2- Theories

Miss.Kamlah Olaimat
Is a systematic statement
of principles that provides a
framework for explaining
some phenomenon.
Miss.Kamlah Olaimat
Is skills or growth
responsibility arising at a
particular time in an individual
life.
## e.g. the developmental task
at one year of age is walking.
Miss.Kamlah Olaimat
Learning Theory:
Children are blank pages can
be shaped by learning.
Miss.Kamlah Olaimat
Epigenetic Theory:
Genes are the true basis
for growth and development.
Miss.Kamlah Olaimat
 Fraud’s Psychosexual theory.
 Erikson’s Psychosocial theory.
 Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive
Developmental.
 Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral
Development .
Miss.Kamlah Olaimat
Sigmund Freud (1856-1939):
 He was a physician in Australia, he work with
adults experiencing a variety of nervous
disorders. It led him to develop the approach
called psychoanalysis.
 Psychoanalysis made him believe that early
childhood experiences form the unconscious
motivations for actions in later life.
Miss.Kamlah Olaimat
 His observations of the mentally
ill patients he dealt with.
 The basic human needs (Maslow’s
Needs).
 His note of the personality
structure model (Id, ego,superego).
Miss.Kamlah Olaimat
Self
Actualization
Esteem Needs
Sexual needs
Self-esteem
Belonging Needs
(love, affection)
Safety Needs
(shelter, removal of danger)
Physiological Needs
(food, air, drink, sleep)
Miss.Kamlah Olaimat
Stage
Id
Ego
Description
Time
The part of the personality which
Birth-3years
contains our primitive impulses such
as sexual energy that drives
individual to seek for pleasure.
The realistic part of the
personality which maintains a
balance between (Id) and
(Superego), and lead person to
search for acceptable method for
meeting impulses.
Superego The part of the personality that
represents the individual’s ethics
and moral.
Miss.Kamlah Olaimat
3yrs-5yrs
5yrs & more
From these observations,
Freud found that child
development occur over series
of psychosexual stages in
which the child’s sexual
gratification become focused
on particular body part.
Miss.Kamlah Olaimat
Keep in mind that…
1- The body site change in each stage according to the
changing of physical and sexual function of the child.
2- In each stage, both of the child and the caregiver
interact with these changes according to their culture and
education.
3- The child transfer from one stage to the next
completely.
4- If the child’s transformation is not completed, the
child will be fixed in this stage as he develops in the next
stage of his life.
Miss.Kamlah Olaimat
1. Oral Phase ( Infant).
2.Anal Phase ( Toddler).
3.Phallic Phase (Preschool age).
4.Latent Phase ( School age).
5.Genital Phase ( Adolescent).
Miss.Kamlah Olaimat
Oral Phase
Infant
The mouth is considered the specific part in this
phase. In which all functions that mouth do is
important to the infant in his first year.
According to this theory, infant sucks for
enjoyment or relief tension as well as nourishment.
Nursing
Implications
 Provide oral stimulation by giving pacifiers.
 Do not discourage thumb sucking.
 Breast feeding may provide more stimulation
than formula feeding because it requires the
infant to expend more energy.
Miss.Kamlah Olaimat
Anal Phase
Toddler
The anus is considered the specific part in this
phase; in which child begin toilet training.
According to this theory, infant shift his
interest from the mouth to the anus region.
Nursing
Implications
 Help children achieve bowel and bladder control
without undue emphasis on its importance.
 If at all possible, continue bowel and bladder
training while child is hospitalized.
Miss.Kamlah Olaimat
Phallic Phase
Preschool
The genital area is considered the specific part in
this phase. In which development occur over three
phases.
Phase one: child starts to develop a strong
desire to know his own sex identity as well as the
other sex identity, and it is associated with some
practices such as masturbation, exhibitionism.
Nursing
Implications
 Accept child's sexual interest, such as fondling
his or her own genitals, as a normal area of
exploration.
 Help parents answer child's questions about
birth or sexual differences.
Miss.Kamlah Olaimat
Phallic Phase
Phase Two: in this phase, the development
proceeds and child starts to love his opposite sex
and heat his own sex.
For example: male child love his own mother and
heat his own father (Odeeb). as well as the female
child (Electra).
Phase Three: child develop a special fear from
Nursing
Implications
parents because of his bad thinking, which will cause
smoothing of his feelings and transfer the hostile
feelings to love feelings.
The nurse must provide privacy and clear
explanations during any procedures involving the
genital area.
Miss.Kamlah Olaimat
Latency Phase
School
 The children’s libido appears to be diverted into
concrete thinking.
 They distracted in playing, school work and in
promoting their skills.
Nursing
Implications
 Help a child have positive experiences so his or
her self-esteem continues to grow and the child
prepares for the conflicts of adolescence.
 Provide gowns, covers, & underwares at hospital;
knock the door before entering.
Miss.Kamlah Olaimat
Genital Phase
Adolescent
The longest period (from adolescent to adulthood).
The suppression in the latent phase is relieved in this
phase due to the sexual maturity resulted from the
secretions of the sex hormones.
The individual starts to establish a new sexual aims
and find a new love object with the opposite sex.
Nursing
Implications
 Provide appropriate opportunities for the
individual to relate with opposite sex
 Allow individual to verbalize feelings about new
relationships.
Miss.Kamlah Olaimat
Erik Erikson (1902-1996):
Was trained in psychoanalytic theory, but later he
developed his own theory of psychosocial development.
It stress the importance of culture and society in the
development of the personality.
He describes 8 stages of development that cover the
entire life span.
Miss.Kamlah Olaimat
Erikson identifies a crisis, that is, a particular challenge
that exist for healthy personality development to occur.
Crisis refer to a normal maturation social needs rather
than to a single critical event.
Each developmental crisis has two possible outcomes; when
needs are meet, the consequence is healthy & the
individual move on to future stages with particular
strength.
When needs are not met, an unhealthy outcome occurs
that will influence future social relationships.
Miss.Kamlah Olaimat
Learning trust:
When the infants’ needs
are met when they arise,
children come to view the
world as safe place and
people as helpful &
dependable.
Learning mistrust:
When the infants’ needs
are not met, or care is
inadequate, children
become fearful and
suspicious.
Nursing Implications: Provide a primary caregiver. Provide
experiences that add to security, such as soft sounds and
touch. Provide visual stimulation for active child involvement
Miss.Kamlah Olaimat
Child learn to initiate motor activity
Learning Autonomy
By letting the child do
things independently, so
he will feel autonomous
and their self-confidence
will increase.
Learning Shame & Doubt
When caregiver do every thing
to the child, he will doubt in his
abilities in performing things, so
they will lack of confidence in
their abilities to achieve well
into adolescence and adulthood.
Nursing Implications: Provide opportunities for decision
making, such as offering choices of clothes to wear or toys to
play with. Praise for ability to make decisions rather than
judging correctness of any one decision.
Miss.Kamlah Olaimat
Child learn how to do things
Learning initiative
By encouraging the child
when he initiate motor,
fantasy or language
activities.
Learning sense of guilt
Occur when the caregiver do
not reinforce their children
when they initiate motor,
fantasy or language activities.
They will build a sense of guilt
of what they do. And will have
limited problem solving skills.
Nursing Implications: Provide opportunities for exploring
new places or activities. Allow play to include activities involving
water, soil (for modeling), or finger paint.
Miss.Kamlah Olaimat
Child learn how to do things well
Learning Industry
By appreciating their
quality of act they
perform, so their sense of
industry grows
Learning inferiority
When children’s caregiver do
not appreciate their work, it will
develop a sense of inferiority
rather than pride.
Nursing Implications: Provide opportunities such as allowing
child to assemble and complete a short project so that child
feels rewarded for accomplishment.
Miss.Kamlah Olaimat
Learning Identity
By integrating all images
he have to one whole
image of himself.
Learning role confusion
Be failing in integrating these
images, which would lead him to
have a negative image of himself
( drug abuser).
Nursing Implications: Provide opportunities for an
adolescent to discuss feelings about events important to
him or her. Offer support and praise for decision making.
Miss.Kamlah Olaimat
Learning intimacy
When the person have
identity, he will have
self-confidence, thus
he will initiate longterm and intimacy
relationships.
Learning isolation
When the person have no
identity, he will have lack
of his self-confidence,
thus he will fear from
initiating initiate longterm and intimacy
relationships.
Miss.Kamlah Olaimat
Learning generativity
People wilt high selfconfidence are able
to judge better and
they extend their
concern to their
families, community
and the world.
Learning stagnation
People without this sense
of confidence, they
become stagnated or selfabsorbed
Miss.Kamlah Olaimat
Learning Integrity
People with sense of
integrity, feels good
about their life
choices they made
Learning despair
People without this
feeling, wishes life would
begin over again so that
things could turn out
differently.
Miss.Kamlah Olaimat