Introducing Nutrias with the Help of Enrichment

Transcription

A Quarterly Source of Ideas for Enrichment
Introducing Nutrias with the Help of
Enrichment
By Thais Susana M. Pereira1; Fabiana Lúcia André1; Ricardo César Cardoso1; Laura Reisfeld1; Laura Ippolito
Moura1; Manuela G.F.G. Sgai2; Cristiane Schilbach Pizzutto2
1
2
Aquário de São Paulo – Brasil
Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia - USP - Brasil
M
Nutria
(Myocastor
coypus)
yocastor coypus, commonly known as
nutria, is native to South America, with a
geographical range from Bolivia to Southern Brazil and into Tierra del Fuego in Argentina. Nutrias are semi-aquatic, large-sized rodents with
nocturnal
habits. These
rodents are
herbivores
and inhabit
swamps and
riverbanks,
especially
where there
is abundant
vegetation.
They use
pieces of
wood or
other floating objects
as feeding
platforms.
Nutrias are polyestrous animals, having long
gestation periods that range from 127 to 139
days. Litter size varies from 1 to 13 pups, but is
usually 3 to 6 pups. Sexual maturity is reached at
six months of age. The species’ social organization is not well known. Most studies describe a
polygamist mating system, with a matriarchal
organization. However, some authors report
gregarious habits, with groups consisting from 2
to 13 adult females and their young. Young adult
males occasionally live alone.
At the Aquário de São Paulo Zoological
Gardens (ASP), there were two nutrias on
exhibit, an adult male and a young female.
However, ASP received a couple of six-monthold pups, which needed to be introduced to
the same environment as the resident animals.
The introduction of a new individual can be a
tense process for wild species, and at zoos these
encounters can be traumatic or even fatal. The
introduction of new individuals in an exhibit
that is already housing other well-adapted
individuals requires attention and planning regarding the welfare of both the current animals
and those that will be introduced. Most conflicts
occur as the new animal is introduced to the
exhibit, since most residents perceive it as an
intruder, even when they’re of the opposite sex.
However,
applying
knowledge
about the social structure
or mating
habits can reduce, or even
eliminate,
tension.
In order to introduce the two new nutrias,
the process was divided into four stages. Stage
1 (12 days): the new individuals were held in
the exhibit’s holding area, allowing visual and
olfactory contact through an “introduction
door”. Stage 2 (7 days): the “absent exploration
method” was used, allowing the new animals
Volume 20, No. 4 2011
Above: A
food puzzle
made from
paperboard
containers
filled with
rodent biscuits
provides a food
challenge.
Opposite: One
of the nutrias
explores a small
pumpkin filled
with rodent
feed.
2
to familiarize themselves with the exhibit, which
can then serve as a socially neutral arena that
each animal explores and marks with urine and
feces. Through the mutual exploration, each
animal becomes
familiar with the
“ghost visitor.”
Stage 3 (2 months):
an introduction
cage was used.
The newly arrived
animals were
placed inside the
cage and it was
placed inside the
residents’ exhibit. The animals
interacted through
the cage until the
mutual hostility
signs ceased. Stage
4 (2 months): the
new individuals
were released into
the exhibit for increasing amounts
of time, in conjunction with the
addition of various
enrichment opportunities.
The goal of using environmental enrichment to introduce the
two nutria pairs was to create a number of positive interventions in the exhibit, making it richer
and more stimulating for the resident animals
and distracting their focus from the introduction
of the new individuals. It was hoped that this
would minimize the stress of the introduction
and avoid possible territorial conflicts.
The enrichment introduced during stage 4
included dens, tree branches, and dry foliage,
aiming to increase hiding spots and protection
areas. Enrichment that enabled the increase of
manipulative activities was also added, with
coconut fibers and banana leaves. Food enrichment offered included “corn mobiles,” rodent
feed wrapped in cabbage leaves, whole fruits
in some spots of the exhibit, a food puzzle, and
a floating ice block. The enrichment items were
placed daily for two months.
During stage 4, the introduced individuals made use of the dens and foliage to protect
themselves from the resident animals. The
resident animals, in their turn, displayed a lot of
interaction with the food and manipulative enrichment, minimizing their intimidating behaviors towards the newly introduced individuals.
The resident female did demonstrate approach
attempts and territorial behaviors towards the
new animals, but the enrichment items triggered
her curiosity and diverted her attention, reducing the amount of aggressive behavior.
Environmental enrichment showed, once
again, to be effective, increasing the animals’
Aquário de São Paulo Zoological Gardens
tf JZPVixSEImvGjQKUTgoLwtfJZPr
behavioral variability, as well as the manipulative and exploratory behavior, and decreasing
aggressive and intimidating behaviors. In the
end, the two new animals were successfully
introduced and integrated into the exhibit. G
The Shape of Enrichment Volume 20, No. 4 2011
Improving an Environment for Rescued
Orangutans
By Hsin-I Hsieh, Hsiao-Wei Kuo, Fong-Chi Fu, and Ming-Hsung Chang, Conservation and Research
Center, Taipei Zoo, Taiwan
CRC, Taipei Zoo
W
CRC, Taipei Zoo
Firehoses were
used to create
climbing and
swinging
opportuntiies.
Making use
of the woven
firehose
hammock.
e conducted a study with eight orangutans
at Conservation and Research Center
(CRC), Taipei Zoo. In the early days, CRC was a
wildlife rescue center that provided shelter for
animals that had been confiscated by local law
enforcement
agencies
and customs
authorities.
This came
as a result of
crackdowns
on the illegal wildlife
trafficking
that was
rampant in
Taiwan during the 1990s. From its inception, the
center has rescued many wild animals, including
primates, carnivores, and reptiles. Today, its role
has evolved from a shelter to an institute focusing on, among many other conservation-related
issues, ex situ
and in situ
conservation
programs,
bio-diversity
promotion
and education, and
behavioral
enrichment
projects. With
this background, CRC
is not open
to the public,
but only to biological research related groups.
The exercise yard for the animals is not as
large as the display area in front. Therefore, we
wanted to provide more enrichment in this area.
The exercise yard is about 98 square meters and
11 meters in height. Eight individuals use two
yards in turn. Usually, food was provided in the
feeders and scattered randomly on different sites
and heights every day. The orangutans need to
climb up and down to search for food.
Although no stereotypic behavior appeared
in this environment, we observed that, other than
feeding hours, the orangutans spent most of the
time sitting on the platform waiting to interact with our keepers. In order to provide these
high-intelligence primates more opportunities to
express natural behaviors, we needed to develop
new ideas for enrichment. The following are the
various strategies we employ for our orangutans.
The observation span for each individual in each
experiment was from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m., recorded
every 30 seconds for four days.
Make space useful
According to our experience, fire hose makes a
great material for enrichment because of its tenacity and plasticity, especially for powerful animals
such as orangutans and tigers. Owing to the
importance of brachiation in high places for wild
orangutans, we used fire hoses to simulate a wild
environment. In the enclosure, fire hoses were
hung for orangutans to swing on, similar to the
way they swing on liana vines in the rain forests.
Also, feeders were tied in with the fire hoses,
encouraging the orangutans to climb and swing
to get the food. Fire hoses were also weaved into
a swinging bed for resting or hiding.
In this experiment, we found that activity
increased, and that the space was more effectively
used by the individuals. We also found differences between genders. While males preferred
ground walking, females were more willing to
use the fire hose “vines” and beds, possibly because of their lighter body weight.
Other animals
There is a 2-meter-wide passage for keepers
between two adjacent exercise yards, where we
raised other animals, such as rabbits, guinea pigs,
and giant tortoises, to see if the orangutans would
be interested in their new neighbors. The results
3
CRC, Taipei Zoo
Rabbits and
tortoises were
housed next
door to the
orangutans.
The ecological
box made
sounds of frogs
and crickets
when the
orangutans
passed by its
motion sensor.
4
showed that they were not very curious about
these animals, and preferred observing over interacting with them. One of the male orangutans
showed interest only in tortoises but was scared
away when
they came
close to the
cage.
The result
could be
owing to the
animals we
chose, which
are quiet and
slow-moving.
Hence, we
set up a seethrough ecological box with frogs and crickets inside. On the top, there was an infrared sensor that
produced sounds of frogs and crickets when the
orangutans passed by. The purpose of this experiment was to test the sound effect on the orangutans. The results showed that our orangutans
would poke
the box with
branches or
fingers at the
beginning,
and ignored
it soon after.
side at the same time the dominant male held his,
and they competed in a “tug of war.” Sometimes,
even when the balls were empty, they still used
the device and pulled against each other. Through
this tug-of-war contraption, their aggressive displays decreased from 21.7% to 9.7% and turned
into playing behavior.
Let’s play
games
We observed
that some
male orangutans were
aggressive toward others in the neighboring
yard. For this reason, we designed an interesting
game to improve their interactions and reduce
the aggressive behavior. We put grains mixed
with honey inside rubber balls. Two balls were
connected by fire hoses, and each ball was hung
separately in the two exercise yards, creating a
connected object the orangutans could interact
with. In the first two days, we found that the subdominant male in one yard grabbed the food out
of the ball on his side quickly and ran to another
corner, while the dominant male in the other yard
pulled down the ball on his side and took his
time eating. Eventually, however, the subdominant male was bold enough to hold the ball on his
with other types of animals did not achieve the
expected results, we still learned from the observation and found out how we can modify our
idea after discussion. While sound could attract
orangutans’ attention, what we need to do further
is to prolong the efficacy. We found that orangutans are fond of objects that they can touch,
move, or handle by themselves. Toys combined
with food and sound, therefore, may be used in
our next attempts. We will continue to explore
opportunities to enhance welfare for the animals
at our center. G
Conclusions
It is always a challenge for zoo staff to enrich the
behavior of captive animals. In our study, the
environmental enrichment provided by fire hoses
positively affected the orangutans. It not only increased their vertical and horizontal movement in
the enclosure space but also improved their social
interaction with neighbors.
Although providing possible interaction
CRC, Taipei Zoo
CRC, Taipei Zoo
Helping a Brown Bear: Use of Enrichment
to Reduce Stereotypical Behavior
By Ursula Taviera, Eduardo Tunes, Thamires de Amorim, Juliana Souza, Laura Côrtes,
Cristiane Pizzutto, and Anderson Augusto, Brazil
T
he Zoo Foundation of Rio de Janeiro received
an adult brown bear (Ursus arctos) that had
originally belonged to a circus. The bear was
tal enrichment also promoted greater use of the
enclosure, as the bear was observed playing with
tires and tree trunks that were already part of
the enclosure, which she had not interacted with
much previously.
We conclude that
the enrichment items
introduced
promoted
the demonstration of
more speciesappropriate
behaviors
and reduced
stereotypical behavior, improving the welfare for
this brown bear. G
STEREOTYPED BEHAVIOR
400
350
Opposite:
Before
enrichment,
the bear spent
extended
amounts of time
at the door to
the back area,
rubbing on the
mesh.
300
250
200
150
100
0
With
enrichment
50
Without
enrichment
exhibiting stereotypical behavior while on exhibit
by spending extended amounts of time at the
door leading to the back bedrooms, continuously
rubbing her head from side to side along the bars
of the door. We used environmental enrichment
to try to minimize the occurrence of this behavior.
We used an ethogram to develop baseline behavioral records, using the continuous sampling
method over one-hour periods, twice a day, for a
total of 18 hours. We then introduced enrichment
in the form of sensory and food items. The sensory items were cloves, cinnamon, or vanilla extract
mixed with water and frozen into ice blocks. The
food items were whole coconuts or watermelons, or chopped fruit frozen in an ice block. We
recorded data during the enrichment phase the
same way we had recorded the baseline.
The results through descriptive statistics
showed a 52-percent reduction in the occurrence
of the head rubbing behavior. The environmen-
Occurance
Above: The
brown bear
interacting with
enrichment
(clockwise): ice
block with fruit,
whole melon,
exploring the
exhibit, ice
block with spice
scent.
5
Findings of the Benefits of an Enriched
Environment for Mice
By Lei Cao, Ohio State University and Weill Medical College of Cornell University; Xianglan Liu, Ohio
State University; En-Ju D. Lin, Ohio State University; Chuansong Wang, Ohio State University; Eugene Y.
Choi, Ohio State University; Veronique Riban, Ohio State University; Benjamin Lin, Weill Medical College
of Cornell University; Matthew J. During, Ohio State University, Weill Medical College of Cornell University,
and University of Auckland
Revised with permission from original articles published in Cell and Cell Metabolism
N
ew studies from Ohio State University have
shown that an enriched environment for
mice can help them fight cancer and lose weight.
The first study, reported in the July 9, 2010 issue
of the journal Cell, showed that when mice with
cancer get a boost in their social
life and an upgrade in living
conditions, their tumors shrink,
and their cancers more often
go
into spontaneous remission.
“Animals’ interaction with the
environment has a profound
influence on the growth of
cancer—more than we knew
was possible,” said researcher
Matthew During.
It’s not as if the animals’
usual housing was all that bad.
Laboratory mice are typically
housed in groups of five or so,
where they have social interaction, play, and all the food and water they want.
The enriched environments in the new study
expanded living groups to 15 or 20 animals and
provided them with more space and more things
to play with and do, including toys, mazes to
navigate, hiding places, and running wheels. “We
often think of stress as a negative thing, but some
kinds of stress can be good for health,” researcher
Lei Cao says. In fact, she says, the enriched housing is more taxing for the animals as they have
to deal with each other and with a more complex
environment.
When During and Cao placed mice with
cancer in that enriched environment, the animals’
tumor mass shrunk by an impressive 77 percent
and the volume by 43 percent, the researchers report. Five percent of mice that had been
given cancer showed no evidence of the disease
after three weeks in their new home. That never
6
happened in control animals kept in standard
housing.
During says that the more complex social
dimension in the new living arrangements
was apparently key. The same improvements
weren’t seen in animals that only exercised more,
so physical activity in and of itself wasn’t the
answer. The animals did show lower levels of a
hormone produced by fat called leptin, indicative
of a significant shift in metabolism. Their immune systems also appeared to be “ramped up a
bit,” During said.
The effect was traced to an increase in a
growth factor in the hypothalamus called brainderived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Further
study showed that an increase in BDNF levels
also reduced tumors. In animals lacking BDNF,
the benefits of an enriched environment evaporated. The researchers say the findings lend favor
to the view that low levels of stress, or certain
kinds of stress, can be beneficial. In fact, the
animals show higher levels of stress hormones
known as glucocorticoids. “The goal isn’t to
minimize stress, but to live a richer life, socially
and physically; to be challenged,” During said.
The findings could ultimately lead to clinical advances in the way we tackle cancer and
perhaps other diseases as well. “This paper really
suggests if we look at perceptions of disease,
social interactions, and environment, we could
realize a profound influence on cancer. There’s no
reason to suspect our findings [in mice] won’t be
generalizable,” says During.
The second study, reported in the September 7, 2011 issue of Cell Metabolism, showed that
when mice are placed in an enriched environment similar to the mice in the cancer experiment, some of their energy-storing white fat is
transformed to energy-burning brown fat. As a
result, the animals expend more energy and lose
weight even as they eat more.
Fat comes in one of two types: white or brown.
White fat is the kind we generally try to keep off as
it stores all those extra calories. Brown fat burns
energy to generate heat. It is
perhaps best known for keeping babies warm, but scientists
have now realized that adults do
retain active brown fat. The new
study suggests a more enriched
environment is an effective path
to increasing brown fat. The
findings point to the powerful
effect that social and physical
environments of animals can
have on their metabolisms. “I’m
still amazed at the degree of fat
loss that occurs,” says During.
“The amount that comes off is
far more than you would get with a treadmill.” Cao
added, “After 4 weeks in the enriched environment,
the animals’ abdominal fat decreased by 50 percent.”
Although it isn’t yet clear why, the study
shows cancer and fat cells to be noticeably
responsive to changes in the environment. The
findings might therefore have important lessons
for us concerning cancer growth and the causes
of obesity. G
References
Lei Cao, Xianglan Liu, En-Ju D. Lin, Chuansong Wang,
Eugene Y. Choi, Veronique Riban, Benjamin Lin, Matthew J. During. 9 July 2010. Environmental and Genetic
Activation of a Brain-Adipocyte BDNF/Leptin Axis
Causes Cancer Remission and Inhibition. Cell, Vol. 142,
Issue 1, pp. 52-64.
Lei Cao, Eugene Y. Choi, Xianglan Liu, Adam Martin, Chuansong Wang, Xiaohua Xu, Matthew J. During. 7 September 2011. White to Brown Fat Phenotypic Switch
Induced by Genetic and Environmental Activation of a
Hypothalamic-Adipocyte Axis. Cell Metabolism, Vol. 14,
Issue 3, pp. 324-338.
Outdoor Options for Two-Toed Sloths
Pretoria Zoo
T
Above:
Wooden poles
for climbing
and hanging;
opposite:
resting
platform.
he two-toed sloths at the Pretoria Zoo were
spending most of their time in the indoor
enclosure and only going out a few times when
the temperature was favorable. Our team decided
to provide more sloth-friendly furniture and opportunities in the outdoor
enclosure to encourage
the animals to spend more
time outside and give
them more choices.
Sloths can easily get
stuck in fences and have
difficulty dislodging
themselves if their claws
are too long, so we added
poles under the roof to discourage the sloths from
hanging on the fenced roof and damaging their
claws or getting stuck. We added platforms that
the animals could use to lay on their back in the
sun or shade. These were placed in corners at
various heights. A tree was added to the outside
of the enclosure on the fence to try and make the
fence less visible. A mist sprayer was also added
to the outdoor area.
The floor area was covered with bark chips
that can be kept wet, with the help of the mist
sprayer, to create a humid, warm area more like
the sloth’s
natural
environment.
The humidity
and temperature are be
recorded on
a daily basis.
We hope that
this more
favorable environment will increase the possibility of breeding.
The sloths immediately noticed that there
were changes, and within a day started to use the
new furniture and platforms. They now regularly
spend time in the outdoor area. It is great to see
them taking advantage of the greater variety of
choices they now have. G
7
Pretoria Zoo
By Carin Cloete, National Zoological Garden, Pretoria, South Africa
Papier-mâché Balloons for Lion-Tailed
Macaques
By Teresa Power, Primate Section, Fota Wildlife Park, Cork, Ireland
Fota Wildlife Park
Above: Male
Jamal rolls
his balloon.
Opposite: The
larger group
works on
their balloon
together.
8
ecause the island exhibit for our group of
lion-tailed macaques was being renovated,
they were temporarily housed in off-exhibit
cages, and we wanted to provide them with
some extra enrichment. Papier-mâché
balloons were made
for them to serve as
a novel feeder.
To make the
balloons, strips of
newspaper were
dipped in a flour
and water mix and
built up in layers
around an inflated
balloon. The piece
was then allowed
to dry. A small
incision was made
to burst the balloon, which was
then removed. A
variety of treats
can be inserted into
the cavity, and the
finished item can
be painted with
nontoxic children’s
paints if desired,
and the balloon can
also be suspended
in the enclosure.
We filled the
balloons with alfalfa, raisins, nuts,
and apricots. As an
additional element,
we attached a sock
to the end of each balloon, and placed boiled
eggs inside the sock. We gave the smaller balloon
to the dominant male, Jamal, in his own area,
and we gave the larger balloon to the rest of the
group. The balloons were given along with the
evening feed.
Jamal investigated and rolled his balloon
around the enclosure and bit some of the paper
off to reveal the monkey feed. He went inside
for a while to concentrate on his regular food but
soon returned to the object. He discovered the
treats and pulled away some more of the paper.
He did not discover the egg in the sock.
The larger group investigated their balloon
together. Most of them were involved in the deFota Wildlife Park
Fota Wildlife Park
B
struction of the paper shell. The smaller animals
sifted through the alfalfa to find the raisins and
nuts. One of them detached the sock and made off
with it. All the eggs were discovered and eaten. It
provided a lot of interest and stimulation for the
group. G
RENEWAL TIME!
The terrified tarsier is back once
again to tell you that this is the last
issue of your 2011 subscription to The
Shape of Enrichment—it's time to
renew for the 2012 issues!
We are pleased to offer subscriptions, all back issues, and
some ICEE proceedings in a greener, downloadable format.
Plus, if you subscribe to the digital format, you will have access
to our new Enrichment Idea Database—print subscribers will
not have this access.
Annual subscriptions run
from January to January and are
priced as follow:
• $20 downloadable (to
download, you MUST be
registered on our website)
• $26 hard copy mailed to
U.S. addresses
• $30 for hard copy
mailed to addresses
outside the U.S.
There are four issues per year.
The 2012 issues will be volume
21. Back issues are available—
there are 69 back issues to date.
To register, go to our website, enrichment.org, and click
on the “Register” photo button
or on the menu bar. Complete
the form and submit. Registration is free and we do not share
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Once you have registered, log
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This page shows
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As long as you are registered
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If you have any questions,
email us at shape@enrichment.
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interest and support—we can’t
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9
4th UK & Ireland Regional
Environmental Enrichment
Conference
The 4th UK and Ireland REEC will take
place at Port Lympne Wild Animal Park
from 13-16 May 2012. Howletts and Port
Lympne look forward to welcoming
delegates to their parks, which currently
hold 94 species of mammal, including
the largest captive population of western
lowland gorillas in the world, the largest collection of black rhinos outside of
Africa, and the largest African elephant
herd in the UK.
The 2012 REEC follows the EAZA
Plant Working Group Conference and
will bring together animal keepers and
managers from a wide range of backgrounds. The conference will take place
over three days at Port Lympne and
includes:
• Enrichment tours at both sites
(Howletts optional)
• Evening safari at Port Lympne
• Icebreaker event
• International guest speakers
• Skills workshops throughout the
conference; rope splicing, willow
weaving, research techniques, and
fire hose weaving.
Guest speaker: Professor Steven Shapiro, The University of Texas
Registration fee: £150: This includes
attendance to all three conference days,
skills workshops, tours of both facilities,
refreshment breaks, lunches, and the
icebreaker barbeque on Sunday.
Accommodation: To keep this conference as affordable as possible, we have
secured special hotel rates for three- and
four-night stays, particularly for those
willing to share. We expect these rooms
to fill quickly, so booking early is advised to avoid disappointment.
Facebook page: Room and car sharing
forums will be hosted on SHAPE UK
and Ireland’s Facebook page for those
looking to keep costs down:
http://on.fb.me/reecPL2011
10
Check Us Out on
Facebook and Twitter
Find updates, notices, enrichment ideas,
videos and photos, plus more on The
Shape of Enrichment Facebook page:
facebook.com/shapeofenrichment,
and on Twitter: @shapeenrichment.
Recently posted: winners of Halloween
photo contest; video of various enrichment ideas from Shape UK and Ireland;
“One week with Marlene and Dietrich”
video series of enrichment for ground
hornbills. Don’t forget to see what others post on our Facebook wall as well—
some cool stuff there!
What’s New on The Shape
of Enrichment Website
Translated Web Pages
The Enrichment Overview page on
our website has been translated into
Hungarian, Portuguese, Romanian, and
Spanish. Translations into French and
Swedish are underway. And, as always,
all pages in the Shape—Brasil regional
section are translated into Portuguese.
Complimentary Downloads
You can access and download the following documents on our website for
free: “5 Enrichment Categories”; “Enrichment Planning Chart”; “Enrichment
Gone Wrong!”, a paper covering some
things to be aware of in using enrichment; and “A Veterinary Assessment of
the Risks and Benefits of Environmental
Enrichment,” a paper by veterinarian
Ann Duncan. From the main menu bar
of the website, click on Services, then
click on Resources (Free!) in the drop
down menu.
Two of these have been translated
into several languages, and we would
like to provide more translations. If
you know someone who is fluent in
both English and another language and
wants to help, please contact Valerie
Hare at hare@enrichment.org.
The Enrichment /Training Video Library
This library consists of video tapes donated in the interest of sharing enrichment techniques, a collaborative effort between The
American Association of Zoo Keepers, Inc. (AAZK) and The Shape of Enrichment, Inc. All videos are available in VHS-NTSC
(North America), -PAL, or -SECAM formats. Please do not copy these tapes or request more than three at a time.There are four
geographical areas handling videos. If you live in Europe, Africa, or the Middle East, contact our video volunteers at videoEurope@enrichment.org. If you live in Australia, New Zealand, or the nearby South Asia regions, contact videoAusAsia@enrichment.org. If you live in South America, contact videoSA@enrichment.org. If you live in the U.S. or anywhere else not mentioned, contact our main office at video@enrichment.org. Be sure to include your full address and the VHS format required.
Information on the library and order forms can also be found on our website at www.enrichment.org.
GENERAL ENRICHMENT AND
TRAINING
• A Look at Enrichment, The Shape of
Enrichment, Inc., San Diego, California
(Video or CD) 37 min.
• That’s Enrichment!, The Shape of
Enrichment, Inc., San Diego, California
(Video or CD) 12 min.
• Enrichment at the Taronga Zoo, Sydney
Australia 5 min.
• Behavioural Enrichment by the People
for the Animals, Rotterdam Zoo, The
Netherlands 18 min.
• Environmental Enrichment: Advancing
Animal Care, UFAW, U.K. 38 min.
• Metro Washington Park Zoo
Environmental Enrichment Program,
Portland, Oregon 16 min.
• And Enrichment For All, San Diego Zoo,
California 19 min.
• Menagerie’s Medium, San Diego Zoo,
California 11 min.
• Habitat Enrichment Ideas from the Topeka
Zoo, Kansas 32 min.
• Enrichment Day at Utah’s Hogle Zoo 42
min.
• ABC-123 Enrichment at Hogle Zoo, Utah
10 min.
• Taking Enrichment to the Next Level,
Hogle Zoo, Utah 10 min.
• Enrichment at THE ZOO Including
Tamarins on the Loose, Gulf Breeze Zoo,
Florida 40 min.
• Mixed Species Exhibits by Animal Choice,
Gulf Breeze Zoo, Florida 8 min.
• Columbus Zoo Enrichment, Ohio 7 min.
• I Get a Kick Out of You and Manatee
Training and Enrichment, Ohio 5 min.
• Lincoln Park Enrichment Day, Chicago,
Illinois 15 min.
• Sedgwick County Zoo Play Days, Wichita,
Kansas 50 min.
• Target Training, Brookfield Zoo, Illinois
12 min.
• The Training Game, Brookfield Zoo,
Illinois 16 min.
• Operant Conditioning at the Memphis Zoo,
Tennessee 90 min.
• Animal Training for Different Species,
Columbus Zoo, Ohio 58 min.
PRIMATE ENRICHMENT AND
TRAINING
• Gorilla Training at the Belo Horizonte Zoo,
Brazil
• Primates with Boomer Balls, Boomer Ball
83 min.
• Training Program for Semen Collection in
Gorillas, Henry Doorly Zoo 38 min.
• Gorilla Enrichment, Columbus Zoo,
Ohio 18 min.
• Gorilla Enrichment, Denver Zoo,
Colorado 15 min.
• Gorilla Husbandry Training for Assisted
Reproduction at Disney’s Animal
Kingdom, Orlando, Florida 22 min.
• Orangutan Medical Behavior Training,
Brookfield Zoo, Illinois 10 min.
• Stressless Research Monkey Capture,
Animal Welfare Institute 20 min.
• Enrichment at the Bronx Zoo Monkey
House, New York, New York 10 min.
• Primate Enrichment, Dallas Zoo, Texas
23 min.
• Primate Enrichment, Burnet Park Zoo,
New York 34 min.
• Primate Enrichment, Columbus Zoo,
Ohio 3 min.
• Bungee Jumping Monkeys, Philadelphia
Zoo, Pennsylvania 18 min.
• Three Observations of Callitrichids Using
an Artificial Gum Tree, The Lubee
Foundations, Inc., Gainesville, Florida
15 min.
CARNIVORE ENRICHMENT AND
TRAINING
• Carcass Feeding at Wildlife Safari,
Winston, Oregon 17 min.
• Carcass Feeding at Folsom City Zoo,
California 5 min.
• So Many Cats, Cincinnati Zoo, Ohio 4
min.
• Enrichment for Carnivores, Sunset Zoo,
Manhatten, Kansas 23 min.
• Carnivore Enrichment, Columbus Zoo,
Ohio 5 min.
• Carnivore Enrichment, Kolmarden Zoo,
Sweden 74 min.
• Cat Enrichment, Dallas Zoo, Texas 13
min.
• Tiger Enrichment, Disney’s Animal
• Felid TAG DAK Training, Disney’s
Animal Kingdom, Orlando, Florida
21 min.
• Bears with Boomer Balls, Boomer Ball
68 min.
• The Bear Necessities: Captive Enrichment
for Polar Bears, UFAW, U.K. 20 min.
• Building a Polar Bear Den at the Calgary
Zoo, Canada 75 min.
• Bear Exhibit Renovation, Woodland
Park Zoo, Seattle, Washington 17 min.
• Working For a Living, Folsom City Zoo,
California 13 min.
• Enrichment for Gray and Harbor Seals,
National Aquarium in Baltimore,
Maryland 6 min.
• Sea Otter Enrichment, Monterey Bay
Aquarium, California 5 min.
OTHER MAMMAL ENRICHMENT AND
TRAINING
• Fruit Bat Enrichment, The Lubee
Foundations, Inc., Gainesville, Florida
16 min.
• Olfactory Enrichment: Rodrigue’s Fling
Fox, The Lubee Foundations, Inc.,
Gainesville, Florida 4 min.
• Commercial Bat Enrichment, The Leather
Elves and The Lubee Foundations, Inc.,
• Carnivorous Cravings: Great Spear-Nosed
Fruit Bat, The Lubee Foundations, Inc.,
• Elephant Feeder Ball Introduction, San
Diego Wild Animal Park, California 12
min.
• Snow Fall for Elephants, San Diego Wild
Animal Park, California 6 min.
• Kansas City Giraffe and Rhino Enrichment
45 min.
• Rhino Training, Disney’s Animal
• Mission: Enrichment for Hoofed Stock,
Dallas Zoo, Texas 18 min.
• Kangaroo and Wallaby Enrichment at the
Philadelphia Zoo, Pennsylvania 5 min.
• Tree Kangaroo Pouch-Check Training,
Brookfield Zoo, Illinois 5 min.
• Marine Mammal Enrichment, National
Aquarium in Baltimore, Maryland
BIRD ENRICHMENT AND TRAINING
• Positive Approach to Parrots as Pets. Tape
1: Understanding Bird Behavior; Tape 2:
Training through Positive Reinforcement,
Natural Encounters, Inc., Lakeville,
Minnesota 69 min. each tape
• Kings of the Wind, Natural Encounters,
Inc., Lakeville, Minnesota 38 min.
OTHER ANIMAL ENRICHMENT AND
TRAINING
• Octopus Enrichment at the Cleveland
Zoo, Ohio 6 min.
11
Editors:
Karen E. Worley
Valerie J. Hare
Editorial Advisor:
David Shepherdson, Ph.D.
Oregon Zoo, Oregon
Editorial Reviewers:
Mollie Bloomsmith, Ph.D.
Yerkes Primate Center, Georgia
Kathy Carlstead, Ph.D.
Honolulu Zoo, Hawaii
Amy Cutting, Ph.D.
Oregon Zoo, Oregon
Vicky Melfi, Ph.D.
Paignton Zoo, U.K.
Challenges Coordinator:
Else Poulsen
Video Library Coordinators:
Beth Rich
Yvette Kemp
Harald Schwammer
Cynthia Cipreste
Jo Walker
The Shape of Enrichment is dedicated to
sharing ideas, inspirations, and practical knowledge of enrichment strategies among those
working in the field of animal care. It is an open
forum for keepers, trainers, curators, researchers, exhibit designers, administrators, volunteers, and anyone else interested in approaches
to enrichment. All of our staff are volunteers.
We are always looking for new submissions,
from feature-length articles to short blurbs. We
accept submissions in any form, polished or not.
Let us, and your colleagues, hear from you!
THE SHAPE OF ENRICHMENT presents
enrichment ideas of all kinds from a variety of
sources. We urge you to consider, assess, and
evaluate any idea carefully before applying it
to your own animals and exhibits. If you have
concerns or opposing views, we are happy to
accept letters and articles that express them.
As the editors, we present these ideas for your
consideration only; we do not take responsibility for their effectiveness or feasibility.
THE SHAPE OF ENRICHMENT, ISSN 10888152, is published quarterly by the non-profit
The Shape of Enrichment, Inc. Subscriptions
are $18 per calendar year, payable in U.S. funds
only, drawn on a U.S. bank or by credit card on
www.enrichment.org. Domestic and foreign air
mail postage is included. Mid-year subscriptions are prorated. Back issues are available for
$5 each. Send all subscription requests, article
submissions, letters, comments, and questions
to 1650 Minden Dr., San Diego, CA 92111-7124.
Phone: (858) 279-4273. E-mail: shape@enrichment.org.
Please share and photocopy any part of
this newsletter, as long as you credit the source,
its editors, and the authors. This publication is
NOT FOR RESALE.
Visit our website at www.enrichment.org!
12
Get Your Shape Subscription Digitally!
The Shape of Enrichment offers downloadable subscriptions in which you
receive your issues as digital PDFs. Subscribers to the downloadable version of
The Shape of Enrichment enjoy many benefits:
• E-mail notification when each issue is published and ready to download —
no more waiting for the postal service!
• Color photos!
• Store your issues on your hard drive — no more lost or torn issues.
• Print only what you need; re-print whenever you like.
• Access to Shape’s online Enrichment Idea Database as part of your subscription.
To take advantage of our downloadable subscriptions, you MUST be a registered user on our website. To register, go to www.enrichment.org, click on
Register, and complete the form. Be sure to make a note of your user name
and password — you will need these when you log on! Also, if your contact
information changes — especially your e-mail — remember to update your
user account.
Hard copies of The Shape of Enrichment are still available, but increased postage fees are reflected in the cost of the subscription and when ordering back
issues. All The Shape of Enrichment back issues and some of the International
Conference on Environmental Enrichment (ICEE) Proceedings are available
through our Publication Download feature. Take the “green” step and start
your digital Shape subscription today!
Contents: Volume 20, No. 4 2011
Features
1
Introducing Nutrias with the Help of Enrichment
by Thais Susana M. Pereira, Fabiana Lúcia André, Ricardo César Cardoso, Laura Reisfeld, Laura Ippolito Moura, Manuela G.F.G. Sgai, and Cristiane Schilbach Pizzutto
3 Improving an Environment for Rescued Orangutans
by Hsin-I Hsieh, Hsiao-Wei Kuo, Fong-Chi Fu, and Ming-Hsung Chang
5 Helping a Brown Bear: Use of Enrichment to Reduce Stereotypical Behavior
by Ursula Taviera, Eduardo Tunes, Thamires de Amorim, Juliana 6
Souza, Laura Côrtes, Cristiane Pizzutto, and Anderson Augusto
Findings of the Benefits of an Enriched Environment for Mice
by Lei Cao, Xianglan Liu, En-Ju D. Lin, Chuansong Wang,
Eugene Y. Choi, Veronique Riban, Benjamin Lin, and Matthew J. During
7 Outdoor Options for Two-Toed Sloths
by Carin Cloete
by Teresa Power
8 Papier-mâché Balloons for Lion-Tailed Macaques
Renewal Notice 9
...And Then Some 10
Video Library 11

Introducing Nutrias with the Help of Enrichment

Transcription

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