
281
209
211
310
155
145
233
163
210,7
56,4
02.06.00
50
46
49
62
53
43
55
40
52
50,0
6,6
265
240
117
204
213
191
295
193
128
205,1
58,1
251
247
275
260
279
309
297
267
265
272,2
20,4
276
278
208
205
308
198
150
272
167
229,1
55,6
59
Appendix 5: Development of shoot number of bamboo genotypes at the field site of the
institute
Genotype
Sasa palmata
Pseudosasa japonica
Phyllostachys aurea
Phyllostachys vivax
Harvest on
Plant no.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Average
Stand. dev.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Average
Stand. dev.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Average
Stand. dev.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Average
Stand. dev.
10.11.97
8
9
18
6
7
6
9
5
18
10
5
23
15
19
15
28
17
19
11
12
18
5
8
8
7
7
13
6
9
8
8
8
2
7
2
2
5
2
6
6
4
4
4
2
05.08.98
09.07.99
Shoot number
18
5
22
9
9
18
24
13
18
15
6
31
43
43
17
30
38
17
25
36
31
10
17
11
12
18
17
15
5
13
12
13
4
6
6
12
7
8
4
5
8
3
7
3
31
12
31
35
29
39
28
2
25
26
12
43
61
65
25
58
51
36
53
31
47
14
21
14
15
14
16
22
5
16
13
15
5
3
6
10
12
11
3
5
10
4
7
4
02.06.00
30
14
30
26
36
42
29
0
21
25
12
59
93
86
51
87
81
55
63
52
70
17
21
16
21
19
21
26
9
24
17
19
5
5
14
9
12
12
1
8
15
2
9
5
60
Appendix 5: Development of shoot number of bamboo genotypes at the field site of the
institute
Genotype
Harvest on
Plant no.
Sasa tsuboiana
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Average
Stand. dev.
Phyllostachys praecox
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Average
Stand. dev.
Pyllostachys aureosulcata
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Average
Stand. dev.
Phyllostachys viridis
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Average
Stand. dev.
10.11.97
21
25
19
27
24
20
29
22
31
24
4
9
4
13
4
7
14
6
9
3
8
4
14
13
7
13
12
9
13
7
5
10
3
9
6
4
10
6
2
4
8
12
7
3
05.08.98
09.07.99
Shoot number
56
42
46
78
85
63
97
60
65
66
18
11
9
8
15
13
8
7
24
26
13
7
21
26
28
21
25
19
13
26
13
21
6
7
17
15
10
11
9
11
4
3
10
5
115
93
76
157
198
123
124
84
98
119
39
9
11
3
14
9
8
7
26
27
13
8
25
29
31
17
42
26
16
21
13
24
9
9
21
17
18
15
11
7
5
8
12
6
02.06.00
148
135
122
251
227
157
192
152
131
168
45
14
17
2
23
10
11
14
30
32
17
10
38
38
35
29
54
30
19
29
21
33
10
8
16
30
23
17
15
12
8
13
16
7
61