Metalcutting Technical Guide (A) General Turning

Turning
GENERAL TURNING
Steel, cast steel, long chipping malleable iron.
Basic grades
CT5005 (HT) – P05 (P01 — P10)
An uncoated titanium-based cemented carbide – a cermet. This grade is designed to
give maximum performance in super-finishing of steel and cast-iron when exceptional
surface finish is required.
GC4005 (HC) – P05 (P01 — P15)
A CVD-coated grade with excellent resistance to crater wear and plastic deformation. A very good choice when machining
dry, long engagement times or high cutting
speeds. For medium to rough steel turning
applications.
CT5015 (HT) – P10 (P01 — P20)
An uncoated cermet with excellent resistance to built-up-edge and plastic deformation. New formula with improved toughness.
For finishing of low alloy and alloy steels
when high surface quality and/or low cutting
force are required. fn x ap < 0.35 mm2
GC4015 (HC) – P15 (P01 — P30)
CVD-coated carbide grade for finishing to
light roughing of steel and steel castings at
high cutting speeds in wet and dry applications. Is able to withstand high temperatures
without sacrificing edge security.
GC4025 (HC) – P25 (P10 — P35)
CVD-coated carbide grade for finishing to
roughing of steel and steel castings. The
combination of a wear resistant coating and
a tough substrate allows the grade to handle continuous cuts as well as interrupted
cuts at high metal removal rates.
GC1525 (HC) – P15 (P05 — P25)
A PVD coated cermet with very high wear
resistance and good edge toughness. For
finishing and semi-finishing of low carbon
and low alloyed steels. To be used when
good surface quality is demanded at medium to high cutting speeds. fn x ap < 0.35
mm2.
10
C7
Steel
20
GC2025 (HC) – P35 (P25 — P40)
CVD-coated carbide grade. Alternative
choice for toughness demanding steel applications.
GC235 (HC) – P45 (P30 — P50)
CVD-coated carbide grade for roughing of
steel and steel castings under the most unfavourable conditions. The tough substrate
provides extremely good edge security
which allows the grade to handle heavy
interrupted cuts at low speeds.
GC
4005
CT
5015
GC
1525
C6
30
GC
4015
GC
1025
GC
4025
B
C
D
E
F
GC
2015
GC
4035
GC
2025
40
50
A
Complementary grades
Basic grades
CT
5005
GC2015 (HC) – P25 (P20 — P30)
CVD-coated carbide grade. Combined with
geometries providing sharp cutting action,
this grade is recommended for finishing to
light roughing of carbon steels and other
”sticky” alloys
➠
01 C8
GC1025 (HC) – P25 (P10 — P35)
PVD-coated micro-grain carbide. Recommended for finishing of low carbon steel
and other ”sticky” steel alloys when excellent surface finish or sharp cutting action is
needed. Great resistance to thermal shock
makes it also suitable for intermittent cuts.
Wear resistance
P
ANSI
ISO
GC4035 (HC) – P35 (P20 — P45)
CVD-coated carbide grade for roughing of
steel and steel castings under unfavorable
conditions. The tough substrate allows the
grade to handle interrupted cuts at high
metal removal rates.
Complementary grades
GC
235
C5
Toughness
P
G
➠
Letter symbols specifying the designation of hard
cutting materials:
The position and form of the grade symbols indicate the
suitable field of application.
Hardmetals:
HW
HT
HC
Uncoated hardmetal containing primarily tungsten
carbide (WC)
Uncoated hardmetal, also called cermet, containing
primarily titanium carbides (TIC) or titanium nitrides
(TIN) or both.
Hardmetals as above, but coated.
Centre of the field of
application.
}
Recommended field of
application.
A 67
H
Turning
GENERAL TURNING
M
Austenitic/ferritic/martensitic stainless steel, cast steel, manganese steel, alloy cast iron,
malleable iron, free cutting steel.
Basic grades
A
B
C
GC1025 (HC) – M15 (M10 — M25)
PVD-coated micro-grain carbide. Recommended for finishing of stainless steels
when close tolerances, excellent surface
finishes or sharp cutting action is needed.
Great resistance to thermal shock makes it
also suitable for intermittent cuts.
GC2035 (HC) – M35 (M25 — M40)
PVD-coated carbide. Recommended for
semi-finishing to roughing of austenitic
stainless and duplex stainless steels at low
to moderate cutting speeds. Great resistance to thermal shock makes it ideal for
applications with fast intermittent cuts.
Complementary grades
GC2015 (HC) – M15 (M05 — M25)
CVD-coated carbide grade for finishing and
light roughing of stainless steels. A substrate, which can handle high temperatures,
combined with a wear resistant coating makes this grade a first choice for continuous
cuts at moderate to high cutting speeds.
GC1525 (HC) – M10 (M05 — M15)
A PVD coated cermet. Very high wear
resistance and good edge toughness. Low
smearing tendency. Exellent for finishing of
stainless steel under favorouble conditions.
To be used at high speeds and relatively low
feeds.
fn x ap < 0.35 mm2
GC2025 (HC) – M25 (M15 — M35)
CVD-coated carbide optimized for semifinishing to roughing of austenitic stainless
and duplex stainless steels at moderate
cutting speeds. Good resistance to thermal
shock and mechanical shock provides
excellent edge security also for interrupted
cuts.
GC1005 (HC) – M15 (M05 — M20)
PVD-coated carbide. The combination of a
hard fine grain substrate with good plastic
deformation resistance and a coating with
high wear resistance at high temperatures,
makes this grade suitable for finishing of
stainless steels at high speeds.
GC4025 (HC) – M15 (M05 — M20)
CVD-coated carbide grade for finishing
to light roughing of stainless steels. The
combination of a wear resistant coating and
a tough substrate makes the grade suitable
for stainless steel castings.
GC4035 (HC) – M25 (M15 — M30)
CVD-coated carbide grade, which may
be used for semi-finishing to roughing of
stainless steels at moderate cutting speeds.
Good resistance to thermal shock and
mechanical shock provides excellent edge
security also for interrupted cuts.
GC235 (HC) – M40 (M25 — M40)
CVD-coated carbide grade for roughing of
stainless steels and stainless steel castings
with difficult skin. The tough substrate provides extremely good edge security which allows the grade to handle heavy interrupted
cuts at low to moderate speeds.
D
K
E
Cast iron, chilled cast iron, short chipping malleable iron.
Basic grades
CC650 (CM) – K01 (K01 — K05)
Mixed Al2O3-based ceramic. Recommended for high speed finishing of grey cast
irons and hardened cast irons under stable
conditions.
F
G
H
CB7050/CB50 (BN) – K05 ( K01 — K10
An extremely hard Cubic Boron Nitride
grade. High edge toughness and good wear
resistance makes it optimal for high speed
finishing of grey cast iron under continuous
as well as interrupted conditions.
CC6090 (CC) – K10 (K01 — K20)
Pure silicon nitride based ceramic providing
good wear resistance at high temperatures.
Recommended for high speed roughing to
finishing of cast irons under good conditions. Is able to handle some interruptions.
GC1690 (CC) – K10 (K05 — K15)
A CVD coated silicon nitride ceramic grade.
The properties of GC1690 makes it highly
recommendable for light roughing, medium
and finishing applications in cast iron.
A 68
GC3205 (HC) – K05 (K01 — K15)
CVD-coated cemented carbide consisting of
a thick, smooth wear resistant coating and a
very hard substrate. Recommended for high
speed turning of grey cast-iron (GCI).
GC 3210 (HV) – K10 (K05 — K20)
CVD-coated cemented carbide consisting of
a thick, smooth wear resistant coating and a
very hard substrate. Recommended for high
speed turning of nodular cast-iron (NCI).
GC3215 (HC) – K15 (K10 — K25)
CVD-coated cemented carbide consisting
of a smooth wear resistant coating and
a hard substrate capable of withtanding
demanding interrupted cuts. Recommended
as first choice for roughing of all cast-irons
at low to medium cutting speeds.
Complementary grades
CC620 (CA) – K01 (K01 — K05)
"Pure" Al2O3-based ceramic. Recommended for high speed finishing of grey cast
irons under stable and dry conditions.
CT5005 (HT) – K05 (K01 – K05)
An uncoated cermet for super-finishing of
nodular cast-iron. The grade is the most
wear- and plastic deformation-resistant cermet. It has very good resistance to built-up
edge formation. When high-quality surfaces,
small cutting forces and/or close tolreances
are required. Feed/D O C cross-section
smaller than 0.35 square-mm.
CT5015 (HT) – K05 (K01 — K10)
An uncoated cermet grade with excellent
resistance to built-up-edge and plastic deformation. For finishing of nodular cast irons
when high surface quality, close tolerances
and/or low cutting forces are required.
fn x ap < 0.35 mm2
GC4015 (HC) – K15 (K05 — K25)
CVD-coated carbide grade for finishing to
roughing of grey and nodular cast irons at
high cutting speeds. Is able to withstand
high temperatures without sacrificing edge
security.
H13A (HW) – K20 (K10 — K30)
Uncoated carbide grade. Combines good
abrasive wear resistance and toughness.
For moderate to low speeds and high feeds
in cast iron.
Turning
40
–
➠
GC
4035
GC
2025
GC
2035
GC
235
Basic grades
CC
650
Complementary grades
CB50
CB7050
10 C3
20 C2
CC
6090
GC
1690
CC
620
GC
3205
GC
3210
CT
5005
CT
5015
GC
3215
GC
4015
A
B
➠
01 C4
Wear resistance
–
GC
4025
GC
1005
Toughness
30
GC
1025
GC
1525
GC
2015
C
Wear resistance
–
ANSI
ANSI
20
ISO
–
Complementary grades
D
H13A
Toughness
Cast iron
K
10
Basic grades
➠
Stainless steel
M
ISO
GENERAL TURNING
➠
30 C1
E
Hardmetals:
HW
Uncoated hardmetal containing
primarily tungsten carbide (WC).
HT
Uncoated hardmetal, also called
cermet, containing primarily titanium
carbides (TIC) or titanium nitrides
(TIN) or both.
HC
Hardmetals as above, but coated.
Ceramics:
CA
Oxide ceramics containing primarily
aluminium oxide (Al2O3).
CM
Mixed ceramics based on aluminium
oxide (Al2O3) but containing components other than oxides.
CC
Ceramics as above, but coated.
The position and form of the grade symbols indicate
the suitable field of application.
Centre of the field of
application.
}
F
Recommended field of
application.
G
H
A 69
Turning
GENERAL TURNING
N
Non ferrous metals
Basic grades
A
H10 (HW) – N15 (N01 — N25)
Uncoated carbide grade. Combines excellent abrasive wear resistance and edge
sharpness. For rough to finish turning of
Aluminum alloys.
CD1810 (HC) – N10 (N01 — N15)
A diamond-coated grade for finishing to
roughing of aluminium, magnesium, copper,
brass, plastics etc. The diamond-coating
gives excellent wear-resistance and less
built-up-edge, which results in high surface
quality.
CD10 (DP) – N05 (N01 — N10)
A polycrystalline diamond grade for finishing
and semi-finishing of non-ferrous and nonmetallic materials. Gives long tool life, clean
cut and good finish.
Complementary grades
H13A (HW) – N15 (N05 — N25)
Uncoated carbide grade. Combines good
abrasive wear resistance and toughness
for medium to rough turning of aluminium
alloys.
B
S
C
D
E
Heat resistant and super alloys
Basic grades
CC670 (CA) – S15 (S05 — S25)
A silicon carbide whisker reinforced aluminium oxide based ceramic with excellent
bulk toughness. Primarily recommended
for heat resistant alloys under unfavourable
conditions.
S05F (HC) – S05 (S05 — S15)
CVD-coated carbide. For high speed finishing in HRSA, or long cuts at lower speeds.
For applications where notch is not a significant problem ie round inserts, small entry
angle and softer materials, this grade can
also be used in roughing applications.
GC1005 (HC) – S15 (S05 — S20)
PVD-coated carbide. The combination of a
hard fine grain substrate with good plastic
deformation resistance and a coating with
high wear resistance at high temperatures,
makes this grade most suitable for Ni, Fe or
Co-based heat resistant super alloys.
GC1025 (HC) – S15 (S10 — S25)
PVD-coated micro-grain carbide. Recommended for heat resistant super alloys
and Titanium alloys at low speeds. Great
resistance to thermal shock and notch wear
makes it suitable for long cuts or intermittent cuts.
Complementary grades
CC650 (CA) – S05 (S01 — S10)
Mixed Al2O3-based ceramic. Could be used
in semi-finishing operations of high-temp
alloys in applications with low demand on
edge security.
H10 (HW) – S10 (S01 — S15)
Uncoated carbide grade. Combines excellent abrasive wear resistance and edge
sharpness. For finish turning of heat resistant steels and titanium alloys
H10A (HW) – S10 (S01 — S20)
Uncoated carbide grade. Combines good
abrasive wear resistance and toughness for
medium to rough turning of heat resistant
steels and titanium alloys.
H10F (HW) – S15 (S15 — S30)
Uncoated fine-grain carbide grade. Recommended for heat resistant super alloys or
Titanium alloys at very low speeds. Great
resistance to thermal shock and notch wear
makes it suitable for long cuts or intermittent cuts.
H13A (HW) – S15 (S10 — S30)
Uncoated carbide grade. Combines good
abrasive wear resistance and toughness for
medium to rough turning of heat resistant
steels and Titanium alloys.
F
H
Hardened materials
G
Basic grades
H
CB7020/CB20(BN) – H20 (H10 — H25)
High performance Cubic Boron Nitride
grade. First choice for continuous and light
interrupted cuts in hardened steel.
CC670 (CA) – H10 (H05 — H15)
A silicon carbide whisker reinforced aluminium oxide based ceramic with excellent
bulk toughness. Recommended for hard
part turning under unfavourable conditions.
CB7050/CB50 (BN) – H25 (H20 — H30)
An extremely hard Cubic Boron Nitride
Grade. High edge toughness and good wear
resistance makes it first choice for interrupted cuts in hardened steel.
GC 4015 (HC) – H15 (H05 — H25)
CVD-coated carbide grade for finishing to
roughing of hardened materials. Is able to
withstand high temperatures without sacrifying edge security.
CB7015(BN) – H15 (H01 — H20)
A high-performance, low-content CBN
grade. First choice for continuous and light,
interrupted cuts at high cutting speeds in
case-hardened steel.
A 70
CC6050 (CC) – H05 (H01 — H10)
A mixed aluminium oxide based ceramic
grade with good thermal properties and
wear resistance. Primarily recommended for
light continuous finishing.
H13A (HW) – H20 (H15 — H25)
Uncoated carbide grade. Combines good
abrasive wear resistance and toughness
for turning of hardened materials at low
speeds.
Turning
) Polycrystalline diamond and
polycrystalline boron nitride are
also named superhard cutting
materials.
➠
Wear resistance
H10
H13A
20 C2
A
Toughness
Non-ferrous
metals
10 C3
30 C1
B
–
S05F
10
–
20
–
30
–
C
Complementary grades
➠
01
Basic grades
CC
670
Wear resistance
S
ANSI
Heat resistant and super alloys
CC
650
GC
1005
H10A
GC
1025
H13A
H10F
D
➠
Boron nitride:
BN Polycrystalline boron
nitride1).
CD
10
CD
1810
Toughness
Diamond:
DP Polycrystalline diamond1).
Complementary grades
01 C4
ISO
Ceramics:
CA Oxide ceramics containing
primarily aluminium oxide
(Al2O3).
CM Mixed ceramics based on
aluminium oxide (Al2O3)
but containing components other than oxides.
CN Nitride ceramics containing primarily silicon nitride
(Si3N4).
CC Ceramics as above, but
coated.
Basic grades
➠
Hardmetals:
HW Uncoated hardmetal
containing primarily tungsten carbide (WC).
HT Uncoated hardmetal, also
called cermet, containing
primarily titanium carbides
(TIC) or titanium nitrides
(TIN) or both.
HC Hardmetals as above, but
coated.
N
Ni-based
Letter symbols specifying the
designation of hard cutting
materials:
ANSI
ISO
GENERAL TURNING
–
10
–
H10
H10A
GC
1025
H13A
–
30
–
F
H10F
➠
20
Wear resistance
01
E
Toughness
Ti-based
S
➠
1
➠
01 C4
10 C3
20 C2
30 C1
CC
6050
CC
670
CB
7015
CB 20
CB
7020
CB 50
CB
7050
GC
4015
H13A
➠
Recommended field
of application.
Complementary grades
Wear resistance
}
Basic grades
Toughness
Centre of the field
of application.
H
Hardened
materials
The position and form of the
grade symbols indicate the
suitable field of application.
ANSI
ISO
G
A 71
H
Turning
A
B
Overview of grades
P
ISO P = Steel
M
ISOM = Stainless steel
K
ISO K = Cast iron
N
ISO N = Aluminum and non-ferrous
materials
S
ISO S = Heat resistant
super alloys
H
ISO H = Hardened materials
E
Toughness
For first choice recommended grade and
geometry used on material and type of application.
F
ISO-P
ISO-M
ISO-K
GC
5015
GC
1525
GC
1025
GC
4015
GC
4025
GC
2015
GC
4035
GC
2025
GC
235
GC
1525
GC
1005
GC
1025
GC
4025
GC
2015
GC
4035
GC
2025
GC
2035
GC
235
CC
620
CC
650
CC
6090
CT
5015
GC
3015
GC
3005
GC
4015
ISO-N
CD10
ISO-S
ISO-H
CC
650
CC
6080
CC
670
CB
7020
CD
1810
S05F
H10
GC
1005
H13A
H10A
Stable
CB20
CB
7050
CB
50
CC
650
CC
670
H13A
H13A
Conditions
D
Grades
Wear resistance
C
GC1025
GC
3025
Unstable
Mixed material group inserts
Material group
G
P
Geometry
H
M
K
K
P
M
P
GC4025, GC2015
GC4015
-WR
GC4025
GC4015
-QM
-QR
GC4025, GC2025
GC4015
GC2025
GC2025, GC2015
-PR
Double sided
GC4025, GC2025
GC4015
GC2025
-MR
Single sided
GC4025, GC2025
GC4015
GC2025, GC2015
GC4025, GC2025
GC4015
A 72
M
Recommended grade
-WF
-WM
KNMX-71
KNUX
S
GC1005, GC2025
Turning
COATED CARBIDE (HC)
CVD = Chemical Vapour Deposition coated grades — GC2015,
GC2025, GC2135, GC235, GC3205, GC3210, GC3215,
GC3115, GC4005, GC4015, GC4025, GC4035, S05F,
and CD1810.
TiN
PVD = Physical Vapour Deposition coated grades — GC1005,
GC1020, GC1025, GC1525, GC2035, GC2145 and GC4125.
TiN
TiN
Ti (C,N)
Ti (C,N)
GC1005 (M15, S15)
GC1005 has a 4 µm PVD coating of
TiAlN-TiN. This tough and wear resistant
coating, in combination with a very hard
and fine grained substrate, provides the
needed properties to have sharp cutting
edges and a high security against chip
hammering. A grade for close tolerances
and excellent surface finish for finishing in
HRSA and stainless steels.
GC2015 (M15, P25)
GC2015 has a substrate designed for high
cutting speeds. A tough gradient zone
close to the surface provides excellent
line security. The multi-layer coating of 5.5
microns gives very good heat and wear
protection and reduces friction and hence
the formation of built-up edges.
A
Al2O3
Al2O3
TiAlN
GC2135 (M30, P35, S30)
GC2135 is based on a tough substrate
with very good resistance to thermal and
mechanical shocks. On top of that is a thin
4 µm CVD TiCN- Al2O3-TiN coating, which
provides very good flank wear resistance
and reduces friction and hence the formation of built-up-edges. This is a grade with
very good bulk and edgeline toughness. To
be used at low to medium cutting speeds.
B
C
TiN
TiN
TiN
Al2O3
TiAlN
D
Ti (C,N)
GC1020 (M20, P25)
GC1020 has a 1-2 µm PVD TiN coating on
top of a very fine grained substrate developed for high quality threading. Excellent
performance in all three material groups P,
M and K.
GC2025 (M25, P35)
GC2025 consists of a 5.5 µm CVD
TiCN- Al2O3-TiN coating on a substrate
which features excellent resistance to both
mechanical and thermal shock. This gives
excellent adhesion with high wear resistance to crater wear and plastic deformation
at high temperatures. Also reduces friction
and hence the formation of built-up-edges.
GC2145 (M40, P45, S40)
GC2145 has an even tougher substrate
than GC2135 but still with a very good resistance to thermal and mechanical shocks.
The tough and wear resistant coating, a 4
µm PVD coating of TiAlN-TiN, in combination with the very tough substrate makes
GC2145 the perfect choice for cut-off
to centre and other applications with an
extreme demand on toughness. To be used
at low cutting speeds.
E
F
TiN
TiAlN
TiN
TiN
TiAlN
Ti (C,N)
TiC
GC1025 (M15, S15, P25)
GC1025 has a 4 µm PVD coating of
TiAlN-TiN. This tough and wear resistant
coating, in combination with a very fine
grained substrate, provides the needed
properties to have sharp cutting edges and
a high security against chip hammering.
A grade for close tolerances and excellent surface finish for finishing in stainless
steels.
GC2035 (M25)
GC2035 has a 4 µm PVD coating of
TiAlN-TiN, which provides very good wear
resistance, toughness and reduces friction,
hence the formation of built up edges.
The good resistance to both mechanical
and thermal shock of GC2025 is preserved in GC2035. A grade with maximum
edge toughness, ideal for both intermittent machining at high speeds in the M25
area and for heavy roughing where cutting
speeds are limited.
GC235 (M40, P45)
GC235 has a very tough substrate, which
provides and extremely good edge scurity.
It is coated with a 2.5 µm CVD TiC-TiCNTiC for added wear resistance and lower
friction. GC235 is very good in demanding
roughing applications, e.g. interrupted cuts
and low speeds. Works well in steel and
stainless steel at low to moderate speeds.
A 73
G
H
Turning
COATED CARBIDE (HC)
TiN
Al2O3
Al2O3
Ti (C,N)
TiN
Al2O3
Ti (C,N)
Ti (C,N)
A
GC3205 (K05, P05)
GC3205 is a CVD-coated cemented carbide
consisting of a 15 microns thick, smooth
wear resistant coating and a very hard substrate. This grade is designed to withstand
high temperatures without being deformed.
It is optimized for high speed turning of grey
cast-iron (GCI).
B
GC3115, GC3020 (K15, P15)
Based on a hard substrate with a good
resistance to plastic deformation due to
high hot hardness. The top performance
CVD coating of TiCN and Al2O3 provides
an excellent flank wear resistance. Ideal for
grooving and turning operations in cast iron
with high cutting speeds. Also for cut-off
under stable conditions.
TiN
Al2O3
C
TiN
Al2O3
Ti (C,N)
D
GC3210 (K10, P10)
GC3210 is a CVD-coated cemented carbide
consisting of a thick, smooth wear resistant
coating and a very hard substrate. It is
optimized for high speed turning of nodular
cast-iron (NCI)
E
F
TiN
Al2O3
Ti (C,N)
G
GC3215 (K15, P10)
GC3215 is a CVD-coated cemented carbide
consisting of a smooth, wear resistant
coating and a hard substrate. This grade
is capable of withstanding demanding
interrupted cuts. It is recommended as the
general choice for roughing of all types of
cast-iron at low to medium cutting speeds.
H
A 74
Ti (C,N)
GC4005 (P05)
GC4005 has a very thick, 18 microns, CVD
coating (TiCN-Al2O3-TiCN). Under the coating is a hard substrate with a thin gradient
zone giving extra edge-line toughness. This
provides the grade with excellent resistance
to crater wear and plastic deformation. A
very good choice when machining dry, long
engagement times or at high cutting speeds.
Suitable for medium to roughing of steel.
TiN
Al2O3
Ti (C,N)
GC4015 (P15, K15)
GC4015 has a thick, 14 µm, CVD
TiCN- Al2O3-TiN coating. The coating has
an extremely good wear resistance and is
golden coloured for easy wear detection.
Under the coating there is a hard substrate with a thin gradient zone close to
the surface. Because of this, the grade can
withstand high cutting temperatures and
still have a good edgeline security. This makes GC4015 ideal for high cutting speeds
and dry machining in the P15 area. A top
performing grade. Also a good choice for
machining of grey and nodular cast iron.
TiN
GC4035 (P35, M25)
GC4035 has a coating of the same type
as GC4025. The coating brings wear
resistance to the grade. The substrate is
tougher than GC4025 and has a gradient
zone close to the surface. GC4035 is a
good choice in applications with demands
on both toughness and resistance to plastic
deformation. It works very well in interrupted cuts. A secure grade for high productive
applications in the P35 area, the tough
steelworker. Also suitable for stainless steel
machining in the M25 area when extra wear
resistance is sought.
TiN
TiAlN
GC4125 (P30, M25, K30, S25)
GC4125 has a 4 µm PVD coating of
TiAlN-TiN. This tough and wear resistant
coating, in combination with a very fine
grained substrate, makes the grade both
hard and tough. A true all-round grade that
works good in most types of materials and
operations.
TiN
Al2O3
Ti (C,N)
Al2O3
Ti (C,N)
GC4025 (P25, M15)
GC4025 has a thick layer of Al2O3 on top
of a medium sized TiCN layer. A thin TiN
outer layer gives the grade a yellow colour
for easy wear detection. The total thickness
of this CVD coating is approx. 12 µm. The
substrate is rather hard but has a large
gradient zone that brings toughness and
better edgeline behaviour to the grade.
The combination of a thick wear resistant
coating and a hard substrate with excellent edge security has made GC4025 very
popular. It works extremely well in P25
applications but also in stainless steels and
cast iron. Used in many different operations.
S05F (S05)
S05F has a thin 4 µm CVD TiCN- Al2O3-TiN
coating on top of a very hard and finegrain substrate. This grade is optimized
for finishing cuts in HRSA. To be used in
conditions where notch is not a significant problem, i.e. shallow depths of cuts,
round inserts, small entry angle and softer
materials.
Turning
CERMET
UNCOATED CARBIDE (HW)
Uncoated cermet (HT)
CT5005 (P05, K05)
CT5005 is an uncoated cermet for superfinishing of steel. The substrate is very hard
and wear resistant. It has high resistance
against plastic deformation and built-up
edge formation. Suitable for high-quality
surfaces, close tolerances and small cutting
forces. Feed/D O C cross-section smaller
than 0.35 square-mm.
H10 (N15, S10)
H10 is an uncoated fine-grain carbide
grade. Combines excellent abrasive wear
resistance and edge sharpness. For rough
to finish turning of aluminum alloys. Also
suitable for finish turning of HRSA and
Titanium alloys.
H13A (K20, S15, N15)
H13A is an uncoated carbide grade. Combines good abrasive wear resistance and
toughness. For rough to finish turning of
heat resistant alloys, Titanium alloys, cast
irons and Aluminum alloys.
A
B
C
CT5015 (P05, K05)
CT5015 is an uncoated titanium based
cemented carbide, more frequently called
a cermet. Titanium instead of tungsten
improves the chemical stability and makes
CT5015 ideal for machining of smearing
materials. CT5015 is a hard wear resistant grade with good resistance to plastic
deformation. A pure cobalt binder adds
toughness and security to the substrate.
Keeping the grade uncoated ensures that
a sharp edge is maintained throughout the
tool life. This means good surface finish
and low cutting forces. A finishing grade for
high quatlity surfaces at both high and low
cutting speeds.
H10A (S10)
H10A is an uncoated carbide grade. Combines good abrasive wear resistance and
toughness for medium to rough turning of
heat resistant steels and Titanium alloys.
D
E
Coated cermet (HC)
F
TiN
Ti (C,N)
G
GC1525 (P15, M10)
GC1525 is a PVD coated cermet for finishing and semi-finishing. The substrate is
of the same kind as CT5015 but tougher.
The 3 µm PVD coating of TiCN-TiN adds
wear resistance and resistance to plastic
deformation. The coating is chosen due to
superior compatibility with the substrate,
minimizing the risk of flaking. GC1525 is our
toughest available cermet for high process
security and good surface finish.
H10F (S15)
H10F is an uncoated fine-grain carbide
grade. Recommended for heat resistant
super alloys or Titanium alloys at very low
speeds. Great resistance to thermal shock
and notch wear makes it suitable for long or
intermittent cuts.
H
A 75
Turning
CERAMICS
Pure ceramic (CA):
Silicon nitride based
ceramic (CN):
Coated ceramic (CC):
TiN
Al2O3
A
B
CC620 (K01)
CC620 is a pure oxide ceramic grade based
on alumina with a small addition of zirconium oxide to give it improved toughness.
CC620 is designed for high cutting speed
applications in cast iron and steel under
stable conditions. Coolant should not be
used.
CC6090 (K10)
CC6090 is a pure silicon nitride ceramic
grade well suited for roughing to finishing of
grey cast iron at high speeds under stable
conditions.
GC1690 (K10)
GC1690 is a silicon nitride substrate with a
1 µm thin Al2O3 -TiN coating. The properties of GC1690 make it highly recommendable for light roughing, medium and finishing
applications in cast iron.
C
D
CC670 (S15, H10)
CC670 is a silicon carbide "whisker"
reinforced ceramic grade, where the
whiskers are randomly orientated within the
host material. It is particularly well suited
for high speed machining of heat resistant
super alloys and hardened materials where
demands are high for security or toughness.
E
Mixed ceramic (CM):
F
G
H
CC650 (K01, H05, S05)
CC650 is a mixed ceramic grade based
on alumina with an addition of titanium
carbide. It is primarily recommended for
finishing operations in cast iron, hardened
steel, hardened cast iron and heat resistant
super alloys where the combination of wear
resistant and good thermal properties is
required.
A 76
CC6050 (H05)
CC6050 is a mixed ceramic grade based on
alumina with an addition of titanium carbide.
The high hot-hardness, the good level of
toughness makes the grade suitable as first
choice for case-hardened steel (50 – 65
HRc) in applications with good stability or
with light interrupted cuts.
Turning
Cubic Boron Nitride
DIAMOND
CBN (BN)
Polycrystalline Diamond (DP)
A
CB20 (H01)
CB20 is a cubic Boron Nitride (cBN) grade
based on cBN with an addition of titanium nitride. Typically, this grade consists
of one cBN tip, which is brazed onto a
carbide carrier. A grade with high chemical
resistance as well as high wear resistance
for finishing operations in hardened steel
and hardened cast iron.
CB50 (K05, H05)
CB50 is a pure cubic Boron Nitride
(cBN) grade with very high abrasive wear
resistance and toughness. Typically, this
grade consists of one cBN tip, which is brazed onto a carbide carrier. CB50 is primarily
recommended for cast iron and hardened
materials in tough conditions.
CD10 (N05)
CD10. a polycrystalline diamond grade ,
is composed of fine to medium-fine grain
crystals with an average diamerer of 7 µm.
It is recommended for finishing and
semi-finishing of non-ferrous and
non-metallic materials.
B
C
CB7015 (H15)
CB7015 is a cubic boron nitride (CBN)
grade based on CBN with an addition of
a fine-grain titanium binder. The grade
is designed for high-speed finishing of
case-hardened steels (58 – 65 HRc) where
high-quality surfaces are required.
CVD diamond coated carbide
(HC)
D
TiN
Diamond
TiN
CB7020 (H01)
CB7020 is a cubic Boron Nitride (cBN)
grade based on cBN with an addition of
titanium nitride. For superior bonding and
security, the cBN material is sintered (not
brazed) onto each corner of the carbide
carrier, hence the name “multi-corner insert”. The insert also has a PVD TiN coating
for easy wear detection. A grade with high
chemical resistance as well as high wear
resistance for finishing operations in hardened steel and hardened cast iron.
CB7050 (K05, H05)
CB7050 is a pure cubic Boron Nitride
(cBN) grade with very high abrasive wear
resistance and toughness. For superior
bonding and security, the cBN material is
sintered (not brazed) onto each corner of
the carbide carrier, hence the name
“multi-corner insert”. The insert also has a
PVD TiN coating for easy wear detection.
CB7050 is primarily recommended for
cast iron and hardened materials in tough
conditions.
E
CD1810 (N10)
CD1810 is a CVD diamond coated insert
based on a specially adapted substrate.
The extremely wear resistant coating of 6
– 8 µm high purity dimond provides excellent properties for the machining of non-ferrous alloys.
F
G
H
A 77
Turning
Cutting data
Tc min
0.7 0.3 0.1
15 min
A
Feed and speed
The following contain recommended cutting data for machining
the more common materials. In the tables, cutting speeds for
different materials and feeds are given. The values are calculated on the basis of a tool life of 15 minutes and should be regarded as starting values.
B
C
D
E
vc m/min
105
Qz cm3/min
Selecting feed
In rough turning operations power and stability of the machine
and the chip forming ability are often limiting factors. The most
economical choice of cutting data, i.e., maximum metal removal rate, is obtained with a combination of high feed and moderate cutting speed with limiting factors taken into consideration.
The power available in the machine can sometimes be too low.
In such cases it is necessary to reduce the cutting speed to suit.
When selecting feeds for finishing operations, surface finish,
tolerance and chipbreaking requirements should be taken into
consideration. Surface finish is determined by the combination
of feed rate and insert nose radius, as well as the workpiece
stability, clamping and the overall condition of the machine.
Chipbreaking is determined by the selection of insert geometry.
The Wiper geometry inserts should be an obvious candidate for
finishing operations which will affect the choice of feeds.
Selecting cutting speed
fn = mm/r
Qz = metal removal: cm3/min
vc = cutting speed: m/min
fn = feed: mm/r
differs in hardness from those values, the recommended cutting speed should be multiplied by a factor obtained from the
table. If the entering angle is less than 90°, the cutting speed
may be increased with maintained tool life.
Cutting speeds are given for a specific material hardness and
for an entering angle κr = 90°. If the material being machined
F
Difference in hardness
Reduced hardness
CMC No.
G
H
01
02
03
05
06
07
08
09
20
CMC No.
04
A 78
Increased hardness
Hardness Brinell (HB)
–80
–60
–40
–20
0
+20
+40
+60
+80
1.26
1.18
1.12
1.21
1.21
1.31
1.14
1.08
1.25
1.07
1.26
1.11
Hardness Rockwell (HRC)
–6
1.07
1.05
1.10
1.10
1.13
1.03
1.10
1.03
-
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
0.95
0.94
0.91
0.91
0.87
0.96
0.92
0.97
-0.90
0.90
0.91
0.84
0.85
0.80
0.92
0.86
0.95
-
0.86
0.79
0.79
0.73
0.80
0.93
0.82
0.83
0.75
0.91
–3
0
+3
+6
+9
1.10
1.02
1.0
0.96
0.93
0.90
Turning
Common exceptions
① Difference in hardness
If your material has another hardness than HB ≈ 180, you
should adjust cutting speed (vc) according to the table.
Here is the same example as above but the hardness is
220 HB.
220 – 180 = +40
The table gives a correction factor of 0.91.
A
vc 220HB = 0.91 x vc 180 HB =
0.91 x 425 = 387 m/min
B
Values for standard corner radius
② A specified Ra value for the surface finish
The example gives you a Ra value of around 1.25 µm. Nose
radius 0.8 and fn = 0.2.
See the tables for surface finish.
If you need Ra ≈ 0.7. you should adjust the feed rate according to the tables.
Ra ≈ 0.7 gives fn ≈ 0.15.
Wiper inserts
Wiper inserts give a much better surface finish at the same
feed rates. Increased feed rates will give the same surface
finish. (Ra ≈ 1.25 gives fn ≈ 0.35.)
Values for Wiper radius
C
D
Always consider Wiper inserts as first choice if possible.
E
F
③ To adjust the cutting speeds for a
G
longer tool life
Most cutting speeds are suitable to achieve a tool life of 15
minutes. If you would like to adjust the cutting speeds for a
longer tool life, see below.
According to ① the cutting speed chosen is 387 m/min.
A tool life of 30 minutes gives you 387 x 0.87 = 337 m/min.
Tool
life (min)
Correction
factor
10
15
20
25
30
45
60
1.10
1.0
0.95
0.90
0.87
0.80
0.75
A 79
H
Turning
Cutting speed recommendations
The recommendations are valid for use with cutting fluid.
CMC
No.
Material
Specific Hardcutting
ness
Brinell
force
kc 0.4
➠
ISO
WEAR RESISTANCE
CT5005
GC1525
CT5015
hex, mm ≈ feed, fn mm/r at κr 90°-95°
0.05 – 0.1 – 0.2
Steel
P
B
ISO
0.05 – 0.1 – 0.2
0.05 – 0.1 – 0.2
Cutting speed, vc m/min
01.1
01.2
01.3
Unalloyed steel
C = 0.1– 0.25%
C = 0.25 – 0.55%
C = 0.55 – 0.80%
2000
2100
2200
125
150
170
700 – 570 – 430
650 – 530 – 420
560 – 480 – 390
650 – 540 – 440
570 – 480 – 385
510 – 425 – 340
560 – 465 – 380
495 – 415 – 335
430 – 365 – 295
02.1
02.12
02.2
02.2
Low-alloy steel,
(alloying elements ≤ 5%)
Non-hardened
Ball bearing steel
Hardened and tempered
Hardened and tempered
2150
2300
2550
2850
180
210
275
350
545 – 460 – 370
335 – 275 – 210
295 – 235 – 170
480 – 400 – 320
285 – 235 – 190
230 – 190 – 150
375 – 320 – 255
200 – 165 – 135
160 – 135 – 110
03.11
03.21
High-alloy steel
(alloying elements >5%)
Annealed
Hardened tool steel
2500
3900
200
325
-
-
-
395 – 330 – 250
195 – 165 – 130
260 – 215 – 175
145 – 115 – 90
06.1
06.2
06.3
Steel castings
Unalloyed
Low-alloy (alloying elements ≤ 5 %)
High-alloy, alloying elements > 5 %)
2000
2100
2650
180
200
225
-
-
-
260 – 215 – 175
270 – 225 – 170
200 – 165 – 125
225 – 185 – 145
175 – 145 – 105
140 – 115 – 85
Hardness
Brinell
CMC Material
No.
C
HB
➠
A
N / mm2
Specific
cutting
force
kc 0.4
WEAR RESISTANCE
GC1005
GC1525
GC1025
hex, mm ≈ feed, fn mm/r at κr 90°-95°
0.1 – 0.2 – 0.3
0.1 – 0.2
Stainless steel
E
Cutting speed, vc m/min
05.11
05.12
05.13
Stainless steel
– Bars/forged
Ferritic/martensitic
Non-hardened
PH-hardened
Hardened
2300
3550
2850
200
330
330
290 – 240
170 – 150
170 – 150
380 – 305 – 245
350 – 280 – 225
245 – 195 – 160
280 – 215 – 170
155 – 125 – 100
165 – 135 – 120
05.21
05.22
05.23
Stainless steel
– Bars/forged
Austenitic
Austenitic
PH-hardened
Super austenitic
2300
3550
2950
180
330
200
220 – 195
195 – 170
145 – 130
410 – 330 – 265
220 – 175 – 145
245 – 200 – 160
265 – 220 – 170
155 – 125 – 100
185 – 160 – 130
05.51
05.52
Stainless steel
– Bars/forged
Austenitic-ferritic
(Duplex)
Non-weldable
Weldable
2550
3050
230
260
-
-
315 – 255 – 205
280 – 225 – 185
210 – 170 – 130
190 – 140 – 110
15.11
15.12
15.13
Stainless steel – Cast
Ferritic/martensitic
Non-hardened
PH-hardened
Hardened
2100
3150
2650
200
330
330
-
-
-
-
265 – 220 – 170
135 – 110 – 80
145 – 120 – 90
15.21
15.22
15.23
Stainless steel – Cast
Austenitic
Austenitic
PH-hardened
Super austenitic
2200
3150
2700
180
330
200
-
-
-
-
235 – 180 – 150
135 – 110 – 80
175 – 150 – 125
15.51
15.52
Stainless steel – Cast
Austenitic-ferritic
(Duplex)
Non-weldable
Weldable
2250
2750
230
260
-
-
-
-
190 – 140 – 100
170 – 130 – 90
Hardness
Brinell
F
ISO
HB
➠
M
D
N / mm2
0.1 – 0.2 – 0.3
≥ 0.05%C
< 0.05%C
≥ 0.05%C
< 0.05%C
Specific
cutting
force
kc 0.4
CMC Material
No.
WEAR RESISTANCE
CB7050/CB50
CC620
CC650
hex, mm ≈ feed, fn mm/r at κr 90°-95°
0.1 – 0.25 – 0.4
G
Cast iron
K
H
A 80
N / mm2
HB
07.1
07.2
Malleable cast iron
Ferritic (short chipping)
Pearlitic (long chipping)
940
1100
130
230
08.1
08.2
Grey cast iron
Low tensile strength
High tensile strength
1100
1150
180
220
09.1
09.2
09.3
Nodular SG iron
Ferritic
Pearlitic
Martensitic
1050
1750
2700
160
250
380
0.1 – 0.25 – 0.4
0.1 – 0.25 – 0.4
Cutting speed, vc m/min
-
-
-
1700 – 1450 – 1200
1450 – 1250 – 1050
-
-
-
800 – 700 – 600
700 – 590 – 500
800 – 700 – 600
700 – 600 – 500
800 – 700 – 600
760 – 650 – 540
800 – 700 – 600
760 – 650 – 540
-
-
-
610 – 550 – 450
510 – 450 – 350
350 – 305 – 260
Turning
TOUGHNESS
GC4005
GC1025
GC4015
GC4025
GC2015
GC4035
GC2025
➠
GC235
hex, mm ≈ feed, fn mm/r at κr 90°-95°
0.1 – 0.3 – 0.5
0.1 – 0.4 – 0.8
0.1 – 0.4 – 0.8
0.1 – 0.4 – 0.8
0.1 – 0.4 – 0.8
0.1 – 0.4 – 0.8
0.1 – 0.4 – 0.8
0.1 – 0.4 – 0.8
590 – 430 – 315
530 – 385 – 280
505 – 365 – 265
540 – 390 – 285
485 – 350 – 255
460 – 330 – 240
485 – 330 – 230
430 – 290 – 205
405 – 275 – 195
440 – 300 – 210
400 – 270 – 190
370 – 250 – 175
405 – 260 – 190
365 – 235 – 170
345 – 220 – 160
295 – 200 – 145
265 – 180 – 130
250 – 170 – 120
185 – 135 – 95
165 – 120 – 85
155 – 115 – 80
Cutting speed, vc m/min
310 – 255 – 195
280 – 225 – 180
260 – 210 – 170
-
-
-
585 – 390 – 270
505 – 335 – 235
315 – 220 – 165
250 – 180 – 130
530 – 355 – 245
460 – 305 – 215
340 – 240 – 185
275 – 190 – 150
435 – 290 – 205
380 – 255 – 180
285 – 200 – 155
230 – 160 – 125
395 – 265 – 190
350 – 230 – 160
260 – 180 – 140
210 – 145 – 110
285 – 175 – 130
250 – 155 – 110
175 – 115 – 80
140 – 90 – 65
220 – 145 – 100
195 – 125 – 85
145 – 95 – 65
115 – 75 – 50
155 – 110 – 70
110 – 70 – 50
85 – 55 – 39
-
-
-
425 – 280 – 205
210 – 135 – 110
385 – 255 – 190
190 – 120 – 90
285 – 195 – 145
130 – 90 – 70
260 – 180 – 130
115 – 85 – 65
225 – 145 – 100
105 – 65 – 45
185 – 125 – 85
85 – 55 – 38
145 – 100 – 65
65 – 45 – 30
-
-
-
320 – 225 – 175
275 – 195 – 150
210 – 145 – 110
285 – 205 – 160
250 – 175 – 135
195 – 130 – 100
230 – 170 – 125
200 – 135 – 95
175 – 120 – 85
210 – 155 – 110
180 – 120 – 85
160 – 110 – 75
175 – 130 – 95
155 – 95 – 65
135 – 90 – 65
140 – 105 – 80
125 – 80 – 55
110 – 75 – 50
100 – 80 – 60
95 – 65 – 45
80 – 60 – 39
A
B
TOUGHNESS
GC2015
GC4025
GC4035
GC2025
GC2035
GC235
➠
C
hex, mm ≈ feed, fn mm/r at κr 90°-95°
0.2 – 0.4 – 0.6
0.2 – 0.4 – 0.6
0.2 – 0.4 – 0.6
0.2 – 0.4 – 0.6
0.2 – 0.4 – 0.6
0.2 – 0.4 – 0.6
Cutting speed, vc m/min
265 – 225 – 200
125 – 100 – 75
150 – 125 – 90
260 – 220 – 205
125 – 100 – 90
145 – 120 – 100
225 – 190 – 170
85 – 65 – 50
100 – 70 – 50
230 – 175 – 135
110 – 70 – 50
120 – 80 – 55
180 – 160 – 130
85 – 65 – 45
95 – 70 – 50
130 – 110 – 90
70 – 55 – 45
75 – 60 – 50
280 – 225 – 190
125 – 95 – 80
170 – 150 – 110
290 – 240 – 210
130 – 100 – 90
160 – 135 – 115
195 – 155 – 120
95 – 70 – 55
130 – 105 – 80
240 – 175 – 130
100 – 70 – 55
130 – 100 – 75
170 – 145 – 115
85 – 65 – 45
100 – 90 – 70
115 – 100 – 85
70 – 55 – 45
85 – 70 – 60
240 – 205 – 160
200 – 165 – 130
220 – 185 – 160
190 – 150 – 130
180 – 140 – 110
130 – 115 – 105
190 – 150 – 110
150 – 120 – 90
160 – 135 – 105
130 – 110 – 85
105 – 95 – 80
95 – 80 – 70
255 – 215 – 175
105 – 75 – 60
115 – 95 – 65
250 – 210 – 185
100 – 70 – 60
110 – 90 – 70
195 – 160 – 150
75 – 55 – 40
85 – 60 – 45
220 – 160 – 120
85 – 55 – 40
120 – 80 – 55
170 – 145 – 115
70 – 50 – 40
75 – 60 – 50
115 – 100 – 85
60 – 45 – 35
65 – 50 – 40
220 – 180 – 150
105 – 75 – 60
160 – 125 – 105
220 – 180 – 155
105 – 80 – 70
145 – 115 – 100
155 – 120 – 95
75 – 55 – 40
115 – 90 – 70
200 – 155 – 115
85 – 55 – 40
130 – 90 – 65
150 – 120 – 95
70 – 50 – 40
100 – 80 – 60
100 – 90 – 75
65 – 45 – 33
80 – 65 – 55
205 – 165 – 145
175 – 155 – 115
185 – 150 – 140
160 – 140 – 120
165 – 125 – 100
115 – 100 – 95
150 – 120 – 90
125 – 105 – 80
130 – 110 – 85
105 – 95 – 75
95 – 80 – 70
90 – 75 – 65
D
E
TOUGHNESS
CC6090
GC1690
CT5005
CT5015
GC3205
GC3210
GC4015
GC3215
H13A
0.05 – 0.1 – 0.2
0.1 – 0.2 – 0.3
0.1 – 0.3 – 0.6
0.1 – 0.3 – 0.6
0.1 – 0.3 – 0.6
0.1 – 0.3 – 0.6
0.1 – 0.3 – 0.5
➠
F
hex, mm ≈ feed, fn mm/r at κr 90°-95°
0.2 – 0.4 – 0.6
0.2 – 0.4 – 0.6
Cutting speed, vc m/min
G
740 – 600 – 500
640 – 500 – 400
740 – 600 – 500
640 – 500 – 400
300 – 260 – 225
225 – 195 – 175
200 – 165 – 135
140 – 115 – 95
505 – 415 – 325
410 – 340 – 265
415 – 350 – 265
350 – 280 – 215
340 – 280 – 215
265 – 230 – 175
290 – 235 – 185
230 – 190 – 150
140 – 125 – 110
125 – 110 – 90
740 – 600 – 500
690 – 540 – 435
740 – 600 – 500
690 – 540 – 435
500 – 405 – 310
405 – 330 – 250
320 – 260 – 220
280 – 235 – 205
600 – 475 – 375
440 – 355 – 280
500 – 395 – 300
360 – 295 – 225
380 – 320 – 250
300 – 250 – 210
310 – 275 – 210
250 – 200 – 160
180 – 145 – 110
140 – 115 – 95
580 – 450 – 345
480 – 350 – 250
325 – 260 – 220
350 – 300 – 250
310 – 260 – 210
-
255 – 200 – 160
230 – 195 – 170
115 – 95 – 85
385 – 360 – 275
350 – 330 – 250
305 – 280 – 220
350 – 335 – 250
310 – 300 – 225
280 – 260 – 190
305 – 240 – 185
270 – 220 – 165
210 – 170 – 120
270 – 215 – 165
245 – 190 – 150
210 – 170 – 130
135 – 125 – 95
125 – 115 – 90
100 – 85 – 65
-
-
-
H
A 81
Turning
Cutting speed recommendations
The recommendations are valid for use with cutting fluid.
CMC
No.
Material
Specific
cutting
force
kc 0.4
Hardness
Brinell
➠
ISO
WEAR RESISTANCE
CD1810
CD10
hex, mm ≈ feed, fn mm/r at κr 90°-95°
0.05 – 0.4
N / mm2
Non-ferrous
metals
N
B
ISO
30.11
30.12
Aluminium alloys
500
60
2000 (2500 – 250)1)
2000 (2500 – 250)1)
2000 (2500 – 250)1)
Wrought or wrought and aged
800
100
2000 (2500 – 250)1)
2000 (2500 – 250)1)
2000 (2500 – 250)1)
30.21
30.22
Aluminium alloys
Cast, non-aging
Cast or cast and aged
750
900
75
90
2000 (2500 – 250)1)
2000 (2500 – 250)1)
2000 (2500 – 250)1)
2000 (2500 – 250)1)
2000 (2500 – 250)1)
2000 (2500 – 250)1)
30.41
30.42
Aluminium alloys
Cast, 13–15% Si
Cast, 16–22% Si
950
950
130
130
1550 (1950 – 195)1)
770 ( 960 – 95)1)
770 ( 960 – 95)1)
510 ( 640 – 65)1)
450 - (560 – 55)1)
300 - (375 – 38)1)
33.1
33.2
33.3
Copper and copper
alloys
Free cutting alloys, ≥1 % Pb
700
110
500 ( 630 – 65)1)
500 ( 630 – 65)1)
Brass, leaded bronzes, ≤1% Pb
700
90
500 ( 630 – 65)1)
500 ( 630 – 65)1)
500 ( 630 – 65)1)
500 ( 630 – 65)1)
1750
100
300 ( 375 – 38)1)
300 ( 375 – 38)1)
300 ( 375 – 38)1)
CMC
No.
Bronze and non-leadad copper incl.
electrolytic copper
Specific
cutting
force
kc 0.4
Material
Hardness
Brinell
WEAR RESISTANCE
CC650
hex, mm ≈ feed, fn mm/r at κr 90°-95°
0.1 – 0.2
N / mm2
Heat resistant
material
E
ISO
HB
G
Cutting speed, vc m/min
Iron base
Annealed or solution treated
Aged or solution treated and aged
3000
3050
200
280
20.21
20.22
20.24
Nickel base
Annealed or solution treated
Aged or solution treated and aged
Cast or cast and aged
3300
3600
3700
250
350
320
400 – 320
340 – 265
220 – 160
385 – 315 – 270
325 – 270 – 230
295 – 245 – 210
20.31
20.32
20.33
Cobalt base
Annealed or solution treated
Solution treated and aged
Cast or cast and aged
3300
3700
3800
200
300
320
345 – 260
300 – 225
285 – 225
345 – 255 – 205
300 – 225 – 175
285 – 225 – 170
Titanium alloys2)
23.1
23.21
23.22
CMC
No
Rm 3)
Commercial pure (99.5% Ti)
α, near α and α+β alloys, annealed
α+β alloys in aged cond., β alloys, annealed or aged
1550
1700
1700
400
950
1050
Material
Specific
cutting
force
kc 0.4
Hardness
Brinell
-
-
-
H10
H10A
0.1 – 0.2 – 0.3
0.1 – 0.3 – 0.5
205 – 170 – 145
85 – 70 – 55
80 – 60 – 50
195 – 160 – 135
80 – 65 – 55
80 – 60 – 50
0.05 – 0.15 – 0.25
N / mm
04.1
Hard steel
Extra hard steel
Hardened and tempered
Hardened and tempered
3250
5550
45 HRC
60 HRC
10.1
Chilled cast iron
Cast or cast and aged
2800
400
0.05 – 0.15 – 0.25
260 – 195 – 164
180 – 150 – 120
-
-
The cutting speeds, shown in the table, are valid for all feeds within the feed range.
45–60° entering angle, positive cutting geometry and coolant should be used.
3)
Rm = ultimate tensile strength measured in MPa.
2)
Choosing polycrystalline diamond tipped inserts (PCD) or carbide inserts?
The PCD grade CD10 and diamond coated grade CD1810 could be a useful alternative to cemented carbide
for finishing and semi-finishing in non-ferrous metals and non-metallic materials.
A 82
H13A
0.1 – 0.3 – 0.5
180 – 150 – 125
75 – 60 – 50
70 – 55 – 45
Use cemented carbide for
– chip control
– edge security
– low cost per edge
– setting up of new jobs
– unstable conditions
0.1 – 0.25 – 0.4
Cutting speed, vc m/min
1)
Use diamond for
– exceptionally long tool life
– excellent surface finish
– machining economy
– stable conditions
-
WEAR RESISTANCE
Non-ferrous materials
H
-
CB7020/CB20
CB7050/CB50
CB7015
hex, mm ≈ feed, fn mm/r at κr 90°-95°
HB
2
Hardened
material
0.1 – 0.2 – 0.3
20.11
20.12
F
H
0.1 – 0.2 – 0.3
CC670
Heat resistant super alloys
➠
D
0.15 – 0.8
Wrought or wrought and coldworked,
non-aging
C
S
0.15 – 0.8
Cutting speed, vc m/min
➠
A
HB
H10
-
150 – 120 – 100
180 – 150 – 120
Turning
TOUGHNESS
➠
H13A
hex, mm ≈ feed, fn mm/r at κr 90°-95°
0.15 – 0.8
Cutting speed, vc m / min
A
1900 (2400 – 240)1)
1900 (2400 – 240)1)
1900 (2400 – 240)1)
1900 (2400 – 240)1)
400 ( 500 – 50)1)
250 ( 315 – 31)1)
B
450 ( 560 – 55)1)
450 ( 560 – 55)1)
270 ( 340 – 34)1)
TOUGHNESS
S05F
GC1005
H10A
H13A
GC1025
H10F
0.1 – 0.3 – 0.5
0.1 – 0.3 – 0.5
0.1 – 0.3 – 0.5
0.1 – 0.3 – 0.5
➠
C
hex, mm ≈ feed, fn mm/r at κr 90°-95°
0.1 – 0.2 – 0.3
0.1 – 0.3 – 0.5
Cutting speed, vc m / min
160 – 135 – 110
125 – 105 – 85
175 – 120 – 80
150 – 100 – 70
85 – 70 – 55
65 – 55 – 40
80 – 65 – 50
60 – 50 – 40
75 – 60 – 45
55 – 45 – 35
70 – 55 – 40
50 – 40 – 30
100 – 85 – 70
90 – 75 – 60
80 – 65 – 55
90 – 55 – 30
80 – 50 – 27
70 – 45 – 24
55 – 40 – 32
40 – 32 – 21
26 – 21 – 16
50 – 40 – 30
40 – 30 – 20
25 – 20 – 15
45 – 35 – 25
35 – 25 – 15
23 – 17 – 12
40 – 30 – 20
30 – 20 – 10
20 – 15 – 10
100 – 85 – 70
90 – 75 – 60
80 – 65 – 55
90 – 60 – 30
80 – 50 – 27
70 – 45 – 24
55 – 40 – 32
40 – 32 – 21
26 – 21 – 16
50 – 40 – 30
40 – 30 – 20
25 – 20 – 15
45 – 35 – 25
35 – 25 – 15
23 – 17 – 12
40 – 30 – 20
30 – 20 – 10
20 – 15 – 10
H10F
0.1 – 0.3 – 0.5
160 – 135 – 115
65 – 55 – 45
65 – 50 – 40
D
GC1025
0.1 – 0.3 – 0.5
E
160 – 135 – 115
65 – 55 – 45
65 – 50 – 40
TOUGHNESS
CC6050
CC670
H13A
➠
GC4015
hex, mm ≈ feed, fn mm/r at κr 90°-95°
0.1 – 0.25 – 0.4
0.1 – 0.25 – 0.4
0.1 – 0.3 – 0.6
0.1 – 0.3 – 0.6
F
Cutting speed, vc m / min
140 – 105 – 70
120 – 90 – 60
140 – 120 – 95
120 – 100 – 80
45 – 30 – 23
-
60 – 40 – 25
-
120 – 90 – 60
120 – 90 – 60
35 – 20 – 11
45 – 25 – 14
G
CBN in cast iron, hardened and heat resistant materials
Cubic boron nitride grades CB7020, CB7015, CB20, CB7050 and CB50
CBN inserts can increase productivity in many difficult metal cutting operations — up to 100 times better than
carbide or ceramics in terms of longer tool life and/or higher metal removal rate.
H
CBN is recommended primarily for finishing operations:
CB7050/CB50 for cast iron and heat resistant materials.
CB7015/CB7020/CB20 for continuous and light interrupted cuts in hardened parts.
A 83
Turning
General cutting data recommendations for cast iron, hardened steels
and heat resistant super alloys (advanced tool materials)
The following tables show recommended grade and cutting data for each application area.
The bars indicate the general working areas and the darker areas the most common ranges.
The lines in the bars are recommended starting values.
A
The cutting data for cast iron machining in the table below are given for continuous cuts.
For interrupted cuts reduce the feed rate and the depth of cut.
B
CAST IRON MACHINING
Cutting tool
material
ISO
CMC1)
K
C
Ability to
Cutting speed,
take inter- vc m/min
rupted cuts
300 400 500 600 700
07 CC620
08 Pure ceramic
Feed,
fn mm/r
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
Depth of cut,
ap mm
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 3.0 5.0 7.0
NO
CC650
Mixed ceramic
NO
CC6050
D
Mixed ceramic
YES
CC6090
Silicon nitride
GC1690
E
Cast iron
Coated silicon
nitride
F
CB7050
Cubic boron
nitride
CB50
Cubic boron
nitride
09 CC620
Pure ceramic
G
YES
YES
YES
YES
2)
2)
NO
CC650
Mixed ceramic
NO
CC690
Silicon nitride
H
GC1690
Coated silicon
nitride
1)
Coromant Material Classification
CMC 07 = Malleable cast iron
CMC 08 = Grey cast iron
CMC 09 = Nodular cast iron
A 84
YES
YES
2)
High cutting speeds are recommended, up to 2000 m/min. Use the
same cutting speeds for cast iron with low, max 5%, ferrite contents
Turning
NON FERROUS METALS
Material
ISO
Cutting tool material2)
500 1000 1500 2000 2500
CMC1)
N
30.11
30.12
Cutting speed,
vc m/min
Feed,
fn mm/r
0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40
Aluminium alloys
CD10
Non-ferrous metals
A
30.21
30.22
Aluminium alloys
30.41
30.42
Aluminium alloys
33.1
33.2
33.3
Copper and
copper alloys
CD10
CD10
B
CD10
C
HEAT RESISTANT SUPER ALLOYS
Material
Cutting tool material2)
CMC1)
Ni-based
Finishing /
Light roughing
20.21
Annealed or
solution treated
ISO
Heat resistant super alloys
S
1)
2)
CC670
Roughing
Cutting speed,
vc m/min
200 300 400 500 600
D
Feed,
fn mm/r
0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40
CC670
E
20.22
Aged or
solution treated
and aged
CC670
CC670
20.24
Cast or
cast and aged
CC670
CC670
F
vc m/min
20.31
fn m/min
200 300 400 500 600
Co-based
Annealed or
solution treated
CC670
CC670
20.32
Solution treated
and aged
CC670
CC670
20.33
Cast or
cast and aged
CC670
CC670
0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40
G
H
Coromant Material Classification
Finishing: ap = 0.3 - 1.0 mm
fn = 0.05 - 0.20 mm/r
Medium: ap = 0.7 - 2.5 mm
fn = 0.12 - 0.30 mm/r
Roughing: ap = 2 - 5 mm
fn = 0.15 - 0.45 mm/r
These cutting data are valid for ceramic cutting materials.
A 85
Turning
HARD PART TURNING
Cutting tool
material
ISO
Operation
CMC1)
H
04.1
B
Hard part turning
HARDENED STEEL
A
50
CC6050
FINISHING
Mixed ceramic
Continuous cuts
CB7015
FINISHING
Cubic boron
nitride
Continuous cuts
CB20
CB7020
FINISHING
Continuous cuts
CC670
FINISHING
Cubic boron
nitride
Whisker
reinforced
ceramic
CB20
CB7020
Cubic boron
nitride
C
Cutting speed,
vc m/min
100 150 200 250
Feed,
fn mm/r
0.1
Depth of cut,
ap mm
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
1.0
1.5
Interrupted cuts
FINISHING
Interrupted cuts
CB7050
FINISHING
Cubic boron
nitride
Interrupted cuts
HARDENED CAST IRON
D
Cutting tool
material
ISO
Component
10.1
E
Feed,
fn mm/r
Depth of cut,
ap mm
75 100 125
0.25 0.50
0.75
1.0
2.0 4.0 6.0
8.0 10.0
vc m/min
50 75 100 125 150
fn mm/r
0.25 0.50
0.75
1.0
ap mm
2.0 4.0 6.0
8.0 10.0
vc m/min
50 100 150 200 250
fn mm/r
0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50
25
CMC1)
H
Cutting speed,
vc m/min
50
GC1690
Coated silicon
nitride
CC6090
Silicon nitride
NEW ROLLS
With skin
CAST IRON
F
G
Hardened cast iron
CC670
Whisker
reinforced
ceramic
CC670
Whisker
reinforced
ceramic
CC650
Cubic boron
nitride
CC670
Whisker
reinforced
ceramic
1)
Without skin
Mixed ceramic
CB50
H
NEW ROLLS
REWORK OF
ROLLS
General
REWORK OF
ROLLS
With cracks
Coromant Material Classification
Note: For larger rolls use lower cutting speed and higher feed.
For smaller rolls use higher cutting speed and lower feed.
A 86
ap mm
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0
Turning
Turning without coolant – no problem for modern inserts
Dry turning is highly feasible and there
are many successful applications in operation. Turning and milling are the easiest
machining operations to perform without
coolant and there is a requirment from
industry in general to question the use of
coolants. Major considerations, however,
are the cost of buying, using, handling
and disposal of coolants – some 15% of
the manufacturing cost of a typical component, as well as the environment.
Modern indexable inserts are fully capable of dry machining. The development
of tool materials, especially that of coated cemented carbide grades, has provided inserts that stand up to higher
machining temperatures than before by
having more resistance to plastic deformation and thermal cracking. In many
modern CNC-machine operations with
high speeds and feeds, coolants are insufficient or wrongly directed anyway to
have any real effect and in some cases
cause negative thermal variations.
can easily be tested. In some cases minimum quantity lubrication might be an
alternative as some operations such as
threading, reaming, boring and parting
and grooving are more sensitive.
When successfully applied, dry machining has provided:
- higher productivity
- improved chip control
- lower machining costs
- improved chip handling
- improved environment
Checklist for application :
-
-
-
assess the component, operations and machinery as regards
the effects of dry machining
optimize each machining operation, especially as regards tools,
cutting data, economic tool-life
and chip disposal
test effects of dry machining on
component quality, accuracy and
surface finish
A
B
C
D
A higher cutting zone temperature is in
many instances a positive factor if the
insert grade is correctly chosen. Many of
the modern coated grades have been developed with dry machining in mind. Built
up edge formation on the cutting edge
and poor chip formation are examples of
negative consequences of lower temperatures. Some tool materials and operations are negatively affected by thermal
oscillations.
E
Dry machining, however, is not suitable
for all applications. Certain component
materials and operations need coolant
to maintain the temperature at a suitalble level, such as in machining HRSA
materials, and for some drilling and boring operations to ensure chip evacuation. Compressed air may in some cases
be an alternative. Chips normally contain
excessive heat which may raise the temperature in the machine.
G
F
H
Operations, materials, component, quality demands and machinery should be carefully assessed to see what gains can
be had from turning off the coolant tap.
It is not normally necessary to re-adjust
component measuring to compensate
for the effects of dry machining but this
A 87
Turning
If problems should occur
Problem:
Cause:
Remedy:
a.
Cutting speed too high
or insufficient wear
resistance.
Reduce the cutting speed.
Select a more wear resistant grade.
b/c.
Oxidation
Select an Al2O3 coated grade.
For work hardening materials
select a smaller entering angle or
a more wear resistant grade.
B
b/c.
Attrition
Reduce the cutting speed.
(When machining heat resistant
material with ceramics increase
cutting speed.)
C
c.
Oxidation
Select a cermet grade
Excessive flank and notch wear
A
a.
Rapid flank wear causing
poor surface finish or out
of tolerance.
b/c. Notch wear causing poor
surface finish and risk of
edge breakage.
Crater wear
Excessive crater wear causing
a weakened edge. Cutting edge
breakthrough on the training
edge causes poor surface
finish.
Diffusion wear due to too high
cutting temperatures on the
rake face.
Select an Al2O3 coated grade.
Select a positive insert geometry.
First reduce the speed to obtain
a lower temperature, then reduce
the feed.
Plastic deformation
Plastic deformation
Edge depression or flank
impression
Leading to poor chip control
and poor surface finish.
Risk of excesive flank wear
leading to insert breakage
Cutting temperature too high
combined with a high pressure.
Select a harder grade with better
resistance to plasic deformation.
Edge depression
– Reduce speed
Flank impression
– Reduce feed
Built-up edge (B.U.E.)
Built-up edge causing poor
surface finish and cutting
edge frittering when the
B.U.E. is torn away.
Workpiece material is welded
to the insert due to:
D
E
F
G
Low cutting speed.
Increase cutting speed.
Negative cutting geometry.
Select a positive geometry.
H
●
A 88
Problem : Curling of long chips
Possible remedy : Increase feed and/or D O C, select a smaller nose radius
Turning
Problem:
Chip hammering
The part of the cutting edge not
in cut is damaged through chip
hammering. Both the top side
and the support for the insert
can be damaged.
Cause:
Remedy:
The chips are deflected against
the cutting edge.
Change the feed.
Select an alternative insert
geometry.
A
Frittering
Small cutting edge fractures
(frittering) causing poor surface
finish and excessive flank wear.
Grade too brittle.
Select tougher grade.
Insert geometry too weak.
Select an insert with a stronger
geometry (bigger chamfer for
ceramic inserts).
Built-up edge
Increase cutting speed or select a
positive geometry.
Reduce feed at beginning of cut.
B
C
Thermal cracks
Small cracks perpendicular
to the cutting edge causing
frittering and poor surface
finish.
Thermal cracks due to
temperature variations caused
by:
- Intermittent machining.
Select a tougher grade with better
resistance to thermal shocks.
D
Insert breakage
Insert breakage that damages
not only the insert but also the
shim and workpiece.
- Varying coolant supply.
Coolant should be applied copiously or not at all.
Grade too brittle.
Select a tougher grade.
Excessive load on the insert.
Reduce the feed and/or the depth
of cut.
Insert geometry too weak.
Select a stronger geometry,
preferably a single sided insert.
E
F
Insert size too small.
Slice fracture – Ceramics
Excessive tool pressure.
Select a thicker/larger insert.
Reduce the feed.
Select a tougher grade.
Select an insert with smaller
chamfer.
G
H
●
Problem : Vibrations
Possible remedy : Reduce cutting speed, increase feed, reduce D O C, select a smaller nose radius, select a positive geometry.
A 89