saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi

Transcription

saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi
saqarTvelos ekonomikis
mimarTulebebi
kvartaluri mimoxilva
2004 weli, #4
evrokavSiri, ekonomikuri politikisa da samarTlebrivi sakiTxebis qarTul-evropuli
sakonsultacio centri (GEPLAC) da “saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi”
evrokavSiris urTierTobebi aRmosavleT evropis da centraluri aziis qveynebTan
ufro gaRrmavda 1991 wlidan, mas Semdeg rac amoqmedda teqnikuri daxmarebis programa tasisi
(Tacis). am urTierTobebma ufro intensiuri xasiaTi miiRo politikuri dialogis meSveobiT,
romelic gadaizarda urTierTpartniorobaSi saerTo miznebis misaRwevad. saqarTvelos
SemTxvevaSi amgvari TanamSromloba ganpirobebulia evrokavSirTan dadebuli partniorobisa
da TanamSromlobis SeTanxmebiT, romelic ZalaSi Sevida 1999 wels.
ekonomikuri
politikisa
da
samarTlebrivi
sakiTxebis
qarTul-evropuli
sakonsultacio centri (GEPLAC) dafuZnda 1997 wels, tasisis programis farglebSi, proeqtis
saxiT. proeqtis mimdinare faza xorcieldeba Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit
(GTZ) GmbH-s mier. garda “saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebis” da “qarTuli samarTlis
mimoxilvis” publikaciebisa, centri konsultaciebs uwevs saqarTvelos mTavrobas ekonomikuri
politikisa da samarTlebriv sferoSi proeqtiT gaTvalisiwnebul sakiTxebze.
miuxedavad imisa, rom saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebis (sem-is) gamocema
xorcieldeba evrokavSiris teqnikuri daxmarebis farglebSi, misi Sinaarsi warmoadgens
mxolod avtorTa pirad Sexedulebebsa da mosazrebebs ama Tu im sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT da
ar SeiZleba miCneul iqnas evrogaerTianebis poziciad.
saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi
“saqarTvelos
ekonomikis
mimarTulebebis”
(sem)
gamocemis
mizania,
saqarTveloSi
ekonomikuri
reformis
mimdinareobiT dainteresebul pirebs miawodos
ekonomikuri
ganviTarebis
msvlelobis
mimoxilva. sem-i daarsda 1995 wels da qveyndeba
qarTul da inglisur enebze. es da wina
gamocemebi
xelmisawvdomia
internetis
saSualebiT:
www.geplac.org
“saqarTvelos
mimarTulebebis” am gamoSvebaze
(anbanis mixedviT):
ekonomikis
muSaobdnen
daviT gvenetaZe, goga eraZe, natalia kakabaZe,
goCa kereseliZe,
erekle
naTaZe,
SoTa
qeldiSvili,
dimitri
qemokliZe,
veronika
Snaideri, irakli wereTeli, saimon stouni,
sofiko xmalaZe, mark hadsoni
gamocema informacias Rebulobs rigi
samTavrobo
da
arasamTavrobo
organizaciebidan,
maT
Soris statistikis
saxelmwifo
departamentidan,
saqarTvelos
erovnuli bankidan, saxelmwifo gaerTianebuli
socialuri
uzrunvelyofis
fondidan,
finansTa
saministrodan,
ekonomikis,
mrewvelobis
da
vaWrobis
saministrodan,
saxelmwifo qonebis marTvis saministrodan,
jandacvis
da
socialuri
uzrunvelyofis
saministrodan,
sagareo
urTierTobaTa
saministrodan da sxva saministroebidan da
saxelmwifo
departamentebidan.
wyaro
miTiTebulia yvelgan, sadac ki es SesaZlebeli
iyo.
gansakuTrebiT
unda
aRiniSnos,
rom
informaciis
momwodeblebTan
mWidro
TanamSromlobis
(regularuli
konsultaciebis) da maTi mxardaWeris gareSe am
mimoxilvis momzadeba SeuZlebeli iqneboda.
sem-is
mizania,
sazogadoebisTvis
xelmisawvdom
informaciaze
damyarebuli,
ekonomikis
ganviTarebis
tendenciebis
damoukidebeli analizis warmodgena.
garda
amisa,
mocemulia
rCevebi
ekonomikuri
politikis ganxorcielebis, ekonomikuri da
sxva informaciis Segrovebisa da gavrcelebis
dargSi. gamocema miznad isaxavs saqarTveloSi
mimdinare ekonomikuri reformis mxardaWeras.
masSi warmodgenili mosazrebebi gamoxatavs
mxolod avtorTa Sexedulebebs da ar SeiZleba
miCneul iqnas evropuli komisiis, tasisis
ekonomikuri politikisa da samarTlebrivi
sakiTxebis qarTul-evropuli sakonsultacio
centrisa
Tu
saqarTvelos
mTavrobis
oficialur poziciad.
avtorTa
ekonomikuri
Sinaarsis
statiebs,
romlebic
aqtualurad
SeiZleba
iqnes
miCneuli saqarTveloSi mimdinare ekonomikur
procesebTan mimarTebaSi. gamoqveynebamde yvela
statia ganixileba sem-is saredaqcio kolegiis
mier, romelic
zogierT SemTxvevaSi axdens
statiaTa redaqtirebas avtorTa nebarTviT.
statiis
gamoqveyneba
xdeba
mxolod
im
SemTxvevaSi, Tu igi srul SesabamisobaSia semis
saredaqcio
politikasTan.
statiis
gamoqveynebis
msurvelebma
unda
miawodon
Tavisi naSromi Word fai lis formatSi sem-is
mTavar
redaqtors, q-n veronika Snaiders
eleqtronuli
fostiT
Semdeg
misamarTze:
schneide@geplac.org an warmoadginon piradad
GEPLAC–is
ofisSi
qvemoT
miTiTebul
misamarTze.
statiebis
avtorTa
azri
da
Sexeduleba ama Tu im sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT
warmoadgens mxolod maT pirad pozicias da
SeiZleba
ar
emTxveodes
rogorc
sem-is
saredaqcio
kolegiis,
aseve
evropuli
komisiis, tasisis ekonomikuri politikisa da
samarTlebrivi
sakiTxebis qarTul -evropuli
sakonsultacio
centrisa Tu saqarTvelos
mTavrobis oficialur pozicias.
mkiTxvels SeuZlia sem-is citireba
yovelgvari SezRudvis gareSe, im pirobiT, rom
wyaro saTanadod iqneba miTiTebuli.
damatebiTi
daukavSirdeT:
informaciisaTvis
gTxovT
veronika Snaiders
saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebis
mTavar redaqtors
ekonomikuri politikisa da samarTlebrivi
sakiTxebis qarTul -evropuli
sakonsultacio centri (GEPLAC)
Tbilisi, al.yazbegis gamziri 42,
tel:
(995 32) 53 71 40 / 53 71 42 / 53 71 43
53 71 45 / 53 71 46
faqsi:
(995 32) 53 71 3 8
tel/faqsi: (995 32) 53 71 39 (pirdapiri)
el-fosta: schneide@geplac.org
sem-is
kvartaluri
gamocemis
regularulad misaRebad gTxovT SegvatyobinoT
eleqtronuli fostiT an faqsiT romel enaze
(qarTuli, inglisuri) gsurT sem-is miReba da
Tqveni sakontaqto misamar Ti.
sem-i
agreTve
aqveynebs
sxvadasxva
sferos
warmomadgenel
(saqarTvelos
parlamenti,
mTavroba,
akademiuri
wreebi)
saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi – 2004 weli, #4
saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi
sarCevi
winasityvaoba
nawili I.
3
ekonomikis mimarTulebebi
Tavi I.
mokle mimoxilva
6
Tavi II.
erovnuli angariSebi da ekonomikis mTavari mimarTulebebi
11
Tavi III.
saxelmwifo finansebi
20
Tavi IV.
fuli da finansebi
29
Tavi V.
saerTaSoriso vaWroba da sagareo ekonomikuri urTierTobebi
39
Tavi VI.
privatizacia
46
Tavi VII.
samuSao Zalis bazari, Semosavlebi da socialuri uzrunvelyofa
Tavi VIII. saqarTvelo-evrokavSiris urTierTobebi
kalendari
54
68
79
nawili II. danarTi: statiebi
I.
ekonomikuri zrdis konkurentunarianoba da saqarTvelo dsT-is sivrceSi
Tengiz lomitaSvili, ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo
universitetis magistranti
II. gardamavali qveynebis rkinigzaTa SedarebiTi analizi ZiriTadi teqnikuri
maCveneblebis mixedviT
106
119
paata cagareiSvili, teqnikur mecnierebaTa kandidati;
gogita gvenetaZe, ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo
universitetis magistranti
III. evrokavSiris partniorobisa da TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb SeTanxmeba da
evropis samezoblo politika saqarTvelosTan mimarTebaSi: rogor
daexmareba evrokavSirTan ekonomikuri integracia reformebis
ganxorcielebis process da ekonomikur ganviTarebas saqarTveloSi
125
ivan samsoni, ekonomisti, grenoblis universiteti, safrangeTi
olena vasilCenko, ekonomisti, grenoblis universiteti, safrangeTi
nawili III. glosariumi da statistikuri danarTi
ekonomikuri glosariumi
147
statistikuri danarTi
158
abreviaturebi
169
saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi – 2004 weli
#4
1
winasityvaoba
Zvirfaso mkiTxvelo
saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebis 2004/4 gamocemaSi ekonomikuri
politikisa da samarTlebrivi sakiTxebis qarTul-evropuli sakonsultacio centri
(GEPLAC) gTavazobT, rogorc yovelTvis, saqarTveloSi mimdinare ekonomikuri
procesebisa da ganviTarebis ZiriTadi tendenciebis sakuTar Sefasebasa da analizs.
“vardebis
revoluciis”
wlisTavze,
mizanSewonilad
migvaCnia
mokled
mimovixiloT gasuli wlis ganmavlobaSi miRweuli Sedegebi. unda aRiniSnos, rom
qveyanaSi adgili hqonda mTel rig dadebiT cvlilebebs, Tumca momavalSi, swori
ekonomikuri politikis gatarebis winapirobiT, gacilebiT metis miRweva unda iyos
SesaZlebeli. saqarTvelos axalma xelisuflebam wamoiwyo reformebis metad
ambiciuri programa, romelic moicavs fiskalur sferos, marTvis sistemis
gaZlierebas, korufciisa da kontrabandis problemebis gadaWras, ekonomikuri zrdis
xelSewyobasa da siRaribis daZlevas da imavdroulad, mosaxleobis zogadi ndobis
aRdgenas.
gadasaxadebis Segrovebis donis amaRleba axali mTavrobis umTavresi miRwevaa.
I-III kvartlebis monacemTa Tanaxmad, sagadasaxado Semosavlebi 51 procentiT
gaizarda gasul welTan SedarebiT da 5 procentiT gadaaWarba 2004 wlisaTvis
dagegmil maCvenebels. sagadasaxado Semosavlebis zrda ganapiroba safinanso
politikaSi gatarebulma cvlilebebma, gadasaxadebisa da sabaJo Semosavlebis
administrirebis gaumjobesebam, reformebma marTvis sistemaSi da antikorufciulma
RonisZiebebma.
saqarTvelos mTavrobam, saerTaSoriso donori organizaciebis daxmarebiT,
daiwyo metad mniSvnelovani programis ganxorcieleba, romelic miznad isaxavs
sabaJo procedurebis gamWvirvalobis zrdasa da gamartivebas da samuSao procesSi
arsebuli xarvezebisa da korufciis aRmofxvras, rac esoden gavrcelebuli iyo am
sferoSi. safinanso politikis reformis mTavar nawils warmoadgens axali
sagadasaxado kodeqsis SemoReba, romelic parlamentis mier damtkicebul iqna 2004
wlis 22 dekembers da ZalaSi Sevida 2005 wlis pirveli ianvridan.
ekonomistebTan, sxvadasxva sferoSi moRvawe saxelmwifo moxeleebTan da
dainteresebul pirTa farTo wreebTan GEPLAC-is mier gamarTuli diskusiebis
Sedegad CvenTvis naTeli gaxda, rom sagadasaxado sistemis reforma ganixileba
rogorc
umniSvnelovanesi
faqtori
saqarTveloSi
samewarmeo
saqmianobis
wasaxaliseblad. praqtikam dagvanaxa, rom moklevadian perspeqtivaSi, sagadasaxado
Semosavlebis gazrdis mcdelobam garkveuli sirTuleebi Seuqmna kerZo seqtors.
aseve xeli Seuwyo laris kursis gamyarebas, romelic drodadro, wlis manZilze,
gansakuTrebiT maRal niSnuls aRwevda da, iseTi ekonomikisaTvis, romelic jer
kidev dolarizaciis maRali xarisxiT xasiaTdeba, garkveuli sirTuleebis wyarod
saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi – 2004 weli, #4
3
winasityvaoba
iqca. imedia, rom grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi Sors gamiznuli reforma ara mxolod
stabilurad maRal Semosavlebs uzrunvelyofs, aramed aseve warmoqmnis stimulebs
sagadasaxado kulturis damkvidrebisaTvis, anu gadasaxadebis nebayoflobiT
safuZvelze gadaxdisaTvis.
aqve unda aRiniSnos is dadebiTi Sedegebi, romelic mohyva aWaris regionze
centraluri xelisuflebis kontrolis aRdgenas. mTavrobis mier aRniSnuli
problemis prioritetad gamoyofa, Cveni azriT, mizanSewonili iyo rogorc
politikuri, aseve ekonomikuri mosazrebidan gamomdinare. Tumca, amave dros,
saqarTvelos
kvlavac
aqvs
regionebTan
dakavSirebuli
problemebi
da
am
mimarTulebiT bevri ram aris gasakeTebeli siRaribesTan brZolisa da aqedan
gamomdinare
keTildReobis
donis
amaRlebasTan
mimarTebaSi.
universaluri
socialuri dacvis sistemis ararsebobis pirobebSi, donorTa daxmareba da
mizanmimarTuli iniciativebi gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZens.
yovelive zemoaRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT, kidev erTxel vubrundebiT
kiTxvas Tu ra gziT unda moxdes saqarTveloSi ekonomikuri saqmianobis
gamococxleba, rasac Tavis mxriv mivyavarT konkurentunarianobis sakiTxis
ganxilvasTan. winamdebare gamocemaSi, pirveli statia ekuTvnis Tbilisis saxelmwifo
universitetis ekonomikis fakultetis magistrants, Tengiz lomitaSvils, romelSic
Sedarebulia yofili sabWoTa kavSiris qveynebs Soris konkurentunarianobis doneebi.
amgvari
analizi
pirveli
nabijia
im
seqtorebis
ufro
konkretulad
gaanalizebisaTvis, romelmac xeli unda Seuwyos ekonomikur zrdas momavalSi.
aRniSnul statiaSi mocemuli midgoma axlosaa im midgomasTan, romelsac
GEPLAC-i mimarTavs niSnulebis gansazRvrasTan dakavSirebul mimdinare saqmianobaSi.
es ukavSirdeba saqarTvelos mier evrokavSirTan partniorobisa da TanamSromlobis
Sesaxeb SeTanxmebis farglebSi miRweuli winsvlis Sefasebis mizans, raodenobrivi
maCveneblebis dadgenisa da gardaqmnis procesSi myof sxva qveynebTan Sedarebebis
meSveobiT. amgvari samuSaos safuZvelze SesaZlebeli iqneba ufro konkretuli,
ekonomikur politikasTan dakavSirebuli konsultaciebis gaweva mTavrobisaTvis
samomavlod.
ekonomikuri seqtorebisa da sawarmoo politikis Sesaxeb xSiri saubrebisas,
GEPLAC-i ar emxroba im pozicias, rom es mxolod-da mxolod “gamarjvebulTa
SerCevis” Zveli procesia. amas ufro “gamarjvebulTa gamovlenas” vuwodebdiT da
amgvari midgoma unda hqodes aseve mTavrobasa da donorebsac. es gulisxmobs
realuri potencialis aRiarebas rogorc saxelmwifo, aseve kerZo seqtoris
sawarmoebTan mimarTebaSi da miT ufro iseT sawarmoebTan, romelTac kargad aqvT
gacnobierebuli Tu risi gakeTeba surT,
nacvlad ganviTarebis procesis
forsirebisa iq, sadac es SesaZloa moklebuli iyos realur ekonomikur safuZvels.
sem-is meore statiaSi ganixilulia saqarTvelos rkinigzis mdgomareoba,
romelic wamyvani seqtori unda iyos iseTi qveynisaTvis, romelsac satranzito
qveynis potencialis maqsimalurad realizeba surs. statiis avtorebi arian paata
cagareiSvili, teqnikur mecnierebaTa kandidati da gogita gvenetaZe, Tbilisis
saxelmwifo universitetis magistranti. tranziti namdvilad mniSvnelovani sakiTxia
4
saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi – 2004 weli, #4
winasityvaoba
saqarTvelosTvis, vinaidan qveynis geografiuli adgilmdebareoba is faqtoria,
romelic ar Seicvleba – saqme imaSia, Tu rogor SeiZleba am faqtoris qveynisaTvis
sasargeblod gamoyeneba. baqo-Tbilisi-jeihanis milsadeni, romelic gaSvebuli iqneba
eqspluataciaSi 2005 wlis meore kvartalSi, amgvari upiratesobis naTeli magaliTia,
romlis Sedegadac saqarTvelos eqneba weliwadSi daaxloebiT 50 milioni aSS
dolaris Semosavali da mniSvnelovani odenobis mimdinare saoperacio xarjebi.
teqnikuri daxmareba partniorobisa da TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebis
erT-erTi komponentia, romelic saqarTvelos ekonomikis da, aseve politikuri da
socialuri struqturebis, modernizebis wyaroc aris da Sedegic. Tumca, yvela
donors gansaxilveli aqvs mniSvnelovani sakiTxebi imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu ra
rols asrulebs teqnikuri damxmareba samewarmeo politikaSi. naTelia, rom
saqarTvelos ekonomikuri bazis xelaxla Senebis dros, aucilebelia prioritetuli
seqtorebis gamoyofa da adgilobrivi moTxovnilebebis gaTvaliswineba. Tumca, Cveni
azriT, jer unda Seiqmnas pirobebi konkretuli seqtorebisa da sawarmoebis
ganviTarebisaTvis da Semdgom maT mier dadgenili saWiroebebidan gamomdinare
moxdeba teqnikuri daxmarebis moTxovna.
yovelive zemoaRniSnuli, ra Tqma unda, vrceldeba erovnul donezec da
warmoadgens evropis samezoblo politikis safuZvels, romelSic mimdinare wlis
ivnisSi saqarTvelo CarTuli iqna somxeTTan da azerbaijanTan erTad. evropis
samezoblo politika saSualebas aZlevs qveynebs daiwyon prioritetebis dadgena
samomavlo teqnikuri daxmarebisaTvis da aseve ukavSirebs maT politikur miznebs.
evropis samezoblo politika, misi mniSvneloba da ZiriTadi miznebi ufro
detalurad ganixileba mesame statiaSi, romlis avtorebi arian ivan samsoni da
olena vasilCenko, grenoblis (safrangeTi) universitetis ekonomistebi. profesori
ivan samsoni aseve aris ufrosi ekonomisti saqarTveloSi mimdinare partniorobisa
da TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebis ganxorcielebis procesis xelSewyobis
evrokavSiris mier dafinansebul proeqtSi. aRniSnuli statia aseve Seicavs
saqarTveloSi zogadi sainvesticio garemos analizs, romelic udaod mniSvnelovan
winapirobas warmoadgens ekonomikis aRmavlobisaTvis.
saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi – 2004 #.4
5
Tavi pirveli.
mokle mimoxilva
erovnuli angariSebi da ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi
mSp da ZirTadi mimarTulebani
ssd-is winaswari SefasebiT, saqarTvelos mSp-m 2004 wlis ianvar-seqtemberSi
Seadgina 7 010,4 milioni lari (3 609,6 milioni aSS dolari, daaxloebiT 795,7 aSS
dolari erT sul mosaxleze gaangariSebiT). mSp-s zrdis tempi 8,4 procenti iyo 2003
wlis imave periodis 8,6 procentTan SedarebiT. ekonomikuri zrdis maRali donis
SenarCuneba saqarTvelos ekonomikisaTvis Zalze pozitiuri tendenciaa. mSp-s zrdis
yvelaze maRali done aRiniSneboda mrewvelobis, mSeneblobis, transportis da
kavSirgabmulobis seqtorebSi. amave dros unda aRiniSnos, rom warmoebis moculoba
ar izrdeboda saqarTvelos ekonomikis yvela seqtorSi da uaryofiTi zrdis tempi
dafiqsirda soflis meurneobisa da Sinameurneobebis mier produqtebis gadamuSavebis
sferoebSi.
ekonomikuri zrdis tempis daCqareba dakavSirebulia mrewvelobis, mSeneblobis
da momsaxurebis seqtorebis gafarToebasTan. moTxovna Sida bazarze eqsportis
zrdasTan erTad, kvlav gvevlineba ekonomikuri zrdis mTavar faqtorad.
sagareo vali
2004 wlis 30 seqtembrisTvis, saqarTvelos saxelmwifo sagareo valma,
saxelmwifos mier garantirebuli valis CaTvliT, Seadgina 1 801,8 milioni aSS
dolari (3 315.2 milioni lari), rac 2003 wlis mSp-s 45,6 procentia. 2003 wlis
Sesabamis periodTan SedarebiT saqarTvelos vali aSS dolarebze gaangariSebiT
Semcirda 19,8 milioniT. 2004 wlis 21 ivliss parizis klubis wevr kreditor qveynebsa
da saqarTvelos mTavrobas Soris miRweuli iqna SeTanxmeba sagareo valis
restruqturizaciis Sesaxeb. es SeTanxmeba SesaZlebeli gaxda mxolod mas Semdeg,
rac ssf-m moiwona saqarTveloSi siRaribis daZlevisa da ekonomikuri
zrdis
programa, romlis mizania saqarTveloSi farTomasStabiani struqturuli reformebis
ganxorcieleba.
sagadamxdelo balansi
monacemebi 2004 wlis pirveli cxra Tvis Sesaxeb ar iyo xelmisawvdomi im
periodisaTvis, rodesac sem–is mimdinare gamocema mzaddeboda. am mizezis gamo
Jurnalis mimdinare gamocemaSi Cven gavaanalizebT sagadamxdelo balansis 2004 wlis
pirvel naxevarSi arsebul tendenciebs. sagadamxdelo balansis gaumjobeseba
aRniSnul periodSi dakavSirebulia mimdinare da kapitalis angariSebis balansis
zrdasTan.
miuxedavad
imisa,
rom
safinaso
angariSebi
gauaresda,
saerTo
sagadamxdelo balansi gaumjobesda.
saxelmwifo finansebi
2004 wlis saxelmwifo biujetis kanonis Tanaxmad mesame kvartlis bolosaTvis
Semosavlebs 1076 milioni larisTvis unda mieRwia, rac wliuri saprognozo
6
saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi – 2004 weli, #4
mokle momixilva
maCveneblis 65 procentia. faqtiurma Semosavlebma 1144 milioni lari
Seadgina.
faqtiurad miRebulma Tanxebma saprognozo maCvenebels 68 milioni lariT gadaaWarba.
gegmis gadaWarbeba ZiriTadad aixsneba mosalodnelze maRali sagadasaxado
SemosavlebiT.
grantebi da arasagadasaxado Semosavlebi aseve gadaWarbebiT iqna
miRebuli.
sagadasaxado Semosavlebi wina welTan SedarebiT mniSvnelovnad (51
procentiT) gaizarda.
TiTqmis yvela gadasaxadis amoReba mniSvnelovnad gaumjobesda 2003 wlis
maCveneblebTan SedarebiT. saxelmwifo biujetis faqtiuri xarjebi 1,210 milioni
lari iyo, rac wina wlis Sesabamisi periodis xarjebs 46 procentiT aRemateba.
xarjebis ZiriTadi elementebia socialuri uzrunvelyofa, valis momsaxureba da
saxelmwifos marTva. saxelmwifo biujetis deficitis dafinansebam 66 milioni lari
Seadgina.
fuli da finansebi
komerciuli bankebis depozitebi denominirebuli larebSi 102 procentiT
gaizarda, maSin rodesac ucxour valutaSi - 29 procentiT. M2 35.4 procentiT
gaizarda, M3 ki - 24.8 procentiT. M3 fulis multiplikatori 1.83-dan 1.77-mde
Semcirda, maSin rodesac M2 fulis multiplikatori gaizarda 0.91-dan .0.95-mde.
laris nominaluri kursi 19.1 procentiT gaizarda, rac dolaris laris
mimarT nominaluri oficialuri kursis 2.10-dan 1.70-mde dawevaSi gamoixata. aSS
dolari/laris sabazro kursma ki 1.68-mde daiwia.
2004 wlis cxra Tvis ganmavlobaSi saSualo samomxmareblo fasebis indeqsi 0.9
procentiT gaizarda. amis Sedegad cxra Tvis inflacia 6 procents Seadgenda, rac
fulad-sakredito politikis wliur paramentrebs Seesabameboda.
saerTaSoriso vaWroba
2004 wlis ianvari-seqtemberis ganmavlobaSi registrirebulma saerTaSoriso
vaWrobis brunvam miaRwia 1 715,2 milion aSS dolars, saidanac eqsportma Seadgina 446
milioni aSS dolari, xolo importma 1 259,3 milion aSS dolari. eqsporti wina
wlis analogiur periodTan SedarebiT gaizarda 40 procentiT, importi ki 56
procentiT. miuxedavad aRniSnuli cvlilebebisa, importis eqsportiT gadafarvis
koeficienti Semcirda 40 –dan (2003 wlis 9 Tve) 36 procentamde.
evrokavSiris amJamad arsebuli GSP-is sqemis garkveuli naklovanebebis gamo
evrokomisiam SeimuSava proeqti, sadac mocemulia principebi, romlebic warmarTavs
evrokavSiris savaWro preferenciebis sistemas ganviTarebadi qveynebisTvis momdevno
aTi wlis ganmavlobaSi. xolo a.w. 20 oqtombers evrokomisiam daamtkica winadadebebi,
romlebic gansazRvravs 2006-2008 evrokavSiris GSP-is axali sqemis Ziridad
momentebs. aRniSnuli dokumentis teqsti gadaeca evrokavSiris wevr qveynebs,
evroparlaments, ekonomikuri da socialur sakiTxTa komitets, raTa moxdes misi
miReba dokumentis ZalaSi Sesvlamde (1 ivlisi, 2005).
saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi – 2004 weli, #4
7
mokle momixilva
privatizacia
axalma mTavrobam saqarTveloSi reformebis axali etapi daiwyo da
privatizacia am procesis umniSvnelovanesi nawilia. igi gansakuTrebul rols
asrulebs qveynis ekonomikur ganviTarebaSi. 1992 wels saqarTveloSi privatizebis
procesis dawyebis Semdeg, privatizebulia 15,000-ze meti sawarmo. saxelmwifos
mflobelobaSi darCenilia sawarmoTa sakmaod didi raodenoba – daaxloebiT 1,800
mcire, saSualo da strategiuli mniSvnelobis sawarmo, romlebSic saxelmwifos
wili aqvs da romelSic 180,000-ze meti adamiania dasaqmebuli. mimdinare privatizebis
politikis mTavari tendenciebia darCenil sawarmoTa swrafad gadacema kerZo
sakuTrebaSi da ekonomikis deregulireba kerZo investiciebis mobilizebisaTvis.
aSkaraa, rom msxvili sawarmoebis privatizebisaTvis seriozuli zomebia
misaRebi. iseT seqtorebSi, rogoricaa energetikis, satelekomunikacio, mrewvelobisa
da transportis seqtorebi, bevri aqtivi ekonomikisaTvis mZime tvirTad gadaiqca da
saswrafod saWiroebs restruqturizacias, reabilitacias an likvidacias.
2004 wlis mesame kvartalSi adgili hqonda zogierTi saSualo da msxvili
saxelmwifo/municepaluri sawarmos privatizebas. oTxi saSualo da msxvili sawarmo
gaiyida. rac Seexeba municipalur sawarmoebs, saxelmwifo dawesebulebebs maTi
privatizebis faqtebis Sesaxeb dazustebuli centralizebuli monacemebi ar gaaCniaT.
2004 wlis mesame kvartalSi mcire sawarmoTa privatizeba kvlav grZeldeboda.
privatizebis regionaluri samsaxurebis reorganizaciis gamo, es informacia ar aris
sruli. monacemTa dazustebas arTulebs is faqtic, rom mcire sawarmoTa
umravlesoba aris municipalur sakuTrebaSi da am monacemebis Segroveba da
gaerTianeba erTian monacemTa gadamuSavebis sistemaSi damatebiT Zalisxmevas
moiTxovs.
dasaqmeba, Semosavlebi da socialuri uzrunvelyofis sistema
saqarTveloSi ekonomikuri mdgomareobisa da biznes garemos garkveulwilad
gaumjobesebis miuxedavad, ramac rigi axali samuSao adgilebis Seqmna ganapiroba,
Sromis bazris mdgomareoba kvlavac arasaxarbielo da arastabiluri rCeba. maSin
roca umuSevrobis maCveneblebi zogadad Seesabameba gardamavali ekonomikis mqone
qveynisaTvis damaxasiaTebel maCveneblebs da TavisTavad, Sromis bazris tendenciebis
Sesaxeb optimisturi daskvnebis safuZvelsac SeiZleba iZleodes, saerTo suraTs
auaresebs arasruli dasaqmeba, farTod gavrcelebuli faruli da SeniRbuli
umuSevroba da xelfasebis donis CamorCena minimalur saarsebo donesTan SedarebiT.
Sromisunariani asakis mosaxleobis umetesoba arasrulad dasaqmebuli an umuSevaria.
axali stabiluri samuSao adgilebi iSviaTad iqmneba da Zalze cotaa SedarebiT
stabiluri samuSao adgilebi. Sromis bazarze Warbobs soflis meurneobaSi
TviTdasaqmebis wili. dasaqmebulTa didi nawili dakavebulia araoficialuri da
araregistrirebuli saqmianobiT, romelic dabalanazRaurebadia da metwilad
TviTdasaqmebas warmoadgens. Sromisunariani asakis mosaxleobis mxolod 20
procentamde iRebs xelfass, aqedan dasaqmebulTa didi nawili Zlivs irCens Tavs.
8
saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi – 2004 weli, #4
mokle momixilva
socialuri uzrunvelyofis sistema
vinaidan
saqarTvelos
ekonomikis
mniSvnelovani
nawili
jer
kidev
araformalur seqtorze modis, mosaxleobis udides nawils, araformaluri seqtoris
muSakTa, TviTdasaqmebulTa da umuSevarTa CaTvliT, iseve rogorc maTi ojaxis
wevrebs, saerTod aranairi socialuri dacva ar gaaCniaT da daxmareba, romelsac
socialuri uzrunvelyofis sistema iTvaliswinebs, garkveulwilad simboluria.
saxelmwifo socialuri dacvis sistema Zireul restruqturizacias saWiroebs
imisaTvis, rom Seiqmnas ekonomikurad sicocxlisunariani, xelmisawvdomi da Tanabari
socialuri uzrunvelyofis sistema, romelic uzrunvelyofs siRaribis warmatebiT
daZlevas, da gansakuTrebiT, yvelaze gaWirvebuli mosaxleobis daxmarebas.
araadeqvaturi sapensio daxmarebis pirobebSi, xandazmul asakSi myofi mosaxleobis
siRaribis daZlevis problema metad mniSvnelovania. socialuri politika da
reformebi mTavrobis mTavar prioritetebs Sorisaa da am mimarTulebiT, garkveuli
nabijebi ukve gadadgmulia.
moqmedi pay-as-you-go saxelmwifo sapensio sistemis Tanaxmad, fiqsirebuli
ganakveTis xandazmulobis pensia, romelsac qveyanaSi pensionerTa umetesoba iRebs,
prezidentis brZanebulebis safuZvelze, 2004 wlis maisSi, 14-dan 18 laramde
gaizarda; aqedan 14 lari fiqsirebuli ganakveTis sapensio daxmarebis ZiriTadi
nawilia da kidev 4 lari gaTvaliswinebulia wina periodSi dagrovebuli sapensio
davalianebis dasafaravad. (vinaidan, 2003 wlis aprilidan, TbilisSi pensionerebi
damatebiT 3 lars iReben qalaqis biujetidan, maTi pensia 21 lars Seadgenda). 2005
wlidan, prezidentisa da mTavrobis gadawyvetilebiT, sapensio ganakveTi 28 laramde
gaizarda.
saqarTvelo-evrokavSiris urTierTobebi
saqarTvelo - evrokavSirs Soris vaWroba
saqarTvelos
statistikis
departamentis
2004
wlis
ianvar-seqtembris
monacemebis mixedviT, saqarTvelos vaWrobam evrokavSiris qveynebTan (25 qveyana) 510,9
milioni aSS dolari Seadgina, rac 33,1 procentiT metia wina wlis Sesabamis
maCvenebelTan SedarebiT. saqarTvelos eqsportma evrokavSiris bazarze Seadgina 75,8
milioni dolari (wina wlis Sesabamisi periodis 136,9 procenti). evropulma importma
saqarTveloSi Seadgina 435,1 milioni aSS dolari (132,5 procenti). saangariSo
periodSi evrokavSiris wevri qveynebis wilad modis saqarTvelos sagareo savaWro
brunvis 29,8 procenti, maT Soris eqsportis 16,6 procenti da importis 34,5 procenti.
yvelaze mniSvnelovani movlena, romelsac adgili hqonda evrokavSirisa da
saqarTvelos urTierTobebSi am uaxloes periodSi, aris
saqarTvelos CarTva
evrokavSiris samezoblo politikaSi (ENP). 2004 wlis 14 ivnisis daskvnebSi, evro
sabWom gaiTvaliswina evroparlamentis, komisiis, evro sabWos/CFSP –sagareo da
usafrTxoebis politikis umaRlesi warmomadgenlebis (SG/HR) da samxreT kavkasiis
sakiTxebSi evrokavSiris specialuri warmomadgenlebis rekomendaciebs da mivida im
daskvnamde, rom somxeTi, azerbaijani da saqarTvelo CarTul iqnen ENP-Si.
saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi – 2004 weli, #4
9
mokle momixilva
saqarTvelosaTvis gasagebia, rom ENP ar aris pirdapir dakavSirebuli
evrokavSirSi axali mezobeli qveynebis gawevrianebis SesaZleblobasTan; Tumca,
saqarTvelo evrokavSiris mier mezobel qveynebTan gasatarebel politikas miiCnevs
erT-erT ZiriTad meqanizmad, romelic xels Seuwyobs misi evropaSi integraciis
process. saqarTvelo acnobierebs, rom es ara marto xels Seuwyobs saqarTvelos
ekonomikisa da politikis ganviTarebas da daaaxloebs mas evrokavSirTan, aramed
daexmareba regionSi, samxreT kavkasiis qveynebs Soris mWidro kavSirebis
ganviTarebas.
saqarTvelo
miiCnevs,
rom
evrokavSirisa
da
saqarTvelos
urTierTTanamSromloba ara mxolod im sferoebze unda iyos koncentrirebuli,
romlebic dadgenilia PCA-s mier, aramed unda moagvaros iseTi sakiTxebic,
romlebic ar aris ganxiluli arsebul SeTanxmebaSi, magaliTad terorizmis
winaaRmdeg brZola.
10
saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi – 2004 weli, #4
Tavi meore.
erovnuli angariSebi da ekonomikis ZiriTadi
mimarTulebebi
mSp da ZiriTadi tendenciebi
ssd-is winaswari SefasebiT, saqarTvelos mSp-m 2004 wlis ianvar-seqtemberSi
Seadgina 7 010,4 milioni lari (3 609,6 milioni aSS dolari, daaxloebiT 795,7 aSS
dolari erT sul mosaxleze gaangariSebiT). mSp-s zrdis tempi 8,4 procenti iyo 200 3
wlis imave periodis 8,6 procentTan SedarebiT. ekonomikuri zrdis maRali donis
SenarCuneba saqarTvelos ekonomikisaTvis Zalze pozitiuri tendenciaa . mSp-s zrdis
yvelaze maRali done aRiniSneboda mrewvelobis, mSeneblobis, transportis da
kavSirgabmulobis seqtorebSi. amave dros unda aRiniSnos, rom warmoebis moculoba ar
izrdeboda saqarTvelos ekonomikis yvela seqtorSi da uaryofiTi zrdis tempi
dafiqsirda soflis meurneobisa da Sinameurneobebis mier produqtebis gadamuSavebis
sferoebSi.
ekonomikuri zrdis tempis daCqareba dakavSirebulia mrewvelobis, mSeneblobis
da momsaxurebis seqtorebis gafarToebasTan. ekonomikuri zrdis mTavar mamoZravebel
faqtors warmoadgenda “baqo-Tbilisi-jeihanis” navTobsadenis mSenebloba. aRniSnulma
proeqtma dadebiTi gavlena iqonia mSeneblobisa da momsaxurebis seqtorebis
ganviTarebaze. mniSvnelovania is garemoebac, rom proeqtma daasaqma didi odenobis
muSaxeli, ramac Sesabamisad gazarda mosaxleobis Semosavali da moTxovna Sida
bazarze. wina wlis msgavsad, moTxovna Sida bazarze eqsportis zrdasTan erTad
(ixileT me -5 Tavi), kvlav gvevlineba ekonomikuri zrdis mTavar faqtorad. cxrili 2.1
warmoadgens 2004 wlis ianvar-seqtembris periodSi mSp-s struqturas da seqtorebis
mixedviT zrdis tempebis doneebs.
cxrili 2.1:
mSp-s dinamika da struqtura, ianvari-seqtemberi 2004 weli
soflis meurneoba, meTevzeoba, metyeveoba
1kv.-3.kv
2004
1kv-3kv. 2004 w.
1kv.-3kv. 2003 w.
-Tan
SedarebiT
seqtoris
wili 1 nax.
2004 mSp-Si
1,185.8
-9.6
16.9
mrewveloba
894.1
12.1
12.8
Sinameurneobebis mier produqtebis gadamuSaveba
259.1
-2.8
3.7
mSenebloba
409.4
15.8
5.8
sastumroebi da restornebi
193.5
13.0
2.8
transporti
732.3
5.6
10.4
kavSirgabmuloba
283.7
28.5
4.0
98.2
9.1
1.4
410.5
13.3
5.9
327.9
4.5
4.7
259.5
-0.2
3.7
jandacva da komunaluri momsaxureba
257.6
3.6
3.7
sxva momsaxureba
270.6
23.0
3.9
Sesworeba finansuri Suamavlobis gamoyenebis
mixedviT
wminda gadasaxadebi
-52.9
-10.9
-0.8
570.9
33.0
8.1
7 010.4
8.4
100.0
finansuri Suamavloba
operaciebi uZravi qonebiT, komerciuli
saqmianoba
saxe lmwifo marTva, Tavdacva
ganaTleba
mSp
wyaro: statistikis saxelmwifo departamenti
saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi - 2004 weli, #4
11
erovnuli angariSebi da ekonomikis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi
nax. 2.1. mSp-s struqtura, 2004 w. ianvari -seqtemberi
Sesworeba
finansuri
Suamavlobis
gamoyenebis
mixedviT, -0.8
wminda
gadasaxadebi, 8.1
soflis
meurneoba,
meTevzeoba,
metyeveoba, 16.9
sxva momsaxureba,
3.9
jandacva da
komunaluri
momsaxureba, 3.7
ganaTleba, 3.7
mrewveloba, 12.8
saxelmwifo
marTva, Tavdacva,
4.7
operaciebi
Sinameurneobebis
mier produqtebis
gadamuSaveba , 3.7
uZravi qonebiT,
komerciuli
saqmianoba, 5.9
mSenebloba, 5.8
finansuri
Suamavloba, 1.4
kavSirgabmuloba,
4
transporti, 10.4
sastumroebi da
restornebi, 2.8
wyaro: statistikis saxelmwifo departamenti
araformaluri ekonomika da aRuricxavi operaciebi kvlav rCeba ekonomikuri
reformebisa da politikis erT-erT mTavar problemad. Tumca 2004 wlis pirvel cxra
TveSi adgili hqonda mdgomareobis odnav gaumjobesebas. “vardebis revoluciis” Semdeg
Seqmnili politikuri garemo anu korufciis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli politikuri neba
aris is faqtori, ramac gamoiwvi a Crdilovani ekonomikis wilis Semcireba. nax. 2.2-dan
Cans, rom Crdilovani ekonomikis wili saqarTvelos ekonomikaSi 200 4 wlis pirvel
cxra TveSi garkveulwilad Semcirda. mosalodnelia, rom axali, ufro liberaluri,
sagadasaxado kodeqsis miRebis Semdeg, ekonomiki s legalizaciis pozitiuri tendencia
gagrZeldeba.
12
saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi - 2004 weli, #4
erovnuli angariSebi da ekonomikis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi
nax. 2.2. aRuricxavi ekonomikis wili mTlian warmoebaSi, 2002 w. – 2004 w. periodi
(procentebiT)
120
100
80
60
66.4
67.4
68.2
70.4
72.8
33.6
32.6
31.8
29.6
27.2
2002
H1 2003
2003
H1 2004
Q1-Q3 2004
40
20
0
aRuricxavi
aRricxuli
wyaro: statistikis saxelmwifo departamenti
ekonomikis seqtorebi
soflis meurneoba
ssd–is winaswari monacemebis mixedviT 2004 wlis sasoflo sameurneo mosavali
wina welTan SedarebiT Semcirda. Sesabamisad soflis meurneobis seqtorSi 2004 wlis
ianvar-seqtemberSi dafiqsirda uaryofiTi zrda.
seqtorSi mimdinareobs struqturuli reformebi, rac momavalSi dadebiTad
aisaxeba
seqtorSi
warmoebuli
produqciis
moculobaze.
miwis
reformis
ganxorcielebis Sedegad am periodisaTvis saxnavi miwebis daaxloebiT 25 procenti
privatizebulia da daaxloebiT 30 procenti ijariT aris gacemuli. parlamentSi
gansaxilvelad mzad aris kanonproeqti “saxelmwifo sakuTrebaSi arsebuli sasoflosameurneo daniSnulebis miwis privatizebis Sesaxeb” da mosalodnelia, rom axlo
momavalSi parlamenti miiRebs aRniSnul kanonproqts. am kanonproeqtis amoqmedeba da
Sesabamisad sasoflo-sameurneo mi wis nakveTebis damatebiTi privatizeba axal inercias
micems qveyanaSi agro-biznesis ganviTarebas.
miuxedavad soflis meurneobis seqtorSi miRweuli garkveuli progresisa,
seqtorSi arsebuli rigi problemebi kvlav gadauWreli rCeba. soflis meurneobaSi
arsebuli Sromis nayofiereba gacilebiT dabalia (daaxloebiT 4-jer) vidre ekonomikis
sxva
seqtorebSi; saojaxo
meurneobebis umravlesoba
aris
Zalze mcire da
damokidebulia xeliT Sromaze; dargSi gamoyenebuli teqnika aris moZvelebuli; miwis
nayofiereba klebulobs; saWiroa sarw yavi da sadrenaJo sistemebis ganaxleba. am
problemaTa gadawyveta Seqmnis xelsayrel pirobebs seqtorSi investiciebis mosazidad.
nawilobriv am problemaTa gadawyvetas xels Seuwyobs qveyanaSi miwis bazris
ganviTareba, es ukanaskneli Seamcirebs seqtorSi investiciebis ganxorcielebis
mimarTulebiT arsebul barierebs. seqtoris samomavlo ganviTarebisaTvis, arsebuli
problemebis
mogvarebasTan
erTad,
saSinao
bazris
dacva kontrabanduli da
saqarTvelos ekonomik is mimarTulebebi - 2004 weli, #4
13
erovnuli angariSebi da ekonomikis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi
falsificirebuli saqonlisagan , unda iqces mTavrobis samoqmedo politikis erT-erTi
mTavar mimarTulebad.
mrewveloba
2004 wlis pirvel cxra TveSi 2003 wlis Sesabamis periodTan SedarebiT
samrewvelo sawarmoebis mier gamoSvebuli aRricxuli produqcia gaizarda 5,6
procentiT. ssd -is monacemebze dayrdnobiT, gamoSvebuli produqciis Rirebuleba
Seadgen s 1 218,21 milion lars, rac mrewvelobis dargebis mixedviT Semdegnaerad
ganawilda: gadamamuSvebeli mrewveloba – 64,0 procenti, energetika da wyalmomarageba –
28,0 procenti, mompovebeli warmoeba –8,0 procenti.
nax.2.3. samrewvelo produqciis ganawileba dargebis mixedviT
8
28
64
gadamamuSavebeli mre.
ener. da wyal.
momp. warmoeba
cxrili 2.2: monacemebi seqtorebis mixedviT sawarmoTa raodenobis Sesaxeb
sawarmoTa
raodenoba
samTomompovebeli
mrewveloba
da
karierebis
92
damuSaveba
naxSiris mopoveba
5
nedli navTobisa da bunebrivi airis mopoveba
2
liTonuri madnis mopoveba
22
samTomompovebeli mrewvelobisa da karierebis
63
damuSavebis sxva dargebi
gadamamuSavebeli mrewveloba
2920
kvebis produqtebisa da sasmelis damuSaveba
1685
Tambaqos nawarmis warmoeba
13
safeiqro nawarmis warmoeba
17
tansacmlis warmoeba
tyavis,
tyavis
nawarmisa
39
da
fexsacmlis
43
warmoeba
merqnisa d xis nawamis warmoeba, garda avejisa
qaRaldisa da qaRaldis nawarmis warmoeba
265
26
1
seqtorebis mier gamoSvebul produqciaTa Rirebulebis maCveneblebi gansxvavebulia cxril 2.1 –Si
(mSp-s dinamika da struqtura) moyvanili maCveneblebisgan, radganac mSp-s maCveneblebi gaan gariSeba
xdeba seqtorSi Seqmnili produqciis damatebiT Rirebulebaze dayrdnobiT.
14
saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi - 2004 weli, #4
erovnuli angariSebi da ekonomikis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi
sagamomcemlo saqme da poligrafiuli warmoeba
230
navTobis gamoxdis produqtebis da birTvu li
8
saTbobis warmoeba
qimiuri
nivTierebebisa
da
produqtebis
72
warmoeba
rezinisa da plastmasis nawarmis warmoeba
sxva
araliTonuri
mineraluri
49
produqtebis
172
warmoeba
ZiriTadi liTonebis warmoeba
20
liTonis mza nawarmis warmoeba, manqanebisa da
68
mowyobilobebis garda
manqanebisa da mowyobilobebis warmoeba
informaciis
gadamamuSavebeli
da
41
sxva
1
aparaturis
31
mowyobilobebis warmoeba radios, televiziisa
6
mowyobilobebis warmoeba
eleqtruli
warmoeba
manqanebisa
da
sxva
da kavSirgabmulobisTvis
samedicino, zusti da optikuri xelsawyoebis
14
warmoeba
avtomobilebis
misabmelebis
naxevarmisabmelebis warmoeba
da
14
sxva satransporto mowyobilobebis warmoeba
22
avejis da sxva mza nawarmis warmoeba, romelic
81
ar Sedis sxva kategoriaSi
meoradi gadamuSaveba
eleqtroenergia, airi da wyalmomarageba
eleqtroenergiiT, airiT, orTqliTa da cxeli
3
169
95
wyliT momarageba
wylis dagroveba, gawmenda da ganawileba
74
wyaro: statistikis saxelmwifo departamenti
samrewvelo seqtoris saerTo mdgomareoba kvlav didad aris damokidebuli mcire
odenobis msxvil sawarmoTa saqmianobaze. 50 sawarmoze modis mTliani gamoSvebuli
samrewvelo produqciis or mesamedze meti. mcire da saSualo sawarmoebis ganviTarebas
xels uSlis araadeqvaturi kanonmdebloba da farTod gavrcelebuli korufcia.
“vardebis revoluciis” Semdgom periodSi wina wlebSi damkvidrebuli praqtikisagan
gansxvavebiT,
Semcirda
kanonmdeblobaze
zegavlenis moxdenis mizniT ukanono
lobirebisa da
konkurentuli
garemos
ukanonod
SezRudvis
praqtika.
Tumca
sagadasaxado kodeqsi mcire da did warmoebebs kvlav erTnair pirobebSi ayenebs, anu
mcire sawarmoTaTvis sagadasaxado SeRavaTebs ar iTvaliswinebs. aseT garemoebebSi
mcire da saSualo bizness Zalze mcire Sansi aqvs ganviTarebisaTvis. sagulisxmo
faqtia, rom saqarTveloSi mcire da saSualo zomis samrewvelo sawarmoebi produqciis
saerTo moculobis mxolod 16,7 procents a w armoeben, maSin rodesac es maCvenebeli
ganviTarebuli qveyanebis umetesobaSi 50-60 procents aRwevs. axali, ufro liberaluri ,
sagadasaxado kodeqsis miReba, romelic garkveul SeRavaTebs iTvaliswinebs mcire da
saSualo biznesisaTvis, qveyanaSi samrewvelo seqtoris ganviTarebisTvis xelisSemwyob
faqtorad SeiZleba CaiTvalos.
saqarTvelos ekonomik is mimarTulebebi - 2004 weli, #4
15
erovnuli angariSebi da ekonomikis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi
mSenebloba
bolo wlebSi saqarTveloSi mSeneblobis seqtoris ganviTarebas xels uwyobs
kerZo binebze moTxovnis zrda. 2004 w lis pirvel cxra TveSi mSeneblobis seqtoris
zrdis tempi sakmaod maRali iyo da Seadgenda 15,8 procent s. 2004 wlis am perodSi
mSeneblobis seqtoris mier Seqmnili mTliani produqciis Rirebuleba Seadgenda 476,1
milion lars. aRniSvnis Rirsia is faqti, rom Sesrulebu li samuSaoebis didi wili
modis
“baqo--Tbilisi-jeihanis”
navTobsadenisa
da
“Sah-denizis”
gazsadenis
mSeneblobebze. am mSeneblobaTa wili dargis mier Seqmnili produqciis mTlian
moculobaSi Seadgenda 61,0 procents. am periodisaTvis saqarTveloSi funqcionirebda
529 samSeneblo firma (79 - saxelmwifo sakuTrebaSi myofi, 450 - kerZo).
transporti da kavSirgabmuloba
2004 wlis pirvel cxra TveSi satransporto seqtoris zrdis maCvenebeli
Seadgenda 5,6 procents. aRsaniSnavia, rom am periodSi dafiqsirda yvela saxis
satransporto momsaxurebis (rkinigza, saavtomobilo, sahaero, iseve rogorc sazRvao da
saqalaqo transportis) aqtiurobis zrda. saqarTvelos satransporto momsaxurebis
ganviTarebaSi wvlili Seitana saerTaSoriso gadazidvebis moculobis zrdam.
gadaziduli tvirTis moculoba gaizarda 0,9 procentiT, xolo tvirTbrunva 9,7
procentiT. gadaziduli tvirTis moculobaSi didi xvedriTi wvlili, daaxloebiT 61,6
procenti, modis saavtomobilo gadazidvebze, xolo tvirTbrunvaSi udidesi wili
modis sarkinigzo gadazidvebze – daaxloebiT 88,7 procenti. 2004 wlis pirvel
naxevarSi sahaero transportis mgzavrTa tvirTbrunva gasuli wlis Sesabamis
periodTan SedarebiT gaizarda 40,6 procentiT.
2004 wlis pirvel cxra TveSi baTumisa da foTis portebis mier gadamuSavebuli
iqna 9,9 milioni tona tvirTi, rac gasuli wlis maCvenebels 10,3 procentiT aRemeteba.
mosalodnelia, rom TRACECA–s proeqtis Semdgomi ganviTareba gazrdis
saqarTvelos satransporto sistemis datvirTvas. eraysa da avRaneTSi humanitaruli
tvirTebis transportirebis aucilebloba aseve karg perspeqtivebs uqmnis saqarTvelos
satransporto momsaxurebas.
2004 wlis ianvar-seqtembrSi adgili hqonda qveyanaSi arsebuli saerTo
satelefono qselebis zrdas. Cveulebrivi satelefono qselis abonentTa raodenobam
Seadgina 596,0 aTasi, rac wina wlis Sesabamis periods 2,1 procentiT aRemateba.
mobiluri satelefono momsaxurebis abonentTa raodenobam Seadgina 673,3 aTasi, rac
wina wlis Sesabamis periods 31,2 procentiT aRemateba.
turizmi
ssd-is monacemebiT 2004 wlis ianvar-seqtemberSi saqarTvelos estumra 280,4 aTasi
turisti. Camosul turistTa Soris 162,7 aTasi iyo dsT-s moqalaqe, danarCeni 117,7 aTasi
16
saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi - 2004 weli, #4
erovnuli angariSebi da ekonomikis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi
turisti sazRvargareTis sxva qveynebis moqalaqeebi. 2004 wlis aRniSnul periodSi
qveyanaSi Semosul turistTa raodenoba gaizarda 16,7 aTasi T 2003 wlis Sesabamis
periodTan SedarebiT.
ssd-is da turizmis saxelmwifo departamentis saerTo Sefasebidan gamomdinare,
seqtoris Semosavalma aRniSnul periodSi Seadgina 587,3 milioni lari. es Tanxa
Seadgens mSp-is daaxloebiT 8,4 procents.
sagareo vali
2004 wlis 30 seqtembrisTvis, saqarTvelos saxelmwifo sagareo valma,
saxelmwifos mier garantirebuli valis CaTvliT, Seadgina 1 801,8 milioni aSS dolari
(3 315.2 milioni lari), rac 2003 wlis mSp-s 45,6 procentia. 2003 wlis Sesabamis
periodTan SedarebiT saqarTvelos vali aSS dolarebze ga angariSebiT Semcirda 19,8
milioniT.
qveynis sagareo valis Semcireba Zalian mniSvnelovani tendenciaa. es
gamowveulia valis gadaxdiT ormxrivi kreditorebisaTvis, kerZod TurqeTis, uzbekeTis
da ukrainisamdi. saqarTvelos saxelmwifo sagareo valis cvlilebaze zegavlena iqonia
aSS dolaris gaufasurebam im valutebis (evro, iaponuri ieni, Seveicaruli franki,
quveituri dinari) mimarT, romelSic gamosaxulia saqarTvelos sagareo valis
mniSvnelovani nawili. am periodSi saqarTvelom gadaixada 155,4 milioni aSS dolari
sagareo valis momsaxurebisTvis, maT Soris 131,4 milioni aSS dolari valis ZiriTadi
nawilis da danarCeni procentis da daricxuli jarimebis dasafaravad. valis gadaxdis
SesaZleblobisa da misi gadaxdis mdgradobis ganxilvisas ZiriTadi mniSvneloba
eniWeba mSp – isa da valis fardobas. aRsaniSnavia, rom es cifri 2004 wlis 30
seqtembrisTvis Semcirda 2003 wlis pirvel i naxevris bolos arsebul monacemTan
SedarebiT 46,1 procentidan 45,6 procentamde.
2004 wlis 21 ivliss parizis klubis wevr kreditor qveynebsa da saqarTvelos
mTavrobas Soris miRweuli iqna SeTanxmeba sagareo valis restruqturizaciis Sesaxeb.
es SeTanxmeba SesaZlebeli gaxda mxolod mas Semdeg, rac ssf-m moiwona saqarTveloSi
siRaribis daZlevisa da ekonomikuri zrdis programa, romlis mizania saqarTveloSi
farTomasStabiani struqturuli reformebis ganxorcieleba. 2004 wlis 4 ivniss, ssf-is
aRmasrulebelma sabWom daamtkica saqarTvelosTvis siRaribis daZlevis da ekonomikuri
zrdis mimarTulebiT programis gansaxorcieleblad 144 milioni dolaris odenobiT
kreditis gamoyofa.
miuxedavad imisa, rom ssf-Tan aRdgenili TanamSromloba mniSvnelovani garemoeba
aris saqarTvelos mier valis warmatebuli momsaxurebisaTvis, sagareo val is
stabiluri da drouli momsaxureba SesaZlebeli gaxdeba, Tu (a) saqarTvelos mTavroba
Tavs Seikavebs komerciuli pirobebiT kreditebis aRebisagan da dafinansebaSi met
segments daikavebs daxmarebebi grantebis saxiT; (b) mniSvnelovnad gaizrdeba
sagadasaxado Semosavlebi; (g) ganxorcieldeba saWiro reformebi mSp–sa da eqxportis
moculobis zrdisaTvis.
saqarTvelos ekonomik is mimarTulebebi - 2004 weli, #4
17
erovnuli angariSebi da ekonomikis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi
cxrili 2.3: sagareo vali, 1 kv. – 3 kv. 2004 w.
(milioni aSS dolari)
1kv. 2004
mTliani sagareo vali
1kv. - 3kv. 2004
1 821,6
1 801,8
sagareo valis
momsaxurebasTan
dakavSirebuli gadasaxadebi
maT Soris:
90,4
155,4
ZiriTadi valis
gadaxdasTan dakavSirebuli
69,5
131,4
procentis gadaxdasTan
dakavSirebuli
20,9
24,0
SefardebiTi parametrebi, %
mTliani sagareo vali
procentulad mTlian Sida
produqtTan
wyaro: finansTa saministro
46,1
45,6
sagadamxdelo balansi
monacemebi 2004 wlis pirveli cxra Tvis Sesaxeb ar iyo xelmisawvdomi im
periodisaTvis, rodesac sem–is mimdinare gamocema mzaddeboda. am mizezis gamo
Jurnalis mimdinare gamocemaSi Cven gavaanalizebT sagadamxdelo balansis 2004 wlis
pirvel naxevarSi arsebul tendenciebs.
sagadamxdelo balansis gaumjobeseba aRniSnul periodSi dakavSirebulia
mimdinare da kapitalis angariSebis balansis zrdasTan. miuxedavad imisa, rom safinaso
angariSebi gauaresda, saerTo sagadamxdelo balansi gaumjobesda.
mimdinare angariSebis balansis zrda ZiriTadad gamowveulia mTavrobisTvis
transferebisa da sazRvargareT momuSaveTagan gzavnilebebis zrdiT. aRsaniSnavia, rom
safinanso angariSebis gauareseba ar ukavSirdeba saqarTveloSi ucxouri investiciebis
Semcirebas. 2004 wlis pirvel naxevarSi saqarTveloSi pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebi
daaxloebiT orjer gaizarda 2003 wlis Sesabamis periodTan SedarebiT. mosalodnelia,
rom investiciebis mozidvis pozitiuri tendenciis gagrZelebas momavalSi aseve xels
Seuwyobs “baqo-Tbilisi-jeihanis”
institucionaluri reformebi.
18
navTobsadenis
mSenebloba
da qveyanaSi mimdinare
saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi - 2004 weli, #4
erovnuli angariSebi da ekonomikis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi
cxrili 2.4: saqarTvelos sagadamxdelo balansi 1 kv. 2003 – 1 nax. 2004 wlebi
(milioni aSS dolari)
a. mimdinare angariSi
saqoneli: eqsporti
saqoneli: importi
balansi
momsaxureba: krediti
momsaxureba: debeti
saqonlisa da momsaxurebis ba lansi
Semosavali: krediti
Semosavali: debeti
saqonlis, momsaxurebisa da
Semosavlis balansi
mimdinare transfertebi: krediti
mimdinare transfertebi: debeti
b. kapitalis angariSi
kapitalis angariSi: krediti
kapitalis angariSi: debeti
sul, a plus b
g. finansuri angariSi
pirdapiri investiciebi
saqarTvelodan ucxoeTSi
ucxoeTidan saqarTveloSi
porTfelis investiciebi
aqtivebi
valdebulebebi
sxva investiciebi
aqtivebi
valdebulebebi
sul, a-dan g-mde
d. wminda Secdomebi da gamotovebebi
mTliani balansi (sul, a-dan d-mde)
e. sarezervo aqtivebis cvlileba
1kv.
2003
-113,1
104,7
-235,7
-130,9
87,6
-94,9
-138,2
2kv.
2003
-104,7
171,8
-333,1
-161,2
107,6
-93,8
-147,5
31,4
-34,5
50,7
-37,6
-141,3
35,5
-7,3
4,9
6,9
-2,0
-108,1
89,7
59,9
-1,0
60,9
-500
-500
0
30,3
6,4
23,9
-18,5
9,4
-134,5
40,9
-11,1
4,7
7,2
-2,6
-100,0
109,2
72,8
-9,2
81,9
0
0
0
26,9
5,9
21,1
9,2
-9,2
-9,1
9,1
1,2
-1,2
1kv.
2004
-119,7
165,5
-365,1
-199,6
114,4
-99,9
-185,1
46,6
-40,3
-178,8
70,5
-11,4
5,9
6,9
-1,0
-113,8
99,8
118,2
-1,0
119,2
0
0
0
1,7
-18,2
19,9
-4,0
2kv.
2004
-77,1
314,5
-476,4
-161,9
117,2
-120,7
-165,4
15,4
54,6
-95,4
3,9
85,3
-12,5
7,2
8,2
-0,9
-78,0
61,8
118,3
-1,1
119,4
0
0
0
6,7
8,6
-1,9
-16,5
8,1
-9,9
-8,4
8,4
9,9
1nax.
2003
-217,8
276,5
-568,8
-292,1
195,2
-188,7
2nax.
2004
-196,8
480
-841,5
-361,5
231,6
-220,6
-285,7
82,1
-72,1
-350,5
62
14,3
-275,8
76,4
-18,4
9,6
14,1
-4,6
-208,1
198,9
132,7
-10,2
142,8
-500
-500
0
57,2
12,3
45
-9,3
-274,2
155,8
-23,9
13,1
15,1
-1,9
-191,8
161,6
236,5
-2,1
238,6
0
0
0
8,4
-9,6
18
-20,5
0,2
22
-7,9
7,9
1,5
-1,5
wyaro: statistikis saxelmwifo departamenti
saqarTvelos ekonomik is mimarTulebebi - 2004 weli, #4
19
Tavi mesame.
2004
wlis saxelmwifo
saxelmwifo finansebi
biujetis kanonis Tanaxmad mesame
kvartlis bolosaTvis
Semosavlebs 1076 milioni larisTvis unda mieRwia, rac wliuri saprognozo
maCveneblis 6 5 procentia. faqtiurma Semosavlebma 1144 milioni lari
Seadgina.
faqtiurad miRebulma Tanxebma saprognozo maCvenebels 68 milioni lariT gadaaWarba.
gegmis gadaWarbeba
ZiriTadad aixsneba mosalodnelze maRali sagadasaxado
SemosavlebiT.
grantebi da arasagadasaxado Semosavlebi aseve gadaWarbebiT iqna
miRebuli.
sagadasaxado
procentiT) gaizarda.
Semosavlebi
wina welTan SedarebiT mniSvnelovnad
(51
TiTqmis yvela
gadasaxadis amoReba mniSvnelovnad gaumjobesda 2003
wlis
maCveneblebTan SedarebiT. saxelmwifo biujetis faqtiuri xarjebi 1,210 milioni
lari iyo, rac wina wlis Sesabamisi periodis xarjebs 46 procentiT aRemateba.
xarjebis ZiriTadi elementebia socialuri uzrunvelyofa, v alis momsaxureba da
saxelmwifos marTva. saxelmwifo biujetis deficitis dafinansebam 66 milioni lari
Seadgina.
saxelmwifo biujetis Semosavlebi.
2004 wlis saxelmwifo biujeti iTvaliswinebs 1,424.4 milion lars Semosavlebis
nawilSi. Tumca wlis ganmavlobaSi naTeli gaxda, rom faqtiuri Semosavlebi am
maCvenebelze meti iqneboda. Sesabamisad mTavrobam gadaxeda Semosavlebis gegmis
maCvenebels da daadgina axali maCvenebeli 1,655 milioni lari, r a c 1 6 procentiT
aRemateba Tavdapirvel maCvenebels. 2004 wlis mesame kvartlis bolosTvis biujets
unda mieRo 1,076 milioni lari.
faqtiurma Semosavlebma 1,144 milioni lari Seadgina, rac 6 procentiT aRemateba
gazrdil gegmur maCvenebels. zedmetad miRebuli 68 milioni laridan ori mesamedi
mosalodnelze
maRali
sagadasaxado
SemosavlebiT
iyo
ganpirobebuli.
arasagadasaxado Semosavlebi da grantebi aseve mosalodnelze meti iqna miRebuli.
sagadasaxado Semosavlebis gegma 881 milioni lariT ganisazRvra, rac Tavdapirvel
gegmas Svidi procentiT aRemateba. faqtiurma sagadasaxado Semosavlebma 927 milioni
lari Seadgina, rac
sagegmo maCvenebelze 5 procentiT metia. Tumca ufro
mniSvnelovani isaa, rom
procentiT gaizarda.
saxelmwifo
cxrilSi 3.1
20
biujetis
sagadasaxado
Semosavlebis
Semosavlebi,
ZiriTadi
wina
welTan
maCveneblebi
SedarebiT ,
moyvanilia
51
qvemoT
saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi _ 2004 weli, #4
saxelmwifo finansebi
cxrili 3.1 saxelmwifo biujetis Semosavlebi 2004 wlis cxra Tve
(milioni lari)
sul
Semosavlebi da
grantebi
sagadasaxado
Semosavlebi
arasagadasaxad
o Semosavlebi
kapitaluri
Semosavlebi
specialuri
saxelmwifo
fondebis
Semosavlebi
grantebi
gansxv
aveba
gegmis
Sesrule
ba
procenti
zrdis
tempi wina
welTan
SedarebiT
(procenti)
wili
mTlian
Semosavl
ebSi
(procenti)
9 Tvis
Semosavlebi
wliur
gegmasTan
SedarebiT
(procenti)
wlis
gegma
9 Tvis
gegma
9 Tvis
faqtiuri
Semosavle
bi
1,655
1,076
1,144
68
106
166
100
69
1,198
881
927
46
105
151
81
77
257
167
182
14
109
357
16
71
81
5
3
-2
58
0
4
398
295
312
17
106
173
27
79
119
23
33
10
144
147
3
28
wyaro: sem-is gamoTvlebi finansTa saministros monacemebze dayrdnobiT.
saxelmwifo biujetis mTliani Semosavlebis nominalurma zrdam 66 procenti
Seadgina. es aCvenebs saqarTveloSi saxelmwifo finansebis marTvis realur
gaumjobesebas, rac axali administraciis damsaxurebaa. saxelmwifo biujetis
mTliani 1,144 milioni laris Semosavlebidan 81 procenti sagadasaxado Semosavlebia.
sagadasaxado Semosavlebis gegma 105 procentiT Sesrulda.
182 milioni laris
arasagadasaxado Semosavlebma mTliani Semosavlebis 16 procenti
milioni laris grantebma ki 3 procenti.
Seadgina
– 23
arasagadasaxado Semosavlebi gegmasTan SedarebiT 9 procentiT maRali iyo da wina
wlis maCveneblis 357 procenti Seadgina. rogorc Cans am sferoSi administraciulma
zomebma yvelaze swrafi Sedegi gamoiRo.
arasagadasaxado SemosavlebSi Sedis
erovnuli bankis mogeba, saxelmwifo kreditebis dabruneba, sakuTrebidan da
ekonomikuri aqtivobebidan miRebuli Semosavlebi, administraciuli gadasaxdelebi
da jarimebi.
saxelmwifo specialuri fondebis Semosavlebma, romlebic ZiriTadad zemoT
moyvanil sagadasaxado SemosavlebSi Sedis, mTliani Semosavlebis 27 procenti
Seadgina. am maCvenebelSi gegma 106 procentiT Sesrulda. centraluri biujetis
sagadasaxado Semosavlebi ufro detalurad moyvanilia cxrilSi 3.2
saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi _ 2004 weli, #4
21
saxelmwifo finansebi
cxrili 3.2 centraluri biujetis sagadasaxado Semosavlebi 2004 wlis cxra Tve.
(milioni lari)
9 Tvis
wlis
9 Tvis
gegma
gegma
faqtiuri
Semosavl
gansxv
aveba
ebi
centraluri
biujetis
sagadasaxado
Semosavlebi
gegmis
zrdis
Sesru
leba
procen
ti
tempi wina
welTan
SedarebiT
(procenti)
wili
9 Tvis
mTlian
Semosav
Semosavlebi
wliur
lebSi
(procen
gegmasTan
SedarebiT
ti)
(procenti)
811
593
624
31
105
144
100
77
16
16
16
0
100
115
3
100
mogebis
gadasaxadi
11
11
11
0
100
125
2
100
dRg
544
388
410
22
106
134
66
75
adgilobrivi
245
177
185
8
105
106
30
76
importi
aqcizi
299
143
211
107
225
111
14
4
106
104
171
193
36
18
75
77
adgilobrivi
46
36
38
2
104
245
6
82
importi
97
71
73
2
103
174
12
75
81
57
58
1
103
140
9
72
15
13
16
3
126
280
3
109
saSemosavlo
gadasaxadi
sabaJo
gadasaxadi
sxva
gadasaxadebi
wyaro: sem-is gamoTvlebi finansTa saministros monacemebze dayrdnobiT.
centraluri
biujetis
sagadasaxado
Semosavlebi
wina
welTan
SedarebiT
44
procentiT maRali iyo, gegmur maCvenebels ki 5 procentiT gadaaWarba. rogorc
cxrilidan Cans, mogebisa d a saSemosavlo gadasaxadebi zustad wliuri gegmis
Sesabamisad aris Sesrulebuli. amis mizezi imaSi mdgomareobs , rom 2004 wlis mesame
kvartlidan am gadasaxadebidan miRebuli Semosavlebi mTlianad adgilobriv
biujetebSi midis.
Sesabamisad es Semosavlebi aRaraa CarTuli centraluri
biujetis gegmisa da faqtiuri Semosavlebis maCve neblebSi, wliuri gegma ki wlis
pirvel naxevarSi faqtiurad miRebuli Semosavlebis Sesabamisad damtkicda.
wina wlebSi da 2004 wlis pirvel naxevarSi saSemosavlo da mogebis
gadasaxadis 40 procenti centralur biujetSi miimarTeboda.
2004 wels am
gadasaxadebis amoRebaSi mkveTri zrda iyo dafiqsirebuli. mogebis gadasaxadidan
miRebuli Semosavlebi mniSvnelovnad izrdeboda 2002 wlidan, xolo saSemosavlo
gadasaxadisaTvis wels pirvelad dafiqsirda mniSvnelovani zrda. rogorc Cans, es
asaxavs biznes saqmianobisa da piradi Semosavlebis legalizaciis zogad suraTs.
arapirdapiri gadasaxadebis amoRebis mdgomareobac mniSvnelovnad gaumjobesda. dRgdan miRebuli Semosavlebis miReba mniSvnelovnad gaumjobesda wina welTan
SedarebiT da zrdam 34
procenti Seadgina, aqcizis amoReba ki 9 3 procentiT
gaizarda. dRg-s Semosavlebis zrda importirebul produqciaze 52 procenti iyo,
22
saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi _ 2004 weli, #4
saxelmwifo finansebi
xolo adgilobriv produqciaze dRg-s Semosavlebi mxolod 6 procentiT gaizarda.
sul dRg-s xaziT 410 milioni lari Semovida rac gegmas 6 procentiT aRemateba.
mdgomareoba ukeTesia aqcizis SemTxvevaSi. am muxlidan saxelmwifo biujetma 111
milioni lari miiRo da gegmas 4 procentiT gadaaWarba. rogorc importirebuli,
aseve adgilobrivi produqciisaTvis aqcizis amoReba mniSvnelovnad gaumjobesda,
Sesabamisad 74 da 145 procentiT.
sabaJo gadasaxadidan miRebuli Semosavlebi dagegmilze 3 procentiT maRali
iyo da wina welTan SedarebiT 40 procentiT gaumjobesda. sxva gadasaxadebidan
miRebulma Semosavlebma gegmis 126 procenti Seadgina, Tumca wina welTan SedarebiT
es maCvenebeli 180 procentiT gaumjobesda.
gadasaxadebis
akrefis
zogadi
suraTi
iseTivea ,
rogorc
wina
kvartlis
bolos. TiTqmis yvela gadasaxadidan miRebuli
Tanxebi 2003 welTan SedarebiT
mniSvnelovnad gaumjobesda. miuxedavad imisa, rom pirdapiri gadasaxadebidan
miRebuli Tanxebi aRar midis centralur biujetSi, faqtiuri Semosavlebi
mniSvnelovnad aRemateba wina wlis maCveneblebs.
m iRebuli Semos avlebis mkveTri
zrda SesabamisobaSia Semosavlebis legalizaciis zogad suraTTan. importidan
miRebuli gadasaxadebis a da aqcizidan Semosavlebis zrda sabaJo da sagadasaxado
samsaxurebis administraciuli reformis
da korufciis Semcirebis Sedegia.
adgilobrivi dRg- s Semosavlebi mxolod eqvsi procentiT gaizarda. SeiZleba
vivaraudoT, rom adgilobrivi firmebis didi ricxvis gakontroleba ufro rTuli
amocanaa, vidre SedarebiT mcirericxovani saimporto da saaqcizo produqciis
mwarmoebeli firmebisa.
mTavroba gegmavs sagadasaxado da finansuri amnistiis gamocxadebas.
CanarTi 3.1 ratom aris amnistiebi ase gavrcelebuli
•
xangrZlivi periodis
gatarebis problemebi
ganmavlobaSi
aRsrulebis
politikis
realurad
gadasaxadebis aRsrulebasTan dakavSirebuli literatura aRiarebs , rom zogjer
mTavrobebi
dabla
weven
aRsrulebis
dones
imisaTvis,
rom
Seamciron
monitoringis xarjebi. Tu gadasaxadebis damalvas efeqturad avicilebT Tavidan
gacxadebuli politikis meSveobiT, mcirericxovan damrRvevebs sagadasaxado
Semowmeba gamoavlens da daabrunebs faqtobrivad dakargul Semosavlebs. aseve,
Tu Semowmebis an Ziebis procesi ukve dawyebulia, saqmis bolomde miyvanidan
mosalodneli Semosavlebi SesaZloa umniSvnelovnad CavTvaloT: Ziebis qveS myof
moqalaqeebs unda vubiZgoT nebayoflobiT gadaixadon sagadasaxado davalianebebi
amnistiis programis farglebSi.
mesame magaliTi aris is, roca mTavroba amcirebs ganakveTebs da ufro rbili
sagadasaxado reJimi Semoaqvs aministiasTan dakavSirebiT. aseTi amnistiebi T u
xSirad ganmeorda, aCens kvlav gameorebis molodins da uaryofiT gavlenas
axdens
momaval
sagadasaxado
aRsrulebaze.
xangrZliv
perspeqtivaSi
mTavrobebisTvis ukeTesia Tanamimdevrulad misdios aRsrulebis politikas da
saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi _ 2004 weli, #4
23
saxelmwifo finansebi
ar gamoiyenos aministiebis praqtika. stella (1991) aanalizebs aseTi amnistiebis
sasignalo rols, roca moqalaqeebi cdiloben gansazRvron, Tu sinamdvileSi
mTavrobas ra daujdeba Semowmeba.
susti mTavroba Seecdeba daarwmunos
moqalaqeebi, rom is Zlieri mTavrobaa da Sesabamis Semowmebis qcevas
ganaxorcielebs, magram moqalaqeebi amas mixvdebian. balansi SeiZleba vipovoT,
Tu mTavroba Sereul strategias gamoiyenebs, sadac maRali da dabali Semowmebis
done damokidebulia mTavrobis interesze qondes Zlieri reputacia Tu
moklevadiani Semosavlebi.
• moqniloba
Tu mTavrobas ar aqvs unari SezRudos sakuTari Tavi, maSin Cndeba aministiaze
konstituciuri SezRudvis saWiroeba. Cndeba aseTi kiTxva:
SeiZleba Tu ara
aministia iyos mTavrobis xangrZlivi aRsrulebis politikis nawili?
uaryofiTi
pasuxisTvis SesaZlo argumenti is aris , rom amnistiis dros meti moqniloba
arsebobs aRsrulebis politikaSi, vidre es Cveulebriv iqneboda. pirvel rigSi
optimaluri auditis politika gulisxmobs , rom is SemTxvevebi, roca did
Semosavals ukeTeben deklarirebas, naklebad xSirad unda iqnes gamokvleuli,
vidre is SemTxvevebi, sadac mcire Semosavals aCveneben.
Tumca sagadasaxado
administracia SesaZloa SezRuduli iyos (magaliTad kanoniT) da is SemTxvevebi
zedmetad gamoikvlios,
sadac moqalaqeebi acxadeben, rom maT maRal i
Semosavlebi aqvT.
S esabamisad Semosavlebi SesaZloa gaizardos, Tu aseTi
moqalaqeebi gamoZiebis amnistiiT isargebleben.
garkveulwilad franzoni
(Franzoni 1994) amiT amarTlebs permanentul gamoZiebis aministias. Tumca amnistiis
magivrad gamoZiebis politikis pirdapir
SezRudvebis mogvareba.
reformas
SeuZlia
zemoT
moyvanili
• dazRveva
andreoni (Andreoni 1991) da franzoni (Franzoni 1994, 1996) aseve amaxvileben yuradRebas
amnistiis dazRveviT R irebulebaze warsulSi damaluli gadasaxadebisTvis im
moqalaqeebisTvis, romlebsac riskis gaweva ar uyvarT da aseve auditis xarjebis
ekonomiaze mTavrobisTvis. faqtiurad andreoni (Andreoni 1991) amtkicebs, rom
aministia neitraluria Semosavlebis kuTxiT, vinaidan warsulSi
gadasaxadebi amnistiidan miRebuli SemosavlebiT balansdeba.
•
damaluli
samarTlianoba
zogjer
mTavroba
aministias
gamocxadebas
asabuTebs
imiT ,
rom
es
aris
samarTliani gardamavali RonisZieba aRsrulebis ufro mkacr safexurze
gadasvlisas. es argumenti bolomde naTeli araa , radgan aministia usamarTlod
rbilad epyroba damnaSaveebs (maT viszec aministia vrceldeba), maSin roca
damnaSaveebi mkacrad isjebian aministia mde da am inistiis mere.
• ZviradRirebuli samarTlebrivi devnis Tavidan acileba
aministia
saSualebas
aZlevs
sagadasaxado
organoebs
Tavidan
aicilon
samarTlebrivi devnis xarjebi.
es argumenti Zalian waagavs konfliqtis
sasamarTlos gareT mogvarebis momxre arguments. es Zalian mniSvnelovania im
qveynebSi, sadac sasamarTloebi gadatvirTulia.
24
saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi _ 2004 weli, #4
saxelmwifo finansebi
•
ukanono aqtivebis dakanoneba
aministiaSi damaluli aqtivebis CarTva mniSvnelovani iyo magaliTad indoeTSi.
aqtivebis legalizacias dadebiTi efeqti aqvs Semosavlebze amnistiis Semdgom
periodSi,
radgan
maTi
arseboba
organoebisTvis.
meore mxriv, Tu
ukve
aseTi
cnobili
amnistiis
xdeba
sagadasaxado
molodini arsebobs,
gadamxdelebma SesaZloa strategiulad aaridon Tavi gadasaxadebis gadaxdas
aministiamde, radgan imedovneben, rom ar dajarimdebian aseTi qmedebisTvis.
xangrZliv perspeqtivaSi aseTi amnistiebis efeqti Semosavlebze uaryofiTia.
Tumca SesaZloa movlenebi sxvagvarad ganviTardes ekonomikuri reformis
pirobebSi, rodesac ukeTesi sainvesticio garemo iqmneba.
a seT SemTxvevaSi
damrRvevebi Tavisi aqtivebis legalizebas gaakeTeben imisaTvis, rom “TeTri
ekonomikis” SesaZleblobebi gamoiyenon. aministiam SesaZloa daaCqaros aqtivebis
legalizaciis procesi da xeli Seuwyos ekonomikur zrdas.
specialuri saxelmwifo fondebi
socuzrunvelyofis fondis Semosavlebma 2004 wlis cxra TveSi 332 milioni lari
Seadgina, wlis dasawyisSi angariSze arsebuli naSTis CaTvliT. am Tanxidan 276
milioni lari socialuri gadasaxadebidan Semovida da 42 milioni lari
centraluri biujetidan gadmoiricxa. 8 milioni lari gadmoiricxa adgilobrivi
biujetebidan gadaudebeli samedicino daxmarebis programebisTvis.
saxelmwifo
pensiebi da sxvadasxva socialuri daxmarebebi 235 milioni lariT dafinansda. 62
milioni
lari
daixarja
jandacvis
saxelmwifo
programebze.
fondis
administraciulma xarjebma 6 milioni lari Seadgina.
mesame kvartlis bolosTvis sagzao fondis sakuTarma Semosavlebma (romlebic
navTobproduqtebis aqcizidan modis) 58 milioni lari (gegmis 105 procenti) Seadgina.
fondis ZiriTadi xarjebi iyo gzebis Senaxva, wina wlebSi Sesrulebuli samuSaoebis
safasuris gadaxda, ucxouri kreditebiT dafinansebuli proeqtebis Tanadafinanseba,
kreditebis momsaxureba, administracia.
saxelmwifo biujetis deficiti
2004 wlis cxra TveSi saxelmwifo biujetis deficiti 66 milioni lariT dafinansda.
unda aRiniSnos, rom deficitis dafinansebisTvis mTavrobam meti Tanxa miiRo. 97
milioni lari miRebul iqna sainvesticio kreditebidan, xolo 10 milioni lari
saxazino valdebulebebis saSualebiT. 40 milioni lari periodis bolos mTavrobis
angariSebze darCa.
saxelmwifo biujetis xarjebi
saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi _ 2004 weli, #4
25
saxelmwifo finansebi
2004 wlis cxra TveSi saxelmwifo biujetis xarjebma 1,210 milioni lari Seadgina.
es maCvenebeli 46 procentiT aRemateba 2003 wlis Sesabamisi periodis saxelmwifo
biujetis xarjebs. saxelmwifo biujetis xarjebi funqcionaluri dayofiT mocemulia
qvemoT cxrilSi 3.4
cxrili 3.4 saxelmwifo biujetis xarjebi funqcionaluri klasifikaciiT, 2004 wlis
cxra Tve
(milioni lari)
9 Tvis
xarjebi
procenti
mTlian
9 Tvis
xarjebi
procenti
mTlian
2004
xarjebSi
200
xarjebSi
wliuri
zrda
saxelmwifos marTva
217.6
18.0
159.4
19.2
136.5
Tavdacva
73.4
6.1
42.3
5.1
173.6
kanoniereba da wesrigi
142.9
11.8
62.8
7.6
227.7
ganaTleba
40.8
3.4
29.3
3.5
139.3
jandacva
20.7
1.7
5.4
0.7
381.8
socuzrunvelyofa
316.1
26.1
213.3
25.7
148.2
sabinao meurneoba
2.7
0.2
2.7
0.3
101.6
kultura sporti religia
25.8
2.1
19.3
2.3
133.9
energetika
37.3
3.1
34.2
4.1
109.2
soflis meurneoba
19.0
1.6
8.8
1.1
215.4
mSenebloba da wiaRiseulis
mopoveba
0.7
0.1
0.4
0.0
180.9
41.8
3.5
35.2
4.2
118.6
transporti da
kavSirgabmuloba
sxva ekonomikuri saqmianoba
2.5
0.2
1.8
0.2
142.1
sxva xarjebi
269.2
22.2
216.3
26.0
124.4
sul
1210.5
100.0
831.1
100.0
145.7
wyaro: sem-is gamoTvlebi finansTa saministros monacemebze dayrdnobiT.
saxelmwifo biujetis xarjebis yvelaze didi kategoria aris
socialuri
uzrunvelyofa. am muxlSi wliuri zrda iyo 48 procenti. Tumca unda aRiniSnos,
rom es maCvenebeli mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba socuzrunvelyofis sxvadasxva
komponentebisTvis. Sesyidul iqna 146 milioni laris Rirebulebis saqoneli da
momsaxureba, rac wina wlis Sesabamis xarjebs 64 procentiT aRemateba, xolo
xarjebi subsidiebsa da mimdinare transfertebze 1 3 procentiT Semcirda da 67
milioni lari Seadgina.
xarjebis meore udidesi kategoria iyo sxva
xarjebi, ramac mTliani xarjebis 22
procenti Seadgina. am kategoriaSi daixarja 269 milioni lari. wliurma zrdam 24
procenti Seadgina, rac CamorCeba saSualo wliur zrdas. am muxlis xarjebSi Sedis
saxelmwifo valze procentebis gadaxda – 109 milioni lari; subsidiebi da mimdinare
transfertebi adgilobrivi biujetebisaTvis – 101 m ilioni lari da saxelmwifo
valis ZiriTadi Tanxis dafarva - 55 milioni lari.
saxelmwifos marTvaze gaweulma xarjebma mTliani xarjebis 18 procenti Seadgina. es
muxli aerTianebs saxelmwifo struqturebis mimdinare xarjebs (ZiriTadad Sromis
26
saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi _ 2004 weli, #4
saxelmwifo finansebi
anazRaureba da saqonlisa da momsaxurebis SeZena), da saerTaSoriso finansuri
organizaciebis dafinansebul proeqtebs. aq wliuri zrda 36 procenti iyo.
xarjebi kanonisa da wesrigis muxliT 2004 wels mTliani xarjebis 12 procentamde
gaizarda 2003 wlis 8 procentTan SedarebiT. es dakavSirebulia samarTaldamcav
struqturebSi mimdinare reformasTan da policiisaTvis axali aRWurvilobis
SeZenasTan. am muxliT daxarjulma 142 milionma larma wina wlis Sesabamisi
xarjebis 227 procenti Seadgina.
xarjebi sxva funqcionalur kategoriebSi mTliani xarjebis 10 procents ar
aRemateboda. saSualoze maRali zrda aRiniSnebo da Tavdacvis, soflis meurneobis,
mSeneblobisa da jandacvis dafinansebaSi, Sesabamisad 74, 115, 81 da 282 procenti.
wlis darCenil nawilSi gaweuli xarjebi ufro naTels gaxdis mTavrobis xarjviT
prioritetebs.
saxelmwifo
cxrilSi 3.5
biujetis
xarjebi
ekonomikuri
klasifikaciiT
moyvanilia
qvemoT
cxrili 3.5 saxelmwifo biujetis xarjebi ekonomikuri klasifikaciiT
(milioni lari)
9 Tvis
xarjebi
2004
procenti
mTlian
xarjebSi
9 Tvis
xarjebi
200
procenti
mTlian
xarjebSi
wliuri
zrda
sul xarjebi
1210.5
100
831.1
100
146
Sromis anazRaureba
124.8
10
83.4
10
150
mivlinebebi
19.9
2
18.3
2
108
socialuri Senatanebi
6.5
1
4.0
0
163
397.1
109.1
33
9
216.4
118.8
26
14
183
92
transfertebi
369.5
31
198.2
24
186
kapitaluri xarjebi
71.7
6
36.0
4
199
wminda dakrediteba
112.091
9
156.023
19
72
sxva saqoneli da momsaxureba
procentebis gadaxada
subsidiebi da mimdinare
wyar o: sem-is gamoTvlebi finansTa saministros monacemebze dayrdnobiT.
sxva saqoneli d a momsaxurebis muxliT 397 m ilioni lari daixarja 2003 wels
daxarjul 216 milion larTan SedarebiT.
am Tanxis ori mesamedi daixarja
socuzrunvelyofis miznebisTvis. am kategoriaSi xarjebis 83 procentiani zrda
mniSvnelovnad maRalia xarjebis saSualo zrdasTan SedarebiT.
saxelmwifo biujetis xarjebis 31 procenti subsidiebma da mimdinare
transfertebma Seadgina. am muxliT daxarjuli 369 milioni lari 86 procentiT
aRemateba wina wlis maCvenebels. transfertebi ZiriTadad socialuri xasiaTisa iyo
(adgilobriv biujetebSi da socuzrunvelyofis fondSi), Tumca am muxlidan
mniSvnelovani Tanxebi daixarja saxelmwifos marTvis, ganaTlebisa da wesrigis
dacvis saWiroebebisTvis. 36 milioni lari Seadgina energetikis subsidirebam.
saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi _ 2004 weli, #4
27
saxelmwifo finansebi
saxelmwifo biujetis xarjebis 9
procenti wminda dakreditebam Seadgina.
daxarjuli 112 milioni lari 28 procentiT naklebia 2003 wlis analogiur xarjebze.
am Tanxidan 57 milioni lari moxmarda saerTaSoriso finansuri institutebis
programebis dafinansebas, xolo 55 milioni lari saxelmwifo valis ZiriTadi Tanxis
gadaxdas. procentebis gadaxdaze 109 milioni lari daixarja, rac mTliani xarjebis
9 procents Seadgens.
28
saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi _ 2004 weli, #4
Tavi meoTxe.
fuli da finansebi
fulis miwodeba
warmatebuli
antikorufciuli
RonisZiebebi,
sagadasaxado
dixciplinis
gaumjobeseba da Crdilovani ekonomikis wilis Semcireba 2004 wels mTavrobis
ZiriTadi miRweva iyo, rac sagadasaxado Semosavlebis zrdaSi aisaxa. amis Sedegad
komerciuli bankebis sadepozito valdebulebebi, seb-Si sakorespondento angariSebze
da mTavrobis angariSebze Tanxebi gaizarda. saqarTvelom 58.6 milioni lari miiRo
msoflio bankis struqturuli gardaqmnis kreditis saxiT (13.8 milioni lari martSi
da 44.8 milioni lari agvistoSi).
am Tanxebis Semdgomma konversiam erovnul
valutaSi gamoiwvia Sida bazarze larze moTxovnis zrda da misi nominaluri kursis
1
gamyareba .
komerciuli bankebis mier ucxouri valutis SeTavazeba Tbilisis bankTaSoriso
savaluto birjaze gaizarda. am pirobebSi gaCnda imis saSiSroeba rom, is laris masa,
romelsac miawvdida bazars erovnuli banki, zewolas moaxdenda da inflaciuri
efeqti gardauvali gaxdeboda. am movlenis Tavidan asacileblad ivlisSi erovnulma
bankma daswia savaldebulo rezervebis done 13-dan 2 procentamde larebSi moziduli
saxsrebisaTvis, maSin rodesac savaldebulo r ezervebis done ucxour valutaSi
ucvleli darCa. amiT laris masa, romelic adre sarezervo angariSebze gayinvas
eqvemdebareboda, mimoqcevaSi darCa.
amave dros erovnuli banki fulis masis regulirebis mizniT iyenebda yvela
arsebul instruments. bankTaSoriso sakredito auqcionebi farTod gamoiyeneboda
likvidurobis marTvis mizniT. seb-is mier bankebisaTvis kreditebis gamoyofisas
fuli Sedis mimoqcevaSi, xolo rodesac komerciuli banki abrunebs kredits an seb- i
yidulobs
sakredito
resurss,
fuli
amoiReba
mimoqcevidan.
fulis
masis
regulirebis mizniT aseve gamoiyeneba sadepozito auqcioni. bankebi ganaTavseben
saxsrebs seb-Si sargeblis misaRebad da amave dros es fuli amoiReba mimoqcevidan.
Tavdapirvelad seb- i sTavazobda erTdRian depozitebs, S e m d e g k i m a T i vadianoba
gaizarda.
2004 wlis cxra Tvis ganmavlobaSi Tbilisis bankTaSoriso savaluto birJis
meSveobiT moTxovnis dasakmayofileblad seb-ma gayida 306 milioni lari. amave dros
saqarTvelom 58.6 milioni lari miiRo msofl io bankis struqturuli gardaqmnis
kreditis saxiT. seb-is mier fulis masis regulirebisaTvis instrumentebis
gamoyenebis Sedegad mimoqcevaSi arsebuli fulis masa cxra Tvis ganmavlobaSi
mxolod 127 milioni lariT gaizarda (anu 23.4 procentiT). mkveTri inflaciuri
zrdis saSiSroeba Tavidan iqna acilebuli.
1
2003 wlis dekembridan
monacemebi).
7 seqtembramde
laris nominaluri kursi
saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi - 2004 weli, #4
23.5 procentiT gamyarda (seb-is
29
fuli da finansebi
nax 4.2:
fulis miwodeba, 2001 w. dekemberi – 2004 w. seqtemberi
1,400,000
depozitebi ucxour valutaSi
M3
depozitebi erovnul
valutaSi
1,200,000
erovnuli valuta bankebis
gareT
aTasi lari
1,000,000
800,000
M2
600,000
M0
400,000
200,000
0
dek i a n Teb mar apr mai ivn i v l agv seq oqt n o e d e k ian Teb mar apr mai ivn i v l agv seq o q t n o e dek i a n Teb mar apr mai i v n ivl agv seq
2001
2002
2003
2004
wyaro: GEPLAC-is gamoTvlebi saqarTvelos erovnuli bankis monacemebze dayrdnobiT.
Crdilovani ekonomikis xvedriTi wilis garkveulwilad Semcirebis S edegad
laris fulis masis nawili sabanko sistemaSi moxvda. (qvemoT moyvanili cxrili
gviCvenebs mimoqcevaSi arsebuli fulis M0- s Sefardebas larebSi denominirebul
depozitebTan). rogorc kerZo , aseve saxelmwifo depozitebis moculoba komerciul
bankebSi gaizarda. aseve aRsaniSnavia , rom depozitebi erovnul valutaSi ufro male
izrdeboda, vidre ucxour valutaSi, rasac ar hqonda adgili wina wlebSi.
komerciuli bankebis depozitebi denominirebuli larebSi 102 procentiT gaizarda,
maSin rodesac ucxour valutaSi - 29 procentiT. M2 35.4 procentiT gaizarda, M3 ki 24.8 procentiT. M3 fulis multiplikatori 1.83-dan 1.77- mde Semcirda, maSin rodesac
M2 fulis multiplikatori gaizarda 0.91-dan .0.95-mde.
cxrili 4.1: monetaruli koeficientebi
2003
depozitebis dolarizaciis koeficienti %
fulis multiplikatori(M2)
fulis multiplikatori (M3)
MO/ laris depozitebi
2004
dek
86.13
0.91
1.83
5.14
ian
85.52
0.92
1.94
4.31
Teb
81.82
0.94
1.89
3.50
mar
83.17
0.92
1.88
3.73
apr
83.61
0.95
1.92
3.97
mai
83.55
0.92
1.91
3.72
ivn
82.27
0.91
1.81
3.68
ivl
81.21
0.96
1.93
3.26
agv
78.27
0.94
1.77
3.06
seq
77.89
0.95
1.77
3.10
wyaro: GEPLAC-s gamoTvlebi saqarTvelos erovnul i bankis monacemebze dayrdnobiT.
fulad -sakredito instrumentebi
2
bankTaSoriso sakredito auqcionebi
larze gazrdili moTxovnisa da inflaciuri zewolis saSiSroebis pirobebSi
seb-i fulis masis regulirebisaTvis sakredito auqcionebs
iyenebda. erTis mxriv
sakredito auqcionebis meSveobiT bankebs sakredito resursebi miewodeba, meores
2
saqarTvelos erovnuli banki axorcielebs
politikis mimarTulebebze dayrdnobiT. es
parlamentis mier. fulad -sakredito politikis
nominaluri gacvliTi kursis stabilurobisa
SenarCuneba.
fulad-sakredito politikas wliuri fulad-sakredito
mimarTulebebi yovelwliurad mtkicdeba saqarTvelos
ZiriTad amocanas warmoa dgens erovnuli valutis (laris)
da wliuri inflaciis donis 5-6 procentis farglebSi
30
saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi - 2004 weli, #4
fuli da finansebi
mxriv es instrumenti gamoiyeneba fulis mimoqcevidan amosaRebad. 2004 wlis cxra
Tvis ganmavlobaSi sakredito auqcionebis brunva (120.4 milioni lari) orjer
aRemateboda 2003 wliur brunvas. erovnuli bankis Sesyidvebis wili ki 78.7 procents
S eadgenda.
2004
wlis
ivlisSi
savaldebuli
rezervebis
donis
Semcirebis
Sedegad
komerciuli bankebis likvidurobis done gaizarda. 13 procentis nacvlad bankebis
moziduli saxsrebidan mxolod 2 procenti eqvemdebar eboda gayinvas erovnuli bankis
angariSze. amis Sedegad moTxovna m sakredito resursebze iklo da ivlissa da
agvistoSi sakredito auqcionebi ar Catarebula. seqtemberSi ki auqcionebi ganaxlda
da maTi wili cxra Tvis mTlian brunvaSi 53.7 procenti iyo . seqtemberSi seb -ma 64.5
milioni lari Seisyida, anu TiTqmis mTliani miwodebuli Tanxa. 2004 wlis saSualo
wliurma saprocento ganakveTma 10.8 procenti Seadgina, rac 6.7 procentiT naklebi
iyo, vidre 2003 wlis seqtemberSi.
saxazino valdebulebebi
2004 wlis cxra Tvis ganma vlobaSi saxazino valdebulebebis (sv-s) saprocento
ganakveTebi TandaTan mcirdeboda. yvelaze maRali saprocento ganakveTi ianvarSi
dafiqsirda (36.1 procenti)., TebervalSi is 22 procentamde Semcirda da maqsimalur
maCveneblad ivlisamde darCa. sabiujeto Semosavl ebis zrdam da laris nominaluri
kursis gamyarebam Seamcira saxelmwifos mier emitirebuli fasiani qaRaldebis
riskianoba . mesame kvartal Si saprocento ganakveTi 13.4-14.4 farglebSi meeryeobda.
aRsaniSnavia, rom ivlisidan bankebis gankargvaSi meti likviduroba rCeboda, vinaidan
savaldebulo rezervebis norma 13-dan 2 procentamde Semcirda. am fulis nawili
Tavsdeboda saxazino valdebulebebSi, ramac maTze moTxovnis zrda da Sesabamisad
saprocento ganakveTebis kleba ganapiroba.
bolo wlebis ganmavlobaSi finansTa saministro da erovnuli banki biujetis
daficitis
Sesavsebad
pirdapiri
dakreditebidan
saxazino
valdebulebebze
TandaTanobiT gadasvlas axorcielebdnen.
fiskaluri mdgomareobis gajansaRebam
finansTa saministros ufro grZelvadiani sv-ebis gamoSvebis saSualeba misca .
maqsimalurma vadianobam 364 dRe Seadgina.
2004 wlis samive kvartalSi komerciuli bankebi dominirebdnen rogorc
pirvelad, aseve meorad bazrebze (58 da 82 procenti Sesabamisad). aman aseve Seamcira
saprocento ganakveTi, Tumca SesaZlebelia, r o m dabalma saprocento ganakveTebma
bankebis interesi sv- sadmi Seamciron da bazarze arasabanko investorebis wili
gazardon.
saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi - 2004 weli, #4
31
fuli da finansebi
Sida inflacia
cxrili 4.3: samomxmareblo fasebis indeqsi da inflacia
(2002 wlis dekemberi=100)
fasebis indeqsi
2003 ian
inflacia (wina
TvesTan
SedarebiT) %
102.10
2.1
Teb
101.59
-0.5
mar
101.59
0.0
apr
102.10
0.5
mai
102.30
0.2
ivn
102.40
0.1
ivl
101.48
-0.9
agv
101.38
-0.1
seq
101.89
0.5
oqt
101.89
0.0
noe
106.78
4.8
dek
106.99
0.2
2004 ian
107.42
0.4
Teb
107.85
0.4
mar
107.96
0.1
apr
107.74
-0.2
mai
107.78
0.04
ivn
106.06
-1.6
ivl
106.91
0.8
agv
106.27
-0.6
seq
107.86
1.5
wyaro: statistikis saxelmwifo departamenti da GEPLAC-is gamoTvlebi
2004 wlis cxra Tvis ganmavlobaSi saSualo samomxmareblo fasebis indeqsi 0.9
procentiT gaizarda. amindis cudi pirobebis gamo xilis fasebi 22 procentiT
gaizarda. aseve 15 procentiT gaizarda aqcizuri saqonlis fasebi (alkoholi da
sigareti) sagadasaxado administrirebis gaumjobesebis Sedegad. gadasaxadebis
legalizaciis Sedegad u nda gazrdiliyo fasebi, magram laris nominalurma
gamyarebam SeaCera importuli saqonlis fasebis zrda. amis Sedegad cxra Tvis
inflacia 6 procents Seadgenda, rac fulad-sakredito politikis
wliur
paramentrebs Seesabameboda.
Sida savaluto bazari.
2004 wlis sam ive kvartalSi aRiniSneboda stabiluri moTxovna erovnul
valutaze. Tbilisis bankTaSoriso savaluto birJaze (Tbsb-ze) ucxouri valutis
mTlianma miwodebam 210.3 milioni aSS dolari Seadgina. miwodeba daaxloebiT 3 jer
aRemateboda moTxovnas (79.1 milioni aSS dolari). 2004 wlis ganmavlobaSi Tbsb- ze
ucxouri valutis miwodeba or jer meti iyo, vidre 2003 wels. laris nominaluri
32
saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi - 2004 weli, #4
fuli da finansebi
kursi 19.1 procentiT gaizarda, rac dolaris laris mimarT nominaluri oficialuri
kursis 2.10-dan 1.70- mde dawevaSi gamoixata. aSS dolari/laris sabazro kursma ki 1.68mde daiwia.
laris nominaluri kursis Semdgomi gamyarebis Tavidan asacileblad 15
seqtembridan seb-ma aSS dolariT intervencia daiwyo. ucxouri valutiT intervencia
1998 wlis dekembridan ar momxdara, vinaidan es ewinaaRmdegeboda mTavrobis
savaluto politikas. am nabijiT seb-ma savaluto bazris subieqtebs aCvena, r o m
savaluto da makroekonomikuri stabilurobis SesanarCuneblad mzad aris Secvalos
mis mier xangrZlivi periodis ganmavlobaSi gatarebuli politika. seb- ma moaxdina 3.4
milioni dolaris gayidva. am RonisZiebis Sedegad aSS dolari/lari- s kursis
meryeoba
1.825-1.875 farglebSi SenarCunda. sabolood, 2004 wlis seqtembris
bolosaTvis seb- is ucxouri valutiT wminda intervenciam (Sesyidvebs gamoklebuli
gayidvebi) Seadgina 162.6 milion aSS dolars.
sabanko seqtori
bolo wlebis manZilze erovnuli bankis xelmZRvanelobiT saqarTvelos
sabanko seqtorSi warmatebulad xorcieldeboda reforma. aTi wlis ganmavlobaSi
sabanko kapitalis gamsxvilebisa da aragadamxdelunariani bankebis likvidaciis
Sedegad bankebis raodenoba 228-dan da 23-mde Semcirda (2004 wlis seqtembris
bolosaTvis).
dReisaTvis
arsebuli bankebidan 1 3 banks ucxouri mewile hyavs,
ramelTa Soris arian evropis rekonstruqciisa da ganviTarebis banki, saerTaSoriso
safinanso korporacia da sxva saerTaSoriso safinanso organizaciebi. aseve
gaxsnilia azerbaijanuli da Turquli bankebis filialebi, Tumca maTi sakredito da
sadepozito saqmianoba umniSvneloa.
grZeldeba bankebis gamsxvilebis procesi. 2003 wlis dasawyisisaTvis 8
komerciul bankSi akumulirebuli iyo sabanko sistemis aqtivebis 80 procenti da
depozitebis 8 5-90 procenti. 2004 wlis 1 oqtombris mdgomareobiT aqtivebis 81
procenti, valdebulebebis 85 procenti da depozitebis 84 procenti akumulirebuli
iyo 6 komerciul bankSi, romelTagan TiToeuli flobs sabanko sistemis aqtivebis 5
procentze mets. 2003 wlis mdgomareobiT sabanko aqtivebis wili mSp-Si 20 procents,
wminda sesxebis 24 proce nts, depozitebs 25 procentsa da kapitals 10 procents
warmoadgenda.
bankebis riskis diversifikaciis saqmeSi winsvla aRiniSneba. 2001 wlis
mdgomareobiT komerciuli bankebis Semosavl ebis 92 procents sesxebidan saprocento
Semosavali Seadgenda. 2004 wlis pirveli naxevris mdgomareobiT bankebis sesxebidan
saprocento Semosavali 54 procentamde daiwia, xolo arasaprocento Semosavali ki
41 procents Seadgenda. es cifrebi bankebis mier sxva saqmianobis ganviTarebis
tendencias
miuTiTebs.
asaxavs,
rac
riskis
sxvadasxva
saqmianobebs
Soris
ganawileba ze
oTxi wlis win sesxebis udidesi
nawili vaWrobis dasafinanseblad
gamoiyofoda. sxva dargebis dafinanseba ki umniS vnelovno iyo. 2001 wlis martis
mdgomareobiT sesxebis 70 procenti vaWrobis dasafinanseblad iyo gamoyofili, 2002
saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi - 2004 weli, #4
33
fuli da finansebi
wlis martSi es maCvenebeli 77 procentamde gaizarda. uaxloesi periodis monacemebi
miuTiTeben mdgomareobis Secvlaze. 2004 wlis 1 ivlisis mdgomareo biT sesxebis 32
procenti fizikur pirebze iyo gamoyofili, 34 procenti vaWrobisa da momsaxurebis
dasafinanseblad, 15 procenti samTo-mompovebel mrewvelobaze da 5 procenti sxva
seqtorebze. sesxebis struqturaSi aseve gaizarda grZelvadiani sesxebis wili. Tu
2002 wlis bolosaTvis 1 welze meti vadis mqone sesxebis wili 38 procenti iyo, 2004
wlis 30 ivnisis mdgomareobiT – 54 procenti.
komerciuli
bankebis
giraosa da
gadamxdelunarianobis Sefasebis
xarisxi
aseve gaumjobesda. bankebis sakredito portfelebSi kargi sesxebis wili gaizarda.
2003 wlis bolos es monacemi 84 procents Seadgenda, 2004 wlis 1 seqtembris
mdgomareobiT ki 88 procentamde gaizarda.
komerciuli bankebis depozitebis struqturaSi ucxour valutebSi (ZiriTadad
dolarebSi) denominirebuli depozitebis wili isev maRali rCeba, Tumca depozitebis
dolarizaciis wili mcirdeba. 2004 wlis ianvar -agvistos periodSi dolarizaciis
maCvenebeli 86 procentidan 76 procentamde Semcirda. imave periodSi fizikuri
pirebis depozitebi 15 procentiT gaizarda da mTliani depozitebis 52 procenti
Seadgina.
erovnul valutaSi denominirebul depozitebisa da sesxebis saprocento
ganakveTebs Soris saSualo marJa 18 procents aRwevs, ucxour valutaSi k i 1 0
procents. bankebi ufro maRal procents ixdian larebSi denominirebul grZelvadian
depozitebze, rac laris devalvaciis molodins asaxavs. 2004 wels larebSi
gacemuli kreditebis saprocento ganakveTi ufro maRali gaxda, rac valdebulebebis
gaZvirebiT SeiZleba a ixsnas. Tumca larebS i gacemuli sesxebis wili mxolod 12
procents warmoadgens.
tradiciuli qveTavebis garda, am gamocemaSi viwyebT saqarTvelos msxvili
komerciuli bankebis mimoxilvas. es gamowveulia am seqtorisadmi mkiTxvelTa didi
interesiT . es qveTavi warmoadgens qarTuli biznes garemos mimoxilvis mniSvnelovan
komponents. gamocemis Semd gom nomrebSi bankebis mimoxilva gagrZeldeba da
mkiTxvelebs miewodeba informacia rogorc sabanko seqtorSi mimdinare tendenciebis,
3
aseve konkretuli bankebis saqmianobis Sesaxeb .
saaqcio sazogadoeba TBC banki
zogadi mimoxilva.
TBC
banki 1992
wels
daarsda.
90- ani
wlebis
pirvel naxevarSi
bankebis
gakotreba sakmaod xSiri movlena iyo. amave dros qveyanaSi sabanko da fuladsakredito sistemis reforma mimdinareobda. reforma bankebis marTvis, fanansuri
3
The Banker gamocemaa, romelic daarsda 1926 wels da Financial Time jgufSi Sedis. es gam ocema aRiarebulia
msoflio finansuri sazogadoebis mier rogorc erT -erTi yvelaze prestiJuli da mis reitings didi
mniSvneloba eniWeba. reitingi agebulia bankebis finansuri maCveneblebis gaTvaliswinebiT.
34
saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi - 2004 weli, #4
fuli da finansebi
mdgomareobisa da gadamxdelunarianobis gaumjobesebas da daxvewas iTvaliswinebda.
bevrma qarTulma bankma ver daakmayofila es moTxovnebi da daixura. am fonze TBC
banki qarTuli sabanko sistemis ganviTarebis warmatebuli magaliTia. am bankma 10
wlis manZilze gazarda Tavisi kapitali, aqtivebi, depozitebi, sakredito portfeli
da mniSvnelovnad gaafarTova saqmianobis sfero. dResdReobiT TBC bank is qseli
moicavs 4 filials TbilisSi da 6-s - raionebSi. bankSi dasaqmebulia daaxloebiT
500 kaci, rac saqarTvelosaTvis dasaqmebulobis sakmaod didi maCvenebelia. 2004 wlis
noembris mdgomareobiT es ba nki aqtivebis, depozitebis da sasesxo portfelis
sididiT umsxvilesi iyo saqarTveloSi.
TBC bankis kapitali 55 milion l a r s
Seadgens da am maCveneblis mixedviT banki meore adgilzea saqarTvelos sabanko
sistemaSi.
bankis warmatebul ganviTarebaSi mniSvnelova ni roli iTamaSa saerTaSoriso
safinanso
organizaciebTan
TanamSromloba m.
Tavdapirvelad
saerTaSoriso
safinanso organizaciebidan m iRebul iqna sakredito xazebi soflis meurneobis,
gadamamuSavebeli mrewvelobisa da mcire da saSualo sawarmoebis ganviTarebisaTvis.
am sakredito xazebiT bankma miiRo sakredito resursebi, romlis meSveobiT man
gaafarTova Tavisi sasesxo saqmianoba. sakredito resursebis adeqvaturi marTva
saerTaSoriso safinanso
winapiroba gaxda.
organizaciebTan
1996 wels TACIS-ma TBC
urTierTobebis
Semdgomi
ganviTarebis
banks sakredito xazi gauxsna soflis meurneobis
seqtoris, kerZod xorblis warmoebis,
rekonstruqciisa da ganviTarebis bankma
dasafinanseblad. 1997 wels evropis
(ergb) mcire da saSualo sawarmoebis
ganviTarebisaTvis TBC-is sakredito xazi gamouyo, xolo mogvianebiT ergb- ma da TBC
bankma xeli moaweres “akreditivebis xelSemwyob proeqts”, romelic uzrunvelyofs
saqarTveloSi
vaWrobis
ganviTarebas
da
axali
komerciuli
kontraqtebis
Camoyalibebas.
TBC
banki
monawileobs
msoflio
bankis
soflis
meurneobis
ganv iTarebisa da sakredito kavSirebis ganviTarebis proeqtebSi, romelTa mizania
fermerobisa da gadamamuSavebeli mrewvelobis ganviTareba da regionebSi sakredito
kavSirebis Camoyalibeba.
1998
wels
TBC bankma
saerTaSoriso
safinanso
korporaciasTan
(IFC)
or
xelSekrulebas
moawera
xeli,
romelTa
Tanaxmad
korporaciam
TBC banks
grZelvadiani sakredito xazi gauxsna da aseve ufleba moipova bankis kapitalSi
monawileobaze.
2001 wels bankma IFC-sTan xeli moawera xelSekrulebas saSualo da mcire
biznesisaTvis grZelvadian i sakredito xazis gaxsnasa da grZelvadiani ipoTekuri
sesxebis programis Sesaxeb.
1998 wels bankma xeli moawera xelSekrulebas germaniis investiciebis a da
4
ganviTarebis kompaniasTan (DEG)
7 wliani sakredito xazis gaxsnis Sesaxeb.
Tavdapirvelad DEG-ma saSualo da mcire biznesis ganviTarebisaTvis gamoyo sesxi,
2000 wels ki xeli moewera kidev or xelSekrulebas. sul 1996 wlidan 2003 wlis
4
Deutsche Investitions und Entwicklungsgesellschaft
saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi - 2004 weli, #4
35
fuli da finansebi
CaTvliT bankis xelmowerili xelSekrulebebis
dolari da 7 milioni evro Seadgina.
saerTaSoriso
safinanso
organizaciebma
saerTo Tanxam
TBC
bankTan
21
milioni aSS
TanamSromloba
gaagrZeles mis sawesdebo kapitalSi monawileobiT. 2000 wlis maisSi
IFC da DEG
bankis aqciaTa 10 - procentiani wilebis mflobelebi gaxdnen. 2003 wlis maisSi
5
sainvesticio kompaniam Soros Investment Capital-ma bankis sawesdebo kapitalis 25
procenti SeiZina. es maqsimaluri wilia, romlis flobeloba da gankargva
saqarTvelos kanondeblobis Tanaxmad SeuZlia erT aqcioners an aqcionerTa jgufs6.
ucxoel aqcionerTa wili bankis sawesdebo kapitalSi 45 procents Seadgens, xolo
qarTveli aqcionerebi 55 procents floben da aqtiurad axorcieleben bankis
marTvas.
2001 wels TBC bankma Tavis strategiul partniorTan TBI holdingTan erTad
Camoayaliba saqarTveloSi pirveli sapensio dazRvevis kompania – saqarTvelos
7
sapensio da sadazRvevo holdingi
(GPI Holding) . holdingis Seqmnis mizans
warmoadgenda saqarTveloSi socialuri dazRvevis alternatiuli meqanizmis Seqmna
da grZelvadiani finansuri instrumentebis danergva.
TBC banks daekisra aqtivebis
marTvis funqcia, rac bankisaTvis axal saqmianobas warmoadgens.
am segmentis
ganviTareba damokidebulia ara marto sabanki seqtoris ganviTarebaze, aramed
qveyanaSi Semosavlebisa da danazogebis zrdis tempebze da finasuri bazris
ganviTarebaze.
TBC banki aqtiurad nergavs axal sabanko produqtebs, e.i. momsaxurebis axal
saxeobebs .
pirvelad saqarTveloSi man inteleqt bankTan erTad ganaxorciela
plastikuri baraTebis ganviTarebis proeqti. aseve banki monawileobda sakredito
biuros SeqmnaSi (ix. saqarTvelos ekonomikis m imarTulebebis 2004 wlis pirvel i
nomeri).
TBC bankma salizingo kompaniis CamoyalibebaSi miiRo monawileoba. kompaniis
saqmianoba jer kidev ar aris farTod gaSlili, Tumca es aseve win gadadgmuli
nabiji saqarTvelos safinanso bazris ganviTarebaSi. am konteqstSi lizingis
mxardasaWeri saxelmwifo
ganviTarebaSi.
politika
did
rols
iTamaSebs
biznesis
am
sferos
TBC banki erTaderTi qarTuli bankia, romelsac saerTaSoriso sareitingo
saagentom, Fitch - ma (www.fitchratings.com) reitingi mianiWa. saagentom yuradReba miaqcia
bankis filialebis qselis gafarToebas, dakreditebis zrdis swraf temps, riskis
5
Soros Investment Company (SIC) Seiqmna 2000 wels. misi kapitali 200 milion aSS dollars Seadgens. is
Seqmnilia Soros Fund Managementis mier. saerTaSoriso kerZo sainvesticio korporacia (OPIC ) da aSS-s
saxelmwifo saagento aqtiurad afinanseben mas. kompania investiciebs balkaneTsa da TurqeTSi
anxorcielebda. 2002 wlis seqtemberSi SIC -ma Tavisi saqmianobis geografia gaafarTova da kavkasiis
regionSi TBC banki misi pirveli sainvesticio proeqti gaxda.
6
“ komerciuli bankebis saqmianobis Sesaxeb” kanonis me-10 muxli.
7
kerZo sapensio sqemebis saqmianoba saqarTveloSi gansazRvrulia “kerZo sapensio dazRvevis” Sesaxeb
kanoniT, romelic miRebulia 1998 wels. kanoni gansazRvravs profesionaluri, asociaciebis, kompaniebis,
bankebisa da sadazRvevo kompaniebis sapensio sqemebs. bankebisa da sadazRvevo kompaniebis sapensio sqemebs
SeuZliaT TviTon marTon kerZo sapensio sqemebis aqtivebi, danarCen SemTxvevebSi aqtivebs marTaven
36
saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi - 2004 weli, #4
fuli da finansebi
marTvis maRal donesa da bankis momgebianobas. 2003 wels bankis reitingi CCC-dan
CCC +-mde aiwia.
saqmianobis maCveneblebi.
saqmianobis maCveneblebis mixedviT TBC banki erT -erTi yvelaze msxvili da
momgebiania saqarTvelos sabanko sistemaSi. 2003 wels bankis kapitalis ukugeba 35.5
procents Seadgenda, maSin rodesac sabanko sistemaSi es maCvenebeli saSualo d 15
procenti iyo. aqtivebis ukugeba 6 procenti iyo, rac ufro maRali iyo, vidre
saSualo sabanko seqtorisaTvis (4 procenti). 2003 wlis monacemebiT bankSi
akumulirebuli iyo sabanko sistemis aqtivebisa da gacemuli sesxebis erTi mexuTedi,
mTliani valdebulebebis 22.2 procenti da klientTa anagariSebis 26.5 procenti.
sesxebidan saprocento Semosavlebi
TBC bankis Semosavlebis 75 procents
Seadgens. 25 procenti ki sakomisio Semosavlebia. bankis sesxebis saprocento
Semosavlebis maCvenebeli ufro maRalia, vidre saSualo sabanko sistemaSi (ix.
sabanko
seqtoris
qveTavi).
es
ganpirobebulia
saerTaSoriso
safinanso
organizaciebTan TanamSromlobiT, romelic iTvaliswinebs sakredito xazebis
miRebasa da aTvisebas da bankis sakredito politikis gafarToebasa da daxvewas.
saprocento ganakveTebi damokidebulia sesxebis saxeobaze: samomxmareblo
sesxebis saprocento ganakveTi 21 procentia, ipoTekuri sesxebis 18 pr ocenti, mikro
sesxebis – 23 procenti, mcire da saSualo sawarmoebis ganviTarebaze – 15.5 procenti,
vaWrobis – 16 procenti, erTwliani sakredito xazebis – 17 procenti. saSualo
maCvenebeli ki 16 procents Seadgens.
cxrili 4.4: sasesxo portfelis struqtura seqtorebis mixedviT.
seqtori
wili sasesxo portfelSi
(%)
vaWroba
41.5
samomxmareblo sesxebi
14.0
momsaxureba
kvebis gadamuSaveba
12.0
11.4
mSenebloba da uZravi qoneba
5.3
energetika
5.0
mSenebloba
4.3
msubuqi mrewveloba
3.5
mZime mrewveloba
20
bunebrivi wiaRiseulebi
qimiuri mrewveloba
0.5
0.2
sxva
0.1
soflis meurneoba
0.1
transporti
0.1
wyaro: ss TBC banki
specialuri firmebi. kerZo pensiebis stimulirebis mizniT 2003 wlis ianvridan mTavrobam gaanTavisufla
kerZo sapensio sqemebi socialuri gadasaxadidan (27%) da saSemosavlo gadasaxadidan (20%).
saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi - 2004 weli, #4
37
fuli da finansebi
bankis sasesxo portfelSi vaWrobis seqtori yvelaze msxvili segmentia.
samomxmareblo sesxebis, momsaxurebis sferos, soflis meurneobis produqtebis
gadamamuSavebeli seqtoris, mSeneblobisa da energetikis wili aseve mniSvnelovania.
mikro sesxebis wili Zalze mwirea vinaidan es mimarTuleba ar warmoadgens bankis
prioritetul saqmianobas. 2003-2004 wlebSi bankma daiwyo fizikuri pirebisaTvis 7 da
10 wliani ipoTekuri sesxebis programa.
sesxebis
saprocento
ganakveTebis dawesebaSi
ori
gadamwyvet rols:
fondebis
Rirebuleba
da sakredito
faqtori
TamaSobs
riski.
ukanaskneli
iTvaliswinebs msesxeblis ZiriTad Semosavals, mis sakredito istorias, finansuri
angariSgebisa
da
gamWvirvalobis
xarisxs,
marTvis
xarisxsa
da
sesxis
uzrunvel yofas. fondebis wyaros sakredito xazebi da grZelvadiani depozitebi
warmoadgenen da maTze dawesebuli saprocento ganakveTebi ganapiroben sesxebis
saproceento ganakveTs. (yvelaze grZelvadiani 12 da 18 Tviani depozitebia).
grZelvadiani
odenobiT.
sesxebze
gaTvaliswinebulia
gacvliTi
kursis
riski
1 procentis
fizikuri da iuridiuli pirebis uZravi qoneba (ss-is aqciebis garda) da mesame
mxaris garantiebi miiReba sesxis uzrunvelsayofad. cudi sesxebis wili 3 procents
Seadgens. seqtembris bolosaTvis mTliani sistemis maCvenebeli igive iyo.
erovnul valutaSi gacemuli sesxebis wili 7 procents Seadgens, saSualo
sabanko sistemis maCvenebeli ki 12 procentia. am sesxebis vadianoba ar aRemateba 1
weliwads da gamoyofilia im msesxeblisaTvis vinc ZiriTad Semosavals larebSi
iRebs. aseTi msesxeblebis wili dabalia, Tumca laris gamyarebis pirobebSi ar aris
gamoricxuli maTi wilis gazrda. bankis sesxebis 92 procenti dolarebSia
denominirebuli da mxolod 1 procenti bankis sesxebi gacemulia evroSi. es asaxavs
dolaris dominirebas kapitalizaciisa da dagrovebis procesSi.
depozitebis saprocento ganakveTebis sidide damokidebulia valutaze da
xangrZlivobaze. samTvian depozitebze wliuri 5 procenti ericxeba, 18 Tvian
depozitebze ki 9 procenti. Semnaxvel depozitebze evroSi dawesebulia 1 procenti,
aSS dolarSi 2 procenti xolo larSi – 3 procenti wliuri Semosavali. 2003 wels
bankma orjer Seamcira yvela saxis depozitebis saprocento ganakveTi. bankis
klientebis mier es miCneul iqna rogorc bankis stabilurobis niSani da Sesabamisad
depozitebis mTliani moculoba 25 procentiT gaizarda. vadiani depozitebis 90
procenti denominirebulia dolarebSi, rac dolaris dagrovebis saSualebad farTo
gamoyenebas asaxavs. uvado depozitebis umetesoba ki larebSia denominirebuli,
vinaidan isini fizikuri p irebis angariSsworebis angariSebs warmoadgenen. bankis
depozitebis dolarizaciis saerTo done 70 procents warmoadgens, rac ufro
naklebia, vidre mTlianad sistemaSi (77.9 procenti 2004 wlis
seqtembris
mdgomareobiT). depozitebis dolarizaciis sakmaod maRali maCvenebeli ganapirobebs
sesxebis dolarizaciis maRal dones, vinaidan depozitebi sasesxo resursebis erTerTi ZiriTadi wyaroa.
38
saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi - 2004 weli, #4
Tavi mexuTe. saerTaSoriso vaWroba da sagareo ekonomikuri
urTierTobebi
2004 wlis ianvari-seqtemberis ganmavlobaSi registrirebulma saerTaSoriso
vaWrobis brunvam miaRwia 1 715,2 milion aS S dolars, saidanac eqsportma Seadgina 446
milioni aSS dolari, xolo importma 1 259,3 milion aSS dolari. eqsporti wina
wlis analogiur periodTan SedarebiT gaizarda 40 procentiT, importi ki 56
procentiT. m iuxedavad aRniSnuli cvlilebebisa, importis eqsportiT gadafarvis
koeficienti Semcirda 40 –dan (2003 wlis 9 Tve) 36 procentamde.
evrokavSiris amJamad arsebuli GSP-is sqemis garkveuli naklovanebebis gamo
evrokomisiam SeimuSava proeqti, sadac mocemulia principebi, romlebic warmarTavs
evrokavSiris savaWro preferenciebis sistemas ganviTarebadi qveynebisTvis momdevno
aTi wlis ganmavlobaSi. xolo a.w. 20 oqtombers evrokomisiam daamtkica winadadebebi,
romlebis gansazRvravs 2006- 2008 evrokavSiris GSP-is axali sqemis Ziridad
momentebs.
aRniSnuli
dokumentis
teqsti
gadaeca
evrokavSiris
wevr
qveynebs,
evroparlaments, ekonomikuri da socialur sakiTxTa komitets, raTa moxdes misi
miReba dokumentis ZalaSi Sesvlamde (1 ivlisi, 2005).
savaWro brunva, savaWro balansi da vaWrobis mimarTulebebi
ssd- is mixedviT 2004 wlis pirvel i 9 Tvis registrirebulma savaWro brunvam
miaRwia 1 715,2 milion aSS dolars, saidanac eqsportma Seadgina 446 milioni aSS
dolari, xolo importma 1 259, 3 milion aSS dolari. eqsporti wina wlis analogiur
periodTan SedarebiT gaizarda 40 procentiT, importi ki 56 procentiT.
vaWrobis aseTi mniSvnelovani zrda ganpirobebuli
iyo saqarTvelos
mTavrobis mier gatarebuli antikorufciuli RonisZiebebiT, ramac gamoiw via
aralegaluri vaWrobis wilis Semcireba. mniSvnelovani faqtoria sarfis sabaJo
gamSveb punqtze centraluri xelisuflebis mier kontrolis aRdgena, rasac Tan
sdevda mTlianad saqarTvelos sabaJo departamentis muSaobis efeqturobis zrda.
amasTan erTad 2004 wlis pirvel 9 TveSi dafiqsirda mSp-s 8.4 procentiani
zrda, rac xelSemwyobi faqtoria vaWrobis ganviTarebisTvis. qveynis importis
eqsportiT gadafarvis koeficienti Semcirda da Seadgina 36 procenti, maSin rodesac
2003 wlis
Seadgenda.
pirvel
naxevarSi
aRniSnuli
koeficienti
daaxloebiT
40
procents
aTi ZiriTadi savaWro partnioris wilma registrirebul vaWrobaSi Seadgina
74.2 procenti. rogorc naCvenebia 5.1 cxrilSi, saangariSo periodSi saqarTvelos
ZiriTadi partniorebi iyvnen ruseTi, TurqeTi, gaerTianebuli samefo, azerbaijani da
TurqmeneTi. maTze
modis saqarTvelos mTeli registrirebuli savaWro brunvis
daaxloebiT 49 procenti.
saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi _ 2004 weli, #4
39
saerTaSoriso vaWroba da sagareo ekonomikuri urTierTobebi
cxrili 5.1:
registrirebuli saerTaSoriso vaWrobis tvirTbrunva da vaWrobis
mimarTulebebi, 2004 wlis 9 Tve.
saerTaSoriso
vaWrobis
eqxporti (FOB)
tvirTbrunva
aTasiUaSS
dolariD
importi ( CIF)
sul
455,961
100
aTasiUaS
S
dolariD
1,259,293
100
aTasi
aSS
dolari
1,715,254
ZiriTadi partniori
qveynebi (sul)
366,527
80.4
906,053
71.9
1,272,580
ruseTi
72,062
15.8
162,382
12.9
234,444
13.7
TurqeTi
75,381
16.5
142,095
11.3
217,476
12.7
gaerTianebuli samefo
26,542
5.8
124,958
9.9
151,500
8.8
azerbaijani
14,792
3.2
107,797
8.6
122,589
7.1
TurqmeneTi
95,087
20.9
23,999
1.9
119,086
6.9
germania
10,264
2.3
101,281
8.0
111,545
6.5
ukraina
9,288
2.0
92,966
7.4
102,254
6.0
aSS
17,407
3.8
83,070
6.6
100,477
5.9
somxeTi
38,443
8.4
18,247
1.4
56,690
3.3
italia
7,261
1.6
49,258
3.9
56,519
3.3
89,434
19.6
353,240
28.1
442,674
25.8
sxva
procenti
savaWro brunva
procenti
procenti
100
74.2
wyaro: statistikis saxelmwif o departamenti
2004
wlis
ianvar-seqtembris
ganmavlobaSi,
dsT-dan
da
evrokavSiridan
Semotanili saqoneli Seadgenda saqarTvelos registrirebuli importis 69 procents.
TurqeTis wilma 11 procenti Seadgina. SedarebiT umniSvnelo iyo aSS-s wili.
nax. 5.1 :
saqarTvelos registrirebuli importi regionebis/qveynebis mixedviT,
2004 wlis 9 Tve.
sxva
20%
dsT
35%
TurqeTi
11%
evrokavSiri
34%
dsT
evrokavSiri
TurqeTi
sxva
wyaro: statistikis saxelmwifo departamenti
rac Seexeba eqsports, saangariSo period Sic qarTuli produqciis ZiriTad
bazrad kvlavac dsT rCeboda. TurqeTi iyo mxolod eqsportis 17 procentis
daniSnulenis adgili. igive iyo evrokavSiris wili.
40
saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi _ 2004 weli, #4
saerTaSoriso vaWroba da sagareo ekonomikuri urTierTobebi
nax. 5.3:
saqarTvelos registrirebuli eqsporti daniSnulebis mixedviT,
2004 wlis 9 Tve .
sxva
15%
TurqeTi
17%
dsT
51%
evrokavSiri
17%
dsT
evrokavSiri
TurqeTi
sxva
wyaro: statistikis saxelmwifo departamenti
registrirebuli eqsportis struqtura
cxrili
5.2
gviCvenebs registrirebuli
eqsportis
ZiriTad
saxeobebs
harmonizebuli sasaqonlo sisitemis mixedviT. 2004 wlis 9 Tvis mdgomareobiT
10 sasaqonlo jgufi Seadgenda qarTuli eqportis daaxloebiT 70 procents.
cxrili 5. 2: saqarTvelos registrirebuli eqsportis struqtura,
harmonizebuli sasaqonlo sistemis (HS96) mixedviT, 2004 wlis 9 Tve.
aTasi aSS
dolari
eqsporti - sul
procenti
455,961
100
samxedro TviTmfrinavebi -8802
66,416
14.6
Savi liTonebis jarTi - 7204
62,513
13.7
yurZnis Rvino naturaluri - 2204
34,112
7.5
feroSenadnobebi - 7202
28,685
6.3
spilenZis madani da koncentratebis - 2603
26,966
5.9
Saqari- 1701
26,455
5.8
wyali, maT Soris naturaluri an mineraluri - 2201, 2202
23,059
5.1
xorbali-1001
18,723
4.1
azotis sasuqebi 3102
daumuSavebeli oqro -7108
15,865
15,206
3.5
3.3
sxva
wyaro: statistikis saxelmwifo departamenti
137,961
30.3
saqarTvelos
registrirebuli
eqsportis
struqtura
bolo
wlebis
ganmavlobaSi
Seicvala.
2004
wlis
ianvar-seqtembris
monacemebiT
samxedro
TviTmfrinavebis eqsportma gadaaWarba 66 milion aSS dolars da daikava pirveli
adgili. Savi liTonis jarTis eqsporti (sasaqonlo kodi: 7204) kvlavac erT -erT
pirvel adgilzea 62,5 milioni aSS dolariT. wina wlis analogiur periodTan
SedarebiT eqsporti gaizarda 20 milioni aSS dolariT. didi nawili Savi liTonebis
jarTis eqsportisa gadis mezobel TurqeTSi. feroSenadnobebis eqsporti (sasaqonlo
kodi: 7202) 28,6 milioni dolariT me-4 adgilze iyo.
saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi _ 2004 weli, #4
41
saerTaSoriso vaWroba da sagareo ekonomikuri urTierTobebi
Rvino saqarTvelos erT-erTi mniSvnelovani saeqsporto produqciaa. 2004
wlis 9 Tvis monacemebiT misma eqsportma 34 milion dolars gadaaWarba. aRsaniSnavia
is, rom qarTuli Rvinis eqsports aqvs stabilurad mzardi tendencia. Tumca
aRniSnuli seqtori d idad aris damokidebuli ruseTis samomxmareblo bazarze.
qarTuli Rvinis eqsportis daniSnulebis qveynebia ruseTi (75 procenti), ukraina (10
procenti) da aSS (4 procenti). evrokavSiris qveynebis wili umniSvnelo iyo da ar
aRemateboda 3 procents. qarTuli Rvinis eqsportis xelisSemwyob faqtorad SeiZleba
CaiTvalos a.w. 30 noembers saqarTvelos soflis meurneobis saministros mier
evrokavSiris daxmarebiT Rvinis xarisxis kontrolis sagamocdo laboratoriis
gaxsna. germaniis teqnikuri daxmarebis sazogadoebam laboratoriis dasamontaJeblad
da uaxlesi aparaturiT aRWurvisaTvis 1,4 milioni evro gaiRo, xolo saqarTvelos
mxaris Tanadafinansebam damatebiT Seadgina 400 aTasi lari. evrokavSiris specialur
organoebSi akreditirebis gavlis Semdeg laboratorias SeeZleba gasces qarTuli
Rvinis mwarmoeblebze VI1 sertifikati, rac udaod gaaadvilebs Rvinis eqsports, da
Tavidan agvacilebs adre arsebul problemebs.
CanarTi 5.1
evr okavSirTan saqarTvelos vaWroba GSP- s reJimiT
aRsaniSnavia, rom bolo wlebSi SeiniSneba saqarTvelos GSP-is reJimiT
vaWrobaSi zrdis tendencia. rogorc statistikuri monacemebi mowmoben, Tu 2000 wels
saqarTvelos eqsporti evrokavSirSi Seadgenda daaxloebiT 70 milion aSS dolars
da SeRavTiani (GSP- is) reJimiT isargebla 18.5 mil ioni aSS dolaris Rirebulebis
saqonelma
(evrokavSirSi
saqarTvelos
mTliani
eqsportis
26.4
procenti),
2003
wlisaTvis saqarTvelos eqsporti gaizarda 76.0 milion dolaramde, xolo GSP-is
reJimiT gan xorcielebuli iqna daaxloebiT 42 milion aSS dolaris Rirebulebis
eqsporti (55.3 procenti). 2004 wlis 9 Tvis monacemebis mixedviT, evrokavSirSi
saqarTvelos eqsportma Seadgina 75.8 m ilioni aSS dolari, saidanac GSP-is reJimSi
moxvda 31.4 milioni aSS dolaris Rirebulebis produqcia (41.4 procenti). Sesabamisad
gaizarda gacemuli GSP- is SeRavaTebiT sargeblobisaTvis saWiro warmoSobis
damadasturebeli “forma A” sertifikatis raodenabamac: 2000 wels iyo 358, 2001 wels
– 305, 2002 wels – 309, 2003 wels – 528. 2004 wlis 9 Tvis mixedviT gacemulia 283
sertifikati. GSP-is
procents aRemateba.
2003
wels
gamoyenebis
evrokavSirSi
(utilizaciis)
GSP-is
reJimiT
maCvenebeli
gasuli
2003-2004
saqarTvelos
wlebSi
90
eqsportis
umsxvilesi sasaqonlo poziciebia: ualkoholo sasmelebi – 11.1 milioni aSS dolari
(evrokavSirSi mTliani eqsportis 14.6 procenti), amoniumis gvarjila – 12.3 milioni
aSS dolari (16.2 procenti), feroSenadnobebi – 4.4 m ilioni aSS dolari (5.8
procenti), Txili – 7.9 milioni aSS dolari (10.4 procenti) .
2004
wels
evrokavSirSi
GSP- is
reJimiT
gasuli
saqarTvelos
eqsportis
umsxvilesi sasaqonlo poziciebi ar Secvlila: ualkoholo sasmelebi – 10.5 milioni
aSS dolari (evrokavSirSi mTliani eqsportis 13.9 procenti), amoniumis gvarjila –
9.0 milioni aSS dolari (11.9 procenti), feroSenadnobebi – 4.8 m ilioni aSS dolari
(6.3 procenti), Txili – 3.9 m ilioni aSS dolari (5.1 procenti).
42
saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi _ 2004 weli, #4
saerTaSoriso vaWroba da sagareo ekonomikuri urTierTobebi
qarTveli eqsportiorebis SeRavaTma 2003 wels Seadgina daaxloebiT 1.4
milioni aSS dolari, xolo 2004 wlis 9 Tvis monacemebiT – 1.2 m ilioni aSS dolari.
wyaro: saqarTvelos ekonomikuri ganviTarebis samonistro
registrirebuli importis struqtura
cxrili 5.3 gviCvenebs umsxviles saimporto sasaqonlo jgufebs, romelTa
saerTo wili registrirebul importSi aris daaxloebiT 42 procenti. 2004 wlis
pirvel 9 Tvis ganmavlobaSi ZiriTadi saimporto sasaqonlo jgufebi iyo: navTobis
airebi, navTobi
Saqari da a.S.
da navTobproduqtebi da eleqtroenergia, fqvili,
medikamentebi,
cxrili 5. 3: saqarTvelos registrirebuli importis struqtura, harmonizebuli
sasaqonlo sistemis (HS96) mixedviT, 2004 wlis 9 Tve.
aTasi aSS
dolari
1,259,293
importi - sul
navTobi da navTobproduqtebi – 2710
msubuqi avtomobilebi - 8703
procenti
100
126,442
69,892
10.0
5.6
xorbali- 1001
58,624
4.7
milebi -7305
56,789
4.5
bunebrivi gazi-2711
52,562
4.2
samkurnal o saSualebebi –3004
50,564
4.0
lerwmis an Warxlis Saqari - 1701
36,055
2.9
sxvadasxva danadgarebi-8411
27,807
2.2
eleqtroenergia – 2716
22,112
1.8
fqvili -1101
32,600
2.6
725,846
57.6
sxva
wyaro: statistikis saxelmwifo departamenti
preferenciebis
stimulebi
ganaxlebuli
ganzogadoebuli
sistema
(GSP),
sagangebo
evrokavSiris amJamad arsebuli GSP-is sqemis garkveuli naklovanebebis gamo
evrokomisiam SeimuSava proeqti, sadac mocemulia principebi, romlebic warmarTavs
evrokavSiris savaWro preferenciebis sistemas ganviTarebadi qveynebisTvis momdevno
aTi wlis ganmavlobaSi. xolo a.w. 20 oqtombers evrokomisiam daamtkica winadadebebi,
romlebis gansazRvravs 2006- 2008 evrokavSiris GSP- is axali sqemis Ziridad momentebs.
aRniSnuli dokumentis teqsti gadaeca evrokavSiris wevr qveynebs, evroparlaments,
ekonomikuri da socialur sakiTxTa komitets, raTa moxdes misi miReba dokumentis
ZalaSi Sesvlamde (1 ivlisi, 2005).
GSP-s arsebuli sistema gamartivdeba da dReisaTvis arsebuli damatebiTi
SeRavaTebis xuTi sistema mcirdeba samamde:
saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi _ 2004 weli, #4
43
saerTaSoriso vaWroba da sagareo ekonomikuri urTierTobebi
•
preferenciis
zogadi
reJimi
(a
aramgrZnobiare
produqtebze
produqtebze tarifi mcirdeba
general
arrangement),
rac
gulisxmobs
nulovani
tarifs,
xolo
mgrZnobiare
moqmedi tarifidan (MFN-is tarifidan) 3.5
procentuli
punqtiT. aRniSnul kategoria emateba daaxloebiT 300 axali
dasaxelebis sasqonlo jgufi.
•
`yvelaferi iaraRis garda~, romelic evrokavSiris bazarze nulovani tarifiT
da qvotebis gareSe SeRwevis saSualebas aZlevs msoflios 50 uRaribes
qveyanas, adre arsebulis analogiuria.
•
da axali GSP+ satarifo daTmobe bis daweseba im qveynebisaTvis, romlebsac
gansakuTrebiT esaWiroebaT daxmareba ganviTarebisaTvis.
axali
GSP+ sqema:
aramdgradi
ekonomikis
mqone
qveynebisTvis
(vulnerable
countries), romlebsac esaWiroebaT ganviTarebisTvis gansakuTrebuli daxmareba. igi
moic avs daaxloebiT 7,200 dasaxelebis produqcias, romlebic evrokavSiris bazarze
SeiZleba daiSvas sabaJo gadasaxadebis gareSe. beneficiarebma unda daakmayofilon
ramdenime kriteriumi, maT Soris stabiluri ganviTarebisa da kargi marTvis Sesaxeb
27 ZiriTadi saerTaSoriso konvenciis ratifikacia da efeqturi gamoyeneba.
amasTanave, aucilebelia, maT daamtkicon, rom arian mcire zomis GSP-is beneficiari
qveynebi da maTi ekonomika naklebad diversificirebulia.
amisaTvs saWiroa, rom:
•
evrogaerTianebaSi preferenciebis ganzogadoebuli sistemiT xuT umsxviles
seqtorSi
ganxorcielebuli
importis
moculoba
unda
Seadgendes
GSP- iT
ganxorcielebuli importis saerTo moculobis 75 procentze mets,
•
preferenciebis
ganzogadoebuli
sistemiT
am
qveynidan
importi
unda
Seadgendes evrokavSiris mier pref erenciebis ganzogadoebuli sistemiT
ganxorcielebuli importis saerTo moculobis araumetes 1 procentisa.
damatebiTi preferenciebi dauyovnebliv
romlebmac
moaxdines
adamianis
uflebebis
eniWebaT im ganviTarebad qveynebs,
da
Sromis
uflebebis
dacvis
maregulirebeli 16 ZiriTadi konvenciis da kargi marTvis da garemos dacvis sferos
(11-dan) 7 konvenciis ratificireba da efeqturi ganxorcieleba. amave dros
beneficiarma qveynebma unda ikisron im saerTaSoriso konvenciebis ratificirebisa da
efeqturi ganxorcielebis valdebuleba, romlebic jer ar aris maT mier
ratificirebuli. nebismier SemTxvevaSi, 2008 wlis 31 dekembramde yvela beneficiarma
qveynebma unda moaxdinon 27 konvenciis ratificireba.
saqarTvelo akmayofilebs yvela moTxovnas, raTa gaxdes GSP + -iT mosargeble
qveyana. imis gamo, rom evrokavSiri 2008 wlis 31 dekembramde isedac mosTxovs yvela
GSP-iT mosargeble qveyanas aRniSnuli 27 konvenciis ratificirebas, umjobesi iqneba
droulad moxdes am sakiTxis ganxilva da amgvarad GSP+ -iT mosargeble qveynis
statusis m iReba. dasawyisisaTvis sakmarisia moxdes adamianTa uflebebis dacvis,
Sromis dacvis dargSi 16 ZiriTadi konvenciis, xolo bunebis dacvisa dargSi 7
(arsebuli 11 dan) konvenciis ratificireba.
44
saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi _ 2004 weli, #4
saerTaSoriso vaWroba da sagareo ekonomikuri urTierTobebi
rigi zemoaRniSnuli konvenciebisa ukve iqna ratificirebuli. kerZod,
ratificirebulia
saerTaSoriso SeTanxmebebi
– ekonomikuri, socialuri da
kulturuli uflebebis Sesaxeb, samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebis Sesaxeb;
konvenciebi – rasobrivi diskriminaciis yvela formebis aRmosafxvrelad, qalTa
diskriminaciis yvela formis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb, wamebisa da sxva sastiki,
araadamianuri Tu damamcirebeli mopyrobisa Tu sasjelis winaaRmdeg, bavSvTa
uflebebis
konvencia,
kiotos
protokoli
klimaturi
cvlilebebis
Sesaxeb.
evrokomisiis vaWrobis generaluri direqtoratis Tavisufali vaWrobis Sesaxeb
SeTanxmebebisa
da
soflis
meurneobis
produqciiT
vaWrobis
sakiTxebis
direqtoratTan konsultaciebis Semdeg, aucilebeli iqneba Seiqmnas samuSao jgufi,
romelic
moaxdens
danarCeni
konvenciebis
ratificirebasTan
dakavSirebuli
RonisZiebebis koordinaciasa
winadadebebis wardgenas.
da
saqarTvelos
saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi _ 2004 weli, #4
parlamentisaTvi s
konkretuli
45
Tavi meeqvse.
axalma
mTavrobam
saqarTveloSi
privatizacia
reformebis
axali
etapi
daiwyo
da
privatizacia am procesis umniSvnelovanesi nawilia. igi gansakuTrebul rols
asrulebs qveynis ekonomikur ganviTarebaSi. 1992 wels saqarTveloSi privatizebis
procesis dawyebis Semdeg, privatizebul ia 15,000-ze meti sawarmo. saxelmwifos
mflobelobaSi darCenilia sawarmoTa sakmaod didi raodenoba – daaxloebiT 1,800
mcire, saSualo da strategiuli mniSvnelobis sawarmo, romlebSic saxelmwifos
wili aqvs da romelSic 180,000-ze meti adamiania dasaqmebuli. mimdinare privatizebis
politikis mTavari tendenciebia darCenil sawarmoTa swrafad gadacema kerZo
sakuTrebaSi da ekonomikis deregulireba kerZo investiciebis mobilizebisaTvis.
axali mTavroba gegmavs ucxoeli investorebis mozidvas da biznesisaTvis ufro
xelsayreli gar emos Seqmnas qveyanaSi.
aWaris avtonomiur respublikaSi momxdari cvlilebebi, sadac gasul wlebSi
privatizacia Zalze mcire masStabiT xorcieldeboda, dadebiT Sedegs iqoniebs
mTlianad privatizaciisa da ekonomikuri reformebis procese bze. 2005 wels, axali
sagadasaxado kodeqsis parametrebis dawesebis kvalobaze, saqarTvelo ufro
momzidveli qveyana gaxdeba rogorc Sida, aseve gare investorebisaTvis. ekonomikuri
ganviTarebis saministrom gamoaqveyna 372 sawarmos sia, romelSic saxelmwifos wilis
gayidva SeTavazebulia auqcionis wesiT. aRniSnuli privatizebis procesi 18 TveSi
unda ganxorcieldes. privatizebis procesis obieqturobis, gamWvirvalobisa da
msoflios masStabiT informaciis xelmisawvdomobis uzrunvelsayofad, ekonomikuri
ganviTarebis saministro avrcelebs informacias priva tizebis Sesaxeb sakuTari
oficialuri beWdviTi organosa da sxva gazeTebis meSveobiT da aseve internetis vebgverdze (www.privatization.ge).
saSualo da msxvili sawarmoebis privatizeba
saxelmwifo mflobelobaSi darCenili saSualo da msxvili sawarmoebis
privatizacia kvlavac problematur sakiTxad rCeba. ganvlili wlebis gamocdilebam
naTelyo, rom saqarTveloSi msxvili sawarmoebis privatizebis xerxebs Sedegi ar
moaqvs. msxvili sawarmoebi metad didi zomisaa, maTi aqtivebi cud mdgomareobaSia;
didi davalianebebi, samuSao Zalis siWarbe da sawarmoSi dainteresebis mqone
jgufebis gavlena kidev ufro arTulebs situacias.
aSkaraa, rom msxvili
sawarmoebis privatizebisaTvis seriozuli zomebia misaRebi. iseT seqtorebSi,
rogoricaa energetikis, satelekomunikacio, mrewvelobisa da transportis seqtorebi,
bevri aqtivi ekonomikisaTvis mZime tvirTad gadaiqca da saswrafod saWiroebs
restruqturizacias, reabilitacias an likvidacias.
2004 wlis mesame kvartalSi adgili hqonda zogierTi saSualo da msxvili
saxelmwifo/municepaluri sawarmos privatizeba s. oTxi saSualo da msxvili sawarmo
gaiyida am periodSi, maT Soris umsxvilesi aris sastumro “inturisti”, romelic
aWaris avtonomiur respublikaSi mdebareobs. rac Seexeba municipalur sawarmoebs,
46
saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi - 2004 weli, #4
privatizacia
saxelmwifo dawesebulebebs maTi privatizebis
centralizebuli monacemebi ar gaaCniaT.
faqtebis
Sesaxeb
dazustebuli
mTavrobam SeimuSava axali politika, romelic iTvaliswinebs saxelmwifos
mflobelobaSi myofi yvela sawarmos privatizebas, im sawarmoTa gamoklebiT,
romlebic
qveynisaTvi s
gansakuTrebuli
mniSvnelobis
mqonea.
ekonomikuri
ganviTarebis saministrom gamoaqveyna 372 saprivatizacio sawarmos nusxa, romelSic
saxelmwifos wilis gayidva SeTavazebulia auqcionis wesiT. nusxaSi Setanilia iseTi
umsxvilesi sawarmoebi, rogoricaa saaqcio kompania “TbilaviamSeni”
qarxana),
rusTavis
metalurgiuli
kombinati,
WiaTurmanganumi,
(saaviacio
msxvili
satelekomunikacio kompaniebi; Tbilisis, baTumisa da foTis aeroportebi; 5 hidroeleqtrosadguri
imereTSi,
mTeli
rigi
navTobterminalebisa
da
gazis
gamanawilebeli kompaniebi.
rusTavis metalurgiuli kombinati ganlagebulia 500 ha miwis farTobze da
moicavs 38 sxvadasxva saamqros. winaswari informaciiT, saministro gegmavs
kombinatis gasayidad SeTavazebas 30 milion aSS dolarad. axalma mflobelma aseve
unda dafaros 130 milioni aSS dolaris davalianeba . Tumca, dawvrilebiTi
informacia privatizebis pirobebis Sesaxeb jer -jerobiT cnobili ar aris.
ar
bevr sawarmoSi Sefasebisa da auditoruli Semowmebis procesi dasrulebuli
aris. aucilebelia mkafiod ganisazRvros TiToeul saprivat izacio aqtivze
pasuxismgebeli
organo.
yovel
sawarmoze
pasuxismgebeli
organos
dadgena
gamoricxavs momavalSi sxvadasxva mxareebisagan SesaZlo pretenziebis warmoSobas,
rac Seaferxebda privatizebis procesis uproblemod Catarebas.
aWaris avtonomiuri respublikis privatizaciisaTvis gaxsnas Sedegad mohyva
turizmis seqtoris 26 sawarmos CarTva saprivatizacio nusxaSi.
mTavrobam
ufro
energiulad
unda
ganaxorcielos
sawarmoTa
restruqturizacia da gakotreba/likvidaciis procedurebi, raTa es sawarmoebi
mimzidveli gaxdnen ucxoeli investorebisaTvis. gakotrebis saqmis warmoeba iwvevs
valauvali sawarmos reorganizeba/reabilitacias an likvidacias. sicocxlisuunaro
da aramimzidveli sawarmoebis likvidacia xSirad privatizaciis mtkivneuli
procesis
logikur
dasasruls
warmoadgens
da
masac
moaqvs
sargebeli
ekonomikisaTvis: sagadasaxado da sxva davalianebebis nawili daifareba. miuxedavad
imisa, rom zogierT sawarmoSi dawyebulia likvidacia da gakotrebis saqmis warmoeba,
arc erTi msxvili sawarmos
mimdinareobs sareabilitacio
likvidacia ar dasrulebula.
programis ganxorcieleba. Tu
ki
zog sawarmoSi
reabilitacia
warmatebiT
iqna
ganxorcielebuli,
sawarmoebi
SeZleben
dafaron
valebi,
mTlianobaSi gaiumjobeson mdgomareoba da amgvarad ufro efeqturebi gaxdnen.
efeqturi sawarmoebis privatizeba gacilebiT advili iqneba da saxelmwifos ufro
did Semosavals moutans. zogierT SemTxvevaSi efeqturobis miRweva ararealuria,
Tumca, aqtivebis likvidaciis gadawyvetilebis misaRebad ufro mtkice politikuri
nebaa saWiro.
saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi - 2004 weli, #4
47
privatizacia
msxvili sawarmoebis SemTxvevaSi saWiroa TiToeuli konkretuli obieqtis
ukeTesad Seswavla, raTa moxdes am saprivatizacio obieqtebis miyidva Zlieri
investorisaTvis, romelsac eqneba unari da survili marTos esa Tu is sawarmo,
ganaxorcielos saWiro investiciebi da miiRos mogeba. msxvili sawarmoebis
likvidacia gad aarCens sawarmos sicocxlisunarian aqtivebs da SeaCerebs valebis
dagrovebas. orive Sedegi mTlianobaSi sargebels moutans qveynis ekonomikas.
mcire sawarmoTa privatizacia
mcire sawarmoTa privatizacia saqarTveloSi 1993 wels daiwyo.
naxati
6.1 gviCvenebs mcire privatizaciis dinamikas wlebis mixedviT. sawarmoTa yvelaze
didi raodenoba privatizebul iqna 1995 wels, rodesac daiwyo saqarTvelos
ekonomikis stabilizacia, da 1998 wels, rodesac Catarda yvelaze msxvili auqcionebi
nulovani sawyisi fasiT.
mas Semdeg, privatizebis procesi TiTqos dasasruls
uaxlovdeba, vinaidan saprivatizacio sawarmoebis r aodenoba mcirdeba. m s x v i l i
sawarmoebis privatizeba jer kidev mimdinareobs (telekomunikaciebis, energetikis,
mrewvelobis seqtorebSi) da savaraudoa, rom restruqturizaciis Sedegad axali
mcire sawarmoebi warmoiSveba.
SesaZloa kidev gagrZeldes.
maSasadame, mcire sawarmoTa privatizaciis procesi
sawarmoTa Sesyidva insaiderebis mier kvlavac
gavrcelebulia, rac bevr SemTxvevaSi amcirebs saxelmwifos Semosavlebs da xels
uSlis mcire sawarmoTa efeqtur funqcionirebas. Tumca, rogorc Cans, arsebuli
meoradi bazari sakmaod warmatebulad funqcionirebs imisaTvis, raTa uzrunvelyos
sawarmoTa ukeTesi mepatroneebis xelSi gadasvla, xolo mzardi
kompaniebze zewolas axdens efeqtianobis gazrdis TvalsazrisiT.
naxati 6.1:
konkurencia
mcire sawarmoTa privatizacia
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
wyaro: saxelmwifo qonebis marTvis saministro
2004 wlis mesame kvartalSi mcire sawarmoTa privatizeba kvlav grZeldeboda.
privatizebis regionaluri samsaxurebis reorganizaciis gamo, es informacia ar aris
sruli. monacemTa
umravlesoba aris
gaerTianeba
moiTxovs.
48
erTian
dazustebas arTulebs is faqtic, rom mcire sawarmoTa
municipalur sakuTrebaSi da am monacemebis Segroveba da
monacemTa
gadamuSavebis
sistemaSi
damatebiT
Zalisxmevas
saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi - 2004 weli, #4
privatizacia
faqtiurad privatizebul da saprivatizaciod damtkicebul mcire sawarmoTa
mTlian raodenobebs Soris arsebuli sxvaoba imaze miuTiTebs, rom bevri maTgani
privatizebis procesSi gaiyo. saprivatizaciod damtkicebuli sawarmoebis mzardi
ricxvi imaze metyvelebs, rom bevri maTgani saSualo da msxvili sawarmoebis nawils
Seadgendnen da am ukanasknelTa restruqturizaciis Sedegad, damoukidebel
erTeulebad Camoyalibdnen.
privatizebul
mcire
sawarmoTa
umetesoba
vaWrobisa
da
momsaxurebis
sferoebs
ganekuTvneba - Sesabamisad 32 da 46 procenti. 2003 wlis ganmavlobaSi mcire
sawarmoTa privatizeba yvela regionSi dafiqsirda. aWaris avtonomiur respublikaSi
mcire sawarmoTa privatizebis procesi wlebis ganmavlobaSi SeCerebuli iyo. bolo
drois movlenebma regionSi privatizebis procesis ganviTarebaze, rogorc Cans,
dad ebiTi gavlena iqonia. mcire sawarmoTa privatizebis mxriv mniSnelovani zrdaa
mosalodneli. adgilobrivma mewarmeebma ukve gamoTqves am procesSi monawileobis
interesi.
aWaraSi
konkurenciis
gazrda
regionis
momavali
ganviTarebis
mamoZravebeli Zala iqneba. CanarTSi 6.1 mocemulia debulebebi, romlebic SesaZloa
daexmaros mTavrobas privatizebis optimaluri meTodis SerCevaSi.
CanarTi 6.1
privatizebis gansxvavebuli meTodebis dadebiTi da uaryofiTi mxareebi
restitucia. restituciis mizania qoneba daubrundes mis yofil mflobelebs. es meTodi
im SemTxvevaSi gamoiyeneba, rodesac mTavrobis mier qonebis dasakuTreba arasamarTliani
meTodis gamoyenebiT moxda, magaliTad rodesac ar moxda qonebis Rirebulebis gadaxda misi
mesakuTrisadmi. restitucia am SemTxvevaSi ganixileba, rogorc samarTlianobis
forma da gamarTlebulia moraluri TvalsazrisiT.
aRdgenis
privatizebis am meTodis oponentebi miuTiTeben, rom es procesi atarebis SerCeviT
xasiaTs da amitom samarTlianobis bolomde aRdgenas ar emsaxureba. realurad gardamavali
ekonomikis qveyneb Si restituciis praqtika Zalian iSviaTad gamoiyeneboda.
gamoyenebuli iqna mxolod estoneTSi da naklebi masStabiT CexeTSi.
es
meTodi
pirdapiri gayidvis meTodi. gasuli saukunis 90-iani wlebis dasawyisSi, yofili
socialisturi
qveynebi
gegmavdnen , rom privatizeba moexdinaT
pirdapiri gayidvebis
saSualebiT, baZavdnen ra didi britaneTisa da Ciles gamocdilebas. zogierTma qveyanam am
meTodis gamoyeneba energiulad daiwyo, magram male warmoiSva politikuri da praqtikuli
saxis naklovanebani. sabolood aRmosavleT germania, estoneTi, ungreTi, da naklebi masStabiT
poloneTi, iyvnen is qveynebi, sadac gamoyenebul iqna aRniSnuli privatizebis meTodi.
privatizebis am meTodis gamoyenebis umTavresi mizezi iyo is rom, mieyidaT saxelmwifo
sakuTreba ucxoeli investorebisaTvis, im pirobebSi, rodesac saSinao kapit alis bazrebi iyo
ganuviTarebeli. politikosebi moelodnen sami saxis mogebas: saxelmwifo biujetisTvis
Semosavlis miRebas; sagareo profesionalizmis/eqspertizis swraf SemoRwevas; da imis
albaTobas, rom ucxoeli mflobelebis mier ganxorcielebuli menejmenti ufro efeqturi
iqneboda.
privatizebis am formisas gamovlenil naklovanebebs Soris, yvelaze TvalsaCino iyo
kapitalis bazris ganviTarebis Zalian dabali done. aseve ucxoel investorebs saSualeba ar
hqondaT mieRoT srulyofili
gamomdinare isini privatizebs
informacia gasayidi sawarmoebis Sesaxeb, am mizezidan
procesSi sakmaris interess ar avlendnen. garda amisa,
saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi - 2004 weli, #4
49
privatizacia
pirdapiri gayidvis meTodi aRmoCnda Zviri da administrirebisTvis rTuli. did Zalisxmevas
moiTxovda gasayid sawarmoTa dokumentaciis individualurad momzadeba da aseve imis
uzrunvelyofa, rom investori kontraqtiT gansazRvrul pirobebs damorCileboda.
politikurad pirdapiri gayidvis meTodi SeiZleba CixSi Sesuliyo, rodesac
sazogadoeba xedavda, rom privatizeba arasamarTlianad xorcieldeboda. Zlieri adgilobrivi
interes jgufebi, magaliTad muSebi da menenjerebi xSirad blokavdnen privatizebis process.
Sesyidva
menejmentisa
da
personalis
mier.
privatizebis
amdagvari
midgoma
gulisxmobda sawarmoebis garkveuli wilis Seyidvas menejmentisa da muSa personalis mier.
Zlieri politikuri Z alaufleba, muSa personalisa, magaliTad poloneTSi da sawarmoTa
menenjerebisa ruseTSi, xels uwyobda am qveynebSi amgvari praqtikis danergvas. amgvari meTodi
aris swrafi da ioli gansaxorcielebeli. privatizebis amgvarma meTodma Ses aZloa zogjer
dadebiTi Sedegi moitanos, radganac es aerTianebs muSebisa da mflobelebis interesebs.
miuxedavad yvelafrisa, gamocdileba aCvenebs, rom amgvari Sesyidvebi xasiaTdeba
seriozuli naklovanebebiT. sawarmoTa menejmentSi Sida interesebis arsebobas, xSirad
Sedegad mohyveba araefeqturi da cudi marTva. procesi SeiZleba iyos arasamarTliani,
romelic xels umarTavs momsaxure personals, da aranaer sargebels ar aZlevs mosaxleobas
mTlianad. amgvari sawarmoebis gamocdileba uCvenebs, rom xdeba gaumarTleblad maRali
xelfasebis da z edmeti muSaxelis SenarCuneba, da v e r xerxdeba sakmarisis investiciebis
mozidva. gardamavali ekonomikis qveynebSi, Zvel personals SeiZleba ar moepovebodes is unarCvevebi rac sawarmos Tanamedrove meTodebiT marTvisTvis aris aucilebeli.
miuxedavad arsebuli naklovanebebisa privatizebis es meTodi popularuli iyo
ramodenime gardamavali ekonomikis qveyanaSi, kerZod xorvatiaSi, makedoniaSi, poloneTSi,
rumineTSi, slovakeTSi, sloveniasa da ruseTSi.
masobrivi privatizeba. masobrivi privatizebis dros mTavroba rogorc wesi gascems an
nominalur fasad mosaxleobaze yidis vauCerebs, romelTa gamoyeneba unda moxdes sawarmoTa
wilis Sesyidvisas. es meTodi iSviaTad Tu gamoiyeneboda sadme msoflioSi, garda aRmosavleT
evropis qveynebisa, Tumca is farTod iqna gamoyenebuli CexeTSi, somxeTSi, yazaxeTSi,
yirgizeTSi, latviasa da litvaSi.
vauCerebiT privatizebis meTodi saSualebas iZleva
gadailaxos saSinao kapitalis
arsebobis deficiti. gardamavali periodis sawyis etapze es meTodi popularuli iyo,
radganac is ufro samar Tlianad iTvleboda mosaxleobaSi da aseve xels uSlida imas, rom
momxdariyo qonebis SeZena ucxoelebis mier. is siZneleebi, r ac Tan
procesSi sawarmoTa Sefasebas, aseve Tavidan iqna acilebuli.
rogorc saxeli „masobrivi“ gulisxmobs, privatizebis
efeqturi
saSualeba
farTo
masStabis
privatizeba
axlda privatizebis
es meTodi aris martivi da
Catardes
swrafad.
es
iyo
is,
rac
gardamavali ekonomikis qveynebs sWirdebodaT. misi momxreebi amtkicebdnen, rom vauCeruli
privatizacia aamaRlebda reformebis avtoritets mosaxleobaSi da mas ufro warmatebuls
gaxdida. procesis momxreTa azriT, is Seqmnida axal mesakuTreTa farTo fenas, romelic
dainteresebuli iqneboda reformebis warmatebiT ganxorcielebaSi.
masobriv privatizebas aseve hqonda SeniRbuli naklovanebanic, mTavari riski is iyo,
rom
gabneuli
mesakuTreobis
struqturas
eqneboda
naklebi
SesaZlebloba
raTa
ganexorcielebina efeqturi korporaciuli marTva. es problema nawilobriv gadawyda
sainvesticio fondebis SeqmniT. unda aRiniSnos, rom fondebs yovelTvis ar hqondaT
adeqvaturi
50
marTveloba
da
sazedamxedvelo
organo.
menenjerebi
zogjer
vauCerebis
saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi - 2004 weli, #4
privatizacia
mflobelebs informaciul v a k u u m S i amyofebd nen. aseT SemTxvevebSi vauCeruli privatizeba
axal mesakuTreebs ki ar qmnida, aramed ubralod arsebul qonebas realur mesakuTreTa gareSe
tovebda xolme.
wyaro: www.imf.org
gakveTilebi;
privatizacia
gardamavali
ekonomikis
qveynebSi:
pirveli
dekadis
oleg havriliSiani, ronald makgetigeni;
energetikis seqtori
2004 wlis ianvar -seqtemberSi energetikis seqtoris sawarmoTa privatizebis
mxriv progresi ar dafiqsirebula. energetikis saministro saprivatizaciod amzadebs
5 eleqtroenergiis generaciis kompanias imereTSi,. 29 gazis gamanawilebel kompaniasa
da zogierT sxva aqtivs. yvela es aqtivi CarTuli iqneba saprivatizacio nusxaSi.
privatizeba dagegmilia 2005 wlisTvis; Tumca, mosamzadebeli samuSao ukve
dawyebulia.
igi
moicavs
aqtivebis
lotebad
dajgufebas,
rac
aqtivebs
investorisaTvis ufro mimzidvels gaxdis. magaliTad, dasavleT saqarTvelos 5
eleqtrogeneraciis kompania erT iuridiul pirad iqneba reorganizebuli.
energetikis saministrom seqtoris Semdgomi ganviTarebisaTvis prioritetad
energetikis politikis ori mTavari aspeqti gamoyo – energo usafrTxoeba da
qmediTunarianoba. saministros mizania Seiqmnas momgebiani warmoeba, romelic
momavalSi ar iqneba damokidebuli centraluri biujetidan da/an saerTaSoriso
safina nso institutebidan moZiebul saxsrebze. aseve mTavrobis mizania Sida
resursebis maqsimalurad efeqturi gamoyenebis uzrunvelyofa da qveyanaSi energiis
miwodebis SesaZlo punqtebis diversifikacia.
sistemis reabilitaciisa da funqcionirebis gaumjobesebisaTvis da sistemuri
kolafsis riskis dasaSveb (anu ukiduresad dabal) donemde Sesamcireblad, saWiroa
mniSvnelovani investiciebis ganxorcieleba; Sesabamisad mTavrobas aqvs survili
daasrulos
momzadeba
institutebTan/donorebTan.
da
molaparakebebi
saerTaSoriso
safinanso
samoqmedo gegmis proeqtSi mTavroba adasturebs mis mier
aRebul valdebulebas donorebis eleqtroenergis generaciisa da miwodebis
infrastruqturis reabilitaciis mimdinare programebis droul da warmatebul
dasrulebasTan dakavSirebiT da aseve pirobas iZleva daxmareba gauwios am
organizaciebs saWiro drois ganmavlobaSi, sanam saqarTvelos gamanawilebeli
seqtori TviTon gamoimuSavebs mogebas.
kerZod, mTavroba uzrunvelyofs, rom
sabiujeto organizaciebma gadaixadon moxmarebuli
droulad, naRdi fuliT da sruli odenobiT.
eleqtroenergiis
safasuri
rac Seexeba istoriul vals, romelic ganapirobebs wamyvani saxelmwifo
kompaniebidan finansuri da samenejero resursebis gadinebas, saqarTvelos mTavroba
mxars uWers valebis gadaxdis saagentos oficialur Camoyalibebas, iseve rogorc
kanonmdeblobis Seqmnas, romelic akrZalavs gadamwyveti mniSvnelobis mqone
saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi - 2004 weli, #4
51
privatizacia
energetikul
erTeulebze
finansuri
zemoTxsenebuli saagento Camoyalibdeba.
Setevebis
ganxorcielebas,
vidre
gadasaxadebis amoRebis maCvenebelis gaumjobeseba saSualebas miscems energo
kompaniebs gazardon Tavisi Semosavlebi da gaaumjobeson momsaxureobis done da
miwodebis usafrTxoeba. Sesabamisad, seqtorSi aRricxvianoba da sagadamxdelo
disciplina saministros umTavres prioritetebs warmoadgens. samoqmedo gegma
iTvaliswinebs gazisa da eleqtroenergiis mricxvelebis damontaJebas dasawyisisTvis
momxmarebelTa jgufebisaTvis, xolo Semdeg individualuri momxmareblebisaTvis.
Tbilisis gamanawilebelma kompania Telasma, bolo wlebSi gamricxveliane baSi
ganxorcielebuli
mniSvnelovani
investiciebis
meSveobiT,
eleqtroenergiis
safasuris amoRebis maCvenebeli 60-70 procentamde gazarda. Tumca, srulebiT
gansxvavebuli mdgomareobaa gaerTianebul sadistribucio kompaniasa da gazis
seqtorSi. zusti aRricxvianoba mogvcems zogadad eleqtroenergiisa da gazis
moxmarebis naTel suraTs, da aseve iqneba energetikis saministros yvelaze efeqturi
iaraRi korufciis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi da urC gadamxdelTa gamovlenaSi.
samoqmedo gegmis proeqti
struqturul reformebs.
adgens
eleqtroenergiis
aseve moicavs kanonmdeblobis modifikaciasa da
mTavrobam
moparvis
unda gaaZlieros kanonmdebloba, romelic
kriminalur
xasiaTs
da
uzrunvelyos
kanonmdeblobis aRsruleba da efeqturoba. kanonmdeblobis modifikaciasTan erTad,
mTavroba gegmavs miiRos zomebi momxmarebl is midgomis Sesacvlelad da xeli
Seuwyos im faqtis gacnobierebasa da aRiarebas, rom energiis miwodebis SenarCuneba
SeuZlebelia, Tu ar moxdeba xarjebis dafarva moxmarebuli energiisaTvis
gadaxdili safasuris TanxiT; da rom energiis moparva, rogorc pirdapir, aseve
safasuris gadauxdelobiT, danaSaulia.
struqturuli reformebis mxriv, samoqmedo gegma iTvaliswinebs saqarTvelos
eleqtroenergiis sabiTumo bazrisa da saqarTvelos saxelmwifo eleqtrosistemis
gaerTianebas
da
eleqtroenergiis
seqtorSi
moTxovna
miwodebas
Soris
Tanafardobis miRwevaze saerTo pasuxismgebeli organos Seqmnas. struqturuli
reforma
aseve
moicavs
qvesadgurebis
gadacemas
saqarTvelos
saxelmwifo
eleqtrosistemisaTvis. amasTan, operatiuli efeqturobis
qseli,
qvesadgurebi
da
transformatorebi
unda
gamanawilebel kompanias, misi moqmedebis teritoriaze.
gazis seqtorSic aris mosalodneli. kerZod, kargi
gazsadenis operatorisa da gazis miwodebis politikis
misaRwevad, dabali Zabvis
gadaeces
gaerTianebul
struqturuli reformebi
iqneboda maRali wnevis
SemmuSaveblis funq ciebis
gancalkeveba.
samoqmedo gegmis Tanaxmad,
mTavrobam
unda
mosTxovos
saqarTvelos
energetikis erovnul maregulirebel komisias SeimuSavos momsaxurebis standartebi
da yovelTviurad gamoaqveynos monacemebi funqcionirebis Sesaxeb. amiT mosaxleoba,
kompaniebi
da
saxelmwifo
organizaciebi
miiReben
informacias
miwodebis
stabilurobasa da xarisxze; da aseve seqtoris erTeulebis funqcionirebis sxva
parametrebze. mTavrobam unda uzrunvelyos, rom gamanawilebelma konpaniebma,
romlebic 24 saaTian miwodebaze nakleb momsaxurebas ewevian, adgilobriv gazeTebSi
gamoaqveynon miwodebis yovelkvireuli winaswari ganrigi. mTavrobam unda wamoiwyos
52
saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi - 2004 weli, #4
privatizacia
sazogadoebasTan urTierTobis kampania, raTa asaxos eleqtroenergiis seqtoris
mimdinare mdgomareoba da aCvenos drois ganmavlobaSi momsaxurebis donis
gaumjobesebis realuri suraTi. igi aseve specialurad Seamzadebs mosaxleobas
momavali zamTris periodSi mosalodneli momsaxureobis donis Sesaxeb.
mTavroba gegmavs e nergetikis seqtoris sawarmoebSi (da sxva kompaniebSic)
saerTaSoriso sabuRaltro standartebis danergvas.
ganixileba
PA
Consulting- isaTvis
eleqtroenergiis
gaerTianebuli
gamanawilebeli kompaniis marTvis kontraqtis gagrZelebis sakiTxi.
kompaniam
mniSvnelovan progress unda miaRwios, raTa mimzidveli gaxdes investorebisaTvis,
sxvagvarad misi gayidva an marTvaSi gadacema gaZneldeba. eleqtroenergiis
gaerTianebuli
gamanawilebeli
kompania
saxelmwifo
mflobelobaSi
myofi
eleqtroenergiis gamanawilebeli regionaluri kompaniebis erT kompaniad dajgufebis
Sedegad Seiqmna da PA Consulting-s misi 18 Tvis ganmavlobaSi marTvis ufleba mieniWa.
saqarTvelos erovnuli energo maregulirebeli komisia apirebs gaerTianebuli
gamanawilebeli
kompaniis
teritoriis
farglebSi
momuSave
kompaniebis
26
gamanawilebeli licenziis gauqmebas.
rogorc Cans, mTavroba srulad iRebs pasuxism geblobas seqtorSi arsebuli
mZime problemebis gadaWraze da samoqmedo gegmis warmatebuli ganxorcieleba Seqmnis
safuZvels
qmediTunariani, finansurad sicocxlisunariani energetikis seqtoris
CamoyalibebisaTvis.
saqarTveloSi msxvili sawarmoebis privatizeba kidev gagrZeldeba.
bevr
sferoSi momsaxureobas ZiriTadad saxelmwifo seqtori eweoda.
dagegmili
reformebis gaTvaliswinebiT, mTavrobam SesaZloa saxelmwifo-kerZo konkurenciis
modeli gamoiyenos.
saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi - 2004 weli, #4
53
Tavi meSvide.
samuSao Zalis bazari, Semosavlebi da socialuri
uzrunvelyofa
saqarTveloSi e konomikuri mdgomareobisa d a b i z n e s
garemos garkveulwilad
gaumjobesebis miuxedavad, ramac rigi axali samuSao adgilebis Seqmna ganapiroba,
Sromis bazris mdgomareoba kvlavac arasaxarbielo da arastabiluri rCeba. maSin
roca umuSevrobis maCveneblebi zogadad Seesabameba gardamavali ekonomikis mqone
qveynisaTvis damaxasiaTebel maCveneblebs da TavisTavad, Sromis bazris tendenciebis
Sesaxeb optimisturi daskvnebis safuZvelsac SeiZleba iZleodes, saerTo suraTs
auaresebs arasruli dasaqmeba, farTod gavrcelebuli faruli da SeniRbuli
umuSevroba da xelfasebis donis CamorCena minimalur saarsebo donesTan SedarebiT .
Sromisunariani asakis mosaxleobis umetesoba arasrulad dasaqmebuli an umuSevaria.
axali stabiluri samuSao adgilebi iSviaTad iqmneba da Zalze cotaa Sed arebiT
stabiluri samuSao adgilebi. Sromis bazarze Warbobs soflis meurneobaSi
TviTdasaqmebis wili. dasaqmebulTa didi nawili dakavebulia araoficialuri da
araregistrirebuli saqmianobiT, romelic dabalanazRaurebadia da metwilad
TviTdasaqmebas
warmoadgens. Sromisunariani asakis mosaxleobis mxolod
procentamde iRebs xelfass, aqedan dasaqmebulTa didi nawili Zlivs irCens Tavs.
20
umuSevroba
qvemoT moyvanili mosaxleobis ekonomikuri mdgomareobis analizi emyareba ssd -s
1
mimdinare
SinameurneobaTa
gamokvlevis
monacemebs .
aRniSnuli
maCveneblebi,
romlebic gaangariSebulia Sso-s principebisa da meTodologiis safuZvelze (mag.
registrirebuli umuSevrobis monacemebi, saerTaSoriso standartebiT - anu Sso -s
2
ganmartebebis Tanaxmad, ar SeiZleba informaciis karg wyarod CaiTvalos) gvaZleven
bevr saintereso informacias Sromis bazarsa da SinameurneobaTa biujetebis Sesaxeb.
gamokvlevis monacemTa safuZvelze gakeTebuli Sefasebebi xelsayrelia samuSao
Zalis, dasaqmebisa da umuSevrobis, samuSao Zalis monawileobis koeficientebsa da
samuSao Zal is miRma darCenili mosaxleobis maCveneblebSi cvlilebebis asaxvisaTvis.
ssd- s gamokvlevis Sedegebs udaod arsebiTi mniSvneloba aqvs Sromis bazarze saerTo
tendenciebisa da SinameurneobaTa Semosavlebis
bevri ram rCeba mocemuli maCveneblebisa da
aRricxvis TvalsazrisiT. Tumca,
gamokvlevebis miRma. msoflioSi
gamoyenebuli meTodologiis Tanaxmad, aRniSnuli gamokvleva ar iTvaliswinebs
anazRaurebis odenobas. amasTan, igi
ar moicavs araformalur ekonomikaSi
dasaqmebulTa wils d a s r u l a d ar asaxavs arasruli dasaqmebisa da siRaribis
mdgomareobas.
1
mimdinare SinameurneobaTa gamokvlevas ssd-i awarmoebs 1996 wlis mesame kvartlidan, msoflio bankis
finansuri mxardaWeriTa da kanadis statistikis departamentis daxmarebiT. 1998-1999 wlebSi ssd-i
awarmoebda samuSao Zalis gamokvlevas, Sso-sa da gaeros ganviTarebis programis daxmarebiT da im
periodis monacemebi eyrdnoba samuSao Zalis gamokvlevis monacemebs (ix. statistikuri danarTis
cxrili A7.1).
2
Sso -s ganmartebis Tanaxmad, dasaqmebulad iTvleba is, vinc ganxilvis periodSi (erTi kvira) Tundac
erTi saaTis ganmavlobaSi muSaobda.
54
saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi – 2004 weli, #4
samuSao Zalis bazari, Semosavlebi da socialuri uzrunvelyofa
ssd- s gaerTianebuli gamokvlevis Sedegebis Tanaxmad, Sso-s “mkacri” meTodiT
gaangariSebuli
erovnuli
umuSevrobis
done,
2004
wlis
meore
kvartlis
mdgomareobiT (sem- is am gamocemaze muSaobis periodSi, bolo xelmisawvdomi
monacemebiT), wina welTan SedarebiT, daeca 0,5 procentuli punqtiT 11,9 procentamde,
xolo
“Serbilebuli” meTodiT gaangariSebuli umuSevrobis done sul
0,2
procentuli punqtiT gaizarda da 14,1 procenti Seadgina. maSasadame, am ori meTodiT
gaangariSebul umuSevrobis doneebs Soris arsebuli sxvaoba, wina welTan
SedarebiT, Semcirda, Tumca Zalze umniSvnelod. tendencia, romelic bolo wlebSi
gamovlinda, migvaniSnebs samuSaos aqtiur
dabrunebaze samuSao Zalis rigebSi.
maZiebelTa ricxvis
zrdaze,
anu maT
2003 wlis meoTxe kvartalSi da 2004 wlis pirvel kvartalSi, axal reformebTan
dakavSirebiT umuSevarTa mxridan samuSaos Sovnis aSkarad ufro didi imedi da
axali molodinebi iyo, rac wliur gamosaxulebaSi, monawileobis koeficientis
ufro
maRal
maCveneblebSi
aisaxa.
Tumca
vinaidan
arc
SinameurneobaTa
gaerTianebuli kvlevis monacemebi da arc praqtikuli dakvirvebis Sedegebi ar
miuTiTebs
Sromis
bazarze
samuSaos
Sovnis
SesaZleblobaTa
masobrivad
gaumjobesebaze da aRniSnuli molodinebis mxolod umniSvnelo nawili Sesrulda,
2004 wlis meore kvartalSi, gasul welTa n SedarebiT, monawileobis koeficientma
daiwyo vardna da umuSevrobis donis zrda ganaxlda. amavdroulad, samuSao
adgilebis dakargvas adgili hqonda rogorc saxelmwifo, aseve araformalur
seqtorSic. yofili saxelmwifo moxeleebi, romelTac samuSao dakarges bolo
periodSi mTavrobis mier ganxorcielebuli restruqturizaciis Sedegad, 2003 wlis
bolos da 2004 wlis dasawyisSi, samuSaos aqtiuri maZieblebi unda gamxdariyvnen
iseve, rogorc yofili T viTdasaqmebuli movaWreebi, romlebic Tbilisis mTavari
bazris mimdebare teritoriaze vaWrobdnen da romelTac axali moTxovnebis Tanaxmad
unda daekanonebinaT TavianTi saqmianoba.
saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi - 2004 weli, #4
55
samuSao Zalis bazari, Semosavlebi da socialuri uzrunvelyofa
maSin roca samuSao Zalis monawileobis koeficientma, 2004 wlis pirvel kvartalSi
vardnis Semdeg, 2004 wlis meore kvartalSi zrda ganaaxla, umuSevrobis done ki
piriqiT daeca, es mxolod sezonuri cvlilebebi iyo da erTi wlisaTvis Sedarebis
Sedegebi miuTiTebs samuSaos maZiebelTa ricxvis klebaze anu imaze, rom samuSao
Zalas umuSevarTa garkveuli raodenoba gamoakldeboda.
cxrili 7.1:
ekonomikuri mdgomareoba, 2000 w. I kv. – 2004 w. II kv.
(aTasi kaci)
2003 w.
2002 w.
I kv.
II kv.
III kv.
IV kv.
I kv.
II kv.
2004 w.
III kv.
Q IV
I kv.
II kv.
sul, 15 welze ufrosi asakis mosaxleoba
ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleoba, sul (samuSao Zala )
(1)
ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleoba, sul (samuSao Zala )
(2)
dasaqmebuli
daqiravebuli
TviT-dasaqmebuli
1, 983
2, 036
2, 063
2, 015
2, 025
2, 095
2, 170
2, 160
2, 089
2, 106
1, 659
625
1, 028
1, 742
598
1, 141
1, 768
597
1, 168
1, 713
607
1, 102
1, 679
594
1, 083
1, 805
604
1, 200
1, 897
640
1, 255
1, 877
637
1, 240
1, 746
620
1, 125
1, 809
608
1, 201
umuSevari (1)
umuSevari (2)
mosaxleoba samuSao Zalis gareT (1)
mosaxleoba samuSao Zalis gareT (2)
umuSevrobis done (procenti ) (1)
umuSevrobis done (procenti ) (2)
254
324
1,103
1,033
13.3
16.3
241
294
1,050
997
12.1
14.4
236
296
1,017
957
11.8
14.3
232
303
1,026
956
11.9
15.0
262
345
1,141
1,057
13.5
17.1
233
290
1,023
965
11.4
13.9
223
273
1,002
952
10.5
12.9
226
283
1, 028
971
10.7
13.1
260
342
1, 130
1,047
13.0
16.4
245
298
1, 065
1,013
11.9
14.1
63.4
65.7
53.7
62.0
65.4
67.1
57.5
65.5
66.3
68.3
58.3
66.1
65.5
67.8
56.6
64.3
63.0
65.7
55.8
64.5
66.6
68.5
58.9
66.5
67.7
69.3
59.2
66.2
67.1
68.9
59.0
66.1
63.9
66.5
56.1
64.4
samuSao Zalis monawileobis
samuSao Zalis monawileobis
TviT-dasaqmebis wili mTlian
TviT-dasaqmebis wili mTlian
koeficienti (1)
koeficienti (2)
samuSao ZalaSi
dasaqmebaSi
3, 016
3, 033
3, 021
2, 971
3, 082
3, 060
3, 132
3, 134
3, 143
3, 122
1, 912
1, 983
2, 003
1, 945
1, 941
2, 037
2, 120
2, 103
2, 007
2, 054
65.8
67.5
58.5
66.4
wyaro: ssd -s SinameurneobaTa gamokvlevis monacemebi
SeniSvna: (1 ) Sso -s standartiT (an “mkacri” kriteriumiT), "imedgacruebul" muSakTa ricxvis gareSe
(2 ) Sso-s ,,Serbilebuli” kriteriumiT, "imedgacruebul" muSakTa ricxvis CaTvliT
•
•
sem-is am gamocemaze muSaobis dros, monacemebi 2004 wlis II kvartlisTvis bolo xelmisawvdomi
monacemebi iyo.
ufro detaluri cxrili da 1998-2000 w.w. cifrebi ixileT statistikuri danarTis cxrilSi A7.1.1 da
A7.1.2
2004 wlis meore kvartalSi samuSao Zalis monawileobis koeficienti, wliur
gamosaxulebaSi, 0,8 procentuli punqtiT daeca 65,8 procentamde. Tumca es
mniSvnelovani vardna ar aris da Seesabameba gasul wlebSi dafiqsirebul
tendencias. SedarebiT maRali monawileobis koeficienti SeiZleba sxvadasxva
procesebis amsaxveli iyos: erTis mxriv, rodesac Sinameurneobebis ukiduresad mZime
ekonomikur mdgomareoba ubiZgebs samuSao Zalis miRma darCenil adamianebs daiwyon
samuSaos Zebna da meores mxriv rodesac Sromis bazarze samuSaos Sovnis ukeTesi
perspeqtivebi warmoiSveba , rac gavlenas axdens yofili “imedgacruebuli” muSakebis
gadawyvetilebaze kvlav CaerTon samuSaos aqtiurad ZebnaSi. da bolos, is faqti, rom
pensiebis zrdis miuxedavad, mimdinare sapensio ganakveTi (ix. paragrafi mocemul
TavSi) metismetad dabalia saarsebo minimumis uzrunvelsayofad da monawileobis
koeficienti izrdeba aseve samuSaos maZiebeli pensionerebis xarjze.
umuSevrobis done
soflad,
Cveulebriv,
bevrad ufro
dabalia, vidre
umuSevrobis done qalaqad (2004 wlis meore kvartalSi, daaxloebiT 7-jer) da
mTlianad qveyanaSi (daaxloebiT 2- jer). damkvidrebuli tendenciisamebr, 2004 wlis
pirvel kvartalSi, qalaqad umuSevrobis done Zalze gansxvavdeboda soflad
umuSevrobis donisagan: 23,7 da 27 procenti, Sesabamisad, “mkacri” da “Serbilebuli”
standartebiT (TbilisSi, Sesabamisad, 25,2 da 27,9 procenti). soflad umuSevrobis
56
saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi - 2004 weli, #4
samuSao Zalis bazari, Semosavlebi da socialuri uzrunvelyofa
done, rogorc yovelTvis, bevrad dabali iyo, vidre qalaqad da erovnuli
maCveneblebi ararealurad iyo warmodgenili – 3,5 procenti Sso-s “mkacri” meTodiT
da 4,6 procenti Sso-s “Serbilebuli” meTodiT. dasaqmebis Sesaxeb arsebuli kanoni,
romelic asaxvas hpovebs gamokvlevis kiTxvarebSi, xels uwyobs soflad da, aseve
mTlianad qveyanaSi, dasaqmebis mdgomareobis Sesaxeb arazusti warmodgenis Seqmnas.
imis gamo rom, sasoflo-sameurneo miwis 1 an meti heqtaris mflobeli da misi
ojaxis wevrebi dasaqmebulad iTvlebian, soflis
macxovrebelTa umetesoba
avtomaturad gamoiricxeba umuSevarTa kategoriidan. amasTan, soflis
bevri
macxovrebeli dakavebulia saojaxo sawarmoSi, sadac usasyidlod muSaobs da
TviTdasaqmebulad iTvleba – anu miekuTvne ba im kategorias, romelic mTliani
dasaqmebis udides nawils Seadgens. amgvarad, es iwvevs rogorc soflad, aseve
mTlianad qveyanaSi, umuSevrobis maCveneblebis xelovnurad Semcirebas, monawileobis
koeficientis zrdasa da Sromis bazarze saerTo mdgomareobis arasworad asaxvas.
sinamdvileSi, Tu miwis nakveTi Semosavlis ZiriTad wyaros warmoadgens soflad
SinameurneobaTa umetesobisaTvis da uzrunvelyofs maT saarsebo minimumiT, soflis
bevri macxovrebeli, gansakuTrebiT isini, vinc arc Tu ise didi nakveTis mflobelia
da visac saSualeba ara aqvs daamuSaos sakuTari nakveTi, Zlivs axerxebs Tavis
rCenas.
soflad mosaxleobis udidesi nawili xandazmulebi arian, xolo axalgazrdebi
samuSaos saZebnelad qalaqSi miemarTebian. maSin, roca zogierTi maTgani axerxebs
samuSaos Sovnas da zogjer sofelSi naTesavebsac ki exmareba, sxvebi qalaqad
umuSevarTa ricxvs ematebian. qalaqad “imedgacruebul” muSakTa raodenoba aseve
aRemateba qalaqad umuSevarTa maCvenebels da, Tu zogierTi soflis macxovrebeli
mainc axerxebs Tavis rCenas, qalaqad “imedgacruebul” umuSevrebs Semosavali
saerTod ar gaaCniaT.
rogorc wesi, umuSevarTa mxolod mcire
nawili iwuxebs Tavs registraciis
gavliT: 2004 wlis meore kvartlis bolos mdgomareobiT, registrirebulma
umuSevrobam
(53,400
aTasi
umuSevari)
“mkacri”
standartiT
gaangariSebuli
umuSevrobis donis 22 procenti da “Serbilebuli” standartiT gaangariSebuli
umuSevrobis donis 18 procenti Seadgina (45,000 aTasi umuSevari 2004 wlis mesame
kvartlis bolos mdgomareobiT). umuSevarTa umravlesoba registraciis proceduris
gavliT Tavs ar iwuxebs, vinaidan registraciis Sedegad samuSaos Sovnis albaToba
mainc mcirea da miuxedavad imisa, rom cota xnis win umuSevrobis Semweoba TveSi 14
laridan 20 laramde gaizarda, es kvlavac susti stimulia umuSevarTaTvis
registraciis gasavlelad. amavdroulad, SesaZloa, rom zogierTi registrirebuli
umuSevari araoficialuri saqmianobiTaa dakavebuli. maSasadame, es maCvenebeli
naklebad saimedoa.
miuxedavaT imisa, rom praqtikuli dakvirveba axal reformebTan dakavSirebiT
dasaqmebis ukeTes perspeqtivebze miuTiTebs, jer-kidev xSiria arasrulad dasaqmebisa
da dabali anazRaurebis SemTxvevebi, soflis meurneobaSi TviTdasaqmebis Warbi wili
da sapensio asakis muSakTa didi ricxvi, romlebic iZulebulni arian imuSaon
TavianTi momatebuli, magram mainc Zalzed dabali, pensiebis kompensirebisTvis.
saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi - 2004 weli, #4
57
samuSao Zalis bazari, Semosavlebi da socialuri uzrunvelyofa
iseT pirobebSi, rodesac umuSevrebi ar arian daculi umuSevrobis sadazRvevo
programebiT an nebismieri sxva formis daxmarebiT, romelic uzrunvelyofs Tundac
saarsebo minimums, isini rogorc ekonomikuri, aseve socialuri TvalsazrisiT,
gansakuTrebuli riskis wi naSe dgebian. umuSevrobis xangrZliv periods moaqvs ara
mxolod Semosavlis dakargva, aramed igi amcirebs aseTi samuSaos maZiebelTa
dasaqmebis SesaZleblobas. xangrZlivi umuSevroba grZeldeba da samuSaos gareSe
yofnis
Sedegad,
umuSevrebi
kargaven
kvalifikacias
da
maTTvis
naklebad
xelmisawvdomi xdeba informacia samuSao adgilebis Sesaxeb. igi xels uwyobs
siRaribis zrdas da Sedegad mohyveba socialuri izolacia da socialuri gariyva.
aRniSnuli xangrZlivi da seriozuli problemis rogorc ekonomikur, aseve
socialur aspeqtebs uzarmazari mniSvneloba aqvs da moiTxovs specialuri
RonisZiebebisa da programebis ganxorcielebas, romlebic
gamiznuli iqneba
xangrZlivad umuSevrebis dasaqmebis SesaZleblobebis amaRlebaze da maT dabrunebaze
Sromis bazarze.
dasaqmeba
daqiravebul muSakTa maCveneblebSi, 1998 wlidan klebis Semdeg, 2004 wlis pirvel
kvartalSi, wina welTan SedarebiT, wliur gamosaxulebaSi, mateba aRiniSna da 2004
wlis meore kvartalSi es maCveneblebi praqtikulad ucvleli rCeboda. formalur
seqtorSi Senelebul zrdas da samuSao adgile bis naklebobas Tu gaviTvaliswinebT,
es cifrebi sakmaod damaimedebelia (ix. zemoT moyvanili cxrili). amave dros 2003
wlis mesame kvartlis Semdeg, daqiravebiT dasaqmebaSi klebis tendencia ikveTeba.
miuxedavad imisa, rom saqmiani garemos gaumjobesebis mizniT ukve ganxorcielda
konkretuli RonisZiebebi da mzaddeba Sesabamisi reformebi (mag. axali liberaluri
sagadasaxado kodeqsis miReba , ix. Tavi III), kerZo seqtorSi didi raodenobiT samuSao
adgilebis Seqmnis procesis stimulirebas didi dro
dasWirdeba, vinaidan
arasaxarbielo saqmiani garemos gamo, samuSao adgilebis Seqmnis SesaZlebloba jerjerobiT SezRudulia. yovelive zemoTqmulis miuxedavad, 2004 wlis meore
kvartalSi, xelfasze momuSave muSakTa ricxvma saerTo dasaqmebis TiTqmis 34
procenti Seadgina; marTalia, saxelmwifo seqtori Semcirda, magram 2004 wlis meore
kvartalSi daqiravebiT dasaqmebis 65 procentze meti m a i n c a m seqtoris wilad
modioda. vinaidan xelfasze momuSave muSakebis udidesi nawili, miuxedavad
Semcirebisa, mainc saxelmwifo seqtorSia dasaqmebuli, daqiravebiT dasaqmebis klebis
tendencia
axlo
momavalSic
gagrZeldeba,
radganac
mTavrobis
Semdgom
reorganizaciasTan dakavSirebul saStato Semcirebebs, savaraudod, saxelmwifo
moxeleTa mier kidev ufro meti adgilebis dakargva mohyveba, romlis kompensacia
sxva seqtorebSi samuSao adgilebis Seqmnis xarjze unda moxdes.
daqiravebiT dasaqmeba mainc ZiriTadad ganixileba, rogorc tradiciuli “mudmivi
dasaqmeba”
miuxedavad
imisa,
rom
calkeuli
SemTxvevebis
mixedviT,
bevri
daqiravebuli muSaki, gansakuTrebiT ki saxelmwifo seqtorSi, sadac metwilad
dabali xelfasebia, savaraudod, aseve dakavebuli iyo TviTdasaqmebiT an meoradi
saqmianobis saxiT sxva alternatiuli dasaqmebiT, ZiriTadad araformalur seqtorSi.
aqtiuri dasaqmebis politika, romelic moicavs kadrebis momzadeba- gadamzadebas da
58
saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi - 2004 weli, #4
samuSao Zalis bazari, Semosavlebi da socialuri uzrunvelyofa
sxva specialur RonisZiebebs, saWiro iqneba im yofili saxelmwifo moxeleebis
samuSao adgilebiT uzrunvelsayofad, romlebic ver moaxerxeben dasaqmebas kerZo
seqtorSi,
umTavresad
Sromis
bazris
mkacr
pirobebSi
maTi
dabali
konkurentunarianobis gamo.
Tumca,
Cveulebrivi
aRmavlobis
tendenciisagan gansxvavebiT,
2004
wels
TviTdasaqmebis amsaxveli cifrebi, iseve rogorc daqiravebiT dasaqmebis maCveneblebi,
pirvel kvartalSi zrdis Semdeg, meore kvartalSi aseve stabiluri rCeboda wliur
gamosaxulebaSi. TviTdasaqmeba (umetesad ar aformalur seqtorSi) mudmivad Warbobs
rogorc dasaqmebaSi, aseve samuSao ZalaSi. mis wilad 2004 wlis meore kvartalSi,
pirvelis 64,4 procenti, xolo meoris 58,5 procenti modioda. TviTdasaqmebaSi, Tavis
mxriv, Warbobs TviTdasaqmeba soflis meurneobaSi: 2004 wlis meore kvartalSi - 80
procenti. aRniSnuli 80 procenti Semdegnairad iyofa: 39 procenti – soflad
saojaxo
sawarmoSi
usasyidlod
TviTdasaqmebulebi,
daaxloebiT
7
momuSaveebi,
34
procenti
procenti
–
ara
soflis
–
soflad
meurneobaSi
TviTdasaqmebulebi da mewarmeTa mcireodeni procenti.
TviTdasaqmeba
soflis
meurneobaSi
umeteswilad
winaswar
gansazRvruli
statusia, radgan, rogorc zemoT avRniSneT, sasoflo -sameurneo miwis farTobis 1
heqtaris mflobeli da misi ojaxis wevrebi, dasaqmebis Sesaxeb kanonSi mocemuli
ganmartebis safuZvelze, TviTdasaqmebulad iTvlebian. Tumca, vinaidan miwis nakveTi
bevri ojaxisTvis, gansakuTrebiT soflad, ZiriTad saarsebo wyaros warmoadgens,
sakamaTo sakiTxad rCeba is, sakmarisia Tu ara 1 heqtari sasoflo-sameurneo
savarguli, raTa uzrunvelyos saSualo oTxsuliani ojaxi saarsebo minimumiT mainc.
bevri aseTi T viTdasaqmebuli soflis meurneobis seqtorSi, siRaribis zRvarzea.
miuxedavad
amisa,
Tu
gaviTvaliswinebT,
rom
umuSevrebsa
da
arasrulad
dasaqmebulebs qalaqad saerTod ara aqvT miwis nakveTi, romelsac daamuSavebdnen,
unda vivaraudoT, rom siRaribis mxriv, isini gacilebiT uares mdgomareobaSi
imyofebian, vidre TviTdsaqmebulebi soflad. maSin roca soflad siRaribe ufro
fuladi Semosavlebis naklebobas ukavSirdeba, qalaqad siRaribe ZiriTadad
arasakmaris kvebaSi gamoixateba.
TviTdasaqmebis Warbi wili miuTiTebs iseT viTarebaze Sromis bazarze, sadac
matulobs im adamianTa ricxvi, vinc umuSevaria an dakavebulia mcireSemosavliani,
naklebad produqtiuli da arastabiluri saqmianobiT, umetesad araformalur
seqtorSi. ssd-s SinameurneobaTa gaerTianebuli kvlevis Sedegebi gviCvenebs, rom 2004
wlis meore kvartlis mdgomareobiT, dasaqmebulTa sul mcire 57 procenti momuSave
Raribebi arian da aqedan 28 procentze meti soflad ojaxur sawarmoSi usasyidlod
momuSaveebi (romlebic TviTdasaqmebulebad iTvlebian), TiTqmis 16,5 procenti
sabiujeto organizaciebis muSakebi da kidev 12,5 procenti ara soflis meurneobaSi
individualurad momuSave TviTdasaqmebulebi.
saqarTvelos Sromis bazrisTvis damaxasiaTebelia farTod gavrcelebuli
arasruli ganakveTiT dasaqmeba da droebiT dasaqmeba . dasaqmebis amgvari modelebi
tipiuria yvela gardamavali ekonomikis mqone qveynebisaTvis da miuTiTebs imaze, Tu
rogor cdiloben adamianebi moergon samuSao Zalaze dabal moTxovnas da stabiluri
samuSaos xelmiuwvdomlobis gamo, arCeven dasjerdnen moklevadiani xelSekrulebebis
saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi - 2004 weli, #4
59
samuSao Zalis bazari, Semosavlebi da socialuri uzrunvelyofa
pirobebs d a naxevari ganakveTiT imuSaon. samuSao Zalis arasrulad gamoyenebis
maCvenebelia e.w. “garedan mowveuli jgufebi”, saagentos an firmis droebiTi
muSakebisa da subkontraqtorebis CaTvliT, anu moklevadiani kontraq tis safuZvelze
daqiravebuli muSakebi, romlebic daqiravebiT dasaqmebis sakmaod mniSvnelovan
nawils warmoadgenen. marTalia amgvari daqiravebiT dasaqmebis Sedegad saerTo
dasaqmebis SesaZleblobebi matulobs, magram aseTi samuSao adgilebi Cveulebriv, ver
uzrunvelyofs socialur dacvas da/an zRudavs Tanmimdevruli profesiuli zrdis
SesaZleblobebs: dasaqmebis TvalsazrisiT, arasruli ganakveTiT momuSaveebi ufro
daucvelni arian karieris susti perspeqtivebisa da Sromis bazarze dabali
konkurentunarianobis gamo da anazRaurebis, upiratesobebis, usafrTxoebisa da
samuSao adgilze profesiuli momzadebis mxriv.
nax. 7.1:
dasaqmebis maCveneblebi 15 wels zemoT mosaxleobisTvis, 2004 w. II kv.
samuSao
Zalis miRma,
34%
saxelmwifo
seqtorSi
dasaqmebuli,
13%
kerZo
seqtorSi
dasaqmebuli,
7%
TviTdasaqmebuli,
39%
umuSevari, 8%
wyaro: ssd-s SinameurneobaTa gaerTianebuli gamokvlevis monacemebi
SeniSvna: samuSao Zalis miRma darCenili mosaxleobis wili mocemulia
Sefasebis mixedviT, anu “imedgacruebul” muSakTa ricxvis CaTvliT
Sso -s “mkacri” standartiT
Sromisunariani asakis mosaxleobis ekonomikuri mdgomareobis saerTo modeli
bolo wlebis manZilz e, ZiriTadad, stabiluri iyo. aRniSnuli modelis mixedviT,
2004 wlis pirvel kvartalSi, 15 wels zemoT mosaxleobis umetesoba ekonomikuri
mdgomareobis safuZvelze or udides jgufad daiyo: TviTdasaqmebulebi - 39
procenti da samuSao Zalis miRma darCenili muSakebi - 34 procenti (ix. zemoT
moyvanili nax.7.1). sul 42 procenti iyo umuSevari (samuSao Zalis miRma darCenilebi
da umuSevrebi). saxelmwifo
seqtorSi dasaqmebulTa
wili TiTqmis orjer
aRemateboda kerZo seqtorSi dasaqmebulTa wils da TviTdasaqmebulTa wili TiTqmis
or jer meti iyo, vidre xelfasze momuSaveTa. samuSao adgilebis Semcirebas adgili
aqvs ara mxolod kerZo seqtorSi, rac kerZo biznesis arastabilurobis amsaxvelia,
aramed aseve saxelmwifo seqtorSic. savaraudoa, rom kerZo seqtorSi bevri samuSao
adgili, msxvili kerZo kompaniebis gamoklebiT, daucveli, arastabiluri da
60
saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi - 2004 weli, #4
samuSao Zalis bazari, Semosavlebi da socialuri uzrunvelyofa
dabalanazRaurebadia da aseve savaraudoa, rom bevri aseTi samuSao adgili
araformalur seqtorSia.
amave dros,
saxelmwifo seqtoris muSakTa didi
umravlesoba saxelmwifo samoqalaqo moxeleebi iyvnen (2004 wlis meore kvartalSi 76
procentze meti) da, Tumca rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, garkveuli sakadro reformebi
ukve ganxorcielda, maTi ricxvi savaraudod kidev unda Semcirdes. maSin roca
maRalCinosani saxelmwifo moxeleebis xelfasebi m kveTrad gaizarda, saxelmwifo
moxeleTa umetesobas kvlavac dabali xelfasebi aqvs da ojaxebis sarCenad
iZulebuli arian damatebiTi Semosavlis miRebis gzebi gamonaxon.
samuSao adgilebis umetesoba, gansakuTrebiT qalaqad, araformalur seqtorSi
iqmneba. araformaluri seqtori, romelSic, iseve rogorc mTlianad ekonomikaSi,
dominirebs arstabiluri TviTdasaqmeba, warmodgenilia mciremasStabiani saqmianobiT,
romelic metwilad ar aris cnobili, aRricxuli da daregulirebuli. arasrulad
dasaqmeba, faruli da SeniRbuli umuSevroba farTodaa gavrcelebuli. dasaqmebulTa
umetesoba dakavebulia Sromis bazris dabalanazRaurebad da daucvel segmentebSi,
sadac cudi samuSao pirobebia Seqmnili. stabiluri, grZelvadiani, sruli ganakveTis
samuSao adgilebi iSviaTobas warmoadgens rogorc formalur, aseve araformalur
seqtorSic. xangrZlivi umuSevroba aferxebs samuSao Zalis ricxvis zrdas da
Sesabamisad, umuSevrobis
donis
amsaxveli
maCvenebelic realurze dabalia.
ekonomikuri mdgomareobis maCveneblebi srulad ver asaxaven realuri viTarebis
mTel simwvaves imis gamo, rom Sso-s umuSevarTa r icxvis gaangariSebis meTodi
ugulvelyofs Sromis anazRaurebis odenobasa da mis Sesabamisobas saarsebo
minimumTan.
donori
organizaciebis
mier
axali
mTavrobisaTvis
gansaxilvelad
warmodgenili ekonomikuri ganviTarebisa da siRaribis daZlevis programa mTavar
amocanebs Soris iT valiswinebs siRaribis daZlevas ekonomikuri zrdis xelSewyobis
xarjze, rasac axali samuSao adgilebis Seqmna mohyveba.
xelfasebi
ssd- s SinameurneobaTa gaerTianebuli kvlevis monacemTa Tanaxmad, 2004 wlis
3
meore kvartalSi , daqiravebul muSakTa saSualo Tviuri nominaluri xelfasi, mTeli
qveynis masStabiT, 116,2 lari iyo. saSualo wliuri xelfasis wili oTxsuliani
ojaxis saarsebo minimumSi 50 procents Seadgenda. Sinameurneobis fuladi
Semosavlis anazRaurebis wili 36 procenti iyo, xolo Sinameurneobis mTlian
SemosavalSi 22 procentamde Seadgenda.
4
2004 wlis meore kvartalSi sabiujeto organizaciebis muSakTa (muSakTa
saerTo ricxvis 49 procentamde) xelfasi, TveSi, saSualod, 78,9 lars Seadgenda.
saxelmwifo sawarmoebisa da dawesebulebebis muSakTa (daqiravebul muSakTa 16
procentze meti) saSualo xelfasi TveSi 130,2 lars Seadgenda. sxva kategoriis
saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi - 2004 weli, #4
61
samuSao Zalis bazari, Semosavlebi da socialuri uzrunvelyofa
muSakTa da ucxouri organizaciebisa da erToblivi sawarmos muSakTa (daqiravebul
muSakTa 3,7 procenti) Tviuri xelfasi saSualod 264,4 lars Seadgenda.
saxelmwifo seqtoris muSakTa xelfasebi (daqiravebul muSakTa 64,2 procenti),
iseve rogorc kerZo seqtoris muSakTa didi nawilis anazRaureba, kvlavac bevrad
Camouvardeba saarsebo minimums. maSin, roca qalaqad daqiravebiT dasaqmeba
SinameurneobaTa Semosavlis mTavar wyarod rCeba, igi iseTive arastabiluria,
rogorc qveyanaSi SinameurneobaTa Semosavlis nebismieri sxva wyaro. amas emateba
isic,
rom
mzardi
sfi-sa
da
inflaciis
gamo,
xelfasebi
mxolod
nominalur
gamosaxulebaSi izrdeba.
minimaluri saarsebo done
ssd- s
safuZvelze
Tanaxmad, 90- iani wlebis dasawyisSi SemoRebuli Zveli meTodis
gaangariSebuli "oficialuri" saarsebo minimumi, 2004 wlis meore
kvartalSi Seadgenda 117 lars saSualo momxmareblisTvis, 133,3 lars momuSave
kacisTvis da 232 lars saSualo oTxsul iani ojaxisTvis (2004 wlis mesame kvartlis
bolos mdgomareobiT, Sesabamisad 118,8, 135,5 da 235,7 lari). ssd-s ukve didi xania
mzad aqvs saarsebo minimumis donis gaangariSebis axali meTodi, romelsac igi am
5
ukanasknel dromde aqveynebda rogorc "alternatiul" saarsebo minimums . Tumca,
aRniSnuli
meTodebidan
romeli
ukeT
asaxavs realur
kalaTas,
romelic
mizanSewonil saarsebo minimums uzrunvelyofs, SeiZleba sakamaTo sakiTxi iyos.
axali "alternatiuli" meTodis safuZvelze gaangariSebuli minimaluri saarsebo
doneebi ufro axlosaa qveyanaSi saSualo xelfasis doneebTan,
doneze bevrad dabalia.
anu "oficialur"
rogorc ssd-s gaerTianebuli kvlevis Sedegebi gviCvenebs, 2004 wlis meore
kvartalSi qveynis masStabiT daqiravebul muSakTa mxolod 3,7 procentis (ucxouri
organizaciebis an erToblivi sawarmoebis muSakTa) anazRaureba aRemateboda
oTxsuliani ojaxis saarsebo minimums. momuSave kacisTvis saarsebo minimumze maRali
xelfasebi hqonda daqiravebul muSakTa TiTqmis 35 procents (kerZo sawarmoebis,
ucxouri organizaciebisa da “sxva” kategoriis muSakebs) da, zemoaRniSnuli 35
procentis garda, kidev 15 procents (saxelmwifo sawarmoebis muSakebs), anu 50
procentis anazRaureba aRemateboda saarsebo minimums saSualo momxmareblisTvis
(anu aramomuSave momxmareblisTvis). daqiravebul muSakTa kidev 50 procentis
(romlebic Sedgeba saxelmwifo moxeleebisgan) saSualo Tviuri anazRaureba
aRniSnul donesac ki bevrad Camouvardeboda da qveynis masStabiT Tanabari
3
sem-is am gamocemaze muSaobis dros, SinameurneobaTa gaerTianebuli kvlevis monacemebi 2004 wlis meore
kvartlisTvis bolo xelmisawvdomi monacemebi iyo.
4
sabiujeto organizacia ewodeba saxelmwifo organizacias, romlis dafinanseba saxelmwifo biujetis
subsidiebiT xdeba.
5
1999 wlis agvistoSi mTavrobis mier miRebul iqna gadawyvetileba "gaangariSebis meTodSi cvlilebebis
Setanisa da minimaluri saarsebo donis gadaangariSebis" Taobaze da agreTve SemuSavda prezidentis
dadgenilebis proeqti "saarsebo minimumis gansazRvrisa da gamoyenebis" Sesaxeb da mas Semdeg, aranairi
nabijebi ar gadadgmula.
62
saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi - 2004 weli, #4
samuSao Zalis bazari, Semosavlebi da socialuri uzrunvelyofa
ganakveTis pensiebma saSualo momxmareblisTvis aRniSnuli donis TiTqmis 15
procenti Seadgina. oTxsuliani ojaxisTvis TveSi 232 lariT Tavis rCena ioli
amocana ar aris. Tumca zemoTqmulisa da praqtikuli dakvirvebis Tanaxmad, arsebobs
bevri iseTi ojaxi, romelic aRniSnulze bevrad naklebi TanxiT irCens Tavs,
gansakuTrebiT isini, visac mxolod erTi marCenali hyavs. amave dros, oTxsuliani
ojaxic, sadac mxolod erTi wevri muSaobs, danarCenebi ki mis kmayofaze arian,
yvelaze gaWirvebul ojaxTa kategorias ar miekuTvneba da, Sesabamisad, saxelmwifo
socialuri daxmareba ar ekuTvnis (ix. qvemoT), vinaidan am kategoriaSi mosaxvedrad,
ojaxi unda Sedgebodes mxolod umuSevari pensionerebisa da/an oboli bavSvebisgan.
cxadia, aRniSnuli problema unda mogvardes iseve, rogorc sxva problemebi,
romlebic
prioritetebis
nusxaSia
SesaZleblobebis uzrunvelyofiT.
da
gansakuTrebiT,
meti
dasaqmebis
socialuri politika da socialuri uzrunvelyofis sistema
vinaidan
saqarTvelos
ekonomikis
mniSvnelovani
nawili
jer
kidev
araformalur seqtorze modis, mosaxleobis udides nawils, araformaluri seqtoris
muSakTa, TviTdasaqmebulTa da umuSevarTa CaTvliT, iseve rogorc maTi ojaxis
wevrebs, saerTod aranairi socialuri dacva ar gaaCniaT da daxmareba, romelsac
socialuri uzrunvelyofis sistema iTvaliswinebs, garkveulwilad simboluria.
saxelmwifo socialuri dacvis sistema Zireul restruqturizacias saWiroebs
imisaTvis, rom Seiqmnas ekonomikurad sicocxlisunariani, xelmisawvdomi da Tanabari
socialuri uzrunvelyofis sistema, romelic uzrunvelyofs siRaribis warmatebiT
daZlevas,
da
gansakuTrebiT, yvelaze
gaWirvebuli
mosaxleobis daxmarebas.
araadeqvaturi sapensio daxmarebis pirobebSi, xandazmul asakSi myofi mosaxleobis
siRaribis daZlevis problema metad mniSvnelovania. socialuri politika da
reformebi mTavrobis mTavar prioritetebs Sorisaa da am mimarTulebiT, garkveuli
nabijebi ukve gadadgmulia.
amJamad, socialurad daucveli mosaxleobisTvis socialuri daxmarebis sami
mTavari forma arsebobs (konkretuli j andacvis programebis garda): saxelmwifo
socialuri daxmareba, umuSevrobis Semweoba da Tanabari ganakveTis pensiebi.
saxelmwifo socialuri daxmareba socialurad daucveli ojaxebisTvis mimarTulia
ojaxebze, romlebic Sedgeba mxolod
da mxolod
"gaWirvebuli umuSevari
pensionerebisgan" an oboli bavSvebisagan, an invalidi bavSvebisa da Sromisuunaro
wevrebisagan, da mravalSvilian ojaxebze, romelTac 7 da meti Svili yavT.
faqtobrivad, es daxmareba warmoadgens erTgvar damatebas, romelic yvelaze Raribi
xandazmuli mo saxleobis nawilma simbolur pensiebTan erTad unda miiRos da
mcireoden bavSvTa daxmarebas yvelaze Rataki ojaxebisTvis. saxelmwifo socialuri
daxmareba Sesabamisi erTsuliani ojaxisaTvis an TiToeuli meurveobaSi myofi
oboli bavSvisTvis 22 lars, xolo 2 da metwevr iani pensioneris ojaxisaTvis da
mravalSviliani ojaxebisaTvis, romelTac minimum 7 Svili yavT, 35 lars Seadgens.
standartuli Tviuri
umuSevrobis pirveli eqvsi
uzrunvelyofis
damatebiTi
umuSevrobis Semweoba, romelic registrirebuli
Tvis manZilze gaicema, “umuSevarTa socialuri
zomebis Sesaxeb” prezidentis
a.w. 28 agvistos
saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi - 2004 weli, #4
63
samuSao Zalis bazari, Semosavlebi da socialuri uzrunvelyofa
gankargulebis Tanaxmad, 6 lariT gaizarda da amJamad 20 lars Seadgens umuSevrobis
mTeli periodisaTvis. am daxmarebis mimRebTa statusis misaRebad, umuSevarma unda
gaiaros registracia da Sesabamisad, unda iqonios formalur seqtorSi muSaobis
garkveuli staJi. amis
registraciis gavliT,
Sedegad, im umuSevarTa ricxvi, romelic Tavs iwuxebs
Cveulebriv, realurze bevrad dabalia da Sesabamisad,
daxmarebis mimRebTa ricxvi umniSvneloa.
sapensio sistema
moqmedi pay-as-you-go saxelmwifo sapensio sistemis Tanaxmad, fiqsirebuli
ganakveTis xandazmulobis pensia, romelsac qveyanaSi pensionerTa umetesoba iRebs,
prezidentis brZanebulebis safuZvelze, 2004 wlis maisSi, 14-dan 18 laramde
gaizarda; aqedan 14 lari fiqsire buli ganakveTis sapensio daxmarebis ZiriTadi
nawilia da kidev 4 lari gaTvaliswinebulia wina periodSi dagrovebuli sapensio
davalianebis dasafaravad. (vinaidan, 2003 wlis aprilidan, TbilisSi pensionerebi
damatebiT 3 lars iReben qalaqis biujetidan, maTi pensia 21 lars Seadgenda). premier
ministris gankargulebiT, sapensio davalianebebis etapobrivad dasafaravad im
pensionerebs,
romelTac
erTi
Tvis
yovelTviurad 2 lari unda mieRoT.
pensiaze
meti
ekuTvnodaT,
damatebiT
Tanabari ganakveTis xandazmulobis pensia ar iTvaliswinebs arc samuSao
staJs da arc xelfasis odenobas da momatebis miuxedavad, erTis mxriv, susti
stimulia gadasaxadebis gadaxdisTvis da meores mxriv, bevrad Camouvardeba saarsebo
minimumis dones (2004 wlis meoTxe kvartalSi, saSualo momxmareblis oficialuri
saarsebo minimumis 15 procentze odnav meti). 2005 wlidan, prezidentisa da mTavrobis
gadawyvetilebiT, sapensio ganakveTi 28 laramde gaizarda.
Pay-as-you -go
saxelmwifo
sapensio
sistema
sapensio
asakis
mTeli
mosaxleobisaTvis, didi xania mTeli rigi problemebis winaSe dgas. gardamavali
periodis ekonomikis pirobebSi, saxelmwifo sapensio sistema, romelic sabWouri
warsulis gadmonaSTs warmoadgens, didi xania araqmediTunariani da gadaxdisuunaro
aRmoCnda da arsebiT restruqturizacias saWiroebs.
axali mTavrobis ZalisxmeviT aseve miRweul iqna garkveuli winsvla
gadasaxadebis Segrovebis mxriv, iklo gadasaxadebis Tavidan acilebisa da dafarvis
SemTxvevebma da Sesabamisad, sagadasaxado bazac ramdenadme gafarTovda. amave dros,
2004 wlis 20 agvistodan, socuzrunvelyofis erTianma saxelmwifo fondma daiwyo
pensionerebis xelaxali registracia. Tumca, PAYG -is (pay-as-you-go) sapensio sistemis
gamarTulad funqcionirebisaTvis unda arsebobdes sxva aucilebeli winapirobebic
iseT viTarebaSi, rodesac igi mTlianad gadasaxadebis Segrovebis donezea
damokidebuli.
miuxedavad imisa, rom axali mTavrobis mier ukve miRebuli iqna konkretuli zomebi
mimdinare sapensio ganakveTis gazrdis mizniT da mas sxva RonisZiebebic aqvs
SemuSavebuli, moqmedi PAYG -is sapensio sistema kvlavac ver axerxebs Tavisi
ZiriTadi
64
funqciis
Sesrulebas
-
uzrunvelyos
pensionerebi
minimaluri
sabazo
saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi - 2004 weli, #4
samuSao Zalis bazari, Semosavlebi da socialuri uzrunvelyofa
pensiebiT. Tumca, maSin roca dasabegri saSualo xelfasis dabali ganakveTis gamo
8
PAYG- is u niversaluri sapensio s istema dRes dabali Canacvlebis koeficientiT
xasiaTdeba, pensionerTa umravlesobis saSualo fiqsirebuli ganakveTis pensiebi
izrdeba: Tu wina kvartalSi sapensio ganakveTi daqiravebul muSakTa Tviuri
xelfasis daaxloebiT 12 procents Seadgenda, 2004 wlis meore kvartalSi 15,5
procentamde gaizarda. Tumca, jer kidev grZeli gzaa gasavleli, vidre pensiebi
daakmayofileben pensionerTa minimalur moTxovnebs. dRes -dReobiT ki pensionerTa
umetesobas Tavi gaaqvs ojaxis daxmarebiT an cdilobs iSovos nebismieri samuSao,
romelic saarsebo minimums uzrunvelyofs.
sapensio s istemis reforma mTavrobis prioritetebs Sorisaa, radganac moqmedi
sapensio sistemis krizisiT gamowveuli ekonomikuri, politikuri d a socialuri
Sedegebi siRaribis riskis winaSe ayenebs umweo pensionerebs, rasac SemdgomSi
SeiZleba mohyves socialuri dezintegracia, gamijvna da socialuri gariyva.
socialuri dazRveva da sapensio sistemis reforma
2003 wlis ivlisSi, parlamentis mier miRebul iqna mTeli rigi kanonebisa,
romlebic SemuSavda msoflio bankTan konsultaciebis Sedegad da, romlebic
uzrunvelyofen sadazRvevo principebze dafuZnebuli, socialuri sadazRvevo da
axali sapensio sistemebis SemoRebisaTvis saWiro samarTlebriv bazas. esenia: kanoni
"savaldebulo sadazRvevo pensiebis Sesaxeb", kanoni "savaldebulo socialuri
dazRvevis Sesaxeb" da kanoni "savaldebulo socialuri dazRvevis sistemaSi
individualuri (personificirebuli) aRricxvisa da individualuri angariSebis
SemoRebis Sesaxeb". (aRniSnuli kanonebis mokle mimoxilva ix. sem -is wina
gamocemebSi).
miuxedavad imisa, rom parlamentis mier ukve miRebulia samive kanoni,
romelmac unda daareguliros socialuri dazRvevisa da savaldebulo sadazRvevo
pensiebi, mravalsafexuriani sapensio sistemis amuSavebas garkveuli dro dasWirdeba.
Tumca manamde, mniSvnelovania gamWvirvale garemos garantireba sapensio sistemaSi;
Sesabamisi kanonmdeblobis Semdgomi SemuSaveba da arsebuli normatiuli aqtebis
srulyofa; mimdinare sapensio gasacemlebis regularuli gadaxdisa da dagrovebuli
davalianebebis
TandaTanobiT
dafarvis
uzrunvelyofa;
personifikaciis
ganxorcieleba da saidentifikacio baraTebis SemoReba; da bolos, TandaTanobiT
sadazRvevo
principebsa
da
diferencirebul
sapensio
sistemaze
gadasvlis
uzrunvelyofa.
mravalsafexurianma
sapensio
sistemam
unda
uzrunvelyos
SesaZleblobaTa
nairsaxeoba da arCevanis ufleba maTTvis, visac SesaZlebloba aqvs izrunos momaval
pensiebze,
personaluri
pasuxismg eblobis
zrdasTan
da
investiciebis
gansaxorcieleblad saWiro danazogebis fondis SeqmnasTan erTad. Tumca, sistemis
SemoRebasa da gamarTuli muSaobis uzrunvelyofas dasWirdeba dro, Zalisxmeva da
8
saSualo pensiis Sefardeba saSualo xelfasTan.
saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi - 2004 weli, #4
65
samuSao Zalis bazari, Semosavlebi da socialuri uzrunvelyofa
investiciebi. reformis warmateba mniSvnelovanwilad damokidebuli iqneba qveyanaSi
saerTo ekonomikur mdgomareobaze da ekonomikuri zrdis tempze, iseve rogorc
sakanonmdeblo reformebis procesis ganviTarebaze. dResdReobiT, kerZo sapensio
sqemebSi monawileobis SesaZlebloba mosaxleobis mxolod mcire nawils Tu eqneba
da Tanac, grZe li gzaa gasavleli, vidre es sqemebi ndobas moipovebs maT Soris,
visac amis SesaZlebloba gaaCnia. Tumca, maT, vinc endoba axal sqemebs, ukve SeuZlia
9
izrunon kerZo pensiaze .
saqarTvelos
pirobebSi,
sadac
amJamad
SinameurneobaTa
Semosavlebi
ukiduresad dabal ia, kerZo sapensio sistema ver Secvlis universalur socialur
sadazRvevo sistemas da mxolod da mxolod arCevans sTavazobs maT, visac
SesaZlebloba aqvs gaakeTos danazogebi ufro maRali sapensio Semosavlis misaRebad.
saxelmwifo sapensio sistemam unda uzrunvelyos pensiis mimRebTaTvis savaldebulo
sadazRvevo pensia da damatebis saxiT, nebayoflobiT kerZo sapensio sqemebSi
monawileobis SesaZlebloba mravalsafexuriani sapensio sistemis pirobebSic ki.
vidre es moxdeba, socialuri gadasaxadis Segrovebisa da gadasaxadebis gadaxdis
gaumjobeseba, sagadasaxado bazis Semdgomi gafarToeba, sapensio davalianebebis
dafarva da pensionerebisaTvis pensiebis regularuli gadaxdis uzrunvelyofa da
sapensio ganakveTis
momavlisaTvis.
gazrda,
yvelaze
mniSvnelovan
amocanebad
rCeba
uaxloesi
Ca narTi 7.1:
sapensio fondebis liberalizacia
sapensio fondebi xSirad awydebian samarTlebriv problemebs ucxour aqtivebSi
investiciebis ganxorcielebisas. amasTan dakavSirebiT sxvadasxva mizezebi
saxeldeba:
kapital is angariSis SezRudvebi; mosazreba, r om danazogebi
“ekuTvnis” adgilobriv ekonomikas da qveyanaSi unda iyos dabandebuli; an imis
SiSi, rom arasruli informaciis Sedegad, finansuri resursebi wamgebianad
SeiZleba iqnes dabandebuli da sapensio fonds danakargebi eqneba.
magram, amasTan erTad gasaTvaliswinebelia is garemoeba, rom sapensio fondebis
saerTaSoriso masStabiT diversifikacias SeiZleba mohyves metad mniSvnelovani
dadebiTi efeqti, gansakuTrebiT mcire erovnuli ekonomikis mqone qveynebisaTvis.
ufro dabali riski da zogjer, ufro maRali Semosavlebis miReba SesaZlebelia
grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi, saerTaSoriso investiciebis ganxorcielebis Sedegad,
romelic icavs investorebs qveynisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli riskebisgan, rogoricaa
magaliTad inflacia da maT aZlevs kapitalis iseT qveynebSi gadatanis
SesaZleblobas, sadac yvelaze maRal Semosavlebis miRebis saSualeba arsebobs .
kapitalis Tavisufal gadaadgilebaze gadasvla SeiZleba TandaTanobiT moxdes,
9
kanoni “arasaxelmwifo sapensio dazRvevis Sesaxeb” SemoRebul iqna 1998 wels. 2001 wlis maisSi
daarsebuli kompania “saqarTvelos sapensio sainvesticio holdingi” (GPIH), moqmed universalur PAYG -is
sapensio sistemasTan erTad, mosaxleobas aseve nebayoflobiT kerZo sapensio dazRvevas sTavazobs.
66
saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi - 2004 weli, #4
samuSao Zalis bazari, Semosavlebi da socialuri uzrunvelyofa
rameTu sapensio fondebis xelmZRvanelobas hqondes dro imisaTvis, rom gaerkvnen
ucxour investiciebSi da minimumamde daiyvanon is negatiuri Sedegebi, romelebic
SeiZleba mohyves am operaciebi s gatarebas qveynis kapitalis angariSze.
nebismieri SezRudvebi kapitalze gadasaxadiviT aris. mdidrebs xSirad exerxebaT
Tavis daRweva kapitalis kontrolisgan, maSin roca finansuri represiis mTeli
simZime awveba saSualo da dabali Semosvlis mqone moqalaqeebs, romelTac
TavianTi danazogebis arsebiTi nawili Cadebuli aqvT sapensio gegmebSi. Tu ki
fondebis garkveuli nawili sazRvargareT iqneba dabandebuli, es moqalaqeebi
ukve daculi iqnebian nebismieri finansuri krizisisagan TavianT qveyanaSi.
sapensio rezervebma, romelic qveynis Sida bazarzea mibmuli, SeiZleba droTa
ganmavlobaSi kleba ganicados, realur gamosaxulebaSi Semosavlebis Tundac
umniSvnelo vardnis gamo an erTbaSad Semcirdes, ekonomikis sxva dargebSi
vardnis Sedegad, rogorc magaliTad im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac mTavrobas msxvili
sabanko sistemis an saxelmwifo sawarmos danakargebi gadaaqvs sapensio fondze
da igi gakotrebuli rCeba.
dafinansebuli
sapensio
sqemebi
xSirad
ganixileba
rogorc
erovnuli
danazoge bis gazrdisa da grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi, Sida kapitalis formirebis
saSualeba. xSirad sapensio fondebis finansuri saxsrebis gadineba qveynisaTvis
danakargad miiCneva. mTavrobebs SeuZliaT am danakargis minimumade Semcireba
adgilobrivi finansuri bazrebisaTvis pirobebis gaumjobesebis Sedegad da
zogadad, kapitalze kontrolis SemsubuqebiT. kapitalis Tavisuflad gadineba
exmareba
kapitalis
Semodinebis
stimulirebas,
vinaidan
saerTaSoriso
investorebi umTavresad dainteresebuli arian imaSi, rom saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi
swrafad datovon bazari. ormxrivi an mravalmxrivi aqtivebi, romelSic sapensio
fondebi ori an meti qveynidan Sesabamisad iyofen investiciebs, riskebsa da
Semosavlebis albaTobas sakuTar qveynebSi, SesaZloa Camoyalibdes rogorc
finansuri siaxle, romelmac SesaZlebeli unda gaxados qveynis riskis
diversifikacia, anu ama Tu im qveynisaTvis gr Zelvadiani kapitaluri dabandebis
ganxorcieleba finansuri (wminda) danakargis gareSe.
sapensio fondebisaTvis diversifikaciis d aSveba xels uwyobs stabilizaciis
Sida politikisadmi ndobis damkv idrebas da uzrunvelyofs adgilobrivi
ekonomikis gaxsnis ufro farTo procesis dawyebis SesaZleblobas imisaTvis,
rom igi msoflio ekonomikis nawili gaxdes, romlis gakontroleba martivad
SeiZleba.
wyaro: sapensio asakis uzrunvelyofa: xandazmulTa dacvisa da ekonomikuri zrdis xelSewyobis
politika. msoflio bankis politikuri kvlevis angariSi
saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi - 2004 weli, #4
67
Tavi merve. saqarTvelo-evrokavSiris urTierTobebi
saqarTvelos vaWroba evrokavSirTan
saqarTvelos
statistikis
departamentis
2004
wlis
ianvar -seqtembris
monacemebis mixedviT, saqarTvelos vaWrobam evrokavSiris qveynebTan (25 qveyana) 510,9
milioni aSS dolari Seadgina, rac 33,1 procentiT metia wina wlis Sesabamis
maCvenebelTan SedarebiT. saqarTvelos eqsportma evrokavSiris bazarze Seadgina 75,8
milioni dolari (wina wlis Sesabamisi periodis 136,9 procenti). evropulma importma
saqarTveloSi Seadgina 435,1 milioni aSS dolari (132,5 procenti). saangariSo
periodSi evrokavSiris wevri qveynebis wilad modis saqarTvelos sagareo savaWro
brunvis 29,8 procenti, maT Soris eqsportis 16,6 procenti da importis 34,5 procenti.
2004 wlis ianvar-seqtemberSi saqarTvelos umsxvilesi savaWro partniorebis
pirvel aTeulSi Sedis evrokavS iris 3 qveyana – gaerTianebuli samefo, germania,
italia da plus TurqeTi da maTi savaWro brunva Semdegnairad Camoyalibda: ixileT
cxrili 8.1.
cxrili 8.1 saqarTvelos vaWroba evrokavSiris 3 qveyanasTan da TurqeTTan 2004
wlis ianvari-seqtemberi
(aTasi aSS dolari)
2004 wlis
ianvari - seqtemberi
eqsporti
importi
brunva
26542,3
124957,9
151500,2
germania
10263,6
102280,9
111544,5
italia
7261,5
49257,8
56519,2
TurqeTi
sul:
75381,0
119448,0
142094,9
418591,5
217475.9
53039,8
gaerTianebuli
samefo
wyaro: saqarTvelos statistikis departamenti
68
saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi - 2004 weli, #4
saqarTvelo- evrokavSiris urTierTobebi
cxrili 8.2. saqarTvelos
seqtemberi
(aTasi aSS dolari)
vaWroba
evrokavSiris
2004 wlis
qveynebTan
2004
wlis
ianvari-
ianvari seqtemberi
brunva
importi
eqsporti
Bbalansi
Aavstria
17528,9
17376,2
152, 7
-17223,5
Bbelgia
13092,2
9935,0
3157,2
-6777,7
dania
safrangeTi
7035,8
53130,6
6897,8
46902,0
138,0
6228,6
-6759,8
-40673,4
germania
111544,5
101280,9
10263,6
-91017,4
saberZneTi
14299,2
10864,2
3435,0
-7429,2
irlandia
1527,5
1471,8
55,7
-1416,1
italia
-41996,3
56519,3
49257,8
7261,5
luqsemburgi
297,3
177,2
120,1
-57,0
niderlandis
28963,8
22409,0
6554,8
-15854,2
portugalia
1591,8
1575,5
16,3
-1559,2
fineTi
4516,0
4516,0
-
-4516,0
EespaneTi
11968,7
4787,3
7181,4
-2394,1
SvedeTi
2548,1
2494,2
53,9
-2440,3
151500,2
124957,9
26542,3
-98415,6
139,8
74,7
65,1
-9,6
Kkviprosi
Llatvia
4640,0
297,3
4233,5
2106,8
406,5
661,8
-3827,0
-1445,0
Llitva
2377,9
1844,7
533,2
-1311,5
Mmalta
400,7
1,0
399,7
398,7
poloneTi
5950,6
5299,4
651,2
-4648,2
slovakeTi
1236,6
1073,1
1636,5
563,4
slovenia
2425,9
2425,9
-
-2425,9
ungreTi
7153,3
7153,3
-
-7153,3
6249,6
506935,5
5945,1
435060,3
304,5
75819,6
-5640,6
-364029
gaerTianebuli
samefo
estoneTi
CexeTi
sul
wyaro: saqarTvelos statistikis departamenti
cxril i 8.3 saqarTvelos vaWroba evrokavSirSi gawevrianebis kandidat qveynebTan 2004
wlis ianvari-seqtemberi
(aTasi aSS dolari)
2004 wlis ianvari – seqtemberi
brunva
bulgareTi
importi
eqsporti
balansi
33551,7
23193,5
10358,2
-12835,3
TurqeTi
217475,9
142094,9
75381,0
-66713,9
rumineTi
sul
9758,1
260785,6
9324,3
174612,7
433,8
86173
-8890,5
-88439,7
wyaro: saqarTvelos statistikis departamenti
saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi – 2004 weli, #4
69
saqarTvelo- evrokavSiris urTierTobebi
uaxlesi movlenebi saqarTvelo- evrokavSiris urTierTobebSi
evrokavSirisa da saqarTvelos urTierTobebSi wels mraval i mniSvnelovani
movlena
aRiniSna.
evrokavSiris
evropul
samezoblo
politikaSi
urTierTTanamSromlobis
sakiTxebis
gafarToebasTan
mocemulia uaxlesi miRwevebis sruli mimoxilva.
dakavSirebiT
qveTavSi
yvelaze mniSvnelovani movlena, romelsac adgili hqonda evrokavSirisa da
saqarTvelos urTierTobebSi am u axloes periodSi, aris
saqarTvelos CarTva
evrokavSiris samezoblo politikaSi (ENP). 2004 wlis 14 ivnisis daskvnebSi, evro
sabWom gaiTvaliswina evroparlamentis, komisiis, evro sabWos/CFSP –sagareo da
usafrTxoebis politi kis umaRlesi warmomadgenlebis (SG/HR) da samxreT kavkasiis
sakiTxebSi evrokavSiris specialuri warmomadgen lebis rekomendaciebs da mivida im
daskvnamde, rom somxeTi, azerbaijani da saqarTvelo CarTul iqnen ENP-Si.
saqarTvelosaTvis gasagebia, rom ENP ar aris pirdapir dakavSirebuli
evrokavSirSi axali mezobeli qveynebis gawevrianebis SesaZleblobasTan; Tumca,
saqarTvelo evrokavSiris mier mezobel qveynebTan gasatarebel politikas miiCnevs
erT-erT ZiriTad meqanizmad, romelic xels Seuwyobs misi evropaSi integraciis
process. saqarTvelo acnobierebs, rom es ara marto xels Seuwyobs saqarTvelos
ekonomikisa da politikis ganviTarebas da daaaxloebs mas evrokavSirTan, aramed
daexmareba
regionSi,
samxreT
kavkasiis
qveynebs
Soris
mWidro
kavSirebis
ganviTarebas.
saqarTvelo
mii Cnevs,
rom
evrokavSirisa
da
saqarTvelos
urTierTTanamSromloba ara mxolod im sferoebze unda iyos koncentrirebuli,
romlebic
romlebic
dadgenilia PCA-s mier, aramed unda moagvaros iseTi sakiTxebic,
ar aris ganxiluli arsebul SeTanxmebaSi, magaliTad terorizmis
winaaRmdeg brZola.
2004 wlis aprilSi ministrTa kabinetis mier damtkicda saxelmwifo ministris
Tanamdeboba evropuli integraciis sakiTxebSi, riTac saqarTvelos mTavrobam xazi
gausva imas, Tu ra didi mniSvneloba aqvs saqarTvelos axali xelmZRvanelobisaTvis
evropu l integracias. saxelmwifo ministri - qalbatoni Tamar beruCaSvili
koordinirebas uwevs saqarTvelos mTavrobaSi im uwyebebs, romlebic CarTulni arian
integraciis procesSi,
saqarTveloSi da a.S.
aseve
PCA –s
ganxorcielebas,
evrokavSiris
programebs
2004 wlis ivlisSi Seiqmna saqar Tvelos evrokavSirSi integraciis komisia,
romlis mizans warmoadgens saqarTvelos evrokavSirSi integrirebis procesebis
xelSewyoba da aRniSnuli kuTxiT saqarTvelos mTavrobis saqmianobis koordinacia,
PCA SeTanxmebis ganxorcielebis xelSewyoba da evrokavSiris samezoblo politikaSi
efeqturi monawileobis uzrunvelyofa.
evropuli usafrTxoebisa da Tavdacvis politikis CarCoebSi, evrokavSiris
sakanonmdeblo misiis dawyeba saqarTveloSi warmoadgenda m imdinare wlis meore
metad mniSvnelovan sakiTxs. briuselSi saqarTvelos prezidentis vizitis dros mis
mier wamoWrili winadadebisa da mogvianebiT doqtor solanasadmi premier- ministris
70
saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi – 2004 weli, #4
saqarTvelo- evrokavSiris urTierTobebi
mier miwerili oficialuri werilis Tanaxmad, evrokavSiris komisiam gadawyvita
saqarTveloSi gaexsna sakanonmdeblo misia (EUJUST THEMIS). unda aRiniSnos is
garemoeba, rom am misiis saqmianobis dawyeba moxda Zalze mokle periodSi.
da
EUJUST THEMIS programis ganxorcieleba TbilisSi daiwyo 2004 wlis 22 ivliss
unda gagrZeldes 12 Tvis ganmavlobaSi. es aris evrokavSiris evropuli
usafrTxoebisa da Tavdacvis politikis (ESDP) konteqstSi, evrokavSiris mier
dawyebuli sakanonmdeblo misiis pirveli piroba. agreTve evrokavSiris iniciativas
warmoadgens evropaSi samxedro Zalebis moculobis gazrdis sakiTxi. 1999 wlis
ivnisSi, kiolnSi evrosabWom gadawyvita evrokavS irisTvis garkveuli avtonomiuri
moqmedebis miniWeba, saimedo samxedro Zalebis mxardaWeriT, raTa SesaZlebeli gaxdes
maT gamoyenebasa da mzadyofnasTan dakavSirebuli gadawyvetilebebis miReba
saerTaSoriso krizisis mogvarebis mizniT, NATO-s Carevis gareSe. centraluri
xelisuflebis doneze misia mxars uWers, xelmZRvanelobas uwevs da rCevebs aZlevs
ministrebsa da m aRali Tanamdebobis pirebs. m isiam agreTve xeli unda Seuwyos
saqarTvelos mTavrobas reformebis procesebis koordinirebaSi, romlebic mTlianad
damokidebulia
evrokavSiris
daxmarebasa
da
sxva
donorebis
saqmianobebze
sakanonmdeblo sferos farglebSi.
saqarTvelos prezidenti, misi aRmatebuleba batoni mixeil saakaSvili 2004
wlis 5-7 aprils oficialuri vizitiT imyofeboda briuselSi. prezidenti Sexvda
komisiis prezidents romano prodis, sagareo urTierTobis komisiis wevrs kristofer
patens, baton xavier solanas da gamovida evroparlamentis winaSe. prezidenti
saakaSvili agreTve sityviT gamovida londonis saerTaSoriso urTierTobis samefo
institutSi.
saqarTvelos premier-ministri bato ni zurab Jvania ewvia briusels 2004 wlis
15- 18 ivniss, sadac mas hqonda Sexvedrebi komisiis wevr kristofer patenTan, baton
solanasTan da komisiis wevr Janez potoCnikTan. premier -ministri Jvania agreTve
sityviT gamovida evropuli politikis centrSi.
SG/HR x avier solana oficialuri
ianvarSi
vizitiT ewvia
da hqonda Sexvedrebi saqarTvelos axal
saqarTvelos 2004
xelmZRvalobasTan. es
wlis
viziti
qarTuli sazogadoebriobis mier saTanadod iqna Sefasebuli, rogorc evrokavSiris
mier saqarTvelos mxardasaWerad gadadgmuli kid ev erTi nabiji.
ENP-Si Sesvlis Semdeg, 2004 wlis 5-6 ivliss saqarTveloSi Sedga komisiis
wevris b-n Janez potoCnikis viziti, romlis mizans warmoadgenda ENP-s mniSvnelobis
axsna. xelisuflebis wevrebTan Sexvedris garda batoni potoCniki sityviT gamovida
saqarTvelos sazogadoebis f arTo auditoriis winaSe d a isaubra im nabijebis
Sesaxeb, romlebic unda gadaidgas qveyanis mier sabWos gadawyvetilebis Tanaxmad.
2004 wlis 16-17 seqtembers, saqarTvelos ewvia evrokomisiis prezidenti romano
prodi. es iyo evrokomisiis prezidentis pirveli viziti saqarTveloSi, romlis
drosac xazi gaesva evrokavSiris did dainteresebas saqarTvelos mimarT da mis
CarTvas ENP-Si. prezidenti prodis sityvebiT “evrokavSiri mTlianad uWers mxars
samxreT kavkasiis qveynebs, raTa demokratiul faseulobebze dayrdnobiT aSendes
saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi – 2004 weli, #4
71
saqarTvelo- evrokavSiris urTierTobebi
stabiluri sazogadoeba da am qveynebs hqondeT evrokavSirTan urTierTobis realuri
perspeqtivebi, rac xels Seuwyobs maT kavSirs evropasTan.”
2004 wlis 14 seqtembers briuselSi Sedga evrokavSirisa da saqarTvelos
urTierTTanamSromlobis rigiT VI sabWo. i g i imavdroulad warmoadgenda pirvel
sabWos, romelic Sedga saqarTveloSi ganxorcielebuli 2003 wlis noembris
politikuri movlenebisa da evrokavSiris gafarToebis Semdeg. sabWos hqonda
gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba im faqtis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom igi Sedga ENP-Si
saqarTvelos
Sesvlis
Semdeg.
axali
realobe bisa
da
arsebuli
pirobebis
gaTvaliswinebiT sabWos ufro meti mniSvneloba mieniWa.
evrokavSirisa da saqarTvelos urTierTTanamSromlobis rigiT IV komitetis
Sexvedra Sedga 2004 wlis 16 ivliss. sakiTxebi, romlebic ganxiluli iqna am
Sexvedraze exeboda mimdinare politikur da ekonomikur mdgomareobas, saqarTvelos
damokidebulebas ENP-is mimarT, urTierTobebs ruseTTan, terorizmTan brZolas,
sakanonmdeblo misiis principebis mniSvnelobas saqarTvelosTan mimarTebaSi da a.S.
2004
wlis
10
agvistos
evrokavSiris
saxeliT
gakeTda
warmomadgenlobis
deklaracia samxreT oseTSi arsebuli mdgomareobis Sesaxeb, sadac evrokavSirma
gamoxata Tavisi damokidebuleba samxreT oseTSi ganviTarebuli movlenebis Sesaxeb,
Seafasa konfliqturi zonis ganiaraRebis procesi, rogorc winapiroba daZabulobis
ganmuxtvis mxriv, gamoxata Tavisi mxardaWera euTo- s saqmianobasTan dakavSirebiT
regionSi da kvlav daubrunda saqarTvelos teritoriuli mTlianobis sakiTxs.
2004 wlis 14 oqtombers, evroparlamentma miiRo rezolucia saqarTvelosTan
dakavSirebiT, romelSic kidev erTxel gamoxata Tavisi mxardaWera saqarTvelos
teritoriul mTlianobasTan dakavSirebiT. evroparlamentma TxovniT mimarTa
evrokavSiris sabWos mxardaWerisTvis regionSi euTo-s misiis Semdgomi ganviTarebis
mizniT, arakano nierad CaTvala afxazeTSi Catarebuli saprezidento arCevnebi,
sabWosa
da
komisias
mosTxova
saqarTvelos
teritoriul
mTlianobasTan
dakavSirebuli sakiTxis dRis wesrigSi Setana ruseTTan dialogis dros. amasTan
ruseTis federacias mimarTa winadadebiT
S eesrulebina stambulSi aRebuli
valdebulebebi da moiTxova evrokavSiris aqtiuri monawileoba regionSi dadebiTi
Zvrebis ganxorcielebis mizniT. es rezolucia Zalzed mniSvnelovania, vinaidan is
aris axladarCeuli evroparlamentis (EP) mier miRebuli pirveli rezolucia
saqarTvelosTan mimarTebaSi.
saqarTvelos sagareo politika
saqarTvelos sagareo da usafrTxoebis politikis mizania Seiqmnas usafrTxo,
demokratiuli da stabiluri garemo, mxari dauWiros demokratiul principebze
agebuli Tavisufali sazogadoebis Camoyalibebas, sadac daculi iqneba moqalaqeTa
uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi. politikam unda uzrunvelyos saqarTvelos saxelmwifos
interesebis dacva, aamaRlos qveynis Tavdacvisunarianoba
da xeli Seuwyos
saerTaSoriso valdebulebebis Sesrulebas.
evropuli integracia
72
saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi – 2004 weli, #4
saqarTvelo- evrokavSiris urTierTobebi
saqarTvelos sagareo politik is mniSvnelovan prioritets warmoadgens
evropis politikis, ekonomikisa da usafrTxoebis struqturebSi sruli integraciis
miRweva. evrokavSirTan mWidro urTierTTanamSromloba
sagareo politikis ZiriTad mizans.
warmoadgens saqarTvelos
1999 wlis 1 ivliss
ZalaSi S evida partniorobisa da TanamSromlobis
SeTanxmeba (PCA), romelic evrokavSirisa da saqarTvelos urTierTobebSi axal etapad
iqna
aRiarebuli.
Camoyalibda
SeTanxmebiT
gaTvaliswinebuli
evrokavSirisa
da
saqarTvelos urTierTTanamSromlobis institutebi da maTi warmomadgenlobe bis
Sexvedras mieca regularuli xasiaTi (Sexvedrebi tardeba weliwadSi erTxel).
evrokavSiri saqarTveloSi axorcielebs ramodenime programa s: tasisis,
sasursaTo usafrTxoebis programa, gansakuTrebuli finansuri daxmarebis pr ograma
da reabilitaciis proeqti, romelic miznad isaxavs, saqarTveloSi (cxinvalis
regionsa da afxazeTSi) konfliqturi procesebis mogvarebas. garda amisa,
evrokavSirma mxari dauWira samxreT kavkasiaSi regionalur urTierTTanamSromlobas,
romelic miznad isaxavs iseTi proeqtebis ganxorcielebas, rogoric aris traseka
(evropis,
kavkasiisa
da
aziis
satransporto
derefani)
da
INOGATE
(saxelmwifoTaSoris navTobisa da gazis transporti).
evrokavSir sa
da
saqarTvelos
Soris
partniorobisa
da
urTierTTanamSromlobis saqarTvelos samTavrobo komisiam 2003 wlis seqtemberSi
miiRo saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis evrokavSiris kanonmdeblobasTan harmonizaciis
erovnuli programa.
2003
wlis
ivlisSi
evrosabWom
samxreT
kavkasiaSi
daniSna
evrosabWos
sagangebo warmomadgeneli. am Tanamdebobaze daniSnuli iqna batoni heiki talviti
(fineTi). sagangebo warmomadgenlis mandati gulisxmobs samxreT kavkasiuri qveynebis
mxardaWeras Semdeg sakiTxebSi: politikuri da ekonomikuri reformebis danergva,
konfliqte bis
mogvareba,
regionaluri
urTierTTanamSromloba
da
regionSi
evrokavSiris politikis SesaZl eblobebis gazrda.
evrokavSirsa
da
saqarTvelos
warmoadgens ENP-Si saqarTvelos
samezoblo politikaSi safuZveli
urTierTobebSi
umniSvnelovanes
movlenas
CarTva . saqarTvelos
gawevrianebam evropis
Cauyara axal urTierTobebs evrokavSirsa da
saqarTvelos Soris da gza gauxsna or mxares Soris urTierTobebis axal
SesaZleblobebs. saqarTvelo evrokavSiris samezoblo politikaSi monawileobas
ganixilavs, rogorc
instruments.
evrokavSirSi saqarTvelos mWidro integraciis m niSvnelovan
evro-atlantikuri integracia
saqarTvelos usafrTxoebis politika efuZneba im princips, rom evroatlantikur arealSi usafrTxoebis dacva aucilebelia da saqarTvelo, rogorc
samxreT-aRmosavleT evropis qveyana am yvelafris ganuyofeli nawilia. usafrTxoebis
saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi – 2004 weli, #4
73
saqarTvelo- evrokavSiris urTierTobebi
axali evropuli sistema, romelic emyareba ganaxlebul evropul da evroatlantikur organizaciebs, ar iqneba sruli, Tu ar Camoyalibda Savi zRvis
usafrTxoebis
saimedo
sistema.
saqarTvelo
evropaSi
erTaderT
Tavdacvis
organizaciad miiCnevs natos, romelic srulad emsaxureba Tavisi wevri qveynebis
usafrTxoebis interesebs da pasuxobs arsebul muqarebsa da gamowvevebs. 1994 wels
saqarTvelom aqtiurad daiwyo mravalmxrivi
TanamSromloba aSS-sTan d a g a x d a
natos programis - partnioroba mSvidobisaTvis - wevri. saqarTvelom warmatebiT
ganaxorciela yvela am iniciativisaTvis saWiro RonisZieba. 2004 wlis maisSi
stambulis natos samitze saqarTvelos prezidentma gamoacxada, rom oTx weliwadSi
saqarTvelos eqneba aliansSi gawevrianebis SesaZlebloba. natos programaSi partnioroba mSvidobisaTvis - monawileobiT da aqtiuri partniorobiT saqarTvelom
gamoxata
Tavisi
miswrafeba
SeuerTdes
evro-atlantikuri
demokratiuli
saxelmwifoebis ricxvs, raTa mSvidobis uzrunvelsayofad da evropis kontinentze
stabilurobis SesanarCuneblad gainawilos pasuxismgebloba.
2004 wlis 28 oqtombers Crdilo atlantikurma sabWom saqarTvelosaTvis
daamtkica individualuri partniorobis samoqmedo gegma, romelic saqarTvelo -natos
urTierTobaSi warmoadgens axal etaps. saqarTvelo individualuri partniorobis
samoqmedo gegmas im meqanizmad miiCnevs, romelic xels Seuwyobs saqarTvelosa da
natos Soris politikur dialogsa da konsultaciebs, raTa uzrunvelyofil iqnas
Sesabamisi urTierTTanamSromloba natosTan, aseve waaxalisebs da mxars dauWers
demokratiul reformebs qveyanaSi. progresi am gegmis ganxorcielebaSi xels
Seuwyobs saqarTvelos monawileobas samoqmedo gegmaSi.
aSS-sTan
strategiul
partniorobas
saqarTvelo
evro-atlantikur
struqturebSi integraciis saWiro winapirobad da erovnuli usafrTxoebis garantad
miiCnevs.
natoSi gawevrianeba da evrokavSirSi integracia saqarTvelos sagareo
politikisa da usafrTxo ebis ZiriTadi prioritetia. rogorc partniori da SemdegSi
rogorc evro -atlantikuri sazogadoebis wevrobis pretendenti, saqarTvelo miznad
isaxavs, rom ara mxolod isargeblos usafrTxoebis saerTo sistemiT, aramed aqtiuri
monawileoba miiRos am usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofaSi.
brZola terorizmis winaaRmdeg
saqarTvelo Tavidanve SeuerTda antiteroristul koalicias. avRaneTsa da
eraySi kampaniebis mxardasaWerad man koalicias s a h aero sivrce da aeroportebi
SesTavaza. saqarTvelos eraySi hyavs mSvidobisdamcveli kontingenti da apirebs am
procesebSi
Tavisi
monawileobis
gazrdas.
qveynis
SeiaraRebuli
Zalebidan
saqarTvelom
avRaneTSi
gaagzavna
SenaerTi,
romelic
Sedis
germaniis
mSvidobisdamcveli samxedro SenaerTis SemadgenlobaSi da monawileobs samSvidobo
misiaSi, romelsac axorcielebs saerTaSoriso usafrTxoebis damxmare Zalebi (ISAF).
saqarTvelos samxedro potenciali mniSvnelovnad gafarTovda “saqarTvelos
wvrTnisa
74
da
aRWurvis
programis”
saSualebiT,
romelic
2002
wels
aSS-is
saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi – 2004 weli, #4
saqarTvelo- evrokavSiris urTierTobebi
mxardaWeriT daiwyo da warmatebiT ganxorcielda. gawvrTnil batalio nebs gavlili
aqvT antiteroristuli momzadeba. maTi gamoyeneba ki SesaZlebelia rogorc
saqarTveloSi, ise mis gareT samSvidobo da antiteroristul moqmedebebSi
monawileobis misaRebad.
wvrTnisa da aRWurvis programa saqarTveloSi stabilizaciis Zlier faqtors
warmoadgenda teroristuli da sxva aralegaluri qmedebebis sawinaaRmdegod.
situaciis stabilizaciis mizniT, programam 2002 wels ukve iTamaSa dadebiTi roli
pankisis
xeobaSi,
sadac
TavSesafars
poulobdnen
CeCeni
da
alqaidasTan
dakavSirebuli sxva ucxoeli teroristebi. pankisis xeobaSi saqarTvelom warmatebiT
ganaxorciela
antiteroristuli
operacia.
amJamad
regioni
Tavisaufalia
teroristebisa da
mebrZolebisagan. pankisSi situacia mSvidia da
regioni
saqarTvelos
Zalovani struqturebis kontrolis qveS
imyofeba. saqarTvelo
ganagrZo bs sazRvris gaZlierebul dacvasa da politikuri RonisZiebebis gatarebas.
amasTanave
aRsaniSnavia,
rom
regionSi
situaciis
mTlianad
daregulireba
SeuZlebelia, Tu mSvidoba da stabiluroba ar iqna damyarebuli mezobel CeCneTSi
(ruseTis federacia).
saqarTvelosa da aSS-s Soris strategiuli, politikuri da samxedro
urTierTobebi momavalSi gaRrmavdeba da gaZlierdeba gansakuTrebiT maSin, Tu natos
interesTa sfero
gadainacvlebs.
dasavleT
evropidan
aRmosavleT
saqarTveloSi
demokratiulma
revoluciam
saqarTvelos mimarT socialuri, sakanonmdeblo
evropisa
da
Sua
aziisken
gaaZliera
aSS -s
daxmareba
da ekonomikuri reformebis
sferoSic. aSS -s administraciam SeimuSava “aTaswleulis
mimarTulia saqarTvelos ekonomikaSi amerikuli kapitalis
programa”, romelic
dabandebisken. kerZo
amerikuli Tanxebis Setana saqarTvelos bazarze magaliTis mimcemi iqneba sxva
qveynebisTvisac, rac Tavis mxriv, gazrdis saqarTveloSi ekonomikuri reformebis
warmatebiT ganxorcielebis Sansebs.
urTierTobebi mezobel qveynebTan da regionaluri urTierTTanamSromloba
urTierTobebi ruseTis federaciasTan
ruseTis federaciasTan urTierTobebis
ganviTareba, romelic emyareba
ormxrivi pativiscemis princips, yovelTvis warmoadgenda saqarTvelos sagareo
politikis umniSvnelovanes prioritets. saqarTvelos axalma xelmZRvanelobam ukve
gadadga pirveli nabijebi rusul mxaresTan dialogis gamarTvis mizniT.
miuxedavad
imisa,
rom
ekonomikuri
potenciali
ar
aris
mTlianad
gamoyenebuli, vaWrobis moculobis mxriv ruseTi saqarTvelosaTvis kvlav rCeba
umniSvnelovanes
savaWro
partniorad.
saqarTvelo-ruseTs
Soris
arsebuli
molaparakebebi,
romlebic
exeba
ruseTis
gawevrianebas
msoflio
savaWro
organizaciaSi, damTavrebulia, magram ruseTma unda miiRos gadawyvetilebebi am
molaparakebebze saqarTvelos mxridan dayenebul sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT.
saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi – 2004 weli, #4
75
saqarTvelo- evrokavSiris urTierTobebi
saqarTvelo, rogorc antiteroristuli koaliciis
aqtiurad TanamSromlobda rusul mxaresTan. orive mxare
kontrols saqarTvelo-ruseTis sazRvarze yazbegis raionSi.
2000
wel s
ruseTma
calmxrivad
SemoiRo
wevri, am sferoSi
awarmoebs erTobliv
gansxvavebuli
savizo
reJimi
saqarTvelos mimarT, romelic ar moicavda saqarTvelos separatistul regionebs.
2004 wlis damdegidan saqarTvelom TviTonve gaamartiva sakuTari savizo reJimi da
vizebis gacema daiwyo saqarTvelos yvela kanonieri sazRvris gadamkveT punqtSi. am
Jests ruseTi jer ar gamoxmaurebia.
ruseTis
samxedro
bazebisgan
gaTavisufleba
saqarTvelos
erovnul
interesebSia.
1999
wels
euTos samitze
gamarTuli
molaparakebebis dros,
xelmoweril
iqna
stambulis
erToblivi
gancxadeba,
romlis
mixedviTac
saqarTvelosa
da
ruseTis
mxare
SeTanxmdnen
or
ZiriTad
principze:
a)
molaparakebebis saboloo Sedegia saqarTvelodan ruseTis samxedro Zalebis sruli
gayvana; 2) ruseTis samxedro bazebis darCenis xangrZlivoba unda ganisazRvros maTi
funqcionirebis SewyvetisaTvis aucilebeli periodiT.
ruseTma mxolod nawilobriv Seasrula stambolis valdebulebebi. gudauTis
(romelic mdebareobs afxazeTis konfliqtur zonaSi), baTumisa d a axalqalaqis
samxedro bazebis daxurvisa da gayvanis sakiTxi kvlav gadauWrelia. ruseTi
moiTxovs 11 weliwads baTumisa da axalqalaqis bazebis gasayvanad, romlebSic Sedis
3600 TanamSromeli. saqarTvelo ki moiTxovs, rom es yovelive
weliwadSi.
ganxorcieldes 3
ormxriv urTierTobaTa
meore problematuri
sakiTxia
afxazeTisa da
cxinvalis regionebSi konfliqtis mogvareba da saqarTvelos sasazRvro punqtebTan
usafrTxoebis
akontrolebs.
dacva,
romlebsac
jer jerobiT
saqarTvelos
xelisufleba
ver
saerTaSoriso terorizmTan, aseve kontrabandasTan, narkotikebisa da iaraRis
trefikingTan d a sxva aralegalur saqmianobebTan brZolis mizniT, saqarTvelos
mxarem ruseTis mxares ramdenjerme mimarTa winadadebiT, rom afxazeTsa da samxreT
oseTSi saqarTvelo-ruseTis sazRvarTan damyardes erToblivi kontroli. es
SemoTavazeba ruseTs jer ar miuRia.
ruseTma daarRvia 2003 wlis martSi saqarTvelosa da ruseTs Soris dadebuli
soWis SeTanxmeba da calmxrivad aRadgina sarkinigzo kavSiri TviTgamocxadebul
afxazeTTan. iZulebiT gadaadgilebuli mosaxleobis dabrunebis sakiTxi kvlav Ria
rCeba.
evrokavSirsa
da
damoukidebel
saxelmwifoTa
TanamegobrobaSi
miRweuli
SeTanxmebebis, aseve saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis ugulebelyofiT, ruseTi agrZelebs
afxazeTis
separatistuli
regionis
mcxovrebTaTvis
moqalaqeobis
micemas,
axorcielebs
aralegalur
privatizacias,
inarCunebs
pirdapir
kontaqts
separatistuli reJimis aRmasrulebel da sakanonmdeblo struqturebTan.
76
saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi – 2004 weli, #4
saqarTvelo- evrokavSiris urTierTobebi
ruseTi ar iRebs saqarTvelos winadadebebs, romlebic exeba cxinvalis
demilitarizacias, euTos monitorings regionis mTel teritoriaze da erToblivi
permanentuli sabaJo punqtis Seqmnas rokis uReltexilis saqarTvelo-ruseTis
sazRvarze.
saqarTvelo-ruseTis saxelmwifo sazRvris gamijvnisa da gamoyofis procesi
SeCerebulia, radgan rusuli mxare ar daswrebia gamijvnisa da gamoyofis komisiis
Sexvedras. aRniSnuli sakiTxebis gadasawyvetad saqarTvelo mzad aris, raTa aqtiuri
dialogi gamarTos ruseTTan.
urTierTobebi sxva mezobel qveynebTan
istoriulad, saqarTvelo yovelTvis TamaSobda wamyvan rols kavkasiaSi
regionaluri
urTierTTanamSromlobis
xelSesawyobad.
bolo
aTwleulis
ganmavlobaSi saqarTvelom gadadga rigi nabijebi, raTa dialogi gamarTuliyo
samxreT kavkasiis sam saxelmwifos Soris. saqarTvelom xeli moawera SeTanxmebebs,
romlebic exeba somxeTTan da az erbaijanTan urTierTTanamSromlobas. 1996 wlis
TebervalSi saqarTvelo gamovida mSvidobian i kavkasiis iniciativiT, ramac safuZveli
unda moamzados kavkasiaSi xangrZlivi mSvidobisa da stabilurobis dasamyareblad.
saqarTvelosaTvis
TurqeTi
mniSvnelovani
partnioria.
urTierTTanamSromlobaSi Sedis Tavdacvisa da usafrTxoebis sakiTxebi. TurqeTi
did daxmarebas uwevs saqarTvelos samxedro wvrTnisa da ganaTlebis sakiTxSi. 2004
wels kidev ufro gaRrmavda sammxrivi TanamSromloba aSS -TurqeT-saqarTvelos
Soris.
or mTavar regionalur proeqts enrgetikis seqtorSi – baqo-Tbilisi-jeihanis
navTobsadeni da samxreT kavkasiis gazsadeni (baqo -Tbilisi-erzrumi) – ara mxolod
ekonomikuri mniSveneloba gaaCnia, aramed regionSi stabilizaciis funqciac gaaCnia .
rodesac 2 0 0 5-2006 wlebSi daiwyeba am proeqtebis ganxorcieleba, isini evropul
bazarze Seitanen alternatiul energo resursebs. navTobsadenis usafrTxoebis
dacvis mizniT saqarTvelo gegmavs azerbaijanTan erTad aucilebeli RonisZiebebis
gatarebas.
saerTaSoriso organizaciebTan Tan amSromloba
saqarTvelo aqtiurad TanamSromlobs gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciasTan
iseTi sakiTxebis gadaWraSi, rogoricaa saqarTvelos teritoriuli mTlianobisa da
mTel teritoriaze centraluri mTavrobis iurisdiqciis aRdgena, konfliqtebis
mSvidobiani
gziT
mogvareba,
adamianis
uflebaTa
dacva,
saerTaSoriso
danaSaulebebTan da terorizmTan brZola. saqarTvelo aseve monawileobs gaeros
iseT programebSi, romlebic dakavSirebulia Semdeg sferoebTan:
birTvuli
ganiaraReba, adamianis uflebaTa dacva, saerTaSoriso danaSaulebaTa da terorizmis
winaaRmdeg brZola, samSvidobo operaciebi, msoflio ekonomikis globalizacia da
saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi – 2004 weli, #4
77
saqarTvelo- evrokavSiris urTierTobebi
liberalizacia, saerTaSoriso kriminaluri sasamarTlos Seqmna da funqcionireba da
TviT gaero-s reformebi.
saqarTvelo evropis usafrTxoebisa da TanamSromlobis organizacias (euTo)
miiCnevs evropis mSvidobisa da stabilurobis erT-erT sayrdenad. saqarTveloSi
euTo dadebiT rols asrulebs konfliqte bis mogvarebis procesebSi (cxinvalis
regionsa da afxazeTSi). situaciis mogvarebisa da sasazRvro zolis gamWirvalobis
uzrunvelyofis mizniT saqarTvelo-ruseTis saxelmwifo
sazRvris sasazRvro
monitoringis misia warmatebiT ganxorcielda CeCneTSi, inguSeTsa da daRestanSi. 2004
wels saqarTvelo ganagrZo bda mkacr kontrols am regionis sazRvrebze.
1999
wlis
27
aprils
saqarTvelo
gaxda
evrosabWos
rig iT
41-e
wevri.
evrosabWoSi Sesvlas saqarTvelo unikalur SesaZleblobad Tvlis politikur,
sakanonmdeblo, kulturul da socialur sferoebSi evropuli Rirebulebebisa da
normebis warmatebiT gamoyenebisaTvis. sabWoSi Sesvlis dros saqarTvelom ikisra
mniSvnelovani valdebulebebi, romelTa Sesrulebac
daxmarebiT saqarTvelom ganaxorciela mniSvnelovani
mas evaleba. evrosabWos
reformebi samarTlebriv
sistemaSi.
saqarTvelo Savi zRvis ekonomikuri T anamSromlobis organizaciis wevria.
sxva wevri saxelmwifoebis msgavsad, saqarTvelo am organizacias evrokavSirTan
urTierTobis gaRrmavebis karg saSualebad miiCnevs. am TvalsazrisiT , Savi zRvis
ekonomikuri TanamSromlobis organizaciasa da evrokavSiris TanamSromlobis
platforma, romelic miRebul iqna TbilisSi gamarTul am organizaciis wevri
qveynebis sagareo urTierTobaTa ministrebis rigiT me-13 Sexvedraze, myar safuZvels
Seqmnis am or organizacias Soris urTierTobebis Camoyalibebisa da TanamSromlobis
institutebis formirebisaTvis, .
suuami (saqarTvelo, ukraina, uzbekeTi, azerbaijani, moldaveTi) warmoadgens im
organizacias, romelic miznad isaxavs regionSi urTieTTanamSromlobis mxardaWeras.
1996 wlis gazafxulze Camoyalibebuli organizaciis saqmianobebi mimarTul iqna
erToblivi gadawyvetilebebis miRebisaTvis politikur, ekonomikur, humanitarul da
ekologiur sakiTxebSi. suuami-s kari Riaa im qveynebisaTvis, romlebic iziareben mis
principebsa da interesebs.
1993
wlis
dekemberSi
saqarTvelo
SeuerTda
damoukidebel
saxelmwifoTa
Tanamegobrobas (dsT). am organizaciaSi wevrad yofnis gamocdilebidan gamomdinare,
saqarTvelo masTan ekonomikuri urTierTTanamSromlobis potencials kvlav xedavs.
78
saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi – 2004 weli, #4
kalendari
ianvari 2004
4
arCevnebi / saqarTveloSi Catarda saprezidento arCevnebi. mixeil
saakaSvili saqarTvelos prezidentad iqna arCeuli.
6
aSS-saqarTvelo/6
ianvars
aSS-s
saxelmwifo
departamentma
gamosca dadgenileba, romelic mouwodebs saqarTvelos ufro
mWidro TanamSromloba daamyaros
saerTaSoriso savaluto
fondTan (ssf-i). dadgenilebaSi naTqvamia, rom “saqarTvelom unda
SeaTanxmos ssf-sTan konkretuli programa, Tu ki qveyanas surs
rom valebis gadavadebis sakiTxi ganxiluli iqnes parizis
klubSi”.
dadgenilebaSi
naTqvamia
“Cven
mzad
varT
viTanamSromloT saqarTvelos axal xelisuflebasTan, rameTu
davexmaroT qveyanas Tavisufali
bazris
ganviTarebasa da
demokratiuli
reformebis
ganxorcielebaSi.
samwuxarod,
saqarTvelos
yofilma
xelisuflebam
ver
SesZlo
ssf -is
siRaribis Semcirebi sa da ekonomikuri
kriteriumebis dakmayofileba”.
7
sabaJo/ saqarTveloSi
2004
wlis
1
zrdis donis amaRlebis
ianvridan gauqmda
sabaJo
tarifi xorbalis importze.
11
sabanko saqmianoba/ sabanko sistemis stabiluri da mdgradi
funqcionirebis
uzrunvelyofis
mizniT ,
erovnulma
bankma
daafiqsira adgilobrivi komerciuli bankebisa da ucxouri
komerciuli bankebis filialebisTvis sawesdebo
kapitalis
minimaluri odenoba 12 milion larze, rac sawesdebo kapitalis
TandaTanobiT zrdis xarjze unda iqnes miRweuli. amrigad, 2004
wlis 31 dekembrisTvis sawesdebo kapitalis minimalurma odenobam
unda Seadginos aranakleb 6,4 m ilioni larisa, 2005 wlis 31
dekembrisTvis – aranakleb 78 m ilioni larisa, 2006 wlis 31
dekembrisTvis
– aranakleb 9,2 milionisa, 2007
wlis 31
dekembrisTvis – aranakleb 10,6 milionisa, 2008 wlis 31
dekembrisTvis – aranakleb 12 m ilionisa. sawesdebo kapitalis
zrda unda moxdes fuladi saxiT da mxolod erovnul valutaSi.
12
sainvesticio
klimati/
saqarTvelos
prezidentma,
mixeil
saakaSvilma, ganacxada rom apirebs brZolas saqarTveloSi
farTod gavrcelebuli korupciisa da oligarqebis winaaRmdeg
da sagareo valebiT damZimebuli qveynis kavSirebis aRdgenas
saerTaSoriso finansur organizaciebTan.
“Cven gvsurs normaluri sainvesticio garemos Seqmna, raTa
davarwmunoT investorebi, rom saqarTvelo dRes sxva qveyanaa. maT
saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi – 2004 weli, #4
79
kalendari
unda icodnen, rom saqarTvelos saxelmwifo daicavs maT
investiciebsa da uflebebs da ar gaZarcvavs maT”, ganacxada
mixeil saakaSvilma.
14
parlamenti/parlamentis
mier
14
ianvris
riggareSe
sxdomaze
erTxmad
iqna
miRebuli
kanonproeqti
“ganviTarebisa
da
reformirebis fondis Sesaxeb” samive wakiTxviT. dokumenti
warmodgenili iqna iusticiis ministris, zurab adeiSvilis mier.
misi sityvebiT, amgvari fondis
moxeleebi SeZleben Sesabamisi
daarsebis Semdeg saxelmwifo
xelfasebis miRebas fondis
resursebidan. b-ni adeiSvili acxadebs, rom saerTaSoriso
donorma organizaciebma ukve gamoTqves mzadyofna gadaricxon
finansuri resursebi aRniSnul fondSi. fondi aseve daafinansebs
sakanonmdeblo aqtebis miRebisa da
profesiuli momzadebis RonisZiebe bs.
13
saxelmwifo
moxeleTa
evrokavSiri-saqarTvelo/ evrokavSiri gamouyofs saqarTvelos 28
milion evros 2004- 2006 ww. indikaturi erovnuli programis
ganxorcielebisaTvis. 1992-2003 wlebSi evrokavSiris daxmarebam
saqarTvelosTvis 285 m ilioni Seadgina d a aqedan, 8 4 milioni
evro gamoyofili iqna “tasis”- is erovnuli programis farglebSi.
programa, romelsac xeli
moewera 13 ianvars, TbilisSi,
gansazRvravs zogad amocanebsa da meTodebs 2004-2006 wlebSi
saqarTvelosTvis
daxmarebis
uzrunvelsayofad.
programa
ganxorcieldeba evrokavSiris “tasis”- is programis farglebSi.
indikaturi programa mimarTuli iqneba evrokavSiris strategiis
ganxorcielebaze,
romelic
iTvaliswinebs
damoukideblobis
ganmtkicebas,
demokratiisa
ekonomikis ganviTarebas.
saqarTvelos
da
sabazro
“2004-2006
moicavs
indikaturi
erovnuli
programa ”
rig
prioritetul sferoebs, rogoricaa instituciuri, sakanonmdeblo
da
administraciuli
reformis
mxardaWera,
romlisTvisac
gaTvaliswinebulia 11,5 m ilioni evros gamoyofa. biujetma 12,5
milioni evros odenobiT xeli unda Seuwyos gardamavali
periodis socialuri sirTuleebis Serbilebas, pirvel rigSi
jandacvis seqtorSi. 4
milioni evro
gamoyofili iqneba
konfliqtis zonebis sareabilitacio programis ganxorcielebaze.
14
parlamenti/parlamentma erTxmad daamtkica irakli rexviaSvilis
kandidatura ekonomikis, mrewvelobis a da vaWrobis ministris
Tanamdebobaze.
14
parlamenti/saqarTvelos
parlamentma
14
ianvars
moaxdina
germaniis
rekonstruqciisa
da
ganviTarebis
banksa
da
saqarTvelos
mTavrobas
Soris
sakredito
SeTanxmebis
80
saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi - 2004 weli, #4
kalendari
ratifikacia.
SeTanxmeba
iTvaliswinebs
12
milioni
evros
kreditis gamoyofas saqarTveloSi energokrizisis dasaZlevad
18
daxmareba /germaniis
gamoyo 8 milioni
rekonstruqciisa da ganviTarebis bankma
evro saqarTveloSi miwis kadastrisa da
registraciis sitemis ganviTarebis mizniT.
27
transporti/saqarTvelos
sahaero
informaciiT, saqarTveloSi
Soris 7 qarTuli.
28
transportis
moqmedebs
21
administraciis
aviakompania da
korupciis winaaRmdeg brZolis biuro/ gauqmda
prezidentTan
arsebuli
antikorupciuli
maT
saqarTvelos
politikis
sakoordinacio biuro.
29
turizmi/saqarTvelos turizmisa da kurortebis departamentis
informaciis Tanaxmad, saqarTvelos ewvia 313,5 aTasi turisti,
rac 15,000 metia, vidre gasul wels. 2003 wels saqarTvelos
Semosavlebma turizmis xaziT 750 milioni lari Seadgina, rac 103
milioni lariT metia vidre 2002 wels.
30
turizmi/2004 wlis zafxulSi funqcionirebas daiwyebs bazaleTis
turistuli kompleqsi. bazaleTis tbaze kompleqsis mSenebloba
daiwyo oTxi wlis win, israeli- amerika -saqarTvelos kompania
“nova menejment jorjias” mier. am periodSi aSenda ramodenime
sastumro, sportuli da dasvenebis kompleqsi, pliaJi daifara
zRvis
qviSiT.
bazaleTis
turistuli
kompleqsi
1600
damsvenebelzea gaTvlili. mSeneblobis Rirebuleba 2 5 m i l i o n
aSS dolars Seadgens.
daxmareba /prezident mixeil
saakaSvilis germaniis kancler
gerhard SroiderTan Sexvedraze mxareebma, saqarTvelosTvis
germaniis mier daxmarebis uzrunvelyofis sakiTxTan erTad,
ganixiles ormxrivi TanamSromlobis, saqarTveloSi arsebuli
mdgomareobisa
da
qveyanaSi
demokratiuli
cvlilebebis
ganxorcielebis sakiTxebi. Sexvedraze aRiniSna, rom germania
gamouyofs saqarTvelos axal mTavrobas 12 milion evros
energodeficitis dasafaravad da saqarTveloSi e nergosistemis
reabilitaciisaTvis.
Tebervali
4
evrokavSiri-saqarTvelo/hiugo mingarelma - aRmosavleTi evropis,
kavakasiisa da Sua aziis sakiT xebSi evrokavSiris saerTaSoriso
urTierTobebis direqtorma, 4 Tebervlis pres-konferenciaze
ganacxada, rom evrokavSiri mzadaa gamouyos saqarTvelos 30
milioni evro qveynis dasaxmareblad gardamaval periodSi. misi
saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi – 2004 weli, #4
81
kalendari
sityvebiT aRniSnuli daxmareba ganawildeba Semdeg nairad: 12
milioni evro gamoyofili iqneba struqturuli reformebis
ganxorcielebaSi teqnikuri daxmarebis saxiT, 12 milioni sasursaTo usafrTxoebis programaze, 4 milioni – konfliqtis
zonebSi sareabilitacio programaze da 2 milioni adamianTa
uflebebisa da demokratiis dacvvis iniciativaze.
6
parlamenti/ saqarTvelos parlamentma daamtica
konstituciuri
cvlilebebi, romlis Tanaxmadac prezidents
daiTxovos parlamenti, Camoayalibos mTavroba
ufleba
aqvs
da SeiTavsos
sakonstitucio
sasamarTlos
funqciebis
nawili.
mTavroba
gardaiqmneba ministrTa kabinetad (romelic gauqmebul iqna 1995
wels), romlis muSaobas koordinirebas gauwevs premier ministri.
saqarTvelos prezidenti iTavsebs mTavrobis meTauris funqcias.
parlaments ufleba aqvs daiTxovos mTavroba parlamentarTa
xmebis sami me xuTediT. ministrTa kabinets, romelsac parlamenti
undoblobas gamoucxadebs, ufleba aqvs sami Tve gaagrZelos
muSaoba Zveli SemadgenlobiT. ministrTa postebze kandidaturebs
parlaments warudgens prezidenti.
12
parlamenti/ saqarTvelos parlamentma 12 Tebervals miiRo kanoni
“mTavrobis saqmianobis struqturis, Zalauflebisa da wesis
Sesaxeb”. dokumenti gansazRvravs axali mTavrobis struqturas
da muSaobis wesebs. kanonis Tanaxmad, Seiqmneba ministrTa
kabineti,
gansazRvruli
iqneba
premier
ministris
posti,
ministrTa rao denoba Semcirdeba 17-dan 15- mde. yvela saxelmwifo
departameti gadava saministroebis daqvemdebarebaSi. ministrTa
kabinets
saTaveSi
Caudgeba
premier
ministri,
romelsac
konstituciaSi
Setanili
Sesworebebis
konteqstSi
da
prezidentTan SeTanxmebis safuZvelze, ufleba aqvs warudginos
parlaments momavali ministrebis kandidaturebi.
13
finansTa
saministro/finansTa
saministrom
moamzada
da
parlamentSi waradgina kanonproeqti, romelic miznad isaxavs
sawarmoTa finansuri da ekonomikuri mdgomareobis gaumjobesebas
da qveyanaSi xelsayreli sainvesticio garemos Seqmnas. aRniSnuli
kanonis Tanaxmad, sawarmos davalianebis gadavadebis ufleba aqvs
mxolod
erTxel
da
mxolod
im
pirobiT,
rom
misi
gadaxdisunarianoba
iqneba
aRiarebuli.
sagadasaxado
davalianebis gadavadebis vada ar aRemateba
3 weliwads.
sagadasaxado davalianebis gayinvis periodi ar aRemateba 12 Tves,
xolo dagvianebis vada - 24 Tves, valis gayinvis periodis
amowurvidan.
sagadasaxado davalianebis
gayinvis
periodSi
davalianebaze ar iricxeba procenti an jarima. dagvianebis
periodSi gadauxdel Tanxaze yovelTviurad 0,5 procenti
iricxeba.
82
saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi - 2004 weli, #4
kalendari
13
qarTuli Rvino/ qarTuli Rvino “Tamada” (mwarmoebeli – kompania
“ji-vi- si”) dajildovda mTavari priziT nominaciaSi “dsT-s
qveynebis saukeTeso mSrali Rvino” konkursze “prodeqspo-2004”,
romelic 9-13 Tebervals gaimarTa moskovSi. aRniSnuli kompaniis
ramodenime markis Rvinom moipova oqros medali da maRali
xarisxis damadasturebeli sertifikati. dRes, kompania “ji- vi- si”
awarmoebs 28 dasaxalebis Rvinos. warmoebis moculoba Seadgens 4
milion boTls weliwadSi, saeqsporto warmoebis wili – 90
procentze mets. kompania aseve awarmoebs brendsa da WaWas.
15
mTavroba /parlaments
dasamtkiceblad
gadaeca
mTavrobis
saqmianobis programa da ministrobis kandidatTa sia. mTavrobas
eyoleba oTxi uportfelo saxelmwifo ministri. konfliqtebis
mogvarebis sakiTxebSi saxelmwifo ministri iqneba giorgi
xaindrava, saqarTvelos evropaSi integrirebis koordinirebis
dargSi – Tamar beruCaSvili, mcire da saSualo sawarmoTa
sakiTxebSi – jambul bakuraZe, erovnuli Tanxomobis saiTxebSi –
guram absnaZe.
saxelmwifo ministri zurab Jvania gaxdeba premier ministri.
ministrTa postebze wardgenili kandidatebidan eqvsi amJamad
uZRveba am samsaxurebs rogorc moqmedi ministrebi. esenia: Tedo
jafariZe – sagareo saqmeTa ministri, gela beJuaSvili –
Tavdacvis ministri, giorgi baramiZe – Sinagan saqmeTa ministri,
zurab noRaideli – finansTa ministri, irakli rexviaSvili –
ekonomikis, mrewvelobisa da vaWrobis ministri, eTer astemirova
– ltolvilTa da gansaxlebis ministri. saxelmwifo uSiSroebis
saministros saTaveSi Caudgeba zurab adeiSvili, amJamad moqmedi
iusticiis ministri.
mTavrobaSi axali pirebi arian: giorgi papuaSvili – iusticiis
ministri, daviT ServaSiZe – soflis meurneobisa da sursaTis
ministri, giorgi wereTeli – jandacvis ministri, Tamar suluxia
– infrastruqturis ministri, nikoloz gilauri – saTbobenergetikisa da
komunikaciebis ministri, kaxa lomaia
–
ganaTlebis ministri, giorgi gabaSvili – kolturisa da sportis
ministri, Tamar lebaniZe – garemos dacvis ministri.
moqmedi kanonmdeblobis Sesabamisad, premier ministrisa da sami
Zalovani ministris kandidaturebi (Tavdacvis, Sinagan saqmeTa
da saxelmwifo uSiSroebis) parlamentSi prezidentis mier iqna
wardgenili. premier
kandidaturebs.
17
ministri
waradgens
ministrobis
sxva
parlamenti/ parlamentma Caatara riggareSe sxdoma, romelzec
moismina mTavrobis saqmianobis 5- wliani programa da daamtkica
ministrTa kabinetis Semadgenloba.
saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi – 2004 weli, #4
83
kalendari
19
TanamSromloba/fabricio romanom, saqarTveloSi italiis elCma
da Tedo jafariZem, saqarTvelos sagareo saqmeTa ministrma xeli
moaweres TbilisSi “italiis respublikisa da saqarTvelos
mTavrobebs Soris Semosavlebisa da kapitalis ormagi dabegvris
Tavidan acilebis Sesaxeb” konvenciis protokolis ratifikacias.
20
sagadasaxado
sfero/
prezidenti
mixeil
saakaSvili
gamovida
iniciativiT
sisxlis
samarTlis
pasuxismgeblobisgan
im
biznesmenTa ganTavisuflebis Sesaxeb, romlebic 2004 wlis 1
aprilamde gaacxadeben sagadasaxado deklaraciaSi TavianT
Semosavlebs, romlebsac adre saxelmwifosgan malavdnen da
gamoTqvamen mzadyofnas gadaixadon gadasaxadebi aRniSnuli
Tanxebidan.
marti
1
momsaxurebis sfero/ TbilisSi, Tavisuflebis moedanze
sastumro “qorTiard mariotma” pirveli stumrebi miiRo.
mdebare
4
TanamSromloba/ saqarTvelos ministrTa kabinetma pirvel marts
gamarTul
Sexvedraze
37
donori
organizaciisa
da
qveynis
warmomadgenlebis winaSe warmoadgina qveynis ganviTarebisa da
saxelmwifo marTvis sitemaSi reformebis ganxorcielebis axali
xuTwliani programa (2004-2009 wlebisTvis). donorebTan Semajamebeli
Sexvedra,
romelzec
miRebuli
iqneba
gadawyvetileba
saqarTvelosTvis
finansuri
daxmarebis
gamoyofis
Taobaze,
gaimarTeba 2004 wlis ivnisSi, q. bruselSi.
5
energetika/
ruseTis
ucxoeTis
ekonomikuri
asociacia
“teqnopromeqsportma” moigo saerTaSoriso tenderi enguris hes-s
sareabilitacio samuSaoebis ganxorcielebaze. “teqnopromeqsportma”
aiRo
valdebulebebi
17,3
milioni
aSS
dolaris
proeqtis
ganxorcielebaze. aRniSnuli Tanxis 80 procents afinansebs ergb- i,
xolo 20 procents – saqarTvelos mxare. kontraqtis Tanaxmad,
rusuli
kompania
2
weliwadSi
ganaxorcielebs
samSeneblo
samuSaoebs, romlebic iTvaliswinebs dambis TaRovani kaskadis
gamagreba- Cacementebas
da
sareabilitacio
samuSaoebs
hidroeleqtrosadguris saderivacio arxSi.
5
TanamSromloba/ TbilisSi Catarda SvedeTsa da saqarTvelos Soris
SvedeTis
saerTaSoriso ganviTarebis saagentos
sakoordinacio
centris
gaxsnis
Taobaze
samTavrobaTaSorisi
SeTanxmebis
xelmoweris ceremonia. dokuments xeli moaweres saqarTvelos
mxridan saxelmwifo ministrma Tamar beruCaSvilma, xolo SvedeTis
mxridan - saagentos generaluri direqtoris moadgilem jerker
84
saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi - 2004 weli, #4
kalendari
Tanbergma. regionul sakoord inacio centrs uxelmZRvanelebs
erik jonsoni.
b- ni
saagentos daxmarebis programa samxreT kavkasiis regionis qveynebSi
miznad isaxavs demokratiasa da sabazro ekonomikaze gadasvlis
procesSi sainstitucio reformebis ganxorcielebis xelSewyobas.
saagentos
daxmarebis
mTavari
mimarTulebebi
2005
wlamde
periodisTvis iqneba marTvis demokratiuli sistemis SemuSaveba,
socialuri da jandacvis seqtoris reformebis xelSewyoba, Sidsis
winaaRmdeg
brZola,
socialurad
daucvel ojaxTa
daxmareba,
bunebrivi resursebis marTva
ganviTarebis xelSewyoba.
9
da
mcire
da
saSualo
sawarmoTa
TanamSromloba / prezidenti mixeil saakaSvili Sexvda safrangeTis
prezident Jak Siraks parizSi. safrangeTis prezidentma gamoTqva
mzadyofna
mxardaWera
aRmouCinos
saqarTvelos
evrokavSirTan
integrirebisa da daaxloebis procesSi. saqarTvelos prezidenti
aseve Sexvda safrangeTis sagareo saqmeTa, Sinagan saqmeTa da
ekonomikis ministrebs da sxva oficialur pirebs.
12
TanamSromloba / prezidenti mixeil saakaSvili vizitiT ewvia somxeTs
da Sexvda prezident qoCarians. prezidentebma daadastures TavianTi
mzadyofna ufro aqtiurad iTanamSromlon Savi zRvis ekonomikuri
TanamSromlobis organizaciis farglebSi da xazgasmiT aRniSnes
ufro
mWidro
TanamSromlobis
mniSvneloba
iseT
regionul
proeqtebSi, rogorebicaa TRACECA da INOGATE- i. mxareebma xazi
gausves
ekonomikuri
TanamSromlobis
saqarTvelo-somxeTis
samTavrobaTaSorisi komisiis saqmianobis gaZlierebis saWiroebas.
14
soflis meurneoba/ TbilisSi ixsneba gaero-s soflis meurneobisa da
sursaTis
organizaciis
(FAO)
warmomadgenloba.
FAO- s
warmomad genlobis gaxsna TbilisSi SesaZlebels gaxdis saqarTvelos
mTavrobis
am
organizaciis
saTao
ofisTan
urTierTobebis
gamartivebas da aseve saqarTveloSi meti proeqtebis ganxorcielebas.
amJamad, FAO saqarTveloSi ramodenime proeqts axorcielebs, kerZod
subtropikuli kulturebis, msxvili rqosani pirutyvis moSenebis,
fermerebisTvis
sakonsultacio
centrebis
Seqmnis,
sanerge
meurneobebis reabilitaciisa da aseve saqarTvelos sxvadasxva
raionebSi xilisa da Txilis axali sanerge meurneobebis Seqmnis
proeqtebs.
15
sabaJo / gaimarTa saqarTvelo -azerbaijanis sazRvarze axali, wiTeli
xidis
sabaJo
gamSvebi
punqtis
mSeneblobis
dawyebasTan
dakavSirebuli
ceremonia. samSeneblo samuSaoebi
xorcieldeba
amerikis “saqarTvelos sazRvrebis usafrTxoebisa da
kanonis
aRsrulebis xelSewyobis” programis farglebSi.
saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi – 2004 weli, #4
85
kalendari
18-19
konferencia/ TbilisSi Catarda saerTaSoriso konferencia navTobis,
bunebrivi airis, energetikisa da infrastruqturis sakiTxebze
saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso navTobkorporaciis, britaneTis kompania
ITE -Group- s,
saqarTvelos
saTbob- energetikis
min istrisa
da
saqarTvelos erovnuli navTobkompania “saqnavTobi-s” iniciativiT da
xelSewyobiT. konferenciaze ganxiluli sakiTxebi exeboda baqoTbilisi- jeihanis mTavari saeqsporto milsadenis, samxreT kavkasiis
baqo-Tbilisi- erzrumis milsadenis, evropis satransporto derefnis
proeqtebis SemuSavebas da navTobisa da bunebrivi airis saqarTvelos
teritoriaze gadazidvis tendenciebsa da SesaZleblobebs.
22
sabaJo/ giorgi godabreliZe dainiSna finansTa saministros sabaJo
departamentis ufrosad.
31
mTavroba/
saqarTvelos
pr emier
ministris
zurab
Jvanias
gankargulebis Tanaxmad, Camoyalibda samuSao jgufi, romelmac unda
moamzados axali sagadasaxado kodeqsi da warudginos igi mTavrobas
gansaxilvelad maisSi. axali sagadasaxado kodeqsi ZalaSi Seva 2005
wlis ianvridan.
aprili
7
daxmareba /
evrokavSiris mier
saqarTvelosTvis
ekonomikuri
daxmarebis saxiT 30 milioni evros gamoyofis Sesaxeb gancxadeba
gakeTda saqarTvelos prezidentis, mixeil saakaSvilis evrokavSiris
uzenaes komisar - xavier solanasTan Sexvedris Semdeg, romelic
gaimarTa 7 aprils q. bruselSi. gamoyofili Tanxa unda moxmardes
gzebis infrastruqturis gaumjobesebas; penitencialuri sistemis
obieqtebis mSeneblobas; xorblis SeZenas da aseve zogierTi sxva
proeqtis ganxorcielebas.
8
mTavroba / saqarTvelos premier ministrma, zurab Jvaniam, xeli
moawera samTavrobo brZanebulebas (#23) investorTa momsaxurebis
gaerTianebuli
centris
Seqmnis
Sesaxeb,
romelic
SeiZleba
Camoyalibdes vaWrobisa da investiciebis xelSewyobis saagentos
farglebSi.
centris
mTavari
amocanebia:
sainformacio,
sakonsultacio da analitikuri momsaxurebis gaweva arsebuli da
potenciuri
investorebisaTvis;
sainvesticio
saqmianobebis
xelSewyoba licenzirebasa da
nebarTvebze da saregistracio
procedurebze ganacxadebis mxardaWeris meSveobiT; samarketingo,
samarTlebrivi da finansuri kvlevebi; sainvesticio barierebis,
investorTa
problemebis
gaanalizeba
da
maTi daregulireba;
saqarTveloSi investorTa potencialisa da perspeqtivebis gamovlena
da ganviTarebis xelSewyoba; adgilobrivi da ucxoeli investorebis
erToblivi proeqtebisaTvis SesaZleblobaTa gansazRvra da maTi
86
saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi - 2004 weli, #4
kalendari
xelSewyoba; mTavrobisTvis sainvesticio garemos
dakavSirebiT SeTavazebebis SemuSaveba.
10
gaumjobesebasTan
wyalmomarageba / Tbilisis sakrebulom SeTanxmebas miaRwia frangul
kompania
Generale
des
Eaux-Tan
Tbilisis
municipaluri
wyalmomaragebisa da kanalizaciis kompania “Tbilwyalkanali-s”
lizingze. am mizniT Tanabari uflebebis principze Camoyalibdeba
erToblivi kompania. kompania Generale des Eaux- i saqarTveloSi
udidesi T bilisis wyalmomaragebisa d a sakanalizacio s istemis Sps “Tbilwy alkanalis”- 10- wlian marTvaSi gadacemaze gamarTuli
tenderis erTaderTi monawile iyo.
11
mTavroba/ saqarTvelos premier ministrma zurab Jvaniam xeli moawera
brZanebas baqo -Tbilisi-jeihanis (bTj- s) navTobsadenis proeqtis
dauyovnebliv ganxorcielebis uzrunvelmyofeli zomebis Sesaxeb.
15
transporti/ tudor draganelma, saqarTveloSi rumineTis saelCos
warmomadgenelma ekonomikis sferoSi, ganacxada, rom 2004 wlis
maisidan axali ruminuli samgzavri borani daiwyebs
konstanca-odesa-novorosiiski-baTumi-stambulis marSrutze.
19
transporti/ saxelmwifo
romelsac
sargeblobs
kompania Sps
ramodenime
“saqarTvelos
saerTaSoriso
muSaobas
rkinigza”-m,
finansuri
organizaciis, kerZod ergb-s, KfW-sa da msoflio bankis, mxardaWeriT
daiwyo
rigi
proeqtebis
SemuSaveba
saqarTvelos
rkinigzis
infrastruqturis ganviTarebisaTvis. aRniSnul proeqtebs Soris aris
rkinigzis mSenebloba axalqalaqi (saqarTvelo) – yarsis (TurqeTi)
seqtorze, rkinigzis cxinvalis seqtoris reabilitacia, sarginigzo
sadguri foTSi, xaSuris salokomotivo deposa da Tbilisis
sarkinigzo vagonebis depos modernizeba, baTumi-konstancas saborne
gzis
mowesrigeba,
sarkinigzo
vagonebis
ganaxleba;
amasTan
SemuSavebis procesSia proeqti, romelic iTvaliswinebs saqarTvelos
sarkinigzo sistemis sainstitucio reformas. arsebuli proeqtebis
dafinanseba unda ganxorcieldes grantebisa da kreditebis saxiT. es
iqneba grZelvadiani kreditebi 10- 30 wlis
ganakveTi savaraudod 1,5- 6 procents Seadgens.
22
vadiT,
saprocento
socialuri dacva/ mTavrobis
rezolucia wina wlis sapensio
davalianebebis TandaTanobiT dafarv isa da mosaxleobis socialuri
dacvisaTvis damatebiTi RonisZiebebis Sesaxeb, ZalaSia Sesuli.
sapensio davalianebebis TandaTanobiT gadaxdis Sesaxeb dokumentis
Tanaxmad, 2004 wlis aprilidan umuSevari pensionerebisTvis pensiebi
gaizrdeba 3 lariT 17 laramde da 2 004 maisidan – kidev erTi lariT.
saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi – 2004 weli, #4
87
kalendari
maisi
2
daxmareba / zurab Jvaniam, saqarTvelos premier ministrma da en
venmanma, SeerTebuli Statebis soflis meurneobis ministrma, xeli
moaweres SeTanxmebas, romelic iTvaliswinebs saqarTvelosTvis 50,000
tona xorblis gamoyofas aSS-dan humanitaruli daxmarebis saxiT.
3
sabanko saqmianoba/ saaqcio sazogadoeba “saqarTvelos banki”,
vaWrobis dafinansebisa da dokumentebTan dakavSirebuli operaciebis
ganxorcielebis TvalsazrisiT, 2003 wlis Sedegebis safuZvelze,
evropis rekonstruqciisa da ganviTarebis bankis mier aRiarebulia
rogorc dsT-s saukeTeso banki.
4
transporti/
parlamentma
did
britaneTsa
da
TurqeTTan
sahaero
mimosvlis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebis ratifikacia moaxdina. parlamentarebma
xazgasmiT aRniSnes amgvari gadawyvetilebis mniSvneloba.
4
gamofenebi/ TbilisSi pirvelad gaimarTa saerTaSoriso gamofena
telkomunikaciebis
sferoSi
“saqarTvelos
telekomi
–
2004”.
gamofenaSi
monawileoba
miiRo
20- ze
metma
kompaniam:
ATDI
(safrangeTi),
“delta
kom-i”
(saqarTvelo),
“eleqtrokavSiri”
(saqarTvelo),
“jeoseli”
(saqarTvelo), “jeoneTi” (saqarTvelo),
“global erTi” (ruseTi), “grinneT- i” (saqarTvelo), “hesfibel- i”
(TurqeTi), “huavei teqnolojiz” (CineTi), “iberiaTel” (saqarTvelo),
“sagem- i”
(safrangeTi),
“simens
mobili”
(germania),
“teleneTi”
(saqarTvelo), ZTE (CineTi).
6
turizmi/ TbilisSi Catarda VI-e saerTaSoriso turistuli gamofenagayidva “kavkasiis turizmi gamofena-gayidva 2004”. RonisZiebaSi
monawileobda
turistuli kompaniebi
9 qveynidan,
kerZod
ki
avstriidan, italiidan, aSS-dan, ruseTidan, iranidan, TurqeTidan,
somxeTsa da saqrTvelodan.
7
mTavroba / saqarTvelos premier ministrma, zurab Jvaniam, Camoayaliba
specialuri komisia, romelmac unda Seiswavlos aWaris avtonomiuri
respublikis ekonomikuri potenciali.
7
daxmareba / saqrTvelo aris 16 uRaribe s qveynebs Soris (somxeTi,
benini, bolivia, vanua, gana, saqarTvelo, hondurasi, kabo -verde,
lesoto, madagaskari, mali, mozambiki, monRoleTi, senegali, Srilanka,
nikaragua),
romelTac
aSS
exmareba
ekonomikuri
da
demokratiuli refromebis ganxorcielebaSi. qvey nebma, romlebic
miiReben daxmarebas, unda Seasrulon sami ZiriTadi moTxovna:
efeqturi demokratiuli marTva, xalxis keTildReobaze zrunva,
Tavisufali ekonomika.
88
saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi - 2004 weli, #4
kalendari
8
transporti/ holandiis aviakompania “KLM Royal Dutch Airlines -i” 2004
wlis 16 ivniss iwyebs regu laruli reisebis Sesrulebas Tbilisis
mimarTulebiT. boingi 737-900 Seasrulebs reisebs Tbilisi- amsterdamiTbilisis mimarTulebiT kviraSi samjer.
11
parlamenti/ saqarTvelos parlamentma, plenarul sxdomaze, daamtkica
saqarTvelos saxelmwifo biujeti 2004 wlisTvis.
14
TanamSromloba/ saqarTvelos prezidenti, mixeli saakaSvili, Sexvda
1
rumineTis prezidents ion ilieskus, rumineTSi oficialuri vizitiT
Casvlisas. Sexvedraze ganxiluli iqna or qveyanas Soris momavali
politikur-ekonomikuri TanamSromlobis perspeqtivebi.
TanamSromloba/ saqarTveloSi amerikis savaWro palatam Caatara
arCevnebi direqtorTa sabWos, sabWos prezidentisa da generalur
asambleaSi
sxva
postebze
kandidaturebis
asarCevad.
axalma
direqtorTa
sabWom
daasaxela
Tavis
prioritetebi:
wevrTa
interesebis lobireba, sagadasaxado da sabaJo kodeqsebis xelSewyoba
da liberalizacia, saqarTveloSi megobruli sainvesticio klimatis
xelSewyoba da palatis
wevrebisaTvis regularuli debatebis
organizeba. amerikis savaWro palata, romelic ukve eqvsi welia
aqtiurad
moRvaweobs
saqarTveloSi,
miznad
isaxavs
biznesis
xelSewyobas saqarTvelos, amerikasa da saqarTveloSi saerTaSoriso
gaerTianebas Soris.
16
daxmareba/ ergb- is (EBRD) iniciativa, romelSic monawileobs yofili
sabWoTa kavSiris 7 ganviTarebadi qveyana (azerbaijani, somxeTi,
saqarTvelo, yirgizeTi, moldova, tajikeTi da uzbekeTi) gegmavs maTi
dafinansebis gazrdas weliwadSi 30 milioni evroTi amjamindeli 10
milioni evrodan.
21
mTavroba/
saqarTvelos mTavrobis
gankargulebis Tanaxmad, 21
maisidan
saqarTvelos
mTel
teritoriaze
SemoRebuli
iqneba
moratoriumi tyis gaCexvaze erTi Tvis manZilze. mocemuli periodis
ganmavlobaSi u nda gatardes seriozuli RonisZiebebi tyis
ganadgurebis procesis SesaCereblad.
21
sruli
biznesi/ ergb-i axorcielebs 1,2 milioni aSS dolaris investirebas
Telianis
velSi
–
saqarTvelos
Rvinis
gadamamuSavebeli,
Camosasxmeli da sadistribucio kompaniis aqciebis SesaZenad, rac
miznad isaxavs misi sawarmoo simZlavris gazrdis, samarketingo
iniciativebis gaumjobesebis da maRali xarisxis Rvinoebis gayidvebis
gazrdis xelSewyobas.
bankis monawileoba SesaZleblobas miscems kompania “Telianis velis”
mflobelebs aRadginon TelavSi axlad SeZenili Senoba im naxevrad
dangreuli qarxnis nacvlad, romelic kompanias amJamad ijariT aqvT
aRebuli. dafinansebis nawiliT kompania SeZlebs muxis kasrebisa da
saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi – 2004 weli, #4
89
kalendari
sxva aRWurvilobis SeZenas Rvinis xarisxis gasaumjobeseblad.
dafinansebas uzrunvelyofs ergb- is pirdapiri sainvesticio programa,
romelic iTvaliswinebs pirdapiri investiciebis dabandebas kerZo
seqtoris
kompaniis
saSualo
sawarmoTa
saaqcionero kapitalSi.
ergb-i
aqciaTa sakontrolo paketis mflobeli ar aris. igi
monawileobas miiRebs kompaniis mmarTvelobaSi.
22
sabanko
saqmianoba/
saqarTvelos
erovnuli
bankis
informaciiT,
qveyanaSi 23 komerciuli banki moqmedebs.
25
TanamSromloba/ ruseTma da saqarTvelom xeli moaweres oqms
ruseTis federaciis msoflio savaWro organizaciaSi gawevrianebaze
ormxrivi molaparakebebis dasrulebis Sesaxeb. 28 maiss dokuments
xeli moawera german grefma, ruseTis federaciis ekonomikuri
ganviTarebisa da vaWrobis ministrma da irakli rexviaSvilma,
saqarTvelos ekonomikis ministrma. oqmi afiqsirebs molaparakebebis
dasrulebas
saqonlis,
momsaxurebisa
da
soflis
meurneobis
sakiTxebze. dokumenti asaxavs sistematur sakiTxebs
(ruseTis
federaciis kanonmdeblobisa da savaWro-ekonomikuri
Sesabamisobas vmo-s normebTan). mxareebi SeTanxmdnen
politikis
gamoiCinon
maqsimaluri Zalisxmeva, raTa umokles vadaSi moagvaron is savaWro
da ekonomikuri sakiTxebi, romlebic jer-jerobiT daregulirebuli
ar aris. ministrebma aseve xeli moaweres “mxareTa Soris problemebis
mogvarebis
Sesaxeb”
oqms
da
“ori
qveynis
ekonomikuri
TanamSromlobis
SeTanxmebas.
28-29
gafarToebis
Sesaxeb”
saqarTvelo-ruseTis
biznes-konferencia/ TbilisSi
gaimarTa
saqarTveloSi rusuli
biznesis pirveli konferencia. ruseTis delegacias xelmZRvanelobda
ekonomikuri ganviTarebisa da vaWrobis ministri german grefi.
forumis monawileebma ganixiles perspeqtiuli proeqtebi rusuli
kapitaldabandebebisaTvis. saqarTvelos mxaris mier gamoxatuli iyo
gansakuTrebuli interesi rus biznesmenTa monawileobis mimarT
saqarTvelos energetikisa da agrosamrewvelo seqtorSi. saqarTvelos
mxarem SesTavaza rus mewarmeebs sainvesticio winadadebebis paketi,
romlis sruli Rirebuleba ramodenime miliard dolars Seadgens.
ivnisi 2004
7
daxmareba /
ssf -ma
daamtkica
axali
samwliani
finansuri
daxmarebis programa saqarTvelosTvis programa “aTaswleulis
amocanis” farglebSi. es programa gamoirCeva ara mxolod
gamoyofili resursebis odenobiT, aramed imiTac rom resursebs
gankargavs daxmarebis mimRebi qveynis mTavroba. saqarTvelos
eZleva
SesaZlebloba
aTaswleulis
programis
farglebSi
90
saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi - 2004 weli, #4
kalendari
miRebuli Tanxebi moaxmaros im sferoebs, romlebic moiTxovs
problemebis dauyovnebliv gadaWras. programa “aTaswleulis
amocanis” umTavresi mizania waaxalisos ekonomikis swrafi da
dinamiuri ganviTareba im qveynebSi, romlebic monawileoben
programaSi. axali samwliani programis daxmarebiT (144 milioni
aSS dolari) ssf-i apirebs xeli Seuwyos saqarTvelos siRaribis
daZlevisa
da
ekonomikuri
zrdis
erovnul
programis
ganxorcielebas.
8
privatizacia/
ekonomikuri
benduqiZis mier
programas mxari
“agresiuli
ganviTarebis
ministris,
SemoTavazebuli ”totaluri
dauWira premier ministrma
kaxa
privatizaciis”
zurab Jvaniam.
saprivatizacio politikis fundamentaluri principi niSnavs, rom
nebismieri
saxelmwifo
qoneba
unda
gaiyidos,
garda
im
obieqtebisa,
romlebic
saqarTvelos
xelisuflebis
gadawyvetilebis
safuZvelze
darCeba
saxelmwifos
an
sazogadoebrivi sakuTrebis obieqtebad”.
9
parlamenti/
saqarTvelos
ekonomikuri
ganviTarebis
ministrma,
kaxa benduqiZem qveynis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis programa
warudgina safinanso-sabiujeto, dargobrivi ekonomikisa da
ekonomikuri politikis saparlamento komitetebs.
11
TanamSromloba/ TbilisSi Catarda ekonomikuri TanamSromlobis
saqarTvelo-azerbaijanis samTavrobaTaSoriso komisiis pirveli
sxdoma, romelic win uZRoda azerbaijanis prezidentis, ilham
alievis vizits saqarTveloSi.
11
daxmareba / saqarTvelos finansTa ministris, zurab noRaidelisa
da germaniis rekonstruqciisa da sakredito bankis (KfW)
direqtorTa sabWos wevris ingrid maTeus-meieris mier TbilisSi
xeli moewera SeTanxmebebs 5,8 milioni evros gamoyofaze. pirveli
SeTanxmebis farglebSi saqarTvelo miiRebs 3,3 m ilion evros,
romelic unda moxmardes energetikis seqtorSi mravalmilioniani
sesxis dafarvis meqanizmis SemuSavebas da, aseve energetikis
seqtorSi valebis momsaxurebis saagentos Seqmnasa da amuSavebas.
kerZod,
germaneli
eqspertebi
daexmarebian
saqarTvelos
mTavrobas saagentos mmarTveli kompaniis SerCevaze tenderis
momzadebasa da CatarebaSi. eqspertTa samuSaosa da tenderSi
gamarjvebuli kompaniis saqmianobis dafinanseba moxdeba zemoT
xsenebuli grantis meSveobiT ori wlis manZilze.
meore SeTanxmeba iTvaliswinebs 2.5 milioni evros odenobiT
grantis gamoyofas saqarTvelos mTavrobisaTvis. aRniSnuli Tanxa
unda moxmardes im eqspertTa jgufis mier ganxorcielebuli
samuSaos
dafinansebas,
saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi – 2004 weli, #4
romelic
gansazRvravs
mTavar
91
kalendari
prioritetebs saqarTveloSi
proeqtebis dasafinanseblad.
14
TanamSromloba/
germaniis
saqarTveloSi
KfW
bankis
azerbaijanis
sxvadasxva
prezidentis
oficialuri vizitis dros saqarTvelos prezidentma mixeil
saakaSvilma
da
azerbaijanis
prezidentma
ilham
alievma
ganixiles
or
qveyanas
Soris
momavali
TanamSromlobis
perspeqtivebi.
saqarTvelosa da azerbaijanis mTavrobebs Soris xeli moewera
SeTanxmebas sarkinigzo transportis koordinirebis Sesaxeb. aseve
xeli moewera energetikis seqtorSi TanamSromlobis gafarToebis
SeTanxmebas. saqarTvelos finansTa saministrom da azerbaijanis
sagadasaxado
Semosavlebis
saministrom
xeli
moaweres
TanamSromlobisa da
urTierTdaxmarebis SeTanxmebas.
xeli
moewera saqarTvelosa da azerbaijanis aviakompaniebs Soris
samoqalaqo
aviaciis
sferoSi
TanamSromlobis
Semdgomi
ganviTarebis Sesaxeb protokols da saqarTvelos satelevizio
da
radio
mauwyeblobis
korporaciasa
da
azerbaijanis
saxelmwifo satelevizio da radio mauwyeblobis kompanias Soris
TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebas.
saqarTvelos
azerbaijanis
ekonomikuri
ekonomikuri
ganviTarebis
ganviTarebis
saministrom
da
saministrom
unda
SeimuSaon
or
qveyanas
Soris
grZelvadiani
TanamSromlobis SeTanxmebis proeqti.
16
ekonomikuri
daxmareba / donori
qveynebisa da saerTaSoriso safinanso
institutebis briuselis konferenciaze, romlis organizatorebi
iyvnen
evrokavSiri
da
msoflio
banki,
miRebul
iqna
gadawyvetileba saqarTvelosTvis 1 miliardi aSS dolaris (850
milioni evros) gamoyofis Sesaxeb. es usasyidlo daxmarebaa,
romelic miznad isaxavs qveynis axali mTavrobis mxardaWeras mis
mier
ekonomikuri
reformebis
gatarebasa
da
demokratiis
damkvidrebaze mimarTul ZalisxmevaSi. konferenciis muSaobaSi
monawileoba miiRo saqarTvelos mTavrobis delegaciam, premier
ministr zurab Jvanias xelmZRvanelobiT.
saqarTvelos mTavroba apirebs aRniSnuli finansuri daxmareba
moaxmaros saxelmwifo marTvis sistemis, ekonomikis, energetikis,
infrastruqturis ganviTarebas, ekonomikuri zrdisa da siRaribis
daZlevis programis ganxorcielebas da sxva. Tanxebis xarjvis
monitorings ganaxorcieleben evrokomisia da saerTaSoriso
safinanso institutebi.
16
transporti/ holandiis aviakompania KLM-ma daiwyo regularuli
reisebis ganxorcieleba amsterdamsa da Tbiliss Soris. reisebi
92
saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi - 2004 weli, #4
kalendari
Sesruldeba orSabaTs,
boingiT.
17
xuTSabaTsa da paraskevs 737-900 tipis
safinanso seqtori/ Tbilisi p irvelad maspinZlobda gamofenas
“finanseqspo”. gamofena organizebuli iyo momavali Taobis
iniciativis kavSiris mier saqarTvelos erovnuli bankis, qarTul
bankTa asociaciis, finansTa saministrosa da saqarTvelos
saerTaSoriso savaWro palatis monawileobiT. gamofenis dros
gamarTul konferenciaze monawileebma
produqtebi
da momsaxureba.
amgvari
warmoadgines
gamofenebis
TavianTi
Catareba
dagegmilia yovelwliurad. gamofenebis mizania saqarTvelos
finansuri bazris mimdinare mdgomareobisa da misi ganviTarebis
SesaZleblobaTa demonstrireba.
18
agroindustria/
TbilisSi
gaimarTa
saerTaSoriso
agroindustriuli gamofena. 100-ze metma (maT Soris 70-ma
ucxourma) kompaniam msoflios 11 qveynidan (azerbaijani, avstria,
somxeTi, germania, saqarTvelo, indoeTi, italia, ruseTi, aSS,
TurqeTi
da
safrangeTi)
warmoadgina
sakuTari
nawarmi:
alkoholuri da ualkoholo sasmelebi, rZis nawarmi, konservebi,
sakonditro
nawarmi,
mrewvelobisaTvis da sxv a.
19
teqnologiebi
gadamamuSavebeli
daxmareba / niderlandebis mTavrobam gamoyo 178 aTasi aSS
dolari “SinameurneobaTa gaerTianebuli kvlevis warmoebisaTvis
statistikis saxelmwifo departamentis daxmarebis” proeqtis
gansaxorcieleblad. proeqtis dafinansebaSi monawileobas iRebs
saqarTvelos
mTavrobac.
SinameurneobaTa
gaerTianebuli
gamokvleva qveyanaSi siRaribis donis monitoringis mTavari
instrumentia, romelic asaxavs siRaribis daZlevisa da misi
zegavlenis Sefasebis programis
ganxorcielebaSi miRweul
winsvlas.
24
parlamenti/
parlamentma
miiRo
gadawyvetileba,
romlis
Tanaxmadac iqmneba droebiTi saparlamento komisia, romelmac
unda
Seiswavlos
saqarTvelos
energoseqtorSi
arsebuli
darRvevebi. komisiis SemadgenlobaSi parlamentis 15 wevria.
24
parlamenti/ saqarTvelos parlamentma litvasTan “Semosavlebisa
da kapitalis ormagi dabegvris Tavidan acilebis Sesaxeb”
SeTanxmebis ratifikacia moaxdina. SeTanxmebas xeli moewera 2003
wlis seqtembers saqarTveloSi litvis prezidentis vizitis
dros. SeTanxmeba exeba erTi an orive xelmomweri qveynis
moqalaqeebs.
ormagi
dabegvris
Tavidan
acilebis
reJimis
moqmedeba moicavs mogebaze gadasaxads, kapitalur Semosavlebs,
uZravi qonebis Semosavlebs, saerTaSoriso operaciebs, kreditebs,
kompaniebis
xelmZRvanelTa
xelfasebs,
profesorebis,
saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi – 2004 weli, #4
93
kalendari
maswavleblebis, mecnierebis, studentebis stipendiebs; pensiebsa
da a.S.
24
daxmareba / msoflio
bankis direqtorTa
sabWom daamtkica
saqarTvelosTvis sami kreditis gamoyofis sakiTxi (sul, 47,6
milioni aSS dolaris odenobiT). aRniSnuli Tanxidan 24 milioni
aSS dolari Seadgens kredits reformebis mxardasaWerad, 3,6
milioni aSS dolari – energetikis seqtorisTvis da 20 milioni
aSS
dolari
proeqtisaTvis.
–
Sida
daniSnulebis
aRniSnuli
proeqtebis
gzebis
mSeneblobis
mTavari
miznebia:
ekonomikuri zrdis xelSewyoba korufciis winaaRmdeg brZolisa
da marTvis sistemis gaumjobesebaze mimarTuli Zalisxmevis
meSveobiT; saxelmwifo seqtoris efeqturobis donis amaRlebis
xelSewyoba da aseve, misi CarTva siRaribis daZlevisa
ekonomikuri zrdis programis ganxorcielebis procesSi.
30
da
privatizacia/ ekonomikis ministrma kaxa benduqiZem, samTavrobo
sxdomaze
warmoadgina
saprivatizacio
politikis
mTavari
mimarTulebebi. ministrma ganacxada, rom amJamad saxelmwifos
ekuTvnis aqciebi 1800 saaqcio da SezRuduli pasuxismgeblobis
kompaniaSi, romlebSic muSaobs 180,000 adamiani. samrewvelo
sawar moTa privatizacia ZiriTadad e.w. “saerTaSoriso gayidvebis”
formiT moxdeba. sawarmoebi gasxvisdeba Ria auqcionebze
pirdapiri miyidvis wesiT rac SeiZleba maRal fasad.
an
privatizaciis procesSi saqarTvelos mTavrobas daxmarebas
gauweven evropis rekonstruqciisa da ganviTarebis banki (ergb) da
saerTaSoriso
safinanso
korporacia
(ssk).
kerZod,
gaTvaliswinebulia qarTuli komerciuli bankebisaTvis pirdapiri
sakredito xazebis gaxsna, romlis daxmarebiTac saqarTvelos
moqalaqeebi SesZleben monawileobis miRebas mcire da saSualo
sawarmoTa privatizaciaSi. ergb-i d a s s k- i daxmarebas gauweven
saqarTvelos mTavrobas msxvil sawarmoTa restruqturizaciasa
da maT momzadebaSi saprivatizaciod.
ivlisi
6
parlamenti/ saqarTvelos parlamentSi gaimarTa biznesisa da
parlamentis saerTaSoriso asociaciis saqarTvelos erovnuli
programis (IABP) prezentacia da misi saorganizacio komitetis
pirveli sxdoma. saorganizacio komitetis SemadgenlobaSi arian
10-ze meti parlamentis wevri da daaxloebiT 20 cnobili
qarTveli biznesmeni, romlebic warmoadgenen rogorc sakuTar
kompaniebs, aseve biznes- asociaciebs.
parlamentis
erovnuli
94
spikerma
programis
nino
burjanaZem
dafuZnebis
aRniSna,
mizania,
rom
rom
“IABP-s
parlamentSi
saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi - 2004 weli, #4
kalendari
warmodgenil yvela politikur partiasa da saqmian wreebs
mWidro
TanamSromlobis
SesaZlebloba
hqondeT,
rameTu
parlamentis mier miRebulma kanonebma SesaZlebeli gaxados
maqsimalurad xelsayreli
ganviTarebisaTvis”
6
pirobebis
uzrunvelyofa
biznesis
TanamSromloba/ saqarTvelos prezidentma, mixeil saakaSvilma da
iranis islamuri respublikis prezidentma, mohamed haTamim,
saqarTvelos prezidentis iranSi oficialuri vizitiT yofnis
dros, ganixiles or qveyanas Soris samomavlo TanamSromlobis
perspeqtivebi.
prezidentebma imsjeles iransa da saqarTvelos Soris vaWrobisa
da ekonomikis, transportis, kulturisa da sxva sferoebSi
TanamSromlobis ganviTarebis mimarTulebebze. miRweul iqna
SeTanxmeba iranis mier saqarTvelosTvis 2
gamoyofis Taobaze.
7
daxmareba /
aTaswleulis
amocanis
milioni
korporaciis
dolaris
(Millennium
Challenge Corporation, MCC) saqarTvelos komitetis Tavmjdomarem,
saqarTvelos
prezentaciaze
ganviTarebadi
premier-ministri
zurab
Jvaniam
programis
ganacxada,
rom
“programa
miznad
isaxavs
qveynebis daxmarebas ekonomikuri zrdisa da
siRaribis
daZlevis
uzrunvelyofaSi,
ekonomikuri
da
sakanonmdeblo
reformebis
gatarebaSi”.
saqarTvelosTvis
daxmarebis zusti moculobis gansazRvra moxdeba warmodgenili
proeqtebis
damtkicebis
Semdeg.
programis
farglebSi
saqarTvelos mTavroba gegmavs prioritetulad gamoacxados
infrastruqturis ganviTarebis proeqtebi, kerZod ki gzebis,
xidebis, sakanalizacio sistemebis da a.S. rekonstruqcia da
mSenebloba. meore prioriteti iqneba soflis meurneobis dargis
ganviTareba, romlisTvisac Seiqmneba specialuri sainvesticio
fondi, romelic daafinansebs proeqtebs saqarTvelos regionebSi.
8
soflis meurneoba/ daarsda xorblisa da puris nawarmis
mwarmoebelTa asociacia “global agro”. asociaciis mTavari
mizania konkurenciuli garemos Seqmna da am sferoSi rogorc
mwarmoebelTa,
aseve
momxmarebelTa
interesebis
dacva;
mTavrobisaTvis daxmarebis gaweva qveyanaSi xorblisa da fqvilis
kontrabandasTan
brZolis
RonisZiebebisa
da
meqanizmebis
SemuSavebasa da am dargSi sakanonmdeblo da normatiuli bazis
SemuSavebaSi.
12
daxmareba / Sveicariis mTavrobam gamoyo finansuri daxmareba
(800,000 Sveicaruli franki) saqarTvelos socialurad daucveli
mosaxleobisaTvis.
aRniSnuli
Tanxa
daixarjeba
pensiebze
martoxela pensionerebisa da ojaxebisaTvis, romlebic ori an
saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi – 2004 weli, #4
95
kalendari
meti pensionerisgan Sedgeba.
gaTvaliswinebulia erTjeradi daxmareba
mosaxleobis Raribi nawilisTvis.
13
100
laris odenobiT
daxmareba / germaniis rekonstruqciisa da ganviTarebis banki (KfW)
gamohyofs
10
milion
evros
saqarTvelos
energosistemis
reabilitaciisaTvis, kerZod ki “alaverdis” eleqtrogadamcemi
xazis, romelic akavSirebs saqarTvelos energosistemas somxeTis
energosistemasTan da zogierTi qvesadguris (lisis, marneulis,
gardabnisa da didubis) sruli reabilitaciisaTvis.
15
privatizacia/ saqarTvelos ekonomikuri ganviTarebis ministris,
kaxa benduqiZis mier warmodgenil iqna 372 saprivatizacio
sawarmos sia.
es mxolod nawilia im obieqtebisa, romelTa gayidvac dagegmilia
2004-2006 wlebSi, im obieqtebisa, romlebTan
dakavSirebiTac
samarTlebrivi samuSaoebi dasrulebulia da romlebic mzad
arian
sajaro
procedurebis
dasawyebad.
saprivatizacio
obieqtebis Semdgomi sia gamoqveyndeba 3-4 Tvis Semdeg.
17
energetika/
”saqarTvelos
saxelmwifo
eleqtrosistemam”
(kontrolisa da eleqtroenergiis gadamcemi samsaxuri) xeli
moawera SeTanxmebas germaniis sakonsultacio kompania “Lahmeyer
International-Tan”
sakonsultacio
momsaxurebis
gawevaze
saqarTvelos
energosistemis
reabilitaciis
procesSi.
kontraqtis Rirebuleba Seadgens 1,3 milion evros. kompania
“Lahmeyer International-ma” moigo tenderi, romelic gaimarTa
“saqarTvelos eleqtroenergiis
sabiTumo
bazris
xelSewyobis”
proeqtis farglebSi. proeqts afinansebs msoflio
germaniis rekonstruqciisa da ganviTarebis banki KfW .
18
transporti/
qarTulma
aviakompaniam
banki
da
“airzena- saqarTvelos
aviaxazebi” moipova erToblivi aviaciis samsaxuris evropis
organizaciis (JAA) sertifikati, “boing 737 - 500”, “boing 7 37- 400”
da“boing 737-300” tipis aparatebisaTvis teqnikuri momsaxurebis
samuSaoebis ganxorcielebaze.
23
daxmareba / TbilisSi muSaoba daiwyo ssf-s regularulma misiam.
ssf -s misiis mizania ganixilos mTavrobasTan saqarTvelosTvis
siRaribis daZlevisa da ekonomikuri zrdis farglebSi samwliani
finansuri
daxmarebis
programa,
romelic
damtkicda
am
saerTaSoriso finansuri organizaciis aRmasrulebeli sabWos
mier 2004 wlis 4 ivniss.
96
saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi - 2004 weli, #4
kalendari
25
TanamSromloba/
saqarTvelom
da
ukrainam
xeli
moaweres
ekonomikuri TanamSromlobis memorandums. memorandums xeli
moewera premier ministr zurab Jvanias kievSi vizitis dros.
30
TanamSromloba/
saqarTvelosa
da
niderlandebis
mTavrobebis
warmomadgenlebma xeli moaweres memorandums “axladwarmoqmnil”
bazrebTan TanamSromlobis programis Sesaxeb”.
programis
farglebSi
holandiis
mTavroba
yovelwliurad
gamohyofs
500,000 evros
orive
ekonomikuri TanamSromlobis
2-3
mxaris
kompaniebs Soris
erToblivi
proeqtisaTvis.
gamoyofili Tanxa proeqtis Rirebulebis 50 procents Seadgens.
proeqtebi
unda
gamoirCeodes
sakorporacio
socialuri
pasuxismgeblobis maRali standartiT.
proeqtebis dawyeba moxdeba specialuri tenderebis meSveobiT,
romlebic weliwadSi erTxel gaimarTeba holandiis mTavrobis
EDV saagentos mier,
romelic
ganaxorcielebs
programas
saqarTveloSi
saqarTveloSi
niderlandebis
saelCosTan
konsultaciebis gziT.
saqarTvelos
mxridan
programas
koordinirebas
gauwevs
saxelmwifo ministri evrointegraciis sakiTxebSi q- ni Tamar
beruCaSvili. programa gaTvlilia or welze da SesaZlebelia
gagrZeldes, Tu ki orive mxaris mier urTierTsasargeblod iqneba
miCneuli.
agvisto
2
mTavroba /
ssf -s
misiam,
saqarTveloSi
morigi
vizitis
dasrulebisas, dadebiTad Seafasa saqarTvelos mTavrobis mier
ganxorcielebuli
samuSao.
misiam
gamoxata
kmayofileba
saqarTvelos
Semosavlebis
mTavrobis
mier
biujetSi
sagadasaxado
zrdasa da Sesabamisad, saqarTvelos 2004 wlis
saxelmwifo biujetSi cvlilebebis gegmasTan dakavSirebiT.
9
TanamSromloba/ israelis mTavrobam aiRo valdebuleba Tavisi
qveynis
biznesmenebs winaSe da dahpirda
garantiebis
micemas
saqarTveloSi
maT
saxelmwifo
ganxorciel ebuli
investiciebis warumateblobis SemTxvevaSi.
israelis mTavroba srulad aanazRaurebs israelis biznesmenTa
savaraudo
danakargebs
gadawyvetilebis
wyalobiT
saqarTveloSi.
riskis
faqtori
“aRniSnuli
israelis
biznesmenebisaTvis,
romlebic
mzad
arian
saqarTvelos
ekonomikaSi daabandon TavianTi kapitali - nulovania”.
11
TanamSromloba / saqarTvelos ewvia TurqeTis samTavrobo
delegacia. delegacias meTaurobda TurqeTis premier ministri
resep
erdogani,
romelsac
saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi – 2004 weli, #4
Tan
axlda
120
Turqi
biznesmeni.
97
kalendari
TurqeTis mTavrobis meTauri Sexvda saqarTvelos prezident
mixeil saakaSvils da qveynis premier ministr zurab Jvanias. maT
ganixiles
qarTul-Turquli
ekonomikuri
TanamSromlobis
gafarToebis sakiTxebi.
aRniSnuli
vizitis
dros
Tbilisi
qarTveli
biznesmenebis biznes forums maspinZl obda.
12
da
Turqi
energetika/ amerikis sakonsultacio kompania “PA Consulting Groupma” da saqarTvelos bankma xeli moaweres sagarantio SeTanxmebas,
USAID -s programa “saqarTvelos energousafrTxoebis iniciativis”
farglebSi, PA Consulting-i axorcielebs soflis meurneobebis
ekonomikuri ganviTarebis proeqts, romelic
iTvaliswinebs
saqarTvelos regionebSi energetikuli proeqtebis xelSewyobas.
SerCeul meurneobebs, romelsac proeqti moicavs, grZelvadiani
(7- wliani)
da
iafi
8- 12
procentiani
kreditebis
miRebis
SesaZlebloba eZleva. proeqtis damfinanseblebi arian USAID -i
(600,000 aSS dolari) da saqarTvelos banki (120,000 aSS dolari).
15
parlamenti/ saqarTvelos parlamentma daamtkica saqarTvelos
2004 wlis saxelmwifo biujetSi cvlilebebis Setana. aRniSnuli
cvlilebebis Sesabamisad, saqarTvelos 2004 wlis saxelmwifo
biujetis saSemosavlo nawili, grantebis CaTvliT, 1,655,030 aTas
lars Seadgens, xolo saxelmwifo biujetis xarjviTi nawili
1,926,174 aTas lars.
centraluri biujetis Semosavlebi da grantebi ganisazRvreba
1,257,330 aTasi laris odenobiT, xarjebi ki 1,426, 974 lariT.
seqtemberi
1
TanamSromloba/
SeerTebuli
Statebis
saerTaSoriso
ganviTarebis saagentom da saqarTvelos sawarmoTa ganviTarebis
proeqtma gegi-m, 271,965 aSS dolaris grantebi gasces Svid
qarTul arasamTavrobo organizaciasa da biznes-asociaciaze
(saqarTvelos tvirTis gadamzidvelTa asociacia, saqarTvelos
profesionalur
buRalterTa
da
auditorTa
asociacia,
ekonomikuri politikisa da kvlevis centri, arasamTavrobo
organizacia
organizacia
“konstituciis
muxli
partnioroba socialuri
42”,
arasamTavrobo
iniciativebis dargSi,
saqarTvelos damzRvevTa asociacia, qarTvel eqsportiorTa
asociacia) saqarTvelos kerZo seqtorSi reformebis xelSewyobis
proeqtebis
gansaxorcieleblad
da
samewarmeo
garemos
gaumjobesebisaTvis.
98
saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi - 2004 weli, #4
kalendari
2
sabanko seqtori/ l a d o gurgeniZe dainiSna saqarTvelos bankis
generalur direqtorad.
2
transporti/ Sps “saqaeronavigaciam” xeli moawera
italiur kompaniasTan “alenia markoni sistems”,
kontraqts
romelmac
Tbilisis aeroportSi unda daamontaJos damxmare sanavigacio
sistema DMG- i, romelic Seesabameba saerTaSoriso standartebs.
6
TanamSromloba/
finansuri
kontrolis
umaRlesma
organoebma,
astanaSi Catarebul dsT -s qveynebis finansuri kontrolis
samsaxurebis xelmZRvanelTa yovelwliuri Sexvedris dros,
ikisres
valdebuleba
uzrunvelyon
TavianTi
saqmianobis
gamWvirvaloba da xeli moaweres memorandums.
9
turizmi/ 2004 wlis 9 seqtembridan, ZalaSi Sevida cvlilebebi
saqarTvelos
kanonSi “sakonsulo
gadasaxdelebis Sesaxeb”,
romelic
iTvaliswinebs
saqarTvelos
vizebis
gacemas
Semcirebuli tarifiT. cvlilebebis Tanaxmad, saqarTveloSi erTjeradi vizis safasuri Seadgens 10 aSS dolaris eqvivalents
erovnul valutaSi erTTviani vizisTvis da 30 aSS dolaris
eqvivalents samTviani vizisTvis. orjeradi vizis Rirebuleba
Sesabamisi periodisTvis, erTjeradi vizis Rirebulebis 150
procents Seadgens. mravaljeradi viz a, erT wlamde vadiT, Rirs
100 aSS dolari. erTjeradi tranzituli vizis safasuria 5 aSS
dolari, orjeradis ki 10 aSS dolari.
savizo
reJimis gamartivebis
erT-erT
mizez s warmoadgens
qveyanaSi turizmis seqtoris ganviTarebis xelSewyoba.
9
mTavroba/ saqarTvelos prezidentma xeli moawera gankargulebas
saqarTvelos
saerTaSoriso navTobkorporacii s prezidentis,
giorgi Wanturias Tanamdebobidan gaTavisuflebis Sesaxeb.
12
soflis
meurneoba/
Tbilisi
maspinZlobda
saerTaSoriso
gamofenas “interfud jorjia, 2004”. gamofena organizebuli iyo
britaneTis
sagamofeno
kompania
“ITE
Group
Plc-is”
da
saqarTveloSi misi eqskluziuri partnioris “iteka kavlasia -s”
mier, saqarTvelos soflis meurneobis saministros, saqarTvelos
fermerTa asociaciisa da saqarTvel os meRvineoba- mevenaxeobis
kavSiris oficialuri mxardaWeriT. monawileoba miiRo 30-mde
kompaniam
msoflios
9
qveynidan.
gamofenili
iyo
kvebis
produqtebi, danamatebi, alkoholuri da ualkoholo sasmelebi,
aRWurviloba da teqnologiebi kvebisa da gadamamuSavebeli
mr ewvelobisaTvis da sxva.
19
kavSirgabmuloba/ fiWvuri kavSiris kompania “megakom-ma” Sewyvita
funqcionireba. kavSirgabmulobis erovnulma komisiam gauuqma
kompania “megakom- s” licenzia fiWvuri satelefono kavSiris
saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi – 2004 weli, #4
99
kalendari
momsaxurebaze, licenziis vadis amowurvisa
kompaniis valis droulad argadaxdis gamo.
22
mTavroba/
monopolia
saqarTvelos
mTavrobas
latariis
gaTamaSebaze.
da
komisiisaTvis
Semoaqvs
Sesabamisi
saxelmwifo
cvlilebebi
“latariebisa
da
sxva
azartuli
TamaSebis
Sesaxeb”
da
“samewarmeo
saqmianobisaTvis
licenziebisa
da
nebarTvebis
Sesaxeb” kanonebSi, momzadda kulturisa da sportis saministros
mier. mTavrobam daamtkica warmodgenili kanonproeqtebi.
29
privatizacia/ baTumis sastumro “inturisti” auqcionze 3,02
milion aSS dolarad gaiyida. momavalSi “inturisti” xuTvarskvlavian sastumrod unda gadakeTdes.
30
daxmareba/
niderlandebis
mTavrobam
saqarTvelos
3
milioni
evros granti gamouyo. aRniSnuli Tanxa unda moxmardes
saxelmwifo marTvis reformebis xelSewyobas, antikorufciuli
zomebis gatarebas, finansuri
stabilurobis miRwevasa da
siRaribesTan brZolas.
oqtomberi
1
TanamSromloba/
TbilisS i
gaimarTa
biznesis
sferoSi
TanamSromlobis somxeTi-saqarTvelos asociaciis damfuZnebeli
Sexvedra, romelSic monawileobdnen parlamentis, mTavrobis,
saqmiani
wreebis
warmomadgenlebi
da
sazogado
pirebi.
saqarTvelos mxridan asociaciis Tavmjdomare aris parlamentis
wevri da maJoritarTa fraqciis Tavmjdomare beso juReli,.
saqarTvelos mxridan sapatio Tavmjdomarea saqarTvelos premier
ministri b-ni zurab Jvania,.
noembris dasawyisSi, msgavsi Sexvedra gaimarTeba erevanSi, sadac
asociaciis Tavmjdomare da sapatio prezidenti somxeTis mxridan
iqneba dasaxelebuli. damtkicebuli struqturis Sesabamisad,
asociaciaSi iqneba 9 komisia TiToeuli mxridan: komisiebi
biznesis, komunikaciebis, socialuri sakiTxebis, kulturisa da
mecnierebis, sportisa da turizmis, jandacvis dargebSi da sxva,
romelmac xeli unda Seuwyos saqarTvelosa da somxeTSi
Sesabamis sferoebSi arsebuli problemebis daregulirebas.
8
mTavroba/ 8 oqtombris samTavrobo sxdomaze ganixilavdnen
kanonproeqts “aradeklarirebuli sagadasaxado valdebulebebis,
Tanxebisa da qonebis legalizaciis Sesaxeb”. qarTvel mewarmeebs
SesaZlebloba eZleva moaxdinon aradeklarirebuli sagadasaxado
valdebulebebis, Tanxebisa da qonebis legalizacia. kanonis
ZalaSi Sesvlis Semdeg, makontrolebeli da kanonis aRsrulebis
organoebs ekrZalebaT im samewarmeo saqmianobis Semowmeba,
romelic mewarmeebis mier xorcieldeboda 2004 wlis 1 ianvramde.
100
saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi - 2004 weli, #4
kalendari
kanonproeqti gadaecema parlaments, romelic man 20 oqtombramde
unda ganixilos. kanonis amoqmedebis Semdeg, mewarmeebs 12 Tvis
vada eZleva finansuri da qonebrivi deklaraciebis warsadgenad.
8
daxmareba/ TbilisSi Catarebul aSS-saqarTvelos biznes-sabWos
farglebSi xeli moewera SeTanxmebas aSS -s kerZo sainvesticio
korporaciis (OPIC ) mier saqarTvelos salizingo kompaniisaTvis 1
milioni aSS dolaris kreditis gamoyofaze . krediti gacemulia
10 wlis vadiT. saqarTvelos salizingo kompania gegmavs
moaxmaros igi salizingo portfelis gafarToebas mcire da
saSualo sawarmoebisaTvis, umTavresad soflis meurneobisa da
momsaxurebis seqtorSi da daexmaros maT modernizebisa da
aRWurvilobis ganaxlebis procesSi.
12
sabanko saqmianoba/ sainvesticio fondma “fairberd avrora
fand ma”, romelic moRvaweobs dsT -sa da aRmosavleT evropis
qveynebSi, Seisyida saqarTvelos bankis 512,248 aqcia. saqarTvelos
safondo birJaze ganxorcielebuli garigebis mTlianma Tanxam
3,07 milion larze meti Seadgina. Sesabamisad, 1 aqciis
Rirebuleba 6,0 lari iyo, rac yvelaze maRali ganakveTia,
romelic dafiqsirda bolo 4 wlis ganmavlobaSi birJaze sabanko
aqciebis SeTavazebisas.
14
energetika/
germanuli
kompania
“lahmeier
interneSenal-i”
daiwyebs SCADA-s (sameTvalyureo, kontrolisa da monacemTa
mopovebis) sistemis damontaJebis samuSaoebis ganxorcielebas
oqtombris bolosTvis. specialistebis azriT, mocemul proeqts
didi mniSvneloba aqvs saqarTvelosTvis, radganac SCADA-s
sistemis SemoRebis Sedegad, energosistemis marTva mniSvnelovnad
gaumjobesdeba.
19
mTavroba/ nikoloz vaSakiZe dainiSna saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso
navTobkorporaciis prezidentad.
22
TanamSromloba/
prezident i
mixe il
saakaSvili
Sexvda
saqarTveloSi oficialuri vizitiT myof somxeTis prezident
robert qoCarians . Sexvedris dros ganxilul iqna sakiTxebis
farTo
wyeba,
romlebic
dakavSirebuli
iyo ori
qveynis
TanamSromlobasTan
energetikis,
transportis,
sabaJos,
kanonmdeblobaTa SesabamisobaSi moyvanis sferoebSi. gaimarTa
ori qveynis mTavrobaTa warmomadgenelebis erToblivi Sexvedra,
romelsac eswrebodnen prezidentebi; Sexvedraze
ekonomikuri TanamSromlobis perspeqtivebi.
23
ganixiles
milsadeni/ kompania “briTiS petroliumma” ganacxada samxreT
kavkasiis gazsadenis mSeneblobis dawyebis Sesaxeb, romelic
miznad
isaxavs
“Sah-denizis”
saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi – 2004 weli, #4
sazRvao
sabadodan
gazis
101
kalendari
transportirebas.
mSenebloba
daiwyo
milebis
SeduRebiT
gazsadenis 213 km sigrZis monakveTze, azerbaijanis centralur
nawilSi. milebis SeduRebasTan dakavSirebuli samuSaoebi 10
TveSi unda dasruldes. am periodSi unda SeduRdes 39,000 mili
milsadenis azerbaijanis seqtorze da 22,000 mili – saqarTvelos
seqtorze. mSeneblobis dasruleba dagegmilia 2005 wlis meoTxe
kvartlisTvis.
24
energetika/ saqarTvelos mTavrobam erTi wlis vadiT gaagrZela
xelSekruleba, romlis safuZvelzec amerikuli kompania “PA
Consulting” axorcielebs gaerTianebuli sadistribucio kompaniis
(UDC) marTvas. energetikis
ministrma aRniSna, rom “ukve
dawyebulia molaparakebebi, ra drosac gansazRvruli unda iqnes
SeTanxmebis detalebi. arsebuli xelSekrulebis vada, romliTac
“PA Consulting ”
axorcielebs gaerTianebuli sadistribucio
kompaniis marTvas, mimdinare wlis noemberSi iwureba. USAID -s
ukve
gaTvaliswinebuli
aqvs
biujetSi
“PA
Consulting”- is
dasafinanseblad saWiro Tanxebi
muSakTa
xelfasebs
da
faravs
dakavSirebulia
gaerTianebuli
marTvasTan).
25
(USAID -i afinansebs kompaniis
yvela
xarjebs,
sadistribucio
romelic
fondis
soflis
meurneoba/
saqarTvelos
mTavrobam,
specialuri
samTavrobo gankargulebiT, 1,005,626 lari gamoyo mosaxleobisgan
yurZnis Sesasyidad. aRniSnuli Tanxa gadanawilda Svid Rvinis
qarxanaze,
esenia:
Sps
“winandali”,
“saqarTvelos
Rvinis
saganZuri”, “Wandari”, “xirsa”, “alTasi”, “sameba”, “alazan-irgsi”,
“qinZmarauli”.
26
teqnologiebi/
saqarTvelom
daiwyo
“nouTbuqis”
tipis
kompiuterebis gamoSveba. saqarTveloSi, kompania “maqstop”- is
(kompania “intel ”- is partniori saqarTveloSi) mier, intelis
teqnologiis safuZvelze awyo bili pirveli aseTi kompiuterebi
gayidvaSi iqneba noembris pirveli naxevridan. qarTuli warmoebis
nouTbuqis tipis kompiuterebi, ZiriTadad, adgilobriv bazarze
iqneba orientirebuli.
27
mTavroba/ saqarTvelos prezidentis gadawyvetilebiT, 2005 wlis
ianvridan, minimaluri sapensio ganakveTi mTeli qveynis masStabiT
unda gaormagdes .
28
parlamenti/ parlamentis plenarul sxdomaze, pirveli wakiTxviT
miiRes sagadasaxado kodeqsis kanonproeqti. axal sagadasaxado
kodeqsSi, saqarTveloSi moqmedi 22 saxis gadasaxadis nacvlad
iqneba mxolod 8 saxis gadasaxadi: dRg (ganakveTi mcirdeba 20-dan
18 procentamde), saSemosavlo gadasaxadi (15-dan 20 procentamde
102
saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi - 2004 weli, #4
kalendari
progresulad mzardi ganakveTi Seicvleba fiqsirebuli 12
procentis gadasaxadiT), mogebaze gadasaxadi (ganakveTi Seadgens
20 procents, iseve rogorc amJamad) da socialuri gadasaxadi
(ganakveTi mcirdeba 33-dan 20 procentamde). amasTan, axali
sagadasaxado
kodeqsi
iTvaliswinebs
navTobproduqtebze,
Tambaqos nawarmze, avtomobilebze da alkoholur sasmelebze
saaqcizo gadasaxadisa da bunebrivi resursebiT sargeblobaze,
qonebaze
da
azartul TamaSebze
dawesebuli
gadasaxadis
SenarCunebas.
28
TanamSromloba/ saqarTvelos sagareo saqmeTa saministroSi
gaimarTa saqarTvelosa da saberZneTs Soris ekonomikuri da
teqnikuri
TanamSromlobis
erToblivi
samTavrobaTaSoriso
komisiis
meore
sxdoma.
saqarTvelos
delegacias
xelmZRvanelobda q-ni Tamar beruCaSvili, saxelmwifo ministri
evropasTan integraciis sakiTxebSi, saberZneTis delegacias ki
evripidis stiliandisi, saberZneTis sagareo saqmeTa ministris
moadgile. sxdomaze ganixiles soflis meurneobis, transportis,
komunikaciebis, turizmis, energetikisa da sabanko
ormxrivi
savaWro-ekonomikuri
TanamSromlobis
sferoebSi
arsebuli
mdgomareoba. mxareebma aseve ganixiles evrokavSiris axali
iniciativis “evropis samezoblo politikis” farglebSi ormxrivi
urTierTobebis Semdgomi ganviTarebis perspeqtivebi.
29
daxmareba/
saqarTvelos
samTavrobo
delegacia,
evropasTan
integraciis sakiTxebSi
saxelmwifo ministris,
q- ni Tamar
beruCaSvilis xelmZRvanelobiT , vizitiT ewvia germanias. bonSi,
samTavrobo doneze gamarTuli Sexvedris dros, ganxilul iqna
saqarTvelosTvis finansuri da teqnikuri daxmarebis gawevis
sakiTxebi.
mxareebi
SeTanxmdnen
2004- 2005
wlebisTvis
TanamSromlobis programisa da proeqtebis paketis Taobaze,
romlis saerTo Tanxa 26 milion evros Seadgens.
noemberi
1
transporti/ 18 -Tviani pauzis Semdeg, 1 noembers britanulma
aviakompania “briTiS mediteranian earveiz-ma” (“briTiS earveizis”frenCaizuli partniori) ganaaxla reisebi saqarTveloSi.
londonis hitrous aeroportidan TbilisSi reisebi Sesruldeba
paraskevobiT da kviraobiT , 13.20 saaTze. TviTmfrinavi daeSveba
TbilisSi
21.30
saaTze,
adgilobrivi
droiT.
Tbilisidan
londonis mimarTulebiT reisebi Sesruldeba orSabaTobiT da
SabaTobiT, 10.30 saaTze. TviTmfrinavi Cafrindeba londonSi 13.15
saaTze, adgilobrivi droiT. reisebi Tbilissa da londons
Siris Sesruldeba A320 da A321 tipis aerobusebiT.
saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi – 2004 weli, #4
103
kalendari
3
TanamSromloba/ saqarTvelos bankma xeli moawera SeTanxmebas
aSS -s saerTaSoriso ganviTarebis saagentosTan (USAID) erTiani
sakredito sistemis Seqmnis Sesaxeb. dokumentis Tanaxmad, saaqcio
kompania
“saqarTvelos
banki”
gamouSvebs
pirvel
kerZo
obligaciebs saqarTvelos safinanso bazarze 3 milioni aSS
dolaris moculobiT, USAID- i ki uzrunvelyofs 50 procentis
garantias (1,5 m ilioni aSS dolari). obligaciebis gayidvidan
miRebuli Tanxebi moxmardeba mcire da saSualo sawarmoebisaTvis
energetikis
dargSi
proeqtebis
dafinansebas.
proeqtis
ganxorcieleba SesaZlebeli gaxda USAID -is teqnikuri daxmarebis
wyalobiT da aseve kompaniebis “PA Consulting Group”, “vinroq
interneSenal-i”, Sps “galt&Taggart siqiuriTis” da saaqcio
kompania “saqarTvelos banki-s” mier erToblivi ZalisxmeviT.
proeqti
xorcieldeba
USAID -is
“saqarTvelos
energousafrTxoebis
iniciativis”
farglebSi,
romelic
”ganviTarebis kreditis” proeqtis Semadgeneli nawilia.
Consulting Group” monawileobs proeqtis administrirebaSi.
3
“PA
sabanko
saqm ianoba/
”Tbiluniversalbanki”
gaerTianda
“saqarTvelos bankTan”. am bankebis aqcionerebi SeTanxmdnen imaze,
rom saqarTvelos banki Seisyidis “Tbiluniversalbankis” aqciebis
80,011 procents. saqarTvelos bankma aseve miaRwia SeTanxmebas
evropis rekonstruqciisa da ganviTarebis bankTan (ergb-i)
“Tbiluniversalbankis”
aqciebis
19,99
procentis
Sesyidvis
Taobaze. Sesabamis memorandums xeli ukve moewera da aRniSnuli
gadawyvetileba unda
damtkicdes
aqcionerTa
krebis
mier,
romelic dagegmilia 2004 wlis dekemberSi.
3
priva tizacia/ saqarTvelos mTavrobam daamtkica ekonomikuri
ganviTarebis saministros gegma saaqcio kompania “TbilaviamSenis”
privatizebasTan dakavSirebiT. gadawyda, rom saaqcio kompania
“TbilaviamSenis” privatizeba moxdeba pirdapiri miyidvis wesiT.
sawarmo gasxvisebuli iqneba Sps “TbilaviamSenze”, romelic
Seiqmna sawarmos amJamindel xelmZRvanelTa sainiciativo jgufis
mier. aviamSeni qarxana gaiyideba 67 milion aSS dolarad. Tanxis
naxevari Cairicxeba saqarTvelos saxelmwifo biujetSi mimdinare
wlis
bolos. privatizebis
ZiriTadi
pirobebia:
sawarmos
profilis SenarCuneba, pirvel rigSi saxelmwifo SekveTebis
Sesruleba. sami wlis Semdeg, sawarmos xelmZRvanelobam unda
uzrunvelyos Statis gazrda 20 procentiT da xelfasebis
momateba 10 procentiT.
5
104
energetika/ Cinurma kompania “siCuan eleqtrik pauer import end
eqsport
korporeiSn-ma”
(saqarTveloSi,
xadoris
hes- is
mSeneblobis investorebi) xeli moawera Sualedur SeTanxmebas
energoresursebis
sabiTumo
bazarTan,
romelsac
marTavs
saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi - 2004 weli, #4
kalendari
espaneTis kompania “iberdrola”, sadguris eqspluataciis Taobaze
2004 wlis 15 noembridan. xadori hesis mSenebloba mdinare
alazanze pirveli proeqtia energetikis dargSi, romelic CineTis
mxarem ganaxorciela saqarTveloSi. samSeneblo samuSaoebi
daiwyo 2001 wlis gazafxulze. sainvesticio proeqtis mTliani
Rirebuleba 25 milionamde aSS dolars Seadgens. sadguris
saproeqto simZlavrea 24 mvt: ori obieqti - TiToeuli 12 mvt
simZlavriT.
sruli
datvirTviT
muSaobisas,
xadori
hesi,
praqtikulad SesZlebs srulad daakmayofilos kaxeTis regionis
moTxovna eleqtroenergiaze.
11
TanamSromloba/
“investiciebis
londoni
dabandeba
organizebuli
iyo
rekonstruqciisa da
maspinZlobda
saqarTveloSi”.
saqarTvelos
mTavrobisa
ganviTarebis bankis mier.
konferencias
konferencia
da
evropis
konferenciaSi
monawileoba miiRes saqarTvelos premier ministrma zurab Jvaniam,
ekonomikuri ganviTarebis ministrma kaxa benduqiZem, finansTa
ministrma zurab noRaidelma, erovnuli bankis prezidentma
irakli managaZe, sxva oficialurma pirebma da qarTvelma
biznesmenebma. konferencias aseve daeswro 250-ze meti biznesmeni
didi britaneTidan da aSS-dan. biznes-konferencia londonSi,
yvelaze didi ekonomikuri RonisZiebaa, romelic odesme yofila
organizebuli saqarTvelos mTavrobis mier. konferencia miznad
isaxavda saerTaSoriso politikuri da saqmiani wreebisaTvis
qveyanaSi ekonomikuri da politikuri reformebis kursis,
biznesis mdgomareobis gacnobas, qarTvel da ucxour mewarmeebs
Soris ndobisa da saqmiani kavSirebis xelSewyobas, investiciebis
mobilizebas saqarTvelos ekonomikis sxvadasxva seqtorebSi.
saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi – 2004 weli, #4
105
danarTi I:
ekonomikuri zrdis konkurentunarianoba da saqarTvelo dsT-s
sivrceSi
Tengiz lomitaSvili, ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis
magistranti
Sesavali
dinamizaciisa da sayovelTao neoliberaluri globalizaciis pirobebSi
globaluri politikis yuradReba mimarTul unda iqnas im qveynebisaken, romlebic
ganviTarebis problemis winaSe dganan. dauyovnebeli cvlilebebis gareSe es qveynebi
ekonomikuri zrdis Sanss dakargaven. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs dsT-is qveynebi, romlebic
cdiloben garkveuli zRvruli makro, mikroekonomikuri da humanuri ganviTarebis
indikatorebis miRwevas, raTa usafrTxo da mdgradi ganviTarebis traeqtoriaze
gavidnen. aranaklebi mniSvnelobisaa im sakiTxis garkveva ramdenad muSaobs am qveynebSi
ekonomikuri zrda siRaribis daZlevis mimarTulebiT.[9]. ”pro-Raribebis” ekonomikuri
zrdis koncefcia sakmao Zalas ikrebs.[12]
Cveni
naSromis
mTavari
mizania
dsT-is
qveynebSi
ekonomikuri
zrdis
mamoZravebeli faqtorebis Sefaseba da indeqsebis ageba, romlis meSveobiTac SevadarebT
am qveynebis ekonomikuri zrdis perspeqtivebs. Tezisi da Sedegi ki Cvens mier
warmoebuli ranJirebaa. ranJirebis mixedviT saqarTvelos me-10 adgili ukavia qveynebis
am jgufSi ekonomikuri zrdis perspeqtivebis TvalsazrisiT.
Cveni kvlevis ZiriTadi Sedegis
garda, Cven miviReT agreTve “Tanamdevi
efeqtebis” Sedegebi, romlebic warmovadgineT, rogorc Cveni midgomis mTavari daSvebebi
da winapirobebi. saqme isaa, rom ekonomistTa umravlesoba ewinaaRmdegeba ekonomikuri
zrdisa da ekonomikuri ganviTarebis kategoriebis paralelurad xmarebas.[20]. gansxvaveba
marTlac aSkaraa – meore moicavs pirvels, magram Cvenma midgomam moiTxova am
gansxvavebis ugulebelyofa sami ZiriTadi mizezis gamo: 1) sakmaod farTod
gavrcelebuli mosazreba arsebobs imis Taobaze, rom raodenobrioba, rogorc wesi,
TvisebriobaSi gadadis. es niSnavs, rom ekonomikuri zrda, romelic upiratesad
raodenobrivi maCvenebelia, adre Tu gvian aucileblad gadaiqceva ekonomikur
ganviTarebad, romelic Tvisebrivi maCveneblebis cvlilebasac gulisxmobs. anu,
mxolod drois da ekonomikuri zrdis tempis saqmea, rom zrda ganviTarebad gadaiqces.
aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom mecnierebi, romlebic am gansxvavebas uWeren mxars,
terminologiuri diferenciaciis sakmaris kriteriumebad drois periods da ek. zrdis
siCqares miiCneven. formaluri ekonomikuri mecniereba ki ar cnobs raime konkretulad
gansazRvrul limitebs, rogorc obieqtur kriteriumebs msgavsi diferenciaciis mizniT.
aseTi limitebis daweseba yoveli konkretuli, individualuri ekonomikuri movlenis
SemTxvevaSi
cnobili
da
gamocdili
economist-eqspertebis prerogativaa. imis
gadawyveta, Tu ekonomikuri zrda sad wyvets ubralo raodenobrivi maCveneblad yofnas
da TvisebriobaSi gadadis, vfiqrobT, CvenTvis sakmaod Znelia 2) is faqtorebi,
romlebzec Cven gavakeTeT aqcenti (ZiriTadad humanuri da teqnologiuri), rogorc
zrdis mTavar faqtorebze, upiratesad Tvisebrivi indikatorebia. es faqtorebi gavlenas
axdenen zrdaze da amave dros uku gavlenasac ganicdian. mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSirebi
aSkarad or mimarTulebiania. aRniSnuli kvlav metyvelebs ubralo raodenobrivi
maCvenebelis gamoyenebis aramizanSewonilobaze. 3) Cveni naSromi aRiarebs e.w. “sistemur
midgomas” anu ganviTarebis yvela sferos (socialuri, ekonomikuri, politikuri)
106
saqarTvelo s ekonomikis mimarTulebebi – 2004 weli, #4
ekonomikuri zrdis konkurentunarianoba da saqarTvelo dsT-s sivrceSi )
erTianobas. amitom nebismieri semantikuri gansxvaveba am or termins Soris
arapragmatulia mecnieruli TvalsazrisiT. gansxvavebas SeuZlia mTliani suraTis
gamartiveba, magram ekonomikuri faqtebis aseTi izolirebuli da gamartivebuli xedva
ar amarTlebs economikuri mecnierebis mTavar mizans, rac mdgomareobs sazogadoebis
simdidris gafarToebis gzebis SemuSavebaSi. globaluri azrovneba ukve didi xania iqca
swori lokaluri qmedebis yvelaze kritikuli imperativad. zemoaRniSnuli argumentebi
sakmarisi
mizezia
imisaTvis,
rom
aqcenti
ar
gavakeToT
terminologiur
diferenciaciaze, ufro zustebi rom viyoT, Cven vxmarobT am or termins
urTierSenacvlebiT, imisaTvis, rom aRvweroT ekonomikuri movlenebis rTuli
monacvleobis aRmavali procesi.
gardamaval qveynebs garkveuli specifika aqvT ekonomikuri urTierTobis
sferoSi, magram es ar niSnavs, rom ZiriTadi ekonomikuri kanonebi aq ar moqmedeben.
amitom Cven Semogvaqvs daSveba, rom am qveynebs aqvT ekonomika, romelic garkveul
doneze sabazro ZalebiT imarTeba. Cven viziarebT zogierTi ekonomistis ideas da maT
ekonomikas ganvixilavT e.w. “postkomunisturi kapitalizmis” ekonomikad anu defeqtur,
magram mainc sabazro ekonomikis ZalebiT marTul meurneobas.[1]
yvelaze aSkara problema, rasac ki Cven (dsT -is qveynebi) wavawydiT sabWoTa
kavSiris daSlis Semdeg is iyo, rom davkargeT uzarmazar bazarTan xelmisawvdomoba. es
ukanaskneli ki ganviTarebis da zrdis erT-erT faqtoradaa miCneuli. ekonomikuri
zrdis Teorias mniSvnelovani geografiuli ganzomileba aqvs. arsebobs regionebTan
siaxlovis ekonomikuri zrdis faqtorad ganxilvis didi tradicia (mag. krugmani,
otaviano da puga, da a.S.). amitomaa, rom integraciul procesebs dsT-is sivrceSi
alternativa ar gaaCnia, miTumetes roca am qveynebs saerTo ekonomikuri warsuli
aqvT .[21]. amitomaa, rom Cvens mier agebuli indeqsebi saWiro da drouli xelsawyoebia
Cveni savaWro partniorebis ekonomikuri aRmavlobis prognozirebisaTvis. garda amisa,
naTeli ekonomikuri prognozi aucilebelia ucxouri investiciebis mozidvis mizniT.
am azriT dsT -is qveynebi erTmaneTis konkurentebad gvevlinebian.
ekonomikuri
zrdis kavSirurTierTobebi – sistemuri midgoma
Cveni naSromis erT-erT upiratesobad migvaCnia is, rom Teoriul fonad
SevecadeT sistemuri midgomis arCeva ekonomikuri zrdis TvalsazrisiT. sistemuri
midgoma klasikuri mecnierebis erT-erTi Zvirfasi memkvidreobaa.
saqme isaa, rom
ekonomikuri urTierTobebi socialuri mTlianis nawilia, amitom maTi fesvebi Rrmad
aris masSi gadgmuli. Cveni yoveli samecniero naSromi ekonomikis dargSi miZRvnili
unda iyos am sistemuri urTierTobebis gamoaSkaravebisaTvis, radganac, rogorc viciT,
sistemas, rogorc mTels sxva Tviseba gaaCnia, vidre mis calkeuli kompomentebis
Tvisebebis ubralo jams (sinergiuli efeqti).
am urTierTobebis ufro Rrma Secnoba damokidebulia urTierTdakavSirebuli
disciplinebis codnis doneze. Cven myarad varT darwmunebulebi, rom mxolod yvela
ZiriTad socialuri disciplinis sistemur codnas SeuZlia ekonomikis marTvisTvis
namdvilad efeqturi da praqtikuli berketebis formirebaSi dagvexmaros. Tu
mxedvelobaSi miviRebT Tanamedrove mecnierTa mzard yuradRebas ganviTarebis
Tanamedrove koncefciis sirTuleebis mimarT, Cveni midgoma myarad dasturdeba. isini
Tvlian, rom Tanamedroveobis
erTerTi ZiriTadi inovacia aris “sazogadoebriobis
yvela sferoSi subieqtebis, obieqtebis da movlenebis urTierTdamokidebulebis,
urTierTmimarTebis da urTierTkavSiris mudmivi asaxva”. [2][3]. Cveni naSromis erT-erTi
nakli SeiZleba iyos is, rom gardamavali qveynebi jer ar gadasulan post-industriul
stadiaze; magram gvjera, rom dinamizaciisa da globalizaciis Tanamedrove
saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi – 2004 #.4
107
ekonomikuri zrdis konkurentunarianoba da saqarTvelo dsT-s sivrceSi
tendenciebis gavleniT aRniSnuli maxasiaTeblebi uaxloes momavalSi CvenTanac iqneba.
maTi asaxva ki ekonomikuri zrdis wingamswrebi strategiis SemuSavebas moiTxovs.
zemoaRniSnulma argumentebma saSualeba mogvces gagveanalizebina im mecnierTa
ideebi, romlebmac scades TavianTi Sesabamisi disciplinebis (socialuri, politikuri,
ekonomikuri) segmenturi SeboWiloba daeZliaT ganviTarebis problemasTan mimarTebaSi
da epovnaT urTierTkavSiri aRniSnul disciplinebs Soris.
karl
marqsisaTvis sazogadoebis ekonomi kuri organizacia ufro farTo
socialuri erTianobis nawili iyo. sazogadoebis ekonomikuri struqtura ganmsazRvrel
gavlenas axdenda mis politikur urTierTobebze, kanonebis bunebaze, da zogadad
kulturul Rirebulebebze. Tumca, mas urTierTkavSiris aRniSnuli xedva SemuSavebuli
qonda Tavisi specifikuri problemis – socialuri uTanabrobis garSemo. ekonomikuri
urTierTobebis mniSvneloba marqsisTvis gadmwyveti iyo
– igi fundamenturi
cvlilebis Zalas miawerda ekonomikur Zalebs, da amiT sxva Zalebs unda aereklaT
aseTi saxis realoba.[5]
maqs veberma ganavrco zogadi argumentebis da Teoriebis agebis marqsiseuli
midgoma, agreTve sxvadasxva socialuri faqtorebis urTierTkavSiri, romelic iwvevda
ekonomikuri zrdis, socialuri cvlis, politikuri ganviTarebis specifikur tipebs.
veberis idea, rom protestanturi samuSao eTika iyo mTavari faqtori evropisa da
amerikis warmatebis saqmeSi, kvlav CvenTanaa: cota xnis winaT niu-iorkis univrsitetis
istorikosi, n. fergiusoni amtkicebda, rom germaniis da sxva evropuli qveynebis
dRevandeli
ekonomikuri
stagnacia
didadaa
kavSirSi
religiuri
rwmenis
SemcirebasTan.[36]. veberi dabejiTebiT Seecada eCvenebina, rom arcerT calkeul Zalas
ar Seswevs mudmivi dominirebis unari. mas miaCnda, rom saWiro iyo yuradRebis
gamaxvileba socialur istoriaSi gavlenis mqone Zalis cvlilebis mimarT, da am
principis gamoyeneba Teoriebis agebis dros. mokled, veberma Semoitana ganviTarebis
procesisadmi axali midgoma – socialuri Zalebis urTierTkavSiri.
Cveni azriT, yvelaze Zlieri argumentebi am mxriv ekuTvnis, j. Sumpeters. igi
ganuw yvetliv aswavlida Tavis studentebs, rom efiqraT ganviTarebaze, ara rogorc
calkeul, segmentirebul procesze, aramed rogorc arsebiTad ufro farTo socialuri
procesis nawilze. misi sityvebiT, “socialuri procesi aris realurad erTi
ganuyofeli mTeli. uzarmazari nakadidan majgufebeli xeli xelovnurad gamoyofs
ekonomikur faqtebs.”[6]. SumpeterisaTvis ekonomikuri analizis erTerTi mizezobrivi
faqtori unda iyos araekonomikuri; ekonomikuri process gaaCnia an araekonomikuri
wanamZRvrebi an araekonomikuri Sedegebi an orive erTdroulad. is amtkicebda, rom
mecniers unda SeeZlos ganaxorcielos ekonomikuri analizi sxva faqtoebTan
urTierTkavSirSi, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi mas ar SeeZleba namdvilad mecnieruli
analizis Catareba. misi erTguleba am principis mimarT iseTi Zlieri iyo, rom man
daikava ara ekonomikuri pozicia sxvadasxva ekonomikuri fenomenis asaxsnelad. misi
sityvebiT, “SeuZlebelia ekonomikuri cvlilebis axsna mxolod wina ekonomikuri
pirobebiT, radgan xalxis ekonomikuri mdgomareoba gamomdinareobs ara ubralod wina
ekonomikuri mdgomareobidan, aramed wina mTliani situaciidan.”[5]
socialuri mecnierebis yvela sferoSi arsebobs bevri cnobili avtori da
samecniero naSromi, romelic eZRvneba sistemur princips. es avtorebia: giunar
miurdali, albert hirSmani, bert hozelici, barington muri umcrosi, s. lipseti,
samuel hanTingtoni, j. nelsoni, a. seni, j. burki, p. striteni. [5]
Cvens mier zemoT ganxiluli Teoriebi gamomdinareoben socialuri mecnierebis
sxvadasxva sferodan da Seabamisad Zirfesvianad gansxvavdebian SinaarsiT da
struqturiT, magram yvela maTgani inarCuebs azrs, rom sxvadasxva socialuri fonis
108
saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi – 2004 weli, #4
ekonomikuri zrdis konkurentunarianoba da saqarTvelo dsT-s sivrceSi )
gamo, yvela qveyanas unda morgebul iqnas sakuTari socialuri identurobis Sesabamisi
da adekvaturi ekonomi kuri zrdis modeli da politika. miurdalis mixedviT,
ganviTarebul qveynebSi ekonomikuri zrdis procesisagan gansxvavebiT, sadac sxvadasxva
socialuri da kulturuli Zalebi ekonomikuri zrdis mimarT damTmobebi gaxdnen,
ekonomikuri zrda Camoyalibebis procesi myof ekonomikebSi Rrmad aris Cafluli
sxvadasxva kulturul da socialur ZalebSi – institucionalur struqturaSi.[7]
zemoaRniSnuli
sakmaod
mWidro
kavSirSia
dabali
ganviTarebis
mqone
gardamavali qveynebis ekonomikasTan. Tu miurdalis azri ZiriTadad sworea, (Cven
vTvliT, rom aris), maSin ekonomikuri zrdis nebismieri modeli, romelic Seqmnilia
ganviTarebuli qveynebis ekonomikaze, ar SeiZleba Tanabrad misaRebi iyos ganviTrebadi
da gardamavali qveynebis ekonomikisaTvis. es gaxlavT Ceni Teoriuli gamokvlevis kidev
erTi Sedegi, ris gamoc Cveni indeqsebis agebis dros aqcenti gavakeTeT humanur da
teqnologiur faqtorebze. Cvens gaangariSebebSi aRniSnuli faqtorebi ufro xSiradaa
warmodgenili.
zrdis konkurentunarianoba – konceptualuri siaxle
am TavSi Cven Semogvaqvs zrdis konceptualuri modeli, romelic gamoyenebulia
msoflio ekonomikuri forumis popularuli preqtis “globaluri konkurentunarianobis
angariSis” CarCoebSi. neoklasikuri Teoriis cnobili ekonomistebi – m. porteri, j.
saqsi, a. uorneri, x. martini xelmZRvaneloben aRniSnul proeqts.
proeqtis ori ZiriTadi indeqsidan erT -erTia zrdis konkurentunarianobis
indeqsi, romliTac fasdeba is faqtorebi, romlebic gavlenas axdenen ekonomikur
zrdaze, da Semdeg xdeba qveynebis ranJireba. zrda izomeba, rogorc mSp mosaxleobis
erT sulze cvlilebis tempi. faqtorebi xsnian Tu ratom iumjobesebs zogierTi qveyana
keTildReobas ufro swrafad, vidre sxva romelime. aRniSnuli indikatorebi
fokusirebas axdenen im faqtorebze, romlebic zrdian mwarmoeblurobas, romelic
cxovrebis stadartebis amaRlebis safuZvelia.
mTliani Sida produqti mosaxleobis erT sulze cxovrebis donis yvelaze
zogadi maCvenebelia. amitom konkurentunarianobis mTvari sarbieli aris ara mxolod
bazarze wilis mopoveba da SenarCuneba, aramed is faqtorebi, romlebic ekonomikuri
zrdisa da gaviTarebis process uwyoben xels. konkurenciis is tipi, romelic bazris
wilTan iyo dakavSirebuli e.w. “zero-sam geimis” anu nulovani jamis mqone TamaSis
saxeliT iyo cnobili. am TamaSis principi is aris, rom rasac erTi agebs, mas igebs
meore. anu konkurenciaSi gamarjveba konkurentis xarjze xdeba. rogorc d. dipietre
aRniSnavs, imis rwmena, rom aSS-Tvis konkurentunarianobis SenarCunebis erTaderTi gza
aris sxva erebisTvis bazris wilis warTmeva sxvadasxva segmentSi, es fataluri
Secdomaa. (37)
ekonomikuri zrdasTan mimarTebiT globaluri “namcxvari” ar aris fiqsirebuli.
msoflioSi
aris
ekonomikuri
zrdis
didi
potenciali,
rasac
globaluri
informaciuli, bio da socialuri teqnologiebis swrafi ganviTareba uwyobs xels. miT
umetes ar aris aRniSnul sferoSi e.w. “nulovani TamaSis” principis moqmedebis
adgili. Tumca konkurentunarianobis terminis am SemTxvevaSi gamoyeneba sakmaod
mizanSewonilia,
radgan
mezoekonomikur
doneze
qveynebi
marTlac
ejibrebian
keTildReobis donis amaRlebaSi erTmaneTs.
globalizaciisa da lokalizaciis pirobebSi arc erTi movlena da subieqti
izolirebulad ar viTardeba. amitom ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT mTavaria maTi
saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi – 2004 #.4
109
ekonomikuri zrdis konkurentunarianoba da saqarTvelo dsT-s sivrceSi
pozicionireba am procesebSi, drevandel pirobebSi da momavalSi qveynis adgili
saerTaSoriso ekonomikur sivrceSi. realuri Cawera globalur ekonomikur da sxva
sivrceSi, saerTaSoriso logistikur qselSi, materialuri da aramaterialuri nakadebis
qselSi CaweriT xorcieldeba [38]. msoflio Tanamegobrobis realuri wevroba
CamorCenili ekonomikiT SeuZlebelia, radgan neoekonomiks pirobebSi msoflio
informaciul da sasaqonlo nakadebis moZraobaSi qveynis monawilebis done da xarisxi
mTlianad damokidebulia qveynis ekonomikuri struqturis efeqtianobaze, dinamiurobaze,
ganaxlebis xarisxze, moqnilobaze, inteleqtualur potencialze, adamianuri kapitalis
xarisxze, profesionalizmze, qveynis wminda codnis wilze msoflio wminda codnaSi,
qveynaSi mosaxleobis cxovrebis xarisxze, maT Semosavlebze, erovnuli danazogebis
doneze. zemoaRniSnuli
Tvisebrivi kondiciebis miRweva SeuZlebelia neli
raodenobrivi cvlilebis
anu ekonomikuri zrdis dabali tempebis pirobebSi.
dRevandel pirobebSi arsebuli mdgomareoba ukve naklebad mniSvnelovania, vidre
momavlisaTvis konkuren cia.
ekonomikuri zrdis konkurentunarianobis Cvens mier ganxiluli koncefcia
sakmaod mniSvnelovan winaaRmdegobaSi modis saerTaSoriso ekonomikur urTierTobaTa
TeoriaSi tradiciulad miRebul idasTan savaWro partnior qveyanaSi Semosavlis zrdis
ukukavSirebis Sesaxeb [10]. kerZod, savaWro partnioris ekonomikuri zrda Cveni qveynis
eqsportze moTxovnas zrdis da Sesabamisad Semosavlebic izrdeba. globalizaciis
Tanamedrove pirobebSi garzrdili savaWro urTierTobebi amas kidev ufro uwyoben
xels. dResReobiT saqonelze tarifebi 4%-ze naklebia vaWrobis msoflio organizaciis
wevr qveynebs Soris. integraciuli gaerTianebebi, rogorebicaa “evrokavSiri” da
“NAFTA ”, ganuwyvetliv xels uwyobdnen aRniSnuli tendenciis SenarCunebas. berlinis
kedlis dangrevam da 90-ian wlebSi teqnologiurma revoluciam xeli Seuwyo gamWirvale
da Ria msoflios Camoyalibebas [39].
Tumca, miuxedavad amisa, qveynis ekonomikur zrdaze partnioris zrdis gavlena
naklebad igrZnoba. saqme isaa, rom Seicvala sasaqonlo da informaciuli nakadebis
winaSe wayenebuli moTxovnebi. postindustriuli bazari araefeqtian da uxarisxo,
arakonkurentunarian produqcias gverds uvlis, ris gamoc korelacia partnioris
zrdasa da Cveni qveynis zrdas Soris mniSvnelovnad mcirdeba. amitom gasakviri ar aris,
rom Tanamedrove saxelmwifo ufro dainteresebuli unda iyos postindustriul
ekonomikur moTxovnebs ar CamorCes da sakuTari mwarmoeblurobis amaRlebasa da
ekonomikur zrdaze izrunos. garda amisa, qveynis mzadyofna globalizaciisa
gamowvevebisaTvis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis maRali donis gareSe ver Sedgeba. es
gansakuTrebiT sayuradreboa ganviTarebadi qveynebisaTvisaTvis, romlebic Semosavlebis
zrdis mudmivi problemis winaSe dganan.
msoflio meurneobaSi aqtiuri monawileobis gareSe dRes vercerTi individi,
firma Tu qveyana keTildReobas ver miaRwevs da qronikulad CamorCenilTa jgufSi
aRmoCndeba. aseTi monawileoba ki maTi inteleqtualuri, mecnierul-teqnologiuri
potencialiT, msoflio bazrebze konkurentunarianobis xarisxiT izomeba. [2]
zrdis perspeqtivebi dsT -is qveynebSi
zrdis ranJirebis Cveneuli modeli ZiriTadad eyrdnoba msoflio ekonomikuri
forumis midgomas. Cven veyrdnobiT maT mier gaangariSebul mza korelaciebs im
faqtorebisTvis, romlebsac Cven vrTavT gaangariSebebSi. Cven aseve veyrdnobiT
avstralieli ekonomistebis bloqisa da kenionis Sexedulebebs mwarmoeblurobis zrdis
110
saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi – 2004 weli, #4
ekonomikuri zrdis konkurentunarianoba da saqarTvelo dsT-s sivrceSi )
faqtorebTan dakavSirebiT.[11]. damatebiT, Cven mivmarTavT “humanuri ganviTarebis
angariSs” (2003w), romelic iZleva sakmao safuZvels, rom ekonomikur zrdaze
msjelobisas mxedvelobaSi miviRoT humanuri ganviTarebis indeqsi da saerTod
adamianuri resursebis xarisxi. amitomac gamoviyeneT Cvens gaangariSebaSi sicocxlis
xangrZlivobisa da ganaTlebis indeqsebi, romlebic “HDR” qve indeqsebia. is faqtorebi,
romelTac akliaT korelaciis statistikuri dasabuTeba raRac doneze mainc aris
CarTuli gaangariSebaSi, rogorc Sesabamisi avtorebis eqspertuli Sefasebani.
faqtorTa umetesoba ekuTvnis 2000 da 2001 wels. Cven viyenebT agreTve wina wlis
monacemTa rigebs dinamikuri indikatorebis gaangariSebisaTvis. Cven ganzrax moverideT
bolo wlebis (2002-2003) monacemTa gamoyenebas ori mizezis gamo: 1) 2001 weli bolo
welia msoflio ekonomikur Senelebamde; 2) 2001 weli bolo welia, romlisTvisac
informaciis SedarebiT sruli kompleqti moipoveba qveyanaTa Soris SedarebisaTvis.
faqtiurad, yvela faqtori TiToeuli qveynisaTvis erTi da imave welss ekuTvnis da
Sesabamisad maRalSesadarisia.
meTodologia aseTia: yoveli faqtoris mixedviT SedarebisTvis vagebT
qveindeqsebs
cnobili
formuliT:
(faqtobrivi
mniSvneloba-minimaluri
mniSvneloba)/(maqsimaluri mniSvneloba-minimaluri mniSvneloba). ase, rom yoveli qveyana
TiToeuli faqtoris mixedviT Rebulobs raime qulas 0-1 SualedSi. nuli ekuTvnis
yvelaze uperspeqtivo, xolo erTi yvelaze perspeqtiul qveyanas TiToeuli faqtoris
mixedviT.
saboloo
ekonomikuri
zrdis
konkurentunarianobis
formula Semdegnairad moi cema: zrdis indeqsi=Σ(Xi× Yi), sadac
indeqsis
gaangariSebis
Xi aris qveynis qula i
faqtoris mixedviT, xolo Yi aris
i faqtoris Sesabamisi wona. Cvens konkretul
SemTxvevaSi yvela faqtori warmodgenilia Tanabari woniT. anu Cven vangariSobT
Sesabamisi qveindeqsebis mniSvnelobebis ubralo saSualo ariTmetikuls TiToeuli
qveynisaTvis.
faqtorebis CamonaTvali, romlebic Cven CavrTeT gaangariSebaSi, Semdegia:
1)
mosaxleobis erT sulze realuri mSp-is zrdis tempi. determinacia
mosaxleobis erT sulze mSp-sa da “mef” -is zrdis konkurentunarianobis
indeqss Soris R²=0.8153-ia. Cven viRebT am maCvenebels, rogorc ekonomikuri
zrdis kargad gamocdil winapirobas da niSans. statistikuri informacia
4)
miviReT “HDR-2003”- dan. problema is iyo, rom 1990-2001 wlebis pediodma am
qveynebSi negatiuri zrdis saSualo tempi gviCvena. es imas niSnavs, rom rac
ufro dabalia am faqtoris absoluturi mniSvneloba, miT ufro meti
perspeqtivaa zrdis TvalsazrisiT. amitom, qveindeqsis asagebad mogvixda
eqsponenturi funqciis gamoyeneba. Semdeg gamoviyeneT indeqsis formula.
Riadoba niSnavs, rom qveyana isargeblebs pirdapir da arapirdapir savaWro
Riadobis zRvruli zrdis Sedegad misi mimdinare donis miuxedavad [23]. Cven
gamoviyeneT savaWro Riadobis martivi maCveneblebi – eqsportisa da importis
mSp-Tan fardobis maCveneblebi da gamovTvaleT Sesabamisi qveindeqsebi.
eleqtroenergiis moxmareba aTasi kilovati mosaxleobis aTas sulze.
aRniSnuli miuTiTebs qveynis zogad keTildReobaze, iseve, rogorc energiis
xelmisawvdomobaze qveynis ekonomikuri zrdis faqtor-mamoZravebel etapze.
patentebi mosaxleobis milion sulze wlis ganmavlibaSi aRniSnavs qveynis
5)
teqnologiur SesaZleblobas. determinacia R²=0.530 [8].
mobiluri
telefonis
abonentTa ricxvi
miuTiTebs
2)
3)
kavSirebisa
da
transaqciebis siswrafeze. determinacia R²=0.782 [8].
saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi – 2004 #.4
111
ekonomikuri zrdis konkurentunarianoba da saqarTvelo dsT-s sivrceSi
6)
7)
8)
9)
internetis momxmareblebi mosaxleobis milionze aris agreTve informaciis
xelmisawvdomobisa da ganaTlebis zogadi donis mniSvnelovani maCvenebeli.
(R²=0.816) [8].
savaluto kursis meryeoba zrdaze momqmedi uaryofiTi faqtoria. igi ayovnebs
da xels uSlis transaqciebs mocemuli qveynis mimarT. amitom aris rom Cven
gamovTvaleT TiToeuli qveynis erovnuli valutis kursis meryeobis
dispersia da saSualo kvadratuli gadaxra valutis SemoRebidan 2000 wlamde
da Semdeg gardavqmeniT isisni logariTmuli(1/ln(mniSvneloba)) funqciiT ise,
rom maRali meryeoba dabali perspeqtivis maCvenebeli yofiliyo.
igive SeiZleba iTqvas inflaciis tempze, romelic izomeba samomxmareblo
fasebis indeqsis meryeobiT. rogorc ganviTarebuli qveynebis praqtika
mowmobs, maRali zrdis tempi, rogorc wesi miRweul iqna dabali inflaciis
pirobebSi. [18]. magram dispersiis nacvlad Cven gamoviyeneT samomxmareblo
fasebis indeqsis yovelwliuri saSualo cvlilebis tempi.
”HDR”-is ganaTlebisa da sicocxlis xangrZlivobis indeqsebi asaxaven
qveynis adamianuri resursebis xarisxs. dawyebuli 1990 wlidan ekonomistTa
mzardi ricxvi ganixilavs codnis ekonomikas [26]. bevri qveynis ekonomikis
warmatebas pirdapir miaweren aRniSnul faqtorebs. yvelaze ukanaskneli,
magaliTad,
aris
irlandia,
romelic
bolo
periodamde
yvelaze
konkurentunarian qveynad iTvleboda pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebis
mozidvis sferoSi adamianuri garemos mimarT misi yuradRebis gamo [33]. “HDR-
2003” amtkicebs, rom arsebobs mWidro korelacia humanur ganviTarebasa da
ekonomikur zrdas Soris. sinergiul
efeqtebs didi mniSvneloba aqvs:
ganaTlebisa da janmrTelobis dacva afarToebs samuSao Zalis xarisxs da
piriqiT. Cven ar gardavqmeniT aRniSnuli ori indeqsi da pirdapir
gamoviyeneT Cveni indeqsis agebaSi.
10) umuSevrobis done – maRali umuSevroba miuTiTebs zrdis potencialze.
makroekonomikuri sferos cnobilma mkvlevarma, a. oukenma maTematikurad
aCvena kavSiri umuSevrobasa da mSp-is CamorCenas Soris. es kavSiri, romelic
“oukenis kanonis” saxeliTaa cnobili, uCvenebs, rom Tu faqtiuri umuSevroba
1% -iT maRalia bunebriv doneze, maSin mSp-is CamorCena 2.5%-ia. sabazro
ekonomikis zogierTi mkvlevari umuSevari samuSao Zalis rezervebs yoveli
normalurad momqmedi ekonomikis aucilebel pirobad miiCnevs. a. livSicis
sityvebiT, samuSao Zalis 100%-iT datvirTvis SemTxvevaSi ekonomika kargavs
manevrirebis unars, rodesac moTxovna icvleba [27].
11) mwarmoebluroba aris ekonomikuri zrdis ZiriTadi mamoZravebeli, niSani da
Sedegi. Cven gamovTvaleT ori indeqsi: 1) mimdinare mwarmoebluroba, romelic
gamovTvaleT, rogorc mSp erT sul momuSaveze; 2) dinamiuri mwarmoebluroba,
rogorc mwarmoeblurobis saSualo wliuri zrdis tempi 1995-2000 wlebis
periodSi. mwarmoebluroba yvelaze metad gansazRvravs eris cxovrebis dones.
istoria gviCvenebs, rom liderobas mwarmoeblurobis dargSi yovelTvis
mosdevda lideroba economikis, politikis da samxedro sferoebSi [31].
12) investiciebi
fiqsirebul
kapitalSi
–
mimdinare
krizisis
daZleva
SesaZlebelia sawarmoo sistemis mxolod sruli ganaxlebis safuZvelze[29].
Cven SevadareT investiciebis moculobebi 2002 wlisaTvis qveynebis mixedviT.
Cven gardavqmeniT erovnul valutis erTeulebSi gamoxatuli Tanxebi
Sesabamisi sadolare kursiT. Tumca, Cven Cven gvjera, rom es indikatori
cota ar iyos arasrulyofili sazomia zogadi investiciuri tendenciisa,
radgan investiciebis nakadebi da sainvesticio aqtivoba SesaZlebelia
112
saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi – 2004 weli, #4
ekonomikuri zrdis konkurentunarianoba da saqarTvelo dsT-s sivrceSi )
mieweros droebiT faqtorebs da mdgradi investiciuri stimulebis aRweris
unari mas ar Seswevs. Cven mainc gadavwyviteT, rom ar gavsuliyaviT am
tradiciuli maCveneblis gareSe, radgan bevri ekonomisti miawers did
mniSvnelobas investiciebs, gansakuTrebiT ki pirdapir ucxour investiciebs
[19]. Cveni gaTvlebis Sedegebi aseTia:
mSp
mosaxl.
erT
sulze
zrdis
tempi
1990-2001
saqarTve -5,5
lo
azerbaija -1,3
ni
-1,3
somxeTi
-3,5
ruseTi
ukraina
yazaxeTi
-7,4
-1,9
Turqmene -6,1
Ti
uzbekeTi -1,5
eleqtro
energiis
moxmareba
saqonlisa
mosax.
da
mSp–is
saq.
da
erT
momsaxure
zrdis
momsax.
bis
sulze(100
tempis
importi
kil. eleqtro
eqsponent mSp
–is eqsporti
0
(mSp-is % eqsportis (mSp-is % importis saaTi)
uri
zrdis
energiis
funqcia
indeqsi
2001)
indeqsi
2001)
indeqsi
indeqsi
2000 *
22,0
38,0
1,2
0,0041
0,0073
0,0000
0,2083
0,1471
42,0
0,2725
0,2725
0,4965
0,4965
0,0302
0,0006
0,0548
0,0009
0,1496
0,2724
56,0
46,0
0,0385
0,6538
0,0022
0,0039
0,0003
0,0001
0,4583
0,8077
10,000
saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi – 2004 #.4
0,0000
2,1
10,000
43,0
0,6346
0,2647
0,7
76,0
55,0
0,5488
0,1875
10,000
0,0000
0,2647
1,6
50,0
64,0
belarusi -0,6
0,0000
0,2885
0,0003
tajikeTi -9,2
0,1176
1,6
37,0
74,0
10,000
0,4706
0,5588
0,3958
0,1154
0,0367
2,3
2,6
0,3529
0,0588
1,1
28,0
37,0
0,0202
0,1875
0,5417
0,9
4,1
0,4375
0,4808
0,4065
-8,2
54,0
49,0
1,9
0,2083
0,3750
47,0
28,0
0,2231
46,0
37,0
0,4615
47,0
yirgizeTi -3,9
moldova
26,0
24,0
38,0
0,3846
0,0769
0,4118
2,7
0,3125
0,5882
113
ekonomikuri zrdis konkurentunarianoba da saqarTvelo dsT-s sivrceSi
mobiluri
telefone
bis
abonenteb
i 2001
patentebi
(mosaxle
obis
million patentebi
ze ) 2001
s indeqsi
38,0
0,061
0,3619
0,0
mobiluri
telefone
bis
abonenteb
is
indeqsi
internet.
savaluto
momxmareb
kursis
lebi
meryeobis
savaluto logariTm savaluto
mosaxl.
erT
uli
interneti kursis
kursis
sulze
s
momx. meryeobis funqcia(1/ meryeobis
variacia ln(value) ) indeqsi
indeqsi
2001
0,0093
831835
0,81
0,6413
0,094
0,0000
10,000
0,2100
0,0032
0,0644
0,0734
11045
0,1074
0,2414
0,6671
0,78
saqarTve
lo
azerbaijan
i
46,0
0,4381
0,007
0,0543
0,0184
0,4272
9558
0,1091
0,6883
0,78
somxeTi
105,0
10,000
0,053
0,5543
0,0293
0,6874
108591467
0,0540
0,0000
0,69
ruseTi
12,0
0,1143
0,044
0,4565
0,0119
0,2721
48694
0,0926
0,4826
0,74
ukraina
79,0
0,7524
0,036
0,3696
0,0093
0,2100
25367
0,0986
0,3325
0,68
yazaxeTi
0,2119
0,69
TurqmeneTi
0,0710
0,4064
0,74
uzbekeTi
0,0866
0,1340
10,000
0,72
yirgizeTi
0,1198
0,8218
7,0
0,005
0,1238
0,4476
47,0
3,0
0,051
0,004
0,0286
39,0
0,89
0,003
0,1905
13,0
HDI
–is
ganaTleb
is
indeqsi
0,002
0,0667
20,0
0,014
0,3714
0,0000
0,0109
0,0326
0,5326
0,0217
0,1304
0,0017
0,0060
0,0302
0,0137
0,0005
0,0424
saSualo
wliuri
cvlileba
sfi-Si %
1992-2000
21,8
0,88
5,6
0,86
19,7
0,93
0,93
Sebrunebu
li
sfi sfi
–is
umuSevro
(1ln( mniSvn meryeobis umuSevro bis
ba 2001
eloba ))
indeqsi
indeqsi
11,1
0,0000
1,2
5,3
15,3
0,5996
0,4227
0,0648
1,5
4,5
0,1028
0,3667
0,3832
0,92
6,9
0,5173
0,2962
3,1
0,2523
0,92
18,0
2,8
0,86
4,2
0,90
5,7
0,0748
0,9346
0,3150
0,0000
10,000
104148
1738
4223
5793
215291
0,0327
0,1754
0,6917
0,5642
0,5759
0,3861
0,0267
0,0433
7,4
0,5008
0,2708
0,9952
0,1804
0,0005
saqarTve
lo
10,397
0,9143
21,036
0,0372
10,545
10,000
0,2718
0,0023
azerbaijan
i
somxeTi
0,9788
0,0714
10,037
0,9642
0,7064
0,4783
522,656
37,148
0,9924
0,0678
ruseTi
ukraina
232,8
0,0962
0,2854
0,8813
0,0000
76,671
0,1431
yazaxeTi
0,9835
0,5897
0,7552
0,0115
TurqmeneTi
10,313
0,8662
10,340
0,0168
uzbekeTi
10,380
0,9047
0,1974
0,0009
yirgizeTi
0,9772
0,5534
0,1520
0,0000
moldova
0,9832
0,5881
526,667
10,000
tajikeTi
10,357
0,8912
22,078
0,0391
belarusi
0,0745
0,2098
0,3013
10,000
0,0246
31,9
0,0360
0,0470
0,1140
0,0253
0,0385
43,4
102,1
0,1776
10,537
0,0348
0,1776
2,3
investici
ebi
fiqsirebu
kapitalS
i
2002
mlrd
investici
U
aSS
ebis
dol.
indeqsi
0,2952
60,9
0,1495
belarusi
mimdnare
mwarm.
(mSp/erT
muSaze)
37,5
2,3
0,74
1050,0
1063,0
0,2523
2
0,3424
moldova
tajikeTi
0,3670
0,0000
0,0000
10,000
0,7671
0,0814
0,72
0,72
0,1197
0,0143
146,8
0,2399
3,1
0,9755
116,0
0,1154
produqti
uloba
dinamikaS
i (zrdis
tempiwina
mimdinare w-Tan
dinamiuri
produqti Sedarebi mwarmoeb
1995ulobis T )
lurobis
2000
indeqsi
indeqsi
80,5
0,4
0,4386
0,94
10,4
3,0
0,3458
0,91
0,7088
1309149
46,8
0,3952
0,0171
9,8
0,1313
10,000
0,5817
0,3356
0,91
0,0286
dasaqmeba(
aTasi
kaci ) 2001
0,3245
114
HDI- is
sicocxl
is
xangrZl.
indeqsi
0,1195
0,3665
saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi – 2004 weli, #4
ekonomikuri zrdis konkurentunarianoba da saqarTvelo dsT-s sivrceSi )
zrdis
gardaqmnili
zrdis
konkurentuna konkurentunarianobis
rianobis
indeqsi
indeqsi
0,3704
0,3583
saqarTvelo
0,4415
0,6036
azerbaijani
0,4139
0,5085
somxeTi
10,000
ruseTi
0,5564
0,3819
0,3978
ukraina
0,3981
0,4539
yazaxeTi
0,2666
0,0000
TurqmeneTi
0,3489
0,2841
uzbekeTi
0,4311
0,5677
yirgizeTi
0,4358
0,5839
moldova
0,4565
0,6553
tajikeTi
0,5203
0,8756
belarusi
ranJireba
ruseTi
belarusi
tajikeTi
azerbaijani
moldova
yirgizeTi
somxeTi
yazaxeTi
ukraina
saqarTvelo
uzbekeTi
TurqmeneTi
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
daskvna
daskvnis saxiT SesaZlebelia naSromis Sejameba misi upiratesobebis, naklis da
mTavari Tezisis srulyofilebis TvalsazrisiT.
naSromis SesavalSi uxvad iyo saubari daSvebebsa da winapirobebze. meore
nawilSi Cven SevecadeT, rom Teoriulad dagvesabuTebina Cvens mier arCeuli midgoma
zogadi ekonomikuri procesebisadmi da maT Soris ekonomikuri zrdis mimarT. Cven
SevecadeT gvepovna Cvens mier indeqsebis agebis dros gamoyenebuli faqtorebis arCevis
Teoriuli safuZveli da davasabuTeT ekonomikuri zrdis modelebis modifikaciis
aucilebloba sxvadasxva tipis ekonomikis mimarT. aRniSnulma Teoriulma kvlevam
SesaZlebloba mogvca gamogveyenebina araekonomikuri faqtorebic ekonomikuri zrdis
konkurenunarianobis indeqsis gaangariSebisaTvis.
Cveni naSoromis mTavari Tezisi aris Cvens mier agebuli ranJirebaa
ekonomikuri zrdis perspeqtivebis mixedviT dsT-is qveynebisaTvis. yvelaze maRali
indeqsi da Sesabamisad reitingi am sistemiT ruseTs aqvs, rac niSnavs, rom am qveyanaSi
ekonomikuri zrdis tempi dsT-is sivrceSi yvelaze maRali iqneba uaxloes momavalSi.
saqarTvelo ki mxolod me-10 pozicias ikavebs, rac mosalodnel mokrZalebul
saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi – 2004 #.4
115
ekonomikuri zrdis konkurentunarianoba da saqarTvelo dsT-s sivrceSi
ekonomikuri zrdis tempze miuTiTebs. yvela faqtori, romelic ki CavrTeT indeqsis
gaangariSebaSi statistikurad mWidro korelaciur damokidebulebaSia ekonomikur
zrdasTan, rac maTi cifrobrivi mniSvnelobebiTac mtkicdeba. faqtiurad, Cven mogvixda
sakmao Sromis gaweva am maCveneblebis Cveni indeqsze morgebisaTvis.
SegviZlia vaRiaroT, rom Cveni indeqsebi ar arian srulyofili da
mravalganzomilebiani indikatorebi, romlebic moicaven zrdaze momqmed yvela faqtors.
yvelaze aSkara problema albaT faqtorebisaTvis Tanabari wonebis miniWebaa. saqme isaa,
rom yoveli faqtori gansxvavebuli zomiT axdens zegavlenas zrdaze da Sesabamisad
saWiroa sxvadasxva wonebi ufro realuri prognozisaTvis. wonebis Secvla ara
teqnikuri, aramed ufro eqspertuli problema. maTi SerCeva moiTxovs yovelmxriv
eqspertul
gansjas
da
sando
statistikur
mtkicebulebas.
Cven
asset
did
pasuxismgeblobas sakuTar Tavze ver viRebT.
Cveni insdeqsis gaTvlaSi movicviT zrdis konkurentunarianobis indeqsis
TiTqmis yvela mxare (Tumca sakmaod ganzogadebuli da saxeSecvlili, magram mainc)
sazogadoebrivi institutebis garda, radgan am ukanasknelis Sefasebas esaWiroeba
detaluri gamokiTxviTi informacia qveynebis residenti kompaniebiss umaRlesi
rgolebis warmomadgenlebisgan, rac Cvens Zalisxmevas aRemateba.
erT-erTi aSkara problemaa garemo faqtorebis ugulebelyofa gaangariSebebSi
ekonomikuri zrdis mdgradobis aRsawerad, rac agreTve infomaciis simwires unda
mieweros.
dabolos, ranJirebis meTodologis daxvewas SeuZlia sagrZnoblad gaafarTovos
Cveni prognozis sizuste. realuri gamocdilebis Sedareba ranJirebis SedegebTan
sakmaod nayofieri iqneba. rac yvelaze mniSvnelovania, mdeloba inicirebulia da Cveni
Semdgomi nabiji iqneba Cveni ranJirebis CarTva “globaluri konkurentunarianobis
ranJirebaSi” qveyanaTa ufro farTo jgufTa SedarebisaTvis.
gamoyenebuli literatura
1.
papava v. “post-komunisturi kapitalizmis politikuri ekonomia”. Tbilisi. 2002w
2.
(v. melqaZis saxelobis socialur-ekonomikuri da regionuli problemebis
instituti. “saqarTvelos ekonomikuri usafrTxoebis koncefcia”. Tbilisi. 2003w)
3.
CikvaiZe T. “diskusia Temaze: globalizacia da axali msoflio wesrigi”. ganaTleba,
s/k
mecniereba, biznesi. aprili. 2003w
4.
(ix.
Temur
basilia,
avTandil
silagaZe,
Tamaz
CikvaiZe.
,,
postsocialisturi
transformacia: saqarTvelos ekonomika XXI saukunis mijnaze “ Tb. 2001 w.)
5.
6.
Somjee A. H. “Development Theory”.N.Y. 1991
Schumpeter J. “The Theory of Economic Development”. Harvard University Press.1934
7.
Myrdal G. “An Approach to Asian Drama”. 1972
8.
www. weforum.org
9.
www.imf.org
10 Lindert P. “International Economics”. Tbilisi. 1998. (In Georgian)
11. Bloch H. and Kenyon P. “Creating Internationally Competitive Economy”. 2002
12 ISC of the CIS. “Main Macroeconomic Indicators of the CIS 1995-2000”. (In Russian)
13 ISC of the CIS. “The Economy of the CIS countries”. Express-report. 2000, 2001,2002, 2003 (In Russian)
14 ISC of the CIS “CIS 1991-2000” Moscow. 2001 (In Russian)
15 “Statistical Yearbook of South Caucasus”.2002 (In Russian)
16 Sundrum R.M. “Economic Growth in Theory and Practice”. N.Y. 1991
116
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ekonomikuri zrdis konkurentunarianoba da saqarTvelo dsT-s sivrceSi )
17 Grossman G.and Helpman E. “Innovation and Growth in the Global Economy”. N.Y. 1991
18 Achelashvili N.”Some Aspects of Application of Models of Economic Growth in Georgia`s Economic
Conditions”. The Problems of Developing of
Market Economy of Georgia. Tbilisi. 2003 (In Georgian)
19 Turnava N. “The Economic Growth in Georgia – Experience and Prospects”. The Problems of Developing
of Market Economy of Georgia. Tbilisi. 2003 (In Georgian)
20 Abesadze R. “Economic Development and Its Pecularities in Post-communist Georgia”. The Problems of
Developing of Market Economy of Georgia. Tbilisi. 2003 (In Georgian)
21 Chitanava “Commonwealth of Independent States – Economic Area of Sstrengthening of Integration
Process”. The Problems of Developing of Market Economy of Georgia. Tbilisi. 2003 (In Georgian)
22 Bedi A. and Cies lik “Wages and Wage Growth in Poland - The Role of FDIs”. Economics of
Transition.V.10(1) 2002
23 Grossfield
I.
and
Tressel
Th.”Competition
and
Ownership
Structure:Substitutes
or
Components”.Economics in Transition. V.10(3) 2002
24 Kitson M. and Michie J.”The Political Economy of Competitiveness”. London.2000
25 Nelson R. and Winter C. “An Evolutionary Theory of Economic Change” Moscow.2002 (In Russian)
26
Drucker P.”Post-Capitalist Society”. NY.1993
27
Lifshitz A. “Guidance to Market Economy”.Tbilisi.1991( In Georgian)
28 Nikitin S. “Modern Capitalism: The Problems of Labor Force”. Moscow.The Science.1985 (In Russian)
29 Rinkiashvili N. ”The Ways of Refining the Use of Economic Growth Factors in the Transitional Period to
Market Economy” Tbilisi. 2002. (In Georgian)
30 Porter M. “Competition” Moscow.2000
31 Grayson J. “American Management at the thresholds of XXI Century“. M. The Economics.1991(In Russian)
32 Shengelia T. “ The Efficiency of Innovation Processes and Their Influence over Economic Growth“ Tbilisi.
2002 (In Georgian)
33 Vendpuriswar
A.
“Boosting
National
Competitiveness:
The
Lessons
from
Ireland“
.
www.vedpuriswar.org/articles/
34 Harry Hillman Chartrand.”The Competitiveness of Nations in a Global Knowledge-Based Economy”.2002.
35 Bagg D.”The Economics”.Tbilisi.1999 (In Georgian)
36 “God, Man and Growth”. The Economist. Nov.15 th-21 st. 2003
37 .D. DiPietre. “Beyond Today`s Technology: Keys to Global Competitiveness” 1997.
38. (CikvaiZe T. Wania m. “ganviTarebis mTavari dilemis gadaWris wesi: makroekonomikuri
strate gireba da programireba”. J. ekonomika,3.2004w).
39. S. Gareli. “Competitiveness of Nations: The Fundamentals”.2002. www.imd.ch/wcy/
saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi – 2004 #.4
117
danarTi I:
gardamavali ekonomikis qveynebis rkinigzaTa SedarebiTi analizi
ZiriTadi teqnikuri maCveneblebis mixedviT
paata cagareiSvili, teqnikur mecnierebaTa kandidati
gogita gvenetaZe , T.s.u magistranti (saqarTvelos rkinigzis marketingis samsaxuri)
satransporto derefnis srulad amoqmedebasTan dakavSirebiT uaxloes momavalSi
mniSvnelovnad gaizrdeba saqarTvelos
rkinigzis strategiuli mniSvneloba. misi
efeqtianobisadmi
gazrdili
moTxovnebis
uzrunvelyofa
upirveles
yovlisa
SesaZlebeli iqneba
arsebuli sarkinigzo sistemis simZlavris (gamtarunarianobis,
gadazidvisunarianobis) gazrdiT. simZlavris gazrdaSi igulisxmeba tvirTnakadebis
saprognozo gaTvlebis safuZvelze misi ori Semadgeneli komponentis teqnikuri
aRWurvilobis da saeqspluatacio parametrebis amaRlebis da srulyofis kuTxiT
ganxorcielebuli RonisZiebebi.
teqnikuri aRWurvilobis srulyofis TvalsazrisiT, saqarTvelos rkinigzaze
saWiro iqneba SezRuduli gamtarunarianobis mqone ubnebis ganviTarebis mizniT
saTanado
samSeneblo-sarekonstruqcio
RonisZiebebis
gatareba
da
Tanamedrove
teqnologiebis danergva.
saeqspluatacio parametrebis gaumjobesebis RonisZiebebs ganekuTvneba moZravi
Semadgenlobis gamoyenebis xarisxis gazrda, savagono parkis racionaluri struqturis
SerCeva, gadazidvebis tarifebis optimizacia da, saboloo jamSi, marTvis faqtorebis
gaumjobeseba.
unda aRiniSnos, rom orive zemoxsenebuli komponenti arsebiTad gansxvavdeba
investirebis moculobiT. radganac sainvesticio saxsrebi saqarTvelos rkinigzaze
ganekuTvneba deficituri
resursebis kategorias, amis gamo, maTi gaxarjva
aucilebelia ganxorcieldes rac SeiZleba maRali ukugebiT.
rogorc aRiniSna, sadReisod saqarTvelos sarkinigzo sistemis simZlavris
gazrda moiTxovs damatebiT investiciebs, resursebi SezRudulia, mecnierulad
dausabuTebeli, teqnikur-ekonomikuri gaangariSebis gareSe investiciebis intuiciuri
dabandeba ki araefeqtiania. Tavis mxriv rkinigza imdenad rTul teqnologiur kompleqs
warmoadgens, rom mxolod dargSi momuSave specialistebis gamocdilebis gamoyenebiT
misi ganviTarebis strategiis SemuSaveba SeuZlebelia. am amocanis sirTule da
masStaburoba Tavad gvkarnaxobs sainvesticio resursebis
efeqtianad gamoyenebis
aucileblobas.
am
mizniT
Seswavlili
iqna
evraziis
sivrceSi
sabazro
pirobebze
orientirebuli qveynebis rkinigzebis teqnikuri aRWurvilobis da saeqspluatacio
parametrebis kuTri maCveneblebi, raTa gagvesazRvra saqarTvelos rkinigzis adgili
saerTo sarkinigzo sivrceSi, dagvedgina ganviTarebis saerTo orientirebi da
Sesabamisad investiciebis racionalurad mimarTvis prioritetuloba.
SerCeuli iqna gardamaval etapze myofi 19 qveyana:
trasekas (azerbaijani,
bulgareTi, TurqmeneTi, moldova, saqarTvelo, tajikeTi, ukraina, uzbekeTi, yazaxeTi,
saqarTvelos ekonomik is mimarTulebebi – 2004 weli, #4
119
gardamavali ekonomikis qveynebis rkinigzaTa SedarebiTi analizi ZiriTadi
teqnikuri maCveneblebis mixedviT
yirgizeTi). baltiis (estoneTi, latvia, litva). yofili soc-banakis da rigi aziis
qveynebi (CineTi, ungreTi, poloneTi, ruseTi, belarusi, irani). am qveynebis rkinigzebis
2003 wlis ZiriTadi maCveneblebis safuZvelze SerCeuli iqna teqnikuri aRWurvilobis
da saeqspluatacio parametrebi, sul - 24.
teqnikuri aRWurvilobis maCveneblebs ganekuTvneba: sarkinigzo qselis sixSire
anu qveynis teritoriis erTeul farTobze mosuli sarkinigzo qselis saeqspluatacio
sigrZe, m.S. eleqtroficirebuli ubnebis mixedviT; sarkinigzo qselis sixSire anu
qveynis erT sul mosaxleze mosuli sarkinigzo qselis saeqspluatacio sigrZe, m.S.
eleqtroficirebuli
ubnebis
mixedviT;
liandagis
erT
kilometrze
mosuli
eqspluataciaSi myofi elmavlebis raodenoba, m.S. eleqtroficirebuli ubnebis
mixedviT; liandagis erT kilometrze mosuli eqspluataciaSi myofi satvirTo da
samgzavro vagonebis saerTo raodenoba; liandagis erT kilometrze mosuli
eqspluataciaSi myofi samgzavro vagonebis raodenoba; liandagis erT kilometrze
mosuli eqspluataciaSi myofi satvirTo vagonebis raodenoba; erT wevis erTeulze
(elmavali, Tbomavali) mosuli satvirTo da samgzavro vagonebis raodenoba; liandagis
erT kilometrze mosuli rkinigzis personalis raodenoba.
saeqspluatacio maCveneblebs ganekuTvneba: rkinigzis personalis erT muSakze
mosuli tvirTbrunvis moculoba; liandagis erT kilometrze mosuli tvirTbrunvis
moculoba; wevis erTeulze (elmavali, Tbomavali) mosuli tvirTbrunvis moculoba;
moZravi Semadgenlobis erTeulze (satvirTo vagoni) mosuli tvirTbrunvis moculoba;
moZravi Semadgenlobis
erTeulze (samgzavro vagoni) mgzavrbrunvis moculoba; erTi
samgzavro vagoniT gadayvanili mgzavrebis raodenoba; liandagis erT kilometrze
mosuli gadayvanili mgzavrebis raodenoba; liandagis erT kilometrze mosuli
mgzavrbrunvis moculoba; erT satvirTo vagonze mosuli tvirTzidvis moculoba; erTi
satvirTo vagoniT gadaziduli tvirTebis moculoba; liandagis erT kilometrze
mosuli gadaziduli tvirTebis moculoba; liandagis erT kilometrze mosuli
tvirTzidvis moculoba.
rkinigzebis teqnikuri aRWurvilobis da saeqspluatacio kuTri maCveneblebis
mixedviT
dadginda
TiToeuli
qveynis
rkinigzisaTvis
Sesabamisi
adgili
da
ganxorcielda am qveynebis ranJireba maTematikuri lodinis Sefasebis sistemis
gamoyenebiT.
cxrili 1-Si gamosayofia saqarTvelos rkinigzis teqnikuri aRWurvilobis da
saeqspluatacio parametrebis zogierTi maCvenebeli, kerZod, iseTi maCvenebeli,
rogoricaa rkinigzis qselis erT saeqspluatacio kilometrze mosuli satvirTo da
samgzavro vagonebis saerTo raodenoba. am maCveneblis mixedviT saqarTvelos rkinigza
pirvel adgilzea kerZod erT kilometrze modis moZravi Semadgenlobis 14 erTeuli.
rac miuTiTebs sarkinigzo qselis erT kilometrze mosuli satvirTo da samgzavro
vagonebis siWarbeze, analogiuri maCvenebeli SedarebisaTvis baltiis qveynebSi
saSualod 5-7 erTeuls Seadgens, xolo gadaziduli tvirTis moculoba am qveynebSi 3,03,5-jer aRemateba saqarTvelos rkinigzis tvirTzidvas.
rac Seexeba saeqspluatacio maCveneblebs, gansakuTrebiT gamosayofia iseTi
parametri romelic gviCvenebs erTi satvirTo vagonis saSualo tvirTzidvas.
magaliTad: saqarTvelos rkinigzaze erT satvirTo vagonze saSualod weliwadSi modis
1800 tona gadaziduli tvirTi, maSin roca umetes Sesadarebel rkinigzebze analogiuri
maCvenebeli 5_6-jer metia. vagonis gamoyenebis zemoaRniSnuli kuTri maCvenebliT
120
saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi – 2004 weli, #4
gardamavali ekonomikis qveynebis rkinigzaTa SedarebiTi analizi ZiriTadi
teqnikuri maCveneblebis mixedviT)
saqarTvelos rkinigza trasekas wevr qveynebSi TiTqmis bolo adgilzea, rac udavod
miuTiTebs
satvirTo
vagonis
dabali
efeqtianobiT
gamoyenebaze.
analogiuri
mdgomareobaa saqarTvelos rkinigzis samgzavro vagonebiT
gadayvanili mgzavrebis
raodenobis kuTri maCveneblebis mixedviT, kerZod erTi samgzavro vagoniT 2003 wels
gadayvanili iqna 2500 mgzavri, maSin rodesac baltiis qveynebis rkinigzebis mier erTi
samgzavro vagoniT gadayvanilia saSualod 40-jer meti mgzavri.
gamosayofia teqnikuri aRWurvilobis iseTi parametri rogoricaa liandagis
saeqspluatacio sigrZis erT kilometrze mosuli personalis raodenoba. saSualod
saqarTvelos rkinigzis erT kilometrze modis 11 kaci, ZiriTad Sesadarebel
rkinigzebTan mimarTebaSi es maCvenebeli 4-7 kacis farglebSi optimalurs warmoadgens,
rac miuTiTebs saqarTvelos rkinigzis personalis optimizaciis aucileblobaze.
magaliTisaTvis estoneTma 2003 wlis monacemebiT rkinigzaSi momuSave 2700 personaliT
ganaxorciela 42 mln. tona tvirTis gadazidva (1 momuSaveze _ 6400 tona weliwadSi).
analogiuri maCvenebeli saqarTvelos rkinigzaze 1000 tonaa weliwadSi anu estoneTma
6,4-jer ufro efeqturad gamoiyena muSa-personalis resursebi. rac axali teqnologiebis
danergviT da marTvis faqtorebis optmizirebiT aris ganpirobebuli.
warmodgenili
midgomebis
mixedviT
saqarTvelos
rkinigza
teqnikuri
aRWurvilobiT Sesadarebel qveynebs Soris pirvel adgilzea, xolo saeqspluatacio
parametrebis mixedviT me-14 adgilze. daskvnis saxiT unda aRiniSnos rom, investiciebi
pirvelyovlisa saeqspluatacio parametrebis da marTvis faqtorebis gaumjobesebisken
unda iyos mimarTuli.
saqarTvelos sarkinigzo sistemaSi sainvesticio resursebis prioritetulobis
da miznobriobis gansazRvris mizniT maTematikuri lodinis Sefasebis meTodTan erTad
gamoyenebuli iqna sxva maTematikur-statistikuri xerxebi kerZod: mediana, dispersia da
eqspertuli Sefaseba.
Ø
mediana warmoadgens ganawilebis centris maxasiaTebels, xSirad mas iyeneben
asimetriuli ganawilebis SemTxvevaSi, radganac mis Sedegebze naklebad gavlenas
axdens ganawilebis kiduri wevrebi, medianas Sesafaseblad saWiroa maCveneblebis
ganlageba sididis mixedviT.
Ø
dispersia ganawilebis kanonis gabneulobis maxasiaTebelia, romelic gviCvenebs
teqnikuri
aRWurvilobis
da
saeqspluatacio
parametrebis
mdgomareobas
erTobliobaSi anu ramdenad stabiluria mocemuli maCveneblebis mdgomareoba.
Ø
eqspertuli Sefaseba emyareba eqspertebis mier balebiT Sefasebis (miniWebis)
sistemas, Cvens SemTxvevaSi Sefasebis dros SerCeuli iqna xuT-baliani sistema,
dadginda TiToeuli qveynisaTvis Sesabamisi adgili da moxda am Qqveynebis
ranJireba.
SefasebaTa aRniSnuli sistemis gamoyenebis Sedegad moxda medianis, maTematikuri
lodinisa da eqspertuli SefasebiT miRebuli maCveneblebis dajameba da ranJireba.
cxrili 2, diagrama 1.
saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi – 2004 #.4
121
gardamavali ekonomikis qveynebis rkinigzaTa SedarebiTi analizi ZiriTadi
teqnikuri maCveneblebis mixedviT
cxrili 1: gardamavali ekonomikis qveynebis rkinigzaTa kuTri teqnikuri maCveneblebi,
sxvadasxva maTematikur-statistikuri xerxebis gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi.
teqnikuri aRWurvilobis maCveneblebi
qveynebi
eqspluataciis maCveneblebi
ranJire
ranJir
dispersi median eqspertul lodin jam
bis
median eqspertul lodin jam ebis
dispersia
a
a
i Sefaseba
i
i adgile
a
i Sefaseba
i
i adgile
bi
bi
azerbaijani
4
5
8
4
17
5
7
16
18
18
52
18
bulgareTi
13
10
10
8
28
9
12
17
14
17
48
16
TurqmeneTi
8
15
18
18
51
17
9
12
13
13
38
13
moldova
9
14
14
7
35
13
6
13
15
15
43
14
saqarTvelo
2
3
2
1
6
1
10
14
17
14
45
15
tajikeTi
18
19
17
17
53
18
18
18
16
16
50
17
ukraina
12
2
7
6
15
4
5
6
5
5
16
6
uzbekeTi
7
13
15
14
42
15
2
10
12
10
32
10
yazaxeTi
3
11
9
15
35
12
15
3
6
6
15
5
yirgizeTi
17
16
16
16
48
16
1
19
19
19
57
19
estoneTi
6
6
12
5
23
7
14
2
3
4
9
3
latvia
16
7
6
9
22
6
4
5
4
3
12
4
litva
1
9
13
10
32
11
13
7
7
7
21
7
irani
14
17
19
19
55
19
16
11
11
12
34
12
ruseTi
10
12
1
12
25
8
8
4
2
2
8
2
CineTi
15
8
11
11
30
10
3
1
1
1
3
1
belarusia
11
18
5
13
36
14
19
15
8
9
32
11
poloneTi
5
4
4
3
11
3
11
8
9
8
25
8
ungreTi
12
1
3
2
6
2
17
9
10
11
30
9
zemoaRniSnuli maTematikur-statistikuri meTodebis gamoyenebiT dadginda, rom
saqarTvelos rkinigza teqnikuri aRWurvilobis maCveneblebis mixedviTac Sesadarebel
qveynebis rkinigzebs Soris pirvel adgilzea, xolo saeqspluatacio parametrebiT ki me15 adgilze.
diagrama1:
122
gardamavali ekonomikis qveynebis rkinigzaTa teqnikuri maCveneblebi.
saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi – 2004 weli, #4
gardamavali ekonomikis qveynebis rkinigzaTa SedarebiTi analizi ZiriTadi
teqnikuri maCveneblebis mixedviT)
teqnikuri aRWurvilobis maCveneblebi
1
3
4
5
7
6
8
9
13
14
15
17
10
11
12
2
16
18
19
ungreTi
poloneTi
belarusia
CineTi
ruseTi
irani
litva
latvia
estoneTi
yirgizeTi
yazaxeTi
uzbekeTi
ukraina
tajikeTi
saqarTvelo
moldova
TurqmeneTi
bulgareTi
azerbaijani
eqspluataciis xarisxobrivi maCveneblebi
3
5
6
2
4
7
10
13
16
14 15
18
1
8
9
11
12
17
19
ungreTi
poloneTi
belarusia
CineTi
ruseTi
irani
litva
latvia
estoneTi
yirgizeTi
yazaxeTi
uzbekeTi
ukraina
tajikeTi
saqarTvelo
moldova
TurqmeneTi
bulgareTi
azerbaijani
warmodgenili diagrama 1-is analizi gviCvenebs iranis rkinigzis teqnikuri
aRWurvilobis dabal dones, mas bolo me-19 adgili ukavia, xolo saeqspluatacio anu
marTvis efeqtianoba maRalia.
rac Seexeba ukrainis, latviis, litvis, estoneTis da poloneTis rkinigzebs,
maTi rogorc saeqspluatacio ise teqnikuri aRWurvilobis maCveneblebi erTobliobaSi
saukeTesoa warmodgenili qveynebis rkinigzebs Soris. xolo CineTis, ruseTis da
yazaxeTis qveynebis rkinigzebis maCveneblebi sapirispiro tendeciiT xasiaTdeba kerZod,
maRalia saeqspluatacio parametrebi da SedarebiT dabalia teqnikuri aRWurvilobis
done.
yovelive zemo aRniSnulidan gamomdinare SeiZleba gamovyoT qveynebis oTxi
jgufi:
I
jgufi
saqarTvelo,
bulgareTi,
moldova,
azerbaijani,
ungreTi
(ganviTarebuli infrastruqtura da dabali saeqspluatacio parametrebi);
saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi – 2004 #.4
123
gardamavali ekonomikis qveynebis rkinigzaTa SedarebiTi analizi ZiriTadi
teqnikuri maCveneblebis mixedviT
II jgufi - yazaxeTi, belarusi, irani, ruseTi, CineTi (sustad ganviTarebuli
infrastruqtura da maRali saeqspluatacio parametrebi);
III jgufi - estoneTi, latvia, litva, ukraina, poloneTi
(ganviTarebuli infrastruqtura da maRali saeqspluatacio parametrebi);
IV jgufi - tajikeTi, yirgizeTi, TurqmeneTi, uzbekeTi
(sustad ganviTarebuli infrastruqtura da dabali saeqspluatacio parametrebi).
amrigad, S.p.s,,saqarTvelos rkinigza’’ teqnikuri aRWurvilobis parametrebis
kuTri maCveneblebiT, sxva Sesadarebel rkinigzaTa Soris pirvel adgilzea. rac
udavod miuTiTebs saqarTvelos rkinigzis infrastruqturis maRal doneze Tu
mxedvelobaSi ar miviRebT calkeuli lokaluri SezRuduli gamtarunarianobis mqone
ubnebs, romlebic saSualebas ar iZlevian srulad iqnes gamoyenebuli rkinigzebis
simZlavre.
saeqspluatacio parametrebis kuTri maCveneblebiT ki
saqarTvelos
rkinigza
CamorCeba sxva Sesadarebeli qveynebis analogiur maCveneblebs, igi
upiratesobiT sargeblobs mxolod iseT qveynebTan rogoricaa azerbaijani, tajikeTi,
yirgizeTi, moldova. aRsaniSnavia rom, gadazidvebis specifikidan gamomdinare oTxidan
sami qveyana e.w. ,,Cixur’’ qveynebs warmoadgens.
zemo aRniSnulidan gamomdinare daskvnis saxiT unda aRiniSnos, rom sarkinigzo
sferoSi deficituri sainvesticio resursebi pirvel rigSi mizanSewonilia mimarTuli
iqnas rkinigzis saeqspluataco parametrebis anu marTvis faqtorebis gaumjobesebisaken,
rac saSualebas mogvcems racionalurad gamoviyenoT rkinigzis ZiriTadi fondebi.
gamoyenebuli literatura:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
O???? ? ???????????? ??? ? ?? 2003???. ???? ???.
?.?.?????? ? ???????? ? ???????????? ??????. ??????? ??????? ?????????? 19 99.
?.?. ??????, ? .?. ?????????, ????????? ??????????? ???????, ??????? ???????, ? ? ??-???, 1995 ?,
l. vardosaniZe rkinigzis m uSaobis teqnikur-ekonomikuri maCveneblebi. Tbilisi 1994 w.
g. baRaTuria gazomvaTa Sedegebis damuSavebis maTematikur-statistikuri
safuZvlebi. Tbilisi 1986 w.
124
saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi – 2004 weli, #4
danarTi I:
evrokavSiris partniorobisa da TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb
SeTanxmeba da evropis samezoblo politika saqarTvelosTan
mimarTebaSi: rogor daexmareba evrokavSirTan ekonomikuri
integracia reformebis ganxorcielebis process da ekonomikur
ganviTarebas saqarTveloSi
ivan samsoni da ole na vasilCenko 1
1. saqarTvelos ekonomikur reformasTan dakavSirebuli aqtualuri sakiTxebi
saqarTveloSi makroekonomikuri situacia TandaTanobiT umjobesdeba, rac
gamowveulia ekonomikuri reformis procesSi am ukanasknel periodSi momxdari
cvlilebebiTa da gatarebuli RonisZiebebiT. ekonomikuri mdgomareoba stabiluri
xdeba, wliuri inflaciis done 7 procentis farglebSia, ekonomikuri zrda 2003 wels
8,6 procents Seadgenda, xolo 2004 wlisaTvis pirveli xelmisawvdomi monacemebi
kidev ufro maRal tempebze miuTiTebs. 2 Tumca, miuxedavad ukanasknel periodSi
dafiqsirebuli winsvlisa, serio zuli ekonomikuri problemebi jer kidev arsebobs.
siRaribe kvlavac ZiriTad ekonomikur problemas warmoadgens da mosaxleobis 50
procentze meti cxovrobs SemosavlebiT, romelic minimalur saarsebo dones
Camouvardeba.
siRaribis mTavari mizezi umuSevrobaa: formaluri samsaxuri Sromisunariani
mosaxleobis mxolod 20 procents aqvs. maSin roca oficialuri monacemebiT
umuSevrobis done 15 procentamdea, arasruli dasaqmeba ZiriTadad soflis
mosaxl eobis wilad modis, sadac Sromis bazari ar arsebobs da adamianebi Tavs
TviTdasaqmebiT irCenen d a aseve qalaqad araformaluri saqmianobis wilad. 2 0 0 3
wels, 8,6 procentiT zrda ZiriTadad Sida moTxovniT iyo ganpirobebuli
(mrewveloba, mSenebloba da momsaxureba) da baqo-Tbilisi- jeihanis milsadenis
mSeneblobiT. Tumca, aRsaniSnavia rom baqo-Tbilisi-jeihanis milsadenis wili
ekonomikuri zrdis maCveneblis naxevars Seadgens, xolo soflis meurneobis
seqtorSi zrdis maCvenebeli uaryofiTia. saqarTveloSi arasruli dasaqmebis mT avar
3
mizezs arasakmarisi investireba warmoadgens: kapitaldabandebis maCvenebeli 11
procentia,
baqo -Tbilisi-jeihanis
milsadenis
monacemTa
gareSe
ki
Sida
investiciebisaTvis Sesabamisi maCvenebeli sulac 6 procents Seadgens. aRniSnuli
cifrebi SemaSfoTeblad dabalia, radgan ganviTarebad qveynebSi
mocemuli niSnuli Seadgens 20- 25 procents da ufro metsac.
sawyis
etapze,
1
ivan samsoni (ivan.samson@wanadoo.fr ) da olena vasilCenko (vasylchenko@mail.ru) grenoblis
universitetis (safrangeTi) PEPSE laboratoriis ekonomisti mkvlevarebi arian. ivan samsoni muSaobs
ufros ekonomistad evrokavSiri-tasisis proeqtSi “partniorobisa da TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebis
ganxorcielebis xelSewyoba”, TbilisSi.
2
saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi, 2004/3, http://www.geplac.org/publicat/economic.
3
investiciebis maCvenebeli aris investiciebis Sefardeba mSp -sTan. es maCvenebeli Seadgens daaxloebiT 17
procents evrokavSirSi da Cveulebriv, ufro maRalia naklebad ganviTarebul qveynebSi.
saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi – 2004 weli, #4
125
evrokavSiris partniorobisa da TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb SeTanxmeba da evropis
samezoblo
politika
saqarTvelosTan
mimarTebaSi:
rogor
daexmareba
evrokavSirTan ekonomikuri integracia reformebis ganxorcielebis process da
ekonomikur ganviTarebas saqarTveloSi
ekonomikuri reformis umTavres amocanas arasakmarisi investirebis problemis
gadaWra warmoadgens. faqtobrivad, arasaTanadod ganxorcielebuli struqtu ruli
reforma saqarTveloSi aferxebs ekonomikur ganviTarebas. saqarTvelom warmatebiT
daiwyo antikorufciuli politikis ganxorcieleba da bolo periodSi sagadasaxado
Semosavlebi 68 procentiT gaizarda. magram formaluri dasaqmebis 2/3 kvlavac
saxelmwifo seqtorze mo dis da Zviri ujdeba erovnul ekonomikas. saqmian klimats
rac Seexeba, aq moqmedebs Zlieri biurokratizmi da araprognozirebadi wesebi,
sagadasaxado da sabaJo tvirTi metismetad maRali da araefeqturia, arasamarTliani
4
konkurenciaa maTi mxridan, vinc gadasaxadebs malavs . amasTan, saqarTvelos biznes
asociaciebi
gamoTqvamen
ukmayofilebas
dabali
dafinansebisa
da
bankebis
konservatiuli funqcionirebis gamo, romelic xels uSlis sainvesticio saqmianobas.
msoflio
ekonomikaSi,
qveynis
ekonomikuri
gaxsniloba
misi
ekonomikuri
ganviTarebis mTavar parametrs warmoadgens da rac ufro mcirea qveyana, miT ufro
aSkarad vlindeba aRniSnuli kanonzomiereba. faqtobrivad, saqarTvelos ekonomika
arasaTanadod aris gaxsnili. marTalia korufciis
winaaRmdeg gatarebulma
RonisZiebebma gazarda sag areo vaWrobis oficialuri maCvenebeli, magram mcire da
saSualo sawarmoTa arasakmarisad aqtiuri saqmianobis Sedegad Sida moTxovna
importzea orientirebuli. es moTxovna, romelic amJamad saqarTvelos ekonomikuri
zrdis safuZvels Seadgens, dakavSirebulia saqonlis
tranzitidan miRebul
SemosavlebTan,
baqo-Tbilisi-jeihanis
milsadenis
gamo
gamoyofil
ucxour
investiciebTan da Semosavlis sxva wyaroebTan , magaliTad rogoricaa saerTaSoriso
donorebi, sazRvargareT mcxovrebi qarTvelebisgan miRebuli gzavnilebi da
kontrabandis gziT miR ebuli Semosavlebi. amgvari viTarebis Sedegad Seqmnilia didi
savaWro deficiti 800 milioni aSS dolaris odenobiT, romelic biujetis mTlian
xarjebs utoldeba.
saqarTvelos vaWrobis geografiuli struqtura 2003 wels
eqsporti
1000 aSS
dolari
importi
%
1000$
%
evrokavSiri
ruseTi
70000
75600
15,8
17,0
380700
149800
36,0
14,2
TurqeTi
azerbaijani
ukraina
aSS
TurqmeneTi
78850
16000
27200
14600
56600
17,8
3,6
6,1
3,3
12,7
107530
92800
80700
53000
9500
10,2
8,8
7,6
5,0
0,9
32600
444000
7,3
100,0
13000
1057800
1,2
100,0
Sveicaria
sul
wyaro: saqarTvelos statistikis saxelmwifo departamenti
4
ix. GEGI-s saqarTvelos samewarmeo saqmianobis ganviTarebis proeqtisa da FIAS-s ucxouri investiciebis
sakonsultacio samsaxuris 2004 w. angariSebi
126
saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi – 2004,weli, #4
evrokavSiris partniorobisa da TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb SeTanxmeba da evropis
samezoblo
politika
saqarTvelosTan
mimarTebaSi:
rogor
daexmareba
evrokavSirTan ekonomikuri integracia reformebis ganxorcielebis process da
ekonomikur ganviTarebas saqarTveloSi
saqarTvelos sagareo vaWrobis struqtura, romelic susti ekonomikuri zrdis
amsaxvelia, Sorsaa optimaluridan. ramdenadme arsebiTi damatebuli R irebulebis
datvirTva eqsportis sul 1/3 aqvs (aviacia, Rvinoebi da sasuqi). importSi Warbobs
nedleulis wili da ZiriTadad energoresursebisa, romelic arsebiT moTxovnilebas
warmoadgens. amavdroulad, samomxmareblo saqonlis wili importSi metismetad
maRalia, miTumetes, rom am saqonlis warmoeba SesaZlebelia saqarTveloSi
(magaliTad, xorci, xorbali, bostneuli da sxva), maSin, roca sainvesticio saqonlis
wili ukiduresad dabalia: manqana-danadgarebi qveynis importis mxolod 2 procents
Seadgens.
garda amisa, saqarTvelom unda gaaumjobesos balansi mcire da did mezobel
qveynebs Soris. samxreT kavkasiis mcire mezobeli qveynebia ruseTi, TurqeTi da
ukraina. farTobisa da mosaxleobis mxriv isini didi qveynebia, magram mcirea
ekonomikis T valsazrisiT: mSp-s mixedviT, ruseTi utoldeba holandias, TurqeTi
avstrias, ukraina ki bevrad CamorCeba rumineTs. samxreT kavkasiis yvelaze d i d i
mezobeli qveyana evrokavSiria, romelic mSp- s mixedviT 15-jer didia vidre samive
CamoTvlili
mcire mezobeli
qveyana
erTad.
Tumca,
saqarTvelos
savaWro
urTierTobebis 35 procenti mcire mezobel qveynebze modis, evrokavSiris s a x i T
warmodgenili umsxvilesi mezoblis wilad ki mxolod 25 procenti modis. naTelia,
rom saqarTvelosa da evrokavSirs Soris vaWroba SesaZlebelia ramodenimejer
gaizardos.
saqarTvelosTvis
evrokavSiri
savaWro
urTierTobebis
ganviTarebisa da integrirebisaTvis udidess potencials warmoadgens.
Semdgomi
2. evrointegracia, evrokavSiris gafarToeba da saqarTvelo
ganvixiloT evrointegraciis procesi. evrointegracia xangrZlivi procesia,
romelic 50 wlis win daiwyo. misi mTavari mizania moiSalos sazRvrebi, romelic
acalkevebs xalxs, romelTac erTi da igive cxovrebis standartebi aqvT da
romlebic erTsa da imave Rirebulebebs iziareben. evropis xalxebi, romelTac
erTmaneTTan xangrZlivi da rTuli istoria akavSirebT, axla cdiloben o mebis
Tavidan acileba s, miiswrafian mSvidobiani Tanaarsebobisa da kanonis uzenaesobis
damkvidrebisaken. SemuSavda regulirebadi da keTildReobaze orientirebuli
sabazro ekonomikis dabalansebuli ekonomikuri modeli. evrokavSiris sust mxares
warmoadgens is, rom misi mniSvneloba aras akmarisad aisaxeba mis xmaSi da sagareo
saqmeebSi. misi siZliere emyareba universalur faseulobebs, rogoricaa demokratia,
adamianTa uflebebis aRiareba da konfliqtebis mSvidobiani gziT mogvareba.
ekonomikuri integrireba evrokavSirSi erTmaneTTan aaxloebs erebs da zrdis
maT keTildReobas. msgavsi ganviTarebis donis mqone qveynebs Soris ekonomikuri
integracia “yvelasaTvis momgebiani TamaSia”: erTmaneTTan urTierTintegrirebis gziT
qveynebi ufro metad mdidrdebian vidre cal-calke. evrokavSiris ekonomikur
integrirebas sami berketi amoZravebs:
saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi – 2004 weli, #4
127
evrokavSiris partniorobisa da TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb SeTanxmeba da evropis
samezoblo
politika
saqarTvelosTan
mimarTebaSi:
rogor
daexmareba
evrokavSirTan ekonomikuri integracia reformebis ganxorcielebis process da
ekonomikur ganviTarebas saqarTveloSi
•
savaWro sivrcis gaxsna: evrokavSiris qveynebis vaWrobis saerTo moculobis
2/3
erTmaneTTan vaWrobis wili Seadgens;
•
kapitalis mZlavri nakadebi: msoflioSi pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebis 56
procenti evrokavSirze modis;
•
instituciu r doneze daaxloeba: ekonomikuri saqmianobis samarTlebrivi da
maregulirebeli bazaa evrokavSiris acquis communautaire.
amasTan, evrokavSiri emyareba saerTo an urTierTSeTanxmebul politikas
(makroekonomikur, regionuli daaxloebis, soflis meurneobis, sainovacio politikas
da sxva), vinaidan sabazro
magaliTad regionebs Soris.
Zalebs
zogjer
SeuZlia
gaaRrmaos
gansxvavebani,
evrokavSiris
erTiani
bazari
evrokavSiris
ekonomikuri
integrirebis
ukiduresad
mZlavr spontanur
Zravas
warmoadgens.
igi
axorcielebs
oTx
fundamentalur Tavisuflebas, anu saqonlis, momsaxurebis, kapitalisa da adamianebis
Tavisufal moZraobas stabiluri, gaerTianebuli da nacnobi saqmiani garemos
farglebSi. misi efeqturoba damokidebulia sam ekonomikur efeqtze:
•
savaWro efeqti liberalizaciis wyalobiT, aris is, rom xSir SemTxvevaSi ama
Tu im saqonlis SeZena ufro iafia, vidre misi warmoeba qveynis Sida bazarze;
•
konkurenciis efeqti warmoiSveba mzardi konkurenciuli zewolidan, romelic
bazris gafarToebasTan aris dakavSirebuli, rac fasebs amcirebs;
•
pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebis efeqti mdgomareobs imaSi, rom nebismieri
mzardi ekonomikuri integracia ufro rentabelurs xdis Semosul pirdapir
ucxour investiciebs; da rac ufro meti wesia unificirebuli da rac ufro
maRalia msyidvelobiTi unari, miT ufro rentabeluri iqneba pirdapiri
ucxouri investiciebi: evrokavSiri, msoflioSi pirvel adgilzea pirdapiri
ucxouri investiciebis miRebisa da dabandebis mxriv.
erTiani bazari, romelsac 2004 wlis pirvel maiss 10 axali wevri Seemata,
integrirebis Zlieri berketia. amasTan, erTiani bazris upiratesobebi SeiZleba
evrokavSiris gareTac gavrceldes:
•
evropis saerTo
ruseTs Soris;
•
evropis
ekonomikuri sivrcis
partniorobisa
da
(CEES)
TanamSromlobis
farglebSi evrokavSirsa
Sesaxeb
SeTanxmebisa
da
da
samezoblo politikis farglebSi;
•
saTanado politikis meSveobiT, romelic evrokavSiris naklebad ganviTarebul
partniorebs erTian bazarze daSvebis SesaZleblobas aZlevs.
ekonomikuri integracia ganviTarebis sxvadasxva donis mqone qveynebs Soris sul
sxvagvarad viTardeba da es avtomaturad yvelasaTvis momgebiani TamaSi ver iqneba.
ekonomikuri Teoriis Tanaxmad, (magaliTad, ramodenime xnis win pol krugmanis mier
SemuSavebul Teoria) ekonomikur integraciis Sedegebi dadebiTia mxolod maSin,
128
saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi – 2004,weli, #4
evrokavSiris partniorobisa da TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb SeTanxmeba da evropis
samezoblo
politika
saqarTvelosTan
mimarTebaSi:
rogor
daexmareba
evrokavSirTan ekonomikuri integracia reformebis ganxorcielebis process da
ekonomikur ganviTarebas saqarTveloSi
rodesac sawyisi uTanabroba mcirea (ix. kopenhagenis kriteriumebi)5. didi sxvaobebis
SemTxvevaSi, yvelaze susti partniorisTvis Sedegebi
aRmosavleT germaniis swrafma integrirebam dasavleT
SeiZleba negatiuri iyos.
germaniasTan, ganviTarebis
SedarebiT maRali donis miuxedavad, didi ziani miayena yofil gdr-s, romelmac
samuSao adgilebis 50 procenti dakarga: aRmosavleT germaniis f irmebi, romlis
produqtiuloba 3-jer daeca, ver uwevdnen konkurencias dasavleT germaniis firmebs6 .
saqarTvelom Sesabamisi
daskvnebi
unda
gamoitanos
aseve
evropis
saerTo
ekonomikuri sivrcis (CEES) SemoRebidan, romlis ganxorcieleba daiwyo 2001 wels
evrokavSirsa da ruseTs Soris7. GTAP -is ekonomikuri modelis Camoyalibebam
daamtkica, rom savaWro liberalizacia an Tavisufali savaWro zona ar warmoSobs
avtomatur upiratesobebs naklebad ganviTarebuli qveynebisaTvis, anu ruseTis
federaciisTvis, evrokavSirTan SedarebiT.
mxolod savaWro liberalizaciis
kombinireba instituciur reformasTan, pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebis nakadebsa
da axali teqnologiebis SemoRebasTan, savaraudod SesaZlebels gaxdis naklebad
ganviTarebuli qveynis CarTvas progresuli ganviTarebis sivrceSi. sainvesticio
klimatis gaumjobeseba, rogorc Sida, aseve gare investorebisaTvis, yvelaze
mniSvnelovani nabijia ekonomikuri integrirebis procesis wamosawyebad. es niSnavs,
rom ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT, iseTi qveyana, rogor ic saqarTveloa, mxolod da
mxolod savaWro integraciis imedze ver iqneba. ufro srulma saintegracio
RonisZiebebma, romelebic iTvaliswineben kapitalis moZraobasa da sainstitucio
erTianobas, SesaZloa moutanos saqarTvelos upiratesobebi ekonomikis gaxsnis
Sedegad. es zustad isaa, risi uzrunvelyofac SeuZlia evrokavSirs saqarTvelosTvis
partniorobisa da TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebis farglebSi da kidev ufro
metis - evropis samezoblo politikis safuZvelze.
3. partniorobisa da TanamSromlobis
politika
Sesaxeb SeTanxmeba da
evropis samezoblo
3.1. evrokavSiris partniorobisa da TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb SeTanxmeba
sabWoTa
kavSiris
daSlis
Semdeg
1989
wels,
evrokavSirma
aiRo
pasuxismgebloba daexmaros aRmosavleT evropis axal, gardamavali ekonomikis mqone
saxelmwifoebs
ekonomikuri
da
politikuri
cvlilebebis
ganxorcielebaSi.
evrokavSirsa da calkeul partnior qveynebs Soris urTierTobebis gaformeba moxda
partniorobisa da TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebebis meSveobiT, romelsac win
uZRoda SeTanxmeba savaWro da ekonomikuri urTierTo bebis Sesaxeb, romelic 1989
wels daido evrokavSirsa da sabWoTa socialisturi respublikebis kavSirs Soris.
partniorobisa da TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebaSi SemoTavazebuli iyo axali
samarTlebrivi baza, romelic ukeT iyo morgebuli ekonomikisa da
sazogadoebis
5
pol krugmani (1991w.), “mrewveloba da vaWroba”, MIT
i. samsoni, (1993 w.), "La douloureuse intégration allemande " Reflets et perspectives de la vie Économique, XXXII, n°3/4, briuseli.
i. samsoni, k. grefe (2002 w.), “saerTo ekonomikuri sivrce: ruseTi-evrokavSiris urTierTobaTa
perspeqtivebi” RECEP, moskovi, 2002 w., gv. 160.
6
7
saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi – 2004 weli, #4
129
evrokavSiris partniorobisa da TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb SeTanxmeba da evropis
samezoblo
politika
saqarTvelosTan
mimarTebaSi:
rogor
daexmareba
evrokavSirTan ekonomikuri integracia reformebis ganxorcielebis process da
ekonomikur ganviTarebas saqarTveloSi
gardaqmnis
pirobebze
post -sabWour
politikur, savaWro da sainvesticio
regionuli kavSirebis ganmtkicebas.
qveynebSi.
SeTanxmebam
Seqmna
platforma
sakiTxebze dialogisTvis da xeli Seuwyo
partniorobisa da TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebis arsi8 mdgomareobs
imaSi, rom uzrunvelyos pirobebi Tavisufali savaWro zonis Sesaqmnelad, SemdgomSi
momsaxurebisa da kapitalis Tavisufali moZraobis mizniT. SeTanxmebis xelmomweri
qveynebi aniWeben erTmaneTs yvelaze xelSemwyob erovnul reJims vaWrobaSi da ar
mimarTaven diskriminaciul zomebs saqonelTan, Sromis pirobebsa da kompaniebis
dafuZnebasTan
mimarTebaSi.
evrokavSiri
uzrunvelyofs
asimetriul
savaWro
liberalizacias, romelic importze tarifebis SemcirebisaTvis ufro mokle vadas
iTvaliswinebs, vidre partniori qveynebisaTvis.
TanamSromlobis
Sesaxeb
SeTanxmeba
moicavs
daaxloebisaTvis, romelic Zalian farTo
savaldebulo ar aris. partniorobisa da
amas garda, partniorobisa da
debulebebs
kanonmdeblobaTa
speqtrisaa magram mainc da mainc
TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb SeTanxmeba
saqarTvelosTan ZalaSi Sevida 1999 wels. evrokavSiris gafarToebis Semdeg 2004
wels, partniorobisa da TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebis pirobebi gavrcelda 10
9
axal wevr qveyanazec.
partniorobisa da TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb TiToeuli SeTanxmeba 10-wliani
ormxrivi SeTanxmebaa, romelic xelmowerilia da ratificirebuli evrokavSirisa da
Sesabamisi saxelmwifos mier. ormxrivi safuZveli, anu erTi qveynis meoresTan
SeTanxmebis principi, romelsac emyareba partniorobisa da TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb
SeTanxmeba, udaod efeqturi aRmoCnda momsax urebis liberalizaciis SemTxvevaSi da
saerTo regulirebis TvalsazrisiT. amave dros, ekonomikis dargSi ormxrivobas
10
akritikeben negatiuri gverdiTi efeqtebisa da efeqtebis Canacvlebis gamo .
magaliTad, ukrainidan da yazaxeTidan foladis eqsporti evrokavSirSi za raldeba
evrokavSirSi rusuli foladis eqsportirebaze ormxrivi SeTanxmebis Sedegad. aqedan
gamomdinare, mizanSewonili iqneboda evrokavSiris ekonomikuri TanamSromlobis
mravalmxrivi midgomis ganxorcieleba.
partniorobisa da TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebebma garkveuli Sedegebi
ukve gamoiRo. es Sedegebi qveynebis mixedviT gansxvavdeba, rac damokidebulia
reformebis dawyebis periodze, qveynis simdidreze bunebrivi da adamianuri
resursebiT da kapitaliT, iseve rogorc politikur nebasa da gardaqmnis procesis
intensiurobaze. ra Tqma unda Znelia am Sedegebis sxva ekonomikuri faqtorebisgan
ganzogadoebiT ganxilva, magram partniori qveynebi Semdeg daskvnebze Tanxmdebian.
warmatebuli partniorobisa da TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebis yvelaze
8
“ras warmoadgens partniorobisa da TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb SeTanxmeba? saxelmZRvanelo SeTanxmebasTan
dakavSirebiT, romelsac xeli moewera luqsemburgSi 1996 wlis 22 aprils evrokavSirsa da saqarTvelos
Soris”, evrogaerTianebebis komisia, marti 2000 w. gv. 25.
http://www.delgeo.cec.eu.int/en/pca/PCA%20guide%20DAVID.pdf.
9
ix. T. beruCaSvilis, evrokavSirTan integraciis dargSi saxelmwifo ministris, statia, sem-i 2004/3
10
i. samsoni (2003 w.), “saerTo evropis sivrcisaken”, evropis sakiTxebSi gaeros komisia ekonomikis dargSi,
seminari, 2003 wlis 7 aprili, Palais des Nations, Jeneva, gamoqveynebulia “gafarToebuli evropis farglebs
gareT: vaWroba, biznesi da investiciebi Secvlil evropaSi”, gaerTianebuli erebi, niu-iorki da Jeneva, gv.
73-93. ix. T. beruCaSvilis, evrokavSirTan integraciis dargSi saxelmwifo ministris, statia, sem-i 2004/3
130
saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi – 2004,weli, #4
evrokavSiris partniorobisa da TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb SeTanxmeba da evropis
samezoblo
politika
saqarTvelosTan
mimarTebaSi:
rogor
daexmareba
evrokavSirTan ekonomikuri integracia reformebis ganxorcielebis process da
ekonomikur ganviTarebas saqarTveloSi
TvalsaCino
magaliTi
ruseTia.
ruseTsa
da
evrokavSirs
Soris
1997
wels
partnioruli urTierTobis dawyebis Semdeg, ruseTis ekonomika swrafad viTardeba
miuxedavad imisa, rom kvlavac saWiroebs investiciebis gazrdas, ekonomikis
diversifikacias,
saerTaSoriso
konkurentunarianobis
donis
amaRlebasa
da
xangrZlivi stabiluri zrdisaTvis niadagis Semzadebas. 2004 wlis 23 aprils,
moskovSi, evrokomisiis prezidentma romano prodim, Tavis sityvaSi xazgasmiT aRniSna
ruseTSi “bolo oTxi wlis ganmavlobaSi miRweuli ekonomikuri progresi,
11
stabilurobis SenarCunebasa da mniSvnelovani reformebis gatarebasTan erTad ”.
evrokavSirsa da ruseTs Soris evropis saerTo ekonomikuri sivrcis Seqmnis
SesaZlebloba adasturebs ara mxolod im faqts, rom evrokavSiri ganixilavs ruseTs
rogorc strategiul partniors, aramed ruseTis ekonomikuri da politikuri
ganviTarebis maRal donesac, romelic SesaZlebels xdis partniorobisa da
TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebidan evrokavSirTan integraciis ufro Zlier da
Rrma formaze gadasvlas, romelic gulisxmobs saqonlis, momsaxurebis, kapitalisa
da aseve adamianebis Tavisufal moZraobas or partnior qveyanas Soris.
1998 wlis martSi, partniorobisa da TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebis
ganxorcielebis dawyebidan, ukrainam mniSvnelovani nabiji gadadga sabazro
ekonomikis principebisa da normebis damkvidrebis mimarTulebiT. dRes, ukrainaSi,
ekonomikuri reformebis dadebiTi Sedegebi asocirdeba mSp-s zrdasTan, inflaciis
stabilizaciasTan da realuri Semosavlebis matebasTan. Tumca, evrokavSirTan
ukrainis kavSirebis ganviTarebisa da ganmtkicebis TvalsazrisiT, jer- kidev bevri
ram rCeba gasakeTebeli: im institutebis gaZliereba da uzrunvelyofa, romlebic
demokratiis, kanonis aRsrulebisa da adamianis uflebebis dacvis garantebad
gvevlinebian;
sasamarTlo
sistemis
Semdgomi
reformis
ganxorcieleba;
administraciuli Zalauflebis gaZliereba; sabanko seqtoris reformis dasru leba;
sagadasaxado reforma; masmediis Tavisuflebis uzrunvelyofa da sxva.
2000 wels, moldovaSi, ekonomikuri zrda, 1998 wlis ruseTis finansuri
krizisiT gamowveuli vardnis Semdeg (6,5 procenti 1998 wels, 3,4 procenti 1999 wels),
12
aRmavlobis
tendencias
daubrunda
(1,9
procenti) .
marTalia,
1991
wels
damoukideblobis mopovebis Semdeg, moldovam gazarda samrewvelo produqciis
moculoba,
soflis
meurneoba
kvlavac
savalalo
mdgomareobaSi
rCeba;
produqtiulobis donis xangrZlivi vardnis pirobebSi, saswrafod ganxorcielebuli
miwis
privatizacia
aRniSnuli problemis
gadaWris
sawindars
warmoadgens.
ekonomikur mdgomareobas amZimebs ukiduresi siRaribe da metad rTuli socialuri
mdgomareoba. rac Seexeba politikas, moldovaSi demokratia damkvidrda, Tumca
samoqalaqo sazogadoebis
konsolidaciis, saxelmwifo
marTvisa
da
kanonis
aRsrulebis TvalsazrisiT Semdgomi winsvlaa saWiro.
11
r. prodi (2004 w.), “ruseTi da evrokavSiri” mtkice kavSirebi, horizontebis gafarToeba” gamosvla/04/198,
moskovi, 23 aprili 2004 w., http://europa.eu.int/comm/external_relations/news/prodi/sp04_198.htm.
12
“evrokavSiris urTierTobebi moldovasTan; mimoxilva”, evrokomisia
http://europa.eu.int/comm/external_relations/moldova/intro/index.htm
saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi – 2004 weli, #4
131
evrokavSiris partniorobisa da TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb SeTanxmeba da evropis
samezoblo
politika
saqarTvelosTan
mimarTebaSi:
rogor
daexmareba
evrokavSirTan ekonomikuri integracia reformebis ganxorcielebis process da
ekonomikur ganviTarebas saqarTveloSi
saqarTvelos politikuri da ekonomikuri mdgomareobis mimoxilva13 gviCvenebs,
rom miuxedavad imisa, rom mkveTri ekonomikuri gaumjobesebebi da kanonmdeblobaTa
daaxloebis mimarTulebiT wamowyebuli arsebiTi samuSao ukve ganxorcielda,
saqarTvelo mniSvnelovnad
CamorCeba
demokratiisa
da
kanonis
aRsrulebis
principebze gadasvlasTan dakavSirebiT nakisri valdebulebebis ganxorcielebis
TvalsazrisiT. igi mniSvnelovnad CamorCeba ganrigs sabazro ekonomikaze gadasvlis
TvalsazrisiTac, saerTaSoriso finansuri institutebisa da evrokavSiris winaSe
nakisri v aldebulebebis CaTvliT. saqarTvelosTan mimarTebaSi evrokomisiis mier
14
2003 wlis 23 seqtembers miRebuli qveyn is strategiuli dokumenti xazs usvams
vaWrobis moculobis gazrdis, sagareo investiciebis mozidvis, kontrabandis,
korufciisa da Crdilovani ekonomikis winaaRmdeg brZolis aucileblobas. kerZod,
mniSvnelovani Zalisxmeva mimarTuli unda iyos reformebis
energetikis, soflis meurneobisa da sabanko seqtorebSi.
ganxorcielebaze
3.2 axali evropis samezoblo politika
2003 wels daiwyo evropis axali samezoblo politikis ganxorcieleba,
romelic
uzrunvelyofs
axal
instrumentebs
mesame
qveynebis
gafarToebul
evrokavSirTan
ekonomikuri
integraciis
gasaumjobeseblad.
aRmosavleTiT,
evrokavSiris mexuTed gafarToebis perspeqtivam, 2000 wlis dasawyisSi safuZveli
15
Cauyara “axali mezoblebis” Sesaxeb sakiTxis ganxilvas (ruseTi, ukraina, belorusia
da moldova). marTalia es qveynebi esazRvreba evrokavSirs, magram maTi evrokavSirSi
gawevrianeba axlo momavalSi mosalodneli ar iyo. aRniSnuli sakiTxis ganxilva
Semdeg gadaizarda evropul samezoblo politikaSi, romelic koordinirebas uwevs
da aerTianebs evrokavSiris sagareo politikas, romelic moicavs gafarToebul
evrokavSirTan saerTo saxmeleTo an sazRvao sazRvrebis mqone saxelmwifoebs. esenia
evrokavSiris aRmosavleTiT mdebare mezobeli qveynebi, xmelTaSua zRvis samxreTi da
axlo aRmosavleTis qveynebi (alJiri, egvipte, israeli, iordania, libani, libia,
maroko, palestina, siria da tunisi). 2004 wels, politika gavrcelda samxreT
kavkasiis
qveynebze – somxeTze, azerbaijansa da saqarTveloze.
samezoblo koncefcia evrokavSiris dokumentebSi pirvelad 2003 wlis martSi
dafiqsirda16, sadac evrokavSiri iTvaliswinebda ra axal viTarebas evrokavSiris 2004
wlis gafarToebasTan dakavSirebiT, sTavazobda evrokavSiris axal uSualo mezobel
qveynebs evrokavSiris “faseulobebsa da keTildReobas”:
“yvela mezobel qveyanas
13
“evrokavSiris urTierTobebi saqarTvelosTan; mimoxilva”, evrokomisia
http://europa.eu.int/comm/external_relations/georgia/intro/index.htm.
14
“qveynis strategiis amsaxveli dokumenti 2003-2006 ww: tasisis erovnuli indikatiuri programa 2004-2006
ww., saqarTvelo” evrokomisia, 23 seqtemberi, 2003 w., gv. 48.,
http://europa.eu.int/comm/external_relations/georgia/csp/index.htm .
15
a. guJoni, "L'Union Européenne élargie et son voisinage: vers une nouvelle politique étrangère ? ", Synthèse n° 127, IEP, parizi,
www.robert -schuman.org/Synth127.htm.
16
“gafarToebuli evropa – samezoblo: axali CarCoebi aRmosavleT da samxreT mezoblebTan
urTierTobebisaTvis”, komisiis Setyobineba sabWosTvis da evroparlamentisaTvis, briuseli, 11.03.2003 w.
gv.26., http://europa.eu.int/comm/world/enp/pdf/com03_104_en.pdf.
132
saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi – 2004,weli, #4
evrokavSiris partniorobisa da TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb SeTanxmeba da evropis
samezoblo
politika
saqarTvelosTan
mimarTebaSi:
rogor
daexmareba
evrokavSirTan ekonomikuri integracia reformebis ganxorcielebis process da
ekonomikur ganviTarebas saqarTveloSi
unda mieces evrokavSiris erTian bazarSi monawileobis SesaZlebloba da Semdgomi
integracia da liberalizacia adamianebis, saqonlis, momsaxurebisa da kapitalis
17
Tavisufali moZraobis xelSewyobisaTvis (oTxi Tavisufleba)” . xsenebuli oTxi
Tavisufleba evrokavSiris erTian Tu Sida bazarze, mniSvnelovani SemoTavazebuli
nabijia ufro Rrma integraciisaken. “aRniSnulma
integraciam ufro
metad
dagvaaxlova Cven mezoblebTan aRmosavleT evropasa da xmelTaSua zRvis regionSi”,
aRniSna gi unter verhogenma, komisiis wevrma evrokavSiris gafarToebisa da evropis
samezoblo politikis sakiTxebSi, “dRes Cven gTavazobT kavSirebis ganmtkicebas am
partnior qveynebTan TanamSromlobisa da daxmarebis mTeli rigi axali formebis
meSveobiT. Cven gvsurs, rom maT realurad miiRon monawileoba gafarToebul
evrokavSirSi, rameTu maT aseve hqondeT ganviTarebisa da ayvavebis SesaZlebloba.
evrokavSiris garSemo stabiluri, ekonomikurad ganviTarebuli qveynebis arseboba,
romelTac demokratiisa da ekonomikuri zrdis axali perspeqtivebis SeTavazeba
18
SeuZliaT, mTeli evropis interesebSia” .
evropis samezoblo politikis winamorbedi – gafarToebis koncefcia,
romelic evrokavSiris paradigmas warmoadgenda 10-ze meti wlis ganmavlobaSi,
prioritetad
miiCnevda
gafarToebis
process,
rogorc
ekonomikuri
restruqturizaciisa da politikuri demokratizaciis gzas aRmosavleTSi19. m asze
didi moTxovna iyo aRmosavleT evropis qveynebSi, d a f a r T o d i y o gaziarebuli
centralur evropaSi. evrokavSiris gafarToeba sagareo
politikis yvelaze
warmatebul instrumentad iyo miCneuli. amis magaliTia evropis 10 yofili
perspeqtiuli kandidati: evrokavSirSi gawevrianebis perspeqtiva iyo
Zlieri
mastimulirebeli faqtori reformebis gansaxorcieleblad gardamavali ekonomikis
qveynebSi. im periodSi, vidre evropis gaerTianebisaken mniSvnelovani nabiji
gadaidgmeboda, aRmosavleTis gardamavali ekonomikis mqone qveynebis mdgomareoba
Zalian gansx vavebuli iyo. gawevrianebis procesSi myof qveynebSi, bolo 10 wlis
manZilze aRiniSneboda mZlavri ekonomikuri zrda da struqturuli cvlilebebi,
maSin roca ekonomikuri, politikuri da socialuri mdgomareoba dsT- s qveynebSi
imedgamacruebeli da metad arasaxarbielo rCeboda. 90- iani wlebis bolos
arasaTanado pirobebSi swrafad ganxorcielebuli struqturuli reformebis fonze,
am qveynebis gardamavali periodis maCveneblebi bevrad Camouvardeba central uri,
aRmosavleTi evropisa da baltiispireTis qveynebis maCveneblebs. empiriulma
monacemebma gviCvena, rom:
•
gardamavalma periodma gazarda sxvaoba aRmosavleT evropis or nawils Soris;
17
“gafarToebuli evropa – samezoblo: axali CarCoebi aRmosavleT da samxreT mezoblebTan
urTierTobebisaTvis”, op.cit
18
g. verhogeni, :gafarToebuli evropis farglebs gareT: komisias gadaaqvs evropis samezoblo politika
ufro maRal safexurze” pres relizi, IP/04/632, 12 maisi, 2004 w.
http://europa.eu.int/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=IP/04/632&format=HTML&aged=0&language=EN&guiLanguage=en.
19
i. samsoni (2003 w.), “saerTo evropis sivrcisaken”, evropis sakiTxebSi gaeros komisia ekonomikis dargSi,
seminari, 2003 wlis 7 aprili, Palais des Nations, Jeneva, gamoqveynebulia “gafarToebis farglebs
gareT:vaWroba, biznesi da investiciebi Secvlil evropaSi”, gaerTianebuli erebi, nu-iorki da Jeneva, gv. 7393.
saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi – 2004 weli, #4
133
evrokavSiris partniorobisa da TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb SeTanxmeba da evropis
samezoblo
politika
saqarTvelosTan
mimarTebaSi:
rogor
daexmareba
evrokavSirTan ekonomikuri integracia reformebis ganxorcielebis process da
ekonomikur ganviTarebas saqarTveloSi
•
CEB -is
qveynebis
evrokavSirSi
gawevrianebis
procesma
gaaZliera
aRniSnuli
tendencia;
•
evrokavSiris adrindeli gamocdilebis safuZvelze unda vivaraudoT, rom CEB-is
qveynebis gawevrianeba evrokavSirSi kidev ufro metad gaaZlierebs am tendencias.
evropis
samezoblo
politikis
koncefcia
gvTavazobs
aRniSnuli
sxvaobis
aRmofxvris, ganviTarebis, stabilurobisa da usafrTxoebis procesis xelSewyobis
SesaZleblobas evrokavS iris 25 qveyanasa da dsT-s qveynebs Soris ekonomikuri
barierebis moSlis gziT. amis Sedegad evrokavSirs gauadvildeboda SeRweva im
bazrebze, romelic CineTis CaTvliT, msoflioSi yvelaze dinamiurad ganviTarebad
bazrebs warmoadgens. aseve gaZlierdeboda stabiluroba da usafrTxoeba, romelsac
mTels msoflioSi sul ufro didi mniSvneloba eniWeba. evropis samezoblo
politika, romelic evrokavSiris calmxriv iniciativas warmoadgens, amavdroulad
pasuxobs mis Sida interessa da sagareo moTxovnas. evropis samezoblo politikasTan
dakavSirebuli sxvadasxva dokumentebi amarTlebs am iniciativas “evropaSi axali
gamyofi zRvrebis gavlebis Tavidan acilebisa da kavSiris axal sazRvrebSi da am
sazRvrebs
gareT
stabilurobisa
da
ekonomikuri
ganviTarebis
procesebis
20
xelSewyobis” aucileblobiT. evropis samezoblo politikis mizans yvelaze ukeT
gamoxatavs
evrokomisiis
prezidentis,
romano
prodis,
sityvebi
“mzardi
urTierTdamokidebuleba gulisxmobs, rom usafrTxoebisa da keTildReobis sakiTxebi
dRes ukve qveynis sazRvrebiT ar Semoifargleba. evrokavSiris gafarToeba
gvTavazobs mezobel qveynebTan TanamSromlobis gafarToebis SesaZleblobas,
sazRvrebis marTvidan transevropis satransporto qselebamde da erebs Soris
kavSirebamde”21. evropis samezoblo politika moiTxovs, rom axalma mezoblebma
SesabamisobaSi moiyvanon TavianTi kanonmdeblobebi acquis communautaire-sTan,
22
“evrokavSirTan, gawevrianebis gareSec ki, maqsimalurad daaxloebis”
miscemda.
rac
SesaZleblobas
miuxedavad imisa, rom evrokavSiris SeTanxmebis muxli 49 iTvaliswinebs, rom
nebismier evropul saxelmwifos Seu Zlia gaakeTos ganacxadi, raTa evrokavSiris
wevri
gaxdes,
realobaSi,
nebismieri
gadawyvetileba
evrokavSiris
Semdgom
gafarToebasTan dakavSirebiT, iwvevs debatebs kavSiris saboloo geografiuli
sazRvrebis Taobaze. evropis samezoblo politikis qveynebis saerTo damaxasiaTebeli
niSani isaa, rom maTi ganviTarebis done da sabazro ekonomikis ganviTarebis done
bevrad dabalia vidre gafarToebul evrokavSirSi. es niSnavs rom maTi evrokavSirSi
gawevrianebis perspeqtiva amJamad Zalze arasaxarbieloa da dakavSirebuli iqneboda
gaumarTlebel
xarjebTan.
magaliTad,
10
axali
wevrisTvis,
ekonomikuri
suverenitetisa da ekonomikuri politikis Tavisuflebis garkveulwilad dakargvis
garda, evrokavSiris aquis communautaire-s SemoRebis sruli Rirebuleba evrokomisiis
20
“gafarToebuli evropa – samezoblo:axali CarCoebi aRmosavleT da samxreT mezoblebTan
urTierTobebisaTvis”, komisiis Setyobineba sabWosTvis da evroparlamentisaTvis, briuseli, 11.03.2003 w.
gv.26., http://europa.eu.int/comm/world/enp/pdf/com03_104_en.pdf.
21
r. prodi (2004 w.), “ruseTi da evrokavSiri” mtkice kavSirebi, horizontebis gafarToeba” gamosvla/04/198,
moskovi, 23 aprili 2004 w., http://europa.eu.int/comm/external_relations/news/prodi/sp04_198.htm.
22
“gafarToebuli evropa – samezoblo:axali CarCoebi aRmosavleT da samxreT mezoblebTan
urTierTobebisaTvis”, op.cit.
134
saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi – 2004,weli, #4
evrokavSiris partniorobisa da TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb SeTanxmeba da evropis
samezoblo
politika
saqarTvelosTan
mimarTebaSi:
rogor
daexmareba
evrokavSirTan ekonomikuri integracia reformebis ganxorcielebis process da
ekonomikur ganviTarebas saqarTveloSi
SefasebiT 120 miliard aSS dolars Seadgens23 . mezobeli qveynebisaTvis, xarjebi
bevrad ufro maRali iqneba da cxadia dakavSirebuli iqneba iseT Rrma ekonomikur,
socialur da politikur krizisTan da ekonomikuri damoukideblobis dakargvis iseT
maRal xarisxTan, rom SesaZloa safrTxe Seeqmnas mTel i evropis xalxebs da
evrokavSiris gafarToebis procesi SeiZleba SeCerdes da ukuiqces, rac Seuqcevad
xarjebs gamoiwvevda. evropis samezoblo politika warmoadgens mezobeli qveynebis
mdgomareobasTan morgebul instruments, romelic maT SesaZleblobas aZlevs
umokles vadebSi miiRon udidesi Sedegebi evrokavSirTan ekonomiuri integraciidan
gamomdinare.
3.3 evropis samezoblo politikis instrumentebi da ekonomikuri ganzomilebebi
24
evropis samezoblo politikis mTavari miznebia :
•
•
axal mezobel qveynebTan keTildReobis, stabi lurobisa da uSiSroebis saerTo
sivrce Seiqmnas, maT Soris:
o
sasazRvro teritoriebze, mdgradi ekonomikuri da socialuri ganviTarebis
xelSewyoba;
o
funqcionaluri samarTlebrivi sistemis ganxor cieleba;
o
o
regionuli da regionTaSorisi TanamSromlobis xelSewyoba;
erToblivad muSaoba saerTo amocanebis gadasaWrelad iseT sferoebSi,
rogoricaa garemos dacva, janmrTeloba da organizebuli danaSaulis
o
winaaRmdeg brZola;
iseTi
tipis
qmedebebis
o
urTierTobebi;
efeqturi da usafrTxo sazRvari;
xelSewyoba,
rogoricaa
erebs
Soris
Sida
evrokavSirsa da mis mezobel qveynebs Soris axali gamyofi zRvrebis warmoSobis
Tavidan acileba;
•
maTTvis
evrokavSiris
sxvadasxva
SesaZleblobis
SeTavazeba,
ufro
kulturuli TanamSromlobis gziT.
evropis
samezoblo
politikis
ori
saqmianobebSi
farTo
ZiriTadi
monawileobis
politikuri,
25
principia
miRebis
ekonomikuri
“erToblivad
da
marTvis”
principi - evrokavSiri da mezobeli qveynebi scnoben TavianT interess erToblivad
marTon saerTo sazRvari da “diferenciaciis” principi – evrokavSiri gamoiyenebs
individualur midgomas TiToeul qveyanasTan urTierTobebisas, am ukanasknelis
ekonomikur, politikur da socialur TaviseburebaTa gaTvaliswinebiT.
23
“L’Elargissement de l’Union européenne / Effets de l'élargissement“,
http://www.eu2001.se/static/fr/eu_info/utvidgning_effekter.asp.
24
“gafarToebuli evropa – samezoblo:axali CarCoebi aRmosavleT da samxreT mezoblebTan
urTierTobebisaTvis”, komisiis Setyobineba sabWosTvis da evroparlamentisaTvis, briuseli, 11.03.2003 w.
gv.26., http://europa.eu.int/comm/world/enp/pdf/com03_104_en.pdf.
25
“evropis samezoblo politika, strategiis amsaxveli dokumenti”, evrokomisiis komunike, briuseli,
12.5.2004, gv. 35
http://europa.eu.int/comm/world/enp/pdf/strategy/Strategy_Paper_EN.pdf.
saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi – 2004 weli, #4
135
evrokavSiris partniorobisa da TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb SeTanxmeba da evropis
samezoblo
politika
saqarTvelosTan
mimarTebaSi:
rogor
daexmareba
evrokavSirTan ekonomikuri integracia reformebis ganxorcielebis process da
ekonomikur ganviTarebas saqarTveloSi
bratislavaSi 2004 wlis 19 marts, premier ministre bis konferenciaze, giunter
verhogenma, komisiis wevrma evrokavSiris gafarToebisa da evropis samezoblo
26
politikis sakiTxebSi, Tavis gamosvlaSi gamoyo evropis samezoblo politikis oTxi
elementi, romelic SeTavazebuli unda iqnes evropis samezoblo politikis
wevrebisaTvis:
•
strategiis amsaxveli dokumenti, politikis Sesaxeb xedvis CamoyalibebisaTvis da
•
ZiriTadi saerTo sakiTxebis mosagvareblad;
qveynis Sesaxeb angariSebi, dainteresebuli qveynebis politikuri, ekonomikuri,
socialuri da institucionaluri mdgomareobis aRweris mizniT;
•
•
samoqmedo gegmebi, samezoblo politikis mTavari saoperacio instrumentebi;
axali
evropis
samezoblo
politikis
instrumenti
sasazRvro
TanamSromlobisaTvis.
27
samoqmedo gegemebi aris evrokavSirTan SeTanxmebuli moklevadiani, 2- 5 wliani
gegmebi, romelic moicavs mTel rig sakiTxebs specialuri moqmedebisaTvis, esenia:
politikuri dialogi da reforma, vaWroba da RonisZiebebi, romelmac unda
Seamzados partniorebi, raTa TandaTanobiT moipovon evropis Sida bazarze sruli
SeRwevis ufleba;
samarTali da saSinao
saqmeebi; energetika, transporti,
sainformacio sazogadoeba, garemo da axali teqnologiebi; da socialuri politika
da xalxebs Soris kavSirebi. samoqmedo gegmebi moicavs erToblivad gansazRvrul
prioritetebs, romelic unda ganxorcieldes partniori qveynebis mier evrokavSirTan
daaxloebis mizniT. samoqmedo gegmebi Tavad ar qmnian aranair damatebiT
valdebulebebs. arsebuli partniorobisa da TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebebi da
asociaciis SeTanxmebebi gaagrZeleben partnior qveynebTan urTierTobebisaTvis
samarTlebrivi bazis Camoyalibebis process. samezoblo politika vrcel bazas
uqmnis safuZvels. samoqmedo gegmebi agebu li iqneba arsebul ormxriv an regionul
iniciativebze da uzrunvelyofen amosaval wertils dainteresebuli qveynebisaTvis
daxmarebis dagegmvisaTvis.
arsebul
finansur
instrumentebs
Soris
(INTERREG, PHARE–s
sasazRvro
sakiTxebSi TanamSromlobis programa, tasisis sasazRvro sakiTxebSi TanamSromlobis
programa, CARDS da MEDA) moklevadiani SezRudvebis gaTvaliswinebiT, aucilebelia
28
or -safexuriani midgomis SemoReba. 2004-2006 ww. periodisTvis evropis mezoblobis
programebi dafuZnebuli u nda iyos. marTalia, am programebs safuZvlad daedeba
moqmedi kanonmdebloba, magram SemoTavazebuli iqneba axali gadawyvetilebebi im
problemebisaTvis, romlis winaSec savaraudod dadgebian sasazRvro TanamSromlobis
26
g. verhogeni, evropis samezoblo politika” gamosvla/04/141, premier ministrTa konferencia, vilniusi da
vaisgradi, demokratiebi: “gafarToebuli evropisken:axali programa” 19 marti, 2004 w.
http://europa.eu.int/comm/commissioners/verheugen/pdf/Bratislava_speech_final_190304.pdf.
27
“evropis samezoblo politika, strategiis amsaxveli dokumenti”, op.cit
“gafarToebuli evropa: komisia axal mezoblebTan sasazRvro TanamSromlobis gaZlierebis sakiTxebSi”,
IP/03/922, briuseli, 1 ivlisi, 2003 w.
http://europa.eu.int/comm/external_relations/w27/1.htm.
28
136
saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi – 2004,weli, #4
evrokavSiris partniorobisa da TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb SeTanxmeba da evropis
samezoblo
politika
saqarTvelosTan
mimarTebaSi:
rogor
daexmareba
evrokavSirTan ekonomikuri integracia reformebis ganxorcielebis process da
ekonomikur ganviTarebas saqarTveloSi
proeqtebi,
romelic
dafuZnebulia
iqneba
ganxorcieldeba
mimdinare
evrokavSiris
INTERREG
gafarToebis
programebze
Semdeg.
isini
evrokavSiris
gare
sazRvrebTan mimarTebaSi (da bulgareTisa da rumineTis, PHARE-s CBC programebis
SemTxvevaSi). 2 0 0 4 -06 ww. manZilze, komisiis gaangariSebiT aRniSnuli programebis
dafinanseba arsebuli da SesaZlo instrumentebis f arglebSi mTlianobaSi 95529
milion evromde Seadgens (700 milioni evro – INTERREG-s, 75 milioni evro tasisis,
45 milioni evro CARD-s, 45 milioni evro – Meda-sa da 90 milioni evro PHARE-s
xaziT). arsebuli safinanso wyaroebidan, mimdinare dafinansebis nawili moxmardeba
sasazRvro regionebsa da regionul TanamSromlobas. procedurebi, romelic marTaven
arsebuli instrumentebis ganxorcielebis process, mizanmimarTuli iqneba samezoblo
programebis moTxovnilebebze.
axali
meore safexuri, romelic moicavs 2006 wlis Semdgom periods, iTvaliswinebs
samezoblo instrumentis Seqmnas, romelic miznad isaxavs sasazRvro
TanamSromlobis gaZlierebas, farTo gagebiT, gafarToebuli evrokavSiris sazRvrebs
gareT teritoriaze. mimdinare sasazRvro saqmianobebi mezobel qveynebTan emyareba
sxvadasxva saSinao
da sagareo programebs da amitom, maTi erToblivad
ganxorcielebis pirobebSi efeqturobis miRweva, sakmaod rTuli iqneba. samezoblo
iniciativam unda gadawyvitos sxvadasxva regionebisaTvis arsebuli instrumentebis
harmonizaciis problema erTiani, martivi instrumentis Seqmnis Sedegad, romelic
qmediTi iqneba evrokavSiris sagareo sazRvris orive mxares. aRniSnuli instrumenti
unda iTvaliswinebdes sagareo politikisa da ekonomikuri da socialuri erTianobis
miznebs da aseve sasazRvro da regionul TanamSromlobasTan dakavSirebul
saqmianobas. aRniSnuli sakiTxebis kombinacias SeuZlia uzrunvelyos ukve dawyebuli
adgilobrivi
da regionuli
TanamSromlobis
gagrZeleba
da
amavdroulad,
Semoitanos SesaZlo, ufro farTo amocanebi aRniSnuli TanamSromlobis sivrceSi.
rac Seexeba ekonomikur Sinaarss, evropis samezoblo politika iTvaliswinebs
konkretuli upiratesobebis da evrokavSirTan preferenciuli urTierTobebis
uzrunvelyofas,
rac
efeqturi
politikuri
da
ekonomikuri
reformebis
ganxorcielebaze iqneba damokidebuli. aRniSnuli refo rmebis efeqturoba Sefasdeba
amosavali kriteriumis safuZvelze, romelic TiToeul mezobel qveyanasTan erTad
iqneba Camoyalibebuli. daxmarebis pirobiToba ukve Cadebuli iyo mezobel qveynebTan
gaformebul SeTanxmebebSi, magram evropis samezoblo politikis farglebSi igi
xelaxla da meti sizustiT iqneba gansazRvruli, rac gazrdis evrokavSiris
RonisZiebisadmi ndobas. kerZod, evrokavSiri gegmavs uzrunvelyos Sida bazarze
srulfasovani monawileobis ufleba
kapitalis Tavisufali moZr aoba im
30
da adamianebis, saqonlis, momsaxurebisa da
mezobeli qveynebisaTvis, romelic iziareben
evrokavSiris
faseulobebs.
evrokavSiris
samezoblom
unda
isargeblos
evrokavSirTan ufro axlo urTierTobis perspeqtividan gamomdinare upiratesobebiT:
29
a. guJoni, "L'Union Européenne élargie et son voisinage: vers une nouvelle politique étrangère ? ", Synthèse n° 127, IEP, parizi,
www.robert-schuman.org/Synth127.htm
30
“gafarToebuli evropa – samezoblo: axali CarCoebi aRmosavleT da samxreT mezoblebTan
urTierTobebisaTvis”, komisiis Setyobineba sabWosaTvis da evroparlamentisaTvis, briuseli, 11.03.2003 w.
gv.26., http://europa.eu.int/comm/world/enp/pdf/com03_104_en.pdf.
saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi – 2004 weli, #4
137
evrokavSiris partniorobisa da TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb SeTanxmeba da evropis
samezoblo
politika
saqarTvelosTan
mimarTebaSi:
rogor
daexmareba
evrokavSirTan ekonomikuri integracia reformebis ganxorcielebis process da
ekonomikur ganviTarebas saqarTveloSi
igi
sTavazobs
mezobel
qveynebs
evrokavSiris
Sida
bazarze
monawileobis
SesaZleblobas
sakanonmdeblo
da
maregulirebeli
sferoebis
daaxloebis
safuZvelze da iTvaliswinebs gaumjobesebul preferenciul savaWro urTierTobebsa
da mzard finansur da teqnikur daxmarebas. TanamSromloba samecniero kvlevis
dargSi waaxalisebs teqnolog iur winsvlas, iseve rogorc ufro farTo speqtris
RonisZiebebis gatareba, maT Soris garemos dacvis dargSi, xels Seuwyobda ufro
swraf ekonomikur zrdas. gazrdili da ukeT gamiznuli evrokavSiris ganviTarebis
daxmareba reformebis ganxorcielebis procesSi, daexmareboda administraciuli
resursebis formirebasa da socialuri gardaqmnis xarjebis Serbilebas.
zogadad, evropis samezoblo politikis ekonomikuri Sinaarsi jer- jerobiT
zustad ar aris gansazRvruli, Tumca, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom bevri saerTo eqneba
31
evrokavSirsa da ruseTs Soris evropis ekonomikuri sivrcis proeqtTan . maT Soris
msgavseba gamoixateba SemdegSi:
•
orive proeqti (evropis samezoblo politika da saerTo evropis
ekonomikuri
sivrce)
miznad
isaxavs
partniorebis
ufro
Rrma
integrirebas, saSualo da grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi, upirveles
yovlisa
ekonomikis
sferoSi,
romelsac
kavSirebi
eqneba
TanamSromlobis sxva dargebTan;
•
proeqtebis ideas warmoadgens evrokavSirsa da partnior qveyanas Soris
Ria da integrirebuli bazris Seqmna saerTo an Sesabamisi wesebisa da
reglamentebis safuZvelze da maT Soris, ufro did bazrebze
konkurenciisaTvis Sesabamisi administraciuli praqtikis dafuZneba;
•
TanamSromloba unda moicavdes ekonomikis TiTqmis yvela seqtors da
didia albaToba, rom gamoyenebuli iqneba ori midgomis kombinacia:
32
horizontalurisa
da
vertikaluris .
horizontaluri
midgoma
gulisxmobs “sasazRvro” integracias, romelic moicavs Tavisufali
gadaadgilebis principis oTxive elements: saqonels, momsaxurebas,
kapitalsa da adamianebs. vertikaluri midgoma niSnavs, rom CarTuli
iqneba rigi specialuri seqtoruli politikuri mimarTulebebisa.
miuxedavad imisa, rom evropis samezoblo politika exeba yvela im mezobel qveyanas,
romelic miuaxlovda evrokavSirs gafarToebis Sedegad (ruseTi, ukraina, belorusi
da moldova), ruseTs ar gamouxatavs saTanado interesi evropis samezoblo
politikasTan mimarTebaSi imis safuZvelze, rom gansakuTrebuli geo-ekonomikuri
adgilmdebareobidan gamomdinare, igi isedac mezobeli qveyanaa. amgvarad, ruseTTan
mimarTebaSi, romelic evrokavSiris yvelaze did mezobel qveyanad da strategiul
partniorad rCeba, gansakuTrebuli midgoma arsebobs.
31
“evrokavSiris urTierTobebi ruseTTan: mimoxilva”,
http://europa.eu.int/comm/external_relations/russia/intro/index.htm.
32
e. vinokurovi (2004w.), “evrokavSiri-ruseTis saerTo ekonomikuri sivrcis koncefciis Camoyalibeba”, Chair
Interbrew Baillet -Latour samuSao dokumenti No.22. Fall .
138
saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi – 2004,weli, #4
evrokavSiris partniorobisa da TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb SeTanxmeba da evropis
samezoblo
politika
saqarTvelosTan
mimarTebaSi:
rogor
daexmareba
evrokavSirTan ekonomikuri integracia reformebis ganxorcielebis process da
ekonomikur ganviTarebas saqarTveloSi
sanqt- peterburgis maRali donis Sexvedraze, 2003 wlis maisSi, evrokavSirma da
ruseTma gadawyvites, rom Semdgomi
moxdes grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi,
strategiuli p artniorobis ganviTareba unda
partniorobisa da TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb
SeTanxmebis farglebSi oTxi saerTo sivrcis Seqmnis Sedegad, esenia: saerTo
ekonomikuri sivrce, Tavisuflebis, uSiSroebisa da marTlmsajulebis saerTo sivrce,
sagareo uSiSroebis dargSi TanamSromlobis sivrce da aseve samecniero kvlevisa da
ganaTlebis sivrce, kulturis sakiTxebis CaTvliT. rac Seexeba saerTo ekonomikur
sivrces, 2003 wels, romSi gamarTulma evrokavSiri-ruseTis umaRlesi donis
Sexvedram daamtkica saerTo evropis ekonomikuri sivrcis koncefcia, romelic
miznad isaxavda Ria d a integrirebuli bazris Seqmnas ruseTsa da evrokavSirs
Soris. saerTo evropis ekonomikuri sivrcis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebaSi mniSvneloba eniWeba
politikur dialogs, energetikis, investiciebis xelSewyobis, sainvesticio klimatis
gaumjobesebis,
erTiani
maregulirebeli
politikis
gatarebas,
transportis
ganviTarebis
sakiTxebs,
TanamSromlobas
garemosdacviTi sakiTxebis mogvarebas.
telekomunikaciebis
sferoSi
da
mosalodnelia, rom
samoqmedo gegma, romelic gansazRvravs konkretul
amocanebsa da ganxorcielebis ganrigs, orive mxaris urTierTvaldebulebebs,
romelic SeTanxmebuli unda iyos or mxares Soris ufro farTo evropis
iniciativaSi gaTvaliswinebuli mimarTulebebis Sesabamisad, sasargeblo instrumenti
iqneba evrokavSiri-ruseTis saerTo sivrceebisadmi midgomis Semdgomi ganviTarebis
TvalsazrisiT. gaTvaliswinebuli iqneba arsebuli politikuri mimarTulebebi da
CarCoebi: magaliTad, Sida bazarTan dakavSirebiT SesaZlo samoqmedo gegma ruseTTan
unda asaxavdes saerTo evropis ekonomikuri sivrcis koncefcias. daxmarebis
arsebuli formebis garda, strategiuli partniorobis gansaxorcieleblad ruseTs
SesTavazeben
daxmarebas
SeTavazebuli
evropis
samezoblo
instrumentidan.
evrokavSiri gamoiyenebs evropis samezoblo politikis elementebs evrokavSiriruseTis iniciativis stimulirebisa da gaZlierebisaTvis, romlis Sedegadac
gaizrdeba SesaZleblobebi sasazRvro da regionuli TanamSromlobisaTvis.
4. ra siaxles moutans evropis samezoblo politika saqarTvelos?
4.1. partniorobisa da TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb SeTanxmeba da evropis samezoblo
politika
uwinares yovlisa unda gavarkvioT, ramd enad ufro farTo da Rrmaa evropis
samezoblo politika vidre evrokavSiri-saqarTvelos TanamSromloba partniorobisa
da TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebis farglebSi. faqtobrivad, evropis samezoblo
politika da partniorobisa da TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb SeTanxmeba sxvadasxva
kategoriebs
miekuTvnebian:
pirveli
warmoadgens
politikas,
axal midgomas
evrokavSiris mezobel qveynebTan urTierTobebisadmi, xolo ukanaskneli warmoadgens
SeTanxmebas, samarTlebriv
bazas TanamSromlobisaTvis.
mizanSewonili
iqneba
ganvixiloT upiratesobebi evrokavSiris partniori qveynebisaTvis maTi evropis
saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi – 2004 weli, #4
139
evrokavSiris partniorobisa da TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb SeTanxmeba da evropis
samezoblo
politika
saqarTvelosTan
mimarTebaSi:
rogor
daexmareba
evrokavSirTan ekonomikuri integracia reformebis ganxorcielebis process da
ekonomikur ganviTarebas saqarTveloSi
samezoblo politikis iniciativaSi monawileobidan gamomdinare partniorobisa da
TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebis safexurze darCenasTan SedarebiT.
miznad isaxavs r a evrokavSirsa da partnior qveyanas Soris politikuri,
ekonomikuri da kulturuli urTierTobisa da samarTlebriv da samecniero sferoSi
TanamSromlobis gaZlierebas, partniorobisa da TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb SeTanxmeba
adgens “TamaSis wesebs” – kanonebs, reglamentebs, qcevis praqtikasa da normebs da
amgvarad xels uwyobs politikuri, ekonomikuri da institucionaluri reformebis
ganxorcielebas evrokavSiris partnior qveynebSi. partniorobisa da TanamSromlobis
Sesaxeb SeTanxmebis erT-erT Zlier qmediT mxares warmoadgenda prioritetebis wyeba,
romelic gansazRvruli iyo saqarTvelos partniorobisa da TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb
SeTanxmebis 43-e muxlSi (ukrainis SemTxvevaSi 51-e muxlSi da sxva). amave dros, is
faqti, rom prioritetebis gansazRvra TiToeuli qveynisTvis individualurad ar
moxda, mniSvnelovani xarvezi iyo. partniorobisa da TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb
SeTanxmebis upiratesoba isaa, rom igi afuZnebs institucionalur, politikur da
administraciul bazas ormxrivi TanamSromlobis yvela formis waxalisebisaTvis.
partniorobisa da TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb SeTanxmeba scnobs qveynis arsebul da
tradiciulad axlo kavSirebs uSualo mezobel saxelmwifoebTan, rac partniorebis
keTildReobisa da stabilurobisaTvis arsebiT faqtorad miiCneva. partniorobisa da
TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebebSi kritikas iwvevda33 reformebis Senelebuli
tempiT ganxorcieleba imis Sedegad, rom erToblivi komitetebi, romelic muSaobdnen
partniorobisa da TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebaze udides
yuradRebas
uTmobdnen teqnikur diskusiebs.
sakmaod
xSirad evrokavSirTan daaxloebis
suliskveTeba TandaTanobiT ikargeboda partniorobisa da TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb
SeTanxmebis komitetebisa da qvekomitetebis teqnikur samuSaoSi.
evropis samezoblo politikis SemoTavazeba iyo evrokavSiris reaqcia axal
geopolitikur viTarebaze, romelic Seiqmna misi gafarToebis Sedegad 2004 wels da
adeqvaturi qmediTi sagareo politikis uqonlobaze, romelic uzrunvelyofda
politikuri da ekonomikuri stabilurobisa da evrokavSiris axal sazRvrebSi da maT
gareT usafrTxoebasTan dakavSirebiT axali sakiTxebis daregulirebis garantias. Tu
evrokavSiris gafarToebis sagareo politika, romlis farglebSic xeli moewera
partniorobisa da TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebebs, nakarnaxevi iyo ufro
aRmosavleTi
qveynebis
surviliT
daaxloebodnen
da/an
gawevrianebuliyvnen
evrokavSirSi, axali samezoblo politika evrokavSiris iniciativas warmoadgens,
rasac
arsebiTi
mniSvneloba
aqvs
misi
realizebisaTvis
da
reformebis
realizebisaTvis axal mezobel qveynebSi, romlebic CarTuli arian evropul
samezoblo politikaSi. evropis samezoblo politikis axal safexurs warmoadgens
evrokavSiris Sida bazarze SeRwevis u f l e bis mopovebaze orientireba, romelSic
calsaxad aris naxsenebi oTxi fundamentaluri Tavisufleba da maT Soris
adamianebis Tavisufali gadaadgileba. es faqti miuTiTebs imaze, rom raoden
Soreuli ar unda iyos aRniSnuli perspeqtiva, evropis samezoblo politika ara
a. guJoni, "L'Union Européenne élargie et son voisinage: vers une nouvelle politique étrangère ? ", Synthèse n° 127, IEP, parizi,
www.robert -schuman.org/Synth127.htm.
33
140
saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi – 2004,weli, #4
evrokavSiris partniorobisa da TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb SeTanxmeba da evropis
samezoblo
politika
saqarTvelosTan
mimarTebaSi:
rogor
daexmareba
evrokavSirTan ekonomikuri integracia reformebis ganxorcielebis process da
ekonomikur ganviTarebas saqarTveloSi
teqnokratiuli
instrumenti,
aramed
realuri
politikaa,
romelsac
SeuZlia
mezobeli qveynebis xalxis mobilizeba da maTTvis samomavlod Tavisuflebisa da
ayvavebis perspeqtivis SeTavazeba.
evropis samezoblo
TanamSromlobis
Sesaxeb
politika vrcel bazas afuZnebs. partniorobisa da
SeTanxmebisgan
gansxvavebiT,
romelic
ZiriTadad
TanamSromlobis samarTlebriv bazas warmoadgenda, evropul samezoblo politikaSi
34
monawileoba iTvaliswinebs :
•
politikur
TanamSromlobas,
TanamSromlobas
saerTo
safrTxisa
da
konfliqtebis Tavidan acilebis sakiTxebSi;
•
ekonomikur reformasa da ganviTarebas da qmediTunariani sabazro ekonomikis
•
Camoyalibebas;
sakiTxebs, romelic
dakavSirebulia
Sida
bazarTan,
maT
Soris
savaWro
liberalizacias, TanamSromlobas iseT sferoebSi, rogoricaa energetika da
transporti;
•
TanamSromlobas marTlmsajulebisa da saSinao saqmeebis dargSi;
•
energetikis, transportisa da telekomunikaciebisaTvis infrastruqturuli
qselebisa da bazrebis ganviTarebas da TanamSromlobas garemos dacvis
sferoSi;
•
“erebs Soris” kavSirebis xelSewyobis politikas, magaliTad ganaTlebis,
teqnologiebis, kulturis sferoebSi da, gaerTianebis konkretul programebSi
TandaTanobiT CarTvis gziT.
evropis samezoblo politikis sxva upiratesobebs warmoadgens specialuri
seqtoruli politikis SemuSavebis perspeqtiva monawile qveynebisaTvis. evrokomisiis
komunikeSi “gzis gakafva axali samezoblo institutisTvis” 35 aRniSnuli iyo, rom
seqtorul daxmarebasa da reformebs (liberalizacia,
samarTlebrivi
bazis
daaxloeba
da
sxva)
udidesi
mniSvneloba
ganviTarebisaTvis gardamaval periodSi.
aqvs
qveynebis
ekonomikuri
saqarTvelos
SemTxvevaSi,
prioritetul
seqtorebad
evropis
samezoblo
politikisaTvis ukve dasaxelda energetikis, transportisa da telekomunikaciebis
seqtorebi; am sias udaod daemateba soflis meurneobis, turizmisa da finansuri
momsaxurebis seqtorebi. seqtoruli midgoma, romelic evropis samezoblo politikis
samoqmedo gegmebSi, evrokavSiris TiToeul mezobel qveyanasTan xelSekrulebis
safuZvelze
gadawydeba,
uzrunvelyofs
TiToeul
sakiTxTan
mimarTebaSi
evrokavSirTan
ekonomikuri
integraciis
kompleqsuri
midgomis
ganxorcielebas,
34
g. verhogeni, evropis samezoblo politika” gamosvla/04/141, premier ministrTa konferencia, vilniusi da
vaisgradi, demokratiebi: “gafarToebuli evropisken:axali programa” 19 marti, 2004 w.
http://europa.eu. int/comm/commissioners/verheugen/pdf/Bratislava_speech_final_190304.pdf.
35
“axali samezoblo politikis instrumentisaTvis gzis gakafva”, evrokomisiis komunike, briuseli, 1
ivlisi 2003 w. gv.14 http://europa.eu.int/comm/world/enp/pdf/com03_393_en.pdf.
saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi – 2004 weli, #4
141
evrokavSiris partniorobisa da TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb SeTanxmeba da evropis
samezoblo
politika
saqarTvelosTan
mimarTebaSi:
rogor
daexmareba
evrokavSirTan ekonomikuri integracia reformebis ganxorcielebis process da
ekonomikur ganviTarebas saqarTveloSi
romelic moicavs vaWrobis liberalizacias,
samarTlebrivi bazis SesabamisobaSi
moyvanasa da mniSvnelovani pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebisa da teqnologiebis
Semodinebas. igi aseve gansazRvravs gzebsa da saSualebebs, romliTac partn iori
qveynebi TandaTanobiT monawileobas
midgomebsa da programebSi.
miiReben
evrokavSiris
politikis
ZiriTad
evropis samezoblo politikis kidev erTi siaxle mdgomareobs imaSi, rom igi
iTvaliswinebs regionuli ekonomikuri integraciis gaZlierebas, magaliTad “samxreT
kavkasiis dialogis” farglebSi. aRniSnuli dialogis geopolitikuri aspeqtis garda,
igi SesaZlebels xdis partniorobisa da TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebis
ganxorcielebis
Sedegebis
meqanikurad
Canacvlebis
Tavidan
acilebas
da
iTvaliswinebs arsebul saerTaSoriso SeTanxmebebs dsT -s farglebSi an Savi zRvis
qveynebis SeTanxmebebs. garda imisa rom Tavisufali vaWrobis RonisZiebebTan
regionuli ekonomikuri integracia SesabamisobaSi iqneba moyvanili evrokavSirTan
ekonomikur integraciis donesTan, igi aseve ukanasknelTan mimarTebaSi impuls
aZlevs am pirvels, ufro did bazarze pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebis mzardi
mimzidvelobis xarjze. Tumca, xSirad kritikas iwvevs evropul samezoblo
politikis farglebSi gaTvaliswinebuli finansuri saSualebebis SedarebiT dabali
done,
ramac
SeiZleba
ver
uzrunvelyos
sakmarisi
stimuli
Semdgomi
integraciisaTvis. es didi danaklisi iqneba da amitom mniSvnelovania, rom aRniSnuli
sakiTxi dRis wesrigSi iqnes CarTuli evropis samezoblo politikis Semdgom
diskusiebSi, rameTu SenarCunebuli iqnes integraciis Zlieri suliskveTeba, romelic
arsebobs evropul samezoblo politikasTan dakavSirebiT, miT ufro rom evropis
samezoblo politikis momxre qveynebs Soris saqarTvelo erT-erTi yvelaze metad
dainteresebuli qveyanaa36 .
4.2 evropis samezoblo politikis mniSvneloba saqarTvelosTvis
ganacxada
ra
demokratiis
dafuZnebis,
ekonomikuri
ganviTarebis
xelSewyobis,
sagareo usafrTxoebis, teritoriuli mTlianobisa da evropul da evroatlantikur
struqturebSi integraciis Sesaxeb, rogorc strategiuli miznebisa, saqarTvelo
gverds ver auvlis evrokavSiris mier wamowyebul axal samezoblo politikas.
evrokavSirs Zlieri interesi aqvs samxreT kavkasiis regionis stabilurobasa da
ganviTarebaSi.
evropis
usafrTxo ebis
strategia,
romelic
SemoRebuli
iqna
evrosabWos mier 2003 wlis dekemberSi, mkafiod gamoyofs samxreT kavkasias, rogorc
erT-erT regions, romlis mimarTac evrokavSirma “ufro Zlieri da ufro aqtiuri
interesi”37 unda gamoiCinos. amgvari pozicia saqarTvelosTvis momgebiani unda iyos.
evrokavSirisa
da
axali
mezobeli
qveynebisaTvis
evropis
same zoblo
politikis ganxorcielebis Sedegad SesaZlebeli unda gaxdes :
36
k. gogolaSvili (2004w.), “saqarTvelos evropis ganzraxvis Sesaxeb gancxadeba: konkretuli nabijebi am
mimarTulebiT ” gazeTi “24 saaTi”, Tbilisi, 29 seqtemberi
37
“usafrTxo evropa ukeTes msoflioSi” evropis uSiSroebis strategia. briuseli. 12 dekemberi 2003w. gv.15
http://ue.eu.int/uedocs/cmsUpload/78367.pdf.
142
saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi – 2004,weli, #4
evrokavSiris partniorobisa da TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb SeTanxmeba da evropis
samezoblo
politika
saqarTvelosTan
mimarTebaSi:
rogor
daexmareba
evrokavSirTan ekonomikuri integracia reformebis ganxorcielebis process da
ekonomikur ganviTarebas saqarTveloSi
•
regionSi samxedro konfliqtebis kontroli, mogvareba da Tavidan acileba da
stabilurobis, usafrTxoebisa da arsebiTi ganviTarebis sivrcis Seqmna;
•
evropis samezoblo politikaSi
TanamSromlobis ganviTareba;
•
saerTo evropul doneze Ria da integrirebuli bazris dafuZneba, romelic
dainteresebul
qveynebs Soris regionuli
ifunqcionirebs
harmonizebuli
wesebisa
da
Semdgomi
liberalizaciis
safuZvelze da romelsac mohyveba mniSvnelovani ekonomikuri, socialuri da
sxva Sedegebi;
•
mezobeli qveynebis investorebisaTvis
mimzidvelobis xarisxis amaRleba da
sagareo
negatiuri
cvlilebebisagan
daucvelobis
donis
Semcireba
politikuri,
maregulirebeli
da
savaWro
struqturis
Seqmnisa
da
funqcionirebis
Sedegad,
rac
gazrdis
ekonomikur
stabilurobas
da
daafuZnebs samarTlis damkvidrebis princips.
miuxedavad imisa, rom evropis samezoblo politika evrokavSiris iniciativas
warmoadgens,
saqarTvelos
interesebSia
aqtiuri
monawileoba
miiRos
axal
samezoblo politikaSi. amis ZiriTadi mizezebia:
•
partniorobisa da TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebis susti mxareebi, ramac
ganapiroba ufro Rrma da farTo TanamSromlobis aucilebloba saqarTvelosa
da evrokavSirs Soris;
•
saqarTveloSi Semdgomi ekonomikuri da politikuri reformebis saWiroeba,
romlis xelSewyobis mizniT evropis samezoblo politika iTvaliswinebs
specialurad SemuSavebul individualur midgomas, romelic emyareba qveynis
prioritetebis
gansazRvrasa
da
maT
safuZvelze,
samoqmedo
gegmebis
ganxorcielebas;
•
usafrTxoebisa da stabilurobis aspeqti, gansakuTrebiT kavkasiis regionSi,
romelic mezobel qveynebTan TanamSromlobisa da saqarTveloSi reformebis
ganxorcielebis
tempis
TvalsazrisiT,
mniSvnelovani
faqtori
xdeba.
evrokavSiri SesZlebda konfliqtebis Tavidan acilebasa da daregulirebaze
mimarTuli Zalisxmevis Semdgom mxardaWeras, iseve rogorc samxreT kavkasiaSi
konfliqtebis Semdgomi reabilitaciis procesSi monawileobas. saqarTvelos
SemTxvevaSi, evrokavSiris yuradRebis centrSi kvlavac moeqceva
konfliqtebi, kerZod ki afxazeTsa da cxinvalSi (samxreT oseTi).
Sida
ekonomikuri ganviTareba da siRaribesTan brZola saqarTvelos erT-erT mTavar
amocanad rCeba. ekonomikuri ganviTarebisa da siRaribis daZlevis programa, romelic
miRebul iqna 2003 wlis ivnisSi,
•
38
xazs usvams or umTavres strategiul mizans :
swrafi da mdgradi ekonomikuri ganviTareba: realuri mSp- s saSualo wliuri
zrdis maCvenebeli 5- 8 procentis farglebSi uzrunvelyofs 2015 wlisaTvis,
realuri mSp- s moculobis gaormagebas an gasammagebas 2001 welTan SedarebiT.
“saqarTvelos ekonomikuri ganviTarebisa da siRaribis daZlevis programa”, Tbilisi, ivnisi 2003w., gv. 100
http://www.psigeorgia.org/pregp/files/EDPRP%20_ENG_%20FINAL.pdf.
38
saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi – 2004 weli, #4
143
evrokavSiris partniorobisa da TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb SeTanxmeba da evropis
samezoblo
politika
saqarTvelosTan
mimarTebaSi:
rogor
daexmareba
evrokavSirTan ekonomikuri integracia reformebis ganxorcielebis process da
ekonomikur ganviTarebas saqarTveloSi
•
2015 wlisaTvis, siRaribis donis Semcireba mosaxleobis 15-dan 4- 5 procentamde
da siRaribis zRvarze (romelic ganimarteba rogorc oficialuri saarsebo
minimumi)
myofTa
ricxvis
kleba
mosaxleobis
52
procentidan
20-25
procentamde. aRniSnuli miznebis misaRwevad mniSvnelovania saqarTvelos
ekonomikis
prioritetuli
seqtorebis
(soflis
meurneoba,
eqsportze
orientirebuli
mrewvelobis
satelekomunikacio, turizmisa da
dargebi,
energetikis,
safinanso,
mSeneblobis seqtorebi) daxmareba da
ganviTareba da aseve specializirebuli seqtoruli politikis
romelic gaTvaliswinebulia evropul samezoblo po litikaSi.
SemuSaveba,
evropis samezoblo politika uzrunvelyofs stimulebs reformebisaTvis,
romelic dadebiTi Sedegebis momtani iqneba ekonomikuri da socialuri ganviTarebis
TvalsazrisiT. ekonomikis sferoSi kanonmdeblobis d aaxloeba, evrokavSirisa da
saqarTvelos ekonomikebis erTmaneTisTvis gaxsna da savaWro barierebis Semcirebis
gagrZeleba waaxalisebs saqarTveloSi investiciebis Semodinebas da ekonomikur
zrdas. evrokomisia swavlobs gaerTianebis konkretuli programebis TandaTanobiT
gaxsnis SesaZleblobebs, romelic xels Seuwyobs kavSirebis ganviTarebas kulturis,
ganaTlebis, garemos dacvis, teqnologiebisa da mecnierebis sferoebSi.
saqarTvelo aseve dainteresebulia evrokavSiris finansur daxmarebaS i. 1992 - 2002
wlebSi, evrokavSirma saqarTvelos grantebis saxiT 387,79 milioni evro gamouyo.
amasTan, saqarTvelo sargeblobs tasisis regionuli TanamSromlobis programis
farglebSi uzrunvelyofili daxmarebiT. tasisi warmoadgenda mTavar finansur
instruments, romelic exmareboda partniorobisa da TanamSromlobis SeTanxmebis
ganxorcielebas da uzrunvelyofda grantebis gamoyofas iseTi proeqtebisaTvis,
romelic xorcieldeboda prioritetul dargebSi. 1992 wlidan, saqarTvelosTvis
39
gamoyofili iqna 84 milioni evro samTavrobo politikis dasafinanseblad, romelic
uzrunvelyofda gadasvlas demokratiasa d a sabazro e k o n omikaze da maT Soris
xelsayreli sainvesticio klimatis Seqmnas. tasisi aseve monawileobda saxelmwifo
sawarmoTa privatizaciaSi. indikatoruli biujeti tasisis 2004 -2006 indikatoruli
40
programisaTvis 28 milion evros Seadgens , rac instituciuri, samarTlebrivi da
administraciuli reformebisa da gardamavali periodis socialuri Sedegebis
daxmarebazea gamiznuli. garda amisa, tasisi gamoyofs daxmarebas sareabilitacio
programisTvis 4 milioni evros odenobiT (konfliqtis zonebisTvis).
da bolos, evrokavSirTan ekonomikurma integracia miscems mniSvnelovan stimuls
saqarTveloSi struqturuli reformebis process, romelic moiazreba rogorc
institucio naluri cvlileba. marTalia, es institutebi mxolod ekonomikuri
TamaSis wesebs warmoadgens, magram isini moicaven ara mxolod formalur wesebs,
rogoricaa kanonebi da qveynis sxva reglamentebi, aramed aseve araformalur da
dauwerel wesebsac, romlebic farTodaa gavrcelebuli sazogadoebebSi ekonomikuri
39
“evrokavSiris urTierTobebi saqarTvelosTan, mimoxilva”, evrokomisia
http://europa.eu.int/comm/external_relations/georgia/intro/index.htm.
40
qveynis strategiis amsaxveli dokumenti, 2003-2006ww.: tasisis erovnuli
saqarTvelosTvis 2004-2006”. evrokomisia, 23 seqtemberi 2003w. gv. 48.,
144
indikatoruli
programa
saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi – 2004,weli, #4
evrokavSiris partniorobisa da TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb SeTanxmeba da evropis
samezoblo
politika
saqarTvelosTan
mimarTebaSi:
rogor
daexmareba
evrokavSirTan ekonomikuri integracia reformebis ganxorcielebis process da
ekonomikur ganviTarebas saqarTveloSi
konvenciebis, qcevis normebisa da Sesabamisi faseulobebis farglebSi, rac arc Tu
ise martivia. erT-erT mniSvnelovan problemas, romlis winaSec dgebian dsT-s
qveynebi gardamaval periodSi, warmoadgens ekonomikuri reformis moTxovnebSi
arsebuli sxvaoba da sazogadoebis damokidebuleba. aRniSnuli sxvaoba Cveulebriv
aisaxeba iseT situaciebSi, rodesac kargi kanone bi ar xorcieldeba ara mxolod imis
gamo, rom ar arsebobs saTanado aRsrulebis politika, aramed imitomac, rom
sazogadoebis
saqarTvelos
mier ar aris
struqturuli
arasaxarbielos
dabalia.
xdis saqmian
miRebuli. aseTi situacia
reformebis
ekonomikur
garemos da ris
gamoc
Zalian kargad aRwers
problemebs,
romelic
investiciebis done
Zalian
gafarToebis procesis gamocdilebam gviCvena, rom evrokavSiris avtoriteti,
ekonomikuri da moraluri Zala, Zlieri sayrdeni iyo instituciuri cvlilebebis
waxalisebisaTvis gardamavali periodi s qveynebSi. man uzrunvelyo ara mxolod
amosavali baza ekonomikisa da sazogadoebis ganviTarebisaTvis samarTlebriv
sferoSi, aramed aseve kanonebis gansaxorcieleblad saWiro instrumentebic, rameTu
isini sazogadoebis mier yofiliyo miRebuli. amasTan, sazogado ebisaTvis momavalSi
evrokavSiris erTian bazarze SeRwevis uflebis mopovebis SesaZlebloba, Zlier
daxmarebas uzrunvelyofs im mTavrobebisaTvis, romlebic aRniSnul politikas
anxorcieleben, rac aadvilebs struqturuli reformebis politikis gatarebas.
42
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom evrokavSiri asrulebs erTgvari instituciuri Ruzis rols .
es is mTavari Sedegia, romelsac evropis samezoblo politika savaraudod moutans
saqarTvelos da xels Seuwyobs qveyanaSi social-ekonomikuri mdgomareobis
gaumjobesebas arasruli dasaqmebisa da siRaribis aRmofxvris TvalsazrisiT.
danarTi
evrokavSiris evropul samezoblo politikaSi gawevrianebis procesi
evropis samezoblo politikis zemoxsenebuli oTxi elementis gaTvaliswinebiT,
SegviZlia evropis
samezoblo politikaSi qveynis gawevrianebis proceduris
warmodgena da ganvixiloT aRniSnul procesSi qveynebis gawevrianebis etapebi:
1)
2004 wlis 21 maiss, damtkicebuli iqna evropis samezoblo politikis
amsaxveli dokumenti. igi warmogvidgens evropis samezoblo politikis
principebsa da moqmedebis sferos da aseve miznebsa da instrumentebs evropis
samezoblo politikis ganxorcielebisaTvis.
http://europa.eu.int/comm/external_relations/georgia/csp/index.htm.
42
i. samsoni (2002w), “evropis saerTo ekonomikuri sivrce ruseTsa da evrokavSirs Soris” instituciuri
Ruza ruseTSi reformebis p rocesis dasaCqareblad”, ruseTis ekonomikis mimarTulebebi, t. 11 #3,
blekueli.
saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi – 2004 weli, #4
145
evrokavSiris partniorobisa da TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb SeTanxmeba da evropis
samezoblo
politika
saqarTvelosTan
mimarTebaSi:
rogor
daexmareba
evrokavSirTan ekonomikuri integracia reformebis ganxorcielebis process da
ekonomikur ganviTarebas saqarTveloSi
2001
wels,
evrokomisiam
daamtkica qveynis
strategiis
amsaxveli dokumentebi
ukrainisTvis, moldovisTvis, belorusisTvis, somxeT isa da azerbaijanisTvis; 2003
wels - saqarTvelosa da ruseTisTvis. qveynis strategiis amsaxvel dokumentSi
Camoyalibebulia evrokavSiris TanamSromlobis miznebi, politikuri reaqcia da
TanamSromlobis prioritetuli sferoebi politikuri RonisZiebebis programis da
qveynis politikuri da socialur -ekonomikuri mdgomareobis Sefasebaze dayrdnobiT.
aRniSnuli strategiis amsaxveli dokumenti Seadgens indikatiur programas, romelic
ufro detalurad aRwers qmedebebs ; gamoyofs programis miznebs, mosalodnel
Sedegebsa da qveynis programas
sferoebSi 2-4 wliani periodisTvis.
tasisisaTvis,
TanamSromlobis
prioritetul
saqarTvelos axali strategiis amsaxveli dokumenti, romelic komisiis mier
damtkicda 2003 wlis 23 seqtembers, moicavs 2003-2006 wlebs da warmoadgens
strategiul programas, romlis
daxmareba aRniSnuli periodisTvis.
2)
CarCoebSic
iqneba
gamoyofili
evrokomisiis
2004 wlis maisi, qveynis angariSebi gamoqveynda ukrainisTvis, moldovasTvis,
tunisisTvis,
marokosTvis,
iordaniasa
da
israelisTvis.
aRniSnuli
dokumentebi uzrunvelyofs evrokavSirsa da partnior qveyanas Soris
ormxrivi urTierTobebis Sefasebas, Seicavs moxsenebas partniorobisa da
TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebis ganxorcielebis Sedegebis Sesaxeb da
aRwers mimdinare mdgomareobas aRniSnuli partniorobisaTvis gansakuTrebuli
interesis mqone sferoebSi. qveynis angariSebi moicavs politikur sakiTxebs
(esenia:
demokratia, kanonis
damkvidreba,
adamianis uflebebis
dacva,
fundamentaluri Tavisuflebebi,
regionuli
da
saerTo
stabiluroba,
marTlmsajuleba da Sinagani saqmeebi da sxva), ekonomikur da socialur
mdgomareobas (makroekonomikuri mdgomareoba, struqturuli reforma, vaWroba,
sabazro da maregulirebeli reforma, transporti, energetika, sainformacio
sazogadoeba, garemos dacva, miRwevebi samecniero da kvleviT dargSi).
3)
146
erToblivi
samoqmedo
gegmebi,
evropis
samezoblo
politikis
ganxorcielebisaTvis mTavari instrumentebi arc erTi qveynis mier ar iqna
SemuSavebuli. ukrainasa da moldovasTan konsultaciebis ramodenime raundi
gaimarTa, imisaTvis rom samoqmedo gegmasTan d akavSirebiT SeTanxmeba rac
SeiZleba swrafad iqnes miRweuli.
saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi – 2004,weli, #4
ekonomikuri glosariumi
absoluturi upiratesoba
qveynis unari awarmoos ufro meti saqoneli vidre
sxva
qveyana
awarmoebs
resursebis
igive
moculobisas (ix. fardobiTi upiratesoba)
(Absolute advantage)
arasruli dasaqmeba
(Under-employment)
ekonomikuri situacia, rodesac muSaxelis mi wodeba
aWarbebs masze moTxovnas
auTsaideri (bankis)
ara-insaideri
(Outsider)
aqcia
(Share, Stock )
saxsrebis mopovebis mizniT saaqcio sazogadoebis
mier gamoSvebuli grZelvadiani fasiani qaRaldi.
aqciis myidveli gadaxdili fulis sanacvlod
xdeba kompaniis sruluflebiani TanamesakuTre,
anu monawileobs mis marTvasa da mogebaSi.
(ix.
fasiani
qaRaldebi,
obligacia,
saxazino
valdebuleba)
SeniSvna:
zogierT
qveyanaSi,
magaliTad
did
britaneTSi,
sityva stock gansxvavdeba mniSvnelobiT sityva share-sagan, da
aRniSnavs kompaniis an saxelmwifos mier gamoSvebul
grZelvadian sasesxo valdebulebas.
balansis
balansi
aRricxvis
furceli
-
dokumenti, romelic asaxavs firmis aqtivebisa da
valdebulebebis moculobas da struqturas.
(Balance sheet)
biujeturi SezRudva
(Budget constraint)
xarjebis SezRudva gamowveuli sxvadasxva mizeziT,
magaliTad, Semosavlebis simciriT.
gadasaxadebi
begara dawesebuli saxelmwifos mier kerZo pirebis
an sawarmoebis Semosavalze an mogebaze (pirdapiri
gadasaxadi), saqonlis gamoyenebze an momsaxurebiT
sargeblobaze (iribi gadasaxadi) da qonebaze.
saqarTveloSi arsebuli ZiriTadi gadasaxadebia:
(Taxes)
1. sawarmos mogebaze gadasaxadi (Profit tax);
2. kerZo pirebis Semosavalze gadasaxadi (Personal
income tax );
3. damatebul Rirebulebaze gadasaxadi _ dRg
(Value Added Tax ).
misi bazaa iuridiuli Tu
fizikuri pirebis mier Seqmnili damatebuli
Rirebuleba _ sxvaoba saqonlis an momsaxurebis
sarealizacio fassa da mis warmoebasa da
mowodebasTan
dakavSirebuli
materialur
xarjebisa;
saqarTvelos ekonomik is mimarTulebebi – 2004 weli, #4
147
ekonomikuri glosariumi
4. sabaJo gadasaxadi (Customs duties ) _ saxelmwifo
biujetSi savaldebulo Senatani saqarTvelos
sabaJo sazRvarze saqonlis gadaadgilebisaTvis;
5. aqcizi (Excise) _ garkveuli saxis saqonlis
moxmarebaze
iribi
gadasaxadi,
romelic
CarTulia am saqonlis fasSi;
6. gadasaxadebi xelfasebis fondidan (Payroll taxes)
_ specialuri saxelmwifo fondebis (jandacvis,
socuzrunvelyofis da a.S.) mosakrebeli, romlis
gadaxda damqiraveblisa da muSakis mier xdeba
sawarmos xelfasebis fondidan, fiqsirebuli
ganakveTiT.
(ix. sagadasaxado baza)
gamoSveba, warmoebis moculoba
(Output)
saqoneli da momsaxureba
periodis ganmavlobaSi.
depoziti
kerZo piris an sawarmos angariSi komerciul
bankSi, romelzedac momxmarebels SeuZlia fulis
an Cekebis ganTavseba da maTi gamotana bankis
winaswar gafrTxilebis pirobiT.
(Deposit)
deflatori (mSp-is deflatori )
(Deflator - GDP deflator)
deflacia
warmoebuli
garkveuli
fasebis indeqsi, romelic warmoadgens garkveul
wels
gamoSvebuli
saqonlis
Rirebulebis
fardobas
sabaziso
wlis
fasebSi
gamosaxul
RirebulebasTan.
mSp-is deflatori gansazRvravs
damoki debulebas nominalur da realur (sabaziso
wlis) mSp-s Soris.
fasebis saerTo donis daweva. (ix. inflacia)
(Deflation)
ekonomikuri zrda
realuri gamoSvebis zrda.
(Economic growth)
erovnuli angariSebi
(National accounts)
drois garkveul periodSi (rogorc wesi, erTi
wlis
ganmavlobaSi),
erovnuli
ekonomikis
amsaxveli statistikuri monacemebis erToblioba.
kerZod, erovnuli angariSebi asaxaven qveyanaSi
warmoebuli saqonlisa da momsaxurebis mTlian
moculobas da qveynis ekonomikuri aqtiurobis
indikators warmoadgenen.
valdebuleba (pasivi )
(Liability)
vali; pirovnebis an sawarmos gankargvaSi arsebuli
saxsrebi da qoneba, romelzedac sxva mxares
garkveuli pretenzia SeiZleba gaaCndes.
148
saqarTvelos ekonomik is mimarTulebebi – 2004 weli, #4
ekonomikuri glosariumi
qveynis valutis sxva qveynis valutaSi gamosaxuli
fasi, romelic dadgenilia am valutebis realuri
msyidvelobiTi unaris gaTvaliswinebiT.
valutis gamyareba (kursis zrda )
(Appreciation)
valutis dacema (kursis dacema )
(Depreciation)
savaluto bazarze
valutis dacema)
valutis
savaluto
bazarze
valutis
valutebTan SedarebiT.
fasis
zrda.
gaiafeba
(ix.
sxva
SeniSvna: ekonomikur literaturaSi sityvas “Depreciation’
SeiZleba hqondes sxva mniSvnelobac _ cveTa, cveTis
sabuRaltro asaxva, amortizacia.
investicia (kapitaldabandeba )
(Investment)
1. fizikuri qonebis, magaliTad qarxn is, manqanadanadgarebis, SesaZenad gaweuli xarji. (realuri
investicia)
2.
fasiani
qaRaldebis,
magaliTad
aqciebis,
SesaZenad gaweuli xarji. (finansuri investicia)
SeniSvna: realuri investicia qmnis axal aqtivebs, e. i.
zrdis qveynis sawarmoo potencials; maSin rodesac
finansuri investicia, ubralod, aqtivebis flobis uflebis
gadacemaa.
insaideri (bankis )
(Insider)
inteleqtualuri kapitali
(Human capital)
intervencia
(Intervention)
inflacia
bankis administraciuli muSaki an aqcioneri, misi
ojaxis wevri an masTan saqmiani interesebiT
dakavSirebuli piri. (sapir. - auTsaideri)
saerTo codna romelic gamoiyeneba warmoebaSi.
investiciebs inteleqtualuri kapitalis gazrdaSi, anu sxvadasxva saxis gamokvlevebSi, Sedegad
sdevs
axali,
teqnikurad
gaumjobesebuli
produqciis warmoeba da ekonomikis efeqturobis
zrda.
ama Tu im ekonomikuri subieqtis erTjeradi
intensiuri
zemoqmedeba
bazarze.
magaliTad
erovnuli bankis mier ucxouri valutis gayidvis
mkveTri gazrda.
fasebis saerTo donis aweva. (ix. deflacia)
(Inflation)
kalaTa
(Basket)
ama Tu im sidideTa kompleqti, nakrebi, mag.:
1. samomxmareblo kalaTa _ pirobiTi momxmareb-lis
mier moxmarebuli saqonlisa da misTvis gaweuli
momsaxurebis erToblioba;
2. savaluto kalaTa _ sxvadasxva qveynis valutis
ama Tu im wesiT Seqmnili nakrebi (ECU _ ekiu,
saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi – 2004 weli, #4
149
ekonomikuri glosariumi
evropuli savaluto erTeuli; SDR _ sesxebis
specialuri ufleba;
unaris standarti).
PPS
_
msyidvelobiTi
kapitaldabandeba
(Investment)
ix. investicia.
kapitali
(Capital)
warmoebis materialuri (fabrikebi, ofisebi, manqanadanadgarebi)
da
aramaterialuri
(“nou-hau”)
saSualebebis erToblioba.
kapitalis dena
(Capital flight)
fondebis moZraoba adgilobriv ekonomikasa da gare
samyaros Soris, dakavSirebuli fasiani qaRaldebis
an
fizikuri
aqtivebis
yidva-gayidvasTan
da
saerTaSoriso sesxebTan.
kapitaluri angariSi
(Capital account)
1. sagadamxdelo balansis nawili, romelic aRwers grZelvadiani aqtivebis yidva-gayidvasTan da
kerZo seqtoris sesxebTan dakavSirebul saxsrebis
moZraobas (ix. mimdinare angariSi )
2. erovnuli
angariSebis
nawili,
romelic
moicavs mTavrobis mier saxelmwifo infrastruqturis sferoSi (gzebi, skolebi, saavadmyofoebi)
gaweul xarjebs da kerZo seqtoris realur
investiciebs.
likviduri aqtivebi (bankis )
(Liquid assets)
fuladi aqtivebi romlebic advilad SeiZleba
iqnas gamoyenebuli
angariSsworebisTvis: oqro,
bankis fuladi saxsrebi salaroSi (larebi da
ucxouri
valuta),
sakorespondento
angariSebi
erovnul
da
ucxour
valutaSi
(maT
Soris
sazRvargareTac),
savaldebulo
rezervebis
angariSze arsebuli saxsrebi (Tu isini sakredito
auqcionze nayidi kreditis uzrunvelyofas ar
waroadgenen).
lorencis mrudi
(Lorenz curve)
raime
sididis,
magaliTad
Semosavlebis,
ganawilebis amsaxveli mrudi.
diagonalsa da lorencis mruds Soris moqceuli
farTobis Sefardebas diagonalis qvemoT moqceul
farTobTan ewodeba jinis (Gini) koeficienti. igi
warmoadgens ganawilebis araTanabrobis sazoms da
icvleba nolidan (Tanabari ganawileba) erTamde
(absoluturad araTanabari ganawileba).
M0
sxvanairad _ “viwro fuli”. monetarul TeoriaSi
fuladi
maragis
erT -erTi
sazomi
(fuladi
agregati), romelic moicavs fuladi aqtivebis
yvelaze likvidur nawils _ bankebis gareT
arsebul naRd fuls. (ar moicavs im naRd fuls,
romelic rezervebis saxiT komerciuli bankebis
150
saqarTvelos ekonomik is mimarTulebebi – 2004 weli, #4
ekonomikuri glosariumi
sacavebSi inaxeba).
M2
sxvanairad _ “farTo fuli”, moicavs M0-sa da komerciul
bankebSi
arsebul
arasabanko
da
arasaxelmwifo depozitebs adgilobriv valutaSi.
ganisazRvreba rogorc fuli, romelic, garkveuli
periodis amowurvis Semdeg, SeiZleba gamoyenebul
iqnas angariSsworebisTvis.
M3
aseve, xSirad moixsenieba rogorc “farTo fuli”;
moicavs M2-sa da mosaxleobis ucxour valutaSi
denominirebul anabrebs komerciul bankebSi.
makroekonomika
(Macroeconomics)
materialuri aqtivebi (bankis )
(Fixed assets)
meoradi kapitali (bankis )
(Secondary capital)
mikroekonomika
(Microeconomics)
mimdinare angariSi
(Current account)
mimdinare aqtivebi (bankis )
ekonomikuri
mecnierebis
nawili,
romelic
swavlobs ekonomikas rogorc erT mTlians da
cdilobs daadginos fundamenturi ekonomikuri
cnebebis _ warmoebisa da dasaqmebis donis, fasebis
saerTo donis ganmsazRvreli ZiriTadi faqtorebi.
Senoba-nagebobani, sameurneo inventari
gaweuli kapitaluri danaxarjebi
da
maTze
materialuri
aqtivebis
gadafasebis
nawili,
miznobrivi fondebi, saimedo sesxebis SesaZlo
danakargebis gaTvaliswinebiT Seqmnili rezervebi.
(ix. pirveladi kapitali)
ekonomikuri
mecnierebis
nawili,
romelic
swavlobs momxmareblebisa da firmebis qmedebas;
aanalizebs sawarmoo faqtorebis, saqonlisa da
momsaxurebis sabazro fasebsa da moculobas.
agreTve,
ganixilavs
SezRuduli
ekonomikuri
resursebis ganawilebis efeqturobas.
1. drois garkveul monakveTSi (rogorc wesi, erTi
wlis ganmavlobaSi) qveynis danarCen msofliosTan
sasaqonlo (xiluli) da samomsaxureo (uxilavi)
vaWrobis amsaxveli angariSi. (ix. sagadamxdelo
balansi; savaWro balansi )
2. bankSi fizikuri piris Tu kompaniis moTxovnamde
angariSi.
(Current assets)
likviduri aqtivebi da bankis mier dafarvis erT
Tvemde vadiT gacemuli sesxebi.
agreTve bankis
sxva moTxovnebi dafarvis erT Tvemde vadiT.
moTxovnebi
(Claims)
finansuri
aqtivebi,
saxeldobr
gacemuli
kreditebi, saxazino da komerciuli Tamasuqebi.
monetaruli politika
ix. fuladi politika.
saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi – 2004 weli, #4
151
ekonomikuri glosariumi
(Monetary policy)
mwarmoebelTa fasebis
mfi
(Producer price index - PPI)
indeqsi
mep- mTliani erovnuli produqti
(GNP)
mSp - mTliani Sida produqti
(GDP)
nominaluri
(Nominal)
obligacia
(Bond)
pirveladi kapitali (bankis )
(Primary capital)
realuri
(Real)
_
indeqsi romelic asaxavs adgilobrivi mwarmoeblebis mier sakuTar produqciaze dadebuli
fasebis
donis
saSualo
cvlilebas.
(ix.
samomxmareblo fasebis indeqsi)
drois garkveul monakveTSi (rogorc wesi, erTi
wlis
ganmavlobaSi)
qveynis
mSp-sa
da
sazRvargareTidan miRebuli wminda Semosavlis
jami.
drois garkveul monakveTSi, (rogorc wesi, erTi
wlis ganmavlobaSi) adgilobrivad warmoebuli
saqonlisa
da
gaweuli
momsaxurebis
jamuri
fuladi Rirebuleba. (ix. erovnuli angariSebi)
gazomili mimdinare fasebSi,
liswineblad. (ix. realuri)
inflaciis gauTva-
rogorc wesi, mTavrobis an komerciuli organizaciis mier, sesxis aRebis mizniT gamoSvebuli, myari
saprocento ganakveTis mqone, grZelvadiani fasiani
qaRaldi. (ix. aqcia, saxazino Tamasuqi).
aqciebis realizaciidan miRebuli kapitali, kapitaluri rezervebi (ganawilebuli mogebis nawili,
romelic
gankuTvnilia
gauTvaliswinebe-li
zaralis dasafaravad), gaunawilebeli mogeba. (ix.
meoradi kapitali)
gazomili
namdvil
(sabaziso
wlis
fasebTan
Sesadar) fasebSi, inflaciis gaTvaliswinebiT.
sagadasaxdelo balansi
(Balance of payments)
drois garkveul monakveTSi, (rogorc wesi, erTi
wlis ganmavlobaSi) qveynis danarCen msofliosTan
savaWro da safinanso urTierTobis amsaxveli
angariSi. igi Sedgeba ori ZiriTadi nawilisagan:
mimdinare angariSi da kapitaluri angariSi .
sagadasaxado baza
mTliani fuladi fondi romelic eqvemdebareba
gadasaxadebis gadaxdas. magaliTad, saSemosavlo
gadasaxadis baza aris am gadasaxads daqvemdebarebuli mTliani Semosavlebi, xolo mogebis gadasaxadis baza aris yvela im mogebis jami, romelic
am gadasaxads eqvemdebareba.
(Tax base)
sagadasaxado fardoba
Tanafardoba damqiraveblis mier gaweuli mTliani
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saqarTvelos ekonomik is mimarTulebebi – 2004 weli, #4
ekonomikuri glosariumi
(Tax wedge)
xarjebisa daqiravebulis
xelfasis odenobasTan.
savaWro balansi
drois garkveul monakveTSi, (rogorc wesi, erTi
wlis ganmavlobaSi) danarCen msofliosTan qveynis
sasaqonlo (xiluli) vaWrobis amsaxveli angariSi.
(ix. sagadamxdelo balansi; mimdinare angariSi).
(Balance of trade)
savaldebulo rezervebi
sakorespondento angariSebi
(Correspondent accounts)
samuSao Zala
(Labour)
saprocento ganakveTi
(Interest rate)
miRebul
wminda
komerciuli bankebis saerTo aqtivebSi, rezervebis
savaldebulo proporcia, romelsac centraluri
banki
awesebs.
es
Tanxebi
uzrunvelyofen
momxmareblebis
yoveldRiuri
moTxovnilebis
dakmayofilebas
da zRudaven kreditebis gacemas.
saqarTveloSi komerciuli bankebis es rezervebi
inaxeba seb-Si.
(Reserve requirements)
samomxmareblo fasebis indeqsi
sfi
(Consumer price index - CPI)
mier
bankebis
angariSebi
sxva
bankebSi,
romlebic
gamoiyeneba
klientTa
saxeliT
bankTaSoris
angariSsworebaSi. maTi moculoba damokidebulia
saangariSsworebo
sistemis
moqnilobaze
da
bankebis survilze gascen sesxi.
_
inflaciis sazomi indeqsi, romelic warmoadgens
samomxmareblo saqonlis da momsaxurebis fiqsirebuli
kalaTis
nominaluri
Rirebulebis
fardobas amave kalaTis sabaziso wlis fasebSi
gamosaxul RirebulebasTan.
rogorc fizikuri (magaliTaT, manqanis awyoba),
ise inteleqtualuri (magaliTad, maragis aRricxvis
sistemis
Seqmna)
Sromis
SenaZeni
sawarmoo
procesSi.
msesxeblis mier kreditorisTvis ZiriTadi valis
garda gadasaxdeli Tanxa, gamoxatuli ZiriTadi
valis procentebSi; fuladi resursebis gadacemis
sabazro fasi.
sarezervo fuli
aseve moixsenieba rogorc fulis baza an “Zlieri
(Reserve money)
fuli”, Seicavs M0-sa da komerciul bankebSi
arsebul sxvadasxva rezervebs. sarezervo fulis
moculobas
uSualod
centraluri
banki
akontrolebs.
saxazino Tamasuqi (valdebuleba )
(Treasury bill)
finansTa saministros an centraluri bankis mier
gamoSvebuli, gansazRvruli saprocento ganakveTis
mqone, moklevadiani (erT welze naklebi) fasiani
qaRaldi, romelic warmoadgens mTavrobis mier
Tamasuqis
mflobelisagan
sesxis
aRebis
saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi – 2004 weli, #4
153
ekonomikuri glosariumi
damamtkicebel sabuTs. saxazino Tamasuqi erT -erTi
instrumentia, romlis meSveobiTac centraluri
banki akontrolebs mimoqcevaSi arsebuli fulis
moculobas. (ix. obligacia)
socialuri uzrunvelyofis sistema
(Social Safety Net)
savaluto rezervebi
ucxouri valutisa da oqros maragi, romelic
gamoiyeneba sagadamxdelo balansis deficitis
Sesavsebad.
(Foreign currency (exchange) reserves)
sterilizacia
ama
Tu
im
eknomikuri
RonisZiebis
Tanmdevi
arasasurveli efeqtis gabaTileba sxva ekonomikuri
RonisZiebiT. magaliTad, samTavrobo dakreditebis
gazrdis Sedegad fuladi maragis zrdis Tavidan
asacileblad, erovnuli banki
ucxouri valutis
gayidviT
amcirebs
mimoqcevaSi
arsebuli
adgilobrivi valutis moculobas.
(Sterilisation)
uimedo sesxi
gasesxebuli Tanxa, romlis ukan dabruneba aRar
aris mosalodneli (magaliTad, mevale gakotrda).
aseTi sesxebi miekuTvneba xarjebs da Camoiwereba.
(Bad loan)
fardobiTi upiratesoba
qveynis unari ufro naklebi danaxarjebiT awarmoos
garkveuli saqoneli vidre meore qveyanam. (ix.
absoluturi upiratesoba)
(Comparative advantage)
fasiani qaRaldebi
(Securities)
faqtoruli
faqtorebi
socialurad
naklebad
uzrunvelyofili
fenebisTvis _ mcireSemosavliani ojaxebisTvis,
umuSevrebisTvis, pensionerebisTvis, invalidebisTvis, martoxela mSoblebisTvis da a.S. daxmarebis
aRmoCenis sistema.
resursebi,
kapitalis
mozidvis
finansuri
instrumenti.
ZiriTadi fasiani qaRaldebia: aqcia, obligacia,
Tamasuqi, saxazino valdebuleba.
warmoebis
(Factors of production)
faqtoruli Rirebuleba
saqonlis an momsaxurebis Rirebuleba daxar-juli
faqtoruli resursebis gamosaxulebaSi.
(Factor cost)
faqtoruli
Semosavali
erovnuli Semosavali
(Factor income or national income)
resursebi romlebic gamoiyeneba firmebis mier
saqonlis an momsaxurebis warmoebisas. gamoyofen
sawarmoo faqtorebis sam ZiriTad jgufs: miwa,
samuSao Zala da kapitali.
an
drois mocemul periodSi SinameurneobaTa saerTo
fuladi
Semosavali
miRebuli
biznesisTvis
faqtoruli resursebis mowodebis sanacvlod.
fiskaluri politika
(Fiscal policy)
sagadasaxado-sabiujeto
politika.
sagadasaxado
sistemisa da saxelmwifo xarjebis struqturis
saTanado marTviT qveynis ekonomikur aqtiurobaze
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ekonomikuri glosariumi
zemoqmedebis meqanizmi.
fuladi baza
(Monetary base)
ix. sarezervo fuli
fuladi politika
(Monetary policy)
qveynis ekonomikur aqtiurobaze zemoqmedeba fu-lis
moculobis,
dakreditebisa
da
saprocento
ganakveTebis struqturis saTanado marTviT.
fulis mimoqcevis siCqare
(Velocity of money circulation)
indeqsi,
romelic
gviCvenebs
Tu,
periodis
ganmavlobaSi,
saSualod
gamoiyeneba
angariSsworebisTvis
fuladi
erTeuli.
gamoiTvleba
V =
PY
M
, sadac,
V
aris
fulis
siCqare; M _ fulis moculoba (M2 an
realuri mSp; P _ mSp-s deflatori.
garkveuli
ramdenjer
TiToeuli
formuliT:
mimoqcevis
M3); Y _
fulis multiplikatori
(Money multiplier)
sabanko sistemas, sadepozito angariSebze miRebuli Tanxebis gasesxebiT, axali depozitebis
Seqmnis (anu fulis gamravlebis) unari gaaCnia.
fulis multiplikatori aris am gamravlebis
koeficienti.
sem-Si
fulis
multiplikatori
gamoiTvleba M2-is an M3-is sarezervo fulTan
SefardebiT. arsebobs misi gamoTvlis sxva gzebic.
(ix. sarezervo fuli; rezervebi; savaldebulo
rezervebi)
Sinameurneoba
(Household)
erT saerTo sacxovrebel farTobze da erTi
saojaxo biujetiT mcxovreb adamianTa erToblioba.
SeRavaTiani periodi
(Grace period)
kreditis
dabrunebis
ganmavlobaSi
mxolod
gadaxda xdeba.
Crdilovani ekonomika
(Black, grey, underground,
shadow economy)
faruli
ekonomikuri
garigebebis
erToblioba,
romlis arsebobis safuZveli _ gadasaxadebisagan
Tavis aridebis an aralegaluri qmedebis damalvis
survilia.
centraluri banki
(Central bank)
qveynis mTavari banki, romelic moqmedebs rogorc
mTavrobisa da sxva bankebis banki da pasuxismgebelia qveyanaSi fuladi politikis ganxorcielebaze.
saqarTveloSi _ saqarTvelos erovnuli
banki (seb).
wminda adgilobrivi aqtivebi _ waa
rogorc
wesi,
jami
ama
Tu
im
sakredito
dawesebulebis
adgilobrivi
sakuTrebisa
da
ekonomikis
adgilobrivi
subieqtebis
mimarT
moTxovnebisa da valdebulebebis sxvaobisa. semSi, rogorc wesi saubaria saqarTvelos erovnuli
(Net domestic assets - NDA)
saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi – 2004 weli, #4
periodi,
saprocento
romlis
ganakveTis
155
ekonomikuri glosariumi
bankis waa-ze
aqtivebi)
wminda ucxouri aqtivebi _ wua
(Net foreign assets - NFA)
jinis koeficienti
(ix.
aqtivebi,
wminda ucxouri
rogorc
wesi,
jami
ama
Tu
im
sakredito
dawesebulebis ucxoeTSi mdebare sakuTrebisa da
sazRvargareT
ganlagebuli
ekonomikuri
subieqtebis
mimarT
moTxovnebis
da
valdebulebebis sxvaobisa.
ix. lorencis mrudi.
(Gini coefficient)
hiperinflacia
(Hyperinflation)
Zalian maRali inflacia. xSirad ganisazrvreba
rogorc inflacia romlis Tviuri done, drois
xangrZlivi
monakveTis
(eqvsi
Tve
da
meti)
ganmavlobaSi, 50 procents aRemateba.
PAYG (Pay-as-you-go) sistema
am sistemis sapensio programebi mTels msopliosi
xorcieldeba. PAYG sistemis safuZvelze mTavroba
momuSaveTagan
agrovebs
gadasaxadebs
pensionerTaTvis pensiebis gasacemad.
sistema
mdgrad mistemad iTvleba, Tuki muSakTa Sesabamisi
raodenoba
sapensio
valdebulebis
dasafarad
gadaixdis
gadasaxads,
romlis
ganakveTi
damamZimebeli ar iqneba. es sistema momuSaveTa da
pensionerTa individualur sapensio angariSebs ar
iTvaliswinebs; muSakis mier Sesatani gadasaxadebis
ganakveTi ar aris dafuZnebuli im ganakveTze,
romelsac konkretuli muSaki miiRebs pensiaze
gasvlis semdeg, xolo xandazmulTa pensiebi ar
aris dafuZnebuli konkretuli pensioneris mier
Setanili
gadasaxadebis
odenobaze.
PAYG-is
sistema
gansazRvruli
odenobis
sapensio
daxmarebis sistemaa.
gansazRvruli ganakveTis
sapensio
daxmarebis
sistemebisTvis
damaxasiaTebalia pensionerebisTvis dabali riskfaqtori da amave dros dabali mogebac.
156
saqarTvelos ekonomik is mimarTulebebi – 2004 weli, #4
statistikuri danarTi
sarCevi *
cxrili A 3.1:
saxelmwifo biujetis Semosavlebi, 2004 w. Ikv - IIIkv
cxrili A 3.2:
saxelmwifo biujetis xarjebi ekonomikuri da funqcionaluri
klasifikaciiT, 2004 w. Ikv - IIIkv .
cxrili A 4.1:
saqarTvelos erovnuli bankis angariSebi, 2004 w. Ikv - IIIkv
cxrili A 4.2:
komerciuli bankebis angariSebi, 2004 w. Ikv - IIIkv
cxrili A 4.3:
monetaruli mimoxilva, 2004 w. Ikv - IIIkv
cxrili A 4.4:
samomxmareblo fasebis indeqsi da inflacia 2004 w. Ikv - IIIkv
cxrili A 5.2.1:
saqarTvelos registrirebuli eqsportis da importis struqtura,
harmonizebuli sasaqonlo sistemis (HTS 96) mixedviT,
2004 w. Ikv - IIIkv
cxrili A 5.2.2:
saqarTvelos registrirebuli eqsportis da importis struqtura,
harmonizebuli sasaqonlo sistemis (HTS 96) mixedviT,
2004 w. Ikv - IIIkv
cxrili A 7.1:
ekonomikuri statusi, 1998 w. I kv. – 2000 w. IV kv.
cxrili A 7.2:
ekonomikuri statusi, 2000 w. I kv. – 2004 w. II kv.
* cxrilis nomris pirveli cifri miuTiTebs imaze, Tu romel Tavs ekuTvnis esa Tu is
cxrili.
158
saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi – 2004 weli,
#4
cxrili A3.1: saxelmwifo biujetis Semosavlebi, 2004 wlis cxra Tve
(milioni lari)
2004
2004 wlis
wlis
wlis
cxra Tvis
cxra
gadaxra
gegma
faqtiuri
Tvis
Semosavlebi
gegma
Sul Semosavlebi da grantebi
1655.03
sagadasaxado semosavlebi
centrtaluri biujetis
sagadasaxado Semosavlebi
saSemosavlo gadasaxadi
mogebis gadasaxadi
dRg
1197.98
adgilobriv produqciaze
importze
aqcizi
adgilobriv produqciaze
importze
sabaJo gadasaxadi
sxva gadasaxadebi
arasagadasaxado Semosavlebi
Semosavlebi kapitalis
operaciebidan
specialuri saxelmwifo
fondebis semosavlebi
socuzrunvelyofis fondi
sagzao fondi
grantebi
wyaro: finansTa saministro
811.33
16.38
11.31
543.9
244.8
299.1
143.4
46.2
97.2
81.2
15.14
256.61
81.4
397.7
332.55
65.15
119.04
1076.0
880.5
1144.4
926.6
592.7
16.4
11.3
388.1
176.8
211.3
106.9
36.2
70.7
57.0
13.0
623.6
16.4
11.3
410.2
185.3
225.0
110.9
37.8
73.1
58.4
16.4
167.3
181.7
5.2
3.0
295.5
240.1
55.4
23.1
312.3
254.0
58.3
33.2
procenti
wliuri
mTlian
gegmis Sesruleba
zrda SemosavlebS
i
9 Tvis gegma
wliur
gegmasTan
68.4
106
166
100
69
46.0
105
151
81
77
30.9
105
144
54
77
0.0
0.0
22.1
8.4
13.6
4.0
1.6
2.4
1.4
3.4
100
100
106
105
106
104
104
103
103
126
115
125
134
106
171
193
245
174
140
280
1
1
36
16
20
10
3
6
5
1
100
100
75
76
75
77
82
75
72
109
14.4
109
357
16
71
-2.2
58
0
4
16.8
106
173
27
79
13.9
2.9
10.2
106
105
144
169
191
147
22
5
3
76
90
28
cxrili A 3.2: saxelmwifo biujetis xarjebi ekonomikuri da funqcionaluri klasifikaciiT, 2004 wlis cxra Tve
(milioni lari)
Sromis
socialu
sul
anazRaur mivlinebebi
ri
xarjebi
eba
Senatnebi
saxelmwifos marTva
Tavdacva
kanoniereba da wesrigi
ganaTleba
jandacva
socuzrunvelyofa
sabinao meurneoba
kultura sporti religia
energetika
soflis meurneoba
mSenebloba da
wiaRiseulis mopoveba
transporti da
kavSirgabmuloba
sxva ekonomikuri
sxva xarjebi
sul
wyaro: finansTa saministro
sxva
saqoneli
da
217.6
73.4
142.9
40.8
20.7
316.1
2.7
25.8
37.3
19.0
35.7
24.5
39.5
4.7
12.1
0.2
0.1
1.2
0.3
3.5
10.9
0.4
3.8
1.1
0.7
0.1
0.0
0.4
0.1
1.5
3.1
0.7
1.3
0.1
0.1
0.5
0.0
0.0
0.1
43.5
37.5
49.6
1.5
4.0
239.5
1.1
4.7
0.1
13.3
0.7
0.3
0.1
0.0
0.2
41.8
2.5
269.2
1210.5
0.5
0.1
0.0
0.1
1.4
0.8
124.8
0.5
0.2
19.9
0.1
0.5
6.5
0.4
1.5
397.1
procente subsidiebi
programu wminda
kapitaluri
bis
da mimdinare
li
dakredit
xarjebi
gadaxada transfertebi
xarjebi
eba
65.2
7.2
25.7
33.3
3.8
76.1
0.9
19.1
36.6
2.3
3.1
23.0
0.1
0.0
0.2
0.0
41.1
0.1
101.4
369.5
0.0
0.5
71.7
57.0
0.4
0.1
0.7
0.0
109.1
109.1
0.0
55.1
112.1
cxrili A4.1: saqarTvelos erovnuli bankis angariSebi
(aTasi lari)
dek-03
wminda saerTaSoriso rezervebi
ian-04
Teb-04
mar-04
apr-04
mai-04
ivn-04
ivl-04
agv-04
seq-04
-311,364
-314,764
-286,372
-240,660
-189,578
-168,086
-115,378
-84,496
32,642
1,604
1,604
1,604
1,575
1,575
1,575
1,405
1,405
1,405
1,409
ucxouri valuta
395,678
403,388
395,274
422,750
429,559
442,047
526,236
535,531
611,591
670,113
ssf-s resursebis gamoyeneba
-593,162
-603,449
-571,041
-556,030
-515,900
-506,695
-539,196
-520,198
-484,754
-495,809
sxva ucxouri valdebulebebi
-115,483
-116,307
-112,208
-108,955
-104,812
-105,013
-103,823
-101,234
-95,598
-101,021
891,225
872,449
862,896
834,669
763,922
783,308
771,047
734,604
685,439
672,697
782,912
770,352
776,091
740,220
693,301
712,243
702,859
682,626
634,603
670,936
816,532
821,484
821,484
815,639
811,349
811,349
811,349
811,349
811,349
816,652
701,125
707,497
707,497
701,125
701,125
701,125
701,125
667,702
667,702
621,952
samTavrobo seqtoris depozitebi
-33,620
-51,132
-45,393
-75,419
-118,048
-99,106
-108,490
-128,723
-176,746
-145,716
centraluri mTavrobis depozitebi
oqro
wminda adgilobrivi aqtivebi
wminda moTxovnebi samTavrobo seqtorisadmi
wminda moTxovnebi centraluri mTavrobisadmi
centralur mTavrobaze gacemuli sesxebi
74,693
-11,066
-19,102
-19,304
-38,732
-81,181
-48,464
-67,465
-75,743
-117,335
-71,915
adgilobrivi mTavrobis angariSebi
-2,135
-2,972
-676
-6,711
-1,457
-11,072
-5,338
-4,025
-16,958
-15,706
sxva sanTavrobo dawesebulebebis angariSebi
-3,845
-4,764
-7,344
-4,189
-470
-1,180
-2,583
-3,502
-4,323
-4,220
specialuri fondebis angariSebi
-7,352
-12,342
-12,760
-21,213
-23,870
-27,582
-25,657
-29,872
-27,581
-43,532
-10,343
sxva biujetgareSe fondebi (sul)
moTxovnebi ekonomikis sxva seqtorebisadmi
energetikis seqtoris dakrediteba
wminda moTxovnebi bankebisadmi
-9,223
-11,951
-5,308
-4,573
-11,071
-10,809
-7,447
-15,581
-10,550
112,005
112,740
108,823
105,672
101,650
101,818
100,694
98,328
93,344
98,618
109,997
110,782
106,878
103,780
99,834
100,025
98,891
96,426
91,058
96,222
6,320
-1,051
0
8,200
0
3,900
0
0
0
-41,795
-10,011
-9,593
-22,018
-19,424
-31,030
-34,654
-32,506
-46,350
-42,507
-55,062
sarezevo fuli (M1)
579,862
557,686
576,525
594,008
574,344
615,221
655,670
650,108
718,082
747,389.69
fuli mimoqcevaSi
473,242
443,545
446,411
466,212
463,219
479,409
504,188
514,172
555,415
600,255
bankebis depozitebi
106,620
114,141
130,113
127,796
111,124
135,813
151,482
135,936
162,667
147,135
81,405
84,138
89,785
89,946
93,473
98,961
74,223
73,767
71,983
75,342
25,214
30,003
40,328
32,550
14,651
35,852
71,259
56,170
90,684
71,793
0
0
0
5,300
3,000
1,000
6,000
6,000
0
0
sxva aqtivebi (wminda)
savaldebulo rezervebi
balansi sakorespondento angariSze
bankebis erTdRiani depozitebi
wyaro: saqarTvelos erovnuli banki
cxrili A4.2: komerciuli bankebis angariSebi
(aTasi lari)
dek-03
wminda ucxouri aqtivebi
ian-04
Teb-04
mar-04
apr-04
mai-04
ivn-04
ivl-04
agv-04
seq-04
42,456
80,082
84,491
85,595
50,965
67,816
66,743
91,115
76,765
2.5
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
242,456
276,156
269,808
275,537
245,912
252,679
254,241
269,925
247,179
206,663
ucxouri valdebulebebi
-200,002
-196,076
-185,319
-189,944
-194,949
-184,865
-187,501
-178,812
-170,416
-187,353
wminda adgilobrivi aqtivebi
576,396
587,167
580,138
600,354
615,810
659,741
649,842
687,766
688,222
764,206
747,413
748,757
725,463
751,088
778,370
758,731
783,998
834,183
833,884
880,643
-16,527
-18,252
-21,359
32,977
42,426
30,998
37,643
55,316
42,361
20,119
32,225
33,451
36,404
46,239
55,915
54,697
62,919
77,443
75,481
58,944
oqro
ucxouri valuta
adgilobrivi krediti
wminda moTxovnebi samTavrobo seqtorisadmi
wminda moTxovnebi centraluri mTavrobisadmi
19,311
kreditebi adgilobrivi mTavrobis dasafinanseblad
10,612
8,367
6,445
4,282
2,038
1,836
1,757
1,609
1,265
669
sxva moTxovnebi adgilobrivi mTavrobisadmi (wminda)
-54,530
-54,578
-55,354
-11,983
-11,263
-20,012
-19,289
-17,849
-26,257
-30,764
sxva biujetgareSe fondebi (wminda)
-1,470
-1,364
-1,969
-1,330
-1,042
-1,254
-1,323
-1,210
-1,683
-1,759
specialuri fondebi
-2,814
-3,127
-5,053
-2,241
-1,645
-2,309
-4,553
-2,920
-3,774
-3,885
moTxovnebi ekonomikis sxva seqtorebisadmi
763,940
767,009
746,822
718,111
735,944
727,733
746,355
778,867
791,524
860,523
moTxovnebi iuridiuli pirebisadmi (wminda)
55,995
50,289
54,637
52,700
52,016
49,423
55,290
56,180
64,464
64,544
moTxovnebi fizikuri pirebisadmi (wminda)
37,829
36,671
39,962
37,651
39,109
33,802
32,851
35,617
36,547
38,302
670,115
680,049
652,223
627,761
644,819
644,508
658,213
687,069
690,513
757,677
-171,017
-161,591
-145,326
-150,735
-162,561
-98,989
-134,156
-146,417
-145,662
-116,437
618,852
667,249
664,628
685,948
666,774
727,558
716,584
778,881
764,987
783,517
85,863
96,643
120,817
115,454
109,293
119,701
127,018
146,321
166,251
173,273
532,989
570,606
543,812
570,494
557,481
607,857
589,566
632,560
598,736
610,244
kreditebi ucxour valutaSi (iuridiuli da fizikuri pirebi)
sxva wminda aqtivebi
sadepozito valdebulebebi
depozitebi erovnul valutaSi
depozitebi ucxour valutaSi
wyaro: saqarTvelos erovnuli banki
cxrili A4.3: monetaruli mimoxilva
(aTasi lari)
dek-03
wminda ucxouri aqtivebi
oqro
ucxouri valuta
ucxouri valdebulebebi
wminda adgilobrivi aqtivebi
adgilobrivi krediti
wminda moTxovnebi samTavrobo seqtorisadmi
ian-04
Teb-04
mar-04
apr-04
mai-04
ivn-04
ivl-04
agv-04
seq-04
-268,907
-234,681
-201,881
-155,065
-138,614
-100,270
-48,635
6,619
109,408
1,606
1,606
1,606
1,577
1,577
1,577
1,407
1,407
1,407
94,004
1,411
638,133
679,544
665,082
698,287
675,471
694,725
780,478
805,456
858,769
876,776
-908,647
-915,831
-868,569
-854,929
-815,661
-796,572
-830,519
-800,244
-750,768
-784,182
1,329,295
1,318,263
1,288,982
1,272,158
1,239,195
1,273,438
1,232,969
1,249,972
1,164,023
1,227,176
1,642,329
1,631,850
1,610,377
1,596,981
1,573,322
1,572,792
1,587,551
1,615,137
1,561,831
1,650,196
766,385
752,100
754,732
773,197
735,727
743,240
740,503
737,942
676,963
691,055
wminda moTxovnebi centraluri mTavrobisadmi
837,692
835,833
838,584
823,147
786,084
817,582
806,803
813,049
769,495
803,681
wminda moTxovnebi adgilobrivi mTavrobisadmi
-46,053
-49,183
-49,586
-14,413
-10,682
-29,248
-22,870
-20,265
-41,950
-45,801
wminda moTxovnebi suesf-sadmi
-10,166
-15,469
-17,814
-23,454
-25,514
-29,890
-30,211
-32,793
-31,355
-47,418
sxva arasabiujeto fondebi (wminda)
-10,692
-13,315
-7,277
-5,903
-12,113
-12,062
-8,770
-16,791
-12,233
-12,102
875,944
879,750
855,645
823,784
837,595
829,551
847,048
877,195
884,868
959,141
-313,034
-313,587
-321,396
-324,823
-334,127
-299,354
-354,582
-365,165
-397,808
-423,020
1,060,388
1,083,581
1,087,101
1,117,092
1,100,581
1,173,168
1,184,334
1,256,591
1,273,431
1,321,181
527,398
512,976
543,289
546,598
543,100
565,311
594,768
624,031
674,695
710,937
441,536
416,333
422,472
431,144
433,807
445,610
467,749
477,710
508,444
537,663
moTxovnebi ekonomikis sxva seqtorebisadmi
sxva wminda aqtivebi
farTo fuli (M3)
farTo fuli ucxouri depozitebis gamoklebiT (M2)
erovnuli valuta bankebis gareT (M0)
erovnuli valuta mimoqcevaSi
473,242
443,545
446,411
466,212
463,219
479,409
504,188
514,172
555,415
600,255
naRdi fuli k/b-is sacavebSi
-31,707
-27,212
-23,939
-35,069
-29,413
-33,798
-36,438
-36,462
-46,971
-62,592
depozitebi erovnul valutaSi
85,863
96,643
120,817
115,454
109,293
119,701
127,018
146,321
166,251
173,273
depozitebi ucxour valutaSi
532,989
570,606
543,812
570,494
557,481
607,857
589,566
632,560
598,736
610,244
wyaro: saqarTvelos erovnuli banki
cxrili A4.4:
samomxmareblo fasebis indeqsi da inflacia
periodi
inflacia (%)
fasebis indeqsi
wina
periodTan
SedarebiT
2000 dek
100.00
2001 ian
Teb
mar
apr
mai
ivn
ivl
agv
seq
oqt
noe
dek
100.00
100.70
101.30
101.30
102.32
101.29
100.89
100.18
100.48
99.88
100.58
101.99
103.42
0.7
0.6
0.0
1.0
-1.0
-0.4
-0.7
0.3
-0.6
0.7
1.4
1.4
2002 ian
Teb
mar
apr
mai
ivn
ivl
agv
seq
oqt
noe
dek
100.00
102.00
103.22
103.64
105.50
105.50
103.08
101.94
101.84
102.25
102.66
103.79
105.55
105.48
106.75
107.18
109.11
109.11
106.60
105.42
105.32
105.74
106.16
107.33
109.15
2.0
1.2
0.4
1.8
0.0
-2.3
-1.1
-0.1
0.4
0.4
1.1
1.7
2003 ian
Teb
mar
apr
mai
ivn
ivl
agv
seq
oqt
noe
dek
100.00
102.10
101.59
101.59
102.10
102.30
102.40
101.48
101.38
101.89
101.89
106.78
106.99
107.77
107.23
107.23
107.76
107.98
108.09
107.11
107.01
107.54
107.54
112.70
112.93
111.45
110.89
110.89
111.44
111.67
111.78
110.77
110.66
111.22
111.22
116.55
116.79
2.1
-0.5
0.0
0.5
0.2
0.1
-0.9
-0.1
0.5
0.0
4.8
0.2
2004 ian
Teb
mar
apr
mai
ivn
ivl
agv
seq
100.40
100.80
100.90
100.70
100.74
99.13
99.92
99.32
100.81
107.42
107.85
107.96
107.74
107.78
106.06
106.91
106.27
107.86
113.38
113.84
113.95
113.72
113.77
111.95
112.84
112.16
113.85
117.25
117.72
117.84
117.61
117.65
115.77
116.70
116.00
117.74
0.4
0.4
0.1
-0.2
0.04
-1.6
0.8
-0.6
1.5
wyaro: GEPLAC -is gamoTvlebi statistikis saxelmwifo departamentis monacemebze dayrdnobiT
cxrili A5.2.1: saqarTvelos registrirebuli eqsportis da importis struqtura,
harmonizebuli sasaqonlo sistemis (HTS 96) mixedviT, 2004 w. 9Tve
(aTasi aSS dolari)
1
832
167
importi
367
12,090
2,875
2,593
-
13,713
62
147
1,040
522
2,522
6,969
3,548
18,901
2,437
3,812
60,759
11 -fqvil-burRuleulis mrewvelobis produqcia; qeri;
saxamebeli;
puris
webovana
12 -zeTovaniinulini;
nayofi da
Tesli;
sxva Tesli, nayofi da marcvali;
473
37,844
samkurnalo da teqnikuri daniSnulebis mcenareebi; Cala da
furaJi
13 -fisebi da balzamebi, mcenareuli wvenebi da eqstraqtebi
385
81
590
339
35
55
406
15,392
56
27,319
1,007
3,694
41,721
10,546
HTS
01 - cocxali pirutyvi
02 - xorci da xorcis subproduqtebi
03 - Tevzi, kiborCxalismagvari, moluskebi da sxv.
04 - rZe da rZis produqtebi, frinvelis kvercxi, naturaluri
Tafli,cxoveluri warmoSobis sxva sasursaTo produqtebi
05 -cxoveluri warmoSobis sxva produqtebi
06 -cocxali mcenare, mcenareebis bolqvebi da Zirebi, soko,
dakrefili yvavilebi da sxv.
07 -bostneuli
08 -nayofi da kakali, citrusebis an baRCeuli kulturebis kani
da qerqi
09 -yava, Cai, saneblebi
10 -pur-marcvleuli
14 -dawnuli nakeTobebis dasamzadebeli mcenareuli warmoSobis
masala; mcenareuli warmoSobis sxva produqtebi, romlebic ar
aris miTiTebuli sxva adgilas
15 -cxoveluri da mcenareuli warmoSobis cximebi da zeTebi;
maTi daSlis produqtebi; damzadebuli sakvebi cximebi;
cxoveluri an mcenareuli warmoSobis cvili
16 -xorcis, Tevzisa da kiborCxalasmagvarTa, moluskebisa da
zRvis sxva uxerxemloTa nawarmi
17 -Saqari da Saqris sakonditro nawarmi
18 -kakao da misi nawarmi
19 -puris marcvlis, fqvilis, kraxmalis da rZis nawarmi;
fqvilis sakonditro nawarmi
20 -bostneulis, nayofis, kaklis da mcenareTa sxva nawilebis
gadamuSavebis produqtebi
21 -sxva saxis sakvebi produqtebi
22 -alkoholiani da ualkoholo sasmelebi da Zmari
23 -gemo-kvebis mrewvelobis narCenebi; mza sakvebi
cxovelebisaTvis
24 -Tambaqo da Tambaqos samrewvelo Semcvlelebi
25 -marili; gogirdi; miwa da qva; sabaTqaSe masala; kiri da
cementi
26 -madani, wida da nacari
27 -mineraluri sawvavi, navTobi da maTi amoqaCvis produqtebi;
bitumizebuli nivTierebebi; mineraluri cvili
28 -araorganuli qimiis produqtebi; Zvirfasi da iSviaTi
liTonebis, radioaqtiuri elementebis an izotopebis organuli
da araorganuli SenaerTebi
29 -organuli qimiuri SenaerTebi
30 -farmacevtuli produqtebi
31 -sasuqebi
32 -saTrimlavi da saRebavi eqstraqtebi; tanini da misi
warmoebulebi; saRebavebi, pigmentebi da sxva saRebavebi
nivTierebebi; melani (topografiuli saRebavebi)
33 -eTerzeTebi da rezinoidebi; parfiumeriis, kosmetikisa da
tualetis saSualebani
34 -saponi, zedapirulad-aqtiuri organuli nivTierebebi,
sarecxi saSualebebi, sapoxi masalebi, xelovnuri da mza
sanTlebi, sawmendi da saprialebeli saSualeblebi, sanTeli da
misi msgavsi nawarmi, saZerwi pastebi, plastelini, kbilis
samkurnalo sanTlebi
35 -cilovani nivTierebebi; modificirebuli saxamebeli; webo;
fermentebi
36 -asafeTqebeli nivTierebebi; piroteqnikuri nakeTobebi; asanTi;
piroforuli Senadnobebi; sawvav nivTierebaTa zogierTi
saxeobebi
37 -foto da kino saqoneli
38 -Sereuli qimiuri produqtebi
39 -plasmasi da misgan damzadebuli nakeTobani
40 -kauCukisa da rezinis nawarmi
41 -tyavis nedleuli (garda bewvisa) da tyavi
42 -tyavis nawarmi; sasarajo-saunagire nawarmi da akazmuloba;
samgzavro nivTebi, qalis CanTebi da maTi msgavsi saqoneli;
cxovelebis tyavisagan damzadebuli nawarmi (garda naturaluri
abreSumis ketgutisa)
wyaro: statistikis saxelmwifo departamenti
eqsporti
94
8,623
1,850
953
70,600
4,985
7,548
7,580
114
975
2,772
25,765
3,484
31,793
8,473
1,174
14,799
212,182
4,047
1,646
1,854
4,689
2,103
54,989
15,963
738
239
7,230
2,593
15,096
161
9,090
0
1,319
14
193
579
892
1,736
554
9,322
22,271
13,986
990
412
96
1,173
cxrili A5.2.2: saqarTvelos registrirebuli eqsportis da importis struqtura,
harmonizebuli sasaqonlo sistemis (HTS 96) mixedviT, 2004w. 9 Tve
(aTasi aSS dolari)
HTS
44 -merqani da misgan damzadebuli nawarmi; xis naxSiri
45 -korpi da misi nawarmi
46 -Calis nawarmi, mcenareuli da sxva warmoSobis dasawnavi
masala; kalaTis da sxva wnuli nakeToba
eqsporti
8,082
4
47 -saqaRalde masa merqanis an sxva mcenareuli boWkovani
masalisagan; qaRaldisa da muyaos narCenebi da makulatura
48 -qaRaldi
da muyao;
qaRaldisa
da muyaos nawarmi
49
-nabeWdi wignebi,
gazeTebi,
reproduqciebi
da poligrafiuli
mrewvelobis sxva nawarmi; xelnawerebi, nabeWdi teqstebi da
gegmebi
50 -abreSumi
51 -matyli, cxovelebis wminda da uxeSi bewvi; cxenis Zuis narTi
da qsovili
52 -sxva
-bamba mcenareuli safeiqro boWkoebi; qaRaldis narTi da misi
53
qsovilebi
54 -qimiuri Zafebi
55 -qimiuri Stapelis boWkoebi
56 -bamba, nabadi da uqsovadi masalebi; specialuri narTi;
bawari da Tokis nawarmi; bagiri da misi nawarmi
57 -xaliCebi da sxva safeiqro iatakis safenebi
importi
5,172
2,195
1
8
-
38
668
23,289
146
4,529
-
123
15
1
-
503
247
15
1,185
2,338
7
3
527
350
-
58 -specialuri qsovilebi; qsovilebi xaoiani arSiiT; maqmani,
gobelini, mosarTavi masalebi; naqargebi
59 -safeiqro qsovilebi, gaJRenTili, gaormagebuli, safarveliT;
teqnikuri nawarmi misgan
60 -manqaniTa da xeliT naqsovi trikotaJis tilo
61 -trikotaJis tansacmeli
62 -naqsovi tansacmeli (garda trikotaJisa)
63 -sxva mza safeiqro nawarmi
-
133
38
581
556
321
600
1,114
3,154
15,017
4,939
64 -fexsacmeli, windebi da analogiuri nawarmi; maTi nawilebi
65 -Tavsaburebi da maTi nawilebi
122
2
6,229
268
0
133
107
576
1,376
6,753
9,959
9,602
16,392
92,249
4,647
6,347
129
8,406
147
53
112
1,163
19,361
82,133
1,924
2
3,719
130
127
13
58
102
2,725
66 -qolgebi, xeljoxebi, Soltebi, maTraxebi da maTi nawilebi
67 -damuSavebuli bumbuli da misgan damzadebuli nawarmi;
xelovnuri yvavilebi; adamianis Tmisagan damzadebuli
nakeTobani
68 -nakeTobani qvis, TabaSiris, cementis, qarsisa da sxva msgavsi
masalisagan
69 -keramikis nawarmi
70 -SuSa da misi nawarmi
71 -bunebrivi an kultivirebuli margaliti, Zvirfasi an
naxevradZvirfasi qvebi, Zvirfasi liTonebi, Zvirfas liTonebSi
72 -Savi liTonebi
73 -Savi liTonebis nawarmi
74 -spilenZi da misi nakeTobani
75 -nikeli da misi nakeTobani
76 -alumini da misi nakeTobani
78 -tyvia da misi nakeTobani
79 -TuTia da misi nakeTobani
80 - kala da misi nakeToba
81
araZvirfasi
liTonebi;
maTiaraZvirfasi
nakeTobani
82 -sxva
-instrumentebi,
danis
nawarmi,liTonkeramika;
kovzebi, Canglebi
liTonebisagan; maTi nawilebi araZvirfasi liTonebisagan
83 -araZvirfasi liTonebisagan damzadebuli sxva nakeTobani,
romlebic sxva adgilas ar aris miTiTebuli
84 -atomuri reaqtorebi, qvabebi, danadgarebi da meqanikuri
mowyobilobebi; maTi nawilebi
85 -eleqtruli manqanebi da mowyobilobebi, maTi nawili; xmis
Camweri da xmis aRmdgeni aparatura; satelevizio
gamosaxulebisa da xmis Camweri da aRmdgeni aparatura; maTi
nawilebi da mowyobilobebi
86 -sarkinigzo lokomotivebi da moZravi Semadgenlobebi,
tramvai, maTi nawilebi; tramvais da rkinigzis qselis sagzao
mowyobilobani, maTi kvanZebi da detalebi; meqanikuri da
eleqtromeqanikuri signalizaciis mowyobilobebi
87 -miwiszeda satransporto saSualebebi, sarkinigzo da
tramvais moZravi Semadgenlobebis garda, da maTi nawilebi da
mowyobilobebi
88 -safreni aparatebi, kosmosuri aparatebi maTi nawilebi
89 -gemebi, navebi da sxva mcuravi saSualebebi
90 -optikuri, fotografiuli, kinematografiuli, sazomi,
sakontrolo, precizionuri, samedicino da qirurgiuli
mowyobilobebi da aparatebi; maTi nawilebi da mowyobilobebi
91 -saaTebi da maTi nawilebi
92 -musikaluri instrumentebi; maTi nawilebi
93 - iaraRebi da saomari saSualebebi; maTi nawilebi
analogiuri
avejis
kuTvnilobani;
gasanaTebeli
mowyobilobebi
95
-saTamaSoebi,
TamaSobebi
da sportuli
inventari;
maTi
nawilebi
96 -sxvadasxva mza nawarmi
97- xelovnebis nimuSebi, sakoleqcio da antikvaruli sagnebi
wyaro: statistikis saxelmwifo departamenti
-
14
70
5,812
12,118
145,138
4,377
94,094
4,979
3,527
5,509
67,673
91,157
17,028
61
1,442
1,464
18,835
4
27
210
223
38
96
29
380
56
12,326
20,480
2,653
2,636
34
cxrili A7.1: ekonomikuri statusi, 1998 w. I kv. - 2000 w. IV kv.
(aTasi kaci)
1998 w.
I kv.
sul, 15 welze ufrosi asakis mosaxleoba
ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleoba, sul (samuSao Zala )
(1)
ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleoba, sul (samuSao Zala )
(2)
dasaqmebuli
daqiravebuli
TviT-dasaqmebuli
umuSevari (1)
umuSevari (2)
mosaxleoba samuSao Zalis gareT (1)
mosaxleoba samuSao Zalis gareT (2)
umuSevrobis done (procenti ) (1)
umuSevrobis done (procenti ) (2)
3, 099
II kv.
1999 w.
III kv.
3, 136
3, 194
IV kv.
3, 008
2,332
2,462
2,146
1,990
2,457
2, 101
714
1,387
231
356
1,162
1,108
9.9
14.5
2,555
2,283
737
1,546
179
272
1,054
1,019
7.3
10.6
2,195
1,887
786
1,092
260
309
975
937
12.1
14.1
2,042
1,741
741
990
249
301
1,039
980
12.5
14.7
78.5
81.5
62.8
67.7
67.2
68.7
50.9
57.9
66.2
67.9
49.7
56.9
samuSao Zalis monawileobis koeficienti (1)
75.3
samuSao Zalis monawileobis koeficienti (2)
79.3
TviT-dasaqmebis wili mTlian samuSao ZalaSi
59.5
TviT-dasaqmebis wili mTlian dasaqmebaSi
66.0
wyaro: statistikis saxelmwifo departamenti, samuSao Zalis gamokvleva
SeniSvna: (1 ) Sso-s standartiT (an “mkacri” kriteriumiT)
(2 ) Sso-s ,,Serbilebuli” kriteriumiT
I kv.
II kv.
2000 w.
III kv.
IV kv.
I kv.
II kv.
III kv.
IV kv.
3, 032
3, 049
3, 092
3, 018
3, 123
3, 151
3, 133
3, 199
2, 018
2, 052
2, 058
1, 917
1, 951
2, 102
2, 064
2, 095
2, 058
2, 093
2, 106
1, 975
2, 087
2, 199
2, 181
2, 215
1, 725
737
973
1, 784
743
1, 023
1, 792
741
1, 030
1, 633
710
905
1, 705
679
912
1, 890
695
1, 087
1, 890
675
1, 095
1, 878
691
1, 080
292
333
1,110
1,000
14.5
16.2
268
308
1,078
997
13.0
14.7
266
314
1,049
962
12.9
14.9
284
342
1,158
1,044
14.8
17.3
246
382
1,172
1,035
12.6
18.3
212
309
1,048
952
10.1
14.0
174
292
1,069
952
8.4
13.4
217
337
1,104
985
10.4
15.2
66.6
67.9
48.2
56.4
67.3
68.6
49.8
57.3
66.6
68.1
50.1
57.5
63.5
65.4
47.2
55.4
62.5
66.8
46.7
53.5
66.7
69.8
51.7
57.5
65.9
69.6
53.0
57.9
65.5
69.2
51.6
57.5
cxrili A7.1: ekonomikuri statusi, 2000 w. I kv. - 2004 w. II kv.
(aTasi kaci)
2001 w.
I kv.
sul, 15 welze ufrosi asakis mosaxleoba
ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleoba, sul (samuSao Zala )
(1)
ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleoba, sul (samuSao Zala )
(2)
dasaqmebuli
daqiravebuli
TviT-dasaqmebuli
umuSevari (1)
umuSevari (2)
mosaxleoba samuSao Zalis gareT (1)
mosaxleoba samuSao Zalis gareT (2)
umuSevrobis done (procenti ) (1)
umuSevrobis done (procenti ) (2)
II kv.
2002 w.
III kv.
IV kv.
I kv.
II kv.
2004 w.
2003 w.
III kv.
IV kv.
I kv.
II kv.
III kv.
Q IV
I kv.
3, 277
3, 269
3, 139
3, 083
3, 016
3, 033
3, 021
2, 971
3, 082
3, 060
3, 132
3, 134
3, 143
2, 066
2, 197
2, 144
2, 048
1, 912
1, 983
2, 003
1, 945
1, 941
2, 037
2, 120
2, 103
2, 007
2, 195
2, 314
2, 246
2, 165
1, 983
2, 036
2, 063
2, 015
2, 025
2, 095
2, 170
2, 160
2, 089
1, 818
681
1, 034
1, 944
672
1, 189
1, 913
636
1, 194
1, 838
630
1, 127
1, 659
625
1, 028
1, 742
598
1, 141
1, 768
597
1, 168
1, 713
607
1, 102
1, 679
594
1, 083
1, 805
604
1, 200
1, 897
640
1, 255
1, 877
637
1, 240
1, 746
620
1, 125
248
377
1,210
1,082
12.0
17.2
253
370
1,072
955
11.5
16.0
231
333
995
893
10.8
14.8
210
327
1,034
918
10.3
15.1
254
324
1,103
1,033
13.3
16.3
241
294
1,050
997
12.1
14.4
236
296
1,017
957
11.8
14.3
232
303
1,026
956
11.9
15.0
262
345
1,141
1,057
13.5
17.1
233
290
1,023
965
11.4
13.9
223
273
1,002
952
10.5
12.9
226
283
1, 028
971
10.7
13.1
260
342
1, 130
1,047
13.0
16.4
samuSao Zalis monawileobis koeficienti (1)
63.1
67.2
samuSao Zalis monawileobis koeficienti (2)
67.0
70.8
TviT-dasaqmebis wili mTlian samuSao ZalaSi
50.1
54.1
TviT-dasaqmebis wili mTlian dasaqmebaSi
56.9
61.2
wyaro: statistikis saxelmwifo departamenti, samuSao Zalis gamokvleva
SeniSvna: (1 ) Sso-s standartiT (an “mkacri” kriteriumiT)
(2 ) Sso-s ,,Serbilebuli” kriteriumiT
68.3
71.5
55.7
62.4
66.4
70.2
55.0
61.3
63.4
65.7
53.7
62.0
65.4
67.1
57.5
65.5
66.3
68.3
58.3
66.1
65.5
67.8
56.6
64.3
63.0
65.7
55.8
64.5
66.6
68.5
58.9
66.5
67.7
69.3
59.2
66.2
67.1
68.9
59.0
66.1
63.9
66.5
56.1
64.4
abreviaturebi
gaero
gaerTianebuli erebis organizacia
vmo
vaWrobis msoflio organizacia
vssk
vaWrobis saerTaSoriso standartuli klasifikacia
dsT
damoukidebel saxelmwifoTa Tanamegobroba
dRg
damatebuli Rirebulebis gadasaxadi
epkc
ekonomikuri politikisa da kvlevis centri
Tbsb
Tbilisis bankTaSorisi savaluto birJa
kvt•sT
kilovatsaaTi (mgvt•sT - megavatsaaTi, gvt•sT - gigavatsaaTi)
mep
mTliani erovnuli produqti
mSp
mTliani Sida produqti
mfi
mwarmoebelTa fasebis indeqsi
sd
saxelmwifo sagadasaxado departamenti
seb
saqarTvelos erovnuli banki
sem
saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi
sesf
socuzrunvelyofis erTiani saxelmwifo fondi
sv
saxazino valdebuleba (Tamasuqi)
ssd
statistikis saxelmwifo departamenti
sss
saxelmwifo sagadasaxado samsaxuri
sssf
saqarTvelos socialuri sainvesticio fondi
ssu
specialuri sasesxo uflebebi
ssf
saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi
sf
sarezervo fuli
sfi
samomxmareblo fasebis indeqsi
sqms
saxelmwifo qonebis marTvis saministro
Sso
Sromis saerTaSoriso organizacia
waa
wminda adgilobrivi aqtivebi
wfi
warmoebis fasebis indeqsi
wmp
wminda materialuri produqti
wsr
wminda saerTaSoriso rezervebi
wua
wminda ucxouri aqtivebi
ha
heqtari
ACDI
soflis meurneobis ganviTarebis saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobis
organizacia
BSEC
Savi zRvis ekonomikuri TanamSromloba
BSTDB
Savi zRvis vaWrobisa da ganviTarebis banki
CAP
saerTo agraruli politika
saqarTvelos ekonomik is mimarTulebebi _ 2004 weli, #4
169
abreviaturebi
CASE
socialuri da ekonomikuri kvlevis centri
CEFTA
centraluri evropis Tavisufali vaWrobis SeTanxmeba
EBRD
evropis rekonstruqciisa sa ganviTarebis banki
ECB
evropis centraluri banki
ECCC
evrokavSiris sabajo kodeqsi
EFSA
evropis sasursaTo usafrTxoebis administracia
EFTA
evropis Tavisufali vaWrobis SeTanxmeba
EMI
evropis monetaruli instituti
EMS
evropis monetaruli sistema
EMU
ekonomikuri da monetaruli kavSiri
ESAF
struqturul gardaqmnaTa gafarToebuli dafinansebis meqanizmi
EUR
evro
FTA
Tavisufali vaWrobis SeTanxmeba
GATT
generaluri SeTanxmeba vaWrobasa da tarifebze
GEPLAC
ekonomikuri politikisa da samarTlebrivi sakiTxebis qarTulevropuli sakonsultacio centri
GET
saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi (ix. sem)
GSP
preferenciebis zogadi sistema
GUUAM (suuam)
saqarTvelos, ukrainis, uzbekeTis, azerbaijanisa da moldovas mier
1997 wels Camoyalibebuli regionaluri organizacia
HS
harmonizebuli sasaqonlo sistema
ICC
saerT aSoriso savaWro palata
IEA
energetikis saerTaSoriso saagento
IFAD
soflis meurneobis ganviTarebis saerTaSoriso fondi
INOGATE
evropisaken navTobisa da gazis saxelmwifoTaSoriso transportireba
ISIC
saerTaSoriso standartuli dargobrivi klasifikacia
MRAs
urT ierTaRiarebis SeTanxmebebi
NTR
normaluri savaWro urTierToba
OECD
ekonomikuri TanamSromlobisa da ganviTarebis organizacia
OPEC
navTobis eqsportiori qveynebis organizacia
PREGP
saqarTvelos siRaribis daZlevisa da ekonomikuri zrdis programa
SAC
msofli bankis struqturul gardaqmnaTa krediti
SDR
is. ssu
SIS
TurqeTis statistikis saxelmwifo instituti
TEN
trans-evropuli qselebi
TRI
vaWrobis SezRudulobisi indeqsi
TRIMs
vaWrobasTan dakavSirebuli sainvesticio RonisZiebebi
TRIPS
vaWrobasTan dakavSirebuli intel eqtualuri sakuTrebis uflebebi
170
saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi _ 2004 weli, #4
abreviaturebi
TRACECA
satransporto koridori evropa-kavkasia-azia
UNCTAD
gaeros vaWrobisa da ganviTarebis konferencia
UNCITRAL
gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis saerTaSoriso savaWro
kanonmdeblobis komisia
USAID
amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis saerTaSoriso ganviTarebis saagento
USITC
amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis saerTaSoriso vaWrobis komisia
USTR
amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis savaWro warmomadgenloba
WTO
vaWrobis msoflio organizacia (ix. vmo)
WTO
msoflio turistuli organizacia
saqarTvelos ekonomik is mimarTulebebi _ 2004 weli, #4
171

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