redcliff wharf bristol - Cotswold Archaeology

Transcription

REDCLIFF WHARF
BRISTOL
ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVALUATION
PHASE 2
For
WESTMARK DEVELOPMENTS
CA REPORT: 07080
SEPTEMBER 2007
REDCLIFF WHARF
BRISTOL
ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVALUATION
PHASE 2
CA PROJECT: 2301
CA REPORT: 07080
Author:
Mark Collard
Approved:
Simon Cox
Signed:
…………………………………………………………….
Issue: 01
Date: 3 SEPTEMBER 2007
This report is confidential to the client. Cotswold Archaeology accepts no responsibility or liability to any
third party to whom this report, or any part of it, is made known. Any such party relies upon this report
entirely at their own risk. No part of this report may be reproduced by any means without permission.
© Cotswold Archaeology
Building 11, Kemble Enterprise Park, Kemble, Cirencester, Gloucestershire, GL7 6BQ
Tel. 01285 771022
Fax. 01285 771033
E-mail: info@cotswoldarch.org.uk
Redcliff Wharf, Bristol: Archaeological Evaluation: Phase 2
CONTENTS
SUMMARY........................................................................................................................ 3
1.
INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................. 4
The site ................................................................................................................ 4
Archaeological objectives .................................................................................... 6
Methodology ........................................................................................................ 6
2.
RESULTS ............................................................................................................ 7
Trench 11 (Fig. 3) ................................................................................................ 7
Trench 12 (Fig. 4) ................................................................................................ 9
Trench 13 (Fig. 5) ................................................................................................ 9
Trench 14 (Fig. 6) ................................................................................................ 10
Trench 15 (Fig. 7) ................................................................................................ 11
Trench 16 (Fig. 8) ................................................................................................ 12
Trench 17 (Fig. 9) ................................................................................................ 13
The Finds ............................................................................................................. 14
3.
DISCUSSION....................................................................................................... 23
4.
CA PROJECT TEAM ........................................................................................... 24
5.
REFERENCES .................................................................................................... 24
APPENDIX 1: CONTEXT DESCRIPTIONS...................................................................... 27
APPENDIX 2: THE FINDS................................................................................................ 35
APPENDIX 3: OBSERVATIONS ON THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF GLASS MANUFACTURE
AT REDCLIFF WHARF BY DAVID DUNGWORTH.......................................................... 40
1
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Fig. 1
Site location plan (1:25,000)
Fig. 2
Trench location plan (1:500)
Fig. 3
Trench 11; plan (1:100)
Fig. 4
Trench 12; plan and section (1:50)
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Trench 15; plan (1:50)
Fig. 8
Trench 16; plan and sections (1:50)
Fig. 9
Trench 17; plan and sections (1:100 & 1:50)
2
SUMMARY
Site Name:
Redcliff Wharf
Location:
Bristol
NGR:
ST 58942 72368
Type:
Evaluation
Date:
30 April – 20 July 2007
Location of Archive:
To be deposited with Bristol’s Museums, Galleries and Archives
Accession no.
BRSMG 2007/36
Site Code:
RWB 07
An archaeological evaluation was undertaken by Cotswold Archaeology between April and
July 2007 at the request of Westmark Developments at Redcliff Wharf, Bristol. Seven
trenches were excavated across the development area.
Evidence for land reclamation was recorded along the waterfront, taking place at least from
the 18th century. Wharf walls, pre-dating the existing 19th-century waterfront, were
recorded. Further evidence for the structures of an extensive 18th-century glassworks was
recorded within the northern and eastern areas of the site, including brick floors and flues,
supplementing evidence from a previous phase of evaluation in 2005. A fragment of a high
temperature flue with vitrified surfaces from glassworking, previously recorded in a 1989
investigation was re-exposed. This may have formed part of a large glass cone depicted on
18th-century maps, but no other structural remains of this were encountered in the
evaluation. Deposits containing considerable quantities of glassworking waste were
recovered, often in association with deposits of primary waste, including kiln furniture, from
the manufacture of tin-glazed earthenware and stoneware; these derived from a 18thcentury pottery manufactory, which must have been in close proximity to the site.
The planform and some floor surfaces of a 19th-century Warehouse and Counting House,
and part of a residential dwelling were recorded, with good correspondence to maps and
plans from 1828 and the rest of the 19th century. These structures had been extensively
robbed in the 20th century.
3
1.
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Between April and July 2007 Cotswold Archaeology (CA) carried out an
archaeological evaluation for Westmark Developments at Redcliff Wharf, Bristol
(centred on NGR: ST 58942 72368; Fig. 1). The evaluation was undertaken to
inform the design process, including landscape design and interpretation schemes,
for a proposed mixed-use redevelopment of the site.
1.2
The evaluation was carried out in accordance with a brief for archaeological
evaluation prepared by Mr R.H. Jones, Bristol City Council Archaeologist,
archaeological advisor to the Local Planning Authority (LPA), and with a subsequent
detailed Written Scheme of Investigation (WSI) produced by CA (2007) and
approved by Mr Jones. The fieldwork also followed the Standard and Guidance for
Archaeological Field Evaluation issued by the Institute of Field Archaeologists
(2001), and the Management of Archaeological Projects II (EH 1991). It was
monitored by Mr Jones through regular site visits over the course of the works
The site
1.3
The site lies on the southern side of the Floating Harbour, adjacent to the bascule
bridge which spans the harbour from Redcliffe Way to the Grove. The site is defined
on the south by Redcliffe Caves and the high ground of Triassic sandstone upon
which sit the buildings of Redcliffe Way and St. Mary Redcliffe church. Redcliffe Hill
runs past the site to the east. Redcliffe Way and the approach to the bascule bridge
lies to the north. The site extends to a small inlet (formerly the southern end of
Grove Ferry) located at the point where the cliff face turns to the south. The site also
incorporates the present Friends Burial Ground, which is to remain as a public open
space, and several extant 19th-century buildings which will be refurbished as part of
the proposed development.
1.4
Several archaeological desk-based assessments have been carried out, the first
considered the site as part of an overall assessment of the Redcliff Way corridor
(Leech 2001). A further assessment was then carried out concerning the proposed
development area itself (CA 2005a) and subsequently, a programme of
archaeological evaluation was undertaken (CA 2005b), following on from earlier
investigations by Bristol Museum (Ponsford et al 1989). A supplementary desk-based
4
assessment was then carried out to specifically examine additional graphic and
photographic evidence (Leech 2006). The following is a summary of the site’s
archaeological potential taken from the brief produced by Mr Jones (BCC 2007).
1.5
The potential for early medieval occupation of the site has yet to be established. The
2005 evaluation indicated that there are deep deposits of 17th and 18th century
dumped materials, incorporating important industrial waste. The evidence for the
Triassic sandstone cliff, in the form of reworked sandstone within the alluvial
sequence, and the absence of defined humic horizons, might suggest that there was
not the succession of reclaimed waterfronts that has been recognised to the north on
other sites. The relationship with Pile Street, which ran to the site from the east and
appears to have been an important medieval route, has yet to be clarified.
1.6
By AD 1190 the hospital of St. John the Baptist had been founded on the eastern
edge of the site. Dr Leech in his study of the Redcliffe Way corridor considered
whether the hospital lay to the south-east or north-east of Redcliff Wharf, and
favoured the latter location, defined by ‘Jones Lane’ (St John’s Lane). This route
survived until the 1930s when it was removed with the construction of Redcliffe Way.
At the southern end of the site, cut into the cliff, is the site of a 14th-century
hermitage. It is protected as a Scheduled Monument (SM No. 103).
1.7
Following the Dissolution of religious houses in the 1530s the hospital and its lands
were granted to a Dr Owen. Not included in this grant was a garden known in the
early 17th century as Redrock Garden. In 1666 it was conveyed to the Society of
Friends for use as a burial ground. At this time at least part of the wharf itself seems
to have been used as a carpenter’s yard.
1.8
Millerd’s plan of c.1715 shows a small glasshouse on the site (or possibly just to the
north of the site). It is likely that an early glasshouse had been established here
shortly after 1673, possibly Bristol’s first glasshouse. It appears to have been rebuilt
by the time of Rocque’s plan of 1742. It may also have been relocated at this time in
the centre of the site. From 1767, the premises were leased to Longman and Vigor,
and then in 1776 to Vigor and Stevens, glassmakers. These premises were formerly
5
of Richard and Thomas Franks, potters, and were sub-leased by Vigor and Stevens
in 1784 to an earthenware dealer, John Curtis. The glassworks finally closed in 1802.
1.9
Following the closure of the glasshouse and pottery, the site seems to have been
used for warehousing, presumably associated with its continuing use as an area for
loading, unloading and storage with ships moored at the adjacent quay. Most
recently it was used as a depot for the City Engineer’s department. At the time of
works the southern end of the site was in use for small-scale boat repairs, while the
rest of the site was vacant.
Archaeological objectives
1.10
The objectives of the evaluation were to establish the character, quality, date,
significance and extent of any archaeological remains or deposits surviving within
the site, especially relating to the glassworking and/or pottery production phases; the
degree to which archaeological deposits and features have been disturbed by more
recent activity, if any; and the importance of surviving archaeological features and
thus the proper strategy for managing those features. This information will assist the
Local Planning Authority in making an informed judgement on the likely impact upon
the archaeological resource by any proposed development.
Methodology
1.11
The fieldwork comprised the excavation of seven trenches in the locations specified
within the brief. Their locations and dimensions are shown on Figure 2.
1.12
All trenches were excavated by mechanical excavator equipped with a toothless
grading
bucket.
All
machine
excavation
was
undertaken
under
constant
archaeological supervision to the top of the first significant archaeological horizon or
the natural substrate, whichever was encountered first. Where archaeological
deposits were encountered they were excavated by hand in accordance with CA
Technical Manual 1: Fieldwork Recording Manual (2007).
1.13
Deposits were assessed for their palaeoenvironmental potential and, where
appropriate, sampled and processed in accordance with CA Technical Manual 2:
The Taking and Processing of Environmental and
Other
samples
from
Archaeological Sites (2003). All artefacts recovered were processed in accordance
6
with CA Technical Manual 3: Treatment of Finds Immediately After Excavation
(1995).
1.14
The archive and artefacts from the evaluation are currently held by CA at their
offices in Kemble. The site archive and artefacts (subject to the agreement of the
legal landowner) will be deposited with Bristol’s Museums, Galleries and Archives
under accession number reference BRSMG 2007/36.
2.
RESULTS
2.1
This section provides an overview of the evaluation results; detailed summaries of
the recorded contexts, finds and technological/environmental samples are to be
found in Appendices 1, 2 and 3.
Trench 11 (Fig. 3)
2.2
Stripping of c. 0.5m of modern overburden uncovered well-preserved and extensive
remains across the trench, interpreted as representing the remains of part of the
18th-century glassworks. With the agreement of Mr Jones, as the character and
significance of the remains was visible after cleaning, only limited detailed
excavation was carried out within the trench to avoid compromising the stratigraphic
integrity of the deposits and structures.
2.3
The stone wall footings of the glassworks phase are delineated for ease of reference
on Fig. 3 and form a series of clear rectilinear spaces, which is a continuation of the
pattern observed with trench 10 the 2005 evaluation. However, there had clearly
been alterations of the complex over time, with apparent differing alignments of wall
footings e.g. 11061 and its return 11087, 11082, 11060, and 11020 in the northern
part of the trench. Another substantial footing 11014 was revealed in a small
sondage in the centre of the trench.
2.4
Within the limits of the walls across the central and southern part of the trench,
apparently bounded by walls 11087, 11067, and 11014 (or less likely 11020) were a
series of brick floors, made of red hand-made brick (their extents are shown on Fig.
3). Beneath these, was a network of brick-built, arched flues (e.g. 11005 and
11006), c. 0.5m deep and 0.85m wide, running close to each other. The surfaces of
exposed bricks were heat-affected and yellowed, and their surfaces had variable
7
deposits of glassy material, suggesting temperatures only rarely above 10000C
(Dungworth, Appendix 3). Ashy deposits were also recorded within parts of the flue
system. The brick floors were a continuation of those recorded in trench 10 of the
2005 evaluation. The surface of the brickwork showed clear evidence for patching
and alteration over time, and arrangements of brick patterning within the floors, and
the mortared stone area 11089, may represent distinct functional areas within the
manufacturing process e.g. 11019 at the south end of the site. Drain chamber 11012
at the south of the trench was built of the same bricks, and was integral with wall
11009, and may indicate the southern limit of this part of the complex.
2.5
Dating for the initial construction for the complex was limited, with only 11080, the
possible make-up for parts of the brick surface and stone feature 11089, containing
fragments of 18th-century biscuit-fired tin-glazed pottery. Deposits of dumped
material following the disuse of the brick-floored area were uniformly 18th-century in
date, including 11050 and 11051 within collapsed and disused flue cavities, and
11056 within the fill of the drain chamber 11012, all containing quantities of biscuitfired tin-glazed pottery, kiln furniture and glass waste, suggesting the demolition and
infilling of this area occurred close to the end of the 18th century, and certainly prior
to the 19th-century use of the site.
2.6
To the north of wall footing 11020 was an intact flagstone floor surface 11033, within
which was a clearly delineated arc of stone, creating part of a specific zone, which
may again be linked to a function within the glassmaking process. The line of 11020
can be matched very closely on the 1st edition OS map with the line of the south
wall of Building A1 identified as a “Warehouse” on the plan of 1858 (Leech 2006,
Fig. 1) and also shown in that form on the Ashmead plan of 1828. The flagstone
floor would therefore lie within it. However, it seems that this area originally formed
a single entity with the rest of the remains excavated to the south, and it may be that
it was maintained in use after the demolition of the rest of the complex, perhaps
because it had not been affected by the heating processes evident elsewhere.
Alternatively, the substantial wall footing 11014 may represent the northern wall of
the glassworks and 11020 and associated floors were indeed a later addition or
constructed after the disuse of the glassworks in the early 19th century.
2.7
The brick walls 11028 of the 1930s Corporation depot and their concrete
foundations, and some modern services had caused localised intrusion into the
remains of the glassworks but generally their survival was good across the trench.
8
Trench 12 (Fig. 4)
2.8
No artefactual dating evidence at all was recovered from this trench, but a clear
stratigraphic sequence was established. A stone wall footing 12016 was the earliest
feature, running across the width of the trench parallel to the standing boundary wall;
it was demonstrably stratigraphically earlier than the standing wall and had been
demolished prior to the raising of ground level by means of substantial dumped
deposit 12007 on its west side, consisting mainly of rubble, and more
heterogeneous dumped deposits 12023, 12005, 12006, and 12017 on its east,
although the latter consisted mainly of stone rubble. Into the top of these deposits
wall footings 12029 to the west and 12020 to the east had been inserted; 12020 was
the offset footing for the standing boundary wall 12018 while 12029 had been
demolished to modern ground level. A contemporary surface associated with these
walls was represented by a small area of intact granite setts 12021, the sub-base
12008 of which lay west of 12009. Subsequent sub-division and alteration of the
buildings in the 20th century was represented by brick walls 12012 and 12013, piers
12014 and 12015 and manhole 12011.
Trench 13 (Fig. 5)
2.9
Deposit 13018, the earliest excavated deposit seen in a sondage, had the
appearance of a buried topsoil. It was sealed by a series of accumulated mixed clay
and sandy deposits 13017, 13018, 13016, 13022, 13034, 13015, 13013, 13033,
13032, and 13011 in sequence. The deposits had variable quantities of inclusions of
coal, slag, small glass fragments and pottery wasters. Dating for the earliest three
recorded deposits 13017, 13018 and 13016 was only generically post-medieval, but
13022 directly above them contained kiln furniture or tile, and biscuit-fired tin glazed
earthenware of 18th-century date. 13016 contained glass waste, including run/pull
fragments and crucible.
2.10
Over the top of these accumulated deposits were extensive stone surfaces 13001,
13002, 13003, and the remnants of a flagstone floor 13008, all associated with the
wall footing 13031 for the standing stone boundary wall. Two square features 13007
(stone) and 13006 (brick) were aligned at right angles to 13031 possibly
representing foundations for column bases within a building, or perhaps to support
an open-sided structure against the west face of 13031, as no corresponding
parallel wall was found at a matching distance to the west. A compact surface 13012
lay on the eastern side of the trench, which was stratigraphically later than the stone
9
surface 13003 and the piers 13012 and 13016, the edges of which it just
overlapped. All surfaces were sealed by demolition rubble 13027 and the final
recorded construction events in this trench were the 20th-century brick walls 13024,
recorded along the south and west edges of the trench, which butted against the
face of 13031.
Trench 14 (Fig. 6)
2.11
A deep machine-dug sondage at the north-western corner of the trench exposed the
western face of a substantial wall 14044, built of coursed random rubble and
exposed to a depth of 1.5m. It was not possible to enter the trench to examine the
structure in detail due to health and safety considerations. However the sequence of
deposits was clearly observed in the section of the sondage and during hand
excavation at a higher level in this area. The exposed wall face showed two clear
construction phases, with wall 14044 in the lower part, followed by the construction
of stone wall footing 14011 built off its top surviving course (see below).
The
character of the wall, its scale, alignment and location, and the nature and depth of
infill deposit 14032 show that its face was meant to be exposed, and it has been
interpreted as an early wharf wall of at least 18th-century date.
2.12
On the eastern side of 14044, the upper part of the sequence of deposit associated
with and clearly accumulated behind it were recorded (Fig. 6, section AA). The
earliest excavated was 14029, sequentially followed by 14028, 14027, 14031,
14030, 14018 and 14017, as well as 14023, and 14024. These were a series of thin
accumulations and spreads rather than deep dumped deposits and almost all
contained industrial waste in the form of pottery wasters, kiln furniture and glass
waste. The upper deposits 14018 and 14016/14017 also contained pottery wasters
and glass waste but are dated to the late 18th/19th century; these were cut by the
construction trench 14013 for the wall footing 14011.
2.13
Dumped against the western face of 14044 (and not bottomed) was a deep deposit
14032 consisting almost exclusively of pottery waste including saggars, kiln
furniture, biscuit-fired tin-glazed earthenware, brown salt-glazed stoneware and
yellow slipware, and a small amount of glass. Some of the material may be of earlier
18th-century date, but the date of deposition is more likely to be later and represent
disposal of accumulated waste tip material from elsewhere. The deposit 14032 also
extended over the upper wall footing 14011, and originally apparently also went as
far as the face of a narrower wall which originally stood on top of 14011. The likely
10
lines of its faces were shown by robber trench 14015 and this corresponds well to
the front wall of the warehouse building shown on the 19th-century plans and
illustrations (Leech 1996, Building D). Parallel to this wall and contemporary with it
was a brick surface 14009 and adjacent stone block 14010, which may represent a
door threshold and base for a jamb. Also contemporary with 14011 was a square
rectangular foundation 14004, within cut 14025, presumably to support an internal
column within the warehouse. Subsequently extensive dumps of rubble 14020 and
14012 were deposited across the full width of the building east of 14011; while
ground level to the west was raised to the same level by a series of dumps 14036,
14037, 14038, and 14039. It is likely that these post-date the disuse and demolition
of the building as they overlay the stone pier 14004. It was the upper levels of these
dumps that were cut by the robber cut 14019 of the lower levels of 14011.
Trench 15 (Fig. 7)
2.14
The earliest excavated deposit was 15070, seen in a sondage in the centre of the
trench, which contained 17th-century clay pipe. Over this a series of accumulated
dump deposits were recorded across the trench - 15082, 15008, 15009, 15083,
15013, 15015, 15037, 15038 and 15069, several of which contained containing
glassworking waste and slag. A short length of stone wall footing 15006 was
exposed, its construction cut 15067 cutting through 15069 and 15070. The footing
ran east-west, at an angle to all the later wall alignments recorded. It was sealed
beneath the floor deposits 15007 and 15026 of the later, 19th-century building.
Against the northern face of the wall 15006, and over its construction cut, was a
dump 15068 consisting of saggars, tin-glazed pottery wasters and glass waste,
apparently a make-up layer for a possible floor surface 15080 consisting of pebbles
and mortar.
2.15
In the north-western part of the trench a short length of wall 15078 was exposed, on
a different alignment to 15006. With a return 15079 running north-west, it was
stratigraphically the earliest feature but is undated, although the 19th-century
building described below did lie over its demolished remains. It may have been a
former wharf wall, similar to 14044 exposed in Trench 14. At its east end it may have
been extended to the south-west at some stage as wall 15073, although it is
possible that this wall belongs to the 19th-century phase of activity of the site.
2.16
The next identifiable event is the construction of the building shown on Ashmead’s
plan of 1828 (Leech 2006, Building D), identified as ‘Counting House’ on the 1858
11
plan. There was good correspondence between the excavated remains and the
depiction on the 1st edition OS map. The structure had been mostly robbed away in
the 20th century so the outline was represented by robber trenches and some
surviving wall footings. The outer (south-west) wall was 15005, robbed later by
15002, with robber cut 15023 (fill 15024) parallel to it along the eastern edge of the
trench, corresponding to the internal division within the building shown on the OS
map. At the northern end of the line of 15005, there was a return marked by wall
footing 15090 (robbing 15100). A 19th-century culvert 15001 ran the full length of
the trench parallel to 15005, outside the building, and may belong to the same
phase of construction. Within the building a series of floor surfaces and associated
make-up deposits were recorded, 15032 (make-up 15077), 15033, 15007, 15081,
15062, 15059 and 15040.
2.17
At some stage wall 15090 was demolished and the building apparently extended to
the north to form a bay. The evidence for this was as a mortar floor 15017, the latest
in the sequence of make-up and floor deposits in the building, which overlay the
demolished wall 15090, with the mortar floor extending into the area of the bay
(visible on the 1st Edition OS map). Although the area of this bay had been severely
affected by the extensive robbing 15018 (fill 15019) of the whole waterfront end of
the building, the outer face of the wall line was clearly visible in plan form as 15021,
and stone pier 15020 marked the centre of the bay. The graphic evidence suggests
that this extension perhaps happened between the early drawing of c. 1820 (Leech
2006, Fig. 13) which shows an oriel window at an upper floor level only, while a
photograph of 1859 shows the bay running from roof to ground level on three stories
height.
Trench 16 (Fig. 8)
2.18
A small sondage (Fig. 8, section BB) showed the earliest sequence of excavated
deposits (though not bottomed to natural), consisting of a series of dumped deposits
16025, 16024 and 16203 (apparently filling a cut feature 16026), overlain by
16007, a dump deposit containing quantities of 18th-century pottery wasters. A
further linear feature 16027 was cut into the upper surface of 16007 and this had
subsequently been cut by the construction trenches 16030 and 16029 for a pair of
contemporary parallel mortared stone wall footings, 16003 and 16004 respectively.
Sealing the fills of the construction cuts, and butting the wall faces were sequential
mortar surfaces 16006 and 16005. These wall footings clearly formed part of a wider
building complex, with 16003 having returns (16018) at both its north and south
12
ends, as did 16004 (16005 and 16021). Within the space within 16004, 16015 and
16021, a pitched stone surface 16011, on a bedding layer 16012, had been laid.
Overlying the stone surface was a dump deposit 16001, rich in glass waste.
2.19
Subsequently further wall footings 16009 (and associated mortar surface 16003),
16010 and 16022 were added, although of uncertain function or date.
Stratigraphically 16009 was cut through the dump 16001 and stone surface 16011
associated with it. Following demolition of any above ground structures, modern
dumping 16020, 16032 and 16002 was recorded.
Trench 17 (Fig. 9)
2.20
The earliest deposits recorded were in a small sondage towards the centre of the
trench, where deep bulk dump layers of soft sandy clay 17101 and 17104,
containing only generic post-medieval finds, were excavated to a depth of 1.2m
without being bottomed. These were very similar in character to reclamation
deposits encountered as stratigraphically early deposits in areas of the 2005
evaluation. The upper levels of 17101 apparently butted against a fragmentary wall
footing 17098. Similar deposits to 17101 and 17104 were 17071 and 17072,
recorded elsewhere in the trench, and 17074 and 17097 which were the earliest
deposits encountered in the base of the 1980s Bristol Museums excavation trench
(which was partially re-excavated along the east side of the evaluation trench).
17074 and 17097 both contained small amounts 18th-century pottery.
2.21
These deposits lay beneath a fragment of a possible floor surface formed from
pitched sandstone blocks in a clay ‘cement’ (context 17006), previously seen in the
1980s excavation. The upper surfaces of these stones were glassy and had been
subjected to high temperatures. While the full extent of this feature is not known
there is little doubt that it is associated with the glasshouse. The high temperatures
required to vitrify sandstone (>1300ºC) are likely to be found only under the hottest
part of the furnace. No other remains excavated within the trench could however be
associated with this phase of activity.
2.22
Most of the structures and deposit exposed in the evaluation can be attributed to the
building first shown on the 1828 Ashmead plan in this location, and identified as a
‘Dwelling House’ on the 1858 plan (Leech 2006, Fig. 1, Building E). Most of the walls
have been robbed out during demolition but the plan of the back rooms of the southeastern corner of the house and the boundary wall to the rear was clearly discernible
13
and some wall footing fabric did survive. The key feature for matching features to
mapped layout was the curving rear wall 17010. The back wall of the house was
marked by the line of robber trench 17063 with a fragmentary survival of a corner
and return 17098. The rest of the planform was shown by robber trenches 17076,
17088, 17024 and 17054.
2.23
Within the rooms formed by the wall lines, were a series of make-up deposits and
floors - in the north-western room, 17036, in the north-eastern room - 17026, 17027,
17028, and 17029. The small rectangular back room contained 17034, which was
make-up for surfaces 17033 and 17035, the latter a mortar sub-base with surface
impressions of a slab floor. The make-up 17033 sealed stone-capped culvert 17031
which ran below the floor of the building and out through the eastern edge of the
trench excavation, cutting away the fragmentary remains of the glassworks (Fig. 9,
section BB). In the rear room to the west, overlying 17062 and 17068, which were
dumped deposits with stoneware, tin-glazed and glass waste and kiln furniture and
overlying 17061 with 18th-century biscuit-fired pottery wasters and 17069 containing
glass waste and glass deposits, were floor make-up deposits 17015 and 17019
which directly underlay linear supports 17043 formed of stone and mortar for floor
joists. This room may have had a sub-division, marked by the line of robber trench
17054. Within the narrow space formed by this and 17024 a large stone block 17050
had been inserted; its date and function are unknown.
2.24
In the south-eastern part of the trench, and between the rear of the house a series of
fragmentary walls and surfaces were recorded (e.g. 17092, 17002, 17082, 17064)
but their function and date and stratigraphic relationship to the 19th-century
construction phase were not easily comprehensible within the scope of the
evaluation phase without detailed excavation. It was agreed that they should be left
in situ to avoid damaging possible evidence of stratigraphic relationships.
The Finds
2.25
Quantities of pottery, ceramic building material, metalwork, animal bone,
vessel/window glass and glass waste were recovered (Appendix 2). The varying
classes of artefact or ecofact are described separately below.
The Tin-Glazed Earthenware and Stoneware Kiln Waste (Reg Jackson)
14
Introduction
2.26
A report on the tin-glazed earthenware kiln waste from the first phase of evaluation
work at Redcliff Wharf was completed in October 2005. This report deals with
additional material recovered from a further phase of evaluation work in 2007.
2.27
The following contexts produced tin-glazed earthenware kiln waste: 11002, 11050,
11051, 11056, 11080, 13022, 14006, 14016, 14017, 14018, 14022, 14023, 14024,
14027, 14028, 14031, 14032, 15008, 15013, 15014, 15032, 15040, 15068, 15069,
15097, 16007, 17021, 17061, 17068, 17069, 17073 and 17074.
2.28
The material can be confidently identified as kiln waste as the assemblage contains
fragments of kiln furniture (shelves, shelf supports, saggars and trivets), once-fired
biscuit ware, glazed sherds with debris from the kiln adhering to the glaze and
sherds where the glaze is faulty due to problems in the production process.
2.29
In addition to the tin-glazed earthenware waste the evaluation also produced
stoneware waste from context 17021 and stoneware kiln furniture from contexts
11056, 14032, 17021, 17062 and 17068.
2.30
The evaluation produced a large number of sherds of tin-glazed earthenware waste
but many were too small to be identified as to vessel form. Only identifiable vessel
fragments have been quantified.
Tin-Glazed Earthenware Kiln Furniture
Shelves
2.31
Fragments of tiles up to 14mm thick came from contexts 13022, 14018, 14022,
14032, 15013, 15068, 17061 and 17068. None have glaze runs or splashes on their
surfaces. It is generally thought that such tiles were used as kiln shelves on which
vessels could be placed during firing (Bloice 1971, 142).
Girders
2.32
Fragments of girders came from contexts 11080, 14032, 15068 and 17061. These
consist of flat slabs up to 20mm thick with a projecting flange along one edge.
Complete examples usually have a squat H-shaped cross-section. Girders were
used as supports for kiln shelves (Bloice 1971, 142-3).
15
Saggars
2.33
Fragments of cylindrical saggars came from contexts 11056, 13022, 14017, 14018,
14027, 14032, 15013, 15068 and 17068. Such saggars often had a hole in their
base and U-shaped openings in their sides cut down from the rim (Bloice 1971, Fig.
52, nos 1 & 2, Type 1). So little survives of the side walls in the Redcliff Wharf
examples that it has not been possible to determine whether such openings are
present.
2.34
Two saggar fragments from context 14032 had light blue glaze flashing on their
internal surface.
2.35
Four cylindrical saggar fragments from context 11056 were quite small having
diameters of about 55mm and being between 70mm and 90mm high.
2.36
Eight fragments of cylindrical saggars from contexts 14018, 14027, 14032, 15068
and 17068 had triangular holes cut in their sides. Such saggars are known from
Norfolk House, Lambeth (Bloice 1871, Fig. 52, nos 3 and 4, Type 2), the Delftfield
Pottery, Glasgow (Denholm 1982, Fig. 5(A1)), the Limekiln Lane Potteries, Bristol
(Jackson 1991, Fig. 11.108) and Temple Back, Bristol (Price 2005, Fig. 5.37, nos
350 & 351). Complete saggars of this type are known to have been open-ended with
three pairs of vertical rows of triangular holes arranged at 120-degree intervals
around the circumference. Tapering triangular pegs were inserted in these holes to
support the rims of plates placed within the saggars during firing (Bloice 1971, 120).
Part of one such peg came from context 17073.
2.37
Fourteen fragments of ‘lobed’ saggars came from context 11056. These were in a
very coarse fabric, different from that used to make the lobed saggars previously
recovered from context 9007 at Redcliff Wharf. Parallels for this form of saggar have
been found at Norfolk House, Lambeth (Bloice 1971, Fig. 52, no. 14) and Temple
Back, Bristol (Price 2005, Fig. 5.37, no. 354). No explanation has been found as to
the specific function of such a saggar.
16
Trivets
2.38
Fragments of two trivets came from context 14032. These are triangular slabs with
one flat surface while the other surface has pinched-up points at the three angles
(Bloice 1971, Fig. 52, nos 7-8). They were used to support and separate glazed
wares in the kiln.
Tin-Glazed Earthenware Vessels
Storage Containers
2.39
Twelve examples. These consist mainly of cauldron-shaped containers which are
generally considered to be apothecaries wares for storing ointments, pills and other
drugs.
Bowls
2.40
Twenty-nine examples. They generally have foot-rings and have basal diameters
ranging from 30mm to 100mm. One sherd from a bowl rim is decorated with floral
motifs.
Plates
2.41
Twenty-four examples. They have deep foot-rings and rim diameters ranging from
100mm to 130mm.
Cups or teabowls
2.42
Nine examples. Mainly bases with diameters ranging from 20mm to 25mm.
Saucers
2.43
Two examples.
Posset pots
2.44
Two possible examples of posset pots. One sherd includes the terminal of a handle.
Chamberpot
2.45
One example with a rim and a broad strap handle.
Wall tiles
2.46
Thirteen possible examples. All in biscuit ware.
17
Stoneware Kiln Furniture and Waste
2.47
Fragments of stoneware saggars covered in a thick grey-green glaze came from
contexts 11056, 14032, 17021, 17062 and 17068. One example from context 11056
had a basal diameter of 80mm. They all had cuts in their sides and down from their
rims to allow the vessels which were being fired inside them to receive a coating of
sodium alumino-silicate. This derived from the vapourisation of salt in the kiln and
produced the characteristic salt glaze. The saggars are similar in form to those of
18th-century date from the Fulham Pottery (Green 1999, Fig. 154, nos 532–534)
where they were used almost exclusively for the firing of tankards (Green 1999,
188). Similar types of stoneware saggars have been found in Bristol at Temple Back
(Price 2005, Fig. 5.38, no 355) and Ship Lane in St Mary Redcliffe parish (Barton
1961, Fig. 1.15).
2.48
A thin, apparently circular pad of clay, again covered in a grey-green glaze, was
probably used to separate saggars (context 14032). Similarly shaped pads of clay
were amongst the stoneware kiln group recovered from Ship Lane (Barton 1961,
Fig. 1.14).
2.49
There were only four sherds of definite stoneware vessel waste and these, although
being seriously over-fired, were all apparently parts of tankards (context 17021).
Other Wares
2.50
In addition to the tin-glazed earthenware and stoneware waste, sherds of other
fabrics
were
present
in
the
assemblage
(Appendix
2).
These
included
Bristol/Staffordshire yellow slipware (Bristol Pottery Type (BPT) 100), brown saltglazed stoneware (BPT 277), Nottingham stoneware (BPT 212), Bristol/Staffordshire
mottled glazed ware (BPT 211), creamware (BPT 326), Staffordshire white saltglazed stoneware (BPT 179), North Devon gravel-tempered ware (BPT 112),
Westerwald stoneware (BPT 95) and a single sherd of early transfer-printed ware
(BPT 278).
2.51
Of
these
fabrics,
only
creamware,
Bristol/Staffordshire
yellow
slipware,
Bristol/Staffordshire mottled glazed ware, brown salt-glazed stoneware and early
transfer-printed ware are known to have been made in Bristol. However, none of
these sherds appear to be kiln waste.
18
Discussion
The tin-glazed earthenware waste
2.52
It is difficult to assign a close date for the manufacture of the tin-glazed earthenware
waste. In fact, it appears that waste having different dates of manufacture is present
in the assemblage.
2.53
Trivets occurred in the c.1680-1710 kiln group at Norfolk House, only one trivet
fragment was found at Limekiln Lane where the group dates to about 1715 to 1725
(Jackson 1991) and none were found in the Temple Back group which dates to after
about 1730 (Price 2005). This suggests that trivets went out of use around 1720.
Therefore the presence of trivets in context 14032 indicates that the wares from that
context pre-date 1720, the production of tin-glazed earthenware at Redcliff Back
probably having begun around 1705 (Jackson & Price 1982, 18).
2.54
The absence of trivets from the remainder of the Redcliff Wharf assemblage would
imply a post-1720 date for that material, although this should be treated with caution,
given the relatively small quantity of kiln furniture recovered.
2.55
The contexts which also contained sherds of creamware (14016, 14017, 14022,
14027) must have been deposited after Wedgwood started the production of true
creamware in the early 1760s (Towner 1978, 43). The manufacture of tin-glazed
earthenware at Redcliff Back ended when the pottery of Richard Frank and Son
transferred production from there to the Water Lane Pottery in Temple parish in
1776 (Jackson & Price 1982, 20).
The stoneware waste
2.56
The manufacture of stoneware started in Bristol in about 1695 at the Tower Harratz
Pottery (Jackson 2003). The presence of stoneware kiln waste at Redcliff Wharf is
therefore not entirely unexpected although the earliest reference to the production of
stoneware at Redcliff Back did not occur until 1759 when there was a reference in
the St Mary Redcliffe parish Poor Rate returns to ‘Richard Frank’s stone pot house’
(Jackson & Price 1982, 21). In 1777 Richard Frank and Son mention the removal of
their ‘stone pot works’ from Redcliff Back to Water Lane (Jackson & Price 1982, 20).
19
2.57
It seems most likely that the tin-glazed earthenware waste, and at least some of the
stoneware waste, can be attributed to Frank’s Redcliff Back Pottery (or potteries).
2.58
As with the tin-glazed earthenware kiln waste recovered from the first phase of the
evaluation work, this further assemblage adds to our understanding of tin-glazed
earthenware and stoneware production in Bristol during the 18th century.
Animal bone
2.59
Animal bone was recovered from 18 deposits. The assemblage comprised 94
fragments weighing 330g. Species identified were; horse, cattle, sheep/goat and pig
were the species identified. The remaining material was too fragmented for full
identification. The bone was well preserved. Evidence of butchery was noted in
deposits; 13018, 117101, 11001, 17104 and bones from 17097, 11001 and 14016
showed signs of gnawing by dogs. Some modern breakage was observed in bones
from 17101, 17104 and 15013. Additional animal bone fragments were found in the
residues of the processed samples none could be identified to species some was
identified as sheep-sized. Oyster shell 28 fragments weighing 228g was recovered
from 12 deposits; additional fragments were found in the residues of the processed
samples. A single land snail and a fragment of charcoal were found in sample 102
from 14028.
Glass waste and vessel glass
2.60
Quantities of vessel glass and associated manufacturing waste, including crucibles
were recovered from trenches 11–17 (Appendix 2).
2.61
Some limited xrf-based analysis of glass residues was undertaken by David
Dungworth. This aside identification, of glass/glass waste types is on the basis on
visual identification, can only be regarded as provisional at this stage. Recording of
glass waste and terminologies used are adapted from methodologies developed by
David Dungworth, technology specialist at English Heritage, Centre for Archaeology.
2.62
Material associated with glass manufacturing was encountered in trenches 11, 13,
and 14–17. It occurs most abundantly in trench 11, where a large dump of
fragmentary glass, associated waste and fuel in the form of coal was encountered
(context 11019). Hand collected glass waste and allied material is summarised by
class in Table A, below. The large quantities of vessel glass recovered from soil
samples were scanned and quantified by broad class (Appendix 2).
20
2.63
Sandstone fragments with vitrified surfaces are likely to represent traces of the
furnace superstructure. Small fragments of ceramic crucibles were recovered from
trenches 13 and 14. All appear to be of a similar reduced-firing fabric, with vitrified
surfaces and characteristic fissured exterior surfaces. Elongated glass ‘runs/pulls’
and ‘lumps/droplets’, might result from accidental spills or possibly from a process of
testing for correct viscosity. Examples occur in dark green HLLA type glass (see
below) and clear class. Evidence for the blowing of glass occurs as a small number
of probable ‘moils’ – characteristically curving fragments resulting from the removal
of waste glass from the tubular blowing iron. Among amorphous, variably vesicular
waste are quantities of ‘opaque cream-blue waste’, which is common on glass
manufacturing sites and probably results from ‘overcooking’ of HLLA type glass.
Quantities of clinker, vitrified ash formed from any high-temperature process utilising
coal, almost certainly derive from glass manufacturing in his instance.
2.64
Large quantities of vessel glass from sampled deposits 11019 and 11069 are highly
fragmentary and frequently heat-distorted, but would seem to comprise a mix of
wine/spirits bottles and small flasks. The majority of vessel fragments and
associated material in the form of ‘runs/pulls’ and ‘lumps/drops’ are of dark green
‘high lime, low alkali’ (HLLA) type glass. A small number of larger vessel glass
fragments are identifiable as from cylindrical wine bottles, common from the mid
18th century. Also abundant (3450g) from deposit 11019, are window glass
fragments 2-3mm thick and occurring in mixed alkali glass, of paler blue-green
glass.
2.65
Aside from the large and heavily fragmented groups described from the soil
samples, quantities of vessel glass are relatively small (Appendix 2). Identifiable
vessels comprise mainly wine/spirits bottles and small, ‘pharmaceutical’ phials. Most
of the latter, including a complete example (unstratified trench 14) are cylindrical in
form, with constricted necks and flat rims. They occur in pale green ‘mixed alkali
glass’, and the forms suggest a date in the mid/later 18th-century. A similar date is
likely for a second complete phial from deposit 14017, which is unusual in its squat,
globular body form. A fragmentary phial from 14016 features a moulded legend
referring to snuff. It probably dates to the late 18th or 19th centuries. No complete or
substantially complete wine/spirits bottles were recovered and indications of dating
are therefore few. The lower portions of several cylindrical bottles with a high basal
‘kick’ were recovered from deposits 16002 and these probably date to the mid 18th
21
century. The base from a narrower bottle with lower, rounded kick from deposit
11001 is later, probably dating after c. 1780.
2.66
A quantity of nodular flint recovered from deposit 11006 (Appendix 2) could be
representative of material used in the production of lead (flint) glass on the site.
Table A: glass and glass waste summary. Quantities by weight(g)
Class
Vessel/window glass
‘frothy’ waste
glass crucible
‘lump/drop’
‘run/pull’
‘moil’
stone superstructure
Opaque cream/blue
Misc. waste
clinker
11
10338
150
38
38
12
96
13
14
647
208
84
4
14
76
24
276
309
280
298
448
742
15
90
18
16
658
10
17
1580
us
62
78
115
40
4290
80
92
1692
Total
13471
168
292
272
205
40
6258
607
1470
92
Other material
2.67
93 fragments of clay tobacco pipe were recovered from 25 deposits. One partial
maker’s mark was present on a stem from 17060. The mark is identifiable as of
Lluellin Evans, known to be working by 1660 and deceased by 1698 (Jackson and
Price 1974).
2.68
92 fragments of ceramic building material were recovered from 14 deposits. The
majority consisted of pantiles, dating to after c. 1670. One complete unfrogged brick
was recovered from 11025 with white mortar adhering. Its size and form suggests a
19th-century date.
2.69
An unstratified copper coin was recovered from trench 14 and a set of figure-of-eight
copper alloy chain links from deposit 14022. Both are post-medieval in date. A lead
pipe section was recovered from 11001. A total of 14 Iron objects, comprising nails
and structural fittings, were recovered from eight contexts.
2.70
Plaster fragments from deposit 17066 feature decayed wallpaper or possibly directly
applied block-printed designs consisting of repeated floral and foliate patterns
executed in shades of green and yellow. The designs exhibit similarities to the
William Morris (1834–1896) wallpapers in vogue in the last quarter of the 19th–
century, though an exact match cannot be identified at this stage.
22
3.
DISCUSSION
3.1
The results of the evaluation expand upon and enhance the conclusions of the 2005
evaluation and achieved the aims of the brief.
3.2
No certain evidence for the 17th-century glassworks was recorded and the
conclusion reached during the evaluation, based on the lack of physical evidence
and re-examination of the limited cartographic evidence (Dungworth, Appendix 3 of
this report), is that this lay at the south end of the site, beyond the area available for
evaluation.
3.3
Further evidence for reclamation and dumping along the waterfront side of the site
prior to and during use for industrial purposes in the 18th century was recovered.
While not excavated to depth, it is clear that this was an ongoing process during the
18th century, with many of the upper deposits containing large quantities of pottery
wasters, kiln furniture and glassworking waste. The evaluation did demonstrate the
apparent existence of earlier wharf walls in trenches 14 (14044) and 15 (165078,
15079 and probably 15073), to the east of the 19th-century line of wharf. The
earliest map evidence suggests a more piecemeal appearance to the waterside than
the smoothed industrial 19th-century wharf, and these walls reflect that.
3.4
The evaluation succeeded in identifying extensive, well-preserved remains of part of
the 18th-century glassworks, in trench 11, with the extensive brick floors, flues and
wall remains, extending the extent of similar and associated remains found in
trenches 1, 2 and 10 in 2005. The walls and surfaces of uncertain function in trench
16 would also seem to belong to this phase, as they do not appear on any of the
19th or 20th-century depictions of the site. The exposure of the fragmentary remains
of a high-temperature flue in trench 17 hint at the location of the large glass cone
depicted on 18th-century maps and representations of the site, but the large
physical structure of the cone remains undiscovered in this area.
3.5
As in 2005, substantial quantities of primary waste from an 18th-century pottery
manufactory were recorded as dumps across the site. The nature of the waste
suggest a very local origin, there was no clear evidence for the manufacture of
pottery within the structures recorded in the evaluation.
23
3.6
The trenches were also targeted on the 19th-century structures identified in the
supplementary desk-based assessment produced by Roger Leech (Leech 2006). In
contrast to the remains of the 18th-century glassworks, these had been heavily
robbed and their planform was generally represented by robber trenches from 20thcentury demolition works and fragmentary lengths of wall footing. However it was
possible to identify the Warehouse (Building D) in trench 14, and the associated
Counting House in trench 15 and the Dwelling House (Building E) in trench 17,
with some internal floor surfaces and deposit surviving, although punctured by later
services and robbing. The remains of warehouse Building A1 were recorded in
trench 11, possibly representing the only survival of part of the 18th-century
glassworks buildings into the 19th century. The absence of clear dating evidence
from trenches 12 and 13 precludes attribution of the structures in this area to either
the 18th or 19th-century phases of the site, although the presence of the
stratigraphically early wall 12016 suggest that in this trench, the early wall belonged
to the glassworks phase, and the later walls recorded here, including the standing
boundary wall, may date to the 19th century.
4.
CA PROJECT TEAM
Fieldwork was undertaken by Tim Havard, assisted by Jon Hart, Dave Roberts,
Dawn Powell, Jo Janik, and Hazel O’Neill. The report was written by Mark Collard,
assisted by Ed McSloy, Sylvia Warman and Teresa Gilmore. The illustrations were
prepared by Jemma Elliott and Peter Moore. The archive has been compiled by Tim
Havard, and prepared for deposition by Teresa Gilmore. The project was managed
for CA by Mark Collard.
5.
REFERENCES
Barton, K.J. 1961 ‘Some evidence for two types of pottery manufactured in Bristol in the
early 18th century’, Trans. Bristol and Gloucestershire Archaeol.l Soc. 61, 160–168.
BCC (Bristol City Council) 2007
Redcliff Wharf, Bristol (NGR: 58942 72368). Brief for
Archaeological Evaluation
24
Bloice, B.J. 1971 ‘Norfolk House, Lambeth: excavations at a delftware kiln site, 1968’, PostMedieval Archaeol. 5, 99–159.
CA (Cotswold Archaeology) 2005a Redcliff Wharf, Redcliff, Bristol: Archaeological DeskBased Assessment. Report 05130
CA (Cotswold Archaeology) 2005b
Redcliff Wharf, Redcliff, Bristol: Archaeological
Evaluation. Report 05143
CA (Cotswold Archaeology) 2007
Redcliff Wharf, Redcliff, Bristol. Written Scheme of
Investigation for an Archaeological Evaluation
Denholm, P.C. 1982 ‘Mid eighteenth-century tin-glazed earthenwares from the Delftfield
Pottery, Glasgow: excavation at the Broomielaw, 1975’, Post-Medieval Archaeol. 16,
39–84.
Green, C. 1999 John Dwight’s Fulham Pottery: Excavations 1971-79. English Heritage
Archaeological Report 6.
Jackson, R. 2003 ‘Late 17th-century stoneware waste from the Tower Harratz Pottery,
Bristol’, Post-Medieval Archaeol. 37/2, 217–220.
Jackson, R. 1991 ‘Tin-glazed earthenware kiln waste from the Limekiln Lane Potteries,
Bristol’, Post-Medieval Archaeol. 25, 89–114.
Jackson, R.G. and Price, R.H. 1974 Bristol clay pipes: a study of makers and their marks
Bristol, City Bristol Mus. Art Gall. Res. Monog. 1.
Jackson, R.G. and Price, R.H. 1982 ‘Bristol potters and potteries 1600-1800’, Journal of
Ceramic History 12. Stoke-on-Trent City Museums.
Leech, R.H. 2001 An Archaeological and Historical Study of the Redcliffe Way Area, Bristol.
Cultural Heritage Services report 2000/2001/129
Leech, R.H. 2006 Redcliffe Wharf, Bristol: Supplementary Desk-Based Study, for Cotswold
Archaeology
25
Oswald, A. 1975 Clay Pipes for the Archaeologist Oxford, Brit. Archaeol. Rep. Brit. Sers. 14,
British Archaeological Reports
Ponsford, M. et al 1989 ‘Archaeology in Bristol, 1989’, Bristol and Avon Archaeol. 8, 44.
Price, R. 2005 ‘Pottery kiln waste from Temple Back, Bristol’, Bristol and Avon Archaeol. 20,
59-114.
Towner, D. 1978 Creamware, London, Faber and Faber.
26
APPENDIX 1: CONTEXT DESCRIPTIONS
Trench 11
11000
11001
11002
11003
11004
11005
11006
11007
11008
11009
11010
11011
11012
11013
11014
11015
11016
11017
11018
11019
11020
11021
11022
11023
11024
11025
11026
11027
11028
11029
11030
11031
11032
11033
11034
11035
11036
11037
11038
11039
11040
11041
11042
11043
11044
11045
11046
11047
11048
11049
11050
11051
11052
11053
11054
11055
11056
Existing carpark surface.
Levelling layer for 11000.
Fill of pipe cut 11049.
Possible levelling sealing 11004, 11005 and 11006.
Brick structure, possibly part of flue.
Brick built drain butting 11008 and 11009. Part of same structure as 11017.
Probable brick wall butting wall 11009.
Stone wall.
Stone built culvert.
Backfill of construction cut 11018 for culvert 11010.
Clay lining of drain formed by 11007 and 11017.
Large bowl shaped area of mortar, eastern half heavily disturbed.
Probable stone wall.
Brick structure, possibly part of flue, butting 11014.
Stone wall, possibly continuation of 11009 to south of 11007/11017.
Brick built drain butting 11016. Part of same structure as 11007.
Construction cut for stone culvert 11010.
Dumped deposit containing frequent glass and glass slag inclusions.
Stone wall.
Infilling of doorway butting 11020.
Stone wall.
Spread of demolition rubble across eastern part of trench.
Mortar sand deposit, unexcavated.
Thin brick wall, single brick width of stretcher bond.
Mortar sand deposit, unexcavated.
Stone wall.
Modern brick wall.
Stone wall butting 11022.
Fill of drain cut 11035.
Sandy mortar surface. Probably same surface as 11094.
Dumped rubble layer post-dating 11028.
Stone flag floor.
Door sill butting wall 11034.
Construction cut for drain.
Construction cut for wall 11028.
Backfill of construction cut 11038 for wall 11022.
Sandy mortar surface, probably same as 11094 and 11041.
Sandy mortar surface, probably same as 11040 and 11094.
Dumped rubble layer.
Curved flagstone floor.
Thin possible surface sealing brick surface 11046 and 11067.
Brick surface.
Sandy mortar deposit butting 11015.
Backfill of robber/demolition cut 11055.
Cut for drain pipe.
Fill accumulating between brick structures 11004 and 11005.
Fill accumulating between brick structures 11005 and 11006.
Fill accumulating within brick structure 11015.
Robber/demolition cut of 11015.
Rubble backfill of probable drain formed by 11007 and 11017.
27
11057
11058
11059
11060
11061
11062
11063
11064
11065
11066
11067
11068
11069
11070
11071
11072
11073
11074
11075
11076
11077
11078
11079
11080
11081
11082
11083
11084
11085
11086
11087
11088
11089
11090
11091
11092
11093
11094
11095
11096
11097
11098
11099
11100
11101
11102
11103
11104
11105
11106
11107
11108
11109
11110
11111
11112
11113
11114
11115
11116
11117
11118
Construction cut for concrete encased drains11058.
Area of concrete encased drains.
Stone wall, possibly continuation of 11020.
Stone wall, unexcavated.
Stone wall, possibly continues as 11098 and 11087.
Construction cut for drain 11063.
Concrete encased ceramic drain.
Construction cut for concrete encased ceramic drains 11065.
Concrete encased ceramic drains.
Brick surface.
Thin sandy layer sealing 11068.
Thin dumped layer partially sealing brick surface 11066.
Compacted sandstone surface.
Brick surface.
Void: number not assigned.
Bedding layer for brick surface 11070, butts wall 11059.
Dumped levelling layer.
Brick surface.
Thin dumped layer partially sealing 11075 and 11077.
Brick surface.
Thin sandy mortar layer partially sealing 11070.
Very similar to 11045, appears to butt stone surface 11089.
Possible bedding layer for 11070.
Probable brick wall footing. Appears to butt wall 11082, though not proved by excavation.
Stone wall with brick and stone rubble infill.
Thin mortar deposit butting wall 11082.
Thin ashy mortar deposit sealed by 11083.
Pipe and backfill of pipe trench 11086.
Construction cut for pipe 11085.
Heavily truncated brick and stone wall, possibly return of 11098 and 11061.
Dumped levelling layer.
Stone cobble surface.
Pit cut into 11066 and 11081.
Fill of 11092, unexcavated.
Mortar surface butting wall 11027 and door sill 11034.
Construction cut for wall 11021 and doorsill 11096.
Door sill butting wall 11096.
Unexcavated stone culvert.
Stone wall, possibly curved corner of 11061 and 11087.
Clay silt deposit butting 11098.
Ashy deposit butting 11098.
Silty deposit butting 11098.
Mortared stone deposit sealing culvert 11103.
Stone culvert. Appears to but wall 11109.
Mortar bedding for flagstone surface 11115. Seals 11105.
Probable brick surface. Sealed by 11104.
Dumped backfill within robber/demolition cut 11055.
Area of concrete encased drains.
Construction cut for 11107.
Stone wall.
Drain pipe, contained within cut 11012.
Backfill of 11012.
Pipe and backfill of 11113.
Remnant stone flag floor, covering 11104. Covered by 11116.
Rubble deposit sealing 11115. Butts wall 11082.
Rubble deposit butting wall 11109.
Unexcavated deposit cut by 11018.
28
Trench 12
12001
12002
12003
12004
12005
12006
12007
12008
12009
12010
12011
12012
12013
12014
12015
12016
12017
12018
12019
12020
12021
12022
12023
12024
12025
12026
12027
12028
12029
12030
12031
12032
12033
Existing carpark surface.
Make-up layer.
Make-up layer.
Make-up layer.
Make-up layer.
Make-up layer.
Floor surface.
Limestone wall foundations. North/south aligned.
Backfill of culvert 12011.
Brick culvert.
Brick wall. East/west aligned.
Red brick wall. Internal partition.
Brick pier base.
Red brick pier base.
Limestone wall. North/south aligned.
Rubble make-up.
Brick wall
Limestone wall.
Granite sett surface.
Construction cut.
Make-up layer.
Brick lined drain.
Concrete encased drain.
Make-up layer.
Make-up layer.
Limestone wall. North/south aligned.
Fill of 12031.
Pit cut.
Make-up layer.
Construction cut for brick pier 12015.
Trench 13
13001
13002
13003
13004
13005
13006
13007
13008
13009
13010
13011
13012
13013
13014
13015
13016
13017
13018
13019
13020
13021
13022
13023
13024
13026
Pitched stone surface.
Construction cut for stone pier 13005.
Stone pier base.
Red brick pier.
Stone pier.
Remnant floor surface, flat stones.
Construction cut for ceramic drain and lead pipe.
Ceramic drain and lead pipe.
Redeposited clay and sandstone dump.
Compacted coal layer, possible surface.
Dumped deposit similar to 13012.
Bedding layer for stone surface 13003.
Dumped deposit containing glass and glass slag.
Dumped deposit.
Dumped deposit of clay and sandstone.
Possible buried topsoil.
Probably same deposit as 13012.
Thin mortar lens.
Mortar bedding for 13008.
Make-up deposit containing pottery wasters.
Concrete footing for wall 13024.
Brick wall footing.
29
13027
13028
13029
13030
13031
13032
13033
13034
13035
Demolition rubble.
Levelling layer following construction of 13005.
Dumped deposit.
Existing ground surface, topsoil, gravel and demolition rubble.
Stone wall, extant along southern edge of site.
Dumped deposit.
Dumped deposit.
Make-up deposit.
Concrete slab butting wall 13024.
Trench 14
14001
14002
14003
14004
14005
14006
14007
14008
14009
14010
14011
14012
14013
14014
14015
14016
14017
14018
14019
14020
14021
14022
14023
14024
14025
14026
14027
14028
14029
14030
14031
14032
14033
14034
14035
14036
14037
14038
14039
14040
14041
14042
14043
14044
Existing tarmac carpark surface.
Compacted demolition rubble.
Square stone pier.
Cut for pit, probable demolition cut.
Fill of 14005, same material as 14003.
Cut for pit, probable demolition cut.
Fill of 14007, same material as 14003.
Possible brick surface adjacent to 14011. Probable repair of 14035.
Single square stone slab immediately adjacent to 14009. Probable repair of 14035.
Stone wall, western wall of warehouse shown on O.S. first edition.
Dumped layer containing frequent pottery fragments.
Mortared stone backfill of 14013.
Backfill of demolition cut 14019.
Dumped layer containing large amount of glass and glass slag. Possibly same deposit as 14017.
Dumped layer containing large amount of glass and glass slag. Possibly same deposit as 14016.
Dumped deposit containing frequent pot, glass and glass slag.
Demolition cut of wall 14019.
Dumped rubble deposit interior to wall 14011, probably used to raise floor level.
Dumped layer butting stone pier 14004.
Thin dumped deposit.
Dumped layer of re-deposited sandstone.
Construction cut for stone pier 14004.
Backfill of construction cut 14025 for stone pier 14004.
Dumped deposit containing slag and pottery fragments. Has been deliberately compacted.
Compacted dumped layer containing frequent small pieces of deliberately broken pottery.
Dumped layer.
Probable dumped layer.
Dumped layer.
Dumped deposit of waste pottery dumped against 14011/14044.
Dumped layer.
Narrow mortared surface running parallel to 14011.
Dumped/levelling layer.
Dumped layer.
Dumped layer.
Dumped layer of re-deposited sandstone.
Pipe and backfill of 14040.
Construction cut for concrete slab 14043.
Concrete slab.
Stone wall, probable former quay wall. At least 1.2m depth.
Trench 15
15001
15002
15003
15004
Stone culvert
Demolition cut for wall 15005.
Rubble backfill of 15002.
30
15005
15006
15007
15008
15009
15010
15011
15012
15013
15014
15015
15016
15017
15018
15019
15020
15021
15022
15023
15024
15025
15026
15027
15028
15029
15030
15031
15032
15033
15034
15035
15036
15037
15038
15039
15040
15041
15042
15043
15044
15045
15046
15047
15048
15049
15050
15051
15052
15053
15054
15055
15056
15057
15058
15059
15060
15061
15062
15063
15064
15065
15066
Stone wall with red brick core, southern wall of counting house. Same wall as 15090.
Stone wall, on different alignment to warehouse/counting house walls.
Remnant sandstone floor.
Levelling layer for mortar surface 15056.
Same deposit as 15003.
Isolated dump of demolition rubble.
Isolated dump of demolition rubble. Contained within 15044.
Mortar lens contained within 15013.
Dumped deposit.
Mortar surface laid during bay extension.
Demolition cut of dockfront warehouse wall.
Rubble backfill of 15018.
Remnant stone base of bay window.
Demolition deposit.
Demolition cut of counting house/warehouse wall.
Rubble backfill of demolition cut 15023.
Tile dump within 15023.
Dumped sand deposit, probably prior to laying of 15081.
Dumped deposit of stones contained within 15031.
Dumped mortar rich deposit.
Dumped sand deposit.
Dumped deposit.
Probable levelling/preparation layer for floor surface.
Mortar surface laid during bay extension.
Dumped deposit.
Dumped deposit.
Levelling/dumped deposit.
Dumped deposit.
Preparation/levelling layer for floor surface.
Uppermost fill of 15062.
Dumped layer over 15059.
Dumped deposit.
Cut of uncertain function.
Dumped deposit.
Backfill of 15046.
Probable remnant floor associated with 15007 or 15092, butts wall 15005.
Dumped deposit.
Existing tarmac of car park and associated levelling deposit.
Stone levelling layer only seen in section.
Dumped layer.
Dumped mortar layer.
Levelling layer.
Mortar surface laid over top of culvert 15001.
Dumped layer sealing 15056.
Demolition dump.
Preparation/levelling layer for a floor surface.
Construction cut for culvert 15001.
Lower fill of 15062.
Cut of uncertain function. Cuts 15040 and 15042.
Pipe and backfill contained within 15063.
Backfill of 15004, mostly mortar overspill from construction of wall 15005.
Backfill of construction cut 15067.
31
15067
15068
15069
15070
15071
15072
15073
15074
15075
15076
15077
15078
15079
15080
15081
15082
15083
15084
15085
15086
15087
15088
15089
15090
15091
15092
15093
15094
15095
15096
15097
15098
15099
15100
15101
Dump of pottery waste against wall 15006.
Sandy deposit pre-dating construction of wall 15006.
Sandy deposit pre-dating construction of wall 15006.
Stone wall, covers former quay wall 15078. Possible re-build though on slightly different alignment.
Surface constructed after infilling of probable slipway.
Bowl shaped concrete deposit butting wall 15005.
Probable preparation/levelling layer for floor surface.
Probable former quay wall. Likely to be butted by 15079.
Probable former slipway wall, likely to be same wall as 3012 from 2005 evaluation.
Surface comprised of mortar and small cobbles/pebbles.
Dumped deposit, infilling of probable former slipway.
Dumped slag rich deposit partially sealing culvert 15001 and 15076.
Dumped deposit butting 15078; infilling/ground make up.
Dumped deposit butting 15079; infilling/ground make up.
Dumped deposit, infilling/ground make up.
Dumped deposit post-dating wall 15073.
Original NW facing wall of warehouse fronting onto waterfront, has been partially robbed out during bay
window extension.
Short length of stone structure butting wall 15005.
Probable levelling layer prior to original construction of warehouse.
Backfill of possible robbing of 15090, associated with construction of bay window.
Levelling deposit.
Levelling layer interior to and post-dating warehouse construction.
Thin mortar surface butting wall 15090.
Robber/dismantling cut of wall 15090.
Backfill of 15100.
Trench 16
16001
16002
16003
16004
16005
16006
16007
16008
16009
16010
16011
16012
16013
16014
16015
16016
16017
16018
16019
16020
16021
16022
16023
16024
Dumped layer containing clay.
Demolition rubble.
Limestone wall, parallel to 16004.
Limestone wall.
Mortar floor.
Mortar floor.
Mortar bedding with pottery sherds.
Make-up layer under mortar floor 16006.
East/west stone wall.
Roughly built stone wall on western extent of 16009.
Clay bedding for surface 16011.
Red sandstone wall.
Rubble wall over wall 16014.
Levelling deposit between walls 16003 and 16004.
Red sandstone wall footing.
Clay surface butting walls 16003 and 16018.
Dumped deposit.
Sandstone wall, probable return of wall 16004.
Red sandstone wall.
Levelling layer for floor 16007.
Levelling layer for mortar floors 16005 and 16006.
32
16025
16026
16027
16029
16030
16031
16032
16033
16034
16035
Levelling layer.
Cut filled by 16024.
Cut for 16008.
Construction cut associated with 16004.
Thin mortar surface butting wall 16009.
Make-up for existing ground surface.
Existing ground surface.
Construction cut for concrete encased drain.
Concrete encased drain.
Trench 17
17000
17001
17002
17003
17004
17005
17006
17007
17008
17009
17010
17011
17012
17013
17014
17015
17016
17017
17018
17019
17020
17021
17022
17023
17024
17025
17026
17027
17028
17029
17030
17031
17032
17033
17034
17035
17036
17037
17038
17039
17040
17041
17042
17043
17044
17045
17046
17047
17048
17049
Existing car park surface.
Buried former car park tarmac surface.
Granite sett and rubble hardcore surface.
Modern cut feature of uncertain function.
Lower fill of 17003.
Brick floor surface including a deposit of glass slag.
Modern demolition/make up deposit removed by machine.
Dumped make up layer.
Levelling/make up layer.
Curved stone wall footing, possible boundary wall.
Levelling/make up layer.
Construction cut for electricity cable.
Cable and fill of 17012.
Make up layer for floor surface supported by sleeper walls 17043.
Make up layer similar to 17015.
Construction cut for water pipe.
Make up/levelling layer.
Robber cut.
Robber cut.
Fill of 17024.
Stone culvert.
Stone wall probably associated with 17033.
Stone surface.
Make up/levelling for surface 17035.
Mortar setting for stone slab surface. Slabs now all removed.
Stone culvert with curved tile base.
Backfill of construction cut 17037 for stone culvert 17038.
Make up/levelling for surface 17033.
Backfill of construction cut 17042 for culvert 17031.
Stone/mortar sleeper walls for now removed floor surface. Covering 17015.
Construction cut for drain 17045.
Concrete encased drain pipe.
Backfill of construction cut 17044 for concrete encased drain 17045.
Dumped layer butting stone pier 17050.
33
17050
17051
17052
17053
17054
17055
17056
17057
17058
17059
17060
17061
17062
17063
17064
17065
17066
17067
17068
17069
17070
17071
17072
17073
17074
17075
17076
17077
17078
17079
17080
17081
17082
17083
17084
17085
17086
17087
17088
17089
17090
17091
17092
17093
17094
17095
17096
17097
17098
17099
17100
17101
17102
17103
17104
17105
17106
17107
Square sandstone block: probable stone pier.
Fill of 17052 butting stone pier 17050.
Fill of robber cut 17023.
Brick/stone surface pre-dating 17015.
Cut of 1980’s evaluation trench.
Backfill of 17059.
Backfill of robber trench.
Make up/levelling deposit.
Robber cut.
Small section of brick wall butting curved corner wall 17010.
Robber trench.
Fill of 17065, contained painted wall plaster.
Stone wall, pre-dating 17010.
Make up/levelling layer, unclear relationship with 17067.
Cut for unexposed feature, 17069 appears to have slumped into it.
Make up/levelling layer, pre-dates probable glass house floor 17006.
Robber trench.
Fill of robber trench 17076.
Make up/levelling layer of crushed brick sealing 17006.
Demolition material used as make up/levelling layer.
Concrete surface butting wall 17064.
Make up/levelling layer for surface 17081.
Make up/levelling layer associated with wall 17064.
Make up/levelling layer butting wall 17064.
Demolition rubble used as levelling layer.
Demolition rubble used as levelling layer, similar to 17086.
Robber cut.
Make up/levelling layer similar to 17078.
Stone wall footing.
Brick floor surface, possibly same as 17006.
Same as 17085
Same as 17079
Same as 17079
Stone wall footing.
Upper fill of robber cut 17106.
Lower fill of robber cut 17106.
Make up/levelling layer pre-dating wall 17098.
Make up/levelling layer pre-dating wall 17098.
Fill of 17103.
Robber cut for wall 17098.
Stone wall footing.
34
APPENDIX 2: THE FINDS
Context
u/s
T11 u/s
11001
11002
11019
<108>
11019
<109>
11024
11025
11045
11050
11051
11056
11070
11080
11101
Artefact type
Pottery: transfer print china, salt glazed
stoneware, flowerpot, biscuit fired tinglazed earthenware, North Devon
gravel tempered, stoneware
Ceramic drain pipe
Clay tobacco pipe: stem
Ceramic door plate
Glass: vessel
Glass kiln stone superstructure
Glass waste: lump/drop
Pottery: salt glazed stoneware, tinglazed earthenware, transfer printed
china, creamware
Clay tobacco pipe: stem, bowl Oswald
type 8, c.1680-1710
Glass: vessel, window
Glass waste: frothy, misc dense
Oyster shell
Iron nails
Animal bone: Cow-sized
Pottery: pearlware, North Devon gravel
tempered
Animal bone; sheep/goat, cow-sized
Oyster
Burnt stone
Clay tobacco pipe: stems
Lead object
Iron slag
Iron object
Glass: bottle
Glass waste: lump/drop
Pottery: tin-glazed
Glass waste: misc. glassy, vitreous
Plaster
Iron Object
Animal bone
Shell
Glass: vessel and waste
Ceramic building material: brick, tile
Pottery:
Ceramic building material
Clay tobacco pipe
Pottery: salt glazed stoneware
Ceramic building material: brick
Glass: vessel
Pottery: tin-glazed biscuit-fired
Glass waste
Pottery/tile: tin-glazed biscuit-fired
Glass waste: vitrified clay
Kiln furniture
Glass waste
Kiln furniture: saggar
Pottery: stoneware, china
Glass: vessel
Slag
Count
17
Weight (g)
1122
Spot-date
C20
2
8
1
4
5
4
12
408
54
24
62
2932
80
110
C19
13
72
24
9
2
3
2
2
2
1
1
2
1
1
5
7
1
1
1
5
2
1
1
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
10
8
20
13
1
1
1
2
8
7
1
4
182
388
30
138
20
10
91
28
94
4
62
110
984
388
38
5
4
18
4
1
46
1.5
0.2
6724
1
10
3978
60
2
152
3400
8
390
64
57
436
1402
6968
38
1090
65
336
298
52
106
12
35
LC18-eC19
C18
C18
C18
C18+
C18
pmed
C18
C19
11106
13013
13016
13017
13018
13022
14003
14006
14012
14014
14016
14016
<103>
14017
14018
14020
Clay tobacco pipe: stems, bowl Oswald
type 22, c.1730-80
Animal bone; cow-sized, sheep-sized
Pottery: German stoneware, postmedieval glazed earthenware, ‘Mocha’
ware, flowerpot, transfer print, North
Devon gravel tempered
Glass: vessel
Flint nodules
Worked stone: crucible base
Animal bone; horse
Glass crucible
Animal bone; cattle
Pottery:
post-medieval
glazed
earthenware
Slate roof tile
Glass waste: run/pull
Glass crucible
Mortar
Pottery:
post-medieval
glazed
earthenware
Animal bone: cow-sized
Ceramic building material: tile
Pottery:
post-medieval
glazed
earthenware
Pottery: tin glaze biscuit fired
Kiln furniture/tile
Ceramic building material: brick, pantile
Pottery: biscuit fired
Ceramic building material: pantile
Pottery: tin-glazed earthenware
Ceramic building material: brick, pantile
Pottery:
salt-glazed
stoneware,
creamware
Glass – vessel
Animal bone sheep/goat
Pottery:
salt-glazed
stoneware,
creamware
Tile: tinglazed (biscuit)
Animal bone;
glass
Pottery:
tin-glazed earthenware,
yellow slipware, Westerwald, saltglazed
stoneware,
creamware,
pearlware
Clay tobacco pipe stem
Glass: vessel, ointment bottle
Glass waste: misc glassy, vitreous,
opaque
Iron Nail
Coal
Pottery: tin-glazed earthenware, yellow
slipware, creamware
Glass: vessel
Iron object
C18
7
24
5
26
16
1560
3
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
118
328
3676
6
72
6
26
36
2
1
1
1
1
9
12
24
4
136
46
222
1
1
1
6
4
10
28
104
pmed
6
2
4
1
9
4
1
2
11
181
107
583
15
696
158
3
652
124
C18
10
1
-
149
11
107
LC18-C19
36
53
63
27
266
344
LC18
1
6
8
2
2
133
73
8
1
1
25
20
15
324
1
2
1
2
388
13
36
pmed
pmed
pmed
C18
C18
LC18
LC18
pmed
14022
14023
14024
14027
14027
<100>
14028
<101>
14031
14032
14032
<102>
14035
T14 u/s
15008
15010
15012
Pottery: Westerwald, creamware, saltglazed stoneware
Glass crucible fragment
Glass: vessel
Glass waste: run/pull, molten, opaque
Copper alloy links
Animal bone: pig
Pottery:
tin-glazed
earthenware,
creamware
Glass waste: opaque
Pottery: tin-glazed earthenware, saltglazed stoneware, creamware, yellow
slipware
Glass waste: misc. glassy, viteous,
run/pull
Coal
Slag
Animal bone; sheep-sized
Chalk
Saggars/kiln furniture/misc.
Pottery: tin-glazed (biscuit)
Animal bone
Saggars/kiln furniture/misc
Oyster shell
Glass: vessel
Pottery: tin glazed earthenware,
saggars
Stone roof tile
Glass waste: stone superstructure,
run/pull, misc glassy, vitreous
Pottery :
tin glazed earthenware,
brown salt-glazed stoneware, yellow
slipware
Saggars/kiln furniture
Pottery: tin glazed earthenware biscuitfired, yellow slipware, slipware
glass
Land snail
Charcoal
Copper coin: illegible
Glass phial
Pottery: tin glazed earthenware
Slag
Glass waste: misc glassy, vitreous
Glass waste: misc. glassy, vitreous,
opaque
Plaster
Glass waste: opaque
Slag
11
162
MLC18
10
1
1
18
11
2
1
5
290
1
84
43
82
1
12
31
LC18
2
2
70
21
6
472
C18
MLC18
21
8
12
5
1
1
2
535
54
220
9
2
2
2
2
16
11
503
478
0.5
475
5
1
4
102
10
1
5
855
319
544
9
1126
C18
1545
C18
1
C18
C18
C18
1
1
5
2
1
1
2
1
1
1
5
4
6
0.1
1
6
98
5
18
12
2
40
82
16
270
2
2
1
22
160
36
37
pmed
C18
pmed
pmed
15013
15032
/15042
/15059
15038
15040
15041
/15059
15041
/15061
15068
<104>
15047
15069
(T15)
15069
(T19)
15070
15094/
15096/
15097
T15 u/s
16002
16007
17021
17053
17060
17061
17062
17066
17068
Pottery: tin glazed earthenware, yellow
ware, red earthenware, yellow slipware
Glass: vessel
Crucible fragment
Slag
Glass waste
Slag
Glass waste: misc. glassy, vitreous
Nottingham stoneware glazed
mottled brown glazed ware
Ceramic building material - pantile
Slag
Slate roof tile
Glass – vessel
Glass waste
Saggars/kiln furniture
Pottery: tin-glaze biscuit-fired
glass
Oyster shell
Glass waste
Iron object
Clay tobacco pipe stems
Glass waste
Glass: vessel
Clay tobacco pipe: moulded bowl
Oyster
Pottery: stoneware
Glass waste: clinker, run/pulls
Pottery: tin-glaze biscuit-fired
Kiln furniture
Plaster
Clay tobacco pipe: bowl Oswald type 9
c. 1680-1710
Clay tobacco pipe stem: stamp
Llewelin Evans, 1660 (Free) – 1698
(Died)
Glass crucible
Stone superstructure
Ceramic drain pipe
Pottery: biscuit-fired
Mortar
Pottery: salt-glazed stoneware, kiln
furniture
Ceramic drain pipe
Wall plaster
Pottery:
tin-glazed
biscuit-fired;
stoneware
Glass waste: lump/drop, moils
Kiln furniture: saggars
9
162
C18
3
1
10
7
2
1
7
2
1
1
2
2
3
96
2
38
24
56
8
40
38
42
4
118
14
22
C18
1
5
2
14
1
1
2
3
5
1
1
2
1
14
2
8
12
80
2675
319
6
36
18
78
14
11
4
1
7
2
1
1
4
2
3
c. 100
9
1
1
1
62
10
4
58
46
6
6
47
82
102
267
279
4
62
14
C17+
C18
2
16
MLC17+
2
3
1
1
15
1
1
274
4016
54
10
688
6
162
1
8
8
86
4872
198
3
8
52
516
38
C17+
C18
C18
C18
C18
C18
pmed
MLC19
C18
C18
LC17-C18
C18
C18-C19
?C19
C18
17069
17069
<106>
17071
17072
17073
17074
17097
17101
17104
Glass waste: run/pull, lump/drop.
Oyster shell
Burnt animal bone
Glass waste
Glass
Pottery: Somerset glazed earthenware
Animal bone: cattle
Oyster
Pottery: somerset glazed earthenware
Pottery: tin-glazed biscuit-fired, salt
glazed stoneware
Glass: window
Stone roof tile
Kiln furniture: saggars
Glass waste: moils
Pottery: tin-glazed biscuit-fired, North
Devon gravel-tempered
Clay tobacco pipe: bowl Oswald type 4
c.1600-40
Oyster
Animal bone; cattle, sheep-sized
Oyster
Iron Nail
Pottery: tin-glazed earthenware, North
Devon gravel tempered
Animal bone; cattle, sheep
Oyster
Pottery: brown-glazed earthenware
Animal bone; sheep/goat, cow-sized,
sheep-sized, chicken-sized
Oyster
Clay tobacco pipe: stems only
Pottery: Somerset glazed earthenware
2
2
1
9
3
1
1
3
8
30
6
96
6
3
2
96
1135
68
21
7
32
24
158
1
1
3
2
1
2
1
24
24
8
4
27
4
18
2
2
12
1
2
25
19
19
18
20
5
2
1
3
1
1
6
14
28
23
8
16
6
26
1
5
1
5
14
6
39
C18
C18
pmed
C18
C18
C18
C18+
pmed
APPENDIX 3: OBSERVATIONS ON THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF GLASS MANUFACTURE AT REDCLIFF
WHARF BY DAVID DUNGWORTH
Historical Evidence
The archaeological excavation at Redcliff Wharf (NGR ST 590 724) undertaken by Cotswold Archaeology has
revealed evidence for the survival of stratigraphy associated with the manufacture of glass. Two glasshouses are
known to have operated with the area of Redcliff Wharf during the eighteenth century. The earliest evidence
comes Millerd’s second Map of Bristol (1710) which shows a rectangular building with a prominent central
chimney (Figure 1).
This glasshouse is identified by Witt et al. (1984, 35–6) as Redcliff Backs and it is tentatively associated with the
Lowden family who had been glassmakers in Bristol since 1673. The site was bought and sold several times
during the eighteenth century during which it seems to have produced a range of glass, including flint glass,
green glass and white (enamel?) glass. The Redcliff Backs glasshouse was closed down in 1802 following the
amalgamation of a number of glasshouses. No glasshouses are evident on the Ashmead and Plumley map of
1828 (Figure 2).
Roque’s Map of Bristol of 1743 shows a glasshouse within the area of Redcliff Wharf (Figure 3). This has the
characteristic circular plan of all of the glasshouses drawn by Rocque; by the mid-eighteenth century it seems
that all of Bristol’s glasshouses are within brick cones. Rocque’s map also shows rectangular building (marked B
on Figure 3) to the west of the cone (marked A). This building appears to be similar in position, size and
alignment to the glasshouse shown on Millerd’s map (Figures 1 and 4). Glasshouse B is not labelled as such on
Rocque’s map and it is possible that it went out of use before 1743. It is possible that the glasshouse cone (A)
replaced the earlier glasshouse (B).
Glasshouse A lies outside the areas which have been evaluated to date (i.e. the south-western parts of Redcliff
Wharf). During the nineteenth century this part of the site was occupied by Transit Sheds; it is not clear how this
will have affected the survival of archaeological features.
Site Visits
The site was visited on four separate occasions during the archaeological excavation. The opportunity was taken
to view features and artefacts/residues and discuss interpretation with Cotswold Archaeology staff. There has
been no formal assessment of the potential for future study of any material excavated.
At least three trenches uncovered extensive deposits of coal fines, ash and glass working waste. While none of
these may be in situ, the abundance of artefactual material will provide dating evidence which can be used to
examine diachronic changes in the sorts of glass manufactured. The glassworking waste observed mostly
consists of opalescent bottle glass waste, however, other sorts of waste also indicate the production of bottles,
phials, and tableware. Qualitative XRF analysis of a selection of glassworking debris indicates the production of
flint (i.e. lead) glass, mixed alkali glass and high-lime low alkali glass.
The most significant structural features uncovered are flues that are likely to be associated with the later
glasshouse (A). The re-excavation of the late 1980s excavation trench in Trench 17 revealed a possible floor
surface c.0.7m below the current ground surface formed from pitched sandstone blocks in a clay ‘cement’
(context 17060). The upper surfaces of these stones were glassy (Figure 5) and had been subjected to high
temperatures. While the full extent of this feature is not known there is little doubt that it is associated with the
glasshouse. The high temperatures required to vitrify sandstone (>1300ºC) are likely to be found only under the
hottest part of the furnace.
Within Trench 11 was revealed the top of a brick-built structure. The structure had been only partially uncovered
at the time of visiting and its function is at present uncertain. The brick structure contains numerous voids and
channels and they are tentatively identified as flues for the glasshouse. The colour of the bricks indicate that they
have been heated but show only localised vitrification (i.e. rarely in excess of c.1000ºC). The brick structure
shows some parallels with the regenerator technology developed in the 1860s.However, it is most unlikely that
this is a regenerator for the glasshouse as the glasshouse closed down 60 years before Siemens’ patented the
technology.
40
Figure 1. Close detail from Millerd’s Map of Bristol showing a glasshouse had been established on Redcliff
Wharf since 1710.
41
Figure 2. Detail from the Ashmead and Plumley Map of Bristol of 1828
42
A
B
Figure 3. Detail from Rocque’s Map of Bristol of 1743.
43
Figure 4. Detail from Millerd’s 1710 map. The glasshouse in the top left hand corner is shown on Rocque’s map
(Figure 2) as building B
44
Figure 5. Fragment of a pitched stone surface associated with the glasshouse (context 17060).
45
Reproduced from the 1997 Ordnance Survey Explorer map with the permission
of Ordnance Survey on behalf of The Controller of Her Majesty's Stationery Office
c Crown copyright Cotswold Archaeological Trust AL50196A
N
0
2.5km
COTSWOLD ARCHAEOLOGY
PROJECT TITLE
Bristol
Redcliff Wharf, Bristol
FIGURE TITLE
Site location plan
DRAWN BY
PJM
SCALE
1:25,000@A4
PROJECT NO. FIGURE NO.
2301
1
590
Reproduced from the 2005 Ordnance Survey Superplan map with the permission
of Ordnance Survey on behalf of The Controller of Her Majesty's Stationery Office
c Crown copyright Cotswold Archaeological Trust AL50196A
REDC
N
LIFFE
BRIDG
E
9
1
10
724
14
site
2007 evaluation trench
LIF
FE
W
HA
RF
3
11
2
RE
DC
15
2005 evaluation trench
12
7
4
13
16
17
HERM
ITAGE
PROJECT TITLE
FIGURE TITLE
Trench location plan
DRAWN BY
ST
REDCLIFFE PARADE EAST
0
50m
PJM
SCALE
1:500@A3
2301
2
N
11036
11042
wall
11027
11042
11036
wall
11028
wall
11028
11033
levelling deposit
11032
11027
11040
wall
11029
brick
wall
11034
flagstone
floor
11044
11041
11036
flagstone floor
11033
wall
11022
11094
11035
levelling
deposit
11023
11030
11031
11042
11042
wall
11020
wall
11028
11020
walls of 18th-century glassworks
11036
11032
11042
11094
11024
11036
11036
levelling
deposit
11074
brick floor
11075
11038
11037
11020
levelling
deposit
11074
unexcavated
due to
live service
levelling deposit
11032
11076
11069
wall
11082
11066
11064
11059
11045
11068
11068
11036
11091
11036
wall
11082
11080
11062
11105
drain
11103
11111
11028
service trench
11058
11023
11079
11107
pipe cut
11057
11063
11078
11059
11104
wall
11109
service trench
11085
11042
11116
11108
11006
11049
wall
11060
brick floor
11066
brick floor
11104
11051
11049
11005
11059
11070
11081
11115
11004
modern
services
11007
11045
11002
levelling deposit
11023
11073
11036
11046
11093
11028
11023
11042
11067
11092
11036
11084
20th-century building
11026
brick floor
11077
11050
flagstone floor of 18th-century
glassworks
levelling deposit
11023
11065
11015
11081
11083
11039
wall
11025
11021
11095
11014
area of brick & stone floor of
18th-century glassworks
levelling deposit
11023
wall
11022
11012
11103
levelling deposit
containing glass waste
11019
11023
stone
culvert
11086
11062
111089
wall
11061
11117
stone
culvert
11102
11042
11104
11023
stone culvert
11103
11110
11088
11036
wall
11028
11013
levelling
deposit
11023
11086
wall
11009
11113
11013
11008
wall
11009
11018
11097
wall
11087
11007
11019
drain
11019
brick drain
11012
11010
11099
unexcavated
due to live service
11016
stone
culvert
11100
11101
wall
11017
11011
levelling deposit
11023
11088
wall
11098
11118
11018
levelling
deposit
11023
service trench
11114
levelling
deposit
11023
PROJECT TITLE
FIGURE TITLE
Trench 11; plan
DRAWN BY
0
10m
PJM
SCALE
1:100@A3
2301
3
N
wall footing
for 12018
12028
A
A
12019
rubble
12007
stone wall
12016
rubble
12023
rubble
12017
12004
rubble
12017
standing stone
wall 12018
sub-base
12008
earliest stone wall
12029
stone wall
12009
later stone wall
12011 brick
manhole
12026
brick pier
12014
brick pier
12015
12007
wall
12022
brick wall
12012
brick wall
12013
granite sett surface
12021
brick drain
12024
modern brick wall
backfill
12010
12001
concrete drain
12025
Section AA
standing stone
wall 12018
W
10 m
AOD
E
existing ground surface
12001
stone wall
12009
12002
12001
12002
12008
wall footing
for 12018
12001
12002
wall footing
12029
12003
12027
12004
12031
12028
12007
12030
12032
rubble
12017
12006
rubble
12007
stone wall
12016
12023
12019
12020
12017
12005
PROJECT TITLE
FIGURE TITLE
Trench 12; plan and section
DRAWN BY
PJM
SCALE @ A3
1:50
2301
4
N
brick pier
13006
A
earliest structures
13012
pitched stone
surface
13002
modern structures
A
stone base
13005
pitched stone
surface
13001
13012
13004
B
B
13014
pitched stone surface
13003
13018
13018
stone pier
13007
13011
13018
13022
13019
pipe cut
13009
13020
13010
13015
13017
13019
brick wall
13024
13016
stone
surface
13008
rubble
13027
existing stone wall
13031
13021
concrete
13023
brick wall
13024
Section AA
NW
10 m
AOD
SE
13030
concrete slab 13035
brick wall
13024
13028
concrete
13023
13027
13028
stone base
13005
13004
13029
13027
13004
13003
13026
13001
13002
13012
13014
Section BB
NW
9m
AOD
surface
13012
13032
13033
13015
13034
13017
SE
13011
PROJECT TITLE
13013
13016
FIGURE TITLE
13018
DRAWN BY
0
5m
PJM
SCALE
1:50@A3
2301
5
N
14014
A
?threshold
14009
14013
A
wall
14011
14032
14027
14028
14029
14006
14025
14026
14010
robber cut
14019
14032
19th-century warehouse structure
robbing of 19th-century warehouse
structure
stone pier
14004
14015
14035
14036
14005
14017
14034
14020
14020
14026
14025
14023
wall
14011
14036
14024
14014
14016
14007
14013
14019
14016
14008
14036
14015
wall 14014 14016
14011
Section AA
14001
concrete
14043
14042
14003
14002
NW
8m
AOD
14039
14041
14040
robber cut
14019
14038
14037
14012
14015
14036
14020
14017
14009
14012
14017
14028
14014
14027
dumped deposit
14032
SE
14006
14005
wall
14011
14013
14030
14031
14029
14018
probable
quay wall
14044
PROJECT TITLE
FIGURE TITLE
DRAWN BY
0
5m
PJM
SCALE
1:50@A3
2301
6
N
15019
15025
early wall
19th-century structures
15018
stone pier
15020
robbing of 19th-century structures
15041
15017
15059
15090
15042
15062
15061
15040
15024
15041
15059
15023
15032
15021
15090
service trench
15072
15090
15094
wall
15079
15085
15033
15094
?quay wall
15078
15024
15017
15084
15071
15081
15026
15092
15023
15088
15018
wall
15073
surface
15074
15080
15095
15083
15081
15031
surface
15074
15083
15026
pottery
dump
15068
15073
15076
15083
15070
15075
culvert
15001
15083
15073
15067
15027
15076
15066
15083
15060
15047
15075
15039
wall
15006
15083
15047
15026
15016
15046
15012
15039
wall
15005
15013
pipe
15603
15009
15012
15011
15082
15004
15044
15065
15038
PROJECT TITLE
culvert
15001
FIGURE TITLE
Trench 15; plan
DRAWN BY
0
5m
PJM
SCALE
1:50@A3
2301
7
N
wall
16003
16027
B
16002
16008
surface
16005
16028
16025
surface
16019
early wall
wall
16004
later wall
dumped deposit
16017
wall
16018
drain
16035
B
16020
16021
mortared rubble
16010
wall
16022
16002
surface
16005
16002
wall
16009
16004
A
mortared rubble
16016
16014
16002
16012
16013
16002
wall
16015
pitched stone
surface 16011
16015
A
Section AA
NE
9m
AOD
SW
16033
16032
mortar surface 16031
wall
16009
16013
16014
slag-rich dumped layer
16001
pitched surface
16011
Section BB
wall
16015
E
8m
AOD
16006
wall
16004
16029
levelling layer
16012
16007
16025
16026
surface
16005
16008
16027
16002
wall
16003
16030
W
16023
16024
PROJECT TITLE
FIGURE TITLE
Trench 16; plan and sections
DRAWN BY
0
5m
PJM
SCALE @ A3
1:50
2301
8
N
concrete
17075
B
robber
trench
17077
17026
17059
surface
17006
17000
17030
17060
robber
trench
17024
drain
17045
17031
17074
17059
17046
B
17045
drain
17045
17040
17027
17035
17029
17048
17020
wall
17010
17023
service
trench
17021
17062
A
17095
wall
17064
17085
17054
wall
17082
17101
17099
17058
wall
17098
17082
wall
17081
A
17104
17009
17054
17065
surface
17057
17015
17001
17083
17063
17063
robbing of 19th-century structures
17001
17096
17094
17063
17041
19th-century structures
17012
17020
17020
17063
17047
17063
18th-century glassworks structures
17016
17106
surface
17035
17053
robber trench
17054
17011
C
wall
17010
robber trench
17054
17036
17051
17061
culvert
17031
17034
17030
sandstone
block
17050
17021
17072
17028
17024
robber
trench
17024
culvert
17039
C
robber
trench
17088/9
17 wal
06 l
7 1 wa
70 ll
10
surface
17033
17025
17037
17059
drain
17045
17079
17062
17066
17008
joist
bases
17043
17020
17019
17022
17001
surface
17002
wall
17092
0
Section AA
Section BB
17059
SE
9m
AOD
NW
17063
17106
17054
17063
17106
17099
17061
wall
17098
17100
17101
17104
17104
17062
17102
17103
17105
wall
17017
W
9m
AOD
Section CC
17000
1980s excavation trench
backfill 17060
17007
step
NW
9m
AOD
E
17059
17007
10m
step
17078
17038
17089
wall
17010
17068
17020
wall
17067
SE
17021
17069
surface
17006
17039
17071
17059
17072
17070
17074
PROJECT TITLE
17074
17097
17042
culvert
backfill
17041
17037
wall culvert
17031 17031
FIGURE TITLE
Trench 17; plan and sections
0
5m
DRAWN BY
PJM
SCALE @ A3
1:100 and 1:50
2301
9

redcliff wharf bristol - Cotswold Archaeology

Transcription

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