Apr 2016 - Horseless Carriage Club
Transcription
Apr 2016 - Horseless Carriage Club
April 2016 The Brass Lamp On Automotive Interest—the future of collectibles by Gary Sudin As an inquisitive child, I had a fascination with automobiles. Of course, I also had a fascination with engineering, science, literature, art, photography, electronics, music, acoustics, chemistry, creativity, and education in general. Some of those themes are potential stories for the future. At age fifteen, automobiles represented the gateway to freedom. The year was 1966, perhaps the pinnacle of Detroit’s renaissance after World War II. I had my “cheater’s permit” to drive, enabling my older brother to be in the front seat in the car with me as I learned how to properly pilot my mother’s 1966 Pontiac Catalina Station Wagon. Yes, it was the size of a large aircraft carrier with the handling and turning radius of a cow. My first car with bias ply tires and power door locks. Drum brakes all around for safety. Power steering. Our first car with seat belts. year younger than anyone in my high school class, so I was the last to drive. Some of my classmates at Ladue High School had 1965 Mustangs, Camaros, and other, “real” sports cars. How amazing that would have been, to own and drive a real sports car like one of those! An older, very wealthy friend of my brother bought a new MGB, having no idea how to drive a manual transmission. Although I did not know how to drive one myself; I was able to teach him, after getting an explanation from my grandfather. I had now driven a real sports car, a real rite of passage in my world! At that point, I didn’t know much about car mechanics. Knowing that it was important to know how to change a tire, I accomplished that one afternoon in our driveway, much to my mother’s chagrin. Luckily, the wheel stayed on the car. The first real car of my own was a 1963 Dodge 330, a nice four door sedan with many miles, and “three on the tree.” With that car I learned how to replace a clutch, rebuild an engine, fix the brakes, and steering, and suspension parts, etc. etc. It was a slant six engine with a single Carter carburetor; pretty efficient by today’s standards. While at University I went through a string of motorcycles. I became very good at diagnosing and repairing those small engines as they were not that much different than the lawn mowers I had fixed as a kid. Between the time I was nineteen and twentyone, I built a car from scratch, just for the experience. I later sold it to fund the car of my dreams, the Jaguar XKE. Continued on page 4 >> My fantasy was for a 1966 Camaro Rally Sport. Certainly, this was not a possibility of any kind and was merely a dream that many a teenager growing up in the 1960s shared. I was a Gary Sudin drives his XKE into the Concours d’Elegance show at Forest Park in 2015. Joseph F Yochim (314) 602-9498 President Mark Goldfeder (314) 878-2786 1st Vice President/Programs Sharon Mercer (636) 928-8672 2nd Vice President/Membership Louis Allen (314) 741-4158 Treasurer Susan Ebert (314-791-5461) Recording Secretary Dr. Gerald Perschbacher (314) 849-5249 Corresponding Secretary Directors Bill Albertin(2016) Al Mercer(2016) John Clark (2017) Ron Nelson(2017) Jackie Allen (2018) Mike Ebert (2018) Ron Nelson 9826 Affton View Ct. St. Louis, MO 63123 (314) 638-7131 Brass Lamp Editor Don Hoelscher (636) 939-9667 Webmaster The President’s Column… By Joseph F Yochim Greetings, everyone! It’s already the month of April? What happened? OK, let’s review March. On Sunday afternoon, March 6, I stopped in to visit my father. Dad and I were discussing the upcoming 55th Easter Concours d’ Elegance. I was telling him about the various cars and car clubs that had pre-registered. My father looks up at me and says, “Son, I will bet you that I can name three cars you never heard of. “Really, dad? Bring it on!” My father replies, “Have you ever heard of a Veale?” “No, dad, you got me.” Dad smiles and replies, “Have you ever heard of a Durante?” “No, dad, you got me again.” He laughs and says, “How about a Maxwell, Joseph?” I smile and look him right in the eye and say, “Yes, dad, I have heard of a Maxwell and, furthermore, I have actually ridden in a Maxwell.” My father’s eyes light up with delight. “Really, Joseph?” “Yes, dad. In fact, I have the ride recorded on my cell phone.” I get my cell phone and show my father a short video of me riding in HCCM club member Doug Mason’s Maxwell at the St. Charles Oktoberfest in 2014. My father, watching the short video looks at me with a smile of delight that I had not seen in months. My father received the golden ticket from the Good Lord on Tuesday evening, March 8. My older brother had stopped in to see him. They had a nice dinner, with chocolate ice cream for dessert. My father had his pajamas on and a full belly. Dad lived 99 years, nine months, and eight days. In my last image of him his eyes are filled with joy and there is a smile on his face as he is looking at the video of me riding in a Maxwell. A sincere thank you to everyone on behalf of myself and my family, especially to my HCCM friends, for the outpouring of support and condolences during our time of bereavement. Now to business. The annual downtown St. Louis St. Patrick’s www.hccmo.com (314) 991-HONK Celebrating 72 Years In St. Louis! 2 The Rick Quirin 1910 Maxwell at the September 2014 Brass and Nickel Show. Both Rick and Douglas Mason have similar Maxwells. Perschbacher Photo. R ights reserved. Day parade took place on Saturday, March 12. We lucked out on the weather. The official forecast was for ‘Overcast with intermittent showers’. President emeritus Larry Hassel had meticulously pre-registered the HCCM club members’ vehicles with the parade officials. Due to weather conditions, several club members chose to bring a different vehicle than first intended. As in many years in the past, the vehicles presented by the HCCM were welcomed with much applause and fanfare by the public. A special thank you to the following club members for displaying their vehicles on a wet and overcast day: Wayne Nolan, John Gallagher, Mr. and Mrs. Don Levy, Peter Bitzer, John Clark, Ken Crowder, Mike & Sue Ebert, Rich Rottnek, and myself. All club members and their vehicles participating in this event enjoyed the awesome venue. I would like to see the club participate with more vehicles in more parades. The more public visibility we get, the more interest is generated in our club activities. ing up to this event I was as nervous as a new bride anticipating her wedding day. I had announced at the general meeting on March 18 that the expected weather was for a 90% chance of sunshine. Unfortunately, that forecast gradually changed to 90% chance of liquid sunshine instead. But much to everyone’s delight, Sunday morning saw dry conditions and an unlimited ceiling. There is nothing like sunrise in the renovated Forest Park on the upper Muni parking lot. This organization never ceases to amaze me. On Easter morning the meticulous planning and organizing by key individuals of our club became evident. The upper Muni parking lot was methodically transformed into a spectacular venue for a car show. The show began with blue skies at the same time it was snowing in Kansas City. The rain held off until the last vehicle had left the show grounds. Everyone enjoyed the show and there has been no negative feedback. Thank you, all! Here is a 9-minute time lapse video of the St. Patricks Day Parade. You can fast forward to 1:10 minutes to see the HCCMO cars. http:// www.ksdk.com/news/local/ photos-the-2016-st-louis-stpatricks-day-parade/78080397 A brief personal note. On Monday, March 28, I, the 55th president of the HCCM, turned 55 years old. As I take a moment to reflect on what transpired in the month of March in my 55th year as the 55th president of this organization, I conclude that if this is not a sign of a promising portent, I don’t know what is! It you were unable to attend the annual HCCM St. Patrick’s day feast in conjunction with the general monthly meeting, you missed a really good meal and a really good time. First Vice President Mark Goldfeder along with Mrs. Joy Goldfeder did an absolutely spectacular job. A special thank you to all club members who assisted Mark and Joy as well as members who brought side dishes. 55th Easter Concours d’ Elegance. Well, my brothers and sisters of this organization, I must confess to you that during the days lead- To continue. The regularly scheduled April HCCM meeting will take place at 7:30 PM at Logan College. I have a surprise that I’m going to share with the membership. To further pique your interest… this item belonged to my father and is directly related to St. Louis and the history of automobiles in St. Louis. About future events. I have not had much of an opportunity to think about May events yet. Check the calendar on page 11. In the month of June we have the Father’s Day Car Show on 19 June at the Museum of Transportation. For the June 17 meeting I was thinking about doing a ‘Hot summer night’s cruise’, in which we meet early, have a very brief meeting, and then get into our cars and cruise down Route 66 to Washington, Missouri, where we eat at one of the restaurants in the Farmers’ Market area. Then, do a little bit of sightseeing and head home. In June daylight lasts until late in the evening. This idea, of course, needs to be approved by the Board. In the meantime, I ask for your feedback – is it a good idea? What are your thoughts, suggestions, and general reactions? It takes about 45 minutes to drive to Washington. In July we will visit the Gateway Historical Fire Society & Museum on Tamm Avenue, near Forest Park. Date and details TBD. Again, please give me your feedback. On 21 August is our picnic. I am attending a Post Office function in Los Angeles the previous week. I plan to take a four or five day vacation and arrive back in St. Louis on the day of the picnic. I will have pictures and door prizes from the Peterson Collection and Museum, which is one of the biggest car collections in the world. September is a busy month for us, but let’s leave that for later. Sincerely Joseph F Yochim HCCM President 3 <<< From front page The point of this anecdote is simply that I’ve always had an affection for vehicles of transportation and that my speculation is that younger folks of today do not have this affinity. Look around at a car club meeting – is anyone younger than fifty years of age? My reasons for this statement are as follows: 1) Lack of vehicles of interest. Name for me one vehicle of today that will be a collectible car twentyfive years from now. Ok, maybe a Tesla. From my observation, all as “old” cars, and then suddenly the descriptive word became “vintage” —vintage collectible cars, and vintage car races. So the price of these vehicles escalates dramatically, and anyone without means cannot afford them. I bought my “old” car in 1973, cheap, because NO ONE wanted to have a car that required constant maintenance just to keep running. At that time, NO ONE wanted a “foreign” car. Who would/could work on it? Didn’t it require differently sized sockets? Therefore, a 1966 Jaguar XKE convertible, with dramatic rust, not running; was only worth $1000 in Tesla at a power filling station four door sedans look the same, from every manufacturer, all made from the same cookie cutter. The same with every Sub Urban Vehicle, or even many sports cars. Now perhaps this comes from federally mandated safety requirements, or design innovations derived from crash tests or aerodynamics. Most everything looks the same to me. This also translates to “lack of interest.” Many young people of driving age are now waiting until their twenties to become licensed drivers, as they have no reason to learn to drive. 4 2) High entry fee into the hobby. When you are just trying to make a budget work, there probably is no room for a collector car. I certainly remember when these were known 1973. I, just like Enzo Ferrari before me, thought it was the most beautiful car in the world. It was, truly, the car of my dreams. 3) Storage, maintenance, and insurance all belong in this categor y as well. Do you have an extra bay in your garage? Do you have enough funds for a car that you really only drive in the summer time? 4) Lack of time. With childr en, a full time job, and a home and a spouse to support, there is hardly time for any hobbies, much less a collector car. I spent twenty years rebuilding my car, to the tune of my own guilt when I knew I should have been helping the family in oth- er ways. That’s one of the reasons why it took twenty years to rebuild the car. 5) Lack of safety features and performance driving skill required. It is very difficult to drive my car. It is very difficult to buy a car today without an automatic transmission, power steering, and power brakes. All of these features make driving a modern vehicle much easier. To drive a car without power brakes, power steering, or an automatic transmission, coupled with no safety features of any kind makes for a dangerous combination without the driving skillset to match. My vehicle has no anti-lock brakes, no roll bar, retrofitted seat belts (none when I purchased it), no air bags, and no crumple zones. There is a reason the song “dead man’s curve” was written back in the 1960s, when there were no real safety features in any vehicle. 6) Lack of parts. Will par ts still be available for repair or replacement of your vehicle in ten or twenty years? Even vintage parts cars in junk yards might have rusted away by then. With lack of interest, remanufacturing of these parts becomes less affordable for vendors, and parts will become rare, and very expensive. 7) Concern for the future. Will we even be able to get appropriate gasolines for our vehicles in the future? 15% ethanol will literally destroy these old engines. 10% is bad enough. My engine was built for leaded gasoline, and some very smart people figured out how to make it run well on premium unleaded gasoline. Unfortunately, I’m thinking there will be a time without car shows, just visits to museums to see the non -running transportation of the past. Awards for 2016 Easter Concours d’Elegance 1 1900-1942 1 2 3 Andrew Dorris Ron Korb Richard Bechtel 1920 Dorris K-4 Truck 1923 Ford Model T Truck 1939 Chevrolet Master 85 2 Dr 3 1943-1953 1 2 3 Carl Phillips Marie & Mike Poteat Joseph Yochim 1948 Chrysler Town & Country Convertible 1947 Mercury Sportsman Convertible 1950 Buick Special 4 Door 4 1954-1960 1 2 3 3 Richard Costanza Roger Scheppers Charles Stewart Ron Pallarito 1955 Chevrolet 210 2 Dr 1955 Chevrolet BelAir Convertible 1955 Ford Crown Victoria 2 Dr 1957 Chevrolet Bel-Air 2 Dr 6 1961-1966 1 2 3 Tom Hotchkiss Ken Spisak John Wishart 1965 Chevrolet Malibu SS Coupe 1966 Ford 7 Litre Coupe 1965 Ford Mustang Convertible 7 1967-1975 1 Steve Blumfelder 2 Jim Malloy 3 Mike McDonald 1969 Chevrolet Camaro Coupe 1970 Chevrolet Chevelle SS 2 Dr 1971 Chevrolet Monte Carlo 2 Door 9 1976-1985 1 Sandy & Jim Griffin 2 Joseph Yochim 3 Glenn Bilzing 1979 Pontiac Trans Am Coupe 1985 Pontiac Grand Prix 2 Dr 1978 Ford Thunderbird Coupe 10A CCCA Classics 1924 - 1935 1 Shawn Dougan 2 Glen & Janice Pykiet 3 Wendell Smith 1934 Packard Eight Coupe 1926 Franklin 11A Sedan 1927 Rolls Royce Phantom I All Weather 10B CCCA Classics 1936 - 1948 11 Foreign & Sports 1900 - 1991 1 Philip Taxman SS Cars Ltd 1939 Jaguar Saloon 4 Dr 2 Charles Gallagher 1941 Cadillac Sedan 4 Dr 1 Phyllis Hofmeister 2 Gary Sudin 3 Michael Kierman 1967 Austin Healey B68 3000 Roadster 1966 Jaguar XKE OTS 1968 Ferrari GT 2 + 2 1 2 3 1956 Cadillac 86 Flower Car 1972 Chevrolet C-10 Truck 1937 Dodge Pickup Truck 12 Trucks 1900 - 1991 13 Corvettes 1953 -1991 15 Original & Unrestored 1941 - 1976 1 David Hanke 2 Peter Bitzer 3 Tom Taylor 1976 Volkswagon Campmobile Van 1973 Chevrolet Chevelle Coupe 1956 DeSoto Firedome 4 Dr Original & Unrestored 1977- 1991 1 John Pritchett 2 Wayne Wehmueller 3 Susan & Michael Ebert 1991 BMW 850i Coupe 1987 Porsche 944 2 Dr 1991 Chrysler TC by Maserati Convertible Best of Show Pre WW II Andy Dorris 1920 Dorris K 4 Truck Best of Show Post WW II Richard Costanza 1 1955 Chevrolet 210 Coupe AAA Sponsor’s Award Aaron Ford 1936 Reo 16 Jim & Judy Barron Chris Thomas George Keim 1 Stan Prater 2 Leon Hill 3 Chuck Bohn 1979 Chevrolet Corvette Coupe 1988 Chevrolet Corvette Coupe 1979 Chevrolet Corvette Coupe 5 1 2 5 8 2016 Easter Concours d’Elegance Photo Credits: Dr. Gerald Perschbacher (all rights reserved) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 Ronald Nelson 7, 8, 9, page 12 Peter Bitzer 10, 11, 12 6 10 10 3 4 6 7 9 12 11 7 Meeting the Demand More Than a Century Ago By Dr. Gerald Perschbacher (all rights reserved) Kissel 1914 2-T truck Monday, September 14, 1914, made Greeks feel more secure. On that day it became public knowledge that a shipment of 50 trucks from the Kissel Motor Car Company was making way to the country of Greece on that government’s order. Oppressive actions by the weakening Ottoman Empire in what we now call Turkey threatened the lives and futures of millions of Greeks who had settled there. This was one more incident in a series of military encounters and national saberrattling that marked the preceding years. Sadly this was erupting into a more severe and unsettled condition as the First World War came crashing upon the area and much of Europe. 8 Trucks were needed for military purposes and to shift large numbers of people to safety. The order came at a welcome time for a vehicle manufacturer such as Kissel, based in Hartford, Wisconsin. It was also grand news for the Charles Abresch Company in Milwau- kee, since the trucks carried Kissel chassis with Abresch bodies. Kissel had its launch in 1909 and would run its course into 1931 before factory doors closed for good. Count this as the first major effort among car companies to meet a military demand with all good intentions that their sold products would benefit mankind. That seemed to be the valiant hope of all car companies in America. Kissel was honored since its products were not long in years but already had established a good reputation for steady and reliable service. In fact, car makers adored the opportunity to show their vehicles’ worthiness by being successful in competitive races and by producing trucks. Indeed, manufacturing the big vehicles meant that factory officials and assembly line workers had to deliver their very BEST performances or the fate of future sales were in jeopardy. Hanging in that balance of hope also was the trust of the military and of any business that relied on trucks to do their hauling. It took 28 train cars to carry the Kissel-Abresch trucks. Each transported vehicle has a regular express body plus canopy top, based on a 2 ½ ton platform. Handling the entire Greek purchase was Lieutenant E. Pappayanni, a Greek army officer who spent 10 months in America tracking down products and finalizing their purchase and shipment. One reporter noted, “Pappayanni laughed when asked if the trucks were for war purposes Winton at Boston 1905 auto show KisselKar motor and said that all were to be used in the regular channels of the Grecian army.” That was the answer, such as it was. The chassis manufacturer and body maker could only hope for the best. The people with ScrippsBooth in Detroit chose a different course for building their reputation: Speed. Officials told the public its forward glance into 1915 when they said, “Dealers who are alert to the changing fortunes of the automobile business, and who can read the ‘handwriting on the wall,’ know that the big, waiting public is hungry for the car that is as luxurious as a limousine and as light in weight as that wonderful foreign baby car that gave its dust at Indianapolis for 500 miles to the world’s biggest and most expensively built racing cars. Again at Elgin it was the small car with the HIGH SPEED MOTOR and the light construction that triumphed in the great race. “The real light car has arrived in the Scripps-Booth. It has arrived because money and mechanical genius in the evolution of the automobile have made it possible to produce tremendous efficiency, exceptional speed, and extreme luxury in a car of 1500 pounds” That was much the same line of thought that filled the minds of Kissel executives as those trucks were heading to Greece by ship. The KisselKar Model 36 was a fourcylinder invention priced at $1,450 in touring car form. The public was enticed to see and buy the car since it was “just the car for the man who exercises care and discrimination in buying. Here is a car that is not skimped, that is as light as it is possible to build an enduring car, that is masterful in its performance on all roads; that is making remarkable records in fuel and tire economy.” Here was “a complete automobile,” complete in meeting the needs of all buyers who were wisely endowed toward its purchase. An interesting production feature was the rearward two-door entry “with individual forward seats, first introduced by Kissel and already widely imitated,” said the head office. Most car makers had too few years in production as 1915 production swung in gear a century ago. But this was not the case with Winton which prided itself as The American Beauty, “free from every trace of foreign imitation.” The company prided itself on careful wording, too, claiming to be “the first company in America to manufacture a marketable motor car of any type (1898), and the first in the world to manufacturer a six-cylinder car exclusively (1907).” Overall, the production and success of car companies a century ago rested on quality, reliability, sales, economy, and performance plus good distribution points more than anything else. Kissel hoped to gain a firm hold on its future with its trucks in Greece, as did Scripps-Booth for its lightness and Winton for its continued fine reputation. It was a far different world as 1915 wound around. Yet it was similar to the desires of car makers and dealers today. Winton motorcars display at a Boston Auto Show 9 FOR SALE 1995 Corvette convertible, triple black exterior, interior, convertible top; 18,000 miles. Bought new—have invoice window sticker. 2002 Corvette convertible, speedway white with light gray leather trim seats; white convertible top; 13,000 miles. Bought new—have invoice window sticker. 2006 Corvette convertible; Monterey red with cashmere interior; beige top; 13,000 miles. Bought new—have invoice window sticker. 2002 Chevrolet Camaro Z28 SS convertible; 35th anniversary edition; rally red with ebony interior; black convertible top; 15,000 miles. Bought new—have invoice window sticker. 1928 Ford Model A completely restored to like new condition. 1951 Chevrolet; good shape; needs some work 1974 Chrysler New Yorker; family car 1974 Cadillac Coupe Deville, bought new 1975 Cadillac Eldorado, bought new Serious inquiries only to Art Delhougne, 314-803-5690 USA Trailer Tow Max Heavy Duty Tow Dolly. New, never run on the road. Discovered it was too wide for the 48-inch wheel track of my Metropolitan after it was delivered and assembled. Assembled and ready to tow away. $1,107 (same as my cost including shipping). Ronald Nelson 314-638-7131 or renpbnstl@att.net. AUTOMOTIVE PIONEERS TRIVIA CHALLENGE “Hall of Fame” Every month we will feature a description of one or more automotive pioneers. Can you guess the identity of these inventive and creative people? Answers the following month. Answers for Last Month’s Trivia: Pioneer # 5 Alexander Winton—Organized Winton Motor Carriage Company in 1897. Developed practical storage battery and successful speed governor. Pioneer # 6 John Mohler Studebaker—Owner of the Studebaker auto business Pioneer #7 1868-1938 Founded his company in 1900. He began by selling solid rubber carriage tires. He wanted the United States to produce their own rubber. He pioneered the low pressure balloon tire and overcame the problems with the thin sidewalls. Who was this great man? Answer next month. Pioneer #8 1871-1933 This Pioneer was treasurer of Studebaker in 1910; First Vice President in 1913 and President in 1915. In 1928 he negotiated the merger between Studebaker and Pierce Arrow Who was this great man? Answer next month Submitted by Bill Tabor. Most info from CHILTONS COMPLETE BOOK OF AUTOMOTIVE FACTS, Editor: Craig T. Norback. Published 1979 10 Announcing: Moon Car Club “Made in St. Louis” multi-day show and meet. June 10 Friday 9:30-Noon display and presentation— MO History Museum June 12, 10-3 PM display Museum of Transportation The Brass Lamp The Publication of the Horseless Carriage Club of Missouri, Inc. April 2016 Activities Calendar Information in this calendar is summarized. See flyers for events —go to www.midwestswapmeets.com 2016 SWAP MEETS CAR SHOWS, ETC. April 9 Auto & Cycle Swap, Effingham Fairgrnds May 1 STL Model T club, Gateway Raceway, IL May 21 Missouri Baptist Medical Ctr. North Lot June 9-12 Made in St. Louis, Moon Car Club June 17-18 My Car Meet, Sedalia, MO Fairgrounds June 19 Father’s Day Show, Mus. of Transport August 19-21 Ozark Empire Fairgrounds, Springfield MO September 11 Wheels in Motion, Westport Plaza September 16-17 My Car Meet, Sedalia, MO Fairgrounds September 18 HCCM Show & Swap Meet, Hlywd Casino September 25 Oktoberfest, St. Charles October 9 Brass & Nickel Show, Mus. Of Transport 2016 Club Events Calendar April 15 May 20 June 17 June 19 July 15 August 21 September 16 October 21 November 18 7:30 General Meeting, Logan 6:30 Strawberry festival— Intro new members, Logan 7:30 General Meeting, Logan Father’s Day Car Show, MOT 7:30 General meeting, Logan Picnic—11 AM Schroeder Park 7:30 General Meeting, Logan 6:30 White Elephants, Logan 6:30 Chili Cook-off, Logan Alert! Please check the club web site monthly at HCCMO.com for notices of club event cancellations or changes in time or location due to weather or other circumstances. Member Incentive— At each general membership meeting from now through June, the club’s Board of Directors has provided for drawing numbers for eight raffle tickets to be given to eight attending members. This is a $25 value. Each raffle ticket provides a chance to win a 1958 Mercedes 180D (photo, right) being offered by the Museum of Transportation on Father’s Day. Be sure to attend for your chance to get a free raffle ticket Reminder for Volunteers Volunteering to work at the September Swap Meet event held by the club earns credit toward free admission to the annual Christmas dinner and party. The Brass Lamp is a monthly publication of The Horseless Carriage Club of Missouri ©2016 All Rights Reserved. Material from this newsletter may be reprinted or shared by our club members with proper citation and written consent from the editor. 11 A Publication of the Horseless Carriage Club of Missouri, Inc. The Brass Lamp The impressive 1948 Chrysler Town and Country woody driven to the check-in table at the Easter Show by Carl Phillips . See award results on page 5 and photos on pages 6-7. www.hccmo.com (314) 991-HONK