BI 101: Invertebrate Animals

5/30/2014
BI 101: Invertebrate Animals
Hornwort- a bryophyte
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Announcements
• Lab tomorrow: Invertebrates ( lab worksheet
provided)
– No prelab
• Extra credit: Mycorestoration at Sequoia creek
– Friday June 6th, 2014 3-4pm
– the street Coffee culture, Corvallis
• Extra credit: World Oceans Day- beach cleanup
– Sunday June 8th
– Nye Beach, Newport
Classification
The three-domains
Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya
The six-kingdom system
Bacteria
Archaea
Protista
Plantae
Fungi
Animalia
Fungi
Animalia
The traditional five-kingdom system
Monera
Protista
Plantae
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(Forams and Radiolarians) Rhizarians
Alveolates
Rhodophyta
CHLOROPHYTA
Stramenopile
Euglenozoa
AMOEBOZOANS
What are some characteristics
animals share? List as many as you
can think of.
Discuss this in your groups
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Animal Cell
Fungus Cell
Evidence indicates that animals evolved
from choanoflagellates (protists) ~ 570 mya
•
•
•
•
Single cells
Often clonal
Heterotroph
No
specialization
or coodination
between cells
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Animal Classification
1. DNA sequencing
2. Body Symmetry
3. Presence or absence of body cavity
4. Embyonic Development
Symmetry
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Body Cavity
Most bilateral animals have body cavities
– Body cavities are fluid-filled cavities
between the digestive tube and the outer
body wall
– Functions:
• skeleton, providing support for the body and a
framework against which muscles can act
• protective buffer between the internal organs
and the outside world
• They can allow organs to move independently
of the body wall
Body Cavity?
epidermis
A No coelom
(acoelomate animal)
gut
cavity
organs packed between
gut and body wall
Fig. 25-4a, p. 405
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Body Cavity?
epidermis
B Pseudocoel
(pseudocoelomate animal)
gut
cavity
unlined body cavity around gut
Fig. 25-4b, p. 405
Body Cavity?
epidermis
C Coelom
(coelomate animal)
gut
cavity
body cavity with a lining (dark
blue) derived from mesoderm
Fig. 25-4c, p. 405
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Embryonic Development
Protostomes
Blastopore forms
mouth first
Deuterostomes
Blastopore forms
anus first
What is the difference between
vertebrates and invertebrates?
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Porifora - sponges
• Sessile (Larva motile)
• No true tissues or organs
• Exhibit asymmetry or radial
symmetry
• Filter feeders
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Sponge Anatomy
epithelial
cell
spicules
(water flow out
of the sponge)
pore
(water flow into
the sponge)
amoeboid
cell
pore cell
collar cell
(water flow)
Fig. 23-5
Sponge filtration/feeding
Collar Cell
Collar Cell
http://www.youtube.com/
watch?v=T7E1rq7zHLc&feat
ure=player_embedded
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v
=29W77870BgE&list=PLVN5247pO
BYcE1Mn_pWHIL9l0sMIx19TI
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Sponges for Breast Cancer
Research!
• The artificial component called eribulin
mesylate imitates an element found in
sponges.
• It can check cell division, which is a reason of
cells to self-damage.
• http://www.topnews.com.sg/content/22106-marinesponge-probable-treatment-breast-cancer
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Cnidaria – Sea Anemone
• Radial symmetry
• Two tissue layers
• Filled with water–
supports body
• Nerve net
• Nematocysts -stinging
organelles that release
toxins
Cnidarian Weaponry: The Cnidocyte
trigger
filament
trigger
nuclei
(b) Cnidocytes
Fig. 23-8
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Cnidaria: Symbiosis
Coral is a mutualism between photosynthetic
dinoflagellates (protist) and a cniderian (animal)
• Algae in coral called zooxanthelle
In many coral species polyps form colonies
Cnideria
video
Colonial polyps secrete
a hard external
skeleton of calcium
carbonate
The skeleton remains
after the polyp dies
New polyps build on
the skeletal remnants
of earlier generations
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Platyhelminthes - flatworms
• Bilateral symmetry
• 3 tissue layers
• Cephalization (nerve
mass)
• True organs and organ
systems
• Aceolomate (no body
cavity)
• Parasitic forms but
some free living
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Evolved ~500 mya
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Fig. 32-8
Nematoda - Round worms
Coelom
Body covering
25,000 (from
species
ectoderm)
• Exoskeleton (molts)–
body coved in a thick
cuticle
Digestive tract
• Psuedocoelom (false
(from endoderm)
body cavity)
• Bilateral worms (a) Coelomate
• 3 tissue layers
• Unsegmented
Pseudocoelom
• Parasitic (50%)
and free-living (50%)
Tissue layer
lining coelom
and suspending
internal organs
(from mesoderm)
Body covering
(from ectoderm)
Muscle layer
(from
mesoderm)
Digestive tract
(from endoderm)
(b) Pseudocoelomate
Body covering
(from ectoderm)
Tissuefilled region
(from
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A Freshwater Nematode
posterior
end
intestine
anterior
end
ovary
vagina
eggs
mouth
cuticle
Fig. 23-25
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Arthropoda– Earth’s most diverse
phylum
Billions of species!
Major groups:
•
•
•
•
Crustaceans
Myriopods
Arachnids
Hexapods
Arthropoda Characteristics
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Exoskeleton= External skeleton
Specialized body segments
Jointed appendages
Bilateral symmetry
True coelom (body cavity)
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Arthropoda respiratory
system:
Trachea
Arthropoda respiratory
system:
Example: Grasshopper
• Spiracles: pores in exoskeleton
• Trachea: connect to spiracles, carry
oxygen to the body cells
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Arthropoda respiratory system
Arthropod Phylogeny
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Chelicerata
8 legs
• Arachnids
– spiders,
– Mites
– Ticks
– scorpions
• Horseshoe crabs
• Pseudoscorpians
Arthropod Phylogeny
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Crustaceans
Rolly pollies– Isopods
Lobsters
Crayfish
Crabs
Shrimp
Krill
Baracles
Arthropod Phylogeny
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Myripoda
• Class: Symphyta
• Class: Chilopoda (centipedes)
• Class: Diplopoda (millipeds)
Diplura
Protura
Collembola
Arthropod Phylogeny
Insecta
Hexapoda:
Reduction in body segments to 3
Reduction in legs to 6
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Archaegnatha
Diplura
Protura
Collembola
Arthropod Phylogeny
Slverfish: Thysanaura
5/30/2014
Wings!
Insecta: mouthparts
outside head capsule
Hexapoda:
Reduction in body segments to 3
Reduction in legs to 6
Figure 23-19 Segments are fused and specialized in insects
antennae
head
thorax
abdomen
compound eye
mouth parts
wing
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Specializations for Feeding
Grasshoppers (a) – mouth has
numerous manipulating and
shearing parts for eating
vegetation.
Flies (b) – has a labium mouth
part that has a sponge like end for
absorbing nutrients from moist
foods.
Butterflies & Moths (c) – mouth
part is a tube like maxilla for
sucking up nectar from flowers.
Mosquitoes (d) – have a stylus
for piercing their prey to draw
blood like a hypodermic needle.
Insect Development
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Discussion
Why might it be advantageous for insects to
have complete metamorphosis?
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Annelida - segmented worms
Fig. 32-8
Coelom
•
•
•
•
Segmented body
Bilateral symmetry
Digestive tract
3 tissue layers
(from endoderm)
Coelom (fully enclosed
(a) Coelomate
body cavity)
• Organ systems are more
fully developed
Pseudocoelom
• Decomposers and
Digestive tract
(from endoderm)
Parasites
(b) Pseudocoelomate
Body covering
(from ectoderm)
Tissue layer
lining coelom
and suspending
internal organs
(from mesoderm)
Body covering
(from ectoderm)
Body covering
(from ectoderm)
Muscle layer
(from
mesoderm)
Tissuefilled region
(from
mesoderm)
Wall of digestive cavity
(from endoderm)
Annelida - segmented worms
(c) Acoelomate
• Class: Polychaetes
– Each segment with many hairlike
chetae
– 12,000 species
– Mostly marine
• Class: Clitellata
– Earthworms - Oligochaete
10,000 species
Terrestrial
Decomposers
– Leeches – Hirudinea
700 species
Predators or parasites
Most freshwater
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Discussion questions
1. How do earthworms differ from tapeworms
and planarians?
Discussion questions
1. How do earthworms differ from tapeworms
and planarians?
2. How do earthworms differ from nematodes?
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Mollusca
Characteristics:
•
•
•
•
•
bilateral symmetry
Coelomates- true body cavity
Unsegmented
aquatic & terrestrial
possess all organ systems
Mollusca Diversity
2nd most diverse animal group: 93,000 species
Gastropods
Cephalopods
Bivalves
80% of mollusk
species
• Snails
• Slugs
• Nudibranchs
Most neurologically
advanced
Marine predators
• Octopus
• Squid
• Cuttlefish
Aquatic
• Clams
• Mussels
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Nudibranchs
• 3,000 described species
• Snails without a shell
• Unique lifestyle and
defense mechanisms
Elysia– the photosynthetic
animal (video)
Glaucus atlanticus
consumes ‘man of war’
jellyfish and puts the
nematocytes on its own
back!
Nudibranchs
The Blue Dragon, Pteraeolidia ianthina, has a
symbiosis with dinoflagellates. It also steals the
armed tentacles of a sea anemone, a Cniderian, for
defense and combat!
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Phylum Echinodermata
6,000 species
Includes sand dollars, sea urchins, sea stars, sea
cucumbers, and sea lilies
Three tissue layers
True coelom
Echinodermata characteristics
1. Deuterostomes
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Echinodermata characteristics
2. Larvae exhibit bilateral symmetry; adults show
radial symmetry
Echinodermata characteristics
3. Endoskeleton (internal skeleton) that sends
projections through the skin
Composed of calcareous
plates or ossicles
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Echinodermata characteristics
4. Water vascular system:
 Food and waste
transport
 Respiration
 Locomotion
Discussion question
• How do sea urchins and sea stars differ from
sea anemones and coral?
VS
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Phylum Chordata
Contains both vertebrates AND invertebrates!
All Chordates share four characteristics:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Dorsal nerve cord
Notochord (Primitive skeleton)
Pharyngeal gill slits
Post-anal tail
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Animal Diversity
Ancestral
Derived
Radial
Symmetry
Bilateral
0, 2
# of tissue layers
3
1
# gut openings
2
Acoelomate,
Pseudocoelomate
Type of coelom
Eucoelomate
Protostome
Type of development
Deuterostome
Animal Diversity
Ancestral
Derived
Radial
Symmetry
Bilateral
0, 2
# of tissue layers
3
1
# gut openings
2
Acoelomate,
Pseudocoelomate
Type of coelom
Eucoelomate
Protostome
Type of development
Deuterostome
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Animal Diversity
Ancestral
Derived
Radial
Symmetry
Bilateral
0, 2
# of tissue layers
3
1
# gut openings
2
Acoelomate,
Pseudocoelomate
Type of coelom
Eucoelomate
Type of development
Protostome
Deuterostome
Animal Diversity III
Ancestral
Derived
Radial
Symmetry
Bilateral
0, 2
# of tissue layers
3
1
# gut openings
2
Acoelomate,
Pseudocoelomate
Type of coelom
Eucoelomate
Protostome
Type of development
Deuterostome
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Animal Diversity III
Ancestral
Derived
Radial
Symmetry
Bilateral
0, 2
# of tissue layers
3
1
# gut openings
2
Acoelomate,
Pseudocoelomate
Type of coelom
Eucoelomate
Protostome
Type of development
Deuterostome
Animal Diversity
Ancestral
Derived
Radial
Symmetry
Bilateral
0, 2
# of tissue layers
3
1
# gut openings
2
Acoelomate,
Pseudocoelomate
Type of coelom
Eucoelomate
Protostome
Type of development
Deuterostome
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