Exploring IBM iSeries

Transcription

“...indisputably the
most authoritative
Exploring IBM
iSeries
account of the
ins and out of [iSeries]
computing.”
—Small Computer Book Club
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ELEVENTH EDITION
The Instant Insider’s Guide to IBM’s
Popular Mid-range Servers
Foreword by Al Zollar, General Manager, IBM
iSeries
Jim Hoskins and Roger Dimmick
Team-Fly®
Over 80,000
copies sold!
Exploring IBM ~ iSeries
Eleventh Edition
Other Titles of Interest From Maximum Press
Exploring IBM e-Business Software: Second Edition: Young, 1-931644-00-4
Exploring IBM Technology, Products, & Services, Fifth Edition: Hoskins,
1-885068-82-4
Exploring IBM ~ pSeries, Eleventh Edition: Hoskins & Bluethman,
1-885068-81-6
Exploring IBM ~ xSeries, Twelfth Edition: Hoskins, Wilson & Winkel,
1-885068-83-2
Exploring IBM ~ zSeries and S/390 Servers, Eighth Edition: Hoskins &
Frank, 1-885068-91-3
Exploring IBM Network Stations: Ho, Lloyd, & Heracleous, 1-885068-32-8
Building Intranets With Lotus Notes and Domino 5.0, Third Edition: Krantz,
1-885068-41-7
Internet Marketing for Your Tourism Business: Sweeney, 1-885068-47-6
Marketing With E-Mail, Third Edition: Kinnard, 1-885068-68-9
Business-to-Business Internet Marketing, Fourth Edition: Silverstein,
1-885068-72-7
Marketing on the Internet, Sixth Edition: Zimmerman, 1-885068-80-8
101 Internet Businesses You Can Start From Home: Sweeney, 1-885068-59-X
The e-Business Formula for Success: Sweeney, 1-885068-60-3
101 Ways to Promote Your Web Site, Fourth Edition: Sweeney, 1-885068-90-5
Internet Marketing for Information Technology Companies, Second Edition:
Silverstein, 1-885068-67-0
Internet Marketing for Less Than $500/Year, Second Edition: Yudkin,
1-885068-69-7
The Business Guide to Selling Through Internet Auctions: Hix, 1-885068-73-5
For more information, visit our Web site at www.maxpress.com
or e-mail us at moreinfo@maxpress.com
Eleventh Edition
The Instant Insider’s Guide to IBM’s Popular
Mid-range Servers
Jim Hoskins
Roger Dimmick
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Hoskins, Jim.
Exploring IBM eserver iSeries / Jim Hoskins and Roger Dimmick.— 11th ed.
p. cm.
Rev. ed. of: Exploring IBM eserver iSeries and AS/400e computers. 10th
ed. 2001.
Includes index.
ISBN 1-885068-98-0
1. IBM microcomputers. I. Dimmick, Roger, 1932- II. Hoskins, Jim.
Exploring IBM eserver iSeries. III. Title.
QA76.8.I1015 H668 2002
004.1’45—dc21
2002151309
Acknowledgments
Many “IBMers” assisted us in preparing the eleventh edition of this
book despite their demanding schedules. Some provided information
about their products. Others read the manuscript and provided helpful
comments. To all those who assisted, we thank you. We would especially like to thank John Plansky, Dianne Moench, and Joseph McCoy
for helping coordinate this edition.
We would also like to thank Bill Schaffer in Boulder CO, Scott
Frederick and Dick Odell in Rochester.
Disclaimer
The purchase of computer software or hardware is an important and
costly business decision. While the author and publisher of this book
have made reasonable efforts to ensure the accuracy and timeliness of
the information contained herein, the author and publisher assume no
liability with respect to loss or damage caused or alleged to be caused
by reliance on any information contained herein and disclaim any and
all warranties, expressed or implied, as to the accuracy or reliability of
said information.
This book is not intended to replace the manufacturer’s product
documentation or personnel in determining the specifications and capabilities of the products mentioned in this book. The manufacturer’s product documentation should always be consulted, as the specifications
and capabilities of computer hardware and software products are subject to frequent modification.
The reader is solely responsible for the choice of computer hardware
and software. All configurations and applications of computer hardware
and software should be reviewed with the manufacturer’s representatives
prior to choosing or using any computer hardware and software.
Trademarks
The words contained in this text which are believed to be trademarked,
service marked, or otherwise to hold proprietary rights have been desig-
nated as such by use of initial capitalization. No attempt has been made
to designate as trademarked or service marked any personal computer
words or terms in which proprietary rights might exist. Inclusion, exclusion, or definition of a word or term is not intended to affect, or to
express judgement upon, the validity of legal status of any proprietary
right which may be claimed for a specific word or term.
Foreword
Designing a computing system that is easy to manage, offers an extensive portfolio of industry-specific solutions and provides mainframe-class
security and reliability might seem like an almost impossible task. And
yet, these are the exact design points that have inspired an enduring
success story in an industry where progress is often measured only by
the next crank of the technology.
Make no mistake about it. Technology is essential. It has put the
power of yesterday’s room-sized computer into today’s laptop. But the
secret behind a computing architecture based on simplicity, integration
and speed of deployment goes much deeper. Its roots are found in the
people who write applications for the architecture, and the customers
who use it.
Since I joined IBM 26 years ago as a systems engineer, I have always
been in awe of the technical innovation of our IBM development team in
Rochester, Minnesota. Rochester’s pioneering work with the System/38
and AS/400 included delivering an object oriented architecture before
most people even knew what objects were. Rochester delivered single level
storage and a virtualized machine architecture before people could imagine the possibility of their being adapted into logical partitioning and
capacity on demand features that we offer on today’s iSeries servers.
Rochester listened when customers asked for a simple solution—
one that would allow them to spend their time managing their businesses and not their computers. They listened when iSeries business
partners asked for the kind of reliability and quality that would distinguish their solutions from those of their competitors. And they listened again when customers asked them to protect their application
investments, by continuing to enhance their offerings while resisting
the temptation to start from scratch. The incredible ability to adopt
new technology is, perhaps, what is so exciting for me about the iSeries.
It’s adaptability has enabled it to take on the challenges of multiple
computing generations, the latest of which we see as the era of e-business on demand.
When IBM established the concept of e-business in 1996, it was
clear that the global economy was on the verge of an enduring, tech-
nology-led business revolution. The early phase of that e-business revolution was characterized by simple strategies such as publishing product information to the Internet and the first simple web-based
transactions. The second, integrating phase of e-business adoption was
marked by strategies to link internal processes end-to-end and by companies connecting across the Web to their external value nets. Today,
the industry is moving into a new era of e-business, the on-demand
era. Now companies are driven by the need to optimize their e-business operations, dynamically responding to the needs of customers,
partners and employees.
With the high pressure and fast-moving nature of today’s on-demand world, a business must be agile enough to adjust to constant change.
That’s why we’ve rapidly adapted the iSeries to help customers meet the
challenges of the on-demand era. iSeries is pioneering new on-demand
technologies, like On/Off Capacity on Demand, and has become a multiplatform server that runs multiple operating systems simultaneously, dynamically adjusting to changing e-business requirements. Exactly what
you need to thrive in today’s on demand era.
Al Zollar,
General Manager,
IBM eServer iSeries
Table of Contents
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Table of Contents
Introduction .......................................................................................... xvii
What This Book Is ......................................................................... xvii
What This Book Is Not .................................................................. xvii
How to Use This Book ................................................................. xviii
Your “Members Only” Web Site .................................................... xix
A Glance Backward ......................................................................... xx
Chapter 1:
IBM eServer iSeries
1
IBM’s e-business on demand Strategy ................................................ 1
Open Standards ......................................................................... 2
Integration ................................................................................. 2
Virtualization ............................................................................. 3
Autonomic Computing .............................................................. 3
IBM’s eServer and TotalStorage Strategy ........................................... 4
Pervasive Computing ......................................................................... 5
About IBM eServer iSeries ................................................................. 7
What Makes Up an iSeries System? ................................................... 7
Advanced Application Architecture ................................................... 9
Meet the Family ............................................................................... 12
iSeries Model Specifics ..................................................................... 16
iSeries Model 800 (i800) Specifics ............................................ 16
Model 800 Value ............................................................. 16
Model 800 Standard ........................................................ 17
Model 800 Advanced ....................................................... 18
iSeries Model 810 Specifics ...................................................... 18
iSeries Model i825 Specifics ..................................................... 21
Capacity on Demand (CoD) ............................................................ 31
iSeries Dedicated Servers for Domino ...................................... 31
iSeries for Domino Model i810D ..................................... 32
iSeries for Domino Model i825D ..................................... 34
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Performance Overview .................................................................... 34
Benchmark Testing .................................................................. 34
Server vs. Interactive Environments ......................................... 36
Typical Business Workload Performance (CPW) .............. 36
Interactive Performance ................................................... 36
iSeries for Domino Benchmarks ....................................... 37
A Closer Look ................................................................................. 38
Hardware Architecture Overview ............................................ 39
Power Microprocessors ................................................................... 44
The SStar Microprocessor ................................................ 46
The POWER4 Microprocessor ........................................ 48
Processor Core Overview ............................................ 49
Storage Hierarchy .................................................................... 51
Main Storage ........................................................................... 52
Storage Management ............................................................... 53
Auxiliary Storage ..................................................................... 54
Diskette Storage ............................................................... 55
Disk Storage ..................................................................... 55
Optical Libraries .............................................................. 58
Tape Storage .................................................................... 58
OptiConnect ............................................................................ 59
OptiMAL Connect .................................................................. 61
System Availability Functions .................................................. 62
OS/400 Subsystems and Logical Partitioning ................... 64
Multisystem Coupling ...................................................... 68
Data Resiliency and Application Resiliency ..................... 68
Continuous Availability Clustering .................................. 68
Disaster Tolerance ............................................................ 71
Upgrade Paths ......................................................................... 72
Upgrading within a Model ............................................... 72
Upgrading through a System Unit Swap .......................... 72
Upgrades between Models ............................................... 73
Packaging Technology ............................................................. 73
Fiber Optic Bus ....................................................................... 74
Chapter 2:
Options and Peripherals
75
Workstations ................................................................................... 76
InfoWindow II Workstations ................................................... 77
Team-Fly®
Table of Contents
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Operations Console ................................................................. 77
Personal Computer (PC) Terminal Emulation ......................... 78
Retail Workstations ................................................................. 80
Printers ............................................................................................ 81
Combined-Function I/O Processor ................................................... 84
Integrated xSeries Server .................................................................. 85
xSeries Server ........................................................................... 92
Workstation Adapters .............................................................. 93
LAN-Connected Terminals ...................................................... 94
Auxiliary Storage Options ............................................................... 94
Disk Storage Overview ............................................................ 95
Model 2105 Enterprise/Versatile Storage Server .............. 96
Disk Adapters .................................................................. 97
Tape Storage ............................................................................ 99
IBM TotalStorage Ultrascalable Tape Library #3584 .. 100
Auxiliary Storage Controllers ................................................ 103
Optical Storage Overview ..................................................... 103
The #3995 Optical Library ............................................ 104
DVD/CD-ROM ............................................................. 105
Communications Options .............................................................. 106
Local Area Networks............................................................. 107
Ethernet ......................................................................... 107
Token-Ring Local Area Networks ................................. 108
Asynchronous Transfer Mode ........................................ 109
Wide Area Networks ............................................................. 110
Modems ................................................................................. 111
Power and Packaging Options ....................................................... 112
UPS for Models 270 and 820 ................................................ 112
Packaging Expansion Features .............................................. 113
iSeries Rack-Mount Capabilities .................................... 113
Cryptographic Processors .............................................................. 113
Chapter 3:
iSeries Software
115
Software Architecture Overview .................................................... 115
How the Software Layers Are Different ................................ 119
Will AS/400 and S/3X Programs Work? ................................ 121
Inside Application Compatibility ........................................... 122
Application Programs .................................................................... 123
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Can Prewritten Programs Fit the Bill? ................................... 123
Cross-Industry Application Programs .................................... 124
Data Warehousing ......................................................... 124
Data Mining .................................................................. 125
Collaborative Computing .............................................. 127
Portable Application Solution Environment ................... 129
AFP PrintSuite ................................................................ 130
Advanced Print Utility (APU) .................................... 131
Page Printer Formatting Aid (PPFA) .......................... 131
AFP Toolbox .............................................................. 131
SAP R/3 AFP Print ..................................................... 132
Industry-Specific Application Programs................................. 132
Custom Application Programs ....................................... 133
Chapter 4:
Operating Systems
135
Introduction to Operating System Concepts .................................. 135
OS/400—An Executive Overview .................................................. 136
A Closer Look at OS/400 .............................................................. 137
Integrated File System ............................................................ 138
Stream Files .................................................................... 141
File System Support........................................................ 142
Network File System ...................................................... 143
Remote File System ........................................................ 144
CICS Transaction Server for iSeries (5769-DFH) ........... 145
Client for Windows NT/2000 File System .................. 146
DB2 Universal DataBase (UDB) for iSeries ........................... 146
What Is a Relational Database? ..................................... 147
Records and Fields ..................................................... 147
Physical and Logical Files .......................................... 148
Concurrency and Lock Management ......................... 151
DB2 UDB Details and Components ............................... 152
DB2 Query Manager and SQL Development Kit ........... 153
DB2 Symmetric Multiprocessing (DB2 SMP) ............ 154
DB2 UDB Extenders for iSeries ................................. 155
DB2 OLAP Server ..................................................... 155
QMF for Windows for iSeries .................................... 156
DB2 Data Propagator ................................................ 156
Database Monitor ...................................................... 156
Table of Contents
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ODBC ....................................................................... 157
iSeries ODBC Driver for Linux ................................. 157
JDBC ......................................................................... 158
Data Striping ............................................................. 158
DCE Base Services/400 .............................................. 159
Distributed Data Management .............................................. 162
Content Manager OnDemand
for iSeries (5722-RD1) ........................................... 162
Communications Support ...................................................... 162
TCP/IP ........................................................................... 163
Virtual Private Networks ........................................... 168
Systems Network Management ...................................... 170
Systems Network Architecture ....................................... 171
Wireless Local Area Network ........................................ 172
S/390 Communications Support .................................... 172
iSeries Access Family (5722-XW1) ........................................ 173
iSeries Access for Windows ............................................ 181
iSeries Access for the Web .............................................. 185
XML Toolkit for iSeries (5733-XT1) ......................... 186
WebSphere Host Access Transformation Server ............. 187
iSeries Access for Wireless .............................................. 187
WebSphere Host Publisher V4 ....................................... 187
Lotus Notes Client Support ....................................... 188
Commitment Control and Journaling ............................ 188
Backup/Recovery ................................................................... 189
Tivoli Storage Manager V5.1 ......................................... 191
Backup Recovery and Media Services/400 ..................... 192
BRMS Network Feature ............................................ 194
BRMS Advanced Functions Feature ........................... 194
System-Managed Access Path Protection ....................... 195
Hierarchical Storage Management ................................. 196
Systems Management ............................................................. 197
iSeries Navigator ............................................................ 197
SystemView System Manager/400 .................................. 202
Management Central ..................................................... 203
System-Detected Software Problems .......................... 205
Management Central Methodology ............................ 205
Management Central Pervasive ...................................... 206
Enterprise Identity Mapping (EIM) ................................ 208
iSeries Performance Tools .............................................. 208
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PATROL for iSeries—Predict .................................... 209
NetFinity for iSeries ................................................... 211
WebSphere Development Studio ............................................ 212
WebSphere Studio for iSeries ......................................... 215
WebSphere Studio Workbench ................................... 216
WebSphere Studio Site Developer Advanced .............. 216
Web Services .............................................................. 216
WebSphere Development Studio Client ...................... 216
Integrated Language Environment (ILE) ........................ 219
Application Development ToolSet (ADTS) ............................ 219
Application Development Tools—Printing ..................... 220
Advanced Function Printing (AFP) ........................................ 222
Intelligent Printer Data Stream (IPDS) ........................... 222
IBM Infoprint Server for iSeries ..................................... 223
IBM Infoprint Designer for iSeries ................................. 225
The iSeries Kernel Threads .................................................... 226
Application Environments ............................................. 226
Frameworks ............................................................... 226
OpenDoc ................................................................... 230
ORB Support ............................................................. 230
Java ............................................................................ 231
Product Preview—Altered Program Objects .............. 238
Linux for iSeries ............................................................. 239
Globalization ................................................................................. 241
Unicode ................................................................................. 241
International Components for Unicode .......................... 242
Grid Computing ............................................................................ 244
Chapter 5:
iSeries Communications and e-business—
An Introduction
245
Computer Communications in the Office—
An Introduction ......................................................................... 245
iSeries Extreme Support Personalized ............................................ 246
Universal Connection ............................................................ 247
IBM Electronic Service Agent for iSeries (Service Agent) 248
IBM Electronic Customer Support Communications............. 248
Filter Lists ...................................................................... 250
System Clustering .................................................................. 251
ObjectConnect for iSeries ...................................................... 253
Table of Contents
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IBM’s Overall Networking Blueprint ............................................. 253
Application Support Layer .................................................... 255
Multi-Vendor Application Program Interfaces ............... 255
The Common Program Interface (CPI-C) .................. 256
The Remote Procedure Call ....................................... 257
The Messaging and Queuing Interface (MQSeries) .... 257
Transport Layer Security (TLS) ............................................. 259
e-business ............................................................................... 260
Network Quality of Service (QoS) ................................. 261
Intranet .................................................................................. 263
IBM SecureWay: iSeries and the Internet ....................................... 263
Cryptographic Access Provider .............................................. 264
Digital Signatures .................................................................. 266
HTTP Server for iSeries ......................................................... 266
HTTP Server for iSeries—Powered by Apache ...................... 270
Digital Certificate Manager with SSL ............................ 272
Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) .................................................... 273
Security Wizard ..................................................................... 274
Firewalls ................................................................................ 275
iSeries and the Internet .......................................................... 276
IBM WebSphere Application Server for iSeries (WAS) ... 278
WebSphere Host Integration ...................................... 279
WebSphere Application Server—Express for iSeries ....... 279
Telephone Directory V5.1 for iSeries ......................... 281
Web Services Object Runtime Framework (WORF) .. 281
Net.Data ........................................................................ 282
WebSphere Commerce Suite .......................................... 283
Domino 5.0.5 for iSeries ........................................................ 285
Domino-Licensed Program Server Choices .................... 289
Domino-Licensed Program Client Choices ..................... 289
iNotes ........................................................................ 289
Notes ......................................................................... 290
Domino Designer ....................................................... 290
iNotes with Domino Per Server CAL......................... 290
OS/400 Directory Server ....................................................... 290
Chapter 6:
iSeries and Your Business
292
What Are My Business Computing Needs? ................................... 293
Choosing the Software ................................................................... 294
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Choosing the Hardware ................................................................. 296
Small Business Environment, Manufacturing—
Bob’s Gearbox Co. ............................................................ 297
Medium Business Environment—Johnson & Thornbush ...... 299
Hardware Configuration ............................................... 302
Johnson & Thornbush Software Scenario ...................... 302
Large Business Environment—Atole Enterprises ................... 304
Atole Solution Scenario .................................................. 304
Dedicated Server for Domino Web Serving Environments .... 307
Server Selection ...................................................................... 309
The Competitive View of 64-Bit Processing ........................... 310
The Business Decisions .................................................................. 311
Cost Justification ................................................................... 312
Hardware Maintenance ................................................. 312
Software Maintenance ................................................... 313
Technical Support .......................................................... 313
Facilities ......................................................................... 313
Education/Training ........................................................ 314
Communications Line Costs .......................................... 314
Environmental Costs ...................................................... 314
Enhancing Applications ................................................. 314
Benefits .................................................................................. 315
Improved Business Cycle ................................................ 315
Inventory Reduction ...................................................... 315
Improved Productivity ................................................... 315
Improved Quality ........................................................... 316
Improved Customer Service ........................................... 316
Competitive Advantage .................................................. 316
Lease or Buy? ........................................................................ 318
Education .............................................................................. 319
Security .................................................................................. 321
Loss Prevention .............................................................. 323
Theft Prevention ............................................................ 324
Service ........................................................................................... 325
Migrating from System/3X and AS/400 to iSeries .......................... 326
Software Maintenance ........................................................... 326
Sizing a Replacement iSeries .................................................. 327
Introduction
xvii
Introduction
What This Book Is
This book is dedicated to IBM’s midsize business computers—namely,
the IBM eServer iSeries. Here we will help you understand the thinking behind the IBM eServer family and will then focus on the iSeries
segment of that family. The iSeries family is introduced in a way that
is understandable to the business user.
This book will help you see how you can apply iSeries hardware
and software to meet today’s business needs. Specific iSeries hardware and software configurations for typical environments are offered. Many important computer automation planning issues are also
discussed.
What This Book Is Not
Many computer books try to be all things to all people, covering everything from checkbook balancing to the Space Shuttle’s redundant
flight computer complex. This book is not a general overview of computers; it is specific to IBM’s iSeries systems (a broad enough subject
for any single book). This book is neither a technical reference manual
(IBM will sell you that) nor a guide to computer programming. It does,
however, provide a good understanding of IBM’s iSeries systems and
how to use them in the business environment.
Finally, this book does not expect you to be an engineer. Business
people are typically short on time and patience as far as technical
matters are concerned. Although some technical discussions are necessary, we have tried to keep these as simple and concise as possible
while still conveying necessary and useful information.
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How to Use This Book
Chapter 1 introduces the IBM eServer iSeries and the thinking behind
the IBM eServer family. With its proven reliability and self-managing,
self-healing technology, the iSeries servers virtually run themselves,
allowing the customer to regain control of Information Technology
(IT) costs and deadlines. Changes in e-business are being driven at an
unprecedented pace, and it is necessary that the server be able to adapt
at the same rate. With logical partitioning and Capacity upgrade on
Demand (CUoD), the iSeries has exceptional flexibility. Operating system flexibility enables the iSeries to adapt to all popular environments
including: Linux, Windows, WebSphere, and OS/400 today and in 2004
AIX will be added. The iSeries’ on-demand operating environment includes integration, virtualization, open standards, and autonomic computing capabilities.
All of the new servers support fully dynamic logical partitioning
(LPAR) for OS/400 and Linux. CuoD options are available on iSeries
Models i825, i870, and i890 for both temporary and permanent activation of processors. Open standards support includes Java, XML, Linux,
TCP/IP, OGSA and Windows-based server management. Technologies
that self-diagnose, self-configure, and self-heal much like the human
anatomy are included in iSeries servers. OS/400 V5R2 includes extensive self-managed technology features automatic performance adjustment, and single sign-on with Enterprise Identity Mapping. SQE delivers
self-optimizing queries tuned for the most complex business applications.
After a quick overview of the iSeries line, we move in for a glance
at the technology behind iSeries. A section on performance and benchmarks is included to assist in comparing the iSeries family of computers against competitive computers.
Chapter 2 surveys the many hardware options available for iSeries
systems, including terminals, printers, disk expansion, and communications. The section on I/O devices and adapters is provided primarily
as a reference to help you identify and select the proper options for
your iSeries system.
Chapter 3 describes the workings of the three types of programs necessary to do productive work with iSeries computers—application programs, operating systems, and System Licensed Internal Code (SLIC)—and
continues with a discussion of application programs. The question of
“prewritten” versus “custom” application programs is addressed.
Introduction
xix
Chapter 4 takes a closer look at the OS/400 operating system used
on the iSeries. First, basic operating system concepts are discussed in
terms of their usefulness in the business environment. Then the iSeries
operating system products are described including: the integrated file
system, DB2 UDB for iSeries, iSeries Navigator, iSeries Access, communications support, systems management features, advanced function printing, Management Central, WebSphere Development Studio,
open standards-based interoperability, object-oriented programming
languages (Java, C, C++), and Linux for OS/400. WebFacing discusses
the process of moving the green-screen 5250 applications to an Internet environment as well as the tools to make that movement efficient.
Emerging Internet technologies like grid computing, Unicode, and International Components of Unicode (ICU) are introduced.
Chapter 5 shows how specific iSeries options and software products are used to participate in the computer communications environments commonly found in businesses. The emphasis of Chapter 5 has
shifted from communications to e-business, encompassing both business-to-business and business-to-customer. Included discussions are
HTTP Server Powered by Apache, WebSphere Application Services,
and WebSphere Commerce Studio. The SecureWay for iSeries and
Secure Sockets Layer security services are discussed.
Chapter 6 discusses issues related to the selection of iSeries hardware and software for small, medium, and large businesses as well as
a Dedicated Server for Domino growth scenario. Hypothetical businesses are outfitted with the appropriate iSeries configurations. Important topics such as user training, ergonomics, security, maintenance,
leasing versus buying, and cost justification are then discussed. In particular, iSeries online education and security and its importance in an
Internet environment have been expanded upon.
Your “Members Only” Web Site
The iSeries world changes every day. That’s why there is a companion
Web site associated with this book. On this site you will find updates
to the book and other iSeries-related resources of interest to anyone
involved with the iSeries. However, you need a user ID and password
to access this site.
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To get into the “Members Only” section of the companion Web
site, go to the Maximum Press Web site located at www.maxpress.com
and follow the links to the companion Web site for this book. When
you try to enter, you will be asked for a user ID and password. Type in
the following:
•
For your user ID, enter: iSeries11e
•
For your password, enter: Costa
TE
A Glance Backward
AM
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You will then be granted full access to the “Members Only” area.
Visit the site often and enjoy the updates and resources with our compliments—and thanks again for buying the book. We ask that you not
share the user ID and password for this site with anyone else.
On July 30, 1969, IBM executives from the entire company joined 1,200
IBMers at their plant site in Rochester, Minnesota, to announce the
System/3 computer shown in Figure I.1. This system was the first computer totally developed in Rochester. Although only of historical interest today, the System/3 represented some significant advances in the
technology of its time. For example, it introduced Monolithic Systems
Technology, which allowed engineers to package more circuitry in a
smaller space, as well as a punch card one-third normal size that held
20 percent more information. This was the first advancement in punchcard technology in over forty years. To celebrate the announcement of
the System/3, Rochester IBMers held a dance featuring Ralph Marterie
and his orchestra in a newly constructed building. The Rochester plant,
which became a full IBM division in November of that year, was tasked
to develop a “low-end” computer family. One System/3, fondly named
“Old Reliable,” ran faithfully until it was shut down in September
1973. When it was finally retired, its meter showed that it had run for
15,377.97 hours, representing more run time than any other system in
existence at that time.
The System/32, shown in Figure I.2, was the next member of the
family. It was announced in January 1975 and featured direct keyboard data entry and a display that could present up to six rows of
Team-Fly®
Introduction
Figure I.1.
IBM System/3.
Figure I.2.
IBM System/32.
xxi
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text forty characters long. The System/32 had up to 32K of memory
and up to 13 MB of fixed-disk storage.
The System/34 computer, announced in April 1977, was the first
system truly designed to manage multiple (local and remote) workstations (i.e., terminals and printers), each located up to 5,000 feet away
from the computer. This allowed it to perform tasks for up to eight
local users simultaneously. The System/34, shown in Figure I.3, provided up to 256K of memory and 13 MB of fixed disk.
Next came the System/38, announced in October 1978. This represented a divergence from its S/3X predecessors, offering a new architecture optimized for application development productivity. The
System/38, shown in Figure I.4, could support up to 32 MB of memory,
14 GB of disk storage, and 256 local workstations.
Once again, building on the architectural base of the System/34,
the first System/36 was announced in May 1983 (Figure I.5). It grew
to support up to 7 MB of main memory, 1.4 GB of disk storage, and 72
local workstations. Other models of the System/36 varying in processing power and capacity were announced over time. Collectively the
System/3, System/32, System/34, System/36, and System/38 are known
as the System/3X family of computers.
Figure I.3.
IBM System/34.
Introduction
Figure I.4.
xxiii
IBM System/38.
The last S/36 model (the 5363) was enhanced and renamed the
IBM AS/Entry system. IBM has announced its intention to no longer
support the AS/Entry products. This means that they are no longer
vital to IBM’s midrange product strategy.
On June 20, 1988, IBM unveiled the AS/400 family of products.
The AS/400 has close architectural ties with System/38, in most cases
providing application program compatibility with both the System/36
and the System/38.
The AS/400 Advanced/36 allowed coexistence of the System/36
SSP operating system and applications with the OS/400 operating system and applications. When coexisting, the two operating systems
shared a common file system and made calls to use each other’s I/O
functions.
During its lifetime, the AS/400 system implemented the ApplicationCentric, Open Systems Computing, Client/Server Computing, Distribut-
xxiv
Figure I.5.
IBM System/36.
ed Computing Systems, and Network Computing Systems paradigms.
Those computing paradigms also exist on the iSeries systems.
In October of 2000, IBM introduced the IBM eServer brand under
which all future servers would fall. The four lines under the IBM eServer
brand became xSeries (Intel processor-based), pSeries (UNIX based
and derived from the RS/6000 line), iSeries (derived from the AS/400
family), and zSeries (derived from the S/390 mainframe world). The
unified IBM eServer brand reflects the fact that IBM is evolving its
whole server line to meet the needs of today’s fast-changing e-business
environment.
IBM ~ iSeries
1
1
IBM eServer iSeries
T
his chapter begins with our exploration of the IBM eServer iSeries
family of mid-size servers. Before we focus in on the iSeries however,
let’s first pause for a quick look at some key elements in IBM’s overall
vision for the future of computing.
IBM’s e-business on demand Strategy
IBM has been laser-focused on a concept called e-business on demand
ever since their introduction in October of 2002. In many respect, you
can already see the results of this focus in today’s iSeries systems (as you
will see). And the $10 billion dollars IBM is committing to e-business
on demand means that this strategy will increasingly manifest itself in
all IBM computer hardware, software, and services over time.
At it’s core, e-business on demand refers to a computing infrastructure (hardware, software, and services all working together) that can
support today’s business needs and enables the migration of a business
down the e-business adoption path. The term “e-business” has come to
stand for the huge array of Internet-related techniques and tools a business can use to move itself forward in all areas. e-business represents
the “prime mover” of today’s business world offering virtually unlim1
2
ited possibilities for the flexible and an inevitable death spiral for those
businesses unable or unwilling to take advantage of it. While the typical
computing infrastructures in use today meet today’s needs (to a varying
degree), many are not prepared to support a highly dynamic, responsive, and integrated business environment—which is exactly where
e-business is headed.
There are four basic elements to IBM’s overall e-business on demand strategy:
Open Standards
The days of locking in to a specific vendor’s proprietary computing architecture are gone. Today, a computing infrastructure needs the flexibility (in vendor choice, information exchange, application integration,
application selection, etc.) that only comes when the infrastructure is
built around open standards defined by vendor-neutral standard bodies. Standards with names like Java, SQL, XML, and Linux. Most businesses employ more than one type of computer/operating system.
Adherence to open standards will enable these different types of systems to work together or “integrate” over time at a lower cost. Other
benefits resulting from the adherence to open standards include leveraging investments/skills in existing heterogenous computing infrastructures, speed of deployment for new projects, and freedom of choice. For
the same reasons, adherence is also important when selecting storage
devices for use in an e-business infrastructure.
Integration
By adhering to open standards, you will be laying the groundwork for
the end-to-end integration goal of e-business. This integration of key business processes throughout the inner workings of a business, with its’ suppliers, and customers is one of the crown jewels of e-business. So businesses
should not allow the construction of independent computer solutions
(servers, operating systems, middleware, and applications) without giving careful thought to the ability to integrate these new solution (immediately or in the future) with the rest of the computing infrastructure.
IBM ~ iSeries
3
Virtualization
With virtualization, what you see is not what you get. Here we are
discussing the need to accommodate change in the e-business environment. In the case of virtualization, a computer system can change the
amount and type of resource and the priority a user receives in concert
with the changing needs of that user. In its simplest form, virtualization
allows for the dynamic allocation of processing power, storage, and
other such resources to users based on need. Through this dynamic
allocation, the users can get the most out of a given computer system
resulting in better service and less wasted resource. Virtualization also
is used to “subdivide” a single large computer system into smaller “virtual” computer systems each running possibly different operating systems (e.g. AIX or Linux) and applications. This flexibility along with
the reliability afforded by protecting problems in one users “virtual
computer” from disrupting the other users play right into the hands of
e-business.
Autonomic Computing
Autonomic is a term IBM borrowed from the vernacular of the human
central nervous system. The goal of autonomic computing is for the
computing infrastructure to manage itself just as the central nervous
system manages the human body—without our conscious effort. By
making computer systems self-optimizing, self healing, self-configuring,
and self-protecting, the costs associated with systems management and
unscheduled down time are reduced. The more complex the computing
system, the more important autonomic computing becomes. Since complexity goes up as you progress along the e-business adoption path—
self-managing the complexity is a critical requirement for computing
infrastructures going forward.
eServer iSeries systems already have some characteristics that make
them in line with the e-business on demand strategy as we will see. The
ability to automatically activate a spare processor to replace a failing
one along with memory error detection and correction help keep iSeries
servers running. Over time, more and more elements will be incorporated in iSeries as well as the rest of the eServer families.
4
IBM’s eServer and TotalStorage Strategy
Underlying IBM’s e-business on demand strategy is a completely revamped line of servers that make up the IBM eServer family and associated storage devices under the IBM TotalStorage brand.
The IBM eServer family includes:
•
eServer zSeries (replacing the S/390 family)
The zSeries is IBM’s family of mainframe servers offering highend capacity, performance, security, and reliability. They are designed to run mission-critical applications for an enterprise.
•
eServer pSeries (replacing the RS/6000 family)
The pSeries is IBM’s UNIX server family designed for both traditional business applications and high-performance computing.
The pSeries can scale-up in processing power both by upgrading
to more powerful models and by linking (clustering) multiple
pSeries systems together to achieve supercomputer performance.
The pSeries systems can run AIX or Linux operating systems.
•
eServer iSeries (replacing the AS/400 family)
The iSeries uses the OS/400 operating system, which includes
many functions (Universal DB2 database, security, etc.) that often are separate add-on products for most other computers. This
helps reduce the total cost of ownership and makes iSeries systems easier to manage than other computers offering similar
power. The iSeries also conforms to open standards and can run
both Linux and soon AIX under OS/400.
•
eServer xSeries (replacing the Netfinity family)
The xSeries servers use from one to sixteen Intel microprocessors to deliver Windows servers with mainframe-like reliability
through IBM’s x-Enterprise architecture.
•
eServer Clusters
Clusters are not a separate product line but rather configurations of multiple eServer systems connected together through
high-speed links. With clusters, you can combine the performance
and capacity of multiple eServer systems while retaining the simplicity of managing them as if they were a single system.
IBM ~ iSeries
•
5
eServer Blades
The IBM BladeCenter utilizes Intel microprocessors to make
server “blades” that can be clustered together to deliver high
performance in a modular and dense rack-mounted package.
The IBM TotalStorage family consists of disk storage devices, tape
drives, optical storage devices, and storage software. TotalStorage hardware is designed based on open standards defined by organizations like
the Storage Networking Industry Association (SNIA). As with servers,
storage devices that employ open standards provide more flexibility when
building and evolving an e-business infrastructure over time. Specialized storage management software helps users deal with issues like information availability, backup, security, and migration of infrequently
accessed information to less expensive storage media.
The IBM eServer and TotalStorage product lines are both designed
to reduce the total cost of owning and operating a business-critical ebusiness computing infrastructure (including the hardware purchase
price, software licensing, installation, user training, upgrade requirements, maintenance, power consumption, facilities, systems management resources, etc.). According to a study of the operating e-business
infrastructures of twenty-four organizations (ITG, December 2002),
using IBM eServer systems in an e-business infrastructure can help to
significantly reduce total cost of ownership (TCO) over a five-year period. Lower TCO translates into greater return on e-business infrastructure investments.
Pervasive Computing
Pervasive Computing (PvC) is characterized by the need to support a
growing set of wireless devices, including PDAs, HDML-based phones,
WAP phones, iMode phones, mobile companions, pagers, and so forth.
This wave of e-business will provide greater mobility and convenience to
users of e-business solutions. The standards for this set of devices and the
protocols to be used are still in a state of flux. Pervasive Computing, then,
is convenient access, through a new class of appliances, to relevant information, with the ability to take action on it when and where needed.
Connectivity is one dimension that governs whether the solution is
standalone or is connected in real time to a number of other services
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provided on the wireless network. Client models range from thin clients,
where all data and application logic are managed on a central server, to
a fatter client, where some of the application code is maintained on the
individual mobile device. Data formats represent the various ways application content can be represented as it is transported from an application server to the client device where user interaction occurs. Protocol
represents a number of other aspects of a PvC solution, including how
application sessions are managed, how user authentication is performed,
and how data security is managed between application server and the
target client device. There are browser clients, in which case the application runs on a Web browser, not requiring an install on the device, and
the logic exists solely on the server. There is also the installed client, in
which case the application client is installed on the device and requires
support for either Java Micro Edition or C++, sockets, and so forth. In
this case the logic is split between the client and the server.
The way information is encoded as it is transported to the mobile
device can vary from one wireless solution to another. Current protocols include HTML, WML, and XML. Bluetooth is a wireless technology optimized for use between devices in close proximity to each other.
Wireless LANs use a standard called 802.11 to enable reasonably high
bandwidth (11 MB/s) connectivity between mobile devices and the network. Connectivity support is up to two miles and is often used in factory floor solutions where a number of mobile devices are used to
communicate with a central server. Also in the game are the cellular
telephone companies and their wireless infrastructure.
The iSeries system provides many of the key building blocks required for a pervasive computing solution. The presence of JVM, Management Central Pervasive, and so forth, positions iSeries to be a
significant player in pervasive computing. XML parser and XSL
stylesheet runtimes as integrated components of OS/400 and the XML
extenders for DB2 UDB enable two-way data interchange services between DB2 and XML. WebSphere Transcoding Publisher provides a
core set of services to convert Web site content to an optimal form for a
number of mobile computing devices. Additional tools are provided to
simplify the task of extending existing 5250 solutions to a mobile computing model. IBM’s WebFacing tools and Host Publisher provide support for extending 5250 solutions to the Web to enable existing
applications to drive a new class of mobile devices.
If your pervasive computing environment is OS/400 V4R5 or V5R1,
you need to use transcoding Publisher. If your pervasive environment is
V5R2, use iSeries Access for Wireless (5722-XP1).
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6
Team-Fly®
IBM ~ iSeries
7
About IBM eServer iSeries
The IBM eServer iSeries family of products represents IBM’s newest
generation of midsize business computing systems. Like their predecessors, the AS/400 family, they are multiuser computer systems, meaning
that a single computer can interact with more than one user at a time.
At the same time, iSeries computers are servers, meaning that they can
offer resources (e.g., disk storage, printers, shared applications, data,
Web content, etc.) to other computer users over a network. The server
functions of the iSeries are vital in today’s e-business environment. iSeries
systems are very popular with well over 650,000 systems shipped to all
corners of the globe.
In developing the iSeries systems, designers drew from the ease-ofuse, advanced architecture, and productivity features of the AS/400 and
then added new functions. In addition to the new application programs
developed directly for execution on the iSeries family, many of the application programs developed for the System/36, System/38, and AS/400
computers can be migrated to and used on iSeries systems by applying
the migration tools available.
What Makes Up an iSeries System?
Many users have no concept of what equipment makes up the computer
systems and networks they access daily. Fortunately, it is not necessary
for them to know this, just as it is not necessary to understand the inner
workings of a carburetor to drive a car. However, it is helpful for our
purposes to have a fundamental view of what general elements make up
an iSeries system. Figure 1.1 shows the components of a very simple
iSeries system configuration. The heart of the system is the system unit,
which contains the “brain” that runs the computer programs and controls all activities. People interact with the computer system through
terminals—or personal computers (PCs) acting as terminals—that display computer information and allow for keyboard entry.
The terminal shown on the left side of the figure is the system console. The system console is a specially designated terminal used by the
system operator to manage the day-to-day operations of the computer
system. The other terminals are for general-purpose use. The printers
shown in the figure are used to generate reports, documents, graphs,
and the like. A printer can be a workstation used to fill the needs of
8
Terminal
Terminal
System Console
Printer
Twinaxial
Cable
iSeries System Unit
User #1
(Personal System 2)
Figure 1.1.
Printer
User #3
User #2
Components of a simple iSeries system.
specific user(s), or it can be shared by all users. Both terminals and
printers initially were attached to the system unit via twinaxial cable (or
twinax), typically laid in the building’s walls or ceiling. In today’s environment, the terminals (or PCs) and printers are attached through many
other media including radio communications and telephone wiring.
Figure 1.2 shows the packaging used for the iSeries eServer 800.
This packaging is typical of the iSeries system line in that it encompasses the primary components of the computer system, including everything necessary to compose an entry system except the terminal functions
identified above. Among the elements that distinguish the system from
other systems available in the midrange marketplace are the air intake
scoops at the bottom and mid area of the unit’s front. The fact that all
air intake is through the front cover allows the unit to be placed against
walls and desks at either side.
IBM ~ iSeries
Figure 1.2.
9
iSeries eServer Model 800.
Advanced Application Architecture
The architecture of a computer is the “structural blueprint” used to
guide the design of that computer system. In larger measure, it is this
architecture that determines the capabilities of the computer system that
implements it.
The iSeries computer systems utilize the advanced application architecture which is depicted in Figure 1.3. This architecture was originally implemented on the AS/400 systems, which is one reason iSeries
systems are compatible with software written for AS/400 systems. Let’s
take a quick look at the seven layers in this architecture.
The top layer is the client application layer. This layer provides a
method for other application programs perhaps running on other computer systems (called clients) to take advantage of the iSeries server resources. Client computers can be running almost any of today’s operating
systems and take advantage of iSeries resources through this top layer
10
CLIENT APPLICATIONS
Rapid
Application
Development
Client &
Server
Programming
Tools
S/3X
ObjectUNIX
OS/400
Oriented
Server
Server
Server
Applications Applications Applications
OPEN APPLICATION ENVIRONMENT
Open
Standards
Support
Multiple
Application
Support
AnyMail
Multimedia
Open Client Access
Open Client
Support
Distribution
Services
Directories
System View
End-to-End System
Management
AnyNet
DB2
Database
SOM/DSOM
Objects
Open Networking &
Database Support
OPEN MIDWARE SUPPORT
Technology Independent Machine Interface
Object-Oriented Kernel
Industrial
Strength
Packaging
Client/Server
Design Point
Power
PC
Server
IOPs
Hardware
Device
IOPs
RAID
Integrated
Midware
Technology
Independence
Commercial
Performance
Optimization
Figure 1.3.. Advanced application architecture.
of the architecture. It is worth noting that along with the introduction
of the iSeries came support for additional client types that are of growing importance in today’s computing environment. For example, iSeries
supports Windows through the Integrated xSeries adapter, and PASE,
which enables the execution of UNIX-based programs directly on the
system. The iSeries also supports Linux—an emerging open system operating system.
The second layer is the server layer, which supports client and server
programming tools, OS/400 server applications, PC server applications,
and object-oriented server applications. In general, this layer enables
the distributed computing function, whereby the client application might
also execute at the server in whole or in part.
The fact that these server functions are equivalent to each other
allows them to share data through the iSeries integrated file system,
including the DB2 UDB for iSeries relational database. This, along with
IBM ~ iSeries
11
Data Propagator/400, allows flat files and relational files to coexist and
PC applications to readily access data, change it, and put it back again,
as well as replicate it in whole or in part to a different application.
Thus, legacy applications, server applications, and object-oriented applications can coexist in one iSeries computer.
Implemented within the third layer as part of the integrated file system are triggers, stored procedures, declarative referential integrity, twophase commit, and long file names. These functions are available not
only for the server and open systems interconnect file structures but for
all of the file structures supported, improving the total function of the
iSeries including legacy applications.
The fourth layer is the integrated midware layer, which allows the
iSeries to reduce the system management headaches associated in general
both with server management and with distributed computing. The integrated midware layer reduces complexity in the following areas:
•
Network protocols
•
Database management
•
Security
•
Access to coded and noncoded data (open file system)
•
Enablers for advanced applications such as multimedia
•
Enablers for mail and directory services.
The fifth layer is the technology-independent machine interface,
which allows the iSeries to change major hardware and software components of the system without affecting business applications that reside above this layer. This allows the iSeries to change the functions and
hardware below this interface without causing users to rewrite or
recompile their application programs. Also implemented in this layer
are the Logical Partitioning functions, which enable the resources of a
single server to appear to be many servers. This ability to appear as
many servers allows the user to consolidate multiple systems onto a
single system image.
The sixth layer is the System Licensed Internal Code (SLIC) and
Java Virtual Machine (JVM), now designed in C++, which runs on 64bit microprocessors. This layer allows new hardware to be introduced
12
without affecting the applications above the machine interface layer until
those applications are ready to exploit the new functions provided.
The final layer, the seventh layer, is the hardware layer where the
physical devices come together to make a functioning system.
Now that we have seen what makes up an iSeries system and glanced
at their architecture, let’s take a look at the systems themselves.
Meet the Family
Figure 1.4 shows the IBM eServer iSeries family. The “e” in the eServer
names for these systems signifies that the systems are capable of supporting the electronic business, or e-business, environment, which means
that users can do business over the Internet securely and reliably. Before
discussing the characteristics of the servers in the iSeries family, let’s set
the scenario for why IBM elected to replace the previous members of
the iSeries family with the new models.
Figure 1.4.
iSeries family of eServers.
IBM ~ iSeries
13
IBM anticipates that the server environment of the present and near
future is an e-business on-demand environment. That on-demand environment is based on high-pressure and is fast-moving. As a result, it
will be necessary for businesses participating in that environment to be
flexible enough to adjust to that constant change. The IBM eServer
iSeries offers a highly integrated, reliable, multiplatform server capable
of running concurrently multiple operating systems, including Windows,
Linux, and OS/400. The iSeries line of eServers simultaneously and dynamically adjusts to the demands imposed by the changing requirements of an e-business. This flexibility allows a business to regain control
of its Information Technology through proven reliability and self-management, system-healing technology, in which iSeries servers almost run
themselves. An e-business can adapt to change with the iSeries flexibility to support all the popular operating environments including Linux,
Windows, WebSphere, and OS/400 today, and in the future AIX without limitations. As the demands on your business vary, iSeries eServers
have the ability to respond to that demand through Capacity Upgrade
on Demand (CUoD) and logical partitioning. Capacity Upgrade on Demand can be permanent or temporary. The dynamic workload manager automatically balances system performance. There can be up to 32
dynamic logical partitions per server, and a uniprocessor can have up to
ten Linux or OS/400 partitions. Finally, storage can be dynamically
added to active Windows servers.
The new iSeries eServers offer an 80% improvement in price performance over the previous line of iSeries eServers. The Options packages provided with these systems simplify product choice, and as a rule
there is unrestricted interactive 5250 CPW with the Enterprise package. The software pricing tiers have been simplified so that only a single
software tier is associated with an individual processor, as opposed the
having multiple tiers based on the interactive capacity defined by the
interactive card purchased with a processor. New high performance
I/O adapters reduce the cost of many entry-level server environments
(see Chapter 2 for additional details).
iSeries servers as a group offer new tools for managing e-business,
application flexibility, and new technology, which offers leading-edge
server performance. The iSeries system microprocessors are based on
copper-interconnect and silicon-on-insulator technologies, which are
innovations in the semiconductor industry. These technologies result
in denser packages, lower power consumption, and higher performance. Also implemented in these systems is a memory-switching technology with switch speeds up to 36 GB per second. High-speed links
14
on these systems allow data transfer between I/O devices and other
systems at rates up to 1 GBps (gigabyte per second). The iSeries intelligent integration of these technologies allows businesses to benefit
from enterprise-class computing without the “enterprise-size” IT support staff.
The iSeries architecture features a flexible operating environment
that concurrently runs any combination of AS/400, ported UNIX applications, Linux, Windows, Domino, or Java applications. When that flexibility is combined with the inherent iSeries workload management
capabilities, Logical Partitioning (LPAR), and the integration of IBM
xSeries, the iSeries enables businesses to run several diverse application
environments on one physical machine. Choices are provided with regard to whether a business should expand an existing server farm, maintain the existing server farm, or consolidate server footprints on the
iSeries for simplified management, increased availability, or lower total
cost of ownership. The iSeries also offers businesses the freedom to grow
without disruption through Capacity Upgrade on Demand features on
the Model 825, 870, and 890. These features enable a customer to activate immediate incremental processing power non-disruptively, when it
is needed, and pay for it only when initiated. The activation may be
made permanent if the customer perceives that the required processor
power is needed on a continuous basis. The customer also has the option to use the additional processing power on a temporary basis, activating the needed processing power as required, in which case the
customer pays only a daily charge (See the paragraph which follows on
capacity on demand).
Five basic computers form the core of the IBM iSeries family: the
Model 800 server versions with two processor options and three software package options and the four server models—810, 825, 870, and
890. The dedicated Domino Server models are derived from the Models
810 and 825. The Models 810, 825, 870, and 890 no longer have any
restrictions on interactive activity, i.e., the full CPW available on these
models can be used for client server or interactive processing up to the
limit of the processing capacity.
IBM has chosen to separately classify the 800, 810, 825, 870, and
890, and the dedicated Domino servers 810D and 825D, as iSeries
eServers. The “i” in iSeries stands for intelligent integration, featuring
open-system functions that are built into the operating system and are
pretested for reliable, turnkey function. The integrated functions include
Web servers (IBM HTTP server and HTTP Server powered by Apache
discussed in greater detail in Chapter 5, Web application server
IBM ~ iSeries
15
(WebSphere Standard Edition), JVM (Java Virtual Machine), database
(IBM DB2 Universal database for iSeries discussed in greater detail in
Chapter 4), communications (TCP/IP), OS/400 PASE, e-business security, and Linux (TCP/IP and PASE are discussed in greater detail in Chapters 4 and 3 respectively). This intelligent integration enables businesses
to deploy solutions faster, with greater reliability and lower cost of
ownership, while providing superior performance across a wide range
of e-business applications based on industry standards.
Common across all of the V5R3 models are OS/400 V5R2;
Webfacing, which does not require 5250 OLTP capability; Linux with
up to 10 partitions per processor; Windows supports using the same
Integrated xSeries Server (IXS) and Integrated xSeries Adapter (IXA)
options; and common I/O support in towers (High Speed Link [HSL]
attached), adapters (all PCI), and devices.
The iSeries also offers businesses the freedom to grow without disruption through Capacity Upgrade on Demand features on the Models
825, 825D, 870, and 890. These features enable a user to activate immediate incremental processing power without disruption when it is
needed, and to pay for it only when initiated.
The iSeries Models 800 and 810 use a package similar in size to the
previous Model 270, which they replaced. The Model 800 expands the
performance and the I/O capabilities available in the entry-level price
range offering three versions (Value, Standard, and Advanced) based on
two processors with different programming package options. The Model
800 has a new higher-performance entry-point processor, and also an
increased performance high-end processor. The Model 810 extends the
midrange offering in performance, memory, and I/O capacity in addition to offering standard and enterprise editions for software packages.
Common to the Models i800 and i810 are the use of SStar processors in
either 1-way or 2-way configurations, and a limit of up to four OS/400
partitions per processor.
The three server models (825, 870, and 890) provide increased server
performance with no interactive workload performance limitations.
Common to these models are POWER4 processors; always in N-way
configurations, Capacity Upgrade on Demand, and up to 10 OS/400
partitions per processor. In addition, a processor can be licensed for
only Linux. The two Domino dedicated servers, Models 810D and 825D,
provide especially tuned Domino environments.
The only model with interactive performance limitations is the Model
800, which offers 25 CPW on its Value and Standard configurations
and 50 CPW on its Advanced configuration.
16
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The capability of unlimited interactive performance available on each
of the 810, 825, 870, and 890 servers allows them to support the Independent service Vendors (ISV) preload environment previously provided
by the custom mixed-mode server models S20-ISV, S30-ISV, and S40ISV. Upgrades from the previous custom mixed-mode server models to
the V5R3 8XX servers are supported. The custom mixed-mode software packages continue to be provided by J. D. Edwards, Software Systems Associates, Intentia International’s Movex V10.5, and International
Business Systems (IBS), as well as others.
iSeries Model Specifics
Now let’s take a closer look at the specifics of these models.
TE
iSeries Model 800 (i800) Specifics
The iSeries Model 800 entry processor replaces the Model 250 and Model
270. The Model i800 increases the entry-level design point beyond that
previously offered by the Models 250 and 270. The Model i800 is a
deskside tower–based server (Figure 1.2 on page 9). Two processor options are allowed, ranging in performance from about two times the
performance of the previous Model 270 entry processor to about onethird the performance offered in the fastest AS/400e server 270 processor. The Model 800 offers three different server feature codes, two
different processor feature codes, and two different programming package options. The combinations of these offerings are referred to as Value,
Standard, and Advanced. All three offerings are physically packaged
into a small deskside unit, which is then cabled to the necessary workstations and printers. The offerings include an HSL loop with two ports
which can be attached to a single I/O expansion unit (discussed in Chapter
2 under packaging). That expansion tower can be a 5094, 5095, or
5088, or an Integrated xSeries Server.
Model 800 Value
The Value offering of the i800 (server feature code 0863) uses processor
feature code 2463 (300 CPW client server, 25 CPW interactive) and
Team-Fly®
IBM ~ iSeries
17
programming feature option 7400. The processor is implemented in the
SStar technology. The minimum memory offered is 256 MB, with growth
supported to 8 GB by means of eight expansion cards. The Direct Access Storage Device (DASD) supported can range from a single arm at
17.5 GB up to a maximum of 4 Terabytes (TB) across 63 DASD units. A
minimum of one internal DVDROM is required, with a maximum configuration of four DVDROMs. Externally it is possible to attach an
additional 15 Tape/Optical/CD/DVD device in any combination up to
that maximum. A maximum of 21 PCI cards are supported, 17 of which
can be PCI I/O Adapters. Among the PCI cards can be 15 twinaxial
controllers to attach up to 600 twinaxial devices. Also among the PCI
cards can be 62 communication lines and/or 12 LAN ports. Windows
integration supports a maximum of either four Integrated xSeries Servers or seven Integrated xSeries Adapters.
Model 800 Standard
The Standard offering of the i800 (server feature code 0864) also uses
processor feature code 2463 (300 CPW client server, 25 CPW interactive) and programming feature option 7400. The processor is implemented
in the SStar technology. The minimum memory offered is 512 MB, with
growth supported to 8 GB by means of eight expansion cards. The DASD
supported can range from a single arm at 17.5 GB up to a maximum of
4 TB across 63 DASD units. A minimum of one internal DVDROM is
required, with a maximum configuration of four DVDROMs. Externally it is possible to attach an additional 15 Tape/Optical/CD/DVD device in any combination up to that maximum. A maximum of 21 PCI
cards are supported, 17 of which can be PCI I/O Adapters. Among the
PCI cards can be 15 Twinaxial Controllers to attach up to 600 Twinaxial
Devices. Also among the PCI cards can be 62 communication lines and/or
12 LAN ports. Windows integration supports a maximum of either 4
Integrated xSeries Servers or 7 Integrated xSeries Adapters.
The Programming Options Package 7400 supported by both the
Value and Standard versions of the i800 provide the following functions: (1) support for multiple operating systems (OS/400 and LinuxJ),
(2) Support for Web Modernization (enhanced WebFacing tool support,
described in Chapter 4), (3) Support for Server Partitioning (up to four
OS/400 partitions), and (4) Support for 5250 OLTP (25 CPW). Also
included in Options Package 7400 is licensing for OS/400 (one processor license for each processor).
18
Model 800 Advanced
The Advanced Edition offering of the i800 (server feature code 0865)
uses processor feature code 2464 (950 CPW client server, 50 CPW interactive) and programming feature option 7408. The processor is implemented in the SStar technology. The minimum memory offered is 512
MB, with growth supported to 8 GB by means of eight expansion cards.
The DASDs supported can range from two arms at 35 GB up to a maximum of 4 TB across 63 DASD units. A minimum of one internal
DVDROM is required, with a maximum configuration of four
DVDROMs. Externally it is possible to attach an additional 15
tape/optical/CD/DVD device in any combination up to that maximum.
A maximum of 21 PCI cards are supported, 17 of which can be PCI I/O
Adapters. Among the PCI cards can be 15 Twinaxial Controllers to
attach up to 600 Twinaxial Devices. Also among the PCI cards can be
62 communication lines, and/or 12 LAN ports. Windows integration
supports a maximum of either 4 Integrated xSeries Servers or 7 Integrated xSeries Adapters. Figure 1.5 illustrates the capacities available
on the Value, Standard, and Advanced editions of the Model i800.
The Programming Options Package 7408 provides the following
functions: (1) support for multiple operating systems (OS/400 and
LinuxJ), (2) Support for Web Modernization (enhanced WebFacing tool
support, described in Chapter 4), (3) Support for Server Partitioning
(up to four OS/400 partitions), and (4) Support for 5250 OLTP (50
CPW). Also included in Options Package 7408 is licensing for OS/400
(one processor license for each processor), and licensing for WebSphere
Application Server–Express V5 for iSeries (one processor license for
5722-IWE).
iSeries Model 810 Specifics
The Model 810 is a deskside system that looks very much like the Model
i800. It comes standard with one of three PowerPC SStar RISC Microprocessors #2466, #2467, or #2469 (CPW performance ratings 1020,
1470, or 2700 respectively), 512 MB of main storage, a CFIOP (Combined-Function I/O Processor), A single 17.5 GB 3½-inch disk drive, a
DVD-ROM drive, a two-line PCI WAN communications adapter, and
either a twinax workstation controller or a systems console on Op Con-
IBM ~ iSeries
Edition - Server
Feature Code
Processor Feature Code
Processor Technology
Processor CPW
5250 OLTP
Main Storage
DIMMs or Cards Min/Max
Min Capacity (MB)
Max Capacity (GB)
Disk Storage (GB)
Minimum
Maximum
Disk Arms
Internal DVD/Tape
External Tape/Optical/CD/DVD
External HSL/HSL-2 Ports
External HSL/HSL-2 Loops
Max I/O Towers
PCI Card Slots
Maximum PCI IOA Cards
10/100 Ethernet (NC)
Communications Lines
LAN Ports
Twinax (NC)
Twinax Controllers
Twinax Devices
Windows Integration
Integrated xSeries Servers
Integrated xSeries Adapters
30 GB Tape Drive
WebSphere Express (NC)
Programming Tier
Figure 1.5.
Value
Edition 0863
Standard
Edition 0864
Advanced
Edition 0865
2463 Uni
SStar
300
25
2463 Uni
SStar
300
25
2464 Uni
SStar
950
50
1/8
256
8
1/8
512
8
1/8
512
8
17.5
4445
63
4
15
2
1
1
21
17
1
62
12
35
4445
63
4
15
2
1
1
21
17
1
62
12
1
15
600
35
4445
63
4
15
2
1
1
21
17
1
62
12
1
15
600
4
7
4
7
1
1
P05
4
7
1
1
P10
P05
19
Model i800 configuration/capacity chart (continued on next page).
Value Edition Options Package - 7400
Function
Support for Multiple Operating Systems (OS/400 and LinuxJ)
Support for Web Modernization (enhanced WebFacing Tool support)
Support for Server Partitioning (up to 4 OS/400 partitions)
Support for 5250 OLTP (25CPW
20
Software
Licensing for OS/400 (one processor license)
Defaulted hardware/Software (can be deselected for priced alternatives)
5705 Tape/Disk Controller (Non-RAID)
Minimum Configuration = 1 Disk/Tape
Controller
4318 DASD (17.5 GB Drive
Minimum Configuration = 1 Arm
3092 Memory (256 MB)
Minimum Configuration = 256 MB
4531 DVDROM
Minimum Configuration = 1DVD device
9749 Ethernet Card
Minimum Configuration = 0 LAN Card
Standard Edition Options Package 7400
Function
Software
Licensing for WebSphere Application Server - Express V5 for iSeries(5722-IWE)
Controller
4318 DASD (2 x 17.5 GB Drive)
Minimum Configuration = 1 x 512MB
4531 DVDROM
9749 Ethernet Card
Minimum Configuration = 0 x LAN Card
9746 Twinax Card
Minimum Configuration = 0 x Twinax Card
4584 Save/Restore Device
Minimum Configuration = 1 x Tape Device
(30 GB or larger)
Advanced Edition Options Package 7408
Function
Software
Licensing for WebSphere Application Server - Express V5 for iSeries (5722-IWE)
Controller
4318 DASD (2 x 17.5 GB Drive)
Minimum Configuration = 1 x 512MB
4531 DVDROM
9749 Ethernet Card
Minimum Configuration = 0 x LAN Card
9746 Twinax Card
Minimum Configuration = 0 x Twinax Card
4584 Save/Restore Device
Minimum Configuration = 1 x Tape Device
(30 GB or larger)
Figure 1.5 (continued).
Model i800 configuration/capacity chart.
IBM ~ iSeries
21
sole and an alternate IPL device. The interactive performance is achieved
on the processor, without the addition of Interactive upgrade cards. At
no time can the interactive performance exceed the performance rating
of the selected base processor.
The Model i810’s processor #2469 is a 2-way SMP implementation.
The Model i810’s structure can connect up to 198 disk arms in its disk
cage assemblies to achieve a maximum of 13,791 GB of disk capacity. It
can also house 10 internal CD/DVD/tape devices, as well as attach 18
external tape devices or 36 external CD/DVD devices. The maximum
disk and internal/external device capacities can only be achieved through
the attachment of four I/O Towers using the two HSL ports and the
single HSL loop. The base system unit plus the I/O Towers provides 63
PCI card slots, 50 of which can be populated with PCI I/O Adapter
cards. Up to 16,384 MB of main storage can be packaged with 8 total
main storage cards. The main storage expansion options used on these
models attach within the processor cage so that they don’t consume
expansion slots.
It is also possible to attach up to 1,920 twinaxial workstations spread
across 48 Twinaxial Controllers, 194 communications lines, and 36 local area network ports. (Some of the LANs may be displaced by Integrated xSeries Servers, with a maximum of thirteen allowed on a system
or by Integrated xSeries Adapters with a maximum of seven allowed.)
Figure 1.6 illustrates the maximum system capacities and performance
capabilities for the Model i810. The model i810 can also be configured
with Standard and Enterprise software offerings as well as Domino offerings. Figure 1.7 lists the contents of the Model i810 Option Packages.
The Domino offerings will be discussed later in this chapter.
iSeries Model i825 Specifics
The Model i825 (Figure 1.8) is a deskside system unit which in general
will contain multiple I/O expansion towers. The Model i825 comes standard with POWER4 RISC Microprocessors #2473 including 3 to 6 Nway processors. The fourth through sixth processors are Capacity
Upgrade on Demand (CUoD) processors. This means the customer can
invoke the usage of these processors as the demands of their business
requires either a temporary or permanent basis. CUoD is discussed in
greater detail later in this chapter. The CPW performance rating of 3,600
with the base three processors can be increased to a CPW performance
22
Edition - Server
Feature Code
Value
Edition 0863
2466 Uni
SStar
Processor CPW
1020
Software Tier
P10
Main Storage
1/8
Min Capacity (MB)
512
Max Capacity (GB)
16
Disk Storage (GB)
Minimum
17.5
Maximum
13,791
Disk Arms
198
Internal DVD/Tape
10
18/36
2
1
Max I/O Towers
4
PCI Card Slots
63
50
194
LAN Ports
36
Twinax Controllers
48
Twinax Devices
1,920
Windows Integration
13
7
Figure 1.6.
Standard
Edition 0864
Advanced
Edition 0865
2467 Uni
SStar
1470
P10
2469 2-Way
SStar
2700
P20
1/8
512
16
2/16
512
16
17.5
13,791
198
10
18/36
2
1
4
63
50
194
36
48
1,920
17.5
13,791
198
10
18/36
2
1
4
63
50
194
36
48
1,920
13
7
13
7
Model i810 Configuration/Capacity chart.
of 6,600 through the invocation of the three CUoD processors. The
minimum system includes a base main storage of 2,048 MB, a Combined-Function I/O Processor (CFIOP), a single 17.5 GB 3½-inch disk
drive, a CD-ROM/DVDROM drive, four HSL ports supporting up to
two HSL loops, a PCI two-line WAN communications adapter with
V.90 modem, either a twinax workstation controller or a system console—on Op Console option.
The Model i825 bridges the previous Models 820 and 830 to make
up the low-end of the high range of the iSeries family. This provides for
higher performance, more users, more communications, more storage,
IBM ~ iSeries
23
Standard:
<Package Function
•Support for Multiple Operating Systems (OS/400 and Linux)
•Support for Web Modernization (enhanced WebFacing tool support)
•Support for Server Partitioning (up to 4 OS/400 partitions per
processor)
•Support for 5250 OLTP (5250 interactive CPW = 0)
<Package Software
•Licensing for OS/400 (one processor license for each processor)
Enterprise:
<Package Function
•Support for Multiple Operating Systems (OS/400 and Linux)
•Support for Web Modernization (enhanced WebFacing tool support)
•Support for Server Partitioning (up to 4 OS/400 partitions per
processor)
•Support for 5250 OLTP (maximum 5250capacity)
<Package Software
•Licensing for OS/400 (one processor license for each processor)
•Licensing for WebSphere - Express V5 for iSeries 5722-IWE (one
processor license for each processor)
•Licensing for DB2 Query Manager and SQL Developers Toolkit 5722-ST1 (one server license)
•Licensing for Performance Tools - 5722-PT1 (one server license)
Figure 1.7.
Software Option Packages for Model i810.
and greater growth capability than the previous Models 820 and most
of the Model 830 at a significantly lower price performance design point.
Main storage can be increased to a maximum of 48 GB through the
usage of 24 total memory slots. Main storage expansion is accomplished
through the addition of four matched groups of main storage expansion features.
Interactive performance and client/server performance share the
available CPW up to the maximum defined by the processors present.
There are no Interactive cards required to achieve the maximum interactive performance.
Using the HSL loops, the system unit’s capacity can be increased.
Up to 18 I/O towers can be attached, providing 263 PCI card slots,
which may be populated with up to 206 PCI I/O adapters. The Model
825 maximum capacities can house up to 825 disk arms to achieve
24
Figure 1.8.
iSeries eServer Model i825.
58,216 GB of disk storage, 18 internal CD/DVD devices or 36 tape
units, with equal capacities of external CD/DVD/tape devices, 135
Twinaxial Controllers can attach 5,400 twinaxial devices, 320 communications lines, and 96 LAN ports. Some of the LAN ports may displaced by up to 36 Integrated xSeries Servers or up to 18 Integrated
xSeries Adapters. The system capacities and performance capabilities
are summarized in Figure 1.9. The Model 825 supports the same Option Packages as the Models i870 and i890.
The Model i870 makes up the middle range of the high end of the iSeries
family (Figure 1.10). It comes with a minimum eight-way Symmetrical
Multiprocessor and contains an additional eight CUoD processors. All
processors are POWER4 RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computers)
microprocessors. The processor feature code is #2486 (CPW performance rating 11,500, extended to a possible 20,000 if the CUoD processors are invoked). A high-speed crossbar switch connects the main
IBM ~ iSeries
Processor CPW
Software Tier
Main Storage
Min Capacity (MB)
Max Capacity (GB)
Disk Storage (GB)
Minimum
Maximum
Disk Arms
Internal DVD/Tape
Max I/O Towers
PCI Card Slots
LAN Ports
Twinax Controllers
Twinax Devices
Windows Integration
Figure 1.9.
25
2473 3/6 - Way
Power4
3,600-6,000
P30
4/24
2,048
48
17.5
58,216
825
18/36
18/36
4/2
2/1
18
263
206
320
96
135
5,400
36
18
Model 825 Configuration/Capacity chart.
storage and I/O functions to the processor, 8,192 MB of main storage, a
CFIOP, a single 17.5 GB 3½-inch disk drive, a CD/DVDROM drive, a
16port HSL card that supports eight loops, a PCI two-line WAN (Wide
Area Network) communications adapter, either a twinax workstation
controller or a system console on Op Console, and a logic cage that
accepts PCI cards.
The Model i870 bridges the capabilities of the previous Models 830
and 840. The Model 870 uses a common package with the Model 890.
Both the processor unit and the I/O function tower operate from separate 240-V line sources. The I/O function tower connects to the processor unit tower by means of an interface cable called HSL, allowing a
separation between any two units on a loop of up to 250 meters.
AM
FL
Y
Figure 1.10.
TE
26
iSeries eServer Models i870/i890.
No interactive cards are used in the Model i870. In any case the
interactive performance value can not exceed the CPW performance
value. The interactive requirements and the client server requirements
share the available CPW performance capability.
Eight of the processor features offer capacity on demand, capacity
for ASPs (Application Service Providers), ISPs (Internet Service Providers), and dynamic growth environments. If one of these processor options is ordered, activation can be temporary, at the time of server
installation and after each new activation, for a period of 14 days, and
requires no Initial Program Load (IPL) activity. Activation can be permanent, in which case the activation code is both posted to the Web and
mailed, and requires the entry of the activation code at the server. Capacity Upgrade on Demand standby processors are not paid for until
activated. Capacity Upgrade on Demand is discussed in greater detail
later in this chapter.
The Model i870 in its maximum configuration with 47 I/O Towers
can include up to 2,047 disk arms with a maximum capacity of 144,446
MB on 3½-inch disk drives, 26 internal CD/DVD drives or 48 tape
Team-Fly®
IBM ~ iSeries
27
drives, an operator panel, up to 128,000 MB of main storage, and 672
PCI cards, 528 of which can be PCI I/O adapters. The main storage
expansion options used on these models attach within the processor
tower so that they don’t consume I/O expansion slots.
It is also possible to attach up to 7,200 twinaxial workstations using 180 twinaxial controllers, 480 communications lines, and 128 LAN
ports. Up to 48 Integrated xSeries servers or 60 Integrated xSeries Adapters may be used instead of the LANs. Externally 26 CD/DVDROM or
48 tape devices can be attached. The total system capacities and performance capabilities of the Model 870 are summarized in Figure 1.11.
The Model i870 supports the same standard and Enterprise Option
Packages as the i825 and i890 Models.
Processor CPW
Software Tier
Main Storage
Min Capacity (GB)
Max Capacity (GB)
Disk Storage (GB)
Minimum
Maximum
Disk Arms
Internal DVD/Tape
External HSL-2 Ports
External HSL-2 Loops
Max I/O Towers
PCI Card Slots
LAN Ports
Twinax Controllers
Twinax Devices
Windows Integration
Figure 1.11.
2486 8/16 - Way
Power4
11,500 - 20,000
P40
2/4
8
128
17.5
144, 446
2,047
26/48
26/48
16
8
47
672
528
480
128
180
7,200
48
60
Model i870 Configuration/Capacity chart.
28
The Model i890 makes up the top end of the high range of the iSeries
family. The Model i890 includes 24-way and 32-way versions of
POWER4 microprocessors. The Model 890 uses a common package
with mainframe computers, and the Model i870 which is the size of a
2.0-meter rack plus a separate I/O function tower just as in the 870
Model. Both the processor unit and the I/O function tower operate from
separate 240-V line sources. The I/O function tower connects to the
processor unit tower by means of an HSL, allowing a separation between any two units on a loop of up to 250 meters.
The Model i890 offers two processor options. The first processor
option (#2497) contains a base 16-way processor with an additional 8
capacity on demand processors and at its maximum can realize a 24way processor system. The CPW performance rating starts at 20,000
and extends to 29,300 if the capacity on demand processors are activated. Capacity on demand is discussed in the next section of this chapter. The minimum main storage capacity for this processor is 8,192 MB
and the maximum main storage capacity is 192 GB.
The second processor option (#2498) consists of a base 24 processors with an additional 8 capacity on demand processors, which at the
maximum can realize a 32-way processor configuration. The CPW performance rating for this model starts at 29,300 and extends to 37,400
when the capacity on demand processors are activated. Main storage
for this processor model starts at a minimum of 16 GB and extends to a
maximum of 256 GB.
Both processor options contain the following minimum configuration: a CFIOP, 17.5 GB of 3½-inch disk drives, a CD-ROM/DVDRAM
drive, an eight-port HSL card supporting eight loops, a PCI two-line
WAN communications adapter, either a twinax workstation controller
or a system console on Op Console, and a logic cage, and battery backup
units. Main storage card sizes are 4,096, 8,192 MB, 16,384 MB, and
32,768 MB. Capacity on demand standby processors are not paid for
until activated.
The maximum Model i890 I/O configuration can contain up to 7,200
twinaxial workstations, 480 communications lines, and 128 LANs. Up
to 48 Integrated xSeries servers or 60 Integrated xSeries adapters may
be used instead of the LANs. Twenty-six optical libraries/External Tape
Units/CDROM/DVDRAM/Internal Tape Units can be attached unless
Logical Partitioning (LPAR) is enabled, in which case the maximum is
increased to 48 of each of those devices. Using the full External HSL
IBM ~ iSeries
29
loop capability allows 47 I/O Towers to be added to the base I/O tower
to increase the total number of 3½-inch disk drives for each unit. A
maximum disk capacity of 144 TB is supported. The maximum number
of PCI card slots supported is 672, including a maximum of 528 PCI
I/O Adapters. The total system capacities and performance capabilities
of the Model 890 are summarized in Figure 1.12. To achieve the maximum system capacities, it is necessary to attach expansion towers to
each of the eight possible HSLs. HSL connection capability can be extended by the addition of three HSL Bus Adapters to achieve a maximum of 28 ports. The Model i890 supports the same Standard and
Enterprise Option Packages as the Models 825 and 870. Those Option
Packages are shown in Figure 1.13.
Processor CPW
Software Tier
Main Storage
Min Capacity (GB)
Max Capacity (GB)
Disk Storage (GB)
Minimum
Maximum
Disk Arms
Internal DVD/Tape
Max I/O Towers
PCI Card Slots
LAN Ports
Twinax Controllers
Twinax Devices
Windows Integration
Figure 1.12.
2497 16/24 - Way
Power4
20,000 - 29,300
P50
2498 24/32 - Way
Power4
29,300 - 37,400
P50
2/6
8
192
4/8
16
256
17.5
144,446
2,047
26/48
26/48
24
12
47
672
526
480
128
180
7,200
17.5
144,446
2,047
26/48
26/48
28
14
47
672
526
480
128
180
7,200
48
60
48
60
Model i890 Configuration/Capacity Chart.
30
Standard:
Package Function
Support for Multiple Operating Systems (OS/400 and Linux)
Support for Web Modernization (enhanced WebFacing tool support)
Support for Server Partitioning (up to 4 OS/400 partitions per processor)
Support for 5250 OLTP (5250 interactive CPW = 0)
Package Software
Licensing for OS/400 (one processor license for each processor)
Support for Capacity Upgrade on Demand (permanent and temporary)
Enterprise:
Package Function
Support for Multiple Operating Systems (OS/400 and Linux)
Support for Web Modernization (enhanced WebFacing tool support)
Support for Server Partitioning (up to 4 OS/400 partitions per processor)
Support for 5250 OLTP (maximum 5250 capacity)
Support for Capacity Upgrade on Demand (permanent and temporary)
Package Software: e-business Solution Tools
Licensing for OS/400 (one processor license for each processor)
Licensing for a choice of WebSphere Application Server or WebSphere - Express
V5 for iSeries 5722-IWE (one processor license for each startup processor)
Licensing for Lotus SameTime (100 seats)
Licensing for QuickTime (100 seats)
Licensing for DB2 Query Manager and SQL Developers Toolkit - 5722-ST1
(one server license)
Licensing for DB2 SMP - 5722-SS1 Option 26 (one server license)
Licensing for Data Propagator (one server license)
Licensing for DB2 Extenders - SML and Text (one server license)
Data Center Management Tools
Licensing for Performance Tools - 5722-PT1 (one server license)
Licensing for HA Switched Resources (one server license)
Licensing for Media Storage Extensions (one server license)
Licensing for BRMS (one server license)
Licensing for Tivoli Monitoring - PAC for Web (one server license for each
startup processor)
Licensing for Tivoli Storage Manager (one server license plus five seats)
Package Hardware
Integrated xSeries Support (One 1.6 Ghz IXS included)
One stand-by processor activated for Linux - Model 879 and 890 only
Education and Services
Education Credits (ILS class vouchers provided via Web registration: 1-825,
3-870, 5-890)
One of three service offerings related to Windows, Linux, or WebSphere
Figure 1.13.
Model 825/870/890 Option Package Definitions.
IBM ~ iSeries
31
The Model 890 system unit processor tower requires three-phase
240-V power. The base I/O tower must be plugged individually into
standard high-voltage electrical outlets (180–260 Volts AC {VAC}). The
user must rely on an external UPS (Universal Power System) to provide
base utility power failure protection.
Capacity on Demand (CoD)
Capacity on demand (available on the Models i825, i870, and i890) allows the server to dynamically adjust to unpredictable demand without
interrupting operations or applications. It is possible to activate a processor for Linux without paying for OS/400. Permanent capacity (called
IBM eServer Capacity Upgrade on Demand) can comply with the planned
growth of the business (payment is made when the growth is purchased,
not when the system is purchased). Temporary capacity (called IBM
eServer On/Off Capacity on Demand) is turned on and off dynamically
by the system to meet the requirements of business peaks. There are 14
bonus days (randomly spread throughout the year) during which On/Off
Capacity on Demand may be used without charge. Payment for the On/Off
Capacity on Demand is made after activation. The break-even point for
the use of On/Off Capacity on Demand is 30 days of activation. After
that number of activations, it becomes less costly to make the On/Off
Capacity on Demand into Capacity Upgrade on Demand.
iSeries Dedicated Servers for Domino
There are two dedicated servers for Domino offered by the iSeries product line. They include the i810D and the i825D. These servers have
been tuned to match the requirements for Lotus Domino R5 workloads,
including Domino Web serving, applications, and mail. Within the design point, non-Domino workloads should consume less than 10-15
percent of the available CPU CPW capability, whereas Domino
workloads can consume 100 percent of that capability. No interactive
processing capability is available for application use beyond the impact
of the activities of a single systems administrator.
When deciding whether to select a Dedicated Server for Domino
model or a traditional iSeries server model, you should consider the
following:
Dedicated Server for Domino is best for:
32
•
Domino Mail
•
Domino applications
•
Mixed Domino workload
•
Domino Web serving
•
Domino Web front-end to iSeries Line-of-Business (LOB) server.
Traditional iSeries server is best for:
•
Domino and other iSeries Line-of-Business (LOB) applications
on the same server
•
Large-enterprise user populations
•
DB2 database integration on the same server.
Using the built-in subsystem and logical partitioning capabilities,
iSeries for Domino provides a single dedicated server capable of separating mail, instant messaging, and groupware applications while automatically balancing and adjusting performance. It is no longer necessary
to face the complexities of managing a server farm with an individual
system for each mail function, which generally results from dedicating a
single server to each mail function. Included in the iSeries for Domino
support are OS/400 V5R2, Lotus Domino V6, Sametime, iNotes, and
other Lotus groupware solutions.
iSeries for Domino Model i810D
The iSeries for Domino Model i810D is based on the previously discussed iSeries Model i810. There are three processor options offered,
just as in the Model 810. The difference is the server feature codes (#0769,
#0770, #0771) and the package feature codes (#7407, #7410, #7428,
respectively). Also different is the interactive CPW available (0, 50, and
0, respectively). The minimum amount of main storage and DASD required to support 500 mail users on the #0769 server feature code is
1,500 MB and 105 GB, respectively. The minimum amount of main
storage and DASD required to support 1,000 mail users on the #0770
IBM ~ iSeries
33
server feature code is 3,500 MB and 315 GB, respectively. The minimum amount of main storage and DASD required to support 2,000
mail users on the #0771 server feature code is 5,500 MB and 525 GB,
respectively. Each iSeries for Domino Model i810D requires a single
Domino license. The 0769, 0770, and 0771 servers require 100, 100,
and 400 client licenses, respectively. Figure 1.14 illustrates the capacities for the iSeries for Domino Model i810D.
Server Feature Code
Package Feature Code (Interactive CPW)
Processor CPW
Software Tier
Main Storage
Min Memory (MB)
Max Capacity (GB)
Disk Storage (GB)
Minimum
Maximum
Disk Arms
Internal DVD/Tape
Max I/O Towers
PCI Card Slots
LAN Ports
Twinax Controllers
Twinax Devices
Windows Integration
Required Domino Licenses
Server
Client
Figure 1.14.
0769
2466 Uni
7407 (0)
SStar
1020
P10
0770
2467 Uni
7410 (50)
SStar
1470
P10
0771
2469 2-Way
7428
SStar
2700
P20
1/8
1,500
16
1/8
3,500
16
2/16
5,500
16
105
13,791
198
10
18/36
2
1
4
63
50
194
36
48
1,920
315
13,791
198
10
18/36
2
1
4
63
50
194
36
48
1,920
525
13,791
198
10
18/36
2
1
4
63
50
194
36
48
1,920
13
7
13
7
13
7
1
100
1
100
1
400
Model 810D Configuration/Capacity Chart.
34
iSeries for Domino Model i825D
The iSeries for Domino Model i825D is based on the previously discussed iSeries Model 825. There are two server configuration options
offered based on the 2473 processors with capacity on demand. The
server feature codes are #0772 and #0773, and the package feature code
for each server is #7416. Also different is the interactive CPW available
(0, and 50, respectively). The minimum amount of main storage and
DASD required to support 4,000 mail users on the #0772 server feature
code is 6,000 MB and 560 GB with one of the capacity on demand
processors activated permanently. The minimum amount of main storage and DASD required to support 5,000 mail users on the #0773 server
feature code is 12,000 MB and 945 GB, with all three capacity on demand processors activated permanently. Figure 1.15 illustrates the capacities for the iSeries for Domino Model i825D. Each of the iSeries for
Domino Model i825D server offerings require a single Domino license.
The #0772, and #0773 servers each require 700 client licenses.
Performance Overview
One important aspect of a computer system is its performance—that is,
the speed at which the computer can perform work. The higher the
performance, the more work the computer can do. Many things—such
as the processor, main storage, disk storage, I/O bandwidth, and program design—affect the performance of a computer system. It is difficult and often misleading to predict the overall performance of a
computer system by looking at selected specifications of the individual
components that make up the system. Although things such as disk unit
seek times and raw processor speed (often measured in millions of instructions per second, or MIPS) are important, they do not provide the
whole picture in terms of overall system performance.
Benchmark Testing
Benchmark testing has evolved as the best way to compare the overall
performance of different computers. Benchmark testing involves loading the computer system with various programs designed to simulate a
workload and then measuring how the system behaves under that load.
IBM ~ iSeries
Server feature Code
Package Feature Code (Interactive CPW)
Processor CPW
Software Tier
Main Storage
Min Memory (MB)
Max Memory (GB)
Disk Storage (GB)
Minimum
Maximum
Disk Arms
Internal DVD/Tape
Max I/O Towers
PCI Card Slots
LAN Ports
Twinax Controllers
Twinax Devices
Windows Integration
Required Domino Licenses
Server
Client
Estimated Users/CUoD activations
Figure 1.15.
35
0772
2473 3/6 - Way
7416 (0)
Power4
3,600-6,000
P30
0773
2473 3/6 - Way
7416 (50)
Power4
3,600-6,000
P30
4/24
6,000
48
4/24
6,000
48
560
58,216
825
18/36
18/36
4/2
2/1
18
263
206
320
96
135
5,400
945
58,216
825
18/36
18/36
4/2
2/1
18
263
206
320
96
135
5,400
36
18
36
18
1
700
3,000/1 processor
1
700
5,000/3 processors
Model 825D Configuration/Capacity Chart.
Through this benchmark testing, all elements of the computer system
come into play, and the overall performance of selected computer systems can be meaningfully compared.
To perform benchmark testing, the test group must make assumptions about the kind of work being done and the behavior of the users
36
accessing it. For this reason, the performance measurements derived
from a benchmark may vary significantly from what users will get if
their business environment does not match the set of test assumptions.
However, because all assumptions are the same for all computers included in a benchmark test, it is possible to get a good idea of the relative performance of tested computer systems.
Server vs. Interactive Environments
TE
AM
FL
Y
Performance must be considered in relation to the environment in which
the computer system is executing. An iSeries system may operate in a
general-purpose interactive environment (supporting multiple users and
a batch-processing workload) or in the role of a server (offering resources
to other computers and their users over a network). What makes a computer function well in one of these environments may be an inhibitor in
the other environment. As a result, different methodologies are needed
to measure computer performance in those different environments.
Typical Business Workload Performance (CPW)
IBM has conducted benchmark testing on iSeries systems using the CPW
benchmark, which is designed to simulate a typical interactive business
workload (e.g., order entry, accounts payable, and accounts receivable).
When IBM’s iSeries group benchmarks a system, the benchmark is
used against criteria that measures how that system is intended to be
used. Figure 1.16 shows the interactive CPW performance ratings of the
V5R3 RISC-based models of the iSeries systems. Additional information
on other benchmark results on the iSeries and other vendors’ generalpurpose commercial processing systems’ performance may be obtained
from the Transaction Performance Council (TPC, www.tpc.org), which
publishes CPW test results on a wide variety of systems.
Interactive Performance
Interactive performance is only limited on the Model i800. The Model
i800 Value, Standard, and Advanced editions provide 25, 25, and 50
CPW support for 5250 OLTP applications. All other models limit interactive performance only by the CPW capability of the processors
present in those models if the models also include the Enterprise Options Package. In other words, 5250 OLTP applications which have
Team-Fly®
IBM ~ iSeries
37
40000
35000
CPW
30000
25000
20000
15000
10000
5000
0
2466
2469
6-way
16-way
24-way
Standard
2467
3-way
8-way
16-way
Advanced
Value
32Way
Processor
Figure 1.16.
Model i800
Model i810
Model i870
Model i890
Model i825
V5R3 Processor interactive CPW by model.
been webfaced using WebSphere WebFacing Tool and run under WebSphere Application Server (WAS) or WebSphere Express require zero
5250 interactive capacity.
iSeries for Domino Benchmarks
A new performance metric has evolved for Domino. In the past, Simple
Mail Users (SMU) was used as a benchmark. To arrive at a measure of
Typical Mail Users for Domino, a measurement was made of Simple
Mail Users, and that result was divided by three. The new performance
metric, Mail and Calendar Users (MCU), evolved because the previous
Notesbench Mail benchmark is no longer representative of the more
complex environment for Domino R5 and after users. Domino R5 includes calendaring and scheduling, a 60 percent heavier workload with
30 KB more traffic per hour. To arrive at Typical Mail Users using the
MCU benchmark, which is closer to the Typical Mail Users environment, the rule of thumb is to divide by two. Typical Mail Users values
allow the comparison of older AS/400 servers with new servers, as Typical
38
Mail Users represents a constant metric. Figure 1.17 illustrates the CPW
benchmark values for the Dedicated Server for Domino models.
The five iSeries for Domino configurations supported can all upgrade to the Models i870 and i890, as well as to the higher performing
models/processors within those configurations.
A Closer Look
Many elements provide the functions and performance of IBM iSeries
computers. The remainder of this chapter provides a closer look at the
following aspects of the IBM iSeries systems:
•
Hardware architecture
•
PowerPC AS microprocessors
•
Storage hierarchy
•
Main and auxiliary storage
7000
6000
CPW
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
2466
2467
2469
772/2473
Domino Performance by Processor
Model 810D
Figure 1.17.
Domino Model Performance.
Model 825D
773/2473
IBM ~ iSeries
•
OptiConnect
•
System availability functions
•
O/S 400 Subsystems and logical partitioning
•
Upgrade paths
•
Packaging
•
Fiber optic bus.
39
Hardware Architecture Overview
The underlying arrangement and interconnection of a computer system’s
electrical components is called its hardware architecture. This architecture is the fundamental structure upon which all system functions are
built and has the largest effect on how the computer system will behave.
A basic understanding of the iSeries system architecture (Figure 1.18)
makes it possible to compare iSeries computers with other systems and
to understand important aspects of system performance and capacity.
The core of the iSeries computer (as in all computers) is the system
processor (shown across the top of the figure). The system processor is
the circuitry that actually executes a computer program’s instructions
and does all the mathematical calculations. The smallest piece of information (data) in the computer is called a bit. Bits are grouped into bytes
(eight bits), half words (sixteen bits), full words (thirty-two bits), and
double words (sixty-four bits) inside the computer. These groupings form
the computer’s representation of numbers, letters of the alphabet, and
instructions in a program. Processors for iSeries systems move information around one double word (sixty-four bits) at a time. Since much of
a computer’s time is spent moving information around, the double-word
organization helps improve overall system performance.
Other bits inside the system processor are used to uniquely identify
or address storage and I/O devices (e.g., a disk unit) within the computer
system. iSeries system processors group sixty-four bits together to form
a unique address. This sixty-four bit addressing provides 18,446,744
trillion (264) unique addresses. This is more than enough addresses for
today’s midsize computer environment (and even for the foreseeable future). In fact, the largest iSeries systems and servers today have just iden-
6 processors
2.0 GB/s
2.0 GB/s
2.0 GB/s
I/O Hub
6 processors
6 processors
2.0 GB/s
2.0 GB/s
2.0 GB/s
6 processors
2.0 GB/s
2.0 GB/s
36 GB/sec
High Speed Switch
2.0 GB/s
2.0 GB/s
Memory
Control
1.0 GB/s
1.0 GB/s
1.0 GB/s
1.0 GB/s
Memory
Memory
Memory
I/O
I/O
I/O
I/O
40
Balanced Systems = High Performance
Figure 1.18.
Memory
24 500 MHz Processors
96 GB Memory
14 Buses
Crossbar Switch
iSeries Model 840 architecture.
tified the capability to use 144+ trillion of those addresses. This shows
the kind of growth potential inherent in the iSeries architecture.
The “memory,” or main storage (shown at the bottom of the figure), provides a work space for the system processor. Since much of a
computer’s time is spent moving information to and from main storage,
the speed of main storage can be a limiting factor to the overall performance of any computer system. The speed of storage is measured by the
time it takes to respond to a request to store or recall information (the
cycle time). The main storage cycle time for iSeries computers varies
depending on the model. The shorter the cycle time, the better the system performance.
The largest iSeries computers can have up to 256,000 MB of main
storage. The main storage in all iSeries systems provides error detection
and error correction. This main storage error detection and correction
works to protect the all-important integrity of user information in the
computer system.
IBM ~ iSeries
41
All iSeries system processors also use cache memory to help increase the effective cycle time of main storage. A cache is a small and
very high-speed memory area that sits between the processor and main
storage. The idea is to keep the information most likely to be needed
next in cache to avoid the time delay associated with main storage.
Data and instruction caches on the processors of iSeries systems accelerate performance when accessing information or program instructions
(respectively).
Another important part of the iSeries architecture is the System Licensed Internal Code (SLIC). SLIC is a set of extremely simple instructions (never seen by the computer programmer or user) that are directly
performed by the electronic circuits within the system processor. All
user program instructions are automatically converted into a series of
these SLIC instructions, which are then executed by the system processor. For more information on SLIC instructions, see Chapter 3.
In the iSeries Models i825, i870, and i890, the separation of main
storage and I/O is possible because of a high-speed switch. The highspeed switch makes possible the independent 128-bit data buses between the processors, I/O controllers, and the switch network. As
shown in the figure, the processors are distributed uniformly across
the data buses, with the one data bus dedicated to the I/O controllers.
A single sixty-four-bit address bus connects all of the processors plus
the I/O controllers with the switch. Although the address bus is heavily
loaded and physically traverses the system board to connect the processor cards, the bus utilization and latency were kept sufficiently low
by configuring the system bus arbiter located within the switch to allow only one address for every two data cycles. The I/O is driven from
an HSL bus (the HSL bus is an ultra high speed serial interface), either
a copper bus limited to fifteen feet in length for a single segment and
having a bandwidth of 10 GB/sec, or an optical bus limited to 250 feet
in length for a single segment and having a bandwidth of 10 GB/sec.
With the exception of the Model i825, the copper bus connects to at
least one I/O tower, which can be populated with disk units, tape units,
and I/O interface cards. The main storage bus is partitioned into multiple buses, each of which is supported by a separate storage control
chip (STG/CTL) that manages the main storage accesses and up to
512 MB of L3 cache. This multiple-memory bus architecture helps
improve the performance of these systems. For these three models, the
high-speed switch is embedded on the POWER4 chips (discussed later
in this chapter).
42
The I/O processors (shown at the bottom of the figure) are responsible for managing any devices attached to the iSeries system. Each of
these specialized processors has independent responsibilities and performs tasks in coordination with the system processor. A computer that
has multiple processors working together with the system processor like
this has a multiprocessor architecture. The advantage of having multiple processors performing work simultaneously is simply that more
work can be done in a given period of time. For example, the workstation I/O processor manages the detailed processing associated with the
multiple terminals and printers attached to the system, allowing the
system processor to concentrate on doing more productive work for the
user. The same is true of the other specialized I/O processors such as the
storage I/O processor, which manages disk, diskette, and tape devices
attached to the iSeries system.
The I/O processors communicate with the system processor over an
I/O bus (called the PCI bus), a group of wires that carry information
very quickly from one area to another inside the computer system. As
indicated in the figure, some iSeries systems have a single I/O bus, whereas
others have multiple I/O buses. Because only one information transfer
can occur on any one bus at any one time, systems with multiple buses
have the advantage of allowing overlapping transfers between I/O processors and the system processor or main storage. Therefore, multiple
buses contribute to the overall system performance advantages of larger
iSeries systems. The PCI I/O buses in the 8XX models provide an I/O
bandwidth of greater than 10 GB for the movement of data and instructions between the I/O devices and the processor/memory complex.
Various controllers and adapters plug into physical slots in each of
the packages used to provide electrical connections to the bus. In addition to I/O processors, a service processor is built into every system. It is
responsible for starting the system and constantly monitoring the health
of the entire computer. It interacts with the system operator through the
control panel and helps with such things as system fault isolation, error
detection, and error reporting. It is the equivalent of having a built-in
service person who watches over things with relentless consistency.
All iSeries systems employ a multiprocessor architecture in that
they have a system processor and multiple specialized processors (e.g.,
workstation and I/O processors) to handle specific tasks. However, at
some processor level, all models (e.g., models i810, i825, i870, and
890) employ multiple system processors to cooperatively execute a single
copy of the operating system (OS/400), thus appearing to be a single
large processor. This multiple system processor architecture is called
IBM ~ iSeries
43
the N-way multiprocessor architecture (where N is replaced by the number of processors), also referred to as the Symmetric Multi-Processor
(SMP) architecture.
Figure 1.19 shows how N-way models are organized. (Note: All
system processors share the same I/O buses, I/O processors, and main
storage.) Symmetric Multi-Processors process in parallel, sharing a task
list. Each processor in an SMP set has its own data and instruction
cache and its own virtual storage view of the system. In the case of a
query, each processor in the SMP group will process in parallel against
a segment of disk storage to resolve the query.
With SMP, the performance rating increases with each new processor added. For example, if you compare a single processor system to an
SMP system with two processors of identical power, you get a performance increase of about 70 percent. You don’t get a 100 percent improvement because the two system processors must spend some of their
processing power coordinating activities with one another. They must
6XX Bus
@ 83 MHz
4-Way PU Card
Add in Pairs
4-Way PU Card
L2
L2
L2
L2
PU
PU
PU
PU
16B
Main Storage
SCIL Bus 0
SCIL Bus 1
SCIL Bus 2
SCIL Bus 3
SCIL Bus Gen.
SCIL /ABS Bus Conv
BCAEX
Optic Bus
1419
Main Storage
Storage
Controller
SCIL Bus
SCIL /ABS Bus Conv
BCAL
Optic Bus 27
SCIL /ABS Bus Conv
Spd Bus
BCAEX BCAEX BCAEX
Optic Bus 813
BCAEX BCAEX BCAEX
MFIOP
IOP
IOP
LAN
CRYPTO
DASD Tape Comm
Figure 1.19.
N-Way hardware architecture block diagram.
44
also share the same main storage, I/O bus (or buses), disk storage, and so
on. For these reasons, adding a second system processor does not double
the performance of the system; however, SMP configurations do allow
significant performance improvements. Figure 1.20 shows the performance advantage afforded by the use of two-way processors in the Model
810, three-way and six-way in the Model i825 along with eight-way
(#0158) and sixteen-way (#0159) processors in the Model 870 SMP configurations as well as the twenty-four-way (#0197) and thirty-two-way
(#0198) processors offered in the Model 890 SMP configurations.
POWER Microprocessors
A microprocessor is a computer chip containing millions of microscopic
transistors that work together to form the “brain” of a computer sys40000
35000
30000
25000
20000
15000
10000
5000
0
8-way
3-way
2-way
Figure 1.20.
6-way
16-way
24-way
16-way
N-Way Processor Performance
Model i810
Model i825
Model i870
Model i890
Performance characteristics of N-way architecture.
32-way
IBM ~ iSeries
45
tem. The internal structure of a microprocessor is called its architecture, and many different architectures are in use today. Current iSeries
systems (and other computers, such as the IBM eServer pSeries) use one
or more POWER microprocessors as the basis for their computing engines. These microprocessors are a special implementation of the POWER
architecture, which is based on the Reduced Instruction Set Computer
(RISC) concept. The idea behind RISC (pronounced “risk”) is to gain a
performance advantage by utilizing a simple set of instructions executed
very quickly to do all work.
The POWER architecture enables high levels of performance through
its superscalar design, using pipelining, hardwired operations, new op
codes, and formats for optimal decoding and branch prediction to improve superscalar scheduling and cycle times.
The op code is the portion of the instruction that tells the microprocessor what operations to perform on the data to be manipulated by the
instruction. Superscalar means that more than one instruction can be
executed in a single cycle of the processor. Pipelining allows instructions to be processed as if they were on an assembly line. Optimal decoding adds a structure to the instruction layout that makes interpretation
(within the microprocessor) faster. Branch prediction means that (during the compiling activity) potential jumps from one section of a program to another have been inspected to predict if they will be taken, in
order to minimize the delay caused by the need to empty the pipeline if
the branch requirements are met. Many compiler optimization techniques have been implemented to minimize design bottlenecks while
maximizing parallelism.
The POWER microprocessors used on iSeries systems have on-chip
cache memory. These very high-speed memory areas serve as temporary
storage and reduce the amount of time the microprocessor spends waiting for information to be pulled in from main storage, where access
speed may be as much as thirty-five times slower. There are separate
instruction and data cache areas to help streamline information flow
through the microprocessor.
Commercial computing workloads have different characteristics than
engineering/scientific computing workloads (a traditional strength of
RISC). The commercial environment typically has an increased number
of concurrent users, longer instruction path lengths in both application
code and the operating system, decreased predictability in branches,
mostly fixed-point arithmetic functions, and randomly organized I/O
activity. These differences are illustrated in Figure 1.21.
Commercial Workloads
Scientific/Engineering Workloads
Many concurrent users
Longer path length over larger set of
instructions
More execution time in operating
system code
Fewer loop iterations—more branches
Extensive manipulation of data
structures through integer arithmetic
and strong operations
Random I/O activity
Few concurrent users
Smaller instruction working sets
Sequential I/O activity
AM
FL
Y
Figure 1.21.
More execution time spent in
application work
Tight loops
Extensive use of floating point
arithmetic
Commercial vs. scientific/engineering workloads.
The RISC POWER AS systems also have a wider I/O bandwidth,
allowing for iSeries systems with more I/O buses. This makes for iSeries
systems with greater I/O capacity, which is necessary to maintain balance
with the higher levels of performance enabled by the RISC Power microprocessors. The POWER microprocessors used in current iSeries systems
are the SStar Microprocessor and the POWER4 Microprocessor.
In low-end and midsize iSeries servers (Figure 1.22), the microprocessor is connected to main storage through a storage control chip, and
to the I/O interfaces through a bus control adapter logic (BCAL) chip.
The BCAL chip creates an intermediate interface from which other chips
create a PCI bus interface. The base system unit in these systems always
contains a PCI bus interface.
In the high-end Symmetrical Multiprocessor System Units, the main
storage is again managed through storage control chips, but the storage
cards are arranged in either two or four banks and the I/O interface is
driven across a high-speed serial/parallel interface bus referred to as an
HSL (High-Speed Link) bus. The implementation of the HSL bus allows the I/O devices to be packaged in a separate unit from the System
Processor/Memory unit. The E-Server Models i870 and i890 uses the
separation to package the I/O in a separate tower.
TE
46
The SStar Microprocessor
The SStar microprocessor is a fully scalable sixty-four-bit POWER
Symmetric Multiprocessor implementation. SStar-based systems are
Team-Fly®
IBM ~ iSeries
A10
INT BUS
BCAL
BCAEX
I/O BUS
BUS EXTENSION
L2
CACHE
0.5 MB
L2
CACHE
0.5 MB
STGCTL
MAIN
STORAGE
47
STGCTL
MAIN
STORAGE
Figure 1.22. Microprocessor I/O and main storage interconnect for low-end
and mid-range processors.
targeted at the high-performance computing graphics, commercial
workstation, and entry-level server markets. To meet the requirements
of compute-intensive environments, the SStar design contains a highly
superscalar core that comprises eight execution units, fed by a highbandwidth memory interface supporting four floating-point operations
per cycle.
There are two L1 cache functions implemented on the SStar processor; instruction cache of 32 KB supports two outstanding misses, and
data cache of 64 KB supports up to four misses. All caches are
nonblocking. Designed for high bandwidth, the SStar processor has a
separate, independent sixteen-byte memory bus and a thirty-two-byte
L2 bus, each with separate address, data, and control lines, enabling the
achievement of 6.4 GBps throughput to the L2 cache. Sequential instruction and data access detection algorithms are implemented in hardware, permitting prefetch of cache lines to closer levels of the memory
hierarchy, reducing the negative performance impact of increasing
memory latencies.
48
The SStar design has 23 million transistors and uses copper CMOS 7s
0.22-micron technology. The SStar microprocessors run at up to 750 MHz.
The POWER4 Microprocessor
The POWER4 microprocessor runs at clock rates up to 1.3 GHz. The
design goal for the development of the POWER4 microprocessor was
optimization for Symmetrical Multi-Processor (SMP) designs and total
system performance (memory and I/O interfaces), and binary compatibility with 32-bit and 64-bit PowerPC applications.
Each POWER4 chip has two microprocessors, each with an L1 data
and instruction cache and sharing a unified L2 cache structure through
a crossbar switch (CIU). The L1 instruction cache is a 64 KB directmapped cache capable of either one thirty-two-byte read or write each
cycle, which is indexed by the effective address of the instruction cache
line. The L1 data cache is a 32 KB two-way set associative cache with
an FIFO replacement policy, capable of two eight-byte reads and one
eight-byte write per cycle. The data cache implements a store through
design, meaning that updates to the L1 data cache are immediately stored
through to the L2 cache to maintain synchronization between the two
caches. Figure 1.23 illustrates the main components of the POWER4
chip. The L2 cache is physically divided into three equal parts, each
with an L2 cache controller. Logically part of the L2 cache, each processor has an associated non-cacheable unit responsible for handling instruction-serialization functions and performing any non-cacheable
operations in the storage hierarchy. To minimize the latency to memory,
the directory for the L3 cache and its controller are located on the
POWER4 chip. (The actual L3 arrays are located on the MLD module.)
I/O device communication is implemented using the gigaprocessor series bus and the two associated four-byte wide GX buses, one on chip,
and one off chip. The POWER4 chip also contains a fabric controller
that controls the network of buses, which connect the on chip L2 and
L3 controllers and other POWER4 chips and POWER4 modules. The
fabric controller directs a point-to-point network between each of the
four chips on the Multichip Module (MCM) as well as the buses to the
NCU and GX controller. Additional functions on the chip include trace
and debug facilities, built-in self-test facilities, performance monitoring, an interface to the service processor used to control the overall
system, power-on reset sequencing logic, and error detection and logging circuitry.
IBM ~ iSeries
Core Processor
1
Trace &
Debug
Ifetch
BIST
Engines
Store
Core Processor
Loads
Ifetch
Store
Loads
SP
Controller
Error Detect
& logging
Cache
L2
Cache
L2
Cache
L2
Core 1
NC
Unit
Chip-Chip
Fabric (2:1)
Core 2
NC
Unit
Chip-Chip
Fabric (2:1)
Fabric Controller
MCM-MCM
(2:1)
Figure 1.23.
JTAG
POR
Sequencer
CUI Switch
Perf
Monitor
GX Bus
(N:1)
49
GX Controller
L3
Directory
MCM-MCM
(2:1)
L3 Controller
Mem Controller
Bus L3/Mem
(3:1)
POWER4 chip architecture.
Processor Core Overview
Figure 1.24 illustrates the functions of each processor core. The processor core is a speculative superscalar microprocessor with out-of-order
instruction execution capabilities. Eight independent execution units
are capable of executing instructions in parallel, providing a performance attribute known as superscalar execution. The execution units
include two identical floating-point units capable of completing a multiply/add instruction each cycle (for a total of four floating-point operations per cycle), two load-store units, two fixed-point units, a branch
unit, and a unit to perform logical operations on the condition register.
To keep these execution units busy, each processor can fetch up to eight
instructions per cycle and dispatch and complete instructions at a rate
of up to five per cycle. Each processor can have more than 200 instruc-
50
IFAR
I-Cache
BR
Scan
Instr
Buffer
Decode, Crack
&
Group
Formation
BR
Predict
GCT
BR/CR
Issue Q
BR
Exec
Unit
CR
Exec
Unit
FX/LD 1
Issue Q
FX1
Exec
Unit
FX/LD 2
Issue Q
LD1
Exec
Unit
LD2
Exec
Unit
FX2
Exec
Unit
FP
Issue
Q
FP
Issue
Q
FP1
Exec
Unit
FP2
Exec
Unit
StQ
D - Cache
Figure 1.24.
Block diagram of POWER4 processor core function.
tions in various states of execution concurrently. Instructions may be
issued and executed out of order but are tracked to complete in program order. This out-of-order instruction capability allows the processor to continue executing instructions while it waits for load instructions
to retrieve data from the storage hierarchy located beyond the L1 data
cache. Eight requests per processor can be outstanding to reload data
into the L1 cache.
Instructions execute speculatively. Speculative execution potentially
enhances performance by eliminating stalls associated with waiting for
a condition associated with a branch to be resolved. If an instruction
IBM ~ iSeries
51
contains a conditional branch instruction, the conditional test associated with that branch directs the flow of execution either to take the
branch or to continue execution at the next sequential instruction. All
such conditional branches are predicted and instructions are fetched
and executed speculatively based on that prediction. In order to make
accurate predictions about the outcome of a conditional branch instruction, the processor tracks two different prediction methodologies simultaneously, and also tracks which method is more effective in
predicting a particular branch so it may use the more successful prediction method for a given branch. There is also target address prediction
logic for predicting the target of branch-to-link and branch-to-count
instructions, which often have repeating targets.
Storage Hierarchy
In addition to the instruction and data L1 cache functions discussed
earlier, each POWER4 chip includes an L2 cache that’s managed by
three L2 controllers. Cache lines are hashed across the three controllers.
Cache line replacement is implemented as a binary-tree psuedo-LRU
(least recently used) algorithm. The L2 is a unified cache for instructions, data, and page table entries, and is shared by both processors on
the chip. Memory coherency in the system is primarily enforced at the
L2 cache level by the cache controllers utilizing command queues known
as coherency processors. All transactions in the system are observed by
snoop processors in the controllers which provide responses or deliver
cache lines as the situation merits.
The basic building block for the POWER4 Symmetrical Multiprocessor environment is a Multi-Chip Module (MCM). The POWER4
MCM includes four processor chips, for a total of eight processors per
MCM. Symmetrical multiprocessors can be configured with sixteen,
twenty-four, and thirty-two processors. Figure 1.25 illustrates the content and interconnection to the POWER4 MCM.
The L3 cache is an eight-way set-associative cache organized in 512byte blocks but with coherence still maintained in the system cache line
size of 128 bytes. The POWER4 chips are connected to memory through
the L3 cache. In general, the L3 cache deals with data that comes from
the memory port to which it is attached. The L3 cache is designed to be
combined with other L3 caches on the same processor module in pairs
or quadruplets to create a larger address-interleaved L3 cache. The L3
cache MLD chip contains 16 MB of L3 cache. Two chips are packaged
52
M
MEM
Ctrl
E
GX Bus
L3
M
X1
Ghz
Core
X1
Ghz
Core
Shared
L2
Chip-Chip comm.
L3
MEM
Ctrl
M
GX Bus
E
M
O
O
R
R
Y
MEM
Ctrl
GX Bus
Figure 1.25.
L3
L3
MEM
Ctrl
Y
GX Bus
Block diagram of the POWER4 Multi-Chip Module (MCM).
on a module. There is one module per processor chip on the MCM,
making for a total L3 cache size of 128 MB. This grouping increases the
cache size and the bandwidth available to any processor.
Main Storage
The “memory,” or main storage, is the set of electronic circuits within
an iSeries system that provides a “workspace” for the system processor.
Data and programming instructions are moved from disk storage to
main storage for the programs and the processing of data. After execution or processing, modified data are moved back to main storage and
are kept there until no longer needed. At that point, the data typically
are written back to disk storage for safekeeping.
iSeries systems spend much time moving information between the
system processor and main storage. There are two major reasons that
this is so. First, all programs currently being executed by the system
processor reside in main storage. Therefore, the system processor must
(at some point) retrieve every instruction from main storage. Second,
main storage holds the data to be acted on by the system processor.
Since the information traffic between the system processor and main
storage is heavy, the speed of main storage is important to overall sys-
IBM ~ iSeries
53
tem performance. That is why high-speed cache memory, which increases
the effective speed of main storage, is included in the system design.
As we have seen, every main storage location in iSeries main storage
consists of sixty-four pieces of information, or bits. All information in
main storage is encoded using these 64-bit groupings, called double
words. In addition to the sixty-four bits of information, each word in
main storage has several additional bits (called check bits) that are generated based on the value of that particular sixty-four-bit word. In the
event that one or two bits of the sixty-four-bit words is somehow corrupted, the check bits notify the iSeries computer that the error exists. If
only one bit of the sixty-four bits is corrupted, as is usually the case, the
check bits actually restore the corrupted bit and correct the error. This
main storage error detection and correction works to protect the allimportant integrity of user information in the computer system.
Storage Management
The methods used within a computer system to manage main storage
and disk storage, called the computer’s storage management, are fundamental to the capabilities of the computer. Understanding the basics of
storage management provides insight into one of the unique features of
iSeries computers compared with traditional computer systems.
Figure 1.26 shows conceptually what the storage in iSeries computers
looks like. All programs and information currently being used by the
computer system must be contained in main storage, which resides inside
the computer’s system unit. Main storage is relatively expensive and responds at very high speeds (compared to disk storage) when called on to
provide or store information. Because main storage loses all information
when the computer system is turned off, it is called volatile storage.
Main
Memory
Figure 1.26.
Disk
Storage
iSeries main storage and fixed disk storage.
54
Disk storage is less expensive but cannot provide or store information as quickly as main storage. Disk storage is said to be nonvolatile
because it does not lose its information when the power is turned off (or
lost due to a power failure). As a result of this nonvolatility and relatively
low cost, disk storage is commonly used to hold all information that must
be readily available to the computer. Disk storage may reside either inside
the system unit or inside a separate box cabled to the system unit (as
depicted in the figure). Disk storage can be internal or external. When
external on iSeries eServers, that storage is connected using fiber channel.
(See the discussion on Storage Area Networks [SAN] in Chapter 2.)
When the iSeries computer is first turned on, information vital to an
orderly startup and smooth operation is automatically copied from the
disk to main storage. Once normal system operation is established, users can begin to do their work. During the course of this work, users
will start various computer programs. As each program is started, it is
copied from the disk to main storage and then executed. Depending on
the work being done, the computer programs manipulate various sets
of data that are also loaded from the disk as needed. It does not take
long to realize that the main storage in a computer can quickly become
filled up with programs and data as the system is called upon to do
more and more work.
In the earlier days of computing, the main storage size limited the
amount of work a computer could manage at any one time. This limitation capped the size of programs, the number of programs that could be
run concurrently, the number of users who could share the system, and
so on. In modern computers a technique called: virtual storage (discussed
more fully in Chapter 4) alleviates the need to squeeze all active programs and data into main storage. In computers that support virtual
storage, the computer basically “fakes out” the computer programs and
appears to have much more main storage than it actually has. (The iSeries
allows a virtual storage size of 144+ million terabytes.) Virtual storage
therefore allows more programs, data, and users to be simultaneously
active on the system than could be supported in real main storage.
Auxiliary Storage
Auxiliary storage, commonly used to keep data and program information in all computers, is an inexpensive way to retain and later access
information. Information kept on auxiliary storage can easily be modified or kept unchanged over long periods of time as an archive. Because
IBM ~ iSeries
55
all auxiliary storage is nonvolatile, the information remains intact
whether the computer is turned on or off. The iSeries systems use four
types of auxiliary storage: diskette, disk, optical libraries, and tape.
Diskette Storage
Diskettes are a portable magnetic storage medium that can be used to
record and later retrieve computer information via a diskette unit. The
diskettes consist of a flexible disk with a magnetic surface permanently
enclosed in a square, protective outer jacket, as shown in Figure 1.27.
One of the primary functions of diskettes is to provide portable storage,
allowing for the transfer of programs and data between computers. To
this end, all similarly configured iSeries computer systems can freely
exchange programs and data via diskettes. Also, information on
System/3X diskettes can be freely exchanged with a properly configured iSeries computer.
Disk Storage
Earlier in the chapter we introduced another kind of auxiliary storage
used with iSeries systems called disk storage units, or Direct Access Storage Devices (DASDs). These are high-capacity magnetic storage devices
commonly used in all types of computers from PCs to large mainframe
computer systems. The basic anatomy of a disk unit is shown in Figure
1.28. Disks consist of a drive mechanism with permanently installed
metallic disks, often called platters (because they are shaped like a din-
Figure 1.27.
Diskette used with application servers.
AM
FL
Y
ner plate). These platters have a magnetic surface that can store information. Disk units are described in greater detail in the following paragraphs and in Chapter 2.
Disk unit performance is important to the overall performance of a
computer system in most applications. This is particularly true in virtual storage and multiuser environments, in which there is heavy transfer of information between disk storage and main storage.
The performance of a disk unit refers to the rate at which information can be located and transferred between the disk unit and the main
storage. The speed at which a disk unit can position the read/write head
over the proper region of the platter is the average seek time, usually
expressed in milliseconds (1/1,000 of a second). After the read/write
head is properly positioned, the system must wait as the platter spins
until the needed data begin to pass under the read/write head. The average time it takes for the platter to rotate to the proper position is called
the average latency (also expressed in milliseconds).
Finally, once the read/write head is positioned and the data begin to
pass by on the spinning platter, the information is transferred from the
disk unit to the computer system. The speed at which this is done is
called the data-transfer rate and is usually expressed in millions of bytes
per second (MBps). The shorter the average seek time and the average
latency, and the higher the transfer rate, the better the performance of
the disk storage subsystem and the overall computer system. Figure 1.29
shows the average seek times, average latency, and data transfer rates
for some internal disk units that are provided as standard equipment on
iSeries systems.
TE
56
Head Disk Assembly
Armature
Read/Write
Head
Platter
Figure 1.28.
The anatomy of a disk unit.
Team-Fly®
IBM ~ iSeries
57
In addition to the disk unit specifications, there are other performance considerations when configuring the disk storage subsystem of
an iSeries system. Some disk units have multiple actuators, whereas others
only have one. (The actuator is the accessing mechanism of the disk
unit, which carries the read/write head and flies over the surface of the
disk detecting or imprinting the magnetic bits.) Often, each actuator in
a disk unit can perform independently, so the more actuators you have
for a given amount of disk storage, the better the performance. In fact,
choosing disk storage configurations that have more actuators for a
given amount of storage can result in higher performance than selecting
disk units with faster specifications but fewer actuators. This is particularly true with iSeries systems because single-level storage tends to spread
information over many areas of the disk units. This spreading of information produces more efficient operation because the actuators can all
share the load, but it does emphasize the need to follow proper backup
procedures.
Computer
System
Standard
Configuration
Disk
Size
Average
Seek
Time
Data
Transfer
Rate
Rotation
Speed
(rpm)
Number of
Acuators/
Drives
150
720,730
740,170
150,170,
720,730,
740, 250,
270, 820,
830,840
150,170,
720,730,
740, 250,
270, 820,
830,840
270,820
830,840
270,820
4194 MB
4194 MB
3.5 inch
3.5 inch
8.6
8.6
20
40
7200
7200
1
1
8580 MB
3.5 inch
8.6
40
7200
1
17500 MB
3.5 inch
8.6
40
7200
1
8580 MB
3.5 inch
8.6
40
10000
1
17500 MB
3.5 inch
8.6
40
10000
1
Figure 1.29. Performance characteristics of internal fixed disks provided as
standard in iSeries servers.
58
Optical Libraries
Optical libraries consist of arrays of optical disks associated with one
or more optical disk read/write units. In some cases, the optical storage
read/write units also have one or more conventional magnetic disk storage units associated with them to improve the write performance from
a system perspective. The optical disks may be CD-ROM, WORM, or
WMRM technology, each of which imposes different requirements upon
the read/write unit and upon the controller within the system. CDROM is an abbreviation for Compact Disk–Read Only Memory, and
the technology presents digital data in a continuous serpentine path
across the surface of the optical disk. WORM is an abbreviation for
Write Once, Read Many. This technology presents data in circumferential paths across the surface of the optical disk. Because the data will
only be written once, this technology generally has the header embedded on the raw media, and a sector corresponds to the data content that
can fit in the shortest circumferential track. WMRM, sometimes referred to as erasable optical disk technology, is an abbreviation for Write
Many, Read Many and also presents data in circumferential paths across
the surface of the optical disk. But because the data written at one time
must be erased before new data may be written to replace it, WMRM
must follow the sectoring, header, trailer, and error-correction rules of
magnetic disk technology, including bad track recovery and directory
management.
DVD-ROM is similar to CD-ROM in that the data may be written
once and read as frequently as needed. The major difference is in the
capacity of the media. DVD-ROM has a capacity of 4.7 GB versus the
capacity of a CD-ROM at 640 MB.
DVD-RAM is rewritable DVD media, again similar to the WMRM
media described above for CD based technology. Again, the capacity
is the major difference in the same proportion as described above for
DVD-ROM.
Tape Storage
The last type of auxiliary storage to be covered is magnetic tape, or
simply “tape.” One primary purpose of tape is to provide a backup
storage medium for information on the computer’s disk storage. The
low cost and high recording densities inherent in tape make it ideal for
archiving information. Tape is also very useful in distributing programs
and transferring information from one computer system to another.
IBM ~ iSeries
59
Diskettes can be used for these same functions, but the higher storage
capacity of tapes is preferred if you are dealing with a large amount of
information. Tape storage consists of a long, flexible strip coated with
magnetic material and rolled on a reel or into a cartridge. Tape is discussed in more detail in Chapter 2.
OptiConnect
OptiConnect is the system-to-system interconnection fabric that allows
distributed functions and applications to operate at high speed. It can
be used to form a high-performance, multisystem cluster (group of computer systems working together).
There are two primary uses for the OptiConnect technology. Horizontal growth is the traditional and most popular use. Separating database operations from applications workload allows multiple systems to
operate as a cluster to grow computing power beyond what a single
system can provide. It is important to understand that not all applications are conducive to this type of workload distribution. The horizontal growth/scalability is dependent on the database I/O intensity. The
best implementation is the separation of the interactive application from
the corresponding data while maintaining the batch application on the
same system as the batch data. Techniques are available that transparently manage the batch job submission to the database server system.
The second use for OptiConnect technology is high availability. When
used in conjunction with business partner applications such as those
offered by Lakeview Technology and Vision Solutions, efficient, highavailability solutions can be achieved. The OptiConnect technology provides the most efficient use of CPU resources to allow fast replication of
data between systems.
Perhaps the most critical clustering function is heartbeat monitoring, which constantly checks communications between the nodes in a
cluster. If communication between two nodes is lost, heartbeat monitoring attempts to reestablish communications; if a node fails, heartbeat
monitoring reports the node failure to the rest of the cluster. Although
the HABPs (High Availability Business Partners) can implement a form
of heartbeat monitoring, IBM’s system-level implementation of heartbeat monitoring consumes fewer resources and provides a more accurate view of node status. Heartbeat monitoring, in conjunction with
other integrated cluster services, ensures that all nodes have a consistent
view of the cluster.
60
Two things differentiate OptiConnect from traditional communications-based distributed operations. The first is a system bus connection
between multiple systems using high-speed fiber optic technology. The
second is an I/O driver embedded in the operating system that streamlines the application access to data on a remote system.
To accomplish this, OptiConnect provides a shared bus on which
systems communicate using a peer-to-peer protocol. Once OptiConnect
establishes system connections on the shared bus, much of the APPC
(Advanced Peer-to-Peer Communication) protocol stack is bypassed. The
OptiConnect fast-path connection for database transactions provides
DDM (Distributed Data Management) access to databases anywhere in
the OptiConnect cluster at a fraction of the standard communications
code path. Data warehouse, DRDA, and data propagation functions
can use this technology.
Traditional communication protocol overhead is too impractical for
heavy-workload-distributed applications. To minimize latency, or the
time it takes to send a message and receive a response, the protocol
chosen must be efficient in the number of code steps required. To maximize bandwidth, or the amount of data that can be transferred in a unit
of time, high-performance hardware must be used. The OptiConnect
channel is very efficient and is the best solution for both latency and
bandwidth. The length of the cable affects how low latency can get. As
distance increases, the speed of light becomes a limiting factor for a
given bandwidth.
The OptiConnect for OS/400 software provides a streamlined communications path across the dedicated system buses. Together with the
hardware, the following functions can utilize the high-speed systembus-level connections between iSeries systems:
•
All Distributed Data Management (DDM) operations for supported object types can run across OptiConnect, including data
files, data areas, and data queues.
•
All Structured Query Language (SQL) support provided by
DRDA will run across OptiConnect, including distributed unit
of work and remote unit of work.
•
DB2 Multisystem with its DB2/400 support for multinode files
will run across OptiConnect, providing data warehouse functions of Query for iSeries support and two-phase commit.
IBM ~ iSeries
61
•
ObjectConnect/400 will operate over OptiConnect to provide
high-speed system-to-system save/restore functions.
•
Standard APPC conversations are available over OptiConnect
with an OptiConnect communication controller. This allows for
System Network Architecture Distribution Services (SNADS),
display station passthrough, network printer passthrough, and
other functions.
•
OptiConnect has an Application Program Interface (API) to
which business partner software packages can code.
OptiMover for OS/400 is a special, low-cost PRPQ (Programming
Request per Quote) version of OptiConnect for OS/400 software. It
enables non-DDM functions to utilize the OptiConnect high-speed link,
allowing system-bus-level connections between iSeries systems. Business-partner packages written to these APIs allow users to take advantage of this lower-priced option.
OptiMAL Connect
The iSeries 8XX models support a high-performance optical bus connection called HSL OptiConnect. HSL OptiConnect is a system area
network that provides high-speed server- to-server connectivity using
HSL Loop technology, which is a replacement for the SPD bus. HSL
OptiConnect provides a 1 GB/second transfer rate. Through this connection, iSeries servers can be connected together and cooperate (exchange programs and data) without suffering the performance
degradation typically associated with system interconnection via other
methods (e.g., TCP/IP, Ethernet, or token-ring networks). OptiMAL
Connect is supported on all V5R1 and later models. HSL OptiConnect
communication between systems requires V5R1 and the optional feature OptiConnect for OS/400 software on each system.
Switchable Independent Application Storage Pools (IASPs) use the
HSL OptiConnect loop and require an optional feature, HA Switchable
Resources for OS/400 software. OptiConnect for OS/400 is not a requirement for switching I/O towers. OptiConnect intersystem communications can use either HSL OptiConnect hardware, 1 GBps Ethernet,
or SPD optical via a Migration Tower, and OptiConnect intersystem
62
communications is required software, but HA Switchable resources are
not required.
OptiMAL Connect loop maximums are as follow:
•
Two servers per HSL OptiConnect loop
•
Max external towers (I/O and IXS) are model dependent (see
Figure 1.30)
•
Three external I/O towers per loop segment (section between
two systems)
•
Migration towers are not supported on an HSL OptiConnect loop
•
HSL OptiConnect is limited to 250 meters
An HSL OptiConnect cluster can consist of up to fifteen systems
with full system-to-system connectivity if all systems in the cluster were
Model 890 systems and each loop from any system included at least one
I/O tower. Up to thirty-two systems can be interconnected in more complex structures where all satellite systems must communicate with one
hub systems. Figure 1.31 illustrates the clustering of three systems.
System Availability Functions
Since their inception, the AS/400 systems and their iSeries follow-ons
have had high availability as a target. The average single AS/400 system
in 1997 had an availability of greater than 99.9 percent, with average
Model i800
Model i810
Model i825
Model i870
Model 890
Figure 1.30.
I/O Towers
System
Maximum
HSL Loop
Maximum
I/O Towers and
IXS’s/HSL Loop
1
4
18
47
47
1
1
3 (1st loop max is 1)
1
13
36
48
48
Maximum external Netfinity or IXS units or I/O Towers.
IBM ~ iSeries
iSeries System C
9406 Model 320
Optical Bus
from System C
Optical Bus
from System A
iSeries System A
9406 Model 320
Bus Expansion Unit
Optical Bus
from System B
iSeries System B
9406 Model 310
Figure 1.31. Three-system cluster with one bus given up in each system to
connect to the expansion tower.
63
64
unplanned outages of less than nine hours per year. Daily reports are
accumulated on greater than 87,000 AS/400 and iSeries systems in the
United States. These reports show that on systems shipped since January 1996, the average interval between hardware problems is sixty-one
months. These results were accomplished through a combination of
hardware and software actions. The hardware and software items described next identify the actions taken by the iSeries to achieve that
availability. The five items described after the hardware and software
actions are what take the iSeries beyond the AS/400 to an availability of
99.99 percent.
On the hardware side, things like battery backup and continuously
powered main storage protect against utility failures and the loss of
data that could result from those failures. Redundant bulk power supplies and independent redundant local voltage regulators protect against
power system failures. RAID-5, mirroring, and redundant write cache
protect against data loss from disk unit failures, whereas concurrent
maintenance allows the repair of those failures without loss of the system to your users. System Power Control Network (SPCN) turns the
system and its remote components on and off at the same time and
monitors the remote units to enable maintenance actions before they
cause a catastrophic system failure.
From the software side, items like commitment control and
journaling, auxiliary storage pools, system-managed access paths, savewhile-active, S/R parallelism, hierarchical storage management, and
BRMS (combined with the pretesting of the integrated operating system
and applications code) reduce the duration of the recovery actions needed
if an outage does occur. Figure 1.32 describes the hierarchy of actions
needed to achieve 100 percent availability.
The following paragraphs describe the options offered as well as the
choices a user must make to increase the iSeries availability. Included in
the choices are capabilities such as logical partitioning, multisystem coupling, data and application resiliency, clustering of systems, and disaster tolerance.
OS/400 Subsystems and Logical Partitioning
Logical partitioning is the creation of several independently functioning
systems within the covers of a single system. Initially, N-way Symmetrical Multi-Processors (SMP) (where N is replaced by the number of processors) and sufficient main storage were both required. With the V5R1
announcement, this is no longer required. The primary partition re-
IBM ~ iSeries
100%
65
Disaster Tolerance
Remote Cluster Nodes
High Speed WAN
Clustering
Integrated Cluster Resource Services
HABP Cluster Management
Data Resiliency & Application Resiliency
High Availability Business Partners
Cluster-enabled ISVs, Check Point Restart
Multi-System Coupling
DDM, DRDA, Journaling, DB2 Multisystem,
High Speed Opticonnect
OS/400 Subsystems and Logical Partitioning
Subsystem Isolation, Automatic Restart,
Multiple, Independent OS/400 Copies, Partitioned IPL
99.9%
Software
45 Million Lines of Pre-tested, Integrated Code, Commitmen
Control, Auxiliary Storage Pools, System Managed Access
path, Save-while-active, S/R parallelism, HSM, BRMS, ADS
Hardware
RAID-5, Mirroring, Battery Backup, Redundant Write Cache,
Continuously Powered Main Store, Concurrent Maintenance
Figure 1.32.
iSeries availability solutions.
quires one-quarter of a processor and 256 MB of main storage. Creating and managing secondary partitions is done from the primary partition. Each secondary partition requires a minimum of one-tenth of a
processor, 64 MB of memory, an I/O processor with disk resources, and
its own console device. The maximum number of partitions has been
extended from twelve to thirty-two with the V5R1 announcement. It is
possible to have OS/400 V4R4 running in one partition while OS/400
V5R2 is running in another partition. Support has been added for an
external stand-alone CD-ROM that can be switched between partitions
to simplify the loading of software.
There can be multiple secondary partitions, each with its own I/O
resources assigned from the list of total system resources. Processors
can be shared between partitions. An installation of a secondary partition does not impact other partitions, but an IPL of the primary partition requires an IPL of all secondary partitions. Figure 1.33 illustrates
how logical partitioning might appear on a single system. Resources
can be dynamically moved between partitions as required without requiring a re-IPL.
OS/400
OS/400
Each partition runs a logical
independent version of
OS/400 within the same
physical system
• Footprint consolidation
• Mixed test environments
• Departmental systems
• Integrated cluster
• Constrained systems
• Firewall
• Granular switchover
OS/400
OS/400
Hypervisor
SMP
IOP
IOP
IOP
AM
FL
Y
IOP
V4R4 Manual configuration at IPL
Figure 1.33.
iSeries logical partitioning.
TE
66
New processor and memory resources can be allocated to a secondary partition by an IPL of that partition, not the entire system. Available
I/O resources (e.g., disk, tape, and CD-ROM) can then be allocated to
that secondary partition without an IPL. Tape, I/O processors, and CDROM devices can be switched between partitions and can also be dedicated to individual partitions. I/O processors become the switchable
entity for IASPs between partitions. A dynamic virtual and High-Speed
Link connects each partition to its I/O. Adequate communications resources such as LAN adapters should be dedicated to each partition.
OS/400 is licensed once for the entire system by its normal processor group, independent of the number of partitions. V4R4 of OS/400 is
the initial enabling release for logical partitioning and can be installed
on each partition. Pre-V4R4 releases are not supported for logical partitioning. License management has been improved to manage system
licenses across the entire system rather than at the partition level.
An internal virtual bus provides the option to use OptiConnect for
high-performance communications between partitions. OptiConnect
allows applications on one partition to access the database of another
partition using DDM remote SQL, although disk resources are not physically shared. So although logical partitions can be operated independently, the high-speed internal bus connection between partitions enables
Team-Fly®
IBM ~ iSeries
67
applications having a need for multiple iSeries application servers to
access a single database server.
A virtual LAN is supported to provide multiple communications paths
between partitions (OS/400 to OS/400, OS/400 to Linux, Linux to Linux)
without required additional hardware resources. This allows the sharing of I/O functions between partitions. The partition sharing the resources is called the Host. The Host can be a primary partition, but it
does not have to be. A single partition can be the Host for multiple
Linux partitions. The shared resources are under OS/400 management
(e.g., disk space is allocated from OS/400 disk drives for Linux use.)
Included are OS/400 data-protection methodologies such as RAID and
backup/restore facilities for the Linux environment. Up to sixteen highspeed virtual LAN, TCP/IP connections can exist per partition. The virtual LAN provides selective communication paths between partitions
utilizing the iSeries memory bus to emulate 1 GB Ethernet Adapters.
System values for each partition are set independently. Each partition has a different system name and can use a different primary/secondary national language, or can even be operated in different time
zones. Multinational companies can centralize multicountry operations
in a single location while retaining the national characteristics of each
system. For Logical Partitioning, a minimum of V4R4 must be installed
on each partition. AS/400 6XX, 7XX, and Sx0 systems can support
V4R4, V4R5, and V5R1 operating systems in their partitions, but the
restriction of each partition requiring a single non-shared processor apply. These systems also do not support a Linux partition. The iSeries
8XX systems cannot support V4R4 because the PCI I/O adapters were
not supported in that release.
The increased scalability of the iSeries provides the opportunity for
companies to consolidate multiple iSeries systems into fewer, more manageable systems. Logical Partitioning (LPAR) in OS/400 enhances the
role of the iSeries as a consolidated server. Logical partitioning provides
both the power and flexibility to address multiple systems requirements
in a single machine. Logical partitioning needs to be considered for environments requiring server consolidation, business unit consolidation,
mixed production and test environments, and integrated clusters.
The Model i800 can support up to 4 Linux partitions. For all other
models (i810, i825, i870, i890) the limit is 10 partitions per processor
up to a maximum of 32 partitions per system. Dynamic logical partitioning enables cost containment through the consolidation of server
farms onto a single iSeries system. The partitions can be executing
OS/400, Linux, AIX, or Windows operating systems. The management
68
headaches of a server farm can be reduced to the management of a
single system all controlled through the primary OS/400 partition. (AIX
has been announced as a 2004 target operating system for iSeries.)
Multisystem Coupling
Multiple iSeries systems can be coupled using the OS/400 resources associated with Distributed Data Management (DDM), Distributed Relational Database Architecture (DRDA), Journaling, DB2 Multisystem
support for Symmetrical Multi-Processors, Switchable DASD towers,
and high-speed OptiConnect.
Data Resiliency and Application Resiliency
Data resiliency and application resiliency are provided by the IBM highavailability business partners DataMirror, Vision Solutions, and
Lakeview Technology. Checkpoint restart is a capability included within
the software provided by these business partners. Also included within
the business partner-provided software are cluster management, data
replication, and application availability tools.
Two types of cluster resource groups are supported, one for data
resiliency and one for application resiliency. Data resiliency provides
the capability to switch the point of access for a set of data over to a
backup node that is maintaining an exact replica of that data. Resilient
resources are object replicated to one or more nodes of a cluster. Application resiliency provides the capability to switch an IP address (representing the application server) to a backup node and to restart the
application in the event of a primary node failure.
Continuous Availability Clustering
Continuous availability cluster solutions are designed for those users
who require access to their data and systems 365 days a year, 24 hours
each and every day. The continuous availability cluster solutions can
use a pair of iSeries systems consisting of any iSeries system or server.
The systems are connected together using a high-performance data path,
either optical or ATM. Also, the systems are connected to either a LAN
or a WAN containing either terminals or personal computers. Figure
1.34 illustrates the system interconnection for continuous availability.
Figure 1.35 illustrates the supported cluster topologies including a re-
IBM ~ iSeries
CRG
CRG
CRG
Primary Server
Any AS/400 System
Applications
File update/OLTP
CRG
CRG
LAN/WAN
Secondary Server
HA Server
Applications:
Save to tape
Batch
Hot backup
Routine Maintenance
170, 720, 730, 740 server
365-day X 24-hour
operations
Operations may be used to:
1. Selectively reduce interactive activity
2. Naturally fit server
Figure 1.34.
System interconnect for high availability.
270
270
840
830
890
Hub
Tower
Hub
Tower
840
ATM
WAN
270
820
270
830
LPAR
Switch
270
270
Figure 1.35.
270
Cluster topologies supported for iSeries.
820
69
70
mote cluster node connected by a high-speed WAN through a switch.
Switched-disk clustering increases protection against unscheduled outages and improves the available options for scheduled data center server
maintenance and upgrades.
Cluster resource services within the OS/400 operating system reduce the complexity of managing iSeries clustered systems. OS/400 keeps
track of data and applications for those systems. Cluster-management
and data-resilience applications (provided by high-availability business
partners) protect users’ businesses from unplanned and planned outages as well as site loss disasters.
Cluster resource services contain an open set of APIs providing cluster
facilities available to iSeries application providers and users to enhance
application availability. These APIs allow the creation, configuration,
and administration of the cluster. Systems are defined into the cluster as
cluster nodes. Communication interface addresses are defined to form
the cluster node interconnection links.
Cluster resource services also provide low-level facilities such as
heartbeat monitoring, reliable message delivery, switch-over administration, and distributed activities. The services are built on cluster topology and messaging functions, which keep track of each node in the
cluster and ensure that all nodes have consistent information about the
state of cluster resources. Heartbeat monitoring ensures the active state
of each node. If the heartbeat for a node fails, the condition is reported
and the cluster can automatically fail-over to the resilient resources on
the backup node.
The iSeries clusters support up to 128 nodes (instances of OS/400),
using any combination of the existing OptiConnect, HSL, WAN, and
LAN connectivity options to build the cluster. A single workstation (containing the continuous-availability business partner cluster management
application) manages all systems in the cluster. OptiConnect hardware
is a connectivity method for high- and midrange models. ATM provides
a high-performance connection to remote systems in a cluster. Ethernet
and Token-Ring LANs can be used to connect low-end iSeries models
into a cluster.
Data resilience support for modern applications has been enhanced
with the introduction of Byte Stream File (BSF) replication. Business
partner solutions provide real-time recording of changes to BSF data
replication to remote systems. Transfer of changes using remote
journaling protects in-flight data at the point of failure.
V5R1 introduces Resilient Cluster Devices which consist of a hardware resource represented by a configuration object that can be switched
71
IBM ~ iSeries
between systems in the event of a system outage. Initially this only includes Independent Application Storage Pools (IASPs), but will be expanded eventually to include removable media and communications
devices. To support resilient cluster devices, two new cluster constructs
are needed; device domain and resilient device common resource grouping (CRG). The device domain consists of a subset of cluster nodes across
which a set of resilient devices can possibly be shared, which prevents
conflicts that would cause resilient device switching to fail. Cluster resources negotiated across a device domain include IASP number assignments, DASD Unit number assignments, and virtual addresses. New
cluster interfaces can add or remove device domain entries and list domain information. CRG failover order is device, data, then application.
New cluster interfaces manage device CRG and add/remove resilient
device list entry. These concepts are illustrated in Figure 1.36.
Disaster Tolerance
Disaster tolerance is provided by the support of remote cluster nodes as
replication points for resilient data. The remote cluster nodes can be off
Model Number
System Maximums
HSL Loops
Optical HSL Loops
I/O Towers
Integrated Adapters for xSeries
I/O Towers and Integrated Adapters xSeries
HSL OptiConnect Loops
HSL Loop Maximums
I/O Towers
Integrated Adapters for xSeries
HSL OptiConnect Loop - 2 Systems
HSL OptiConnect Loop - 3 Systems
800
810
825
870
890
1
0
1
4
5
1
1
0
4
13
17
1
4
1
18
36
36
2
8
2
47*
48
47
4
14
12
47*
48
47*
14
1
2
3
5
4
9
6
5
9
6
5
9
6
5
9
4
4
4
4
4
N/A
N/A
0
0
0
*The primary I/O Tower is not included in this total as it is defined as part of the
Model 840 or 890
Figure 1.36.
Maximum connections on HSL Loops.
72
the user site, and may even use facilities of other businesses like IBM or
Application Service Providers to provide recovery mechanisms. HighSpeed WAN facilities like ATM are used to support the remote cluster
nodes. Disaster environments include hurricanes, tornadoes, and floods,
wherein the business becomes unable to utilize its local facilities for a
period of time.
A 1998 Gartner Group study compared the availability of various
systems. The only systems that ranked higher than the iSeries were clustered systems. The average Windows NT server outages were forty times
worse than the iSeries servers.
Upgrade Paths
There are two methods available for upgrading within the iSeries product
line: upgrading within a model and upgrading through a system unit swap.
Upgrading within a Model
This method is used if the need is for more performance or I/O device
functionality and the current system is not using the maximum performance features available within the specific iSeries model. These could
be the processor, interactive processor feature, main storage size, attachable I/O device capability, or disk storage size. In this situation,
performance can be upgraded within a model by swapping processors,
adding additional main storage, or adding disk storage or additional
IOPs without having to swap system units. In general, the system should
be upgraded within the model until those maximums are reached. This
method of growth is referred to as horizontal growth.
Upgrading through a System Unit Swap
Another way to upgrade within the iSeries family is to replace the current iSeries system unit with a more powerful model (e.g., you upgrade
a Model 825 to a Model 870 or 890 by changing the system unit). This
method is used if the current system is at its processor and storage maximums, or if the number of users has increased beyond the capabilities
of the current model. This method would also be used if there is a need
for application programs that run on newer RISC-based iSeries models
IBM ~ iSeries
73
only, or if you are upgrading from an older AS/400 model. This method
of growth is referred to as vertical growth.
Upgrades between Models
No upgrades between models 6XX/SXX/7XX and 8XX servers may be
accomplished without exchanging the system unit. You can continue to
use all the same workstations, modems, and so forth. Upgrades of CPUs
from a Model 150, Model 170, Dedicated Server for Domino 170D,
SB1, 4XX/5XX, or CISC to 8XX models are not supported. Upgrades
from these models will get a new serial number.
Packaging Technology
Most of the circuitry in iSeries systems was built using IBM’s version of
Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) technology called Complementary
Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS). This packaging technology builds
circuits with 0.18 micron sized elements, allowing millions of high-speed
transistors in a single chip. Main storage is implemented using IBM’s 16
MB and 64 MB (16 and 64 million bit) memory chip technology. Sixteenmegabit chips are used on all except the largest-capacity memory cards,
which use 64 MB chips to achieve an improved packaging density.
Three basic mechanical designs are used in iSeries computer system
units. The sizes range from the deskside tower of the Model 800 to the
dual tall-tower racks that house the models 870 and 890. The system
unit package contains the system processor, main storage, tape, disk
units, a CD-ROM, and some number of I/O controllers.
The main storage for models 800/810 is packaged on standard
DIMM form factor cards. Main storage for the microprocessor-based
processors for Models i825, i870 and 890 is contained on separate 9x11inch cards that are plugged into an internal card chassis (called a cage),
allowing for electrical connections to the bus.
All iSeries systems use the cable-thru wiring scheme. Cable-thru allows multiple displays or printers (i.e., workstations) to be attached together in a daisy-chain fashion, as shown in Figure 1.37. With cable-thru,
it is not necessary to run a separate cable from the computer to each
workstation. Instead, a single cable from the computer can be used to
attach up to seven workstations over a distance of up to 5,000 feet.
74
Single twinaxial cable
...
Printer
Display
Personal Computer (PC)
Figure 1.37.
workstations.
All applications use the cable-thru approach to attach to local
Fiber Optic Bus
The fiber optic bus design continued from the AS/400 predecessors permits the larger iSeries systems to support additional I/O buses. This
allows the system to accommodate more I/O devices without loading
down existing I/O buses. The fiber optic cable that attaches these additional I/O buses (i.e., system unit expansion features) uses laser light
rather than electrical signals to exchange information with the rest of
the iSeries system. Using light allows the additional I/O buses to operate
at full speed over greater distances and eliminates the electrical interference inherent in electrical cables carrying high-speed signals. The fiber
optic cables can carry light signals at a rate of 1,063 MBps. With these
optical cables, the various towers of an iSeries system can be located up
to 250 meters apart rather than within the twelve-foot limit imposed by
earlier electrical I/O bus cables.
75
2
T
he iSeries servers are likely to be found in many diverse environments—from fish markets to insurance companies. The activities performed by people in these environments vary widely, and so do their
computing needs. By selecting the appropriate optional equipment, iSeries
servers can be customized to many environments. This includes feature
cards, internal options, and peripherals. Feature cards are circuit boards
containing electronics that provide some additional capacity or
function(s) to iSeries servers. They can be installed in one of the I/O
expansion slots provided in all iSeries eServer computers. Peripherals
are devices that attach to iSeries servers, usually via a cable, and perform functions under the computer’s control. This chapter covers:
•
Workstations
•
Auxiliary storage options
•
Communications options
•
Power and packaging options
•
Cryptographic processors.
75
76
Although this chapter does not provide comprehensive coverage of
all the optional equipment that can be used with iSeries servers, it does
introduce the reader to many devices that are representative of those
most commonly used in the business environment.
Workstations
TE
AM
FL
Y
The devices used to interact with iSeries servers are known as workstations, which can be either terminals or printers. A computer terminal (also called a display station) is the TV-like device that converts
the computer’s electrical signals into light images that convey information to the user. Terminals also come equipped with a keyboard
that allows the user to send information back to the computer. Printers are electromechanical devices that print the computer’s electronically encoded information onto paper. If a workstation is near the
computer system—for example, in the same building—it can be locally attached to the computer system via a cable. If the workstation is
not near the computer—for example, in another state—it can be remotely attached over communications lines. Either way, the function
provided to the workstation user is the same. Some type of workstation is required to allow the user to interact with the iSeries server.
Many types of workstations can be used with iSeries eServer, including the following:
•
InfoWindow II Workstations
•
Operations console
•
Personal computer (PC) terminal emulation
•
Retail workstations
•
Printers, both impact and nonimpact
•
Combined-function I/O processor (CFIOP)
•
Workstation adapters.
Team-Fly®
77
InfoWindow II Workstations
InFoWindow II workstations are nonintelligent workstations consisting
of a display and keyboard at the minimum, but they may also include a
mouse as well as other features. The table shown in Figure 2.1 summarizes the more popular InfoWindow II workstation characteristics.
Operations Console
The iSeries Operations Console allows PC workstations with Windows
32-bit operating systems to locally or remotely perform iSeries system
operations and services via an iSeries System Console Session. To allow the System Console Session, iSeries Access for Windows must also
be installed.
The Operations Console is a follow-on to the Client/Access PC5250
Console function. Operations Console can be used as a System Console
Session when connected to iSeries systems running a recent version of
OS/400. Operations Console connects to the Combined-Function I/O
Processor (CFIOP) through a special cable, which may be ordered with
the iSeries hardware, at rates up to 115,200 bps (depending on the attached model).
Operations Console also provides the ability to remotely perform
system console and control panel functions. To use the remote-console
capability, called Remote Controlling System (RCS), a Local Controlling System (LCS) must initially be set up. This requires a Windows NT
4.0 desktop to be directly attached to the iSeries and running the operations console functions. The remote console also includes a graphical
Information
Window #
Text Only/
Graphics
3486
3487
Text Only 14"
Text Only 14"/15"
Size
3488/3489 Text Only Variable
Figure 2.1.
Monochrome/
Color
Printer Graphical Special
Support Characters Features
Monochrome
Color/Mono
Y
Y
Y
Y
Color
Y
Y
InfoWindow workstation characteristics.
Barcode/
Badge
Reader
Lite Pen
78
control panel application that allows a PC user to select iSeries Control
Panel functions from the desktop. All control panel functions are supported, including system power on, except for those reserved for onsite
CE use. To use this program, another special cable, which may be ordered with the iSeries hardware, must be connected to the iSeries Control Panel. This program can be used with iSeries systems running OS/400
V4R1 or later.
The operations console is an install option of iSeries Access and is
packaged both with iSeries Access for Windows and with EZ Setup
(see Chapter 4) on the iSeries Navigator CD-ROM. Navigator can be
enabled from the operations console if a help desk is present. This
centralizes the system-management functions through a single ASYNC
connection to the iSeries system. Developers can use iSeries Control
Panel sockets API to write Windows applications to do iSeries Control Panel functions. It is possible to remotely connect a Local Controlling System for Operations Console using the ECS modem and
TCP/IP dial-up. It is also possible to replicate the control panel function on a remote console and provide control of the iSeries system
from that console.
Personal Computer (PC) Terminal Emulation
With the proper feature card and software (e.g., iSeries Access Family
for Windows or iSeries Access Family), a Personal Computer (Figure
2.2) can also be used as a terminal for an iSeries server. In this case, the
PC is said to be acting like (i.e. emulating) a terminal. In the simplest
case, the PC appears to the iSeries server to be like any other terminal
with no special capabilities. The user can then interact with the iSeries
server just as with any other terminal discussed. Further, a printer attached to the PC can be used both as a printer for PC application programs and as a system printer for the iSeries application programs.
Hitting a simple keystroke combination temporarily suspends terminal
emulation, and the PC is changed back into a normal PC able to run the
many PC programs available today.
Because the PC is a computer, not just a terminal, it has its own
intelligence. It is therefore called an intelligent workstation. This intelligence can be used to run PC programs independent of the iSeries servers, or it can be used to work with the iSeries servers, and it provides for
Type:
Color/text and graphics
Features:
Local intelligence, advanced graphics
Options:
Various models, connection type
79
Figure 2.2. Properly configured personal computers can be used as workstations for application systems.
the direct interaction between PC programs and those running on iSeries
servers. This type of interaction can be done without user intervention
to perform functions ranging from simply transferring a file between
the PC and the iSeries servers to more complex program-to-program
communications (e.g., cooperative processing). You can also concurrently interact with multiple iSeries servers using a single PC or sign on
to a single system as more than one terminal.
If you have an existing PC system that you desire to attach to an
iSeries system with an appropriate twinaxial, ASCII, or local area network (LAN) interface, but do not have the proper level of software, the
iSeries system will detect this and automatically download the current
level of iSeries Access Family, providing you with the selection of either
the Windows 95/98/ME/NT/2000/XP support or Windows 3.1/OS2/
DOS support. V5R2 is the last release of OS/400 that will provide iSeries
Access support for Windows95/98/ME/NT4.
80
Retail Workstations
Retail workstations are basically PCs with a cash drawer and with some
unique characteristics added to interface with customers and sales items.
Those characteristics include the ability to print receipts on a rolling
tape and acknowledge receipt of checks, the ability to present to the
customer and the operator the price of what is being checked out, and
an interface to at least one and sometimes several forms of UPC (Universal Product Code) barcode reader. With the advent of token-ring and
Ethernet LANs on both the PC and the iSeries systems, a method for
direct connection of those workstations now exists. An illustration of a
retail workstation is shown in Figure 2.3. Of course, in some situations
the retail workstation is connected via wireless methods.
Figure 2.3.
A typical retail workstation.
81
Printers
Printing technologies have exploded, providing dramatically expanded
choices in speed, resolution, connectivity, color, and paper-handling function. The technology is important, but printing requirements (and with
e-business applications, presentation requirements) still drive printer
decisions. Some of those key requirements are:
•
Document characteristics: Electronic-output documents, where
the application composes the entire output page (as opposed to
only variable data with preprinted forms), have greatly increased
the use of electronic forms, bar coding, image and graphics, typographic fonts, and color. Preprinted forms remain a major
requirement in many environments, particularly where carbon
copies must be produced.
•
Printing applications: Where does the application reside (system, client, network)? What output datastream is created? Where
will it be printed or delivered?
•
Printer location: Where will the printer be located (in the extended iSeries network)? How will it communicate? What systems and applications will be supported?
•
Printer function: Combining print, copy, scan, and fax in a single
footprint is now an option. These are called Multifunction Printers, or MFP for short.
•
Relative importance: Where is the printing application, on a scale
from convenience or personal up to mission-critical? The characteristics and management required for mission-critical printing normally are significantly different from printing to a
convenience printer.
•
Print volume: Printing at speeds of sixty pages per minute and
higher is generally considered production printing. Individual
printers printing over 1,000 pages per minute are now directly
supported on iSeries (i.e., InfoPrint 4000 Advanced Printing
System).
82
•
Print window: Usually related to print volume, the print window refers to the time duration available for a given print application. For example, a month-end statement run may need to be
done within a three-day print window.
•
Printing costs: The costs of placing a printer, both acquisition
and operational costs.
•
Other factors: Other factors such as special forms or environmental considerations. Special forms can include heavier paper
stock or even plastic (i.e., credit or membership cards). There
are some printers (for example, the InfoPrint 62) that can handle
these kinds of forms.
•
e-Output requirements: Does the document or report need to be
distributed electronically in addition to (or in lieu of) printing?
Changes in document characteristics represent one big change in
iSeries printer requirements. iSeries printing traditionally has meant
printing simple lines of text on twinax-connected impact printers. Printer
decisions were primarily based on speed. With electronic documents,
anything can be printed anywhere on the page. This means that the
document can become part of the organizational workflow. For example:
•
Bar-coded labels are scanned during order picking to automatically update shipped quantities.
•
Documents with zip codes encoded in Postnet bar code are automatically routed by scanning equipment, which results in significantly lower mailing costs.
•
Checks printed with MICR encoding are automatically processed.
•
Payment coupons with the invoice number and invoice amount
encoded in barcode can be scanned upon receipt, instead of being re-keyed.
•
Scanned documents, such as checks or freight bills, can become
part of the customer statement.
83
The change to an iSeries-generated fully electronic document enables the transformation from the traditional hardcopy output model
to an e-business output model, or “e-Output.” Simply put, e-Output
means the ability to create fully electronic pages of communications—
such as statements, invoices, barcoded labels, reports—and deliver those
pages to the required destination in the appropriate format. That could
mean printing the pages and distributing in hardcopy format. It could
also mean producing the pages in electronic format (i.e., AFP or PDF)
and delivering them electronically via such methods as browser access,
e-mail, fax, and archive systems. See the software sections for more on
e-business output, particularly Infoprint Server for iSeries.
Generally, iSeries printed output comes from three types of applications, each with different print data streams, or print languages:
•
Line-at-a-time mode printing in SCS (SNA Character Set) format
•
Page-mode printing in AFP (Advanced Function Printing) format
•
Line- or page-mode printing in ASCII formats (i.e., HP-PCL,
Postscript, other printer-specific formats).
AFP applications create sophisticated electronic output, generally
print full pages instead of lines, and utilize external print resources (i.e.,
electronic forms, fonts, image, graphics, and bar codes). AFP is the standard, integrated page architecture of the iSeries. AFP is output-independent. For printing, AFP documents and reports are converted into a
printer-specific data stream. This is normally the IPDS (Intelligent Printer
Data Stream) format. IPDS is “intelligent” because it is a two-way printing process with full error recovery by page. IPDS printing is, in essence, a client/server application between the iSeries (specifically, Print
Services Facility/400, or PSF/400) and the printer. Refer to Chapter 4
for more details on AFP and PSF/400. Other print data streams include
PCL (using Host Print Transform, part of OS/400) or PDF (using
Infoprint Server for iSeries—5722-IP1).
Client, LAN, or network applications can create either line-mode
or page-mode output, although most now tend to be full pages using
either PCL, Adobe Postscript, or PDF print datastreams. The iSeries
natively supports only AFP, SCS, IPDS, and line data formats. ASCII
print formats are handled either through transparency (i.e., sent as is)
84
or through print transforms. The iSeries spooled files (or network spooled
files sent via NetServer) can be transformed to iSeries format (AFP/IPDS)
by using the Postscript, PDF, and PCL transforms that come with
Infoprint Server for iSeries.
Given this print application environment, the location of the printer
becomes important. Traditionally, iSeries printers have been twinaxconnected directly to the system. The predominant connection today is
network connection, enabling a printer to be shared across clients, applications, and systems. In addition, the standard network communication protocol has become TCP/IP. Attaching a printer using an IP (Internet
Protocol) address provides flexibility. However, the standard TCP/IP
support for printing (remote output queue on the iSeries side) is limited,
in both document function and print management. In this environment,
IPDS acts as a bridge to provide full application and print-management
function. See the discussion on IPDS earlier in this section for additional details.
Today’s printers break down into two technology categories, impact and nonimpact. Within each of those categories are many different
subcategories. Impact printers include wire matrix technology and band
matrix technology. Nonimpact printers include thermal, inkjet, and laser technologies. Figures 2.4 through 2.8 summarize the characteristics
of the printers available to the iSeries.
Combined-Function I/O Processor
A Combined-Function I/O Processor (CFIOP) is provided with every
iSeries system and fills the role of disk adapter for the disk unit(s) that
comes as standard equipment (and for up to nineteen additional disk
units). On the models i800, i810, i825, i870 and 890, a 32 MB version
of the CFIOP is embedded on the backplane. The #5095 PCI Expansion
Tower also has a 32 MB version of the CFIOP embedded on the
backplane. The CFIOP replaces the multi-function IOP by combining
the functions of a Converged Service Processor and the functions of an
I/O controller into a single entity.
The PCI base CFIOP supports up to four I/O Adapters (IOAs). The
PCI embedded CFIOP and the #2842 PCI IOP have a storage capability
and a performance capability of 100 and support the IOAs listed in
Figure 2.9. The figure also lists the storage and performance requirements imposed by those IOAs. Similar rules apply to the IOPs and IOAs
Type
Technology
Throughput:
characters per sec
(cps), lines per min
(lpm), and pgs per
min (ppm)
Graphics resolution
Paper handling
Data stream
support
Interface
Desktop/floor
Figure 2.4.
85
IBM 4230 Matrix
Printer
IBM 4247 Matrix
Printer
IBM 6400 Line
Matrix Printer
Near letter quality
9-wire dot matrix
Near letter quality
18-wire dot matrix
Near letter quality
Band matrix
375-600 cps
200-700 cps
1-10 ppm
4-14 ppm
500-2000 lpm
15-55 ppm
144 pels vertical
x240 pels horiz.
Continous forms
to 13.2"
IPDS/SCS/ASCII
144 x 144 pels
144 x 144 pels
Continuous forms
to 13.2" + cutsheet
IPDS/SCS/ASCII
Continuous forms
Twinax, parallel
or serial
Twinax, Token Ring, Twinax, Token
Ethernet, parallel
Ring, Ethernet,
or serial
parallel or serial
Desktop
Floor
Desktop
IPDS/SCS/ASCII
iSeries impact printer summary.
assigned to Linux partitions. The IOA feature cards are renumbered,
but the rules are the same for the particular cards. Figure 2.10 identifies
the utilization of the PCI-based IOPs and systems and towers where
those IOPs are used.
Integrated xSeries Server
The Integrated xSeries Server (previously called the Integrated PC
Server—IPCS, or the Integrated Netfinity Server), along with supporting OS/400 software, provides a high-performance file server function
for a local area network. That is, it enables personal computers (running Windows or DOS) to freely and efficiently access iSeries disk storage. The same file system can also be accessed by iSeries host application
programs and can provide LAN communications to iSeries application
programs using TCP/IP and APPN. Windows Network Neighborhood
is used by xSeries users to connect to the iSeries servers.
Team-Fly®
PCL,
Postscript
Data streams
available
Figure 2.5.
Footprint
Interface
Cut sheet
Cut sheet
Letter quality
Laser
40
Infoprint
1140
Letter quality
Laser
45
Infoprint
1145
IPDS, PCL,
Postscript,
PDF
Ethernet,
Token Ring,
Parallel, USB,
Twinax
Desktop
or Floor
Cutsheet
1200 dpi
IPDS, PCL,
Postscript,
PDF
Ethernet,
Token Ring,
Parallel, USB,
Twinax
Desktop
or Floor
Cutsheet
1200 dpi
AM
FL
Y
IPDS, PCL,
Postscript,
PDF
Ethernet,
Token Ring,
Parallel, USB,
Twinax
Desktop
or Floor
Cut sheet
1200 dpi
TE
Letter quality
Laser
30
Infoprint
1130
iSeries nonimpact workgroup printer summary.
IPDS, PCL,
Postscript,
PDF
Ethernet,
Ethernet,
Parallel, USB Token Ring,
Parallel, USB,
Twinax
Desktop
Desktop
1200 dpi
1200 dpi
Letter quality Letter quality
Laser
Laser
16
20, 25
Infoprint
1120, 1125
Type
Technology
Throughput in
impressions per min
(IPM) inches per
second
Graphics
resolutions
Paper handling
Infoprint
1116
Desktop
Ethernet,
Twinax,
Parallel
203 dpi
300 dpi
Continuous
forms
IPDS, IGP,
Code V
Letter quality
Thermal Laser
6-10
IBM 4400
Thermal
86
Type
Technology
Throughput in
impressions
per min (IPM)
Graphics
resolutions
Paper handling
Figure 2.6.
Figure 2.7.
Infoprint 2105
Infoprint 2000
Letter quality
Laser
70
Letter quality
Laser
85
Letter quality
Laser
105
Letter quality
Laser
110
600 dpi
600 dpi
600 dpi
600 dpi
Cutsheet, with
reproduction
and finishing
IPDS, PCL,
PDF, Postscript
Token Ring,
Ethernet
Cutsheet, with
finishing
IPDS, PCL,
Postscript
Ethernet,
Parallel
Floor
Floor
iSeries production cutsheet printer summary.
Type
Technology
Throughput
impressions
per min (IPM)
Graphics
resolutions
Paper handling
Footprint
Infoprint 2085
Cutsheet, with
reproduction
and finishing
IPDS, PCL, PS IPDS, PCL,
PDF, Postscript
Token Ring,
Token Ring,
Ethernet, Serial Ethernet
or Parallel
Floor
Floor
Footprint
Data stream
available
Interface
Infoprint 70
Cutsheet, with
finishing
Data stream
available
Interface
87
Infoprint 62
Infoprint 3000
Infoprint 4000
Infoprint 4100
Letter quality
Laser
62
Letter quality
Laser
112-344
Letter quality
Laser
150-1002
Letter quality
Laser
Up to 1522
240, 300 dpi
600 dpi
Continuous
forms
IPDS
Continuous
forms
IPDS
240, 300,
480, 600 dpi
Continuous
forms
IPDS, Postscript
Token Ring,
Ethernet
Floor
Token Ring,
Ethernet
Floor
Token Ring,
Ethernet
Floor
240, 300,
480, 600 dpi
Continuous
forms
IPDS,
Postscript
Token Ring,
Ethernet
Floor
iSeries production continuous forms printer summary.
88
Infoprint
Color 1220
Type
Letter
quality
Technology
Color laser
Throughput in 20
impressions
per min (IPM)
Graphics
2400 dpi
resolutions
Paper
Cut sheet
handling
Data stream
Postscript,
available
PCL, IPDS
Interface
Ethernet,
Token Ring,
Parallel, USB,
Twinax
Infoprint
4000 Hilite
Color 1228
Infoprint
Color
Infoprint
Color 100
Infoprint
Color Plus
Letter
quality
Color laser
28
Letter
quality
Color laser
150 to 944
Letter
quality
Color laser
105
Letter
quality
Color laser
138
2400 dpi
240, 300 dpi 600 dpi
600 dpi
Cut sheet
Continuous Continuous Continuous
forms
forms
forms
Postscript,
IPDS
Postscript Postscript,
PCL, IPDS
IPDS, PDF
Ethernet,
Attaches to Token Ring, Ethernet,
Token Ring, production Ethernet
Gigabit
Parallel, USB, monochrome
Ethernet,
Twinax
(i.e. Infoprint
ESCON,
4000)
FICON,
FDDI
Desktop/
Floor
Floor
Floor
Floor
Footprint
Desktop/
Floor
Figure 2.8.
iSeries nonimpact color printer summary.
The fastest area of expansion is the successful marriage of the iSeries
and Windows NT/Windows 2000 on the Integrated xSeries Server. In
this case, the user purchases Microsoft-certified Windows NT/Windows
2000 and service for the software package through a Microsoft reseller.
Up to forty-eight separate Windows NT/Windows 2000 servers can exist on a single iSeries server 870. Each of the Windows NT/Windows
2000 servers is independent of the others, but they can share the iSeries
disk, tape, and CD-ROM facilities. The operations that support the
Windows NT/Windows 2000 environment use integrated iSeries operations and user administration. Windows NT/Windows 2000 messages
can be sent to iSeries operators. The client storage space drive lettering
matches the Windows NT/Windows 2000 drive numbering. Windows
NT reliability is improved through the iSeries’s ability to mirror the NT
event log to an iSeries message queue or job. During the Windows
NT/Windows 2000 install process, it is possible to specify the type of
Storage
Requirement Performance Card
in all systems Requirement Type
IOA
Disk Unit / Magnetic Media IOAs
#2749 PCI Ultra Mag Media Controller
#2763/#9763 PCI RAID Disk Unit Ctrlr
#2765 PCI Fibre Channel Tape Ctrlr
#2766 PCI Fibre Channel DASD Ctrlr
Notes
25
29
36
dedicated
IOP
22
25
21
50
dedicated
IOP
25
A
B
E
E
29
29
29
29
29
30
21
21
25
21
G
G
B
A
A
13
14
5, 8
5, 8
5, 8
2
25
35
26
36
36
H
E
E
25
2
25
35
35
35
25
36
26
12
47
47
47
36
A
F
A
A
A
A
A
1
3
3, 4, 8,
10, 12
3
1
15
15
15
15
25
25
22
11
2
15
14
14
14
14
7
7
7
18
26
14
C
A
D
A
15
14
C
#2768 PCI Magnetic Media Ctrlr
#5702 PCI-X Ultra Tape Controller
#5705 PCI-X Tape/DASD Controller
#9767 PCI Disk Unit Controller
LAN IOAs
#2743/#2760 PCI Ethernet/IEEE 802.3 Adpt
#2744 PCI 100/16/4 MB Token Ring Adpt
#2817 PCI 155MBps MMF ATM
#2849 PCI 100/10 Ethernet Adpt
#5700/#5701 PCI Ethernet/IEEE 802.3 Adpt
#4723 PCI Ethernet/IEEE 802.3 Adpt
#4815 PCI 155MBps UTP OC3 ATM
#4816 PCI 155MBps MMF ATM
#4818 PCI 155MBps SMF OC3 ATM
#4838 PCI 100/10MBps Ethernet IOA
WAN IOAs
#2742 PCI Two Line WAN IOA
#2772/#2773 PCI Dual WAN/Modem IOA
#2805/#2806 PCI Quad WAN/Modem IOA
#4745 PCI Node WAN IOA
#4750 PCI ISDN BRI U
#4751 PCI ISDN BRI S/T
#4761 Integrated Modem (8 port)
#4801 PCI Crypto Coprocessor
#4805 PCI Crypto Coprocessor
#9771 Base PCI 2-Line WAN w/Modem
#2793/# 2794/#9793/#9794 2-Line
WAN w/Modem
Figure 2.9.
89
5, 8
9
9
A
B
A
A
A
PCI IOAs and plugging rules. (continued on next page)
3, 4, 8
3, 4, 8
3, 4, 8
3
7
7
7
6
6, 15
90
Workstation IOAs
#4746 PCI Twinax Workstation IOA 10
Imbedded IOAs
CCIN288E PCI 100/10 Ethernet IOA 25
6
A
36
n/a
on 52M
Notes:
Card Types:
A-PCI, 32 bit, 33MHz, Universal voltage, short (Universal means will work
in either 3V or 5V slots)
B-PCI, 32 bit, 33MHz, Universal voltage, long
C-PCI, 32 bit, 66MHz, 3 Volt, short
D-PCI, 32 bit, 66MHz, 3 Volt, long
E-PCI, 64 bit, 66MHz, Universal voltage, short
F-PCI, 64 bit, 133MHz, 3 Volt, short
G-PCI, 64 bit, 133MHz, 3 Volt, long
H-PCI, 64 bit, 66MHz, 3 Volt, short
1. #2743/#2760/#5700/#5701 has the following plugging rules:
• must not be placed in a 5 Volt PCI card slot
• must be placed in a 64 bit slot in CECs and I/O Towers
• will be placed in 32 bit slots in 52L and 52Me CECs
• must be limited to one per EADS address boundary. (This rule does not
apply when under an Integrated Server).
• may only be combined with a maximum of one other IOA
2. Cards must be plugged into slots based on their length and voltage level (3V, 5V, or
Universal) as indicated in the Card Type column above and the backplane layouts below.
3. Mot more than two total LAN adapters allowed per IOP.
4. Not more than one ATM adapter allowed per IOP.
5. Not more than 3, total, of this group (indicated by the same number) per IOP.
6. #4801/#4805 are not allowed to be plugged under the Model 52L and 52Me CEC imbedded
IOPs or the base IOP of the models 52M and 52H.
7. Not more than one total of this group per IOP.
8. Not more than one PCI RAID Controller is allowed per IOP when that IOP is also driving
any ATM IOAs.
9. Maximum of 2 #2765/#2766s in any combination per EADS boundary.
270, 52L,
820, 52M
#5095
#5075
830/840
#5074/#0578/
52Me, CEC
CEC
tower
tower# base I/O 5078/#0588/#5088/
enclosure
#5079/5294/
#8079/#8094
Maximum
2
4
3
4
5
6
#2765/#2766s
Preferred 64 bit slot placement, but not hard rule. Max 32 LUNS of disk units supported per #2766.
10. This feature is a 64-bit card, but is allowed to plug into any 32-bit or 64-bit card slot.
11. The #2766 requires a dedicated IOP.
12. A maximum of one #2757/9757 is allowed per IOP and are mutually exclusive with a PCI
RAID controller on a given IOP.
13. A maximum of two #2782/9782 are allowed per IOP and is mutually exclusive with a PCI
RAID controller on a given IOP.
14. A Maximum of two 4805s are allowed per IOP.
15. The #5705 PCI-X Tape/DASD Controller can attach 6 disk (non-RAID) devices
and/or 1 tape device (800/810 only).
16. The #5702 PCI-X Ultra Tape Controller can attach 1 or 2 external tape drives.
Figure 2.9 (continued).
PCI IOAs and plugging rules.
91
IOP
Storage
Performance 800
Capability Capability
810 825
870
890
Note1
5094
5095
Imbedded 32
MB PCI
Node IOP
#2842 PCI
Node IOP
#2843/#9943
PCI Node
IOP
#2844/#9844
100
100
X
X
X
X
52L52Me
1
1
100
100
2
211
100
4
4
4
211
100
5
5
5
2
52L52Me
Notes:
1. A maximum of 2 #2844 features in the model 52L and 52Me CECs.
A maximum of 3 #2844 features (and one #9844)in the model 52M CEC.
A maximum of 4 #2844 features (and one #9844)in the model 52H CEC.
A maximum of 6 #2844 features in the #5088/#0588 PCI Expansion Tower.
2. IOPs cannot be placed in consecutive slots.
3. A maximum of 4 IOAs may be placed under an IOP.
4. The #2844/#9844 must not be placed in a 5V slot.
5. PCI IXA/NetFinity features are considered an IOP.
6. All LAN features attaching to Integrated Netfinity Servers do not enter into storage and/or
performance capability calculations for any other IOP.
Figure 2.10.
PCI IOPs capability and usage rules.
Windows NT/Windows 2000 log entries to be sent to an iSeries message queue. The administrator can specify the drive sizes for the Windows NT/Windows 2000 operating system. The iSeries administrator
can submit Windows NT/Windows 2000 commands directly to the
Windows NT IXA from the iSeries with output returned to a job log,
IFS, or spool file. The administrator need not switch back and forth
between the two systems. Tape backup utilities written for Windows
NT/Windows 2000 can back up data to the iSeries tape drive.
The IXA usage as a file server for generating local area networks is
expected to decrease in proportion to the volume of IXA-based networks used for supporting Windows NT/Windows 2000.
The iSeries NetServer is preloaded as part of OS/400 at no additional charge, and OS/400 provides a single point of software maintenance. There is no NT server license, installation, configuration, or
maintenance involved. NetServer uses the iSeries processor, disk, and
LAN adapters, and user data is protected by iSeries RAID-5 and mirroring. NetServer is managed with iSeries Navigator, providing simple,
92
consistent graphical administration and operations. Users connect to
NetServer via Windows Network Neighborhood using standard iSeries
user profiles and security. With NetServer, users do not require iSeries
Access to perform native file and print sharing for PC clients. Automatic translation from ASCII to EBCDIC and back is performed.
The maximum number of Integrated xSeries Adapters that may be
installed on the iSeries is sixty on an iSeries system 890, but if the system maximum number of LANs is less than four, the maximum number
of Integrated xSeries Adapters is that lower number. The maximum is
the aggregate number of all LANs. A two-port Integrated xSeries Adapter
counts as two LANs against the system maximum.
Each IXA is a personal computer built on an adapter that can be
installed inside an iSeries system unit. It includes a microprocessor, main
memory slots (affording up to 4 GB of main storage), and two or three
communications adapter slots into which can be plugged either Ethernet
or token-ring adapters.
xSeries Server
The xSeries server is a standalone unit containing up to sixteen of the
xSeries server functions equivalent in performance to the #2790/#2890
server devices. These standalone units connect to the host processors
through an HSL link to provide high-speed DASD support for the xSeries
function. Figure 2.11 identifies the number of xSeries servers allowed
on each iSeries model. The iSeries DASD support for the xSeries servers
can be organized as a Storage Area Network (SAN) in an Independent
Auxiliary Storage Pool (IASP).
Figure 2.11.
iSeries
Model
Number of
xSeries servers
800
810
825
870
890
4
13
36
48
48
Integrated xSeries servers allowed by iSeries model.
93
Figure 2.12 identifies the characteristics of the available Integrated
xSeries Servers. A display must be connected to the IXS to support
Windows. The xSeries Server is hot pluggable on selected iSeries servers. It is possible to direct attach N-way xSeries servers to iSeries models 8XX and 270 while retaining iSeries storage consolidation and
systems management. The direct attachment is accomplished through
the high-speed link.
Workstation Adapters
To attach any local workstation to an iSeries computer system, the proper
workstation adapter must be installed in the computer’s system unit or
an expansion unit. (Note: Remote workstations are attached through
communications lines, not through a workstation adapter.) The workstation adapter is a microprocessor-controlled intermediary between the
workstation and the iSeries processor. The adapter receives keystrokes
Processor Clock
Rate (GHz)
Mainstorage Max. (GB)
Mainstorage
Elements (MB)
Memory Slots
Max No. of LAN Features
PCI Card Slots
Pre-requisite
2790/2890
2791/2891
2792/2892 2799/2899
0.7
0.85
1.6
1.0
4.096
4.096
4.096
4096
128/256/1028 128/256/1028 512/1028 128/256/1028
4
3
3/2
V4R5
4
3
3
V4R5w/CUM
4
3
2
V5R2
4
3/2
3
V5R1
Notes:
1. #28XX features are supported only in the model 270 CEC, and in the 5075/5095 PCI
Expansion Tower when it is attached to the model 270.
2. Supported LAN IOAs are the following:
#2743 PCI 1 GPS Ethernet IOA.
#2744 PCI 100 Mbps Token-Ring IOA.
#2760 PCI 1 GPS Ethernet UTP IOA.
#4838 PCI 100/10 Mbps Token-Ring IOA.
3. Native iSeries functions are not supported.
4. External Host LAN is not supported.
5. #2890/#2891/#2892/#2899 Require 3 PCI card slots when in an Expansion Tower.
Figure 2.12.
Integrated xSeries server characteristics.
94
from the workstation and, in combination with the IOP, formulates the
screens and sends back formatted views of screens for display on the
workstation terminal. Managing the workstation traffic (e.g., keystrokes)
leaves the system processor in the iSeries server free to run user application programs. The result of this multiprocessor architecture, as was
discussed in Chapter 1, is that the iSeries system is able to do more
work in a given amount of time. Only twinax workstation controllers
are supported on the iSeries systems.
The twinaxial support provides for up to forty active local workstations (any mix of terminals and printers) daisy-chained over eight ports
(up to seven workstations per port). For all iSeries twinaxial workstation connections, a twenty-foot cable is attached between the controller
and an external box that provides the eight port connectors. This external box is designed to be mounted on the floor, wall, or tabletop. From
1 to 180 twinaxial workstation adapters can be installed in a single
iSeries system for attaching those workstations.
LAN-Connected Terminals
Additional workstations may be attached to the LANs supported by
these systems. These terminals must be intelligent terminals, including
personal computers, network stations, or retail terminals. Each LAN
can support up to 256 terminal addresses.
Auxiliary Storage Options
As was discussed in Chapter 1, there are four basic types of auxiliary
storage devices used with iSeries servers. That storage can consist of
both internal and external disk and tape units as well as internal and
external optical storage devices. External disk and tape units are attached to the iSeries via the Fiber Channel adapter. Multiple devices
may be attached using a single Fiber Channel adapter. See Figure 2.9 for
a listing of adapters.
•
Disk units
•
Tapes
•
Optical libraries
•
CD-ROM.
95
Let us now look at the specific auxiliary storage options available
for the iSeries servers.
Disk Storage Overview
Disk storage provides the nonvolatile (not erased when power is turned
off) long-term storage for the programs and data used on a regular basis. It comprises the second level in the hierarchy of storage of iSeries
systems (main storage is the first). The function of disk storage is to
hold information that must be readily available to the computer system
yet preserved when power is turned off. It is used to store the operating
system, application programs, and data.
Disk storage is provided by disk storage units (also called Direct
Access Storage Devices, or DASD) that store information on the surface
of one or more platters (metal disks shaped like a dinner plate). The
platters spin at a very high constant speed while the built-in read/write
head records or detects information on the platter’s surface. The arm
that positions the read/write head is called the actuator. The read/write
heads in disk units never actually touch the platter’s magnetic surface,
but are positioned extremely close to that surface. All iSeries systems
support many different disk unit configurations. Disk unit performance
is very important to the overall performance of a computer system.
Each disk unit attaches to the computer through control circuitry
contained within the units of the system. This function might be provided by the Combined-Function Input Output Processor (CFIOP) provided with the iSeries systems or an optional disk adapter card that
often is necessary to support disk storage beyond that provided as standard with the iSeries system.
Figure 2.13 lists the various disk units used with iSeries systems.
The following paragraphs describe the following disk storage expansion options for the iSeries:
•
Integrated hardware disk compression
•
Model 2105 Enterprise/Versatile Storage DataServer
Size—GB SCSI Type
4308
4.19
Ultra-2
4314
4317
4318
4319
4323
4324
4326
4327
8.58
8.58
17.54
35.16
35.16
17.54
35.16
70.56
Ultra-2
Ultra-3
Ultra-3
Ultra-3
Ultra-3
Ultra-2
Ultra-4
Ultra-4
IOA
2757, 2782, 2763, 4748,
4778, 9757, 9763, 9767,
9778, 9782
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
AM
FL
Y
Feature #
RPM
Mirror (1) RAID(2)
7.2K
1
A
7.2K
10K
10K
10K
15K
7.2K
15K
15K
2
2
3
4
4
3
4
5
B
B
C
D
D
C
D
E
Notes:
(1) Disk Unit Features with the same “Number” in this column can be mirrored to each other.
(2) Disk Unit Features with the same “Letter” in this column can be put into the same RAID array.
Figure 2.13.
•
Disk unit table for V5R2 systems.
TE
96
Disk adapters.
The new RAID disk controllers and adapters no longer offer disk
compression. The reasoning behind this change from offering disk compression IOPs and IOAs is that with the larger capacities of the disk
drives and the significant performance gains provided by both the new
drives and controllers/adapters, disk compression can only mitigate
against those gains.
Model 2105 Enterprise/Versatile Storage Server
The TotalStorage Model 2105 Enterprise/Versatile Storage Server is a
Storage Area Network (SAN) device designed for use in e-business, enterprise resource planning, business intelligence, service consolidation,
high availability, and other mission-critical applications. Heterogeneous
attachment is provided to all major server platforms including iSeries,
AS/400, S390, Windows NT/Windows 2000, and many varieties of
UNIX. The Enterprise Storage Server incorporates the capabilities of
supporting a wide variety of Windows NT, iSeries, and UNIX servers
and Novell Netware, and providing remote management through a secure intranet connection and the StorWatch Storage Specialist.
Team-Fly®
97
The Model 2105 Enterprise Storage DataServer is intended as an
enabler for server consolidation. The Model 2105 can be concurrently
attached to up to sixteen separate systems, with its 11 TB of data
space partitioned dynamically among those systems. The capacity and
performance can be scaled to meet requirements from 400 GB to 11
TB through sixteen standard configurations. The Ultra SCSI differential interface allows data to be moved both to and from the 2105 at up
to 40 MB/sec.
The interface can also support Fast and Wide SCSI at a reduced
performance of 20 MB/sec. The 2105 internally is fully redundant if
fewer than eight different systems are interfacing to it, and can use both
RAID-5 and mirroring to protect against a disk failure causing a loss of
data. Internally there are cross connections to send operations to either
of the redundant systems or SSA ports.
Dynamic sparing is provided to allow the using systems to continue
operating until a convenient maintenance period occurs. The storage
space can be partitioned into logical volumes of various sizes that can
be defined at installation time and are independent of the operating
systems using the partitions. The partitioning scheme supports the concurrent attachment of heterogeneous platforms such as Hewlett-Packard,
Sun, Compaq, and the IBM RS/6000, Integrated xSeries Adapters, or
iSeries. Access to a partition may be shared among similar servers (e.g.,
NT to NT, AIX to AIX, etc.), providing a single database for multiple
servers. In the case of data consolidation, the data integrity must be
provided by the use of lock-management functions within the database
manager or application. The systems administrator is provided with an
RS/232 modem interface into the 2105, which allows dynamic
repartitioning of the space among the systems attached, as needed.
The data stored is not sharable between iSeries systems because the
partitioning schemes supported are incompatible with the iSeries singlelevel store concepts. The 2105 device is slower than the internal disk
units. One area of interest for iSeries is the large cache available (512 MB
to 6 GB), which can make certain operations requiring fast read-access
viable. Additional information on the Enterprise Storage Server and 7133
Serial Storage Subsystem can be found at http://www.storage.ibm.com.
Disk Adapters
Disk adapters provide the circuitry necessary to transfer information
between any attached disk units and the iSeries main storage. These
98
disk adapters (also called Input/Output Processors, or IOPs) have their
own computing power used to lessen the burden on the iSeries’ main
processor(s) when it comes to moving information to and from disk
units. Many of these adapters support RAID-5, compression, and multiple interfaces. Figure 2.14 identifies the maximum number of disk controllers allowed per system model. Figure 2.15 summarizes the
characteristics of the available disk adapters on iSeries systems. A minimum of four drives of the same capacity are needed for a valid RAID-5
array, with a maximum of four arrays per controller.
The new RAID disk controllers and adapters no longer offer disk
compression. The reasoning behind this change from offering disk compression IOPs and IOAs is that with the larger capacities of the disk
drives and the significant performance gains provided by both the new
drives and controllers/adapters, disk compression can only mitigate
against those gains.
#2957 or #2782
Figure 2.14.
Adapter #
Model
800
Model
810
Model
825
Model
870
Model
890
4
16
42
144
5-144
Maximum number of disk controllers allowed per model.
Systems
supported
2748/4748 800
9748
2748/4748 810, 825, 870, 890
9748
Expansion
Towers
9767
800, 810
2763
270, 820, 5075
2782
2757
800, 810, 825, 5095
800,810,825,
870, 890
Figure 2.15.
OS/400
Version
supports
CDROM/TAPE
other
support
V4R4
and later
Yes
maximum of
eighteen drives,
-maximum fifteen
drives
V4R4
and later
V4R4
and later
V5R2
V5R2
Yes
maximum 6 drives
Yes
maximum 12 drives,
Ultra-2 only
maximum 12 drives
maximum 18 drives
Yes
Yes
Disk adapter characteristics for iSeries computers.
99
The 2782 PCI-X RAID I/O Adapter used on the Models i800, i810,
and i825 and the 5095 I/O Tower only supports a minimum of 3 drives
and a maximum of 12 drives in a RAID configuration. The 2757 PCI-X
Ultra RAID Disk Controller has a 320 MBps SCSI bus bandwidth, and
can drive up to 4 SCSI buses, while supporting a maximum PCI burst
rate of 1,064 MBps. RAID arrays attached to this controller can have a
minimum of 3 drives and a maximum of 18 drives. This controller also
supports SCSI bus-tagged command queuing and array parity checking
and data scrubbing, creating arrays that are more flexible than was
available under any previous controller. The 2757 PCI-X Ultra RAID
Disk Controller can be used on any V5R2-supported system unit.
Tape Storage
Computer systems are woven deeply into today’s businesses and usually
become the core of day-to-day operations. The information stored on
the computer is itself a valuable asset and must be protected like any
other asset. Magnetic tape storage provides a cost-effective and efficient
means of backing up the information on the disk units of computer
systems. Magnetic tape storage is the third tier of hierarchical storage in
an iSeries system and is used for long-term storage of information. In
general, the frequency of access to information on tape storage is significantly reduced when compared to the access frequency for information stored on disk.
A tape unit reads and writes information on the tape much as a
cassette recorder records and plays music on audiocassette tapes, but the
recording quality is much higher and the format employed is very different. In either case, the tape unit runs the tape across the read/write head,
which is in contact with the tape surface. Electrical impulses in the
read/write head are used to transfer information to and from the tape
surface. Tape storage units are able to store very large amounts of data
in a relatively small area. Data stored on a tape storage unit are somewhat immune from damage by external effects, but because the writing
and reading methodology involves small magnetic fields, large magnetic
fields in the vicinity of the tape storage will destroy the data. Tape storage is the slowest performing of the auxiliary storage methods, but with
compression techniques holds the most data at the lowest cost.
The following tables provide a summary of the internal and external tape units used with iSeries systems. The tape units are connected to
100
iSeries systems through control circuitry located on tape I/O processors. The 5702 PCI-X Ultra Tape Controller can attach either one or
two external tape drives. The 5705 PCI-X Tape/DASD Controller can
attach six disk drives and/or one tape drive, and can be used only on the
Models i800 and i810.
Figure 2.16 lists the internal tape units supported on iSeries computers. Figure 2.17 lists the internal tape formats supported with the
capacity and performance to be expected from each. Figure 2.18 lists
some external tape units commonly used with iSeries systems and provides some basic information about each. The table of contents on the
Members Only Web site offers links to more detailed descriptions of the
devices listed in the table.
IBM TotalStorage Ultrascalable Tape Library #3584
The IBM TotalStorage Ultrascalable Tape Library #3584 is a tape library storage solution designed for the large, unattended storage requirements of mid-range systems as well as high-end network servers.
Designed to optimize access to data and reliability, the 3584 library can
contain IBM LTO Ultrium Tape Drives. These are compact storage devices designed to support the intensive read and write operations required by network servers.
Tape Library 3584 supports the use of both the LTO Ultrium 2 tape
drives and the LTO Ultrium 1 tape drives in the same library. The Ultrium
2 Tape drive has a native data transfer rate of 35 MB/second. Data rates
for the library can aggregate to 18 TB/Hour (with 2:1 compression) for
a fully configured 3584 library. Tape cartridge capacity is 200 GB native capacity (400 GB with 2:1 compression) The 3584 Tape Library
can contain up to 496 TB (992 TB with compression) by using up to 72
Ultrium 2 tape drives in up to six 3584 library frames. Other features of
the Ultrium 2 Tape Drives include: speed matching to the host data rate,
power management to either totally off or low-power modes, and Channel Calibration to allow for customization of each read/write data channel for optimum performance. It is possible to write multiple filemarks
separately into a separate data set. The cartridge is compatible with the
Ultrium 1 cartridge, but with improved transfer rates. Data Access times,
Rewind, and Load times are faster (respectively 46 seconds, 80 seconds,
and 10 seconds).
The Model L32 base frame has 141 to 281 cartridge slots and supports up to 12 tape drives. Up to twelve logical libraries and/or up to
4482/4582
4483/4583
4486/4586
Capacity
Native
Capacity
Compression
Bytes
SCSI
Type
Data Rate
Native
Data Rate
Compression
4 GB
16 GB
25 GB
8 GB (1500')
32 GB (1500')
50 GB (1500')
1
2
2
Fast
Fast
Fast
380 KB/s
1.5 MB/s
2.0 MB/s
760 KB/s
3.0 MB/s
4.0 MB/s
Figure 2.16.
Media
Type
SLR100-50
GB
SLR100-5
GB
SLR 60-30
GB
MLR3-25
GB
MLR1-16
GB
MLR1-2
GB
SLR5-4
GB
DC9250
DC9120
DC6525
DC6150
101
Internal tape unit supported on iSeries systems.
Media
Capacity
and Data
Rate
50 GB
5.0 MB/s
50 GB
5.0 MB/s
30 GB
4.0 MB/s
25 GB
2.0 MB/s
16 GB
1.5 MB/s
2 GB
1.5 MB/s
4 GB
.36 MB/s
2.5 GB
.3 MB/s
1.2 GB
.3 MB/s
525 MB
.2 MB/s
120 MB
.12 MB/s
Feature
Code
FJELD-3
4 GB
(.4 MB/s)
SLR60
30 GB
(4 MB/s)
MLR1-S
FJORD-2
16 GB
25 GB
(1.5 MB/s) (2 MB/s)
SLR100
50 GB
(5MB/s)
NO
NO
NO
NO
R/W
NO
NO
NO
NO
R/W
NO
R/W
NO
NO
R/W
NO
R/W
NO
R/W
R/W
NO
R/W
R/W
R/W
R
NO
R/W
R/W
R/W
R
R/W
R
R
R
R
R/W
R
R
R
NO
R/W
NO
NO
NO
NO
R/W
NO
NO
NO
NO
R/W
NO
NO
NO
NO
4482/
4484/
4483/
4486/
4487/
4582/4682 4584/4684 4583/4683 4586/4686 4587/4687
R=Read Capability
W=Write Capability
R/W=Read and Write Capability
NO= No read or write capability
Figure 2.17.
Internal tape formats supported on iSeries systems.
102
Model
810
Tape Subsystem Group A
8mm Cart 7208 External (2)
8 mm Library - 9427
1/2-Inch Reel - 2440
- 9348
System Maximum for Group A
Tape Subsystem Group B
1/2-Inch Reel - 9437
System Maximum for Group B
Tape Subsystem Group C
1/2-Inch Cart - 3570, 358XHXX/LXX/DXX, 3590(1),
3480, 3490, 3490E-AXX,
BXX, C10, DXX,
3490E others, 3575 (3)
1/2-Inch Reel - 3422/3430
1/4-Inch Cart. - 7207-122
System Maximum for Group C
Tape Subsystem Group D
1/4-Inch Cart - 5032
System Max/LPAR Max
Model
825
Model
870
Model
800
Model
890
10
18
0
18
18
18
18
0
18
18
26
48
48
48
48
4
15
0
15
15
26
48
48
48
48
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
18
18
26
15
26
0
0
0
0
48
18
0
18
18
18
0
18
18
48
0
48
48
15
15
15
48
0
48
48
0
18
0
18
0
48
0
15
0
48
Notes: (1) 3490E CXA, F1A and 3590 B1A can be placed into a 3494 Library. The CXA, F1A,
and B1A are counted toward the tape subsystem maximums while the 3494 library is not.
(2) For each 7208-002, 012, 222, 232, 234, and 342, count the number of #0021s tied to these
units as the number of 7208 tape drives.
(3) 3570-XXX can be placed into a 3570 library. The 3570-XXX is counted toward the tape
subsystem maximum while the 3575 library is not.
Figure 2.18.
External tape units maximum/system.
twelve SCSI control paths can be configured for each frame. Each Model
L32 library has a standard ten-slot cartridge input/output station for
importing or exporting cartridges from the library without requiring a
re-inventory. For bulk loading of tape cartridges the library door can be
opened. Each time the library door is closed a bar code reader scans the
cartridge labels enabling a re-inventory of the cartridges in less than
sixty seconds.
103
The Model D32 frame supports up to 440 storage slots and up to
12 tape drives. There is an incremental reduction of storage slots for
each set of four tape drives added.
A fully configured 3584 tape library, with one L32 frame and five
D32 frames will support up to 72 tape drives or up to 2841 storage
slots. Each frame can have up to twelve logical libraries or twelve control paths. The heterogeneous sharing provided by the multi-path feature of the 3584 Tape Library provides a sharing of the library robotics.
This is accomplished by partitioning the library into as many as seventy-two logical libraries (up to the number of tape drives installed),
and providing each logical library its own separate and distinct drive(s),
storage slots, and control paths. The I/O slots are shared on a first come
first served basis. The cartridges under library control are not shared
and can not be moved between logical libraries.
Auxiliary Storage Controllers
Tape adapters provide the circuitry necessary to transfer information
between any attached tape units and the iSeries main storage. These
tape adapters (also called Input/Output Processors, or IOPs) have their
own computing power used to lessen the burden on the iSeries main
processor(s) when it comes to moving information to and from tape
units. The #2749 PCI Ultra Magnetic Media Controller provides Ultra
SCSI attachment capability for an external tape device or an external
optical device. The #2768 provides an Ultra SCSI attachment capability
for an external tape or external CD-ROM device requiring a singleended SCSI interface.
Optical Storage Overview
For large volumes of information that is not needed frequently but must
be immediately available when it is needed, optical disk storage should
be considered. Unlike magnetic disks, which record information with
magnetic fields, optical disks use plastic disks coated with a thin reflective alloy material and housed in a cartridge case. Information is stored
on the plastic disk either by burning holes into the reflective surface
with a laser beam (ablative) or by using the laser to heat the reflective
104
alloy layer to a liquid state and then changing its reflective properties by
means of a magnet (magneto-optic). This type of storage provides for
extremely high data recording densities, which makes for relatively inexpensive storage. However, today’s optical disk technology is slower
than magnetic disk storage.
Optical libraries are devices that consist of arrays of optical disks
associated with one or more optical disk read/write units. In some cases,
the optical disk read/write units also have one or more conventional
magnetic disk storage units associated with them to improve the write
performance of the library system. The optical disks used may employ
CD-ROM, WORM, or WMRM technologies.
DVD-RXM is a higher capacity format for CD-type device disks.
When the last three letters are ROM, the disk can be written once.
When the last three letters are RAM, the disk can be written more than
once. The DVD format is the same format that is used for writing movies on CD. Capacities of greater than 5 GB can be achieved.
The #3995 Optical Library
The #3995 Optical Library family of products can be used to store large
volumes of information using optical storage technology. These devices
are in a self-contained box that rests on the floor near the computer
system. There are five models of the #3995 that can be directly attached
to an iSeries system to provide storage capacity ranging from 104 to
1,342 GB (unformatted capacity). There are also #3995 models that
attach directly to LANs and can be used with iSeries systems in a LAN
environment. Figure 2.19 lists the internal CD-ROM, DVD-ROM, and
DVD-RAM units which may be used with iSeries models. Figure 2.20
lists the external direct-attached optical libraries, identifying the allowed
maximums/system.
Each optical disk cartridge used in a #3995 library can hold from
650 million to 5,200 million bytes of information depending on the
cartridge type. Magneto-optic WMRM and both ablative and continuous composite WORM recording technologies are supported in a single
optical library.
The #3995 attaches to an iSeries system through the Removable
Media Device Attachment feature (#2621) or the PCI Magnetic Media
Controller (#2729).
105
Feature Code
Device Type
IOA
Media
4425/4525/4625
CD-ROM
Read only - CD-ROM/CD-R
640 MB
4430/4530/4630
DVD-RAM
2748, 2757, 2763,
2782, 4748, 4778,
9757, 9767, 9778
2748, 2757, 2763,
2782, 4748, 4778,
9757, 9767, 9778
4531/4631
DVD-ROM
Figure 2.19.
Internal CD-ROM, DVD-ROM, DVD-RAM units.
Optical libraries
#3995 - All Models
Figure 2.20.
2748, 2757, 2763,
2782, 4748, 4778,
9757, 9767, 9778
Read - CD-ROM/CD-R
640 MB
Read DVD-ROM
Read - DVD-RAM
2.6/4.7/5.2/9.4 GB
Write - DVD-RAM
2.6/4.7/5.2/9.4 GB
Read only - CD-ROM/CD-R
640 MB DVD-R
DVD-ROM 4.7/8.5/9.4 GB
DVD-RAM 2.6/4.7 GB
Model
800
Model
810
Model
825
Model
870
Model
890
15
18
18
26
26
Maximum external optical libraries allowed per system model.
DVD/CD-ROM
CD-ROM drives are auxiliary storage devices that store and read information on the surface of an optical disk using laser light. This technique
allows a large amount of data to be stored in a small physical space.
Performance of the CD-ROM devices is faster than 4 mm and 8 mm
tape storage but slower than disk storage or 1/4-inch and half-inch tape
storage. In addition, the data is less subject to damage due to outside
influences such as magnetic fields and temperature extremes than is data
stored on these other devices.
106
AM
FL
Y
A CD device is included in all iSeries models. The CD device is used
for distribution of OS/400 and other licensed program products. It can
also be used as an alternate IPL (Initial Program Load) device. It attaches to the Combined-Function I/O Processor (CFIOP) provided with
every iSeries system. CD-ROMs are also used for the distribution of
software by many independent software vendors and for use by application programs directly through the HFS API (which is a native OS/400
application programming interface).
Communications Options
TE
With the emergence of the Internet and the intranets driven by local
area networks, businesses are placing increasing emphasis on computer
communications. The full range of communications options is supported
by iSeries servers. Connections to the Internet are established using Wide
Area Network (WAN) protocols and controllers/adapters with modem
connections to the pervasive telephone network and finally to an Internet
service provider. Wide area networks are also used to connect computers together for different branches of the same business corporate entity. (One example is that IBM, like many other companies, has divisions
located in many states that are connected together by WANs.) WAN
controllers also serve the function of connecting remote workstations,
and the adapters connect the system console in some user-defined system configurations.
Intranet connections are established using LAN protocols and controllers/adapters to an appropriately wired network of personal computers or network computers and specially adapted network stations
such as shared network printers. An intranet is a name for a LANconnected system grouping that has, in addition, an external connection to the Internet. Not all LANs are intranets. The number of
communications lines and LANs supported by the iSeries eServer is identified in the system specifics for each particular model.
The following paragraphs are a communications tutorial. Though
this chapter does not provide a total list of all available communication
options, it does discuss representative options that fit the most common
business needs. (in Chapters 4 and 5, you will learn more about the
communications software structures supported on the iSeries family).
Since configuration limitations govern which and how communications
Team-Fly®
107
options can be used together in a single system, before configuring your
system you should be sure to seek the assistance of IBM or an authorized dealer. Figure 2.9 (on pages 89 and 90) summarizes the communications adapters available.
Local Area Networks
A Local Area Network (LAN) consists of a group of computers connected to a high-speed communications system that spans a confined
region (i.e., a single building or campus). Computers of all sizes (personal computers to mainframes) can participate in a single LAN. The
computers participating in a LAN can exchange information (programs
and data) and share resources (for instance, disk storage and printers).
The iSeries systems can fully participate in several types of LANs including Ethernet, token-ring, FDDI, and wireless. In fact, a single iSeries
system can participate in several different LANs at the same time (see
Figure 2.21 for system maximums). The iSeries server models have been
optimized to offer (or “serve”) resources to other computers in a LAN
environment. There is also an Integrated xSeries Server (IXS) that makes
the iSeries an efficient server in a PC LAN environment.
Ethernet
Probably the most popular local area network is the Ethernet LAN (IEEE
802.3). Ethernet adapters are available at 10, 100, and 1000 MBps data
rates. With Ethernet, each computer is attached as a tap-off of a common cable or bus. For this reason, Ethernet is called a bus-wired network. Thus, an Ethernet LAN is a party line on which all computers
can transmit a message for all other computers to hear. Every computer
has equal access to the cable and can send a message at any time with-
Maximum LANs
Maximum Integrated
Netfinity Servers
Model
800
Model
810
Model
825
Model
870
Model
890
12
4
36
13
96
36
128
48
128
48
Figure 2.21. Maximum number of LAN adapers/Netfinity servers per system.
108
out warning. To ensure that only one computer transmits at a time,
there is a protocol called Carrier Sense Multiple Access–Collision Detect (CSMA-CD) that each connection or node follows to transmit a
message. This is the same protocol used in telephone conversations where,
for instance, only one person can speak at a time or neither is clearly
understood. One party waits for the other to finish before beginning to
speak. Thus, the phone line only carries one party’s voice at a time, and
the message is clear. This is the “CSMA” part of CSMA-CD.
The “CD” part of the protocol handles the times when two nodes
start transmission simultaneously. To understand this part of the protocol, think of what happens during a telephone conversation when two
people begin talking at the same time. Typically, both stop talking and
begin again a few moments later, hoping that this time one begins sooner
than the other. This is equivalent to what CSMA-CD does. If two (or
more) nodes begin transmitting at the same time, the messages “collide” on the network. Each communicating node monitors for such a
collision, and when one is detected all nodes stop transmitting and begin again after a pause of random length. Usually, one node will begin
its retransmission before the other(s), thus gaining control of the network. Ethernet adapters are available with a PCI bus interface.
Token-Ring Local Area Networks
The token ring is an IBM-developed local area network able to move
information at speeds of either 4, 16, or 100 MBps, depending on the
version. The participating computers (called nodes) are connected
through a ring-shaped wiring scheme depicted in Figure 2.22. In addition to the token-ring methodology described, a faster, more flexible
technology of token ring-based LAN communications, called ATM
(Asynchronous Transfer Mode), exists.
The protocol used by the token-ring local area network is called the
token-passing protocol. With this protocol, packets of information are
passed around the ring from node to node in a continuous circle. These
packets are called message frames (see Figure 2.23). A unique frame
(called a token frame) controls access to the ring. When a node receives
a frame, the node checks to see if it is a message or a token frame. If it is
a message frame, the node examines the destination address to see if the
message is intended for that node. If the message is not intended for that
node, the message frame is passed on unchanged to the next node in the
ring. If the frame received by a node is a token frame, the node knows
109
Personal Computer
System/390
Message
frame
System/36
AS/400
Personal Computer
Token Frame
Control
info
Figure 2.22.
Destination Source
address
address
Message
Trailer
symbol
Token
symbol
Trailer
symbol
The basic structure of a token-ring network.
that the network is idle and that it may send a message frame if it has
information to transfer. After it sends a message frame, the node then
sends a token frame to indicate that the ring is again inactive and ready
to carry information. All iSeries systems can participate in a token-ring
network if an appropriate token-ring network adapter is added.
Asynchronous Transfer Mode
Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) brings 155 MBps performance to
local area networks. IBM is dropping support for ATM after V5R2.
110
Personal Computer
System/390
Message
frame
System/36
AS/400
Personal Computer
Token Frame
Control
info
Figure 2.23.
Destination Source
address
address
Message
Trailer
symbol
Token
symbol
Trailer
symbol
Token passing protocol used on IBM token-ring networks.
Wide Area Networks
A Wide Area Network (WAN) is a group of computers connected to a
communications system. It is called a “wide area” network to indicate
that the computers participating in the network need not be geographically confined to a particular building or campus (as is the case with a
LAN). WANs can provide a connection between two computers located
111
across town from one another or among hundreds of computers across
global distances.
To participate in a WAN, the iSeries system must have the proper
programming (which is included in the OS/400 operating system) and
be equipped with the proper electrical interface. The term interface refers collectively to the connector, electrical voltage levels, connector pin
functions, and so on, that are provided for the physical attachment to a
communications line.
Just as there are different rules of grammar and punctuation in English, French, and other languages, there are different rules for various
types of computer communications. In computer communications, a set
of rules is called a communications protocol. The protocols of most
interest for our purposes are Async, Bisync, SDLC, X.25, IDLC, and
Frame Relay. Each of these different protocols is supported by OS/400
and has the same basic goal of moving information from one place to
another efficiently and reliably. And each has advantages and disadvantages. The one you use will depend on your requirements in the areas of
transmission speed, cost, and compatibility with the other devices in the
network. At all times, however, each device using a given communications line must be using the same protocol.
Some popular electrical interfaces used with WANs are RS-232,
V.24, V.35, V.36, X.21, and ISDN interfaces. Although it is not necessary to understand exactly what these cryptic names mean, it is important to understand that there are different types of interfaces necessary
to support different types of WANs. A separate adapter card working
with a communications controller card may provide the interface, or it
may be built onto the same card with the communications controller
circuitry.
Modems
A modem converts computer information into communications signals
and transmits them over telephone lines (i.e., it modulates the computer
information). A modem at the receiving end then converts the telephone
line signals back into computer information (i.e., it demodulates the
telephone line signal). The term modem, then, derives from the terms
modulate and demodulate. In performing this action, the modem changes
the computer digital signals to voice or analog signals to pass over pub-
112
lic switch networks. Computers need modems because telephone lines
were originally designed to carry electronically encoded voice messages
from one point to another. The telephone converts the speaker’s voice
into electronic signals suitable for phone line transmission. Although
the information in a computer is already electronically encoded, it is
not in a form that can be transmitted over standard phone lines. For
this reason, a device is needed to convert the electronically encoded
computer information into electronic signals suitable for telephone line
transmission. A modem can be thought of as a telephone for a computer. Just as both parties need their own telephones to hold a conversation, both computers must have their own modems to transfer
information over the phone lines. Modems are often used in the construction of wide area networks.
Power and Packaging Options
The following paragraphs list the power and packaging features for the
various iSeries systems and identify which of the systems accept the
particular feature and the function performed by the feature on that
particular system.
UPS for Models 270 and 820
An Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) significantly improves system
uptime by minimizing the impact from power fluctuations and outages.
The models 270 and 820 support an external UPS (#9910). UPSs are
available in three capacities—1,000 VA, 3.0 KVA, and 6.0 KVA. The
UPS offers continuous no-break power, a keypad and digital display
with fifteen programmable operation functions and alarm set points,
and brownout boost to save battery run time.
The 3.0 KVA and 6.0 KVA units can be expanded with a 3.0 KVA
add-on. Additional external battery and battery enclosure are available
for these units for the users who require additional shutdown time.
External UPS units are recommended for the models 830, 840, and
890. IBM does not specify or recommend a vendor for these units.
Feature # Function-base, other
Interface
5094
PCI Expansion Tower HSL
5088
5095
PCI Expansion Unit
PCI Expansion
Tower, redundant
power option
Figure 2.24.
HSL
HSL,
SPCN
Models
800, 810, 825,
870, 890
800, 810, 825,
870, 890
113
Internal
IOAs
Internal media
supported disks
devices
14
45
14
7
12
2
Packaging options for iSeries systems.
Packaging Expansion Features
The packaging expansion options are shown in Figure 2.24. The table
identifies the models with which the expansion feature is applicable, the
expansion functions supported, and redundancy options available.
iSeries Rack-Mount Capabilities
The iSeries rack-mounting options are designed for industry standard
EIA mounting. These offerings provide solutions for Applications Service Providers (ASPs), large users, multiples, etc., who wish to reduce
the floor space consumed by the system footprint.
Cryptographic Processors
Cryptographic processors help improve the security of an iSeries system
by encoding information using cryptographic techniques (ANSI Data
Encryption Standard [DES]). That is, iSeries-resident information can
be scrambled via encryption keys, making it meaningless to anyone except those who have the key. This capability is particularly beneficial
where valuable iSeries information might be exposed to unauthorized
access via a communications network like the Internet.
Data encryption is required to support many financial institutions,
to support e-business transactions on the Internet, and to securely ex-
114
change data on a worldwide basis. A maximum of three cryptographic
functions are supported on any single system.
The #4754 Security Interface Unit (SIU) is an optional device that
attaches to the cryptographic processor and allows the user to enter
cryptography keys by sliding a personal security card through a reader.
iSeries Software
115
3
iSeries Software
T
he previous chapters closely examined the system hardware optional
equipment of the iSeries systems. This chapter begins the discussion of
how that hardware is put to work—namely, the all-important software.
It is the software that harnesses the iSeries systems’ computational power
and allows you to perform many diverse and useful tasks. The chapter
begins by introducing you to the software structure used by the iSeries
and continues with a discussion of the kinds of software used to actually perform useful work. Then, iSeries’ compatibility with software
written for System/3X computers is covered.
Software Architecture Overview
The model of software that constitutes the programs that execute on
the iSeries systems is divided into three segments—application programs,
operating system programs, and SLIC programs. Figure 3.1 illustrates
the layered-structure relationship of the three segments. The arrows at
the top of the figure illustrate the user’s view of iSeries servers. That is,
the user sees mostly the application programs that are being executed,
with barely a glimpse at the operating system functioning behind the
115
User's View of System
Application Program
Operating System
Main
Storage
SLIC
System
Hardware
AM
FL
Y
Hardware
Figure 3.1. Conceptual software model of the iSeries system’s basic software
structure. The three layers of the software model work together (and with the
hardware) to perform useful work for the user.
TE
116
scenes. (What the user perceives is governed by the methodology provided by the operating system.)
Application programs (the shaded area in Figure 3.2) constitute the
work that is desired to be performed on the computer. These range from
a relatively straightforward function such as payroll (an individual’s
hours worked are multiplied by a pay rate, appropriate taxes are subtracted and retained, and finally a check is printed out for the individual) to what may be very complicated e-business applications (which
allow a user to conduct business over the Internet).
The operating systems layer in our model is shown shaded in Figure
3.3 directly below the application programming layer. The operating
systems layer interfaces directly to the application programs and performs tasks for the application under control of the application. Application programs rely on the operating system to perform many of the
detailed housekeeping tasks associated with the internal workings of
the computer. The operating system provides the environment in which
applications execute. Operating systems accept commands directly from
the user to do such things as copy files and change passwords. The
Team-Fly®
iSeries Software
117
Application Program
Operating System
Main
Storage
SLIC
Hardware
System
Hardware
Figure 3.2. The application program software layer of the model. The
application program defines the particular tasks the computer is performing for
the user.
Application Program
Operating System
Main
Storage
SLIC
Hardware
System
Hardware
Figure 3.3. The operating system software layer of the model. The operating
system provides the environment in which the application program(s) run.
118
operating system must also manage the system variables used for tailoring the major types of objects supported by the system, such as programs, files, and communication protocols, and provides national
language support. Operating systems are discussed in greater detail in
Chapter 4, which is devoted to the topic. The integrated nature and the
rich set of functions of the iSeries operating system (OS/400) are among
the things that make the iSeries systems different from other midrange
computers.
The third and final layer of software in the software model (the
shaded area in Figure 3.4) is called the System-Licensed Internal Code
(SLIC) layer. SLIC is a set of extremely simple instructions (never seen
by the computer programmer or user) that are directly performed by
the electronic circuits within the system processor. All user program
instructions are automatically converted into a series of these SLIC instructions, which are then executed by the system processor. SLIC in
many ways is considered as part of the hardware because it instructs the
hardware directly what to do for the software. Unlike application programs or operating systems, users never interact with the SLIC layer. It
exists only to help application programs and the operating system per-
Application Program
Operating System
Main
Storage
SLIC
Hardware
System
Hardware
Figure 3.4. The SLIC software layer of the model. SLIC directly controls the
hardware elements of the application systems and shields application programs
and the operating system from hardware details.
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form their tasks. SLIC instructions help hide the hardware specifics from
the application programs, making application program compatibility
possible across a wide range of hardware. SLIC and some of its interfaces to the hardware and operating system are part of the Technology
Independent Machine Interface, which has enabled the iSeries systems
to continuously improve the hardware and operating system while maintaining compatibility with application programs. It is the particularly
rich SLIC layer in an iSeries system that helps set its architecture apart
from those of more conventional computers. The built-in database,
single-level storage, object-oriented architecture, and other iSeries features described in “Hardware Architecture Overview” in Chapter 1 are
all designed into the SLIC layer of iSeries, making them part of the
machine itself. This results in highly efficient, consistent, and easy-touse implementations of these functions.
Because there are more SLIC instructions than can fit in the Instruction Cache (I-cache), some must reside in the slower main storage area.
All SLIC instructions in the I-cache will execute in one I-cache cycle
time (the time it takes the I-cache to respond to the system processor’s
request for the SLIC instruction). Because all actions of the system processor are dictated by SLIC instructions, the system processor runs in
lockstep with the I-cache cycles. When the needed SLIC instructions are
in the slower main storage, the system processor is delayed, reducing
the overall system performance. A larger I-cache area provided in the
iSeries computers holds more of the SLIC instructions, thus contributing to higher system performance.
How the Software Layers Are Different
One of the basic differences between iSeries and traditional computer
systems can be seen by examining the software layers. Figure 3.5 shows
the three software layers of our model (application, operating system,
and SLIC) in a little more detail. The figure shows the traditional software layers side by side with those of the iSeries. The first thing to
notice is the difference between where the various software functions
reside in the layers. In the traditional system, functions such as security,
database, and communications reside in the operating system layer
(which is usually made up of a collection of separately purchased operating system products). With this traditional approach, each operating
system product must be installed and maintained separately. This is why
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Traditional Systems
Application
Programs
Application
Programs
Base OS functions
Single Security product
operating Communication product
system Database product
components
Other OS products
Lowest level
available to
programmers
Microcode Machine instructions
and
hardware Processor, memory, etc.
iSeries System
Application
Programs
Single
operating
system
SLIC and
hardware
Application
program
interface
(API)
Application
Programs
Base OS functions
Communications
database
security (integrated)
Machine instructions
Processor, memory, etc.
IOPs
Lowest
level available to programmers
MI
(machine
interface)
I/O file
system
Novell
UNIX
NT
Notes
Workflow
Figure 3.5. The iSeries software architecture differs from that of more
traditional systems. Implementing more function in the SLIC layer and providing
a one-piece operating system results in improved efficiency, consistency, and
simplicity.
a highly skilled individual called a systems programmer is needed to
support this kind of system.
With the iSeries approach, much of the basic database, security, and
other functions are built into the SLIC layer. Because SLIC implementations are in general more efficient (by nature of their “closeness” to the
hardware), overall system performance is improved. The operating system for the iSeries (OS/400) provides all of its functions in a single product. This eliminates the need for the operator to install, tailor, and manage
the multiple operating system components in traditional operating systems and to make sure that each works with the others as new versions
are shipped at different times. The price you pay for this simplicity is
that you get all OS/400 functions whether you need them or not, whereas
the user of traditional systems can select only the traditional operating
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system components needed at a given time. (Of course, in traditional
operating systems, the user is responsible for ensuring that the selected
components work properly together.)
Another basic difference lies in the way a programmer properly
“sees” the systems. With the traditional system, system function such as
database management or security resides in the operating system and
therefore can be modified by a systems programmer. This gives the systems programmer more flexibility in customizing the computer system
at the expense of more complexity. In a traditional operating system
environment, the database functions are not part of the operating system but are purchased as a separate component, such as DB2, Oracle,
Sybase, or Informix. With the iSeries, ease of use and efficiency are
gained at the price of some flexibility. For example, because the database functions are built into the SLIC instructions, they cannot be modified. If programmers want to change how the database is managed,
there are some things they simply cannot do. Thus, there’s a choice with
other systems that is not available in OS/400.
Will AS/400 and S/3X Programs Work?
Before the introduction of the iSeries servers, the AS/400 and the preceding System/3X computer families were the most widely used business computing systems in the world. As a result, a wide variety of
application programs had been developed for those computers. The flexibility afforded by virtue of this large and diverse software base allowed
these earlier families to fill many different needs. Of course, this tremendous choice of available programs did not exist when these earlier
computers were first announced. It took the independent efforts of many
people over many years to develop the large software base that exists
today for AS/400 and System/3X. To capitalize on that software base,
software compatibility was a primary objective in the design of iSeries
computers. That is, most programs written for the AS/400 or System/3X
family can easily be migrated to iSeries computers.
It is important to understand that of the three software layers in our
software model, compatibility with programs in the application program layer is the most important. Why? First, application programs
typically represent the largest share of a user’s investment. Being forced
to abandon an application program because of incompatibilities may
also make a user throw away the data and training or experience accu-
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mulated with the application program—which can be substantial. Some
users have developed custom application programs at considerable cost
in development time and money. Incompatibility at the application program level would render these programs virtually useless. Also, and
perhaps most important, application layer compatibility allows iSeries
users access to the thousands of application programs that have been
developed for AS/400 and System/3X computers.
What about the operating system and SLIC layers? Maintaining
compatibility with earlier AS/400 or System/3X operating systems software is not as important for several reasons. Operating systems typically represent only a small fraction of a user’s software investment.
Further, a new operating system is usually necessary to allow users access to the new features of the computer system not considered by the
programmers of the old operating system. Of course, the user is automatically supplied with a new SLIC layer that fully supports the hardware with every iSeries system.
Inside Application Compatibility
To understand iSeries application compatibility, you must understand
something about how software is typically written. First, a programmer
writes a program’s instructions (code) using a programming language
(e.g., COBOL or RPG), which is basically a library of computer instructions from which a programmer may choose to write programs. The list
of programming language instructions is called source code. For a program to be run on a computer, the source code instructions must be
converted into instructions a computer can understand. This conversion process is called compiling the program. When source code is compiled, the result, called object code, can be directly executed by the
computer hardware. In addition to programming languages, the programmer can use predefined lists of operating system commands to do
things like start programs and present menus. These predefined lists are
called procedures. With this background, let us look at how the iSeries
provides compatibility with System/3X programs.
Programs written for System/38 computers, in general, are object
code compatible with iSeries systems. That is, you can take the object
code for a program written for a System/38, load it onto an iSeries system, and run the program. This is possible because of the System/38
environment, which makes the iSeries system look like a System/38 to
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the application program. Furthermore, most of the operating system commands used on the System/38 are the same as those used on the iSeries.
For this reason, System/38 procedures will also run with little or no change.
SLIC has an emulation that looks at every instruction from the S/36—
operating system, utilities, compilers, and applications—and executes
the correct sequence of iSeries instructions.
Application Programs
The software architecture overview described how three basic software
layers in an iSeries server cooperate to perform useful work for a user. A
layered model was used to illustrate the software architecture. This section concentrates on the top layer of the model—application programs.
It is the application programs that “apply” the iSeries server’s computational power to a particular business task.
Some businesses use application programs designed, written, and
sold by other companies. These are called prewritten application programs. Compatible programs include those written by IBM, by IBM
Business Partners, and by general software vendors.
Some prewritten application programs are discussed, but by no means
does this chapter provide a complete consumers’ guide to all prewritten
software for the iSeries. Comprehensive coverage of the many business
application program products available today would fill many books,
which would be obsolete by the time they were published. Instead, the
discussions that follow will help you make more informed purchasing
decisions; they give examples of the kinds of things available from
prewritten application programs.
Many businesses choose to design and write their own custom application programs or use a combination of prewritten and custom application programs. In the last part of the chapter, we briefly look at
custom software alternatives.
Can Prewritten Programs Fit the Bill?
Today’s prewritten application programs range from simple programs
that concentrate on a very specific task to powerful and very complex
groups of programs designed to work together. They perform many
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functions as diverse as the environments in which computers are found
today. Many prewritten application programs are useful in most business environments (for example, word processing and accounting). These
are known as cross-industry application programs because they are not
specific to any particular industry segment. Other prewritten applications address the specialized needs of a particular industry (e.g., manufacturing or utilities). These are called industry-specific application
programs. As a rule, the application programs written by IBM fit into a
cross-industry category as opposed to an industry-specific category.
Cross-Industry Application Programs
Let’s take a quick look at some examples of cross-industry application
programs for iSeries systems.
Data Warehousing
Data warehousing consists of a set of hardware and software components that analyze the massive amounts of data that companies are
storing to improve business decisions. The data used to operate the
business includes a wealth of knowledge and may be a partially wasted
asset. Data warehousing applied properly can make it possible to do
the following:
•
Understand business trends
•
Improve forecasting decisions
•
Bring better and more timely products to market
•
Analyze daily sales information
•
Speed decisions that can affect a company’s performance.
On-Line Analytical Processing (OLAP) products are multidimensional analysis tools that store data using these data structures. Data
marts contain informational data that is departmentalized, tailored to
the needs of specific departmental work groups, and characterized by
small size, generally less than 10 GB. Metadata is information about
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the data warehouse and the data contained in that data warehouse, and
is composed of two parts—technical data and business data. Technical
data contains descriptions of the operational database and the data
warehouse. The warehouse administrator uses technical data to maintain the warehouse so as to know where all of the data is coming from.
Business data helps locate information in the data warehouse without
knowing the base implementation of the database. Business data information is presented in business terms instead of the terms the programmer used when the database was built and provides information about
how recent the data is, which operational database the information came
from, and how reliable the data is.
Data Mining
Data mining is the search for relationships and segmentation in the data
in the data warehouse. Discovery-driven data mining is the finding of
new relationships and segmentation that are totally unexpected. IBM’s
newest product in this area, Intelligent Miner (5733-IM1), provides a
framework for using all of IBM’s current and emerging data-mining
techniques. Intelligent Miner is scalable, flexible, and open—integrating components and extracting data from many environments, including all DB2 for iSeries relational database family products. It provides
client support for Windows, Windows NT, and AIX.
Intelligent Miner is designed for business users, not data analysts,
offering the derivation of new, comprehensible information through
predictive modeling, database segmentation, link analysis, and deviation detection using data-mining techniques. Figure 3.6 illustrates the
functions and layers of the construct for data mining. What makes the
iSeries with its OS/400 operating system a good server on which to
perform data warehousing and data mining? The five requirements of a
data warehouse server are performance, capacity, scalability, open interfaces, and multiple data structures. Intelligent Miner has increased
its functionality through support for a full range of statistical functions
including correlations, factor analysis, linear regression, univariate
curves, and bivariate statistics. The existing mining techniques have been
optimized, and one mining technique, net value prediction, has been
added.
The database server must be capable of supporting the user’s performance expectations during analysis. Many warehouses contain over 100
GB of data, with very complex analysis tasks being executed against the
Symbolic Natural
Induction Networks
Fraud
Detection
Claims
Cellular
Telephony
Text Mining
Abstract
Search
Patent Data
Search
Internet
Database
Link
Analysis
Deviation
Detection
AM
FL
Y
Predictive
Modeling
Radial
Basis
Functions
Symbolic Association
Visual- Statistical
Segmenta- & Sequence
ization Analysis
tion
Discovery
Data mining constructs.
TE
Figure 3.6.
Customer
Segmentation
Customer
Retention
Targeted Mailing
Cross Selling
Customer
Vulnerability
Analysis
Database
Segmentation &
Summarization
Data
Mining
Operations
Applications
Market Basket
Analysis
Promotional
Effectiveness
Subscriber
Analysis
Demand
Forcasting
Data
Mining
Tech niques
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database. Parallel computing technologies become quite important when
dealing with this large a size.
The iSeries at the single-system level supports parallel computing,
using its DASD I/O processors on the DB2 for iSeries database and
Symmetrical MultiProcessing (SMP), which can apply the resources of
up to thirty-two processors cooperatively for a single job or query. In
addition, with Opticonnect, up to 128 nodes (a node is an instance of
OS/400) can be connected in a loosely coupled relationship.
The power of all 128 nodes can be brought to bear both in containing the warehouse size and in performing the analysis required. DB2
Multisystem must be installed to support the loosely coupled technology. Intelligent Miner supports your analysis needs in the areas of:
•
Capacity
•
Scalability
•
Open interfaces
•
Multiple data structures.
Team-Fly®
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Intelligent Miner has been extended to include text-analysis tools
(clustering, classification, feature extraction) by using an advanced search
engine and providing Web access tools.
One example of how data mining can help a business was the discovery of an unexpected relationship between young men with small
children who enjoyed football, beer, Thursday nights, and diapers. If
these young men went to the store on Thursday night during football
season to buy diapers for their young children, they would also stop at
the beer display and pick up some beer to drink during that weekend’s
games. If a particular brand of diapers was located on the same aisle,
the young men would pick up whatever brand of diapers it was, regardless of price. Needless to say, the retailers located the most profitable
brand of diapers on the same aisle as the beer.
Collaborative Computing
Collaborative computing is an environment in which many users require the coordination of multiple actions toward the accomplishment
of a common goal. Programs that enable the achievement of that coordination are known collectively as groupware. Groupware applications
help organizations communicate, collaborate, and coordinate strategic
business processes both within and beyond the boundaries of the business to achieve improved business results. Examples of groupware are
Lotus Notes and Domino. Lotus Notes supports the client functions,
and Domino supports server functions. Domino for iSeries is described
in Chapter 5 with regard to its use for e-commerce and network computing capabilities. Lotus Notes client functions support:
•
Advanced client/server e-mail
•
Direct Web browsing, Web agents, and off-line access to Web pages
•
Calendaring and scheduling for personal calendaring, task management, and group scheduling
•
Support for mobile workers
•
Bundling and integration with Netscape Navigator and Microsoft
Internet Explorer
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•
Optional, high-performance Lotus components.
Domino Server Powered by Notes provides:
•
HTTP Web server accessed using a standard Web browser
•
Calendaring and scheduling with free-time search and
interoperability
•
SMTP–MTA (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol–Message Transfer
Agent) providing mail coexistence with Notes Mail
•
Support for Internet standards, including SMTP/MIME, X.400,
JAVA, Netscape plug-ins, ActiveX, POP3, HTTP, HTML, MAPI,
SNMP, SSL, and CGI
•
Integration with corporate data, including iSeries data via
DataPropagator/400 (5716-DP1).
IBM offers two iSeries integration packs for Lotus Notes. The iSeries
Integration BasePak for Lotus Notes allows the IXA to act as a LAN
adapter, providing software to install Notes on the server. It also includes one copy each of Lotus Notes R4 server and a full applicationdevelopment client license. The iSeries Integration BasePak for Lotus
Notes also includes server administration, the ability to add Notes users
via the iSeries, the ability to exchange mail with Notes Mail, and shadowing of the iSeries SDD (System Distribution Directory) to the Notes
Name and Address book.
With the availability within Notes of SMTP-MTA (Message Transfer Agent) and POP3, iSeries Notes users can communicate with a wide
variety of other mail clients. Even nonprogrammable terminals have
interoperability, as they will receive the text and attachments as storable, forwardable PC files.
The IXA supports existing Notes database functions, including replication and compression. DB2 UDB for iSeries data can be imported to
Notes databases. Options are available for shadowing DB2 UDB for
iSeries data into Notes as either a full or an incremental refresh. An
optional user exit program allows Notes updates to DB2 UDB for iSeries.
Web Navigator allows Notes clients to simply click wherever they want
to go. Web Publisher, a separate Lotus product, allows for batch conversions of Notes-created documents to HTML.
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Portable Application Solution Environment
The Portable Application Solution Environment (iSeries PASE) provides
an integrated OS/400 runtime for porting UNIX applications. PASE uses
a subset of AIX libraries to provide that runtime environment. PASE is
not an operating system and is not an emulator. It takes advantage of
the fact that the iSeries and the RS/6000 are using a common processor
technology (the RISC PowerPC) that includes both the RS/6000 and the
iSeries runtime environments. Given that environment, the iSeries processor directly switches runtime modes from iSeries to RS/6000 and
back again as required to support the applications. Figure 3.7 illustrates
the positioning of the runtime code for the PASE function. The result is
not only that the UNIX applications port to the iSeries in hours, but
they also have access to OS/400 services like DB2 UDB for iSeries database, file system, sockets, and so on. The UNIX applications can also
call JAVA and iSeries ILE applications and can exploit all aspects of
OS/400 operations and administration.
The general process is that PowerPC code development is done on an
RS/6000 workstation using AIX Application Development tools (editors,
iSeries ILE Applications
iSeries PASE Applications
OS/400
OS/400 Services
AIX (TM)
Shared Libraries
Syscall
OS/400 SLIC Kernel
PowerPC AS 64-Bit
AS/400e Server (8/97 or Later)
Figure 3.7.
iSeries PASE software positioning.
PowerPC 64/32-Bit
130
compilers, linkers, debuggers). The binaries are then copied to the iSeries
and placed in a stream file in the Integrated File System. The iSeries PASE
codes (binaries) are then invoked by calling the new OS/400 API.
The AIX runtime base is 32-bit and 64-bit AIX version 4.3.3 libraries, providing kernel support for over 200 AIX syscalls. The AIX runtime
provides a more complete AIX syscall and API support than previous
UNIX support offered; includes Euro support and utilities for locales;
supports Bourne, Korn, and C shells; updates C, C++, and Fortran language runtimes; and offers X Window System (client) and Motif runtime
libraries.
Support is provided to build OS/400 PASE programs without compiling on a separate AIX system. Application development utilities such
as make, Ld (linker), and As(assembler) are included. System Openness
contains header files for OS/400 PASE C and C++ programs. OS/400
PASE applications are supported for debugging by the iSeries System
Debugger. Many open source tools compiled for AIX PowerPC can be
run on OS/400 PASE. The application environment includes support
for PTY/TTY device drivers, making it easier to port applications requiring terminal support. OS/400 PASE programs support launching
the iSeries integrated JVM as well as support for the integrated JVM to
run native methods implemented as procedures in an OS/400 PASE executable. This makes it easier to port AIX applications that use a combination of Java and C/C++ code to OS/400 PASE.
OS/400 PASE includes Linux library support based on AIX 5L. Most
Linux applications that can be ported to AIX 5L can be ported to OS/400
PASE, at the most requiring a recompile. This provides a more integrated and scalable solution.
Documentation is provided for runtime, shells, and utilities in the
IBM InfoCenter. The user needs an AIX system to prepare application
binaries. There is no graphics adapter (use X-Windows server). There is
no support for kernel extensions, and there is no JVM.
AFP PrintSuite
AFP PrintSuite for OS/400 is a family of print-enabling applications for
transforming traditional line-mode printing to full-page documents and
reports—output that blends application data with a variety of fonts,
electronic forms, images, text, graphics, and bar coding. While the standard interface to AFP document function is with DDS and external
printer files, there are situations where a different approach is required.
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For example, you may want to change the format of your invoice without making changes to the line-of-business invoicing program. The AFP
PrintSuite products (with the exception of AFP Toolbox) enable application-independent document formatting. AFP PrintSuite for OS/400 is
composed of four separate document formatting applications.
Advanced Print Utility (APU)
Advanced Print Utility (APU) is an interactive end-user application that
transforms existing application output into advanced electronic documents. No application changes are required, since APU works off the
output spool file created by the application. Through a standard iSeries
interface, a new document is designed. The new document can incorporate electronic forms, image, fonts, bar codes, text, and other elements.
The existing output data is brought up visually, and placement of each
element on the page can easily be changed. Additionally, application
data can be tested to determine page layout and types of copies produced. Once the document design is complete, the new application can
be put into production using the APU Monitor. The APU Monitor includes the ability to control where output, including copies, is printed
as well as providing multiple user exits in order to further customize the
document design or print flow.
Page Printer Formatting Aid (PPFA)
Page Printer Formatting Aid (PPFA) is a compiler that converts AFP
print formatting resources—page definitions and form definitions—from
source format to object format. Page and form definitions are standard
AFP resources that control how line-mode application output (called
line data) is mapped to a page. Once these definitions are created and
specified in the printer file, existing application output is dynamically
changed. When the application is run the next time, it creates full recommended replacement for PPFA.
AFP Toolbox
AFP Toolbox is a developer set of tools that provides for full control of
the AFP print data stream. Composed of high-function C and C++ objects, the AFP Toolbox enables the formatting of complex documents.
For example, you may need to create customer statements where each
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page is dynamically designed based on a customer profile and transaction data. Or you may have a document where a scanned image must be
imbedded on the fly. Or you may need to create a standard AFP “print
driver” for a series of applications. The AFP Toolbox APIs enable a
developer to code these document characteristics at a high level and
have the appropriate AFP structure fields automatically created.
SAP R/3 AFP Print
SAP R/3 AFP Print provides AFP print support for SAP R/3 applications. Basic support enables R/3 reports to be printed on IPDS printers.
Extended support enables you to enhance existing R/3 output (for example, an invoice) with electronic forms, typographic fonts, and image. SAP R/3 AFP Print is built into R/3 print processing for maximum
efficiency.
Industry-Specific Application Programs
The cross-industry application programs discussed up to this point are
of a highly general nature, able to fill the common needs found in even
the most diverse business environments. They were designed to be as
general as possible to cover the largest market possible—sort of the “all
things to all people” approach. In most cases, however, a business also
has some needs that are more specialized to its particular industry. Therefore, another type of prewritten application program, called an industry-specific application program, may be desirable. As the term
industry-specific implies, this type of application program is specially
designed to address the needs of a well-defined business category. A real
estate office has application program needs that differ from those of a
dental practice. Each would benefit by an appropriate prewritten yet
highly specialized industry-specific application program.
Many software companies have put a great deal of effort into developing industry-specific programs for the System/3X computers. Since
iSeries systems can run many of these programs as well as those specially written for the iSeries, highly specific business/professional environments can be addressed. There are industry-specific applications
designed for manufacturing companies, insurance companies, real estate offices, medical practices, construction companies, law practices,
churches, and so on. These programs are often modular, meaning that
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they are really several different programs designed to work closely together. Each program or module can be used individually or share information with the others. Modular programs allow you to select only the
modules you need, reducing costs for those not needing “the works.”
Hundreds of software companies have written thousands of industry-specific application programs, and new application programs are
appearing almost daily. Before custom software, discussed next, is purchased, industry-specific software should be carefully considered.
Custom Application Programs
Prewritten application programs fit many needs. They are comparably
inexpensive, flexible, and convenient tools. In some cases, however, users may find that the fit of their application program to the way the
business operates needs to be that of a tight glove. This is especially true
in environments in which the iSeries servers are needed to perform highly
unusual and specific tasks or there is a need to conform to existing
company procedures. In these cases, it’s better to develop custom application programs written to the user’s exact specifications.
Custom application programs are designed and written by programmers employed by the company or by consultants contracted for just
that purpose. In either case, the basic development steps are the same.
First, a software specification is developed that describes the actions of
each program, and the specific interface is projected for the input and
output of the program. Then a preliminary version of the program is
written that demonstrates the final program. The user evaluates this
preliminary version, and the specification is altered to reflect any needed
changes. Last, the final program and user manuals are written and put
in place at the user’s location. Typically, the developer will provide user
training and any problems will be ironed out.
Once the user accepts the program, the software has to be supported.
Users will need a place to go when they have questions not addressed by
the manuals. Support also includes making necessary changes to the
application program, which the changing business environment often
may require. This kind of ongoing support is critical to the success of
any computer automation project.
Most of the time, developing custom application programs is more
expensive and time-consuming than going with the prewritten application program approach. In many environments, however, this additional
expense and time can be recovered by the increased return on invest-
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ment that can result from custom applications that precisely fit the needs
of the environment. An additional benefit of custom application programs is their ability to change as a company changes. Getting major
modifications to prewritten application programs may be difficult or
impossible.
The iSeries functions and programming tools including the basic
architecture of iSeries systems make for a very productive programdevelopment environment. The built-in database and single-level storage provide high-level structures and consistency.
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4
Operating Systems
F
ew areas in information processing create more confusion and apprehension than the operating system. This chapter is designed to help remove some of the mystery associated with the iSeries operating system
and related system software.
Introduction to Operating System Concepts
The operating system used by all iSeries computers is OS/400. Before
we take a look at OS/400, let’s cover a few basic concepts.
The operating system provides the necessary interface that allows a
user and the application programs to interact with computers. The user
interacts directly with the operating system’s user interface to manage
files on a disk, start application programs, print files, and so on. The
operating system performs the tasks that all applications must perform,
providing a uniform, consistent method for accomplishing those tasks.
The operating system also performs tasks directly under the control of
application programs without any user assistance. The application program initiates tasks by directly interacting with the operating system
through the Application Program Interface (API).
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AM
FL
Y
The API is simply a set of operating system commands that can be
issued directly by the application program. OS/400 recognizes commands
written in Control Language (CL). The API simplifies the job of the
application programmer because it is not necessary to become involved
with the details of hardware interaction. Further, when an application
uses the API, it is shielded from changes in the computer hardware as
new computers are developed. The operating system can be changed to
support new computer hardware while preserving the API unchanged,
allowing application programs to run on the new computer.
The iSeries uses an integrated operating system called OS/400. With
more traditional computer systems, the operating system must be “assembled” from individually selected components which must be integrated
and tested by a systems programmer. With iSeries systems, the OS/400
operating system comes pre-packaged as one integrated product. That is,
IBM has already assembled and tested all OS/400 components to make
sure they operate properly. The disadvantages of this approach are that
the user must take OS/400 as a package, and it is not possible to “pickand-choose” only the operating system functions you want.
OS/400—An Executive Overview
Operating System/400, commonly called OS/400, is a multiuser (serves
more than one user at a time) operating system used with all iSeries
computer systems. It works closely with the System Licensed Internal
Code (SLIC) instructions in iSeries systems to implement database, security, single-level storage, and many other functions that are basic to
the iSeries architecture. OS/400 is a pre-packaged and pre-tested set of
programs that perform housekeeping tasks based on requests from both
users and application programs. Any iSeries user can load and switch
between multiple batch or interactive tasks, each protected from disruption by other tasks or users.
Although OS/400 offers users complex and sophisticated features,
much has been done to make OS/400 easy to use. One of the ease-of-use
enhancements is the uniting of the OS/400 and the Windows desktop to
provide a new graphical interface for users who are familiar with the
Windows interface. Other OS/400 items that directly address ease of
use include automatic configuration of devices and table-driven
customization.
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137
Extensive help and online (computer-based) documentation are provided to reduce the need to consult reference manuals when a user needs
more information. Online education using CD-ROMs is built into
OS/400, allowing users to learn how to use the system while sitting in
front of their workstation.
In addition to performing tasks under the direct control of the user,
OS/400 performs tasks under direct control of an application program,
which issues commands to OS/400 through the OS/400 application program interface (API). The API provides a defined protocol for passing
information directly between the application program and OS/400 with
no user interaction required. Often, OS/400 subsequently calls on the
routines of the underlying SLIC instructions to effect the desired action.
OS/400 provides multiple APIs to maintain compatibility with programs originally written for System/36, System/38, and AS/400 predecessors of the iSeries. The newer iSeries API provides some additional
capabilities not found in earlier operating systems, such as the structured query language method of dealing with databases. If a user gets
stuck on some operating system screen, pressing the “Help” key causes
some help text to appear on the screen. The particular help text shown
depends on where the cursor was on the screen when the Help key was
pressed; that is, the text will address the particular item at which the
cursor was positioned. This is called contextual help.
Extensive database and communications support in OS/400 allows
iSeries to manage large amounts of information and participate in many
communications configurations. Available application development tools
improve the productivity of programmers for those writing their own
custom application programs. For current users of System/38 systems,
the iSeries will run System/38 object code.
It is important to note that the Linux operating system can also be
used on iSeries systems (as a secondary operating system to OS/400).
Linux is emerging as a very important industry-standard operating system which is fully embraced by iSeries and the rest of the IBM eServer
lines. Later in this chapter we will explore Linux further.
A Closer Look at OS/400
Even though OS/400 is fairly easy to use, it has many complex features and functions. A complete description of these features would
138
require a separate book. However, the remainder of this chapter looks
briefly at some of the most important topics and the impact on those
topics as a result of the evolution of computing to the e-business environment of today:
•
Integrated file system
•
DB2 UDB for iSeries
•
Communications support
•
Systems management features
•
Advanced-function printing
•
Management Central
•
WebSphere Development Studio
•
Open standards-based interoperability
•
Object-oriented programming languages (Java, C, C++)
•
Linux for OS/400
•
Globalization.
Integrated File System
The integrated file system of OS/400 provides a consistent structure for
manipulating all the types of information (i.e., file types) stored in an
iSeries system (see Figure 4.1). That is, it provides a consistent structure
and interface (for users and application programs) for accessing traditional database files, libraries, folders, documents, and so on, as well as
increasingly important information types such as images, audio, and video.
Support is provided for:
•
Stream files, which can contain long continuous strings of data
(for example, the text of a document or the long string of data
representing a scanned image).
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139
Integrated
File System
Libraries
Database
Files
Figure 4.1.
Directories
Stream
Files
Folders
Document
Objects
OS/400 integrated file system structure.
•
The Network File System (NFS) and the Remote File System
(RFS), which are popular in UNIX environments.
•
CICS files, which are popular on the IBM S/390 computer family.
•
A hierarchical directory structure (similar to that of UNIX) that
allows objects to be organized like fruit on the branches of a
tree. An object is accessed by specifying the path through the
directories to the object.
•
A common interface that allows users and application programs
to access all information—not only the stream files, but also
database files, documents, and other objects stored in the iSeries
system.
The integrated file system enhances the data-management capabilities of OS/400 to better support emerging and future forms of information processing (e.g., client/server, open systems, and multimedia). The
benefits provided by the integrated file system include:
•
Fast access to iSeries data, especially for applications using the
PC file server (shared folder) facilities.
140
•
More efficient handling of the increasingly important types of
stream data, such as images, audio, and video.
•
A file system and directory base for supporting UNIX-based open
system standards such as POSIX and XPG. This file and directory structure also provides a familiar environment for users of
UNIX and PC operating systems such as DOS and Windows.
•
The ability to handle information (such as record-oriented database files, UNIX-based stream files, and file serving) through
separate file systems or to manage it through a common interface, depending on user needs.
•
Better graphical user interface for PC users. For example, Windows users can use the Windows graphical tools to operate on
iSeries stream files and other objects in the same way that they
operate on files stored on their PCs.
•
Continuity of object names and associated object information
across national languages. This support ensures that individual
characters remain the same when switching from the code page
of one language to the code page of another language.
OS/400 contains a file system that connects the iSeries to a Windows NT/Windows 2000/Windows XP domain as a client. That file
system is named QNTC and uses standard POSIX APIs to provide
access from the integrated file system. The transport mechanisms to
the new file system use industry-standard protocols NetBios and
TCP/IP.
Messaging protocols between the integrated file system and QNTC
are the industry-standard CIFS and SMB. Through its access to data
stored within the Windows domain, the iSeries becomes a mechanism
for distribution of applications and data. Any iSeries application that
can use data as formatted on the Windows server can use the file system, such as Java applications. Access is allowed to data on both
standalone Windows servers and the iSeries Windows application processor. Support is provided for Windows NT/2000. The total number of
active Application Storage Pools (ASPs) supported has been increased
from sixteen to sixty-four.
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141
Stream Files
To better understand stream files, it is useful to compare them with
iSeries database files. A database file is record-oriented: It has predefined
subdivisions consisting of one or more fields that have specific characteristics, such as length and data type. A stream file is simply a file
containing a continuous stream of data. Documents stored in iSeries
folders are stream files. Other examples of stream files are PC files and
the files in UNIX systems. Figure 4.2 illustrates the difference between
record-oriented database files and stream files. The different structure
of record-oriented files and stream files affects how an application is
written to interact with them and where each type of file is best used in
an application. A record-oriented file, for example, is well suited for
storing customer statistics (such as name, address, and account balance)
because these predefined fields can be individually accessed and ma-
Access
Services
(HTTP, IIOP)
Browsers
PCs
Pervasive Devices
WebSphere
Application Server
Web Server
Runtime
Services
ORB
e-business
Applications
J2EE, Web Services
Java Servlet, EJB
Connection
Services
Relational
Databases
Figure 4.2.
Legacy
Systems
ERP
Systems
Other
Application
Servers
Stream file structure vs. record-oriented file structure.
142
nipulated using the extensive programming facilities of the iSeries. A
stream file is better suited for storing information such as a customer’s
picture, which is composed of a continuous string of bits representing
variations in color. Stream files are particularly well suited for storing
strings of data such as the text of a document, images, audio, and video.
File System Support
From the perspective of structures and rules, the OS/400 support for
accessing database files and various other object types through libraries
can be thought of as a file system called QSYS.LIB. Similarly, the OS/400
support for accessing stream files is a separate file system, called QDLS.
Other file systems supported under the integrated file system include
the following:
•
Root: The root file system is designed to take full advantage of
the stream file support and hierarchical directory structure of
the integrated file system, and it has the characteristics of the
DOS and OS2 file systems.
•
QOPENSYS: The open system file system is designed to be compatible with UNIX-based open system standards, such as POSIX
and XPG. It is stream file-oriented and supports case-sensitive
object names.
•
QLANSrv: The LAN server file system provides access to the
same directories and files as are accessed through the OS/2
Warp Server licensed program. It allows users of the PC file
server (shared folders) and iSeries applications to use the same
data as OS/2 Warp Server (5769-XZ1) clients. OS/2 Warp Server
will run applications that do not require graphical user interface interaction. OS/2 Warp Server increases save/restore performance and provides printer-serving capability and TCP/IP
support including NetBIOS over TCP/IP, and LAN-to-LAN
print capability.
Users and application programs can interact with any of the file
systems through a common integrated file system interface. This interface is optimized for input/output of stream data in contrast to the record
input/output provided through the data-management interfaces. A set
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143
of user facilities (commands, menus, and displays) and application program interfaces is provided for interacting with the file systems through
this common interface. Triggers, stored procedures, declarative referential integrity, two-phase commit, and long field names are supported
under all file forms and therefore improve DB2 UDB for iSeries as well
as CICS/400.
The integrated file system can support a large address space up to
72 terabytes, which can be used for heap storage, shared memory, and
memory mapped files. In addition to the large address space, the IFS
can support stream files up to 256 GB in size in the root (/), qOpenSys, and user-defined file systems. Threadsafe integrated file system
API interfaces can access objects in the following file systems in a multithreaded job:
•
QSYS.LIB
•
QOPT
•
QLANSrv.
A new directory implementation provides better directory performance, scalability, robustness, and recoverability. Combining the foregoing with journaling and improved caching techniques results in a faster,
safer, more reliable file system.
Network File System
The internal structure of the integrated file system is shown in Figure
4.3. There are five components to that file system structure. The QOPT
PFS (Physical File System) supports both CD-ROM and optical libraries. The user-defined physical file system supports long-named objects,
as well as allows the user to identify specific groupings of hardware to
belong to particular auxiliary storage pools. The Network File System
(NFS) Server and NFS Client PFSs are UNIX specific and are discussed
further in the following paragraphs. QNetWare Client PFS supports the
needs of an Internet set of clients.
The NFS Server and NFS Client communicate using Remote Program
Calls (RPCs). The NFS Client is a physical file system that implements the
iSeries Virtual File System architecture. The NFS Client provides seamless access to remote files for local applications. The remote files could be
144
Applications/Generic Commands
FMS
Non-POSIX
APIs
POSIX
APIs
PC File
Server
(shared
folders)
Logical File System
NFS
Server
vnode interface
QDLS
PFS
Qsys.lib
PFS
Root
PFS
QOPT
PFS
QOpenSys
PFS
NFS
Client PFS
User-Defined
PFS
QFileSvr.400
Client PFS
QLANSrv
Client PFS
QNetWare
Client PFS
F
S
I
O
P
Legend
Added in 1996
Integrated File System Base
OS/400 Base
Figure 4.3.
Integrated file system internal structure.
on a remote UNIX machine, the AIX IOP, or any machine that is running an NFS Server. The network file system contains both a lock manager and a system monitor. The design of the system between the server
and the client is a stateless design (one in which after completion of the
current activity it is impossible to go back to a previous activity, because there is no coherent tracking of separate activities), so changes
made at the client cannot be acquired at the server until the data stream
is received at the server. Therefore, the server locks all data that has
been sent to the client until received back from the client. The server
monitor keeps track of the state of the systems in the network.
Remote File System
The iSeries Remote File System allows users to share access to devices
such as optical libraries or integrated NetFinity Servers among iSeries
systems, manage a network from a single iSeries, share data in a homogeneous iSeries network, and get data from multiple iSeries systems with
one connection from a PC. The remote file system allows an iSeries
computer to act as a client to other iSeries computers to allow access—
Operating Systems
145
using the integrated file system commands—to any object on those iSeries
systems. It can only talk to other iSeries systems, and iSeries Access can
use this connection to access data on those other iSeries systems. It is
possible to chain system connections this way, but you must pay a propagation delay penalty. The connections can be across TCP/IP, APPC, or
both. Functions not supported across these connections include multiple entities such as authorization lists and group profiles, extended
attributes and byte locking, and save/restore functions. Also, all users
share the same connection to the remote system, and symbolic links can
be traversed but not created.
CICS Transaction Server for iSeries (5769-DFH)
Previously referred to as CICS/400, CICS Transaction Server for iSeries
comes packaged with two other products—CICS Universal Clients and
CICS Transaction Gateway. The grouping of these products allows entry into e-business. Using application programs (prewritten or custom)
to access and manipulate information in an iSeries database, businesses
can combine all of the methods of accessing information to provide an
environment that is tailored to their particular needs. These application
programs may, unknown to the users, employ one or more of the previously discussed database-access methods, depending on the specific need.
Using the CICS Transaction Server for iSeries extension to OS/400, programmers can run CICS application programs (COBOL) on an iSeries
and access data on the iSeries or some other computer (e.g., an S/390 or
OS/2 computer) running CICS.
Application programs that use CICS are very common in the IBM
S/390 user community. CICS Transaction Server for iSeries allows programmers to migrate S/390-based CICS application programs to the
iSeries or use their CICS experience to write new CICS application programs specifically for the iSeries. The communications functions provided by the CICS environment provide another way for iSeries
programmers to write/migrate application programs that give users access to information stored in the iSeries and other computer systems.
The CICS Translation Server for iSeries functions have been extended
to include client/server support, two-phase commit, and C applicationlanguage support.
Programs written for the CICS Clients and the CICS Transaction
Gateway can access CICS transactions on iSeries over a TCP/IP or an
SNA network. This allows host-based applications to be enabled for
146
client environments. The CICS Transaction Gateway enables these same
applications to be used in Web-serving environments.
Client for Windows NT/2000 File System
AM
FL
Y
The Client for Windows NT/2000 File System provides the iSeries access to the NT/2000 files in the Windows NT/2000 File System via the
iSeries Integrated File System. TCP/IP transports are used to communicate with any NT/2000 server in the domain. Connections can be made
to NT/2000 on the Integrated xSeries Servers (IXS) and standalone
NT/2000 servers. The iSeries can be used as a management control point
for distributing applications. Any iSeries application that can use data
formatted on the NT/2000 server has access to that data. If NT/2000
data needs backup, NT/2000 Backup must be used.
TE
DB2 Universal DataBase (UDB) for iSeries
To efficiently interact with large amounts of information, it is necessary
to organize that information in some uniform way. For example, the
information in a telephone book is organized into an alphabetical list of
names, addresses, and telephone numbers. Computers also provide a
tool for storing information in an organized software structure called a
database. Almost any kind of information (e.g., a department store’s
inventory, a library’s books, personnel records, digitized sound effects,
medical records, scanned images of houses, etc.) can be stored within a
computer database.
All iSeries systems come with built-in database functions, called DB2
Universal DataBase (UDB) for iSeries, as part of OS/400. DB2 Universal Database (UDB) for iSeries is a member of IBM’s DB2 UDB family
optimized for the iSeries platform and operating system. Over 35,000
commercially available iSeries application solutions take advantage of
the power, flexibility, and ease of use of the DB2 UDB for iSeries database manager. These applications are written for a wide range of industries and users, ranging from small businesses with basic accounting
needs to large corporations with complex computing environments.
The fact that DB2 UDB is built into the operating system means
that the database functions are preloaded, fully integrated with the rest
of the system components, and thoroughly tested. This integration also
means that each enhancement to the operating system enriches the database environment.
Team-Fly®
Operating Systems
147
What Is a Relational Database?
The DB2 UDB for iSeries is a relational database structure. In a relational database, each piece of information is related to the others using
a simple tabular structure. This provides great flexibility when defining
the database and using the information it contains. Inside the iSeries
database, information is stored as records and fields. Do not be intimidated by the words. This is exactly how the information in a phone
book is structured. Figure 4.4 shows an example of a telephone book
listing and the corresponding relational database structure found in an
iSeries computer. The phone book itself is analogous to a set of information or a database.
Records and Fields
The information about one person in the phone book would be analogous to a record (or row). The record contains the information for a
given entry, and all other records contain similar information about
their respective entries. (An employee’s record contains all of the pertinent information about that employee regardless of the number of fields
needed.) In the case of a telephone book, a record contains the name,
address, and phone number of the person. Each one of these three items
is analogous to a field (or column). For example, in a relational database, the address part of a phone book entry is called the address field.
Manually looking up information in a phone book is time-consuming and quickly becomes fatiguing. The same is true for manually manipulating any large body of information. Once information is entered
Information organized
in a telephone book
Telephone book
(Name)
(Address)
(Phone #)
Packar J. C. 1012 SE 45 St----654-8499
Packer O. R. 244 W 13th St----878-2443
Pagano B. R. 667 NW 83rd St---655-0097
Information organized by a
database application program
Computer "database" file
"Name"
field
"Address"
field
1012 SE 45 St
Record #1 Packar J. C.
Record #2 Packer O. R. 244 W 13th St
Record #3 Pagano B. R. 667 NW 83rd St
"Phone No."
field
654-8499
878-2443
655-0097
Figure 4.4. Information in a database is organized much like the information
in a telephone book.
148
into a database, its retrieval by the computer is quick and easy. What
does the built-in database capability of the iSeries have to offer? In iSeries
computers the database structure is defined independently from user
programs. The data in the database is available to all user programs for
analysis, report generation, update, and so on, but the database definition does not reside in the users’ programs. The data is therefore said to
be externally described, meaning that no single user’s program on the
system describes the structure or content of the database. Instead, the
definition lives inside the iSeries’ built-in database system and in that
respect is independent from any one program. This is an important point,
because it improves the consistency and thus the maintainability of application programs. Now the programmer has one source for all information pertaining to the database structure and how application
programs use the database. Externally described data contribute to improved programmer productivity because the database will fit itself to
the application program rather than the application program fitting itself to the database.
Physical and Logical Files
Another important feature of iSeries database support is the support for
logical files. The telephone book example deals with real, or physical,
database files, which are groupings of information inside a computer.
The concept of logical files allows a system administrator to change the
appearance of the physical database to better suit individual needs. For
example, suppose there is a personnel database on an iSeries computer
for a fictitious company named Atole Enterprises. The organization of
the personnel information is shown in Figure 4.5.
This physical database file contains all personnel information and
was described externally to any user programs. A clerk (Jim) has the job
of keeping an up-to-date mailing list of all employees for the company
magazine, but to protect employees’ privacy, Jim must not have access
to the wage information that is part of the physical database file. To
meet these needs, a logical database file is defined that contains no information but only a view of the physical database that meets Jim’s
needs. The logical database file restricts Jim’s view of the physical database file to only the information he needs. Furthermore, since Jim looks
up employees by name, this is the key field defined in his logical database file. He is able to access the information by alphabetical order of
Operating Systems
Name
Address
Phone Wages
SS#
149
Date of Hire Marital Status
Record 1
Record 2
Record 3
Record 4
Record 5
Record 6
Record 7
Record 8
Record X
Figure 4.5.
Physical database containing personnel information.
employee name (his key field) rather than by the order in which the
names actually appear in the physical database file. Jim’s database file
structure is shown in Figure 4.6.
Another logical database file for a different clerk (Nancy) exists using the same physical data. Nancy tracks employee anniversaries. Her
logical database file structure is shown in Figure 4.7. Nancy looks up
employees by their date of hire, so this is the key field in her logical
database file. Only the fields needed to do her job are made available to
Nancy. As the needs of Atole change, many logical database files can be
defined to meet the different employees’ needs without affecting any
other user or the physical database file. The restrictions provided by
unique views for different users or user groups inherently guarantee
data security and data integrity. Also, within any particular view, fields
may be further identified as read only for additional data integrity. Users are allowed to view and change data contained in only the fields for
which they have authorization to make changes.
This example illustrates how multiple users can use a single copy of a
physical database to do completely different jobs. Without logical files,
multiple physical databases would have to be kept in the computer system, wasting space. The Atole Enterprises example is extended in the
next section to illustrate the problems of data concurrency and lock management across multiple physical databases containing redundant data.
150
Jim’s Logical Database
(Key)
Name
Address
Name
Address
Phone Wages
SS#
Hire date
Marital status
Record 1
Record 2
Record 3
Record 4
Record 5
Record 6
Record 7
Record 8
Record X
Figure 4.6. Jim’s logical database provides a “view” of the physical database
needed to perform his job.
Nancy’s Logical Database
(Key)
Jim’s Logical Database
(Key)
Name
Name
Address
Address
Name
Phone Wages
Address
SS#
Date of hire
Hire date Marital status
Record 1
Record 2
Record 3
Record 4
Record 5 Berger
123 W 7th St 1234567 750.00
12345
7/1/81
Record 6
Record 7
Record 8
Record X
Figure 4.7. Multiple logical databases can be constructed, providing different
views of the same physical database.
Operating Systems
151
Concurrency and Lock Management
Figure 4.8 illustrates a situation at fictitious Atole Enterprises that can
occur when multiple databases contain redundant information. The figure shows three different databases (one for Jim, one for Nancy, and
one for payroll), each of which contains name and address fields for
Atole employees. In addition to wasting space because of the redundancy, other problems are associated with having multiple physical databases. For example, one morning Jim receives notice that an employee
(Mr. Berger) has a new mailing address and Jim promptly updates the
database. Later that same morning, Nancy searches for that month’s
service anniversaries and finds that the month is Mr. Berger’s seventh
anniversary with the company. She checks his address and sends him an
anniversary card.
Without the logical-file approach, in which Jim and Nancy share
one physical copy of the data, Mr. Berger’s card would be sent to the old
address. With the logical database of the iSeries computers, as soon as
Jim updates Mr. Berger’s address, it is available to Nancy and Mr. Berger
gets his card on time. The problem solved by the single physical file
with multiple logical views is one of concurrency (synchronization).
Without this, when multiple physical files exist with redundant data
defined across those physical files, an update to a redundant field in one
Jim’s Database
Name Address
Nancy’s Database
Name Address Hire Date Name
Berger 333 E 7th St Berger 333 E 7th St
Physical Database #1
7/1/81
Address
Payroll Database
Phone Wages SS
Hire Date
Berger 333 E 7th St 1234567 750.00 23422 7/1/81
Figure 4.8. Without logical database views, multiple physical databases
would be necessary, wasting space, compromising data integrity, and complicating processing.
152
of those files makes it different from the identical field in the other physical files. An alternative solution is to maintain a cross reference file that
identifies all of the redundant fields of each of the physical files and an
application program that updates the redundant fields of the other physical files when any of the fields receives a change.
A second problem that arises from the concurrency problem is lock
management. Lock management becomes a problem because once the
computer knows that a redundant field has received a change, the computer must prohibit processing with those fields of the physical files
containing old data because either this will cause erroneous results or,
as in our example, the information will be sent to the wrong location.
To prevent that erroneous processing, the computer system locks those
fields until update processing has completed. If a program has started
that uses a locked field, the program must be backed out of the computing system or be put into a suspended state.
The illustration selected is a simple one because the data that changed
was entered by an individual, but consider the problem when the redundant field is changed under control of an application program, with
other application programs referencing that field for processing information. With multiple physical files with redundant fields, situations
have arisen in which the entire computing system became deadlocked
because the total resources of the computer were tied up and the update
program could not gain access to the resources to resolve the lock situations. Lock-management programs are very complex programs. Lock
management is also a problem when redundancy occurs over distributed databases on distributed systems.
There are ways to keep multiple copies of information up-to-date
on computer systems without logical files, but if our example is extended to a real business environment with many different clerks, many
different programs undergoing changes, and many different types of
databases, managing the problem becomes time-consuming and difficult. With the logical-file approach, there is no data-redundancy problem to manage. This example illustrates one method of using logical
database files to provide a user with the information needed in the way
that it is needed.
DB2 UDB Details and Components
DB2 UDB for iSeries is a relational database that performs all the
functions described in the examples used to introduce relational data-
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153
base concepts: multiple physical databases within a single database
structure, each of which contains records, fields, and some relationship; and multiple views for each physical database within the structure. In addition, the iSeries supports more recent database technology
such as triggers, stored procedures, declarative referential integrity,
and check constraints for both physical files and SQL tables. The DB2
UDB for iSeries capability provides support for the following industry
standards:
•
ANSI X3.135.1992, ISO 9075-1992, and FIPS 127-2
•
Structured Query Language (SQL)
•
Open Group Distributed Relational Database Architecture
(DRDA)
•
Microsoft’s Open Database Connection (ODBC)
•
Java DataBase Connection (JDBC).
The DB2 database-manager function is integrated into OS/400 software and iSeries hardware and includes all the support necessary for
applications and queries that use SQL to run on the iSeries. Some of the
functions needed for the development of SQL high-level applications
are packaged optionally in the DB2 Query Manager and SQL Development Kit product.
DB2 Query Manager and SQL Development Kit
The DB2 Query Manager and SQL Development Kit for iSeries provides an interactive query and report writing interface as well as
precompilers and tools to assist in writing Structured Query Language
(SQL) application programs in high-level programming languages. By
conforming to industry-standard structured query language, the SQL
implementation for OS/400 allows the definition, manipulation, query,
and control of access to iSeries data, working with both iSeries files and
SQL tables. Once created, the applications and queries can be restored
and run on other systems that do not have this product installed. An
SQL Development Kit for relational database uses programming languages such as C, C++, and REXX.
154
Another part of the SQL Development Kit is Interactive SQL
(STRSQL), which provides a prompt-driven interface that allows programmers to test and run SQL statements.
The interactive query interface, Query Manager, enables users to
generate queries and reports. The user can specify page headings and
footings; the order, width, and indenting for any column; page breaks;
and column summary information.
DB2 UDB for iSeries has been enabled for Internet application serving, which allows immediate use of existing data on the Internet to or
from a terminal no matter where in the world the terminal is located,
provided the usage meets the security requirements to use the Web server
and has an appropriate Web browser. The results of a query are returned to your Web browser as an HTML document. Figure 4.9 illustrates how the Internet connection to DB2 UDB for iSeries parallels the
iSeries generalized support for client/server computing.
DB2 Symmetric Multiprocessing (DB2 SMP)
DB2 SMP expands on the parallel capabilities of the iSeries hardware.
With DB2 SMP for iSeries, a single database operation can run on mul-
Distributed
Presentation
Distributed
Presentation
Distributed
Logic
Remote Data
Management
Distributed
Database
Data
Management
Data
Management
Data
Management
Data
Management
Data
Management
Logic
Logic
Logic
Internet
Presentation
Internet Access Point
5250
3270
VT100
HTML
Presentation
Presentation
Telnet
Web
Browser
HTML
HTML
Data
Management
Logic
Logic
Logic
Presentation
Presentation
Presentation
Java Style
Presentation
FTP
Figure 4.9. DB2 for iSeries Internet-style application development environment.
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tiple processors at the same time or, in other words, in parallel. This
additional processing power allows some operations to run dramatically faster. These operations that can be done in parallel include the
creation of keyed logical files and indexes as well as index maintenance.
DB2 UDB Extenders for iSeries
The DB2 XML Extender provides new data types that allow the storage
of XML documents in the DB2 database, and new functions that assist
in working with these structured documents. XML represents a fundamental change in computing away from proprietary file and data formats to a world of open interchange through portable data. DB2 provides
stability, scalability, and security to the XML environment. The logical
structure of an XML document is based on a tree-like hierarchy, uses
start and end tags, and must have only a single root element. To enable
DB2 to handle XML documents, a Document Type Definition (DTD)
Repository was added. When the database is enabled for XML, a DTD
reference table must be created. Each row of the DTD reference table
represents a DTD. DTDs are used to validate XML documents. A Location Path is a sequence of XML tags that identify an XML element or
attribute. The attribute or element must be mapped to a DB2 column.
There are two access and storage method XML columns, and XML
collection. An XML column is used to store and retrieve entire XML
documents as DB2 column data, and XML data is represented by an
XML column. XML collection can compose or decompose an XML
document into a collection of relational tables. Both SQL and Relational Database (RDB) mapping are supported. The DB2 Text Extender
is a linguistic search technology. The Text Extender is designed to perform sophisticated, high-speed searches through any character field in
the database and even text documents stored in IFS.
DB2 OLAP Server
DB2 OLAP Server for iSeries provides a fast path to turn your business
data into business insight. DB2 OLAP Server employs the widely accepted
Essbase OLAP (OnLine Analytical Processing) technology supported by
over 350 business partners and over 50 tools and applications. Create
“speed of thought” database queries with the DB2 OLAP Utility.
The latest version of DB2 OLAP allows a choice of data storage
for the server by application, offers advanced attribute analysis as a
built-in function to achieve economical storage usage, supports larger
outlines for enhanced performance and scalability, and offers analytics
support for a Query Designer featuring linear regression, exponential
smoothing, etc.
QMF for Windows for iSeries
AM
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QMF for Windows is a graphical, multipurpose query environment for
business reporting and data sharing. QMF eliminates the requirement
for installing middleware on the end user’s PC by utilizing a direct database connection to the iSeries. In addition, QMF for Windows for iSeries
also provides a conversion utility to convert your existing green-screen
Query/400 and Query Manager reports.
DB2 Data Propagator
The Data Propagator Relational Capture and Apply for iSeries products enables easy management of DB2 family distributed databases containing local copies of master databases by providing automatic update
support for the shadow copies and the capability to replicate entire copies of a file. Data Propagator Relational Capture and Apply can update
source tables and replicated tables, and can take advantage of the remote journal function to run the capture process at the remote journal
location. This off-loads the capture process overhead from the production system. The apply process performs differential refresh using the
locally resident staging tables.
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Database Monitor
A database monitor has been added to DB2 UDB for iSeries. The database monitor provides information about what the database is doing,
such as how many temporary indexes have been created, which information people are using the most, how many queries have exceeded a
specified time limit, and which queries are using the most system resources. The data from the monitor is collected at the job or system
level. Here is some of the information that the monitor provides:
•
System and job name
•
SQL statement and subselect number
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Start and end time stamp
•
Estimated processing time
•
Total rows in table queried
•
Number of rows selected
•
Estimated number of rows selected
•
Estimated number of joined rows
•
Key fields for advised index
•
Total optimization time.
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ODBC
ODBC is a Microsoft-provided application program interface specification for database access, whose objective is to provide interoperability
between applications and databases without writing database-specific
code in the application. This definition sounds very similar to the program-independence objective identified for the relational database in
Telephone Book. DB2 UDB for iSeries supports ODBC. As a result,
programmers can use popular programming languages such as Visual
Basic or Visual C++ to access iSeries data. The SQL Call Level Interface
(CLI) is compatible with ODBC, allowing an application to be written
on a PC using ODBC and then be ported to run on the iSeries directly.
ODBC is also supported by iSeries Access Family for Windows and
Access Family.
The Windows 95/NT client can access iSeries database information
over any supported connectivity by means of the Microsoft ODBC 3.0
Driver Manager. New client/server applications can take advantage of
the new functions provided by the Microsoft ODBC specification, yet
old applications do not require rewrite.
iSeries ODBC Driver for Linux
The iSeries ODBC Driver for Linux provides access to data stored in
DB2 UDB for iSeries for Linux programs written to the ODBC inter-
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face. This ODBC driver is based on the ODBC driver in the iSeries Access for Windows product. The driver has the ability to store and process Unicode data. Versions exist for both Linux running in iSeries LPAR
and Intel-based Linux workstations. OS/400 must be V4R5 or later.
JDBC
Similar to ODBC, JDBC provides data access interfaces for Java applications. Since JDBC is SQL-based, it is able to leverage and use the
latest DB2 UDB features such as Triggers, Stored Procedures, and UserDefined Functions. The iSeries JDBC support is based on JDBC 3.0 and
includes support for the Java Transaction API (JTA).
Support also exists for storing persistent Java objects as well as for
binary large objects and structured types. Increased performance and
scaling of systems have resulted from synchronization, exception handling, method calls, generated code loop handling, field access in objects, and garbage collection.
DB2 UDB for iSeries includes many self-managing concepts in compliance with IBM’s Project eLiza. Included are automatic spreading of
data and index balancing, system-managed access path protection, and
system-managed journal options. In addition, a new Index Adviser in
iSeries Navigator’s Visual Explain function automatically provides suggestions on how to improve performance using information gathered
during application execution. The iSeries Navigator’s Database Navigator displays more complex data models with the inclusion of triggers. The iseries Navigator also includes support for management of
DRDA connections, SQL packages, transactions and SQL Explain. A
new wizard called SQL Assist simplifies the process of creating complex SQL queries.
Data Striping
Data striping is a technique used to improve the performance of reads
and writes to the database. A database file consists of many blocks of
information. These blocks are randomly spread (or striped) across multiple storage devices. A single storage device can store multiple blocks
from a single file. Most likely the multiple blocks for a file on a device
are not logically contiguous. This spreading across multiple DASD devices allows the data to be accessed in parallel. Significant performance
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improvement results because data can be brought into main storage in
parallel, instead of serially. This is made possible because the multiple
I/O processors (IOPs), supporting disk units on the iSeries system, preprocess the data on writes and reads to improve access time.
DCE Base Services/400
Distributed Compute Environment (DCE) Base Services/400 is based
on the Open Software Foundation (OSF) DCE Version 1.2.2. The code
provided by OSF for DCE has been enhanced to provide the look and
feel of iSeries with support for iSeries messages, menus, prompts, and
help text. DCE code is consistent with other iSeries products in the areas of reliability, availability, and serviceability.
DCE uses Remote Procedure Call (RPC) as a model for implementing communications between a client and a server, in which the client
side runs on one machine and makes a request for service, and the server
side runs on another machine in the network and fulfills the service
request. RPC extends the model of the local procedure call into the
open environment and the distributed-computing environment.
The RPC facility includes an application development tool and a
run-time library. When developing a DCE application, an application
developer defines an RPC interface between the client application and
the server application. DCE uses the DCE Interface Definition Language
(IDL) to define this interface. The application development tool contains an IDL compiler that compiles the customer’s interface definitions
into portable C-language source code. The IDL-generated source code
can be compiled with the customer’s application code using the ILE-C
compiler and can be linked to the DCE run-time library to form the
distributed application.
RPC helps hide the complexities of the distributed environment
from the application programmer and the user. RPC is integrated with
the DCE cell directory service and the DCE security service, enabling
the client application to transparently find the location of the server
and have secure communications. The DCE cell directory services act
as a centralized location for storing information about the resources in
the distributed system. The name of an object can be looked up and
information can be retrieved about the object. Distributed systems objects include the users, the systems, and the resources associated with
the systems.
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A single distributed directory service is created. The directory service provides a logically centralized physically distributed place to store
information. The directory can accommodate all the distributed resources
in an enterprise, is scalable to any size, and can grow as the distributed
system grows.
The cell directory service manages a database of information about
the resources in a group of systems that work together, called a DCE
cell. Users can define the size and content of a DCE cell to best suit their
needs. An application uses the cell directory client function to query the
directory when information is needed about the location of a resource
with which the application needs to communicate.
With the directory structure in place, a remote procedure is referred
to by a unique identifier, such as its name, by an application programmer. When it is queried, the directory returns the address location of
that remote procedure to the application.
A cell directory server must be configured in the cell to use the DCE
cell directory client function. This directory server can reside on any
system that implements the OSF DCE cell directory server, such as
RS/6000, System/390, iSeries, or Windows NT/Windows 2000.
DCE security service ensures that clients and servers are trusted by
each other by supporting an authentication service in the open distributed environment. Authentication of clients and servers by the DCE
security service prevents unauthorized use of distributed resources by
supporting an access control facility. The DCE security service ensures
data integrity and data privacy.
The authentication mechanism used by the DCE security service is
based on the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Kerberos authentication technology. The client and server are authenticated or securely identified to each other by a third-party security server. As a result:
•
Users no longer need to be explicitly defined to every physical
system that they need to access in the distributed environment,
eliminating administrative overhead because a user or resource
need only be defined to the security server once. Only one password needs to be remembered per user.
•
DCE security protects the server from clients that are imposters
and protects the clients from servers that are imposters, as opposed to security systems that protect the intelligence at only
the host or server end.
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•
Like directory services, security has a logically central, physically distributed database for users; because of the single logical
structure, changes need be made in only one place.
•
A user can access all the DCE resources of the distributed system by once logging on to a DCE system.
Server applications within OS/400 allow OS/400 itself to act as a
Kerberos client, improving interoperability with Microsoft and other
Kerberos-based authentication systems.
Once a protected session between a client and a server is established, the client can access the resources of the server using security
policies to control that access. Different security policies can be set up
between each client/server pair.
Data-integrity verification is based on a checksum generated by DCE
security to ensure that data was not tampered with during transmission. The Data Encryption Standard (DES) algorithm is used by the
DCE security service to protect data privacy. The data-privacy facilities
are offered as DCE DES library routines. U.S. government import/export laws and regulations regarding full DES products affect this product because it enables encryption.
Once a DCE security server is configured in a cell, the DCE security
client function can be used. The security server can be configured on
any system that implements the OSF DCE security server.
Distributed Time Services periodically synchronize the clocks on the
different nodes in a distributed network and keep the distributed time
in each node synchronized with coordinated universal time (UTC). The
synchronization is needed because many distributed applications need
to ascertain the order of events, compute the interval between events,
and schedule events independent of where the events occurred. The DCE
time server must be configured in the DCE cell and can reside on any
system that implements OSF DCE time services. DCE Base Services/400
implements the distributed-time clerk function.
DCE isolates the application programmer from the communications
code required for distributed applications, enabling the development of
higher-quality, more functional distributed applications. Directory and security functions are automatically invoked as part of RPC. Distributed application client and server routines, written for a target operating system,
are more easily ported to another operating system because OSF DCE APIs
are the same among operating systems that support the DCE standard.
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Distributed Data Management
In a networked system environment, the Distributed Data Management
(DDM) function of OS/400 allows an iSeries user to access data on a
remote iSeries server as if the data were located on the local iSeries
system. With DDM, the user need not know which computer system
has the needed data. If the needed database resides on a different iSeries
system located elsewhere in the communications network, DDM will
automatically get the information for the user.
Distributed data management has always allowed distributed database activity with remote iSeries systems, but there was no support for
interacting with any compatible databases on other computer systems
(e.g., IBM’s ES/9000 line of computers). Enhancements in the DDM
function of OS/400 include full support of the Distributed Relational
Database Algorithm (DRDA). DRDA’s remote unit of work allows iSeries
application programs to include compatible System Query Language
(SQL) statements that interact with data residing on another compatible database on a distant computer system. That is, users now have
access to the data stored on other computer systems (e.g., an IBM
ES/9000 computer system with a SQL/DS database). A user can interact
with multiple remote databases during a single database transaction.
Content Manager OnDemand for iSeries (5722-RD1)
Content Manager OnDemand for iSeries provides automatic loading of
nonspooled data in the Integrated File System, such as PC files. This
frees the end user from manual intervention of loading PC files into
OnDemand Common Server environment. Text search is enabled for
AFPDS documents in Common Server environment. OnDemand commands take advantage of OS/400 spooled file attributes. The sample
programs provided have been improved for both Common Server and
Spool File Archive environments.
Communications Support
Communications facilities included in OS/400 allow a properly equipped
iSeries computer to communicate with different computing equipment
in a variety of ways. First, OS/400 provides support for remote workstations, allowing terminals and printers to be located far away (e.g.,
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across the country) from the iSeries computer system itself. This allows
remote offices to perform all the functions available to those users located in the same building as the iSeries. Further, OS/400 provides the
programming support for communications with other computer systems (both IBM and non-IBM) such as eServer or zSeries systems, personal computers, UNIX workstations, and other iSeries systems. OS/400
includes support for the following protocols, the first four of which are
used in wide area networks (including the Internet), the last four of
which are used in local area networks:
•
Async
•
Bisync
•
SDLC
•
X.25
•
TCP/IP
•
IEEE 802.5 (IBM token-ring networks)
•
IEEE 802.3 (Ethernet networks)
•
ISO 9314 (FDDI networks)
•
Wireless local area networks.
In addition, the ATM protocols and devices may be used to increase
the information flow rate between networks and systems using those
protocols and devices.
The point is that OS/400 comes with the programming required to
support many different types of communications environments. Now
let’s take a look at some of the more important communications protocols in use these days.
TCP/IP
TCP/IP Communications Utilities (#5738-TCl) allow iSeries servers to
participate in communications networks that use the Transmission Con-
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trol Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP). TCP/IP is commonly used over
a Local Area Network (LAN) (e.g., Ethernet) as well as over the Internet,
environments in which computer systems (e.g., UNIX-based systems)
of different brands communicate with one another. The IBM TCP/IP
Server Support/400 product (#5798-RWY) gives clients access to iSeries
database files and folder files via Sun Microsystems’ Network File System (NFS), which is commonly used in TCP/IP environments. The TCP/IP
protocol has become increasingly significant as the client/server environment has moved into a networked environment including both
intranets and the Internet.
Standards supported by iSeries TCP/IP include Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) and Domain Name Server (DNS). DHCP
support allows the iSeries to dynamically assign Internet Protocol (IP)
addresses when new hosts are added to the network, such as when a
network station or PC is turned on in an intranet. DNS converts the
text names as used in URLs to the 32-bit codes used for network routing. As an example, it converts www.as400.ibm.com to 205.217.130.11.
Dynamic DNS provides interoperability with Windows 2000 and supports secure and nonsecure updates of the DNS, DHCP is enabled to
the updated DNS, and a Java GUI with wizards is provided to simplify
configuration functions. Other functions supported are TCP/IP dial-in
via point-to-point and ISDN as well as full TCP/IP routing. The iSeries
Navigator provides a Windows-like graphical interface to the TCP/IP
configuration function.
TCP/IP can be configured to start automatically at IPL time. In the
case where a retransmission is necessary, it is possible to reconfigure
parameters to attain better control of sockets by identifying a value to a
time unit timeout. This provides an adjustable timer for a socket pair
timeout after a connection is closed. It also allows the customer to configure values that TCP uses during the retransmission processing to determine when to change to a new route or abort a connection.
Remote service is supported over TCP/IP for either a DSL (Digital
Subscriber Line) connection or a Dial-up client. The remote iSeries VPN
client secures the VPN connection across the Internet to Nortel VPN
Security Gateway, enabling direct access to iSeries eService Servers. The
iSeries supports point-to-point (PPP) over Ethernet to exploit DSL for
Internet access. Point-to-point includes Radius Client support, DHCP
proxy client support, support for consolidated spoolfile output, and
Communications Trace and Trace connections information to improve
manageability.
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It should be noted here that iSeries supports the IPv6 platform. IPv6
is a re-architected base infrastructure for the Internet. IPv6 allows a
customer to build, test, and debug applications for the next generation
of the Internet based on IPv6 using ILE and OS/400 PASE programs.
Support includes Key Sockets APIs and iSeries Navigator changes to
allow application and middleware providers to be ready for rapidly
approaching TCP/IP changes coming with IPv6.
Filtering of the IP packets can be based on the remote system’s IP
address and applications, choosing to allow or deny for the remote access to filter. Network Address Translation (NAT) and filtering activities can be journaled. The entries will be added each time IP packets are
examined, IP addresses are translated, or rules are updated. The user
can choose to start the journal or not. As discussed in Chapter 5 under
firewall, users have the opportunity to change IP addresses of IP packets going out from the net so that the internal addresses are not shown
to the external hosts. This secures the internal network. Wizards have
been added to iSeries Navigator to allow the most common filtering
configurations to be accomplished by novice-level network administrators. Configuring of the required IP filtering rules in support of VPN is
eliminated in the majority of cases, including the implicit IKE rules that
allow IKE (UDP 500) traffic without explicitly coding the required filter rules and no need to explicitly code IPSec policy filters.
NAT provides a technology called IP masquerading, which allows
multiple users to share a single public IP address. NAT translates the
internal IP addresses to a single specific IP address using the unique port
numbers assigned to the internal IP addresses. Virtual IP Addressing
(VIPA) provides network load balancing and fault tolerance between
multiple IP interfaces (adapters). Outgoing balancing and incoming balancing work differently. Outgoing balancing is done through the routing configuration. Incoming balancing needs an external router capable
of distributing IP packets to multiple interfaces. The distribution information is provided to the routers by the RIP protocol. Using routers,
the load balancing enables multiple redundant paths from the server to
the network, providing horizontal bandwidth growth and high-availability tolerance for link or router failures.
Figure 4.10 provides an example of TCP/IP-enabled dial-on-demand
networking. In Figure 4.10 a switched point-to-point connection is established only when demanded by either the central site or one of the
remote sites. The types of connections can be mixed and matched to the
available connection capabilities—analog lines up to 33.6 KB, switched
Central Site
Chicago
Remote Office
Portland
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Remote Office
Boston
Remote Office
Dallas
Figure 4.10.
Remote Office
Atlanta
Example of iSeries dial-on-demand networking.
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digital up to 56 KB, and ISDN at up to 128 KB. Figure 4.11 shows an
integrated TCP/IP load-balancing connection for a high-volume e-business server to either an intranet or the Internet.
File Transport Protocol (FTP) graphical client support includes the
UNIX list command. Directories other than database libraries can be
used as the initial working directory, and files larger than 2 GB can be
transferred. Options are added to create new database files. FTP supports the ability to transfer files larger than 2 GB in all file systems that
support the large file sizes. Database files containing null field data can
also be transferred. Transport Layer Security (TLS)/Secure Sockets Layer
(SSL) support for server authentication exists on the native FTP client,
allowing secure sessions with compatible servers. This support allows
the specification of whether FTP session data, including the login ID
and password used for authentication, is encrypted. SSL can also be
used for secure transmission of files. The administrator is allowed to
limit some or all FTP functions by user profile without requiring writing an exit program. The performance has been improved when transferring large files over high-speed links.
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Router
Intranet
High-volume
e-business server
Router
Figure 4.11. iSeries integrated TCP/IP load balancing for a high volume
e-business server.
SMTP scalability has been improved by extending the number of
inbound and outbound connections from sixteen to unlimited and by
changing the Domain Name Server (DNS) resolver to support large ISPs;
as a result, the SMTP client processes all mail exchange records returned
by a domain name server query. An option exists to track delivery status and mail statistics using journaling. There is an option that forces
all mail received by the iSeries SMTP to be processed by the iSeries Mail
Services Framework (MSF). A dial-up mail retrieval capability has been
added to support ISP mail handling. Multiple domain support is available for servicing mail for domains the iSeries is not a part of. Blacklist
support has been improved.
SMTP client has been added to meet the Kerberos interoperability
requirement of time synchronization. Kerberos is an encryption security standard.
Telnet Server provides native support for SSL, and the interactive
capacity of TCP/IP-attached workstations has been increased. Client
authentication support provides a mechanism to authenticate a client
before providing an iSeries screen. Telnet Server also supports long passwords up to 128 characters.
To support fault tolerance and high availability, the iSeries allows
the definition of a Virtual IP address on the same network as defined on
other, physical interfaces. Given this configuration, the iSeries responds
to Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) requests for virtual interfaces,
eliminating the need to define static routes or run a dynamic routing
protocol such as Routing Information Protocol (RIP). This is referred
to as Proxy ARP Routing.
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Virtual Private Networks
Virtual Private Networks (VPN) evolved from the need to ensure secure
communications between networked computers. At considerable expense, companies established private networks. Firewall technology
enabled these private networks to connect into the public networks (including the Internet) with some hope of protection against hackers.
As the trend of network computing and e-business continues to
evolve, secure communications need to be extended within the enterprise while allowing the public networks to be utilized. Standards are
evolving to allow a uniform VPN solution across vendors. The iSeries
VPN solution addresses four environments:
•
Intranets—secure connections within an intranet
•
Extranets or ValuNets—secure connections between intranets
of different companies
•
Remote office/branch office—secure connections between
intranets of the same company
•
Mobile Worker—secure connections from a mobile worker, using different ISPs to an intranet.
There are security exposures at every point along an end-to-end path:
on the Dial-up link, in an ISP’s access box, on the Internet, in the firewall
or router, and in the corporate intranet. To be effective, VPNs must
address the following requirements:
•
Data origin authentication to verify that each datagram was
originated by the claimed sender
•
Data integrity to verify that the contents of a datagram were not
changed in transit, either deliberately or due to random errors
•
Data confidentiality to conceal the clear text of a message by
using encryption
•
Replay protection to ensure that an attacker cannot intercept a
datagram and play it back at a later time
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•
Key management to ensure that your VPN policy can be implemented throughout the extended network with little or no manual
configuration
•
Performance and availability to ensure that the VPN does not
hinder your business operations, but grows as your business grows
•
Interoperability to ensure that your VPN uses standards-based technologies to maintain interoperability with other VPN vendors.
UDP-encapsulated IPSec is a standards-based protocol that solves
the problem of end-to-end security for networks and firewalls using Network Address Translation (NAT) when using the IPSec protocol. This
reduces the risk associated with doing business on the Internet when
using end-to-end IPSec security on a Virtually Private Network. The IPSec
protocols have three main components—an authentication header which
provides data origin authentication, data integrity, and replay protection
using hashed message authentication codes based on shared secrets, and
does not encrypt datagram content; an Encapsulating Security Payload
(ESP) which provides data confidentiality by encrypting the payload of
IP packets by using cryptographic keys; and the Internet Key Exchange
(IKE) protocol which dynamically generates the cryptographic keys providing rekeying while VPN is running, using a two phase approach to
protect keys and data. The keys themselves are never entered or communicated between servers, but are derived using agreed inputs and algorithms by each of the key servers. The IP Payload Compression protocol
(IPComp) is intended to provide lossless compression for Internet Protocol datagrams in an Internet environment. This can result in an increase
of overall performance over slow or congested links. The IPComp function must be performed before any IP security processing, and before
any fragmentation of datagram for an outbound IP datagram. On the
inbound IP datagram, the decompression must be performed after the
packet reassembly and completion of all IP security processing. Encryption support includes, in addition to DES, RC4 and RC5. RC4 is the
most widely used stream cipher. It is used for file encryption and SSL and
is faster than DES. RC5 is a fast-block cipher. Both RC4 and RC5 are
optional IPSec ESP transforms. The iSeries Navigator provides three VPN
diagnostic tools consisting of a connection manager job log, a VPN Key
manager job log, and a service-trace capability. The VPN GUI can also
make use of the Java Trace facility in iSeries Access.
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TCP/IP Remote Access Extensions The remote-access dial-up solution
for mobile users’ Virtual Private Network is used to support dial-in
access to a corporate network whose users are all company employees.
The standards group defined a tunneling protocol called Layer 2 Tunnel
Protocol (L2TP) which extends the span of a point-to-point (PPP)
connection. Instead of beginning at the remote host and ending at a
local ISP’s point of presence (PoP), the “virtual PPP” link now extends
from the remote host all the way back to the corporate gateway. The
remote host appears to be on the same subnet as the corporate gateway.
When used in conjunction with IPSec, L2TP provides a cost-effective
and secure remote access for mobile users.
Systems Network Management
Having iSeries systems participate in a communications network is one
thing, but managing that communications network is something else.
Systems network management tasks include such things as problem determination, problem tracking, making network configuration changes,
and distributing necessary changes. In addition to the management tasks,
the iSeries provides operations monitoring, automated operations, problem management, software distribution, change management, backup
and recovery, media management, security, performance management,
and capacity planning—not only for the iSeries systems in your network, but also for the attached clients.
The user is not involved in the following activities because the system performs them automatically: problem data collection and logging;
hardware problem prediction and logging; automated configuration and
resource data logging; performance data capture and logging; alert generation, logging, and reporting; and Electronic Customer Support (ECS),
which provides automated problem reporting, electronic PTF
selection/distribution, automated service dispatching, and an electronic
interface to the IBM information/database. This automation allows a
reduction in staff. The iSeries will do the distribution automatically,
take care of the security related to the software, detect the problems
that occur on the clients whether those clients are from IBM or other
vendors, and provide backup and recovery for those clients as required.
The distribution of the functions that accomplish these tasks within the
iSeries is accomplished under a set of programs named Systems Manager/400 within OS/400. The next section shows how this might work
between an iSeries system and a System/390 computer.
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The necessary systems network management functions vary depending on the type of communications network involved. For example, in a
simple token-ring network, OS/400 can automatically notify the network operator of any problems that develop in the token-ring adapter
or cable and can record the error to help in problem determination. In
more complex communications environments, OS/400 has other functions that help manage the enterprise. Suppose an iSeries in Pittsburgh
is part of a network managed from a central System/390 computer located in San Francisco. The network operator in San Francisco uses a
System/390 program called NetView to manage the entire network. Now
a problem develops in the communications link between the iSeries in
Pittsburgh and the System/390 in San Francisco. OS/400 automatically
notifies the network operator in San Francisco that a network problem
has been detected. This is done through an alert message that is automatically sent by OS/400 to the computer in San Francisco.
Once an alert notifies the network operator of the problem, several
OS/400 functions help identify and correct the problem. First, the Network Remote Facilities (NRF) program allows the network operator to
interact with the iSeries as if the System/390 terminal in San Francisco
were actually a remote iSeries workstation in Pittsburgh. Using another
OS/400 network management feature called the NetView/Remote Manager (NV/RM), the network operator can also issue network commands
to test the health of network elements (e.g., modems). Once the cause of
the problem is determined, the necessary fix can be put into place. To
exchange files between the S/390 host (running MVS/ESA) in San Francisco and the iSeries in Pittsburgh, the NetView File Transfer program
(5730-082) can be used. Thus, the San Francisco-based network operator can use his or her expertise to analyze and fix the problem without
having to travel to Pittsburgh. This kind of network-management environment makes for speedy problem determination and correction, resulting in reduced system downtime.
Systems Network Architecture
OS/400 supports IBM’s Systems Network Architecture (SNA). This is a
published set of rules governing various aspects of computer communications from protocols (e.g., SDLC) to document formats (e.g., Document Content Architecture, or DCA) and electronic mail (e.g., SNA
Distribution Services, or SNADS). It is SNA that provides the common
ground on which different types of computer equipment can efficiently
172
exchange information. OS/400’s Advanced Peer-to-Peer Network (APPN)
architecture has been adopted as part of SNA. Further, APPN support
has been expanded (APPN end-node support) to allow more-direct interaction with traditional SNA networks.
Wireless Local Area Network
The IBM Wireless Connection for iSeries (5798-TBW) is a networking
software program for the OS/400 operating system based on the TCP/IP
sockets program connecting real-time 5250 mobile devices with the
iSeries. A separate feature allows multiple instances of the wireless connection program to run on the same iSeries, allowing large users to
consolidate smaller iSeries systems into one or more larger iSeries data
centers. The system administrator can name PTC device sessions, change
the PTC configuration without first ending Wireless Connection for
iSeries, remap the PTC keyboard, and reformat the PTC screen to display existing applications. This networking software product uses
Internet Protocol (IP) and TCP/IP sockets to support wireless networks
through locally attached Ethernet and token-ring LANs and at remote
locations through routers, allowing easy integration between wireless
networks and installed LANs. An existing LAN wiring infrastructure
can be used for this connection by dropping an Ethernet or token-ring
access point from the existing wiring. This combination of remote access and support for multiple instances of the program allows the management of the 5250 devices anywhere in the world.
S/390 Communications Support
The iSeries Communications Utilities (5738-CM1) software product
complements the communications function of OS/400 for interacting
with System/390 computers and eServer zSeries systems. This set of programs augments OS/400 communications functions in the area of interchanging electronic mail and files with various System/390 computer
environments over an SNA communications network. For example,
iSeries Communications Utilities allows iSeries Office users to exchange
information with users of the OfficeVision/VM and OfficeVision/MVS.
These programs run on the System/390, providing those users with functions (e.g., electronic mail and calendaring) that are now available on
the Domino for iSeries product grouping. The other basic function provided by iSeries Communications Utilities is called the Remote Job En-
Operating Systems
173
try Facility (RJE). RJE allows an iSeries system to emulate an RJE workstation used to submit batch jobs to or receive output from System/390
computers. Figure 4.12 illustrates one method for connecting an iSeries
system to a System/390 computer.
iSeries Access Family (5722-XW1)
Client Access for iSeries is now called iSeries Access. Many of the Access components are included with the Operating System. The Access
family of products provides iSeries-to-PC connectivity and function.
Access has been divided into two server components, iSeries Access for
Windows (5769-XW1) and iSeries Access (5769-XY1). Access supports
the full 32-bit version of Advanced Function Print (AFP) Workbench
Viewer. The viewer can be used to display, on the PC, information stored
in iSeries spooled files (AFP and SCS). Full-page documents are completely rendered on both Windows and OS/2. Image files (such as those
stored in GIF, TIFF, or JPEG) can be viewed on a PC.
There are three client functions included in iSeries Access Family
for Windows. The client functions are:
Application(s)
OS/400
Comm. Utilities
SLIC
iSeries
7861
Modem
*
Remote Location
7861
Modem
System/390 Computer
Central Location
* Line used for Electronic Customer Support
Figure 4.12. Example of a communications configuration used to attach an
iSeries to an S/390 computer.
174
•
iSeries Access for Windows client (5769-XE1)
•
iSeries Access for Windows 95/NT client (5763-XD1)
•
iSeries Access Enhanced for Windows 3.1 client (5763-XK1).
The key functions included in iSeries Access are:
•
5250 display emulation used for working with iSeries programs
(e.g., RPG applications, OS/400 screens, using the command
line, etc.)
•
5250 print emulation so iSeries output can be directed and printed
on PC printers
•
Uploads of PC data to the iSeries database
•
Downloads of iSeries database information to a PC file
•
The ability to print PC output on iSeries printers
•
The ability to save and share PC files in the iSeries Integrated
File System
•
An ODBC driver provides for iSeries database access from PC
programs
•
Support for other middleware such as remote commands, data
queues, etc.
•
iSeries Navigator for working with OS/400 resources (only in
XE1 and XD1).
Business processes have been extended beyond printed output to
archiving, indexing, retrieval, customer service viewing, reprint, and fax.
The iSeries Access for Windows (5769-XE1) has been added to allow a
client-access environment that does not require SNA, operates entirely
in a TCP/IP environment, and is included with the iSeries Access Family
for Windows product along with the other client members. Figure 4.13
Figure 4.13.
x
x
x
x(3*)
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x(2*)
x
x(2*)
x(2*)
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
DOS
Ext
x
OS/2
x
Optimized
OS/2
Windows
3.1
Windows
95
x
x
x
x
x
DOS
iSeries access detailed function chart vs. supported PC operating systems. (continued on next page)
See Notes, page 190
License Management
Enhanced Security
Check Expired Password
Password Encrypted
Network Password Management
5250 Display Emulation
RUMBA/400 (SBCS/DBCS)
PC5250 (SBCS/DBCS)
WSF (SBCS)
AS/400 PC Console
RUMBA/400
PC5250
5250 Print Emulation
RUMBA/400
PC5250
WSF
GUI Interfaces
Graphical Access
System Object Access
AFP Workbench Subset
Graphical Operations
Multimedia Enablers
Ultimedia System Facility
Function
Operating Systems
175
Team-Fly®
Figure 4.13.
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x(7*)
x(9*)
x
x7*)
x(9*)
x
TE
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Windows
3.1
x
x
x
x
x
x
x(8*)
x
x
x(8*)
x
x
x
x
x
Windows
95
x
x
x(9*)
x
x
(1*)
x
x
x
(1*)
x
x
x
(1*)
(1*)
x
x
x
(1*)
x
x
x
x
OS/2
AM
FL
Y
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Optimized
OS/2
x
x
x(6*)
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
DOS
Ext
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
DOS
See Notes, page 190
File/Database Functions
Integrated File System
Transfer Function
Database Access GUI
ODBC Version 2 Level 2
Remote SQL APIs
Remote SQL Extensions
Supports DRDA 1 Architecture
Supports DRDA 2 Architecture
Checkin/Checkout
SNA Networks
Twinax
Asynchronous
X.25
SDLC
Token-Ring
Ethernet
ISDN
API’s Supported
EHNAPPC
CPI-C 2.0
Sockets
Function
176
Figure 4.13.
x
x
x
x
x(9)
x
x
x(9)
x
x
x(9)
x(5*)
x
Optimized
OS/2
x
x
x(10*)
x(5*)
x
x
Windows
3.1
x
x
x(10*)
x
x
x(10*)
x(9*)
x
x
x
Windows
95
x(5*)
x
x
OS/2
x(5*)
x
DOS
Ext
x(5*)
x
DOS
See Notes, page 190
Communications Programs Included
Subset of CM/2
NetSoft Router (32-bit)
NS/Windows Router
DOS Router (APPC)
Communications Programs Supported
NetWare for SAA 2.0
Microsoft SNA Server
LAN Drivers
MSDLC (32-bit)
LAN Support Program (V1.38) included
NTS/2 included
TCP/IP Networks (native)
Token-Ring
Ethernet
Asynchronous (SLIP)
TCP/IP Networks (AnyNet)
Token-Ring
Ethernet
Asynchronous (SLIP)
APIs Supported
EHNAPPC (via AnyNet)
CPI-C (via AnyNet) - Sockets
Sockets
Function
Operating Systems
177
Figure 4.13.
x
x
x
x(8*)
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x(4*)
Windows
3.1
x
x(11*)
x
x
x
x
x
x
Windows
95
x
x
x
x
x
x
x(5*)
Optimized
OS/2
x
x
x
x
OS/2
x
x
x
x
DOS
Ext
x
x
x
DOS
See Notes, page 190
TCP/IP Stacks Supported
IBM DOS (included)
FTP OnNet 1.1 (Windows)
Microsoft WFW (32-bit)
Novell (V4.2)
WRQ V4.01 (Windows)
NetManage Chameleon
(Windows V4.01)
Microsoft Windows 95
(32-bit)
IBM OS/2 (included)
Client Management
SNMP Client Management
Desktop Management (DMI)
PC Update
Central Administration Function
Migration Utility
Node Operation Facility (NOF)
Mail/Office Functions
MAPI (to POP3 server)
MAPI (to OV/400 only)
PC Text Assistant (OV/400, SBCS)x
Application Command Level
APIs
Data Queues
Function
178
Figure 4.13.
x
x
x
x(12*)
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x(8*)
x
Windows
95
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Optimized
OS/2
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Windows
3.1
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
OS/2
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
DOS
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
DOS
Ext
See Notes, page 190
Application Command Level (continued)
Submit Remote Command
Distributed Program Call
OLE Enablers (APIs)
Custom Controls
Automation
Command Level APIs on AS/400
Start PC Command (STRPCCMD)
Run Remote Command (RUNRMTCMD)
Copy to PC Document (CPYTOPCD)
Copy from PC Document (CPYFRMPCD)
Print Serving
AS/400 Printers
PC Network Printers
AFP Printer Driver
Integrated w/FAX/400
Programmer Tools
PC Tools Folder (QIWSTOOL)
CA/400 Toolkit
Shipped with client
PC Code Installable
From PC Diskettes
From PC CD-ROM
From PC Server/FSIOA
Onto PC Server
Function
Operating Systems
179
Figure 4.13.
iSeries access detailed function chart vs. supported PC operating systems. (continued from previous page)
(1) Stand-alone Communications Manager/2 (CM/2) can provide this connectivity. AS/400 Client Access can also be used in
conjunction with this CM/2.
(2) DBCS is Japanese only.
(3) Not supported on native TCP/IP networks. Is supported on TCP/IP networks when using AnyNet.
(4) Applications (such as TELNET) are not provided with the stack. Supports English only SBCS (DBCS data transmission supported).
(5) Supports English SBCS/DBCS.
(6) Supports SBCS only.
(7) Windows 3.1 Client NS/Windows Router supports CPI-C Version 2.0 + optional classes for Data Conversion, Queue Level
Non-Blocking, Full Duplex and Callback functions. Windows 95 Client NetSoft Router supports CPI-C Version 2.0
+ optional classes for Data Conversion only.
(8) Windows 95 Client provides 32-bit APIs. The Windows 95 Client also supports the Windows 3.1 Client APIs, so applications written to
those 16-bit APIs can also be run over SNA/APPC networks or TCP/IP networks (with AnyNet).
(9) Works with Client Access but is not included in Client Access package.
(10) OS/400 provides SLIP dial-in support for TCP/IP networks in V3R2 and V3R7. For PC users connecting to V3R1/V3R6 systems, PPP can
be used to dial into a gateway, then connect to AS/400 via TRN or Ethernet. TCP/IP stack being used in PC must also support dial-up in
order to use this capability.
(11) POP3 server provided in OS/400 V3R2 and V3R7 only.
(12) Limited support; client administration restrictions (for example, cannot customize functions available to individual users).
Notes:
180
Operating Systems
181
demonstrates how the various Access functions support different operating systems.
Support for Client Access for Windows 95/NT and Client Access
Enhanced for Windows 3.1 has been discontinued since July 2002.
iSeries Access for Windows
The iSeries Access for Windows (5769-XE1), which was previously
known as Client Access Express for Windows, is a 32-bit client program that does not require the presence of Systems Network Architecture (SNA) and uses only TCP/IP for its connectivity protocol. The TCP/IP
program used is the standard TCP/IP program shipped with the Microsoft
32-bit operating systems. (Other Winsock-compatible stacks can also
be used.) This client does not support routers and does not contain any
screen scrapers. The iSeries server must include OS/400 Version 4 Release 2 or later.
Access runs on PCs installed with Microsoft Windows 98, 2000,
XP, and NT 4.0 (workstation or server) operating systems. Included
with the Microsoft NT environment is support for Terminal Server Edition (TSE), which enables the NT server to be used as a gateway between end users and the iSeries. Also included is the Microsoft Internet
Information Server (IIS) environment with a version called Peer Web
Services that provides iSeries database access from Web pages. The ODBC
and OLE DB components are ported to run natively on 64-bit Windows
(on Intel Itanium hardware). Most other components run in 32-bit mode
on 64-bit hardware. (Print drivers and SSL support do not run with 64bit applications.) Users of Windows 2000 PCs configured for NTFS can
now write to most files, enabling traces, diagnostic information writes,
and Data Transfer requests.
Highlights of the Access client content are:
•
Supports TCP/IP connectivity
•
Uses iSeries NetServer for PC file serving and network print
support
•
Contains 32-bit client/server application enablers for iSeries (e.g.,
OLE DB provider, ODBC driver, ActiveX Automation Objects,
Remote command, and Data Queues)
182
•
Delivers GUI for iSeries OS/400 functions through its iSeries
Navigator function
•
Improves administration for PC users from a central iSeries system through improvements to Microsoft System Policy support
and Navigator Application Administration.
Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) is provided for client functions to improve TCP/IP security. The user ID and password sent between the desktop and the iSeries is encrypted. The user has the choice to select what is
encrypted. Server authentication is used to ensure connection to the
intended iSeries, diminishing the possibility of spoofing in an Internet
environment. Access for Windows also supports the use of a Kerberos
server for authentication to an iSeries with Kerberos tickets sent to the
iSeries in place of user ID/password and 128-bit encryption.
A full-function AFP Workbench is included. The viewer can display
on the PC information stored in iSeries spooled files (AFP or SCS) as
well as image files (files stored in GIF, TIFF, or JPEG formats).
Local and remote-console access are included through Operations
Console. Microsoft technologies are exploited through the inclusion of
32-bit client/server application enablers, OLE DB Data Provider and
Active X, ODBC driver, Remote Command, and Data Queues.
The iSeries Access for Windows client includes the PC 5250 Operations console function, enabling PC workstations to locally or remotely
perform iSeries system operations and services from PC 5250 emulation
via an iSeries System Console Session, including the graphical control
panel application. PC 5250 support includes Personal Communications
5250 V5.5 emulator, a bypass sign-on that can be used in conjunction
with Kerberos tickets to avoid a sign-on screen, Hindi and Japanese code
page 1390/1391, wrap-pasted text that allows copy/paste of text across
fields and lines without breaking a word or ending a line with an invalid
word, movement of +/– sign before the number when copying/pasting,
and improved error messages. PC5250 emulation options allow the user
to save changes when exiting the session, and a connection dialog allows
the user to specify a default user ID to be used. Policies can be used by
administrators to limit the capabilities of end users. VBScript has been
upgraded to Version 5 to make it consistent with Internet Explorer V5.
Toolbox for Java provides a generic framework and consistent programming interface for working with various iSeries objects and lists.
Text can be converted in bidirectional languages, such as Arabic and
Operating Systems
183
Hebrew, between iSeries and Java formats. A pool of iSeries objects can
be managed to share and manage connections to your server, including
JDBC connections. Faster string conversions are provided as a result of
Toolbox for Java’s incorporating its own conversion tables.
Data transfer provides an array of GUIs for both desktop users
and programming enablers for application programmers to retrieve
data from an iSeries database or to store PC file data in the iSeries
database. Thirty-two iSeries files can be selected and data transferred
with a single request to a desktop display, a PC printer, a PC file, or an
HTML file, or directly into an Excel spreadsheet. When transferring a
spreadsheet formula cell, Data Transfer determines the numeric value
of the cell. Specified records or fields of records can be selected and
transferred. Wizards can create, modify, and run transfer requests or
save them for later use. Batch transfers are also supported. A transfer
can be auto-run or be part of a start-up session. Wizards can be used
to create a new iSeries database file definition for PC file upload requests. When working with PC files, Data Transfer has an option to
retain trailing spaces from character data when writing to a Tab Delimited Text file, reducing the confusion caused by not knowing whether
the field value was null or simply all spaces. An option has been added
to ASCII text file details to allow numeric fields to be padded with
leading zeros instead of spaces. Database information can be inserted
directly into a section of an existing HTML file, enabling the update
of part of a Web page while leaving the remainder intact. Datalink
commands for linking to HTML tables are supported. All functions of
the Express client, with the exception of the functions of PC 5250
Display and the functions of Print Emulation and Data Transfer, can
be used without acquiring a license for iSeries Access for Windows
product. The handling of CCSID data has been improved by the addition of an option to the File Details panel, allowing users to manually
set the CCSID of their data. ActiveX automation objects can be used
to programmatically run Data Transfers. The automation objects can
configure, load, save, and run transfer requests with few lines of code.
These automation objects can be used by many development languages
including Visual Basic, VBA, C++, and Lotus Script.
Other iSeries database Access improvements include:
•
The ODBC driver capabilities include enhancements to the setup
GUI, Microsoft Transaction Server (MTS) via XOPEN/XA interfaces, Wide API set, Unicode SQL statements, static cursors,
184
data compression direct conversion of data to the column CCSID
for parameter markers in SQL statements, and support for
8-byte integers (BIGINT). (MTS is a component-based transaction processing system for developing, deploying, and managing high-performing scalable, and robust enterprise, Internet,
and intranet server applications.)
•
ODBC and OLE DB supports the ROWID function, 64K SQL
statements, and additional descriptor information.
•
OLE DB can support updatable cursors for the SQL dialect.
•
The ODBC and OLE DB are thread safe.
•
Support for 8-byte integers (BIGINT).
•
Data can be transferred to/from float and double fields in database files.
•
Data can be accessed from multiple IASPs.
•
Data transfer supports for Web serving:
–
The default autosize for HTML downloads is 128 KB, but
the value can be changed.
–
The HTML details panel includes support for writing to a
UTF-8 file, allowing Web pages to contain characters from
many different character sets.
–
More than 256 columns of data can be uploaded to a database file.
–
Lotus 1-2-3 V9 file formats are offered.
Migration to iSeries Access for Windows is supported from:
•
Client Access Enhanced for Windows 3.1, and Client Access for
Windows 95/NT
•
Client Access for Windows 95/Windows NT (V3R2 only).
Operating Systems
185
iSeries Access for the Web
The iSeries Access for the Web product is intended for casual iSeries
users wanting simple-to-use browser access and includes support for
Linux and Network Station. Support is also provided for users wanting
brief Internet access to their iSeries system and for loosely connected
intranet users who need casual access. The iSeries Access for the Web
(5722-XH1) runs on WebSphere Application Server V4 and on Apache
Software Foundations Jakarta Tomcat. This version can also be configured to run on more than one Web application server concurrently.
•
iSeries Access for Web contains its own 5250 interface and no
longer uses the WebSphere Host Publisher XML Gateway when
starting 5250 sessions. Many additional capabilities are included
in the 5250 interface, examples of which are:
–
Workstation ID (device ID) can be configured and provides
wildcard support similar to the PC 5250 emulator in iSeries
Access for Windows.
–
Two switchable views: Web view and traditional view, each
fully customizable.
–
Function keys and page up and page down support (requires
JavaScript, and works with IE 5 and later browsers.
•
Jobs support: Users can view jobs submitted, and server jobs
working on their behalf. Commands used for managing these
jobs include hold, release, delete, and view job log.
•
Batch commands can be saved and retrieved later. Searches for
these commands can be performed by name or description.
•
Database results returned from an SQL statement can be in PDF.
Users can configure functions such as page size, orientation,
margins, table header and footer, column heading, table style,
and alignment, or upload or download .XML, so that data can
be interchanged with other XML-enabled applications.
•
File System functions are copy file, rename file and directory
mail file, delete file and directory, and create directory.
Users can e-mail the results of a database, CL or file command,
or PDF view of print information to other users. This provides a
one-step method of distributing information across a network
even to non-iSeries users.
•
The Personal Folder Container resides on the Web server and
can be accessed only by the owner. This can be combined with
the mail function to notify users when new items are placed in a
folder, providing an easy way to avoid sending large attachments,
and can be used to improve workflow.
•
Access for Web can deliver AFP print output to the AFP viewer
plug-in, and the user can select the spooled file from a list and
click on a link that would result in the spooled file being delivered to the browser.
•
Web Access utilizes the PDF services of Infoprint Server for iSeries
(5722-IP1). From the Web Access browser, customers can select
output files and display or print them. The delivery mechanism
employed by Web Access passes the selected spooled file to the
PDF subsystem, gets back the PDF file, then passes the PDF to
Acrobat which automatically opens the file in the Web Access
browser. GIF viewing is improved with 300 dpi resolution and
more printer-friendly views.
•
IBM WebSphere Application Server (WAS) - Express or iSeries
•
WAS V5 for iSeries
•
WAS V4 plus latest PTFs Advanced Edition (AE) for iSeries
•
WAS V4 Advanced Edition Single Server (Aes) for iSeries
•
Apache Software Foundation’s Jakarta Tomcat (included with
the IBM HTTP Server)
AM
FL
Y
•
TE
186
XML Toolkit for iSeries (5733-XT1)
The XML language has been identified as a solution to the problem of
information exchange between applications and within business-to-busi-
Team-Fly®
Operating Systems
187
ness environments. It is simple, extensible, and non-proprietary. XML
parsers’ APIs assist in the creation, navigation, or modification of the
content of an XML document. The XML Toolkit for iSeries assists in
the general industry movement toward XML by providing an interface
to an XML parser for procedural language use, such as RPG, C, or
COBOL. This refresh of the XML Toolkit provides support for V4 and
V5. The XML parsers for C++ and the procedural languages are based
on cross-platform, Apache open-source code compliant with W3C XML
industry standards. The latest refresh is consistent with the Apache Software Foundation’s Xerces-C 2.1.
WebSphere Host Access Transformation Server
WebSphere Host Access Transformation Server is a Web-to-host program that extends host applications such as HTML to Web browsers
and converts green screens to GUIs. This software, by presenting users
with a familiar point-and-click interface, reduces end-user training costs
and improves productivity. The rules-based transformation engine converts host screens to GUIs in real time and requires no changes to the
host application. The implementation speed can extend legacy 5250
applications to the Web within a few hours of loading the software.
iSeries Access for Wireless
iSeries Access for Wireless provides access to iSeries administrative functions and development tools intended for wireless devices such as personal digital assistants and Internet-enabled phones. This product is
delivered with OS/400.
WebSphere Host Publisher V4
WebSphere Host Publisher V4 is compatible with WebSphere Application Server V4 (WAS-V4) and requires that WAS-V4 be installed.
WebSphere Host Publisher is a business-to-business application connector offering a development environment on a PC using task-oriented
GUIs, which generates fully customizable Web pages. WebSphere Host
Publisher uses an HTML/JSP editor and business logic creation tools to
create reusable Host Integration Objects that encapsulate host interactions and data retrieval. Host Publishers runtime environment provides
session management, license monitoring, run-time administration, load
188
balancing, and log and trace management. The environment supports
SSL encryption and DES-encrypted passwords, and supports integration
with other IBM connectors. Host Publisher V4 supports WAS-V4 plus
the latest PTFs, Advanced Edition (AE), and Advanced Edition Single
Server (AES) for iSeries. Included in Host Publisher V4 are applications
that comply to J2EE, an industry-standard architecture intended to reduce the cost and complexity of developing enterprise applications. The
pages produced are at JSP 1.1 level, and the applications built are at the
EJB 1.1 specification level. Migration tools are available to support movement from earlier versions of the above elements of Host Publisher.
Host Publisher Integration Objects and EJB Access Beans are enabled
to become Web services. Host Publisher supports multiple languages. If
the IBM Support Center becomes involved, a Software Maintenance
Utility product can help in the application of software fixes. This command line tool scans the product and creates a package containing documentation and files for the support team to use in troubleshooting.
Lotus Notes Client Support
The Lotus Notes client can be used on all desktops running either the
Express client or the Windows 95/Windows NT client. Lotus Notes can
be used with Lotus Domino for iSeries. Lotus Notes supports Internet
SMPT/MIME mail standards and can be used as a client to the post office
services (POP3) built into OS/400. Lotus Notes client supports e-mail,
calendaring, Web browsing, and information-management features.
The iSeries Navigator function is also packaged with iSeries Access
for Windows.
Access for Windows client uses SSL for Client Encryption. Client
Encryption includes an SSL for Windows 95/Windows NT and an SSL
for Java. The 5769-CE1 provides 40-bit encryption; 5769-CE2 provides
56-bit encryption; and 5769-CE3 provides 128-bit encryption for the
United States and Canada only.
Commitment Control and Journaling
Two other functions of OS/400 are commitment control and journaling.
Commitment control allows an application program to be designed so
that a user must complete all changes related to a database transaction
before the transaction is permanently reflected in the database. This
helps ensure the data integrity of the database in the event of a system
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failure in the middle of a transaction. It also allows a transaction to be
canceled in process if the user feels the transaction is erroneous.
Journaling is a task performed by OS/400 in which every database
transaction, in addition to changing the database, is stored in a separate
file of transactions. This journaling works in conjunction with normal
backup procedures to allow for recovery of database information in the
event of information loss—for example, if the information in an iSeries
database becomes corrupted through a user error or hardware failure.
The recovery process would involve loading a previously made backup
tape and restoring the database through a simple restore command. However, none of the database transactions made since the backup tape was
made would be reflected in the newly restored database. Thus, the database has been recovered only to the point at which the last backup copy
was made. Thousands of transactions may have been made since the last
backup, and these will have to be reapplied to the restored database.
This is where journaling comes in. Because all transactions performed since the last backup are stored in the separate journal area,
these transactions can automatically be applied to the newly restored
database to bring it to the point immediately before it was corrupted.
Without journaling, every transaction performed since the last backup
would have to be manually reentered, which can be a very time-consuming process. Remote journaling allows database changes to be sent
immediately to another system for high-availability applications to help
off-load central processing unit consumption from the source machine
so that it can achieve more throughput by capturing and transmitting
journal images between source and target systems. This can significantly reduce the time and effort required to reconcile source and target databases following a system failure, because database changes
are transported immediately to the remote system, ensuring no loss of
transactions.
Backup/Recovery
As users begin to use the iSeries system, the disk storage begins to accumulate business information that often is vital to the day-to-day operations of the business. This information becomes an asset to the business
and should be protected as such. OS/400 provides several functions that
protect against loss of information from user errors, hardware failures,
intentional corruptions, and so forth. These include backup/recovery
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(BRMS/400), commitment control and journaling, Tivoli Storage Manager V5.1, iSeries Navigator, disk-failure recovery, utility-failure recovery, and SMAPP.
First, the system’s operator can make backup copies of the information on disk storage to magnetic tape. With OS/400 these backup copies
can be made while users are actively using the systems. This feature is
called save while active. Before the save while active function was provided, the systems operator had to regularly reserve a block of time and
dedicate the iSeries system to backup operations, making it unavailable
to the users. Now the backup operations occur while users are still performing useful work. If the information on the iSeries disk storage is
lost, the backup tapes can be used to restore the iSeries disk storage to
the state at which the last backup was made. With the additional
journaling function and the Tivoli Storage Manager V5.1 plus BRMS/400
functions of OS/400, not only can all transactions subsequent to the
backup but prior to the failure be posted to the restored information,
but recovery of the lost data can be accomplished without the users
being aware of its occurrence. This typically completes the recovery
procedure, and the information on the iSeries system is restored to the
point just before the failure occurred.
Support on save commands for generic library names and omit options provide flexibility in defining which libraries and objects to save
and allow usage of multiple tape drives to reduce the time required for
a save operation. Multiple concurrent restore operations using two or
more tape units can be used to restore objects to a single library or to
restore document library objects to a single auxiliary storage pool. Most
save and restore commands support using multiple tape devices or multiple resources in a tape library in parallel. This reduces the amount of
time required to save and restore very large objects. The previous save
rate was limited to the throughput capabilities of a single tape; by using
multiple tapes in parallel, the maximum throughput can be increased.
Save menu option defaults have been added to simplify unattended
save operations. The defaults include save entire system, save system
data only, and save all user data. The operations console makes it possible to provide remote console support equivalent to a full-function
5250 system console session. When the systems and operations staff
are in separate locations, either can initiate remote backup/recovery
operations.
Transferring programs between systems in a network has been simplified by means of the capability to use recovery-program methodol-
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ogy to a different system than the backup was performed on. A restore
menu option was added to all unattended restores and restores to a
different system.
Tivoli Storage Manager V5.1
IBM’s Tivoli Storage Manager (TSM), using offline storage facilities,
safeguards the organization’s data from hardware failures and other
errors. TSM is able to scale itself to protect hundreds of computers
ranging from laptops to mainframes running a dozen operating systems. Those computers may be connected together via the Internet,
WANs, or LANs. TSM minimizes the administration costs of data protection and the impact to both computers and networks by centralizing
the cooperative activity of the Web-based management, smart-data-move
and store techniques, and comprehensive policy-based automation. Business-critical applications running 24x365 use optional modules to utilize TSM’s centralized data protection with no interruption to their
service. Incremental backups affect only backup files that have changes
since the last backup. TSM utilizes the disks and tapes in its storage
hierarchy. The option exists for TSM to combine with BRMS to provide a single centralized backup and recovery solution to your entire
storage server environment. The core functions of TSM include:
•
Data backup and restore. Backups consist of copies of your active online data stored on offline storage. If any online storage
device fails, or a data error occurs, or someone accidentally deletes a file, the offline copy of that data can be restored to online
active storage.
•
Managed data archive and retrieve. The copies of active or inactive online data retained on offline storage are referred to as
data archives. Archives serve two functions: the maintenance of
point-in-time copies of important data for regulatory or bookkeeping requirements, and the movement of inactive data from
expensive online storage to less-expensive offline storage. TSM
manages the data archives for a defined lifetime through the
policy-automation engine, just like backed-up data. When required, TSM is capable of rapidly restoring the archived data,
extending your data storage capabilities without the need for
additional online storage.
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•
Protection for 24x365 business-critical applications. Applications remain available during backups with online, nondisruptive
image backups. Image backups complement progressive incremental backups and can be used for faster recovery of large
amounts of data in file systems with large numbers of files.
•
Support for small tape libraries (two drives and forty tape slots).
Backup Recovery and Media Services/400
Backup Recovery and Media Services/400 (BRMS/400) is a systemsmanagement tool for managing backup, archiving, and recovery environments for one or more iSeries systems at a single site or across a
network where the principal data exchange is by tape. BRMS/400 is
designed to perform complex backups easily. The definitions of a backup
and changes to those definitions are easy. Full error checking is performed, and messages are provided to the operators to ensure that errors do not go unnoticed. BRMS includes “EXITs” to allow processing
of user commands or programs during the backup procedures. BRMS
performs full, incremental, or noncumulative incremental saves; saves
to save files; and save while active.
BRMS/400 offers a step-by-step recovery in the form of a report
printed after the nightly backups are complete. Recovery includes full
and detailed feedback during the recovery process by means of an autorefresh screen, updated as each library is restored. The BRMS System
Recovery Report steps include setting up standalone or media library
devices for recovery, initializing BRMS functional authority information, updating system name in BRMS media information, configuring
auxiliary storage pool devices, verifying auxiliary storage pool device
names, and recovering Linux servers in a logical partition.
BRMS/400 archives data from direct access storage devices (DASDs)
to tape and tracks information about objects that have been archived.
Locating data in the archives is easy because the restore can be triggered from a work-with screen. Dynamic retrieval for database files is
possible, and archived files can be restored upon access with the user
application. No changes to the user application are needed to initiate
the restore. BRMS/400 provides a comprehensive inventory-management system for all tapes, cataloging and managing an entire tape library, as well as outputting reports as instructions to operators about
required actions.
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BRMS/400 provides for policy-driven backup, recovery, tape media
management, and archive services for tape devices. This means there is
an automatic recall of archived database files from tape devices to DASDs
when required, which relieves the user from having to become involved.
BRMS/400 is intended for the system environment with over fifty tapes
and therefore may introduce excess complexity in the operation of a
smaller system. TSM operations have a media policy limited to a maximum of sixty-four characters for passwords, the maximum allowed by
TSM servers. The BRMS TSM client supports the PASSWORDACCESS
GENERATE client option when used with the Tivoli Storage Manager
OS/400 Client API, V4R2.1. The iSeries Navigator is intended to provide the backup/restore functions for this less-complex environment.
In addition to these functions, BRMS can back up or archive lowvolume iSeries user data server including another iSeries, RS/6000, or
S/390, or on the 3466 Network Storage Manager.
BRMS provides the ability to back up a single library, or single library object, in parallel across any number of tape devices. Parallel
backup enables a user to shorten the window of time required to perform backup by using more tape devices in the backup process. Using
parallel backup with an automated tape library device allows a large
library to be saved to all currently available resources. This reduces the
administration involved in setting up a backup strategy by eliminating
the need to design the strategy based on the current number of drives
and the current objects.
BRMS interfaces can be controlled, allowing administrators to secure the setup and functionality of BRMS from users not skilled in the
administration and usage of BRMS. The BRMS functional-usage model
can secure the following types of function from specific users, and each
user can be allowed to use one function and not others (e.g., allow an
operator backup functionality, but not the ability to recover objects):
•
Backup
•
Archive
•
Recovery
•
Retrieval
•
Migration.
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The functional usage model allows the administrator to control specific setups such as a control group or policy. Users could use and view
a policy but not be allowed to change the contents of the policy. Not
supported by the base product are archive, dynamic retrieval, automated
migration operations, or shared media.
BRMS Network Feature
The BRMS Network Feature enables a BRMS system to be connected
to other BRMS network systems using a network. Networked BRMS
systems can share the inventory and policies associated with media
managed by a central BRMS system. An attribute has been added to the
network Group that indicates whether the system is enabled for TCP/IP
communications. If set to yes, BRMS communicates to other systems in
the BRMS Network using TCP/IP.
BRMS Advanced Functions Feature
The BRMS Advanced Functions Feature enables BRMS advanced functions such as Hierarchical Storage Management (HSM) archive with HSM
dynamic retrieval and automated Application Storage Pool (ASP) object
migration. Parallel Backup also works with the advanced functions, allowing for parallel archive and parallel dynamic retrieval of a single object. Parallelism used in the dynamic retrieval of a large database file reduces
the required time for the retrieval process. The Advanced Functions Feature can initiate archiving of database files, stream files, and documents
based on frequency of usage. The frequency-of-use rule is based on the
number of days used and is calculated based on a one-month period. The
user can specify the value into the archive control group driving the archive
operation. New commands provide object detail for duplicated media,
initialization of BRMS functional authorities, renaming of the owner of
the BRMS media information and history information before recovering
to a system or logical partition with a name different from when the information was saved, and the reorganization of the BRMS databases.
BRMS provides a plug-in to iSeries Navigator. The BRMS plug-in
includes a move policy wizard and move policy properties to help create and maintain move policies and create new locations. Media functions and tasks enable the action and verification of media movement
operations. Backup policy properties allow the specification of media
libraries and save files and TSM servers as backup devices with options
to enable and define parallel device backups.
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It is possible to:
•
Specify the days of the week when running commands before
and after the backup or add special actions (exits) to be performed during backups
•
Define the type of incremental backup to use
•
Specify what subsystems should be ended and restarted
•
Specify what job queues are to be held or released
•
Specify whether backup items are to be saved using save-whileactive.
The backup policies folder can contain functions that allow the creation, update, and management of backup lists and the saving of backups to save files. Locations can be created, updated, and managed through
the move policies folder. A media pools folder within the media folder
enables the creation update and maintenance of media pools (classes).
The backup history can be filtered based on expiration date, saved system, and disk pool name or number. The volumes-include panel can
filter the volumes based on location, container, owning system, and volumes marked for duplication, duplicated volumes, or secured volumes.
Specific maintenance functions can be selected when running maintenance and cleanup options. One or more BRMS reports of various types
can be selected for printing on the iSeries server. Global properties in
the plug-in allow the specification of TCP/IP to be used for BRMS network operations; also allowed are the specification of notification controls, sign-off exception, and IPL controls.
The restore wizard allows the performance of point-in-time recoveries of objects saved using online incremental Lotus server backups
and the restoration of objects saved to TSM servers, objects saved to
parallel devices, or objects saved to save files.
System-Managed Access Path Protection
A function called System-Managed Access Path Protection (SMAPP),
which automatically records the access path information according to a
mathematical algorithm set by the user, has been added to the systemsmanagement function. Users tell the system manager how long they are
AM
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willing to wait for recovery to take place after a long utility outage, and
the system manager ensures that the access paths will be journaled frequently enough to achieve that recovery period. The recovery period
may be identified to be either system-wide or by Application Storage
Pool (ASP). An ASP is a grouping of files related to a common set of
applications. The file grouping is generally both logically and physically
related. In the case of a utility outage on a system with internal battery
backup or a UPS power system, when the main storage data has been
dumped to disk and the system then powered down, the access paths to
the data dumped to disk have been lost if SMAPP has not been enabled.
Before the main storage contents can be reloaded and processing resumed, the access paths to the data resident in main storage must be
rebuilt. This can take many hours of interaction with the system administrator, or SMAPP can journal the access path information, and recovery time can be reduced to the identified time interval in SMAPP.
Hierarchical Storage Management
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Hierarchical Storage Management (HSM) interface support provides
data management within a storage hierarchy consisting of high-performance disks, compressed disks, and tape devices. With HSM implementation, users can migrate data as it ages from fast disk devices to
compressed disk devices, to optical devices, and then to tape devices.
Data stored on tape devices is accessed just like data residing on disk.
BRMS/400 is the application program providing the foundation for
the HSM customer interface. BRMS/400 defines a new set of policies under which a user can determine when the different object types can be
moved or migrated to the different levels of storage. OS/400 enablers
include a new API (FREESTG) to support archiving one object at a time
(which also eliminates the temporary copy on disk). The utility (WRKASP)
handles the movement of data between the different levels of storage hierarchy. Using BRMS/400, the hierarchical storage management enables
the migration of user libraries, folders, and spooled files between Application Storage Pools (ASPs), simplifying the archiving of database files, database members, and documents. Stream files can be migrated from disk
to tape, or from a high-performance disk to a compressed disk. Dynamic
retrieval provides files on demand for application access. HSM operates
automatically and is policy based, requiring no application changes to
implement and minimal maintenance support. The fast access, high ca-
Team-Fly®
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pacity, and high data transfer rate make the IBM Magstar MP3570 and
3575 tape subsystems excellent HSM tape-storage alternatives.
Systems Management
iSeries Navigator
The iSeries is designed for office environments in which technical skills
are usually limited. Systems-management tasks are simplified by iSeries
Navigator. This product allows an iSeries system administrator to perform systems-management tasks through a familiar Windows-based
Graphical User Interface (GUI). The new function emphasis is on pictures, not just icons. Wizards are used to perform many common tasks
with a high degree of integration, not just standalone utilities. This makes
it easier for users unfamiliar with iSeries systems to perform OS/400
tasks. Previously referred to as Operations Navigator, iSeries Navigator
will be referred to simply as Navigator in the remainder of this book.
Navigator supplies many iSeries functions used by system administrators and users on a daily basis, including job manipulation, message
handling, printer management, printer-output handling, user and group
administration, database administration, file systems, security functions,
authorization lists, security and auditing policies, backup support, and
hardware and software inventory. These functions may be accessed for
a particular system from either a local or a remote system workstation.
For example, a large company may have one iSeries system at the headquarters location and multiple iSeries systems distributed in other locations throughout the country or around the world. Rather than provide
iSeries and OS/400 personnel at each of the locations, it often is desirable to have a centralized staff of experts who can support all of the
iSeries systems throughout the company (a central help desk). That help
desk can then coordinate all outside resources (e.g., IBM’s customer
support structure or an application software company’s support system) as the single point of contact for the whole company. Management
Central is an optional subcomponent of Navigator.
Work management, as performed by Navigator:
•
Groups active jobs by subsystem and allows the customization
of the active job lists including sort, include, columns, and short-
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cut functions. Menu options added include Call Stack, Locked
Objects, Open Files, and Library List.
•
Lists job queues allocated to active subsystems; lists all job queues
defined on the system; allows jobs to be moved within and between queues using drag and drop; and provides menu options
to work with jobs, hold, release, clear, or list the properties of
the jobs in the job queues.
•
Lists all subsystems that have been started and provides the following menu options related to those subsystems: work with
jobs, job queues, start, stop, and properties of the jobs on the
job queues.
The Database Navigator provides a pictorial view of database objects which includes tables, views, journals, indexes, keys, and constraints.
Object menus are available to work on items in the pictorial view, and
SQL statements can be generated from the existing DB objects.
As part of Project eLiza, Navigator has some new work management functions. Those functions include:
•
System status
•
Seeing threads for a job and taking actions on threads
•
More job lists for jobs using IFS objects
•
Tape devices
•
Disk pools
•
TCP/IP connection jobs
•
Lock holders for objects, members, and rows
•
Locked objects lists include:
–
Lock space objects
–
System objects
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More
•
View the last SQL statement that ran
•
Improvement to viewing job logs (sort, print, and find).
Also added are:
•
Output queue support to see output queues and their contents
and to take actions on output queues.
•
Fix support for group fixes. The compare and update fixes wizard is more robust with:
–
Improved supersede recognition
–
Continuing when fixes are not available
–
Performing an update without doing a compare.
•
Support for standalone tape device and tape library, which includes actions to vary on/off devices and format, duplicate, display, and print tapes and cartridges; see the cartridges and tape
resources in a tape library; and also insert and eject cartridges.
•
Disk management support to see parity sets and take actions on
the parity sets such as start or stop parity, resynchronize parity,
and change parity optimization. Additional disk pool support
to create independent disk pools and disk pool groups that support libraries and databases. A graphics view option allows the
user to view all or by disk pools, locations, etc., enabling the
user to see units across all towers. The user can right-click on a
disk unit to get a menu of options for that unit. This includes
the administration of Windows Server (xSeries) disks as well as
Windows users and groups.
•
Network support for IP Version 6 (IPv6); new wizards to create
IPv6 and IPv4 configuration, interfaces, and routes; new communication lines folder; and the ability to create user-defined
servers that will appear in the server jobs list; more Quality of
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Service (QoS) support such as inbound connection rate control;
and more packet rules and VPN support.
•
Windows Administration support to run a Windows command
on an integrated IBM eServer xSeries; support to install the latest version and service pack, and to create a new open source
disk file system for guest operating system logical partitions such
as Linux.
•
Other new items such as verifying the central system connection, menu streamlining, basic system time synchronization, and
auto-refresh support on all folders.
Navigator includes support for TCP/IP configuration, including
DHCP and DNS. This support is simplified by the use of wizards and
GUIs. Servers can be configured to start automatically when TCP/IP is
started and the status of the servers can be monitored. Navigator integrates the administration of Domino for iSeries, iSeries NetServer software, and the iSeries system’s Internet capability by launching a Web
browser interface to configure HTTP Server for iSeries, Firewall, and
IBM Network Station. Plug-in Application Program Interfaces (APIs)
are provided for use by other applications to integrate into the iSeries
Navigator program’s interface.
From the Navigator window it is possible to drag and drop printer
output to various printers and to the desktop, to set the Navigator windows so that Windows can refresh their content automatically, to open
separate windows to monitor specific items of interest, to create desktop shortcuts to items within Navigator, and to find text within Navigator lists. PC users can view and end iSeries messages.
Navigator graphical interfaces provide capabilities for improving
operation and administration of the iSeries by means of the following:
•
Security Configuration Wizard
•
Real-time graphical performance monitor
•
iSeries DCE server setup and management
•
TCP/IP security setup for Network Address Translation (NAT)
and IP packet filtering
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•
Network File System (NFS) server management
•
Viewing iSeries NetServer (SMB) server statistics
•
Managing remote journals and aliases, updating iSeries database table contents, and copying/moving capabilities between
system database tables.
An LPAR GUI makes it easy to view LPAR configuration and status. The LPAR GUI includes an LPAR configuration wizard.
The iSeries Navigator is used to work with iSeries resources and for
administering and operating iSeries systems. New graphical interfaces
are added to iSeries Navigator for working with the following iSeries
functions:
•
Folders in the integrated file system can be created, deleted, and
renamed. Objects in the file system can be cut, copied, and pasted,
or dragged and dropped between iSeries systems and PCs.
•
Database improvements include SQL performance monitor, SQL
scripts, SQL indexes, stored procedures, LOBs, DataLink data
types, and user-defined functions.
•
Virtual Private Networks (VPN) and application and network
security have been added to TCP/IP for secure connections across
a public network. Other TCP/IP functions include the ability to
have multiple user IDs while using a single copy of Access. Each
user ID can be using a different application.
•
The GUI interfaces that work with output queues and spooled
files have been expanded and include ad hoc access to PDF and
e-mail functions. These functions are active when iSeries Navigator detects that Infoprint Server (5722-IP1) is installed. One
or more spooled files can be selected, PDF and e-mail parameters can be specified, and the PDF and e-mail operations may
be interactively invoked.
•
Management central system group functions have been added
to the hierarchy for object packaging and distribution, remote
operations, PTF management, inventory, and job scheduler.
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•
Application administration of third party plug-ins is offered.
•
Microsoft policies are also supported. A maximum of 150 different policies can be enforced. Policy restrictions can be enforced on a per-user or per-PC basis.
It is possible to selectively install only the needed Navigator functions, and system administrators can select which functions are available to specific users. Plug-in support allows anyone to add his or her
own applications to Navigator. The plug-ins can be written in Java or
Visual Basic. The application is distributed using iSeries Access Install.
SystemView System Manager/400
The SystemView System Manager/400 (#5769-SM1) provides facilities that allow a central iSeries system/site staff to perform systemsmanagement tasks for a network of remote iSeries systems. It addresses
the following systems-management needs: problem management,
change management, Access/400 client inventory, problem tracking for
those clients, and PC software management. System Manager/400 provides a GUI, session-management support, and support for a roving
user—one who needs to use multiple workstations, but only one at a
time. The user can move from one workstation to another and maintain the same capabilities and interface characteristics used on the prior
workstation.
In the area of problem management, System Manager/400 provides
a way to maintain an electronic problem log. That problem log is managed automatically and includes the clients attached via iSeries Access.
As users or the iSeries system itself reports a problem, that problem is
automatically noted in the problem log. The problems are prioritized,
and notes are kept on the activities associated with each problem. If
IBM’s customer service needs to get involved, the problem, with all of
its notes, is sent electronically to IBM’s support network. If the central
support site has an S/390 computer system, System Manager/400 cooperates with the S/390, allowing all support activity to be performed from
that system. In the area of hardware/software inventory and software
management, SystemView System Manager/400 automatically detects
what hardware is connected on the LAN networks and downloads the
operating system required for Windows, OS/2, and so on.
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OS/400 can provide automated tracking and management of co-requisite PTFs within co-requisite PTFs as a group. The risks and complexity in managing co-requisite relationships are reduced as a result of this
cooperative effort. These PTFs can be downloaded across the Internet.
Customers with a network of iSeries systems can use software intended
for use on a remote system without having to install that software on the
central site system. This saves DASD space and installation time.
Management Central
Management Central provides a way to do things to multiple systems
with a single request, manages long-running tasks from a GUI asynchronously, and schedules tasks. Instead of connecting to each system
individually, requests are sent to a system designated as the “Central
System.” The iSeries servers connected to the central system are referred
to as endpoints. Endpoints can be collected into system groups for convenience.
Requests flow outward to the endpoints, and status and results flow
back from the endpoints to the central server. Tasks can be long-running or scheduled. The Navigator PC obtains information from the central server, while passing requests to the central server. System
performance monitors are integrated with jobs, allowing a graphic history function for seven days of history. Using Management Central technology, Navigator contains a compare and update menu option for
system values on System and Endpoint pop-up menus.
Management Central provides immediate and up-to-the-minute information about the systems being managed, making it possible for system administrators or operators with multiple systems and networks to
gather, analyze, and react to system information. Systems can be grouped
to allow the control and monitoring of multiple iSeries systems in a
network from a central iSeries server. It is possible to monitor:
•
CPU utilization (average, interactive)
•
Interactive response time
•
Batch logical I/O
•
Transaction rates
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•
Utilization of disk space
•
Communications IOPs
•
Communications lines
•
Local area networks
•
Disk IOPs
•
Disk arm utilization
•
Machine pool faulting rates (maximum only)
•
Base user pool faulting rates
•
CPU utilization Lite (average only).
With the capability of real-time graphical monitoring, it is possible
to monitor multiple systems or groups, establish thresholds for each
monitor, automatically execute programs/actions on threshold events,
and view threshold events.
TCP/IP security can be set up to include network address translation and IP packet filtering to accept or reject IP packets based on
criteria. The latter capability provides one method for eliminating unwanted e-mail.
The system can also be set up to manage an iSeries Network File
System (NFS) server, including the exports and netgroups for that server.
If NetServer is operating on an Integrated NetFinity Server, it is possible
to view server statistics with optional automatic refreshing, shared objects being used by a session, and sessions using a shared object.
Within a database, Management Central enables table contents to
be updated, remote journals to be managed, aliases to be managed, and
tables to be copied and moved between systems.
In a Distributed Computing Environment (DCE), it is possible to set
up and manage iSeries DCE services. For Lightweight Directory Access
Protocols (LDAP), it is possible to set up and manage an iSeries Directory Server and publish user information to an LDAP directory.
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System-Detected Software Problems
When an error occurs, the OS/400 licensed program automatically creates symptom strings. The use of symptom strings eases the management of problems in the system and makes recovery faster by improving
the customer’s rate of discovery of appropriate fixes. Problem resolution time is decreased when failure data is collected at the time of occurrence and the necessity to re-create failures is reduced.
Management Central Methodology
Management Central provides a methodology for managing multiple
systems, system groups, and system group functions. Management Central includes performance monitors, support for remote operations, inventory collection, packaged-object distribution, management of
software fixes, performance-collection services, and job scheduling. The
primary components of Management Central include the following:
•
Collection Services is a tool for data collection which replaces
the performance monitor with an emphasis on capturing data
with minimum system impact. The data is not processed until
needed. Flexibility is provided in what data is collected and how
that data is managed. Collected data is written into a management-collection object. Management-collection objects may be
created and destroyed automatically or retained indefinitely based
on user-defined parameters. A performance monitor database is
created based on the data in the management-collection object.
The creation of the database can be deferred until a later time
than the data collection or even on a different system. Also, only
data of interest need be processed, and only over time intervals
of interest. Multiple database views may be created from the
same management-collection object.
•
Object Packaging and Distribution Graphical Interface provides
a way to send objects from any file system to one or more iSeries
in a network. It also includes features for restoring objects, taking snapshots of objects, versioning packages of objects, and
posting execution of commands against objects. The functions
can be performed on a group or network of iSeries eServers and
can be scheduled for a convenient time.
PTF Management Wizards for a distributed environment walks
the user through comparing the PTF levels of multiple iSeries
systems to a model system on which a proven set of PTFs have
been installed. The wizard then performs the distribution and
installation of any missing PTFs on the remote iSeries by identifying the system or group of systems to be updated.
•
Inventory for Multiple Systems can be performed using a graphical interface that enables the scheduling of regular inventory collections of hardware, software, and PTF information. The
inventory collection can be for a group or network of iSeries
systems. Using the data collected, it is possible to search for a
specific piece of information and export that information to a
PC application for analysis, or just compare information for
multiple systems.
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Management Central Pervasive
Management Central Pervasive extends a subset of Management Central capabilities to the wireless environment. This enables the management of multiple systems from tier-0 devices such as PDAs and cellular
phones. Management Central Pervasive will also run in a workstation
Web browser. With Management Central Pervasive it is possible to:
•
Watch system status of iSeries systems
•
Monitor performance on multiple systems including:
–
View real-time performance metrics
–
See if thresholds have been reached/exceeded
–
View the top twenty jobs or other related detail contributing
to each metric
–
Start/stop metrics
Team-Fly®
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•
•
Monitor specific jobs and servers on multiple systems, enabling
the operator to:
–
View job-level and summary-level metrics in real time
–
See if monitors have triggered
–
Start/stop monitors
Monitor message queues on multiple systems, making it possible to:
–
View job-level and summary-level metrics in real-time
–
See if monitors have triggered
–
View message details
–
Reply to messages
–
Delete messages
–
Start/stop monitors
•
Hold, release, or end a job on any Endpoint System
•
Run commands on any group of systems, allowing you to:
•
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–
Choose from your predefined list of Management Central
commands
–
Enter the command from the wireless device
–
View the distributed task status
Manage Integrated xSeries Servers (IXS) through the ability to
view the status of IXS servers, start up/shut down servers, run
NT commands, and monitor IXS events that are routed to an
iSeries message queue.
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Enterprise Identity Mapping (EIM)
Enterprise Identity Mapping is a Project eLiza initiative. Project eLiza is
IBM’s approach to creating a self-managing, autonomic computing environment. Project eLiza is intended to help companies deal effectively
with increased complexity, allowing for faster reaction to changing circumstances, permitting the realization of cost efficiencies, and enabling
a focus on business needs. Project eLiza is a blueprint for self-managing
systems aimed at creating an intelligent IT infrastructure capable of responding to unexpected capacity demands or system failures.
EIM provides a technology that maps a user identity on one system
to the user’s identity on another system. The operating system and applications can equate jsmith on iSeries to janesmith on an eServer zSeries
system. The resulting single sign-on capability reduces the threat of password theft, reduces user identity management across the network, and
simplifies the authentication processor for users.
iSeries Performance Tools
The IBM iSeries Performance Tools accesses system load information
automatically logged by the system. With these tools, the performance
of the system can be tuned and future performance requirements projected. The tools provide performance reports that can be as high level
or as detailed as needed. System use, response time, and number of transactions are statistically treated. The expert systems-based advisor function assists the systems manager in interpreting performance analysis
and often recommends specific actions. The iSeries Performance Tools
helps the systems manager determine where the system is and where it is
going in terms of capacity and performance. For smaller systems or those
not requiring the function of iSeries Performance Tools, the Performance
Tools/400 (5763-PT1) provides basic performance-planning tools. Also,
the Performance Investigator/400 (PRPQ #5799-PRG) runs on a PC under DOS/Windows and graphs in real time (fifteen-second samples) items
such as CPU use, response time, and so on. One PC can monitor up to
sixteen iSeries systems. The iSeries Navigator can create and view summary reports and graphs. Instrumentation for performance supplies a
wide variety of performance tools with information to help customers
solve their performance problems, predict when they will need system
upgrades, and monitor the current performance of their systems.
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Performance Collection Services makes it easier for applications to
plug in programs that enable application performance statistics to be
collected and stored in the system performance database. The collection of performance information occurs on a continual basis, including
much clearer and efficient reduction and analysis. This makes it easier
and faster to identify which function in the system is contributing to a
bottleneck so appropriate steps can be taken to expedite the problem’s
repair. This collection is the first step in a multistage plan to better
instrument and enable the system for continual measurement and analysis. LDAP-based directories provide integration for e-business. LDAP
is being expanded beyond Apache, WebSphere Application Server, and
WebSphere Commerce Suite to include Enterprise Identity Mapping
and other solutions.
The HTTP performance data is contained in the HTTP data-collection category for Collection Services. This performance data can be
queried for analysis of HTTP server activity to achieve an understanding of what types of HTTP transactions are being processed by the iSeries.
Examples of data types include static files, CGI, and Java Servlets. Performance Tools for iSeries generates reports based on the HTTP performance data with regard to transactions processed by HTTP server jobs.
Performance Explorer (PEX) analyzes application performance and
identifies performance bottlenecks. Performance Explorer has been improved as part of Project eLiza to include additional functions that are
instrumented with user-defined events addressing specific server jobs used
by e-business applications. This results in improvement in the ability to
optimize and tune the server jobs and the applications that use them.
The amount of time it takes to end a PEX collection has been decreased,
as well as the overhead of PEX, enabling it to run longer and make it
easier to find performance bottlenecks in the software being analyzed.
PATROL for iSeries—Predict
PATROL for iSeries—Predict (5620-FIF) uses existing performance data
from Collection Services to provide comprehensive response-time analysis
and predictive modeling capabilities. A “what-if” analyzer reveals the
impact of changes such as load, configuration, and users across the iSeries
environment. Users can prevent performance, service, and response-time
problems before their occurrence and ensure ongoing success by providing the right hardware upgrades, at the right time.
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The graphical planning capabilities provided by PATROL for
iSeries—Predict consist of two components:
•
Create model functions for identifying OS/400 jobs and assigning work to workloads based upon user ID, job name, OS/400
subsystem, and other categories. Performance Monitor database
files more recent than V4R2 are supported for input to creating
the model.
•
A Windows PC GUI active on a workstation is used for validating the model and performing capacity planning scenarios.
The capacity planning components provide the following functions:
•
CPU, disk, ASP (logical volume) capacity planning
•
Interactive feature utilization, variable interactive CPW for LPAR
partition
•
Percentage growth per time period
•
HTML-based graphical displays for reports and bar charts.
The available reports are divided into seven groups:
•
Validate model (predicted compared to model)
•
Multiple CPUs that can coexist in a single model
•
Task pads for status messages
•
Icons to indicate warning (threshold reached)
•
Guideline reached per resource
•
Ability to process performance data from multiple releases
•
Allows for “what-if” scenarios by changing the system configuration or workloads.
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BEST/1 users should be aware of the following limitations in the
first release of Patrol for iSeries:
•
No explicit modeling for IOPs and IOAs
•
No explicit modeling of separate memory storage pools
•
Limited Raid modeling detail
•
No batch job modeling
•
No release level or application-type performance adjustments
•
No configuration recomendations
•
No individual communications object modeling.
NetFinity for iSeries
NetFinity for iSeries (5716-SVA) enables the movement of systems-management tasks from end users to more-experienced system administrators. NetFinity contains an inventory server that collects hardware and
software inventory information from the clients being managed and
stores it in DB2 UDB for iSeries databases on the iSeries server. This
information is used to perform management tasks such as software distribution, distributed monitoring, and remote control. NetFinity enables
the system administrator to perform remote control of the PC clients,
allowing the identification and correction of potential problems before
they impact business. NetFinity also provides a graphical interface to
software distribution by defining custom reports for querying the hardware and software database, runs the reports and displays results, generates a node list for distributing software, and distributes the PC
software. Other NetFinity capabilities include critical file monitoring,
workstation discovery, performance monitoring, activity scheduling, enhanced security, user profile data collection, alert management and processing, and problem analysis and correction.
NetFinity for iSeries has two components: NetFinity Server for iSeries
(5716-SVA) is the server component, installed on the iSeries servers and
the central site system. NetFinity iSeries Manager (5716-SVD) is the
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manager component, installed on a PC connected to an iSeries server in
its workgroup. NetFinity Services for iSeries (5716-SVE) contains the
PC client code supporting NetFinity for iSeries; this is what you order
to obtain the code for remote PCs. All the PCs to be managed within the
enterprise must include this code, which performs the responses directed
by the NetFinity Manager and NetFinity for iSeries software. NetFinity
Server for iSeries includes an easy-to-use GUI for setting up proactive
resource monitors and alert conditions on the clients. Client alerts notify the manager GUI when conditions are met, such as changes to critical files, the start or end of a critical process, and performance and
capacity statistics. Administrators can view a snapshot of the screen,
start a command-line session, transfer files, browse information in the
desktop management interface, and view current hardware and software configurations on remote clients.
In order to support remote control of Windows NT Server on the
Integrated xSeries Server, NetFinity requires a local managing workstation for the remote server, control of the remote console keyboard/mouse,
and the capability to inventory the software and hardware and to perform software distribution through the iSeries using Managed System
Services (MSS). PC systems supported as clients are Windows 3.1, Windows 95, Windows 98, Windows NT, and OS/2.
WebSphere Development Studio
WebSphere Development Studio (WDS) for iSeries consolidates the key
application development tools for traditional host and e-business development into one attractively priced iSeries product. WDS delivers Java
and Web development tools with enhanced functions targeted specifically to increase iSeries development productivity. A WebFacing tool
that can be used to quickly, easily, and cost effectively move a 5250
application to a browser interface is introduced. The iSeries product
number (5722-WDS) includes all the host and workstation components.
This is a no-charge upgrade for iSeries customers of the Application
Development tools who have a software subscription.
WebSphere Development Studio for iSeries components fit into two
categories—host components and workstation components.
The host components listed below are described in the tenth edition
of Exploring IBM eServer iSeries and AS/400 Computers.
Operating Systems
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ILE RPG (RPG IV)
•
ILE COBOL
•
ILE C
•
ILE C++.
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The workstation components include:
•
WebFacing Tool (First Edition), which helps to build a Web interface to existing 5250 applications and assists in the conversion at
development time of the display file source into JavaServer pages
(JSPs) and Java data beans. WebFacing easily converts existing
interactive applications to e-business applications. The JSPs and
Java data beans are deployed to the WebSphere Application Server.
Little change is required to the application’s business logic. At
runtime, there is a low-level switch in OS/400 that determines if
the user is using a browser or a 5250 interface. If the source of the
input was a browser, then the output data from the application is
directed through a data bean to the generated JSP. This results in
HTML forms that are displayed in a browser; no 5250 data stream
is ever created. If the source of the input was a 5250 display, then
the switch directs the 5250 data to be incorporated into a 5250
data stream and then be shipped to a 5250 display. The same application can support both a 5250 and a browser interface.
WebFacing is not a stopgap exercise. The end user can leverage
and extend the components created by the WebFacing Tool as part
of the evolutionary strategy to sophisticated e-business solutions.
•
WebSphere Studio (WS) for iSeries (Professional Edition) provides easy access to iSeries data and applications while containing a Web pallet of parts to generate standard HTML and
JavaScript. WS includes entry fields with validity checking and
support for edit codes. It includes subfile parts, and a wizard to
generate a functional Web user interface.
•
VisualAge for Java for iSeries (Professional Edition) provides
easy access to iSeries system functions and generates code to
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access data and applications. This is the best Java Integrated
Development Environment (IDE) for creating applications for
the iSeries server. VisualAge for Java (Professional Edition) V3.5
is a full Java IDE that includes an editor, a debugger, a Java
Development Kit, a WebSphere unit test environment, and a
Visual Composition Editor. The Visual Composition Editor lets
the customer visually connect GUI and non-GUI parts. It generates the code to enable the connections. The IDE supports incremental automatic compilation of source code and support for
third-party Source Control Management Tools as well as support for Java 2.
•
CODE is the Windows-based, IBM follow-on product set to
PDM, SEU, SDA, RLU, and the system debugger. It is a modern,
integrated, and comprehensive toolset optimized for creating and
maintaining iSeries applications or application fragments written in OPM/ILE RPG, OPM/ILE COBOL, OPM/ILE CL, ILE C,
ILE C++, DDS, or Java to help attract, retain, and grow key
iSeries development skills. CODE enables development of iSeries
host and workstation applications on Windows-based PCs. The
CODE functions of editing, syntax checking, and program verification of RPG and COBOL programs has been integrated into
WebSphere Studio Site Developer Advanced. CODE is the follow-on to ADTS. CODE includes a PC editor with local and
remote compilation; a graphical interface for designing DDS
display, printer, and physical files; a debugger that can debug
host applications from a workstation; and a project organizer
that integrates and organizes your programming projects (PDM
for your PC). Languages supported include RPG, COBOL, C,
C++, and Java, providing the ability to move between OPM and
ILE environments.
•
VisualAge RPG (VARPG) allows the customer to write or port
RPG IV applications to a Windows client. VisualAge RPG can
be used to create GUI applications for Windows or any Java
GUI-capable client or browser. Again, the user attains seamless
access to iSeries data and applications. VisualAge RPG provides
a tool to run in Windows environments. The tool includes a
compiler, a debugger, runtime, a designer, an editor, and seamless access to iSeries data and programs. VisualAge RPG is based
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on RPG IV, and much of the RPG IV code can be reused in
VARPG. Also, at compile time the user has the option to compile the VARPG code into either Windows EXE or Java Applications/Applets. The latter option means the code can be written
once in RPG and be run anywhere in Java. There are some restrictions in RPG that do not compile to Java; however, there
are no restrictions on mixing Java code and RPG-derived Java
code. RPG IV can make calls to Java programs using the Java
Native Interface (JNI), just as C and C++ can make Java program calls. Java can make calls to RPG programs and can also
call COBOL programs.
•
The Program Call Markup Language (PCML) is supported by
iSeries. PCML is an Extensible Markup Language (XML). XML
is a language for creating new languages, which uses simple
<TAG> and </TAG> syntax. PCML defines tags to fully describe
the input and output for iSeries programs. Using PCML, calls to
the iSeries with the Toolbox classes are automatically created
from the PCML tags.
WebSphere Studio for iSeries
WebSphere Studio for iSeries provides a tool for building and managing Web sites. Easy access is provided for iSeries applications and data
through subfile support, iSeries data-type support, wizards, and templates. WebSphere Studio for iSeries addresses the Web site
update/customization requirements for ported applications. The 5250
applications can be leveraged and extended to the Web using a
WebFacing tool, which can transform those applications to a Web GUI
application. The WebFacing tool can create a Java Server Page (JSP)
capable of running in WebSphere Application Server to pump the page
and data in HTML format to the browser. The resulting Web pages can
be customized, with the application that results supporting both 5250
and Web interfaces. The output of the WebFacing tool can then be
imported by WebSphere Studio for further customization, such as bouncing heads and flaming arrows. The WebFacing also supports DDS keywords, WAS V4, full national language, authentication, integration to
WebSphere Studio Workbench, and the WAS test environment. The
long-term objective is to have WebSphere absorb all of the application
development tools.
WebSphere Studio Workbench
WebSphere Studio Workbench is a standards-based cross-platform Integrated Development Environment (IDE). Its infrastructure enables the
seamless integration of all development tools, IBM and non-IBM. Tool
providers can focus on delivering additional function rather than being
concerned with the underlying infrastructure and integration with other
tools. By definition, products coded to the standards of the WebSphere
Studio Workbench will work together.
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WebSphere Studio Site Developer Advanced
WebSphere Studio Site Developer Advanced is a new IBM development
environment that merges Java and Web development tools—Visual Age
for Java and WebSphere Studio. In the past, as new development roles
evolved, developers were required to learn multiple tools with unique
user interfaces, unique access methods, and unique extensions. The introduction of IBM’s new development environment provided a consistent user interface, a consistent set of access methods, and a
comprehensive set of extensions. IBM delivers development tools based
on the WebSphere Studio Workbench. Development Studio Client is
one of those suites of tools. Development partners are invited to integrate their tools to this new IDE.
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Web Services
In order to support Web Services, tools are delivered to create distributed Internet-based applications that are the fundamental building blocks
for dynamic e-business. In Development Studio Client, tools are provided to enable Web Services components from existing iSeries programs.
Wizards can be used to create a Java bean by wrappering an iSeries
program, and a Web Service can be generated from that Java bean.
These Web services can then be sold over the Web or shared over the
network between businesses.
WebSphere Development Studio Client
WebSphere Development Studio Client is the follow-on product to
WebSphere Development Tools for iSeries. The tool built on WebSphere
Studio Workbench extends WebSphere Studio Site Developer Advanced
Team-Fly®
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to include iSeries-specific tools and features. Classic VisualAge RPG is
shipped with Development Studio Client.
Key features of Development Studio Client are:
•
From Site Developer Advanced:
–
Web development tools
–
Page Designer
–
Rich Media
–
Web Services development environment
–
Visual XML development environment
–
Java IDE
–
Database Tools
–
WAS Test environment.
•
A generic “remote systems framework” supports views, tools,
and tool extensions for working with remote operating systems.
This includes defining persistent “connections” and subsystems
that offer services to a remote system connection, as well as a
Remote System Explorer for exploring remote system connections and subsystems. Remote System Explorer makes it easy to
access UNIX, Windows, and Linux.
•
Multi-platform common extensions to the remote systems framework, offering explicit services to explicit remote operating systems. This includes a file system for accessing remote file systems
on Windows, UNIX, Linux, and iSeries IFS, to leverage the
datastore technology, and supports exporting and importing resources from those file systems.
•
iSeries-specific access from Workbench particularly related to
Remote System Exploration of IFS and native file systems on
iSeries, including predefined and user-defined actions, a native
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operating system command shell, a Toolbox for Java iSeries extension including JAR files, and an advanced iSeries communication layer specific to Workbench tools.
•
The IBM WebFacing Tool, which integrates with Web tools, Java
tools, and iSeries tools.
•
iSeries-specific extensions to Java tools enabling the Export and
Import to/from IFS, using the common remote system framework above. Special Java action/views are provided for remotely:
–
Compile for compiling Java classes
–
Run for running Java applications
–
Debug for debugging Java applications.
A program wizard is provided to wrapper any *PGM/
*SRVPGM as a Java bean. The previously supplied Java beans
CDFU, PDM, and Swing formatting continue to be available.
•
Web tools have received some iSeries-specific extensions:
–
Page Designer includes Design-Time Controls (DTCs) with
a table-based capability.
–
A Web interaction wizard helps in the building of Web applications integrated with an iSeries host program. Users
define the input Web pages, output Web pages, the program
call definition, and the mapping between the parameters and
the fields of the Web pages. The wizard generates the servlet
and other runtime beans. The wizard then puts all the pieces
together to create the complete Web application.
–
A Host Information Setup Wizard captures information such
as hostname, user-ID, password, and library list.
•
CODE/400 functions that support launching from Workbench.
•
VisualAge RPG functions include some customer-requested enhancements.
Operating Systems
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WebSphere development Studio Client for iSeries provides the
development tools for Web-based applications to be used with
the IBM HTTP server, WebSphere Application Server - Express
for iSeries and other WebSphere offerings.
IBM WebFacing Tool
A component of WebSphere Development Studio Client for iSeries is
the WebFacing Tool. The WebFacing Tool, described briefly under
WebSphere Development Studio, creates a web interface for existing
5250 applications in a development-time conversion process. The conversion process typically requires little or no change to the existing iSeries
program. The resulting application continues to support a green screen
and will also support the Web interface. The tool generates standard
JavaServer Pages and XML definitions, based on the display file DDS,
and includes a servlet-based runtime. The WebFacing Tool has been
enhanced with performance and scalability improvements to all the
WebFacing Tool to support extremely large and complex applications
with high traffic flow.
Integrated Language Environment (ILE)
The Integrated Language Environment (ILE) provides a set of tools
and system support designed to enhance program development on the
iSeries system. Benefits that ILE offers over previous program models
include binding, modularity, reusable components, common run-time
services, and coexistence. ILE also offers better control over resources,
better control over language interactions, better code optimization, and
a better environment for the supported languages. ILE produces a
module object (MODULE) that can be combined (bound) with other
modules to form a single executable unit—that is, a program object
(PGM). The ILE languages continue to be supported under WebSphere
Development Studio.
Application Development ToolSet (ADTS)
Application Development ToolSet is the set of tools largely absorbed
into WebSphere Development Studio used for developing applications that will run on iSeries computers. Users with Software Subscription for ADTS are upgraded to WebSphere Development Studio
at no charge.
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Application Development Tools—Printing
These tools address the programmer’s needs relative to setting up and
managing the appearance of output documents, whether provided directly
by a printer or indirectly by an interchange methodology such as fax.
Print Services Facility/400, or PSF/400 for short, is an integrated
feature of OS/400 that provides full system-managed printing to IPDS
printers. It is automatically invoked by OS/400 print management when
its services are required. PSF/400 is the driver subsystem for Advanced
Function Printing (AFP) on iSeries.
PSF/400 manages the printing of the following types of iSeries spooled
files to IPDS printers:
•
SCS files
•
SCS with printer file options (i.e., front or back overlay)
•
SCS with page or form definitions for print formatting
•
AFP created from DDS printer file specifications
•
AFP from the Access/400 AFP driver
•
AFP from other systems or AFP Toolbox (a PrintSuite product)
•
Postscript and image files converted by Host Print Transform (HPT)
•
IPDS files.
All of these spooled files (except IPDS) are transformed into IPDS
and managed to the printer. As the system-managed print driver, PSF/400
provides full document services, printer services, and print process management. PSF/400 is the IPDS print manager and is the iSeries end of the
interactive dialog between iSeries and printer. This dialog ensures the
function and control of a direct-attached printer even when the printer
is connected across the network using TCP/IP.
Good typography through the use of fonts is essential for effective
business documents. The Advanced Function Printing (AFP) Font Collection provides a comprehensive set of Advanced Function Printing
fonts with over 1,000 fonts from the most popular type families, includ-
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ing Times New Roman, Helvetica, and Courier. A full range of sizes,
resolutions (240 dpi, 300 dpi), and languages (over forty-eight) are included. Outline fonts are now supported, enabling one small font to be
dynamically scaled to any size.
An optional feature of AFP Font Collection is Type Transformer for
Windows. This set of font utilities enables the conversion of any Adobe
Type 1 font to an AFP font. It also includes the capabilities to modify
and customize fonts.
Beginning with V4R5, the AFP Font Collection CD is shipped with
new orders of PSF/400.
Advanced Function Printing Utilities for iSeries (5769-AFI) is a set
of integrated modules for the design and creation of AFP electronic forms,
images, and applications.
Overlay Utility enables you to create electronic forms right on your
iSeries. Native, high-performance overlays are designed with either a
near-graphical or a command interface. Fully graphical viewing of overlays in process is available via a command key.
Resource Management Utility provides for the creation and management of overlay and image (page segments) objects on iSeries.
Print Format Utility is the AFP equivalent of Query/400, enabling
you to build print applications interactively directly from the iSeries
database. Full AFP design capabilities make applications such as
barcoded labels a snap.
The Euro currency symbol is supported by iSeries and includes
changes to the following system functions:
•
Code pages and CCSIDs
•
Keyboard types
•
Device configurations and device controllers
•
Fonts and glyphs
•
Specific currency processing.
This phase of Euro support is only for those countries that use the
Latin-based alphabet, including those countries that initially participated in the European Monetary Union and other select countries. For
the latest information and a roadmap to Euro currency sign support on
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the iSeries, visit the iSeries Web site at http://www.as400.ibm.com/euro.
The symbol can be viewed by choosing Symbols, then Coins, at
http://www.europa.eu.int/euro/htm//home5.html?lang=5.
Advanced Function Printing (AFP)
AFP comprises a document architecture, a printer dialog and data stream,
and a process for fully system-managed printing. As a document architecture, AFP is also known as MODCA-P, or Mixed Object Document
Content Architecture–Presentation. As the name implies, AFP defines
pages of output that mix all of the elements normally found in organizational documents—text in typographic fonts, electronic forms, graphics, image, lines, boxes, and barcodes. The AFP data stream consists of
a series of structured fields that implement all of these elements. AFP
output can be created on iSeries using printer file keywords, DDS,
Infoprint Designer for iSeries, Advanced Print Utility (APU), page and
form definitions, AFP Utilities (AFP/U), and the AFP Toolbox, as well
as many third-party applications.
AFP enables more than just printing. In today’s e-business application environment, it is essential that pages of information can be produced electronically and delivered to the desired destination in the
appropriate format. AFP is the standard fully graphical page format of
iSeries. Once AFP pages are produced and are written to an iSeries output queue, they can be printed on IPDS, PCL, and (with Infoprint Server)
PDF printers. AFP pages can also be transformed to PDF and either be
cataloged for “inbound” browser access or be e-mailed for immediate
“outbound” distribution. Those pages can also be faxed (i.e., using Facsimile Support or Fax for Domino) or archived (i.e., using Content
Manager).
Intelligent Printer Data Stream (IPDS)
AFP is also an interactive printer data stream called IPDS (Intelligent
Printer Data Stream). This data stream is similar to the AFP data stream,
but is built (on-the-fly) specific to the destination printer in order to
facilitate the interactive dialog between the iSeries system (specifically
Print Services Facility/400, or PSF/400) and the printer. AFP, SCS, linedata, and ASCII files are transformed into IPDS prior to printing in
order to support this dialog.
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The two-way function of IPDS is a key component in AFP’s systemmanaged printing process. This process includes document services,
printer services, and print process management. Document services include identifying and automatically downloading externally referenced
document resources such as overlays, images (page segments), and fonts
to the IPDS printer. Printer services include monitoring printer resources
and memory. Finally, the entire printing process is managed page by
page to ensure that each spooled file is printed completely and accurately. Error conditions at the printer are monitored and full error recovery is enabled at the iSeries.
The system-managed printing process with IPDS takes on added
significance in a network TCP/IP environment. Placing printers within
the network and attaching them with an IP connection provides great
flexibility. However, TCP/IP print support is very limited—essentially a
one-way send of the print file. The AFP printing process and the bidirectionality of IPDS provide a bridge across this type of connection.
The result is the same application (i.e., document capabilities) function
and print management supported with twinax-attached printers.
Network printing has been improved by adding parameters in the
device settings panel of Access to send output as text rather than graphics, reducing the size of the printed output file created with the AFP
driver and thereby reducing the time required to send large documents
across the network for printing on the locally attached PC printers.
Network print buffering has been changed to improve performance for
applications making small iSeries print requests to redirected PC printers. (That is, DOS applications that send one character at a time are
now buffered and sent as one request. This does not apply to the
Microsoft Windows NT operating system.)
IBM Infoprint Server for iSeries
Infoprint Server for iSeries (Infoprint Server) is a separately orderable
program (5722-IP1). The focus of Infoprint Server is on the network,
extending the considerable capabilities of the iSeries beyond printing to
the management and dissemination of output. As business applications
are reengineered into e-business applications, the output of those applications may need to change and flow electronically to the consumers of
that output.
For enterprise printing requirements, Infoprint Server delivers improved efficiency, improved reliability, and lower overall printing costs
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by applying iSeries printing management and iSeries-attached printers to the task of handling all of the essential printing generated across
the network.
On the e-output side, Infoprint Server provides PDF and portable
AFP support for the iSeries. Any standard iSeries-AS/400 output format
can be transformed into PDF. The PDF is text-based, fully navigable,
and high-performance. In addition, enhancements to DDS (OS/400)
enable you to segment an output file, triggering the PDF server to create
multiple PDF files—this is an “electronic burst and bind” function. More
than this, e-mail of output (via PDF) has been integrated and automated
into this process. Output files can be transformed to PDF and automatically sent to any destination. Integrated e-mail also provides user exits
for customization (i.e., using the trigger field—a customer number, for
instance—to look up an e-mail ID in an address book).
AFP output can be treated similarly. A new command—Create AFP
Data (CRTAFPDTA)—provides three critical functions: (1) converts print
formatted with page definitions to AFP, (2) creates a portable file by
pulling in external fonts, page segments, and overlays, and (3) inserts
indexing to facilitate easy navigation when viewing the print file.
The other key focus of Infoprint Server is iSeries management of
network output. Infoprint Server provides transforms for PCL, Postscript, and PDF into AFP so output generated in those formats can be
brought into the iSeries and effectively managed to the printer. The Postscript and PDF transforms are the result of joint development by IBM
and Adobe and deliver full-function Level 3 capability.
Finally, the standard Web e-business image formats are GIF, TIFF,
and JPEG. Infoprint Server provides transforms (Windows-based) to
convert those to iSeries-AS/400 images (IOCAC page segments).
In summary, Infoprint Server delivers five print and e-output components:
•
PDF services for iSeries
•
Integrated e-mail of iSeries output, including electronic segmentation
•
Support for Web AFP and spooled file indexing/segmentation
•
Transforms for Web image—TIFF, GIF, and JPEG—to iSeries image
Operating Systems
•
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Transforms for network print data streams—Postscript, PCL,
and PDF—to AFP.
IBM Infoprint Designer for iSeries
Infoprint Designer for iSeries provides a fully graphical document composition interface to the iSeries-AS/400 printing and e-output system. It
supports the requirements of today’s complex documents and reports,
producing fully electronic documents combining data, text, electronic
forms, graphics, images, bar coding, and typographic fonts. Infoprint
Designer for iSeries can be used for the design of new output applications or the reengineering of existing applications.
Infoprint Designer for iSeries consists of three components:
•
Infoprint Overlay Editor designs overlays (electronic forms) to
be used in the print application.
•
Infoprint Image Editor designs the images to be used in the print
application.
•
Infoprint Layout Editor puts all the design components together
into the final document or report.
With Infoprint Designer for iSeries, you can easily build complex
print applications. It enables you to design image components, design
electronic forms, automatically retrieve current application data or
spooled files, design the final page layout, and upload all component
resources to the iSeries-AS/400 so the application can be put into production. The entire interface is designed for a nontechnical user.
Infoprint Designer is integrated in three ways: (1) design functions
are integrated with automatic retrieval of application data and automatic upload and creation of print resources, (2) iSeries page resources
are designed in native formats, and (3) the application resources enable
the designed print application to be put into production with a simple
printer file change.
Under the covers, Infoprint Designer defines the format of pages
with page and form definition resource objects. These are part of the
iSeries-AS/400 print architecture. Designing with these resources is application-independent (unlike DDS). They are also compatible with ex-
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isting or new applications that define output data with DDS. With V5,
OS/400 will automatically write these applications as full AFP (ensuring viewing and PCL support).
The iSeries Kernel Threads
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A thread is an independent unit of execution within a program. The
amount of system resources used for a thread is far less than the resources used for a job. Threads share a common address space and have
access to all job resources. They are used to run different parts of an
application concurrently. Multi-threading provides simplified algorithms
and more responsive programs in that the functions of I/O, calculations, and user interface are each dealt with through separate threads,
and threads use fewer resources than a multiprocessing solution.
A threadsafe function can be invoked simultaneously in multiple
threads. A function is threadsafe if and only if all functions it calls are
threadsafe. OS/400 is threadsafe.
Application Environments
Three application environments are now available—Frameworks,
OpenDoc, and Java. Those environments are being developed by many
vendors. OS/400 is putting into place the support structures to embed
these environments as quickly as they are available.
Frameworks
The Frameworks environment is one in which a company such as IBM
develops the skeleton of an application, leaving to the final user the
tuning of the application to the business’s needs. Object-oriented technology provides for programming—the reuse of parts and components
that have been a part of the hardware environment for the past five to
ten years. Frameworks groups those components into compatible software sets, capturing the collective experience of a design team and providing a model for a common solution to particular problems, thereby
automating much of the development effort. Examples of what Frameworks can do include the following:
•
Automating tasks associated with distributed applications
Team-Fly®
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•
Allowing applications to move easily between different operating
systems by disguising the differences in those operating systems
•
Automating graphical user interface development
•
Masking/dealing with the complexities within and between transactions and communications.
Two different types of frameworks are being developed. One type
deals with applications; the other with systems. The application frameworks provide a basic set of cross-industry and vertical functions/objects, which include basic financial management objects, distribution
objects, and customer/supplier objects. Over time, application frameworks are expected to provide a rich base to enable the software
parts business. IBM is developing a set of frameworks using the code
name San Francisco. San Francisco focuses on business-management
software.
Within the second type of framework, the system framework, the
system developer provides the frameworks to support the traditional
operating system functions in an object-oriented environment. These
functions include graphical operations, data access, and network management. In addition, security, data integrity across multiple cooperating systems, save/restore, activation, and national language support need
to be included as business objects. The concept of frameworks has been
introduced here to set the stage for what to expect in the long run in
system development.
The San Francisco Framework. San Francisco is a framework, written in
Java, that focuses on business-management software. A user can elect to
build an application starting from any of the three layers of San Francisco:
1. Base layer. This provides the technical infrastructure needed before object technology can be used above it.
2. Common business objects layer. These are the building blocks
application developers can use to create business applications.
3. Core business processes layer. This is built for one specific application containing the basic functions all applications of this
type require.
The final layer of San Francisco is the commercial applications layer
created by the software developers who buy and extend the San Francisco frameworks. In most cases this final layer will be created using
Java. The layers of San Francisco are illustrated in Figure 4.14, together
with its positioning relative to the Java virtual machine and the technology-independent interface.
San Francisco supplies a set of cross-platform, business process components including:
Common business objects
•
General ledger
•
Accounts receivable/accounts payable ledger
ISV Application
Software
•
Partner Application
IBM San Francisco
Business Process Components
Core Business Processes
Ledgers
Ledger
Credit
Control
Item Entry
Payment
Handling
Budgeting
Warehouse
Management
Warehouse/
Control
Stock/Replenishment
Manufacturing Enabling
Order
Management
Quotations
Sales
Orders
Cash Sales
Supplier
Customer
Tools:
San Francisco Code
Generator
Wizards
- Rose
- JBuilder
Common Business Objects
Entity: Customer, address, currency, calendar
Helper: Keys, cached balances, results reporting
Enterprise Structure: Company
Foundation
Object Model Base Classes: Entity, dependent, command, ...
Object Services: Xactions, security, persistence ...
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Java Virtual Machine
Figure 4.14.
San Francisco block diagram.
Foundation
Utilities:
Install,
Configure,
Security,
Administration
Operating Systems
•
Order management
•
Warehouse management.
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San Francisco is designed to support the distributed-object environment and reduces the complexity, expense, and time-to-market factors
related to the building of customized, multiplatform business applications. Performance has been enhanced to three times the initial release
performance.
IBM Connect Framework for iSeries. IBM Connect Framework for
iSeries is a business-to-business (B2B) software integration framework
that provides seamless and secure integration of existing core business
applications with trading partners. Deployed solutions occur rapidly
and are open and cost-effective, are built on industry standards, and
work with Domino, WebSphere, and MQSeries. Connector elements
included are Plug-N-Connect, e-Catalog, Tools, and MQSeries Lite.
The B2B framework integrates your business applications with those
of your trading partners, supports multiple trading partner protocols,
and provides connectivity to new and existing back-end applications.
The focus is on the small to mid-market requirements of low cost, easy
deployment with minimal service costs, and an integrated tool set. Connect for iSeries is targeted to the sell side of the B2B environment, including buyer/supplier registration tools, catalog services, and integration
with WebSphere Commerce for iSeries.
The objective is to put the buyer in control. To this end, it is perceived that the buyer is installing procurement software to streamline
the purchasing process and to reduce expenses, making it easier to deal
with multiple sellers using new protocols and messages (usually XML
based) to communicate with sellers. Sellers must be able to support the
new protocols and messages, tie the new requests into existing processes, support multiple buyers’ procurement packages simultaneously,
and react rapidly.
Connect for iSeries:
•
Maintains a database of information about suppliers, marketplaces, and buyer organizations
•
Maintains relationships between both a marketplace and a supplier, and a buyer organization and a marketplace supplier
230
•
Handles various trading partner protocols including Ariba,
cXML, and Metiom mXML
•
Handles catalog management by building catalog data from existing sources or from scratch, augmenting catalog data with
unique data required by trading partners, and publishing catalogs in various formats (cXML, CIF 3.0)
•
Handles integration with back-end applications by mapping
trading partner requests to a format acceptable by an application, and accessing applications through program calls, Java
calls, or queues
•
Handles integration with WebSphere Commerce by associating
marketplaces and buyers with merchants and shoppers, allowing B2B catalogs to be hosted at the supplier site, and augmenting WebSphere Commerce (WC) catalog with unique data
required by trading partners.
Connect for iSeries is built on industry standards like Java and XML,
designed to work with different e-business infrastructures like WebSphere
or Domino, designed for plug-in connections with different marketplaces,
and supports different integration strategies like MQSeries Queue connector/data queues, Program Call connectors, and Java connector.
OpenDoc
OpenDoc is a cross-platform compound-document architecture designed
to simplify the creation of documents, including the multimedia elements of text, spreadsheets, charts, tables, graphics, images, video, and
sound. End users can combine the parts as desired.
ORB Support
iSeries supports Iona’s Orbix product, which is a full implementation of
OMG’s Common Object Request Broker Architecture (CORBA). Orbix
2.3 is a CC++ ORB implementation. OrbixWeb 3.0 is a Java ORB designed for use in the Java environment. Significant companies that have
adopted this ORB are SAP, Intentia, and Baan.
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iSeries also supports Inprise’s VisiBroker product, which provides similar CORBA distributed-object services. VisiBroker provides high-level
services (naming, transaction, security, etc.) and DCOM connector. Significant companies that have adopted VisiBroker are Netscape and SUN.
Java
Java is a standardized cross-platform (running on many different types
of computers) object-oriented programming language. The standards
are being established by Sun Microsystems. The iSeries representatives
who have studied Java state that it is a pure object-oriented language
similar in syntax to C++ and similar in behavior to SmallTalk. Java is an
interpreted language and is machine-independent, meaning that programs written in Java will execute on any system. The Java Developer’s
Kit (JDK) from Sun includes a standardized set of class libraries (packages), a Java compiler, and the Java virtual machine.
The class libraries support creating GUIs, controlling multimedia
data, communicating over networks, accessing data in stream files and
relational databases, and more. The Java compiler (also known as the
javac compiler) compiles the Java source code to machine-neutral instructions. The instructions are then interpreted and run on the Java
Virtual Machine (JVM).
The JVM is a fictional processor that is emulated in software. The
instructions, called Java bytecodes for that fictional processor, are identical no matter what hardware or OS platform the virtual machine is
running on. As each bytecode arrives, the virtual machine reads it, interprets it, and executes the native instructions appropriate for that particular local environment. Each operating system that supports Java has
its own platform-dependent JVM to interpret the Java bytecodes. Many
common Web browsers, such as Netscape or Internet Explorer, also
contain their own Java virtual machines so that Java applets from the
Internet can be run inside the browsers.
In addition to the Java compiler included in the JDK, many operating systems support just-in-time compilers for Java. A just-in-time compiler can be plugged into the Java virtual machine, and when the virtual
machine is ready to execute a method in a class or object, it passes the
bytecodes for that method to the just-in-time compiler, which then compiles the bytecodes on the fly to native code. Without a just-in-time
compiler, the Java virtual machine must interpret and execute each
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bytecode in succession, a much slower process. Java applets will be
downloadable to any system from the Internet.
The iSeries eServers have a Java virtual machine residing below the
technology-independent machine interface (TIMI) for fast interpretation and execution. The performance of the JVM for iSeries has been
improved by modifying the garbage-collection algorithms through a
multi-threaded collector and removing the need to touch the objects
being deleted, by using synchronized method calls to reduce the nocontention path length, and by improving the JIT compiler and improving object allocation. The IBM Toolbox for Java includes a set of enablers
that support an Internet programming model. The new version of IBM
ToolBox for Java includes a set of classes for accessing data from a
wireless device, an updated JDBC driver supporting JDBC 3.0, the ability to use a Kerberos ticket when authenticating to the server, and a
system debugger to graphically debug C, C++, Java, and RPG programs
on the iSeries. Provided is a set of client/server programming interfaces
for use by Java applets and applications plus a set of applets that can be
integrated into HTML documents. Required client support is Java virtual machine and iSeries Developer Kit for Java. Because graphical user
interfaces cannot be displayed by an iSeries green-screen, iSeries implements something called Remote AWT. Java on iSeries intercepts GUI
requests coming from a Java program and reroutes the requests to an
attached workstation running its own JVM, which will interpret and
display the JAVA.AWT graphical components. Other Java packages are
being integrated with OS/400 to improve ease-of-use and performance.
Java objects on iSeries are full-fledged iSeries objects that can be persistent, shared, secure, backed up, and restored—something not available
in two-level-store operating systems. Figure 4.15 positions Java in relation to OS/400.
Java 2 Enterprise Edition (J2EE) represents an emerging suite of
standard requirements placed on Java application servers such as
WebSphere. The Java Virtual Machine supports the emerging Java Debug, Performance Profiling, and Wire protocols, enabling third-party
tools to work with the iSeries JVM, along with iSeries specific instrumentation for memory leak detection and enhanced debug. Therefore,
the suite of XML enablers can stay in step with the latest XML standards providing support for XML schemas.
Java Generic Security Services (JGSS) is a Java standard. The JGSS
APIs are added to the iSeries Developer Kit for Java. These APIs enable
Java applications to access either Java-based or native OS/400 Kerberos
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Java-based Web Application
WebSphere
Enterprise
Java beans
Net.Data
(RPG, COBOL, C)
Java added as a
Language
Environment
CGI
(RPG, Cobol, C, Java)
Java server pages
(Java)
Java Servlets
(Java)
ICAPI
C
IBM HTTP Server
OS/400 sockets (C, Java), SSL (C)
Java added as SSL language option
Figure 4.15.
Java with OS/400.
(client) security services. The Java security extensions leverage the integrated Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) functionality built into the iSeries.
All data exchanged between the client and server can be encrypted using the SSL protocol. Customers and business partners can build secure
client/server applications using Java.
Structured Query Language Java (SQLJ). Structured Query Language
Java is a structured query language embedded in Java. SQL statements
include queries (SELECT), data-manipulation statements (INSERT,
UPDATE, DELETE), and others that operate on data stored in tables in
relational databases. SQLJ is a conventional method for embedding those
SQL statements in Java. It allows programming tools to perform
translation-time (compile-time) analysis of SQL in Java, for syntax
checking of SQL statements, for type checking to determine that the
data exchanged between Java and SQL have compatible types and proper
type conversions, and for schema checking to ensure that the SQL
constructs are well formed and valid (in the database schema where
they will be executed). Embedded SQL statements are referred to as
static because they are textually evident in the Java program and can be
compiled when the containing Java program is compiled. SQLJ provides
a standard for tightly integrated Java/SQL programs.
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SQLJ finds compatibility with multiple translation approaches. SQLJ
can be processed by a standalone SQLJ-to-Java translator in a client
environment or by a Java integrated-development environment to emit
standard Java code with calls to any appropriate database API. When
Java is supported as a stored procedure language (in an RDBMS server),
SQLJ translation can be integrated with Java and SQL compilation for
ease of use and performance.
Dynamic SQL is a call interface for passing strings to a database as
SQL commands. No analysis or checking of those strings is done until
the database receives them at execution time. JavaSoft has specified a
dynamic SQL API called JDBC. Because a calling program can compose
SQL strings at runtime, dynamic SQL is more flexible than static SQL.
Because the SQL commands used by many applications are fixed, those
applications do not have to compose SQL dynamically. Embedded SQL
is a better solution for those applications because error checking is allowed at development time and because it permits precompilation of
SQL for faster execution at runtime. Other static SQL advantages over
dynamic SQL include that the source programs are smaller than equivalent JDBC programs and that they provide greater opportunity for
optimization.
Also included is a standardized set of class libraries (packages) that
support creating GUIs, controlling multimedia data, communicating over
networks, and accessing data in stream files and relational databases.
The iSeries Developer Kit for Java is a no-cost tool designed to produce Java applets and full-scale applications. Included are a collection
of development tools, help files, and documentation for Java programmers. The developer kit is compliant with Sun’s Java 1.3 specifications
and provides improved performance either through improved transaction rates or through lower CPU utilization on applications that use the
database. A single iSeries can support a wide range of installed Java
developer kits concurrently.
Toolbox for Java. The iSeries Toolbox for Java, available on iSeries
and other Java-compliant platforms, enables Java applets and applications to access iSeries data and resources by providing a collection of
classes that represent iSeries data and providing iSeries client/server program interfaces for Java programs. The iSeries Toolbox for Java provides access to the following iSeries system resources:
•
Connections to the iSeries security
Operating Systems
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•
Database access via JDBC 2.0
•
Database access via record-level file input/output
•
iSeries program call
•
iSeries command call
•
iSeries integrated file system
•
iSeries Print Resources, which includes a spooled file viewer class
and a GUI for showing print output
•
iSeries data queues
•
Data description and conversion
•
iSeries user space classes, allowing Java to create, read from,
write to, and delete iSeries user spaces
•
Digital certificates stored on iSeries, allowing Java to manage
iSeries digital certificates
•
Job listing, allowing Java to list active jobs and retrieve information about those jobs including listing messages in a job log
•
iSeries message queues, allowing Java to list, delete, and answer
messages in a message queue
•
User and group classes, allowing Java to list users on the iSeries
and retrieve information about the users
•
Visual access classes that provide a set of classes using Java’s
Swing 1.0 framework to retrieve data and then present the data
to the user
•
An integrated file system class that extends Java’s java.io.file class
to applications so the applications can act on files in the IFS
•
Access to iSeries message files
Access to iSeries data areas
•
Access to iSeries system values (both low-level and GUI classes)
•
Access to iSeries authority on an object (both low-level and GUI
classes)
•
Access to iSeries system status
•
Access to information about jobs running on the iSeries
•
Access to information about users on the iSeries.
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With the iSeries Toolbox for Java, Graphical APIs are available to
access the following iSeries resources:
•
Database data via JDBC
•
Database data via record-level database access classes
•
iSeries program call
•
iSeries command call
•
iSeries data queues
•
Files in the iSeries IFS
•
iSeries print resources
•
Active jobs on the iSeries
•
iSeries messages and message queues
•
iSeries users and groups
•
Servlet and access classes, including FTP client.
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With the iSeries Toolbox for Java, iSeries data can be presented in
the following formats:
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•
List pane presents a list of iSeries resources and allows selection
of one or more resources.
•
Details pane presents a list of iSeries resources in a table where
each row displays various details about a single resource. The
table allows selection of one or more resources.
•
Tree pane presents a tree hierarchy of iSeries resources and allows selection of one or more resources.
•
Explorer pane combines an iSeries tree pane and iSeries details
pane so that the resource selected in the tree is presented in the
details.
The iSeries Toolbox for Java also includes a set of enablers that
supports an Internet programming model. Provided is a set of client/server
programming interfaces for use by Java applets and applications. Proxy
support extends three-tier application options.
The iSeries Toolbox for Java supports the SSL specification data
flowing between a workstation and an iSeries running OS/400 and can
have data encryption and server authentication through the use of an
SSL connection.
A user interface framework is included in the Toolbox to provide a
development environment for building graphical panels. The framework
handles the exchange of data automatically. The developer creates one
or more data beans and binds them to the panel component using tags
from the Panel Definition Markup Language (PDML). The user interface framework can also create a platform and technology-independent
representation of graphical panels based on the Extensible Markup Language (XML). Also provided is a pure Java framework for interpreting
XML and constructing user interface panels based on the Java foundation classes. Windows dialogs can be converted to equivalent Java panels using a resource script converter. A WYSIWYG GUI editor can be
used to develop Java GUIs. A Program Call Markup Language (PCML)—
a tag language—is used to provide a program call framework to support the program call function of the Toolbox. The language fully
describes all parameters, structures, and field relationships necessary to
call an iSeries program.
The iSeries Toolbox for Java requires both the TC1 Licensed Program (TCP/IP Connectivity Utilities for iSeries) and the Host Server
238
option of OS/400 to be installed and configured on the iSeries. Client
machines and Web browsers must contain a Java virtual machine that
fully supports Java Version 1.3. The iSeries Toolbox for Java Classes
can access data and resources on V3R2, V3R7, V4R1, and above.
Other Java packages are being integrated with OS/400 to improve
ease of use and performance. Java objects on iSeries are full-fledged iSeries
objects, allowing them to be persistent, shared, secure, backed up, and
restored—something not available in two-level-store operating systems.
Programmed Access to PDF and e-mail services provides a new
spooled-file copy method within the Java Toolbox. This Java method
provides for an identical copy of a target spooled file to be made and
routed to an output queue. Using this method, application developers
can set up dynamic, programmed interface to PDF and e-mail services.
This is the same technique used by both iSeries Navigator and iSeries
Access for Web to utilize Infoprint Server PDF and e-mail functions.
Enterprise Java Beans. Enterprise Java Beans (EJB) is a recent industry
standard initiated by Sun for a program model for developing portable,
cross-platform, server-side, distributed business components using Java.
The EJB programming model supports scalable, distributed, transactionoriented three-tier business applications. EJBs are easy to develop. The
IBM iSeries ESJ provides a fully compliant EJB server and container for
hosting EJBs. The EJB server and container provide transaction, security,
and persistence support, which makes development of server-side
business logic considerably easier. EJBs are reusable, portable, serverside business logic components. The EJB server hides complexities of
transaction management, security, and persistence. EJB support is
provided by the WebSphere Application Server LP.
Using Java at the Client. The iSeries also includes a copy of Borland’s
J-Builder on a “try-and-buy” basis for those who do not like VisualAge
for Java and who still need to develop Java applications.
Product Preview—Altered Program Objects
Some application providers and customers alter their program objects. IBM recommends against this practice because altered programs
may bypass checks made by OS/400 that help ensure system integrity
and security.
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Today you cannot re-create a program object without source code
on an iSeries eServer if observable information, which includes program
creation data, has been removed. A future enhancement to OS/400 will
retain program-creation data when observable information is removed,
thus allowing the program to be re-created at the customer’s option. Recreating a program helps ensure its integrity and allows you to take
advantage of new hardware or enhancements in translator technology.
However, when a program is re-created, alterations that were made to
the program object are not retained. Programs that depend upon alterations may fail or behave in an unexpected manner should the customer
choose to re-create them. Customers should consult their application
providers regarding potential impacts of program re-creation.
Linux for iSeries
Linux for iSeries introduces the Open Source/Open Standards operating system to the iSeries group of products. Linux has no single vendor,
is small and modular, and is derived from UNIX. The Linux source
code is distinct from UNIX. Linux offers compatibility, portability, and
horizontal scalability across all platforms. Many workloads like Webserving, supercomputing clusters, and appliance serving are well suited
to large Linux-based server farms, creating sales opportunities for xSeries
and middleware, and accompanying services engagements. Figure 4.16
positions Linux as equal among the other application environments provided on the iSeries servers. Users can run PowerPC Linux applications
on the same iSeries as other types of applications are running. Linux on
iSeries uses the same Linux distribution model as other platforms. You
get your kernel from a standard Linux distributor. The iSeries Navigator provides a Linux partition creation wizard, capability to save the
partition configuration data, and ability to export that configuration
data to HTML.
Linux for iSeries is only functional in a secondary Logical Partition.
OS/400 V5R1, or later, must be in the primary partition. If the processor in the system is an SStar-technology-based processor, then the minimum configuration for Linux to function is as little as one-tenth of that
processor’s capacity, with at least 64 MB of memory. If the processor is
an IStar-technology-based processor, then the minimum configuration
for Linux to function is at least one complete processor on a multiprocessor system. The maximum Linux partition configuration can con-
240
Iseries
Business
Applications
Integrated
Xseries
Server
Lotus
Domino
Application
Server and
Solution
Framework
IBM
WebSphere
Java-based
Web
Application
Server
UNIX
Runtime
plus ISV tools
Middleware
and Application
Servers
Linux
Interconnected for application enhancement
Security
Database
Management
- Certificates
- Virtual Private
- Integrated SSL
- Hardware
Cryptography
- UDB
- Net Server
- JDBC
Interoperability
- ODBC
Interoperability
- Single System
Multi-workload
- Multi-system
- Management
Central
- Tivoli
Java
- Java Virtural
Machine
- WebSphere
- Just In Time
Compiler
- Integrated
Memory
Management
Figure 4.16. Linux positioning relative to other iSeries integrated technologies.
tain eight processors and 4 GB of memory. Linux can operate with shared
I/O in another partition or with direct I/O dedicated to the Linux partition. Resources such as processors, memory, and I/O can be moved between OS/400 and Linux partitions. Shared resources are owned and
managed by OS/400 with space allocated for Linux usage. Virtual storage spaces are easily moved between partitions. The movement of these
resources requires an IPL of the Linux partitions involved in the resource movement. The Linux console is a PC connected to the iSeries
primary partition using a TCP/IP LAN. A Telnet environment is then
used to connect into the Linux environment through the virtual LAN.
These limitations are dictated by Linux constraints. A virtual LAN can
be used for partition-to-partition communication; a request comes in
through an iSeries LAN adapter and is routed to Linux via virtual LAN.
Linux partitions are created by defining a guest partition with processor and memory resources, enabling a virtual LAN for the partition,
Operating Systems
241
creating a Network Server Description (NWSD), configuring the console, and varying on the NWSD from Linux media. The installation of
Linux can continue based on the distributor’s installation instructions.
Linux partitions are started and stopped from the primary partition by
varying on and off the NWSD. The maximum number of Linux partitions in a shared processor environment is equal to the maximum number of partitions supported on the server minus one, or thirty-one
partitions on a twenty-four-way system. The one non-Linux partition
must be OS/400 V5R1, or later, as a primary partition. On iSeries, in
addition to Linux, users can also deploy Java, UNIX, Windows 2000,
PASE, and Domino applications, all on a single system.
There are three major areas of use for Linux—consolidation, complementary applications, and replace Windows services. There is little or
no integration with OS/400 applications within Linux. Multiple Linux
servers can be used to consolidate several separate server-based functions (e.g., file server, e-mail server, and a simple Web server). OS/400
applications can be extended with Linux applications, especially in the
area of DB2 UDB for OS/400. Areas of extendability include e-business
applications, firewall, and line-of-business extensions. The iSeries Java
Toolbox provides numerous functions that facilitate a Java program on
Linux working with OS/400 programs, data, and services. Linux can
also replace Windows services such as Windows file, print, DNS, DHCP,
Web server, etc.
Globalization
The activity in computer globalization revolves around two separate
unrelated activities: the definition of a single programming code set that
would meet all the requirements of translation between different languages regardless of the language derivation, and the concept of grid
computing, in which case the unused resources resident on the Internet
can be used to process against your particular computing task.
Unicode
The single code set definition activity initially evolved around an activity in the United States called Unicode, and in Europe called ISO-10646.
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Unicode is a standard for the storage and interchange of textual data.
The two groups merged their efforts in 1993 and adapted the Unicode
name for the joint activity. Currently the Unicode definition includes
the behavior and use of characters, a BiDi algorithm, the order and use
of nonspacing marks and equivalence rules, mappings for compatibility
characters, default shaping for cursive scripts, conversion maps, and
directional attributes. Also defined is a byte order mark (BOM) used to
identify whether big or little endian is being used. Endian defines the
order in which the four bit nibbles of a byte are read; i.e., big endian
reads the high-order nibble first followed by the low-order nibble, little
endian reverses that order. Currently a format called UTF-8 is used to
store Unicode on several UNIX platforms and is the default encoding
for most new Internet standards. Advantages of UTF-8 include transparency for ASCII characters 00B7F hex, BOM avoidance, reasonably
compact encoding, processor friendliness, self-synchronization, and canonical sort-order. The disadvantages are that it is not fixed width, it
uses a large number of processor cycles, and it can need up to 4 bytes
for one character. After Unicode was defined in 1992, it was found that
2 bytes was too small a space. This led to the definition of surrogates
and UTF-16, which allows the encoding of 917,476 more places. Unicode
is not the complete perfect answer; however, Unicode makes programming much easier because there no longer is a need to track fifty or
more codes; you can simply convert to Unicode on input, do your logic,
then convert to an end language for the output. Unicode also solves the
question of how to keep the characters safe. However, Unicode does
not address how to enable code for global use, and it still needs to handle
sorting, date format, etc.
Somewhere there has to be code that recognizes and provides for the
conventions of different languages and countries. Those conventions can
be quite complex and may require considerable expertise to develop code
for and to produce the data formats. Changing conditions and new markets also require considerable maintenance and development.
International Components for Unicode
IBM’s strategy is to use International Components for Unicode (ICU).
ICU provides Unicode support with consistent results in both C/C++
and Java, and is a powerful, portable API available to product development teams. ICU is collaborative, open-source, and freely available. ICU
is jointly managed by a group of companies and individual volunteers
Operating Systems
243
throughout the world. It was developed using the Internet for interchange. ICU is licensed under the IBM Public License, which has been
approved by the Open Source Initiative. The ICU code is capable of:
•
Character set—independent locales, with multiple locales simultaneously supported in the same thread
•
Character conversions
•
Messages and message catalogs (resources)
•
Transliteration
•
Collation
•
Normalization
•
Formatting and parsing dates, time, numbers, and strings
•
Searching strings
•
Sorting strings
•
Iterating over characters, words, sentences, and line breaks.
As an example, the locale support includes a locale object that
represents a specific geographical, political, or cultural region, thus
providing an interface for defining and accessing localized display text.
The user can hold the localized information in a resource bundle that
can be retrieved using a Locale identifier. An operation that requires a
Locale to perform its task is called locale-sensitive and uses the Locale
to tailor information for the user. ICU provides greater than 150 locales to use.
ICU can be used to create globalized C and C++ programs, written
to be language-independent and to call on separate localized resources
that hold all the end-user text. ICU code provides tested, state-of-theart Unicode and is fully portable cross-platform. Any customized data
formats that drive the code can be shared at runtime across different
platforms to guarantee that you get the same results when collating on
an iSeries system as when collating on a PC.
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Grid Computing
Grid computing is the next stage in the evolution of the Internet. Grid
computing is the ability, using a set of open standards and protocols, to
gain access to applications and data, processing power, storage capacity, and a vast array of other computing resources over the Internet.
Similar to the user of the World Wide Web seeing content when looking
at the Internet, the user when looking at the grid sees one large virtual
computer. Grid computing shows the potential of running commercial
applications across virtual organizations. The iSeries is poised to take
advantage of grid computing as business applications become available.
iSeries Communications and e-business—An Introduction
245
5
iSeries Communications and
e-business—An Introduction
The standard functions offered by iSeries, plus the many communications options and supporting software, provide users with flexibility
when configuring iSeries for various environments. However, this flexibility can also cause confusion when you are trying to determine which
options and programs are needed for a particular setting. This section
provides a guide through the jungle of business communications available. Communications Options in Chapter 2 looked at some communications hardware for Application Systems, and Communications Support
in Chapter 4 looked at communications software support in OS/400. In
this section, some of the more commonly found communications environments are examined and, where appropriate, example configurations are provided.
Computer Communications in the Office—
An Introduction
If one activity is most crucial to a business of any size, it is the act of
communicating accurate, timely, and manageable information to the
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TE
AM
FL
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proper decision maker. Based on the information available, important
choices are made that can have far-reaching effects on the success of the
business. Improve communications in a business, and productivity and
profitability are likely to improve. As a business grows, it becomes both
more important and more difficult to maintain efficient, accurate communications—the very thing that facilitates business growth in the first
place. Communications difficulties grow geometrically with the size of
the business.
Today’s businesses are quickly finding that computers are a communications tool unequaled in significance since Bell invented the telephone.
Computers are already commonplace in the business environment, and
now there is an increasing emphasis on computer communication. This
communication can occur between two computers or among a group of
computers in a communications network, and allows business information to move at electronic speeds. Furthermore, communication allows
users at remote locations access to vital business information on a distant computer. The iSeries computers represent a powerful communications tool. All provide a choice of standard communications features to
facilitate getting computer support through IBM iSeries Extreme Support Personalized. As was seen in Chapter 2 (under Communications
Options), there is a full complement of communications options and
peripherals that, with the associated software, allow iSeries to participate in many different communications environments.
This chapter discusses Extreme Support Personalized, iSeries system clustering, an overview of IBM’s overall network blueprint with
emphasis on the application support layer, Transport Layer Security,
Secure Sockets Layer, and network computing, including environments
created by intranets, electronic business (e-business), and the Internet.
iSeries Extreme Support Personalized
Extreme Support Personalized (ESP) includes the well-established Electronic Customer Support (ECS) functions and Universal Connection for
performing many of the ECS functions over the Internet. The iSeries
Extreme Support Personalized helps you manage your system, streamline your support, and reduce risk for your business. ESP develops an
e-relationship with customers by means of a seamless integration between Web, data, and product; leverages the data inherent in the
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247
customer’s machine; and personalizes the support supplied to the
customer’s environment. Within ESP, the Universal Connection support
functions have gotten faster through the use of VPN tunnels being leveraged via the Internet. Figure 5.1 illustrates the Universal Connection
and ECS connection used to connect to the Rochester Support Center.
Universal Connection
Universal Connection provides the capability through the Internet to
perform an inventory of the customer’s system including hardware and
software, to download available fixes to ensure that the system is running with the most recent updates, and to gather performance data from
the system using PM/400e. The foregoing applies to a single system, or
to multiple systems connected on a LAN using a single Internet connection. The Universal Connection is configured using Management Central and Navigator functions. Available fixes, called Program Temporary
Fixes (PTFs), are limited to 99 MB in a single Internet session. The same
ECS commands are supported on the Universal Connection as are supported on the direct-modem connection for ECS. Users can send Service
Application Program
OS/400
Support
Computer
System
Modem
Switched
telephone
line
5853
Modem
(for
equivalent)
SLIC
iSeries (any model)
IBM
Information
Network
Distant computer system
Your computer system
Figure 5.1. Communications configuration used for electronic customer support.
248
Agent/Service Director data to IBM. In the event that a problem occurs
in the execution of a command using the Universal Connection, assuming the ECS modem is configured, the connection automatically switches
to the ECS modem.
IBM Electronic Service Agent for iSeries (Service Agent)
IBM Electronic Service Agent for iSeries data contains system values,
licensed programs, PTF levels, and other information. IBM’s Rochester
Support Center examines this information and notifies the users of information that can be requested, based on the Service Agent data. As an
example, if the Service Agent data indicates that the user’s system is
behind one release, an e-mail can be sent to the user explaining that a
new OS/400 release has been announced. Progress indicators are present
at the customer’s system during the download and application of PTFs.
Users can enable remote support to allow the Rochester Support Center
to connect to their system. Telnet is used to allow the Support Center to
connect to the user’s system.
IBM Electronic Customer Support Communications
The iSeries systems come standard with the communications equipment
necessary to participate in IBM Electronic Customer Support. This is a
link to IBM or other support providers that allows you to obtain answers to technical questions, report problems, receive PTFs, and the
like. Although it is not necessary to be a communications expert to use
IBM Electronic Customer Support, understanding the basic communications link can remove the mystery.
An integrated modem adapts the computer information into electrical signals suitable for telephone line transmission. OS/400 comes
standard with the necessary functions to manage the telephone communications link. When IBM Electronic Customer Support is desired,
the user instructs OS/400 to place a toll-free call to the IBM Information Network.
The IBM Information Network is a nationwide communications network that provides many services, including connections to the appropriate Electronic Customer Support computer system. The user is then
linked to IBM Electronic Customer Support and can perform the desired tasks. For simplicity, the rest of the communications configura-
249
tions provided in this chapter do not show the IBM Electronic Customer
Support communications link. You should understand that all communications configurations shown are in addition to the IBM Electronic
Customer Support link that is provided with most iSeries systems.
No matter what computer system a business chooses, the system
and its users will require ongoing support. They will have questions
that need answering, hardware problems that must be addressed, software updates that must be installed, and so forth. This support can be
delivered in many different ways. Personnel from the computer manufacturer, the software company, or the business’s own staff are generally
involved in supporting the computer system and its users.
With iSeries systems (as well as with other IBM systems), much of
this support can be provided electronically over communications networks. This is called IBM Electronic Customer Support (ECS). Just as
electronic mail and online business information streamline a business’s
operation, the delivery of the various types of support needed can also
be improved through IBM Electronic Customer Support. IBM provides
five basic areas of IBM Electronic Customer Support:
•
IBMLink
•
RETAIN
•
Question-and-answer database
•
File transfer
•
Copy screen.
The communications hardware and software necessary to participate in IBM Electronic Customer Support are provided with every iSeries
system. Access to IBM Electronic Customer Support is provided through
the IBM Information Network (IIN). The kinds of things provided
through IBMLink include electronic announcement letters, product catalogs, education catalogs, publication catalogs, pricing information, product configuration aids, and lists of local dealers. Users can exchange
electronic notes with IBM marketing and support personnel. With proper
authorization, you can also place orders, access a database of technical
questions and answers, create new questions, report service hardware
or software problems, and so on, all electronically over IBMLink.
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IBM Electronic Customer Support also provides direct access to
IBM’s RETAIN network. Over RETAIN, you can electronically report
a hardware problem and send accompanying information helpful in diagnosing the problem. IBM service personnel can then automatically be
dispatched—all over the RETAIN network. Similarly, software problems can be reported, and any missing program temporary fixes that
are indicated by the symptoms often can automatically be sent over
RETAIN. With the addition of the SystemView System Management
Utilities for the OS/400, the user’s central iSeries system can become a
repository for PTFs and can service any other iSeries systems over a
communications link, thus becoming centralized support for their own
organization. Another element of IBM Electronic Customer Support is
the technical question-and-answer database. Each iSeries system is
shipped with its own electronic copy of the most commonly asked questions and their answers. If the question is not contained in this local
database, IBM Electronic Customer Support provides access to an IBM
database with additional questions and answers. With proper authorization, a user can also create new questions that will be answered (electronically) by IBM support personnel.
The file transfer capability of IBM Electronic Customer Support allows you to exchange information (e.g., a file containing your system’s
configuration) with IBM marketing and support personnel as necessary. The copy screen facility of IBM Electronic Customer Support allows remote support personnel to see the same image you see on your
display for the purpose of education or problem troubleshooting. Help
is delivered electronically, improving access to technical and product
information and streamlining communication between IBM and the
users. The iSeries online education and IBMLink tutorials are provided
along with an online user’s guide and help text to make the interaction
with IBM Electronic Customer Support easier to use.
Filter Lists
APPN support includes two different types of filter lists that provide a
firewall security operation for local networks as well as for the Internet.
Filter lists enable the invocation of security functions for either local
network protection or Internet network isolation. The session endpoint
filter list controls access to and from local locations, and the directory
endpoint filter list controls access to and from peripheral nodes.
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The session endpoint filter list defines the remote locations that are
allowed to communicate with (or are rejected from communicating with)
local locations. As a rule, the session endpoint filter list should be used
in conjunction with the APPN remote location list and password security. There is no need to duplicate location in the remote location list.
The session endpoint filter list controls user and control-point sessions
and supports generic and wildcard naming.
The directory search filter list is used to restrict the locations with
which peripheral nodes can establish sessions by using the network identifier and control-point name of the peripheral node. Locations on the
peripheral node are called filtered locations. Locations that peripheral
nodes want to access are called partner locations. The directory search
firewall is only as strong as its weakest link. When both session endpoint filter and directory search filter lists have been identified for a
single location, the session endpoint filter list will manage the security
access function for that location.
System Clustering
The networking function supports both local and wide area network
capabilities on the iSeries. The local area networks (LANs) provide one
method for horizontal growth of the system. Horizontal growth implies
the ability to increase the networked system from both a capacity and a
performance perspective by adding components to the existing system
without having to exchange existing system components. The capacity
increase occurs because the addition of a system implies the capability
to add all functions of the system independent of the path by which the
interconnection is achieved. The performance of a system cluster connected in a LAN is limited by the performance of the LAN itself.
The types of LANs supported on the iSeries are the token-ring and
Ethernet networks. The instantaneous bandwidth of each of these is 1
GBps and 100 MBps, respectively. (FDDI is a special case of a tokenring network with 100 MBps instantaneous bandwidth.) (A 10 MBps
option is available for Ethernet, just as the token-ring adapter will also
work at 16 MBps and 4 MBps.) The instantaneous bandwidth identifies how fast data can be passed from one system in a cluster to a different system in that cluster once a connection has been established. More
important than instantaneous bandwidth is the utilization rate of the
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network. The utilization rate is the proportion of the instantaneous bandwidth that is available for information exchange between systems after
connection for network resources, the overhead of the network, and
recovery from errors have been accounted for. The following ratios for
utilization rate are approximate, but they illustrate that local area networks, although a vast improvement upon wide area networks, still
leave significant room for performance improvement.
Utilization starts to saturate for token-ring networks at 70 percent,
for Ethernet at 40 percent, and for FDDI at 70 percent. A second methodology for adding system performance and growth via system clustering is offered by the iSeries Optical Interconnect with Object
Connect/400. The hardware necessary to perform the interconnect is
described in OptiConnect and Packaging Technology, both discussed in
Chapter 1. The hardware has the capability of interchanging data between any two systems at an instantaneous data rate of 1,063 MBps,
with a theoretical utilization rate of 70 percent.
Furthermore, if more than three systems are in the cluster, as many
as n/2 simultaneous conversations (where n is the total number of systems in the cluster) may be going on at the same time, as long as the
necessary data exists on at least one set of each pair of systems. Data
Propagator Relational/400 also works over this connection and may be
used to ensure that the needed data replication exists. OptiConnect/400
with Distributed Data Management (DDM) is the application support
needed to exploit this capability.
In this environment, if an application needs greater performance
than is available in the existing systems, an additional system is added
to the clustered system network. Using the capability of parallel threads,
that system will decrease the load on the other systems in the network,
thereby providing the performance boost that previously required the
existing processing system to be replaced (vertical growth).
An additional capability, besides the system and performance growth
(occurring as a result of the ability to cluster systems levels) is the capability to build redundancy into the processing, data files, and networking functions. The redundancy methodology may include a mixture of
approaches—including N+1, mirroring, RAID-5, and checksums—at
system and subsystem levels as needed to achieve the protection desired. All of the pass-through functions for displays and printers continue to function in the clustered-system environment. In fact, the user
of the application has no perception of which system in the cluster of
systems is actually executing the application. LANs and WANs may
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coexist on each system in a system cluster. OptiConnect/400 is the loosely
coupled connection referred to in Chapter 1.
ObjectConnect for iSeries
ObjectConnect for iSeries provides support for efficiently moving individual objects, entire libraries, or entire Integrated File System (IFS)
directories from one iSeries system to another over a standard communications connection or over a high-speed fiber optic bus. Systems
can be connected using standard APPC, TCP/IP, LAN, or an HSL
OptiConnect loop (fiber or copper). Not requiring save file procedures and copies to distribution queues saves DASD and improves
performance in a nondisruptive manner to system operations.
IBM’s Overall Networking Blueprint
The IBM Networking Blueprint (Figure 5.2) is a guide to IBM’s networking commitments. The Blueprint lays out the framework for integrating into a single network multiple separate networks and their
applications that use different communications protocols, different hardware components, different bandwidths, and different network-management techniques. The Blueprint incorporates existing and anticipated
industry standards and open systems standards. It complements the
Systems Network Architecture (SNA) communications standards as
well as Open Software Foundation’s Distributed Computing Environment (DCE) and ISO communications specifications, but it does not
replace them.
The IBM Networking Blueprint framework provides the freedom to
choose network elements to meet application and business needs, rather
than force-fitting those requirements to inappropriate networking solutions. The Blueprint allows a mixture of international standards, industry standards, and architectures. As standards evolve, the Blueprint will
change to keep pace. In the interest of brevity, readers having an interest
in greater detail about the layers of the Blueprint are referred to Chapter 5 of Exploring IBM’s AS/400 and iSeries Computers, 10th edition.
The Application Support Layer continues to be explained in detail because of the continued growth in function of the Messaging and Queu-
254
Networking Framework
Applications
CPI-C
RPC
MQI
CONVERSATION
REMOTE
PROCEDURE
CALL
MESSAGE
QUEUING
APPC
OSI TP
STANDARD
APPLICATIONS
DISTRIBUTED
SERVICES
FTAM
X.400
TELNET
FTP
DATA
DIRECTORY
SECURITY
RECOVERY
MGMT
SOCKETS
DCE
COMMON TRANSPORT SEMANTICS
SNA
APPN
OSI
TCP/IP
NetBIOS
IPX
LANS
X.25
Cell/Packet
Frame Relay
Physical
Figure 5.2.
tions layer.
iSeries Multi-Protocol Networking Blueprint Interface applica-
ing Interface (MQI) (MQSeries). The Blueprint is divided into four layers, representing the elements necessary to make up a network:
•
The applications layer
•
The application support layer
–
Multi-Vendor Application Program Interfaces
–
The CPI-C Interface
•
–
The Remote Procedure Call
–
The Messaging and Queuing Interface (MQSeries)
–
MQSeries Adapter
The transport network layer: SNA-TCP/IP-MPTN-APPN
–
•
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Multiprotocol Transport Networking
The subnetworking layer
Application Support Layer
The second layer, the application support layer, represents multi-vendor application interfaces and services. There are three primary interfaces (see Figure 5.3): Common Programming Interface for
Communications (CPI-C), Remote Procedure Call (RPC), and the Messaging and Queuing Interface (MQI). Each of these interfaces is described in greater detail in Multi-Vendor Application Program
Interfaces, following.
The application support layer also contains a set of distributed networking services for handling messages, security, directory, and transaction processing. Standard networking applications, such as file transfer
programs, also fall within the application support layer. Although not
shown on the IBM Networking Blueprint, CICS/ESA could be considered to span both the applications layer and the application support
layer. Both products contain APIs and provide application support services, so they fit within the application support layer, but the APIs are
application-enabling APIs, also making them part of the applications
layer. The CICS API may be thought of as an extension to many of the
application development languages, allowing application development
without the concern for the underlying network.
Multi-Vendor Application Program Interfaces
The following paragraphs discuss the CPI-C interface, the Remote Procedure Call, and the messaging and queuing interface.
Networking Framework
Applications
CPI-C
RPC
MQI
CONVERSATION
REMOTE
PROCEDURE
CALL
MESSAGE
QUEUING
APPC
OSI TP
STANDARD
APPLICATIONS
DISTRIBUTED
SERVICES
FTAM
X.400
TELNET
FTP
DATA
DIRECTORY
SECURITY
RECOVERY
MGMT
SOCKETS
AM
FL
Y
DCE
COMMON TRANSPORT SEMANTICS
SNA
APPN
LANS
OSI
TCP/IP
TE
256
NetBIOS
IPX
X.25
Cell/Packet
Frame Relay
Physical
Figure 5.3. iSeries Multi-Protocol Networking Blueprint Interface applications support layer.
The Common Program Interface (CPI-C)
The CPI-C interface supports communication between application programs over private logical connections called conversations. Conversational communication is a sophisticated method of program-to-program
communication requiring simultaneous execution of partner programs.
It is designed primarily for a structured exchange of information between programs and requires that a network session be reserved exclusively for the communicating programs. CPI-C applications are generally
client/server or peer-to-peer implementations.
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257
Operating systems use Advanced Program-to-Program Communication (APPC) services to assist in the implementation of conversational
applications through CPI-C. In spite of the sophistication of conversational applications, they are surprisingly easy to implement. APPC/MVS
in MVS/ESA, for example, offers built-in server functions that can be
used in client/server conversations. APPC/MVS services are callable services, so they can be accessed from a high-level language application
without the necessity of writing assembler language routines.
The Remote Procedure Call
The Remote Procedure Call (RPC) function provides communications
between applications using a call/return mechanism, much like doing
FORTRAN library subroutine calls. RPC applications are client/server
implementations. The client program (the caller) is responsible for determining the server location (the called procedure) in the network,
establishing the necessary communication, and passing the required
parameters for the procedure execution. This is a synchronous operation. The caller waits until the procedure finishes execution and the
results are passed back. Again using MVS/ESA as the example, different vendor implementations of RPC are supported. Today, workstations with applications implementing RPC can operate as clients with
MVS/ESA using the TCP/IP product. TCP/IP also supports Apollo
Computers’ Network Computing System RPC. The OSF/DCE RPC is
supported using the POSIX-compliant application-programming interface.
The Messaging and Queuing Interface (MQSeries)
The Messaging and Queuing Interface (MQI) MQSeries (5716-MQ1)
is an asynchronous program-to-program interface that supports message-driven, deferred processing. Communication is through queues, not
through private connections. Programs that use MQI fill and empty
message queues. The calling program places the request in a queue but
does not wait for a response; instead, it continues with its processing,
and when the response arrives, it is placed in a queue to await processing. MQI services route the messages to the appropriate destinations in
the network for access by the programs servicing the queue. MQI applications can be client/server, peer-to-peer, or more complex implementations. MQI provides guaranteed message delivery, recoverability, and,
258
where applicable, sync-point participation. MQSeries provides messaging services between disparate systems. Delivery of messages is assured.
MQSeries Integrator improves the ease of use and ease of deployment
of MQSeries. It provides an open, modular development environment
where rules and routing can be set up visually to help provide reliable
messaging. MQSeries is XML-compatible. When messages are broken
into multiple packets that are sent over separate routes, the packets do
not necessarily arrive in the correct order, and the sync points allow the
message to be reconstructed regardless of the order of the packet reception at the final destination.
MQSeries allows distribution lists to put a single message in multiple
queues with a single call. Messages can be grouped and segmented. Channel definitions can automatically be created for receiver and server channel connections. Those channels can be fast, use heartbeat detection, and
support auto-definition. Large transactions can use message segmentation, ordering, and grouping to improve checking of transactional data.
The ability to reference messages with chained exits allows large amounts
of data to be transferred between nodes. The ability to use C++ for MQI
applications and the ability to perform static bindings in ILE RPG programs make programming easier. Channel heartbeats provide faster recovery when the system stops or resets, and when data needs fast delivery,
more programs can take advantage of fast, nonpersistent messages. A
dead-letter queue handler has been added. The maximum message size is
100 MB, and the maximum queue size is 2 GB. Multiple queue managers exist with the capability to manage clusters of messages to deliver
high availability and redundancy. The configuration can apply to an entire MQSeries installation, or to individual queue managers, or to individual jobs for individual queue managers. Support is provided for
threaded applications, MQSeries classes for Java, bindings for COBOL,
and utilization of OS/400 Work Management. Nonpersistent messages
are stored in shared memory, and persistent messages are stored as objects in the Integrated File System and are logged in the Journal. MQSeries
now uses an MQ Object Authority Manager which requires that all Exit
programs be recompiled, because OS/400 authorization lists and reference objects are no longer supported; in addition, the Admin object can
no longer be used for context and alternate user authorities. Object Authority Manager updates do not require a queue manager restart.
MQSeries Adapter. It may not be possible to directly enable existing
applications for MQSeries because the source code may not be available;
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or recompiles are not desired; or packaged applications may not have a
defined set of interfaces or APIs; or there may exist a tight coupling of
user interface and business logic, and the data may not lend itself to
being broken down into components. To meet this need, IBM offers an
adapter to handle the session layer complexities and the data/presentation
layer mappings and transformations. IBM’s MQSeries adapter provides
a point-to-point messaging solution for integrating applications by using
IBM MQSeries for reliable messaging between different networks,
platforms, and applications. A standard XML format is used for
representing data and transaction types by means of picking up the
Business Object Documents definition from Open Applications Group
Inc., defining standard business transactions (e.g., create sales order or
show item availability). The adapter can be used with other MQSeries
products such as Integrator and Workflow. The MQSeries Application
Messaging Interface is a framework for simplifying the messaging API
for business application programs which provides a split between the
roles of application programming and administration. The framework
provides for applications extensions like error handling and audit trails,
interoperation with message brokers like MQSeries Integrator, a message
transport API, and simplified application development. MQSeries
Integrator is an add-on for business integration applications that provides
intelligent message routing based on content, data formats, and
translations, thereby reducing the programming effort required to
integrate platforms and applications.
Transport Layer Security (TLS)
The TLS protocol is an evolutionary upgrade of the SSL Version 3.0
protocol, and shares the same basic record construction and line flows.
TLS provides the same function as SSL and is compatible with SSL, but
includes new features and clarification for protocol flows. This helps to
standardize the SSL definition and implementation, making the SSL protocol more secure and the specification of the protocol more concise
and complete.
TLS support on the iSeries server allows IBM customers and Business Partners continued access to take advantage of the latest technology implementation of Internet application security enablement in the
industry. TLS support is automatically part of any SSL-enabled application, like HTTP and TELNET servers. Parameter values on the SSL
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APIs enable TLS for business partner and customer-provided SSL applications.
e-business
Figure 5.4 illustrates the elements of a complete e-business solution,
and the paragraphs that follow provide the IBM iSeries implementation
of that solution. Chapter 4 described many of the components of that
solution. This chapter completes the description of communications
components not described in Chapter 4. In the area of security, all OS/400
components and LPPs will be signed in order to detect any piece of
OS/400 software that is tampered with. Support is provided for Business Partners to also sign their software. Hardware Cryptography provides secure key storage as required by advanced financial applications,
and APIs for business partners to develop financial applications. A Digital
Certificate Manager provides the capability to create object signing certificates, and those certificates can elect to use the hardware cryptogra-
Device Support
Browsers
PDAs
Cell Phones
Applications
Networking
Services
Application
Services
Utility Services
TCP/IP
Routers
VPN
IP Security
Wireless Access
Quality of Service
HTTP Server
Web Appl. Server
(Servlets, JSP, EJB)
Server Side Scripting
Java Engine
Java Class Library
Code Repository
XML Services
Search Engine
Print Services
Cache Manager
Clustering Services
Directory
Security
Database
Queuing
Certificate Manager
Back-end connectors
Payment Services
Documentation
Tools
Redbooks
White Papers
Experience Reports
Web Pages
WebSite Development
WebSite Management
Application Development
Setup Wizards
Figure 5.4.
A complete e-business solution.
Solutions
Commerce Solutions (B2C
And B2B)
Mail/Collaborative Solutions
Custom Applications
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phy card to store the private key. Kerberos is used to provide distributed authentication in a network environment, and is also used by
OS/400 applications to authenticate users.
As implemented for the iSeries, e-business encompasses multiple
Internet application enablers, IBM HTTP Server for iSeries, WebSphere
Application Server for iSeries, Net.Data, IBM HTTP Server for iSeriespowered by Apache, OS/400 Directory Services, Firewall, and Net.Data.
E-business is a rapidly emerging environment in which the Internet is
used to provide opportunities for building strong customer relations in
addition to performing sales transactions. Net.Data can be used by
WebSphere Application Server for iSeries.
Network Quality of Service (QoS)
Network Quality of Service is of interest to Internet users providing
application servers for e-business, application service providers, business-to-business providers, network security gateways, and providers
of networking hardware devices for network support of QoS (Policy
Enforcement Points, or PEPs). Providers of application servers for
e-business need:
•
Predictable e-business transactions and mission-critical applications
•
Ability to classify important traffic at the source
•
Ability to enable application vendors to customize their applications for e-business availability (via APIs and or policies).
Business-to-Business (B2B) providers and Application Service Providers (ASPs) have a need for servers that will be in B2B or ASP environments to provide predictable e-business service to comply to requirements
of Service Level Agreement providers. Network security gateways couple
QoS and VPN to provide guaranteed security and predictable e-business
flows. Networking hardware devices for network support of QoS include routers and switches.
Quality of Service support in iSeries enables the establishment of
the class of service required either by honoring application requests for
an amount of end-to-end bandwidth or based on a given type of traffic
priority (differentiated services). Targets for the QoS support include:
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•
Can be secured using integrated VPN
•
Is standards-based and interoperable
•
Is easy to set up and deploy.
There are several mechanisms included in the technologies for QoS
traffic handling. Network QoS for iSeries concentrates on two of those
possible mechanisms—Integrated Services and Differentiated Services.
Integrated Services is provided by a framework for supporting conversations/per flow bandwidth requirements (using an RSVP method). Differentiated Services creates classifications of traffic flows to aggregate
traffic handling based on classes of service. Differentiated Services are
usually used for large routed networks.
The initial Quality of Service content includes RSVP APIs (comply
with the X/Open standard) for the establishment of three types of services. Those services include guaranteed service, controlled load service, and qualitative service. The foregoing are QoS-aware applications.
Also offered is policy-based QoS for applications that are not aware of
QoS, creating an easy mechanism to enable QoS for applications without changing the application itself (Differentiated Service only). These
QoS policies enable the configuration of:
•
Users
•
Applications
•
Classes of service
•
Schedules
•
Overall policies for QoS.
A Monitoring API is supplied for collecting runtime QoS policy information. The monitor GUI is provided in iSeries Navigator to track
traffic flow and QoS policies.
It is possible in iSeries to configure the network, not the systems in
the network. QoS is directory-enabled, allowing policies stored in LDAP
to be shared across many systems in the network. Rather than configur-
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ing a single system in Navigator for iSeries, the Network QoS policy can
be exported and stored in an LDAP directory. System-administration
tasks associated with building and deploying Network QoS policies have
been simplified. Inbound connection controls can be used to limit the
rate of inbound connections, not only to provide Network QoS, but also
to help prevent denial-of-service-type of network attacks. Denial-of-service attacks are one of the simplest forms of attack, but among the most
difficult to prevent. The administrator can build policies based on URLs
rather than IP addresses, ports, and protocols, giving priority to the URL
used to support online B2B commerce type of transactions. It is also
possible to define no signaling QoS policies requiring changes on the
server side. This allows RSVP to be completely transparent to the client.
Intranet
An intranet is a local area network, or network of local area networks,
that uses Internet protocols and tools such as a Web browser, File Transfer
Protocol (FTP), or TCP/IP to move data and programs between the server
and the clients. As a rule, the security functions on an intranet are more
relaxed than they are on the Internet because the users are trusted users.
Some security policy still needs to be used, and this should include user
authentication, resource protection, system integrity, data integrity, and
a security audit. Being trusted users means that the users do not fit the
definition of hackers, or crackers, at least as far as the enterprise using
the intranet is concerned. (A hacker is any unauthorized person who
tries to break into the system; a cracker is a hacker with malicious intent.) The transport protocols for the LAN may still be token-ring or
Ethernet, but the messaging protocols embedded within the token-ring
or Ethernet delimiters are Web-compliant.
IBM SecureWay: iSeries and the Internet
You might say that an intranet/Internet system is only as good as its
security mechanism. In addition to the specific security offerings for
protecting the system on the Internet, iSeries has very strong system
security characteristics, including the following:
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•
Integrated security, which is very difficult to circumvent compared
to add-on security software packages offered on other systems.
•
Object-based architecture, making it technically difficult to create and spread a virus. On an iSeries, a file cannot pretend to
be a program, nor can a program change another program.
The integrity features of iSeries require the use of system-provided interfaces to access objects. It is not possible to access an
object directly by its address in the system. An offset cannot be
taken and turned into, or manufacture, a pointer. Pointer manipulation is a popular technique for hackers on other system
architectures.
•
The OS/400 operating system and the Licensed Program Products offered on the iSeries eServers are digitally signed objects,
which prevents modification without the appropriate verification of authorization and authentication.
•
Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) (see discussion below for additional
information about SSL) applications communication security
allows the configuration of applications to use SSL to establish
secure connections between server applications and their clients.
Many iSeries server applications are now enabled for SSL, including Access Express for iSeries, File Transfer Protocol, Telnet,
and many others.
The following sections discuss the security features specifically related to the Internet, including Cryptographic Access Provider, Digital
Signatures, HTTP Server for iSeries, HTTP Server for iSeries—Powered
by Apache, Digital Certificate Manager with SSL, Secure Sockets Layer,
Security Wizard, and Firewalls.
Cryptographic Access Provider
The cryptographic products listed below enable encryption in the iSeries
for use by products such as HTTP Server for iSeries. One of these products must be installed to enable the SSL function. The 128-bit encryption product is now available for most countries. SSL protects data
exchanged between a Web server and a browser. Standardization of
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DRDA password encryption with 128-bit DES security between iSeries
and DB2 family products ensures secure data exchange between heterogeneous systems using those products.
The following products provide software encryption on the iSeries
servers:
•
40-bit encryption for iSeries (5769-AC1)
•
128-bit encryption for iSeries (5769-AC3).
In addition, the following products provide software encryption on
the iSeries clients:
•
40-bit encryption for iSeries (5769-CE1)
•
128-bit encryption for iSeries (5769-CE3).
There are four options that control the user profile password level
of the system, including 10-byte length and netserver passwords and
128-character-length password formats. The default is a level 0, 10character limit with restricted character set. All connected systems must
be running with the same password level because of flowing encrypted
password substitutes. Care must be taken because some of the older
systems do not support long passwords.
When observability is removed from a program, the program creation data needed for retranslation is kept in a compressed portion of
the program object. No user interface exists to access the program creation data once observability has been removed from the program. This
allows re-creation of the program object in order to help ensure integrity, and the capability to take advantage of enhancements in system
translator technology for new hardware at a later time.
The AES crypto algorithm is supported for application use through
the MI CIPHER instruction. The AES crypto algorithm is faster than
the DES crypto algorithm.
The Generic Security Service (GSS) Application Program Interface
for secure exchange of information between applications is supported
for network authentication. GSS is a framework into which different
mechanisms can be plugged, yielding a set of security services on a permessage basis and providing integrity and confidentiality of the message.
GSS also enables message replay and sequencing and source anonymity.
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Digital Signatures
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The GSS framework can be accessed by applications using a set of generic APIs regardless of the mechanism used to provide the service.
Kerberos, a three-party distributed authentication protocol designed
by MIT, is also supported for network authentication. Kerberos provides distributed authentication in a heterogeneous environment.
Full path names have been added to the IFS auditing entries. Usage
parameters have been added to retrieve validation list APIs. A delay has
been added for consecutive invalid password attempts, and the client to
the iSeries FTP server supports SSL.
TE
The integrity of software and data is improved through the use of Digital Signatures. Information can be signed by business partners, customers, and IBM to provide improved integrity in their products. Digital
Signatures aid in the identification of data tampering, virus introduction, or any other modification to an object. The signature also helps
identify the originator of the data or software. OS/400 itself is signed.
Support exists for command objects and nonobjects to be signed. The
nonobject support can be used to write applications that sign items such
as digital receipts and business-to-business (B2B) transactions.
HTTP Server for iSeries
HTTP Server for iSeries, known previously as Internet Connection Server,
provides secure Internet connections. Security is improved through the
use of digital certificates. Authentication includes both client and server
authentication through the use of Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) V3. Client
certificates can be associated with iSeries user profiles or validation lists,
allowing users seamless access to Web server resources without having
to sign on.
If the environment has Socks-based firewall for access to the Internet,
the HTTP server for iSeries can be used as a proxy server to access
destinations outside the firewall. Client connections using SSL are tunneled through the proxy server, eliminating the need to decrypt and
encrypt the data at the proxy. Common Gateway Interface (CGI) support includes Java, REXX, and C++. The server can be bypassed on
Team-Fly®
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output using the no-parsed header CGIs. Any code page conversions
the server performs on a Web application’s input or output can be fully
configured. The HTTP Server for AS/400 is transformed into a Javaenabled Web server using the WebSphere Application Server as a portable, Java Servlet-based execution environment. Support is provided
for the latest session-tracking APIs, personalization support, and Java
Server Pages. Java servlets can be used to provide additional server cache
functions and dynamic Web applications. HTTP Server for iSeries has
been enhanced for worldwide use with support for double-byte searches.
Users can write applications that extend or customize how the Web
server handles client requests with Server API Support, a follow-on to
ICAPI. The unique capabilities of customer browsers can be exploited
using Automatic Browser Detection—e.g., different documents can be
provided to different clients based on the browser those clients are using.
Improved management is provided by the addition of: SNMP Subagent, Web Activity Monitor, Web usage mining, logging and archiving
of reports, and NLS-enabled logging; the Extended Log format is supported. PICS support allows a security rating of information on a Web
site. LDAP support enables storage of ACLs and configuration files.
Additional features of IBM HTTP Server for iSeries include:
•
•
Digital ID authentication requires SSL client authentication for
HTTP server client certificates, offering resource protection with:
–
Valid client certificates
–
Client certificates with certain distinguished name values
–
Client certificates associated with iSeries user profiles
–
Client certificates associated with iSeries validation lists.
HTTP server logs, statistics, and status can be remotely accessed
to see how your HTTP server is functioning. Reports can be
generated and viewed on how your HTTP server is being used.
SNMP Subagent allows the use of any SNMP-capable network
management system, such as TME 10 NetView, TME 10 Distributed Monitoring, or HP OpenView to monitor your server’s
throughput and activity.
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•
A broader use of industry-wide Log Analysis tools is allowed
through Extended Log format. Log file customization and log
archiving allow the management and maintenance of log files.
Error logs are NLS-enabled.
•
The administration of certificates is centralized in the Digital
Certificate Manager (DCM) product (discussed earlier under
Digital Signatures). The HTTP server is a certificate customer.
•
Dynamic caching of Web pages gives better static page-serving
performance without manual configuration.
•
APIs are provided to allow third-party tools to access configuration information.
–
To map a URL (request) through the Map/Pass/Exec/Fail rules
of the server’s configuration and to output the physical resource on the server.
–
To return the value(s) of a given configuration directive.
•
Domino runs on top of IBM HTTP Server.
•
Built-in search capability for SBCS and DBCS data.
Apache Software Foundation (ASF) functions that enhance HTTP
Server for iSeries include:
•
Support for the latest Apache 2.0 level offering filtering, I/O
buffering, and the latest code fixes from ASF.
•
Support and documentation of the Apache Portable Runtime
(APR) APIs. The APR APIs allow user-written modules to be
platform-independent, allowing Web developers to write modules and applications independent of the platform and easing
the applications transition to the iSeries platform. Operatingsystem-specific functionality is encapsulated into the APIs provided by the IBM HTTP Server product.
–
Header files are provided for all supported APIs.
–
•
•
•
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A sample user module (mod_example) which demonstrates
a use of the Apache APIs is provided.
Support for Server Side Includes (SSI). SSI tags are comments
within HTML that direct the Web server to dynamically generate information for the page. SSI tags allow a Web developer to
include common HTML statements so that they are easily managed and are consistent across an entire Web site. These HTML
statements could be headers and footers. SSI can be used to include static HTML, to call and execute programs (such as through
CGI programs), and to allow the insertion of results. SSI support includes two varieties of SSI and CGI combinations:
–
Parse an HTML document and include the output of a CGI
program as a dynamic content on an HTML page.
–
Parse the output of a CGI program to resolve SSI tags prior
to returning the output to the client browser.
Support for WebDAV (MOD_DAV). WWW distributed authoring
and versioning (DAV) is a set of extensions to the HTTP protocol
that allows users to collaborate to edit and manage files on remote
Web servers, providing a network protocol to create interoperable,
collaborative applications. Features of the protocol include:
–
Locking (Concurrency Control) provides long-duration exclusive and shared write locks, which prevent the overwrite
problem where two or more collaborators write to the same
resource without first merging changes.
–
XML Properties provide storage for arbitrary metadata, such
as a list of authors on Web resources. These properties can
be set, deleted, and retrieved using the DAV protocol.
–
Namespace manipulation is required because resources may
need to be copied or moved as a Web site evolves. Collections,
similar to file system directories, can be created and listed.
Support for Apache MOD_REWRITE provides a rule-based rewriting engine to rewrite requested URLs on the fly.
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•
Support for named protection setups allows the same set of authentication directives to be defined across multiple containers
by the use of include files.
•
Support for group files proves the ability to grant access to resources based on a defined group of users.
The IBM HTTP Server for iSeries includes industry-standard Java
Servlet and JavaServer Pages based on technology from the Apache Software Foundation’s Jakarta Tomcat open-source code base:
•
Lightweight and easy-to-use software is provided as an extension to the IBM HTTP Server (Powered by Apache) Web server
and is compliant with Java Servlet 2.2 and JavaServer Pages 1.1
specifications.
•
ASF’s Jakarta Tomcat support can be used as a simple starting
point for those business partners and customers interested in
learning about or piloting Java Servlet applications.
For more information on HTTP Server for iSeries refer to: http://
www.ibm.com/eserver/iseries/software/http.
For more information on WebDAV, refer to: http://www.webdav.org.
For more information on Apache Software Foundation, refer to:
http://www.apache.org.
HTTP Server for iSeries—Powered by Apache
HTTP Server for iSeries—Powered by Apache is a collaborative software development implementation of an HTTP (Web) server. The Apache
Software Foundation (ASF) was formed in 1995 and consists of a core
group of contributors, including IBM. The Apache Web server is a powerful, flexible HTTP/1.1-compliant Web server that is highly configurable
and extendable with third-party modules. The Web server can be customized using the Apache module API. Apache provides full source code
and comes with an unrestricted license. The Web server runs on Windows NT/9x, Netware 5.x, OS/2, and most versions of Unix, as well as
several other operating systems (including OS/400). The Apache Web
server implements many features, including:
•
Customized responses to errors and problems
•
Multiple directory/index directives
•
Unlimited flexible URL rewriting and aliasing
•
Content negotiation
•
Support for Virtual Hosts.
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Apache is IBM’s strategic HTTP server. The intention is to leverage
the large Apache install base and development community to give the
IBM programming model WebSphere Application Server (WAS) its widest
possible starting base. The iSeries-specific strategy is to port to the iSeries
ILE environment by providing equivalent function to the existing HTTP
Server for iSeries and add iSeries integration of features including user
profile, SSL, validation lists, LDAP, etc., to the eventual replacement of
the existing HTTP Server for iSeries.
The iSeries implementation of this strategy is as follows: the source
code comes from ASF, then add iSeries customization, and subject the
result to iSeries development and test processes.
Some of the iSeries differentiators from Apache on other platforms include enhanced graphical configuration and administration;
configuration APIs; can serve from most iSeries file systems; will perform EBCDIC/ASCII code page conversions; and supports ILE, REXX,
Java Net.Data, and PASE CGI programs. HTTP Server Powered by
Apache also allows for persistent CGI, user-defined methods, and
WebDAV, and supports LDAP configuration. Security requests for
iSeries run under user profiles and reference user profile and validation lists. Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) is used for HTTP transactions,
including Transport Layer Security (TLS). When required, HTTP communication between the browser and the server is encrypted. This
requires a digital server certificate, requires the existence of Cryptographic services on the iSeries, and is supported by iSeries Digital
Certificate Manager.
Included in the differentiators from other platforms are local and
dynamic caching for static documents, and a triggered cache manager
for caching of dynamic documents. This HTTP server can use asynchronous I/O, which allows the use of persistent HTTP connections
without impacting performance. The server:
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•
Performs automatic rollover and archiving
•
Maintains an NLS-enabled error log and configuration errors
•
Follows the rules for Automatic Telnet denial of service detection and prevention
•
Provides a Web Server search engine
•
Supports dynamic Virtual Hosting.
Multiple HTTP servers can exist on a single iSeries system, with
each server running separate jobs/processes. The HTTP server also supports multiple IP addresses, multiple Host names. HTTP Server powered by Apache is supported on the WebSphere Application Server (WAS).
Digital Certificate Manager with SSL
The iSeries is able to serve as a digital certificate manager (DCM). This
means that the iSeries can set up an intranet certificate authority, sign
client and server certificates, distribute client certificates via a Web
browser, and provide support for MD5 and SHA-1 hash algorithms.
The iSeries accepts digital certificates for authentication. Both the
HTTP and LDAP servers support these certificates, which are used for
identification only. A digital certificate is associated with a user profile
and with a user in a validation list. Digital certificates are also accepted
as a Web server sign-on. The support for X.509 certificates is generalized to allow it to be used by Web server, secure sockets layer, IP/Sec,
iSeries Access, and other applications.
Global server certificate support has been added to the certificate
services available on the iSeries. The Web server and other applications
that use certificates for network and Web-based security can use this
support.
DCM can provide certificates for multiple applications in a single
system-certificate store. Applications can also register to use system certificates, and clients can renew certificates. The iSeries Digital Certificate Manager is intended to provide a limited certificate authority (i.e.,
manage a few certificates, not supply the function of a net registry or a
vault registry).
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DCM can create and manage certificates that can be used to sign
objects to ensure their integrity and provide proof of origination for
objects. DCM can also create and manage the necessary corresponding
signature verification certificates used to authenticate the signature on a
signed object. This is done to ensure that the data in the object is unchanged and to verify proof of the object’s origination. DCM can also
be used with the appropriate APIs to sign an object and verify the signature on an object.
OS/400 and IBM LPPs are digitally signed by IBM. Users can verify
that programs from IBM have not been altered since they were signed
by IBM. Digital signature verification can be performed at restore, or
through the CHKOBJITG command. IBM is also making APIs available to allow customers and business partners to digitally sign and verify
their applications.
Virtual private networking (VPN) certificate support avoids the risk
associated with exchanging the private key by using digital certificates
to authenticate the endpoints instead of using a pre-shared key. DCM
can also be used to manage the certificates that your IKE server uses for
establishing a dynamic VPN connection.
Secure Sockets Layer (SSL)
Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) is the industry standard for enabling
applications for secure communication sessions over an unprotected
network (read Internet). Following the SSL protocol can establish secure connections between clients and server applications which provide
authentication of one or both end points of the communication session.
SSL was originally developed by Netscape Communications Corporation for securing Web browser and server communications. The SSL
specification was designed with a methodology that allows other applications to be enabled to use SSL.
The following iSeries applications are enabled for using SSL support:
•
IBM HTTP Server for iSeries
•
IBM HTTP Server for iSeries—Powered by Apache
•
FTP Server
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•
Telnet Server
•
Distributed relational database architecture (DRDA) and distributed data management (DDM) server
•
Management Central
•
Directory Services Server (LDAP)
•
iSeries Access Express applications, including iSeries Navigator
•
Applications written to the iSeries Access Express set of application programming interfaces (APIs)
•
Programs developed with Developer Kit for Java and client applications that use IBM Toolkit for Java
•
Programs developed with Secure Sockets Layer APIs or Global
Secure Toolkit (GSKit) APIs which can be used to SSL-enable
applications.
SSL is actually two protocols—a record protocol and a handshake
protocol. The record protocol controls the flow of data between the
two end points of an SSL session. The handshake protocol authenticates one or both end points of the SSL session and establishes a unique
symmetric key used to generate keys to encrypt and decrypt data for
that SSL session.
Security Wizard
The iSeries continues the theme of making the interface with the system
easier by providing a security wizard to assist in setting up the security
function with a Windows-like methodology. The security wizard asks
questions about the iSeries system and recommends how base system
security should be configured. It is possible to apply some or all of the
recommendations or to save the recommendations for later application.
If the decision is to save the recommendations, the next time the security wizard is executed, the recommendations can be applied from the
first screen. If changes are applied, the next time the wizard is started, a
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reset changes option appears on the first page to change the security
configuration back to what it was before the changes were applied.
The security wizard generates an administrator report showing the
recommended settings and how those settings affect the behavior of the
system. The security wizard also generates a user report containing the
information that users need to know about the system, including password-composition rules and job time-out intervals. The selected images
illustrate the process used by the wizard and the extent of the resulting
security management. Both reports are NLS-enabled and are saved as
text files that can be loaded into an editor or word processor.
Firewalls
A firewall controls the access and flow of information between a secure
(trusted) network and a nonsecure (untrusted) network. Usually a combination of hardware and software provides the firewall function. IBM
suggests the use of firewalls where any connection to the Internet may
possibly occur. The firewall may be formed using a separate system.
Firewalls can provide the following benefits when your network is connected to the Internet:
•
Controlled access to internal systems
•
Concentrated security administration
•
Enhanced privacy and secrecy of your network configuration
•
Enforcement of your security policy
•
Protection of vulnerable services, such as network file systems
•
Improved system availability by blocking denial-of-service attacks
•
Statistics of network use and misuse
•
Protection of your organization’s reputation as secure and reliable.
Some common firewall functions are traffic blocking, network gateway, and domain name serving. Traffic blocking blocks unwanted traf-
276
fic between the secure and the nonsecure networks. The network gateway function hides both the Internet Protocol (IP) addresses and the
domain names of your internal network (intranet) from the Internet.
The domain name serving function makes it appear to the Internet that
the firewall name is the source of all outbound traffic and also manages
the routing of inbound traffic to the appropriate intranet addresses. It is
critical that other domain servers be unable to use your firewall to resolve your intranet domain names.
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iSeries and the Internet
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This section considers the system connection shown in Figure 5.5. In
this connection there are several iSeries systems and PCs linked via a
local area network. One of the iSeries systems is a server to the local
network and acts as a firewall to the modem connection to the Internet
iSeries System
Firewall
Monitoring
Integrated PC Server
Firewall
Proxy
Servers
SOCKS
Server
Internet
Packet
Filter
External
DNS
Untrusted
Network
Secure Network
T
Figure 5.5.
T
Router
T
Integrated xSeries server firewall inside the iSeries system.
Team-Fly®
277
systems. The Internet, which grew out of the ARPA net, was defined as
a result of the Cold War and today consists of a worldwide network of
networks connected to each other and a suite of cooperating applications that allow computers connected to this network of networks to
communicate with each other.
The Internet provides browsable information, file transfer, remote
logon, electronic mail, news, and other services. Often referred to as the
Web or the net, the Internet is based on TCP/IP communications and
basically uses the addressing and protocols defined in TCP/IP to provide access to its users. Internet terminology is defined at the application protocol level (because that is the level at which most users interact
with the Internet), and in the process iSeries-supported functions are
identified. Information exchanges on the Internet proceed as follows:
1. A client requests connection to a URL through a Web browser.
2. The Internet server hosting that URL provides the ability to
browse that location through a home page and links, transfers
files from the server to the client, or allows electronic commerce
such as the requesting of information or ordering of products.
In any case, the Internet server writes the information to the
client’s main storage or disk storage and disconnects from the
client while the user takes time to investigate the information
received.
With the iSeries support for the Internet and the appropriate set of
identifiers and passwords, it is possible to access the Web through the
iSeries to obtain information; but as an Internet user, the iSeries can
also be used to develop a program, download that program to your
system from a remote site, download the information to execute against
that program, and execute the program at a local system. A user has the
option of accessing information in any of the files on the iSeries and
having that information HTML-formatted on its way to the user’s system. The user can have the iSeries execute the program and only present
the output in HTML format to the Web browser, and it can develop an
application on the iSeries using CGI/WGS or the Net.Data and have
that application downloaded to the browser.
Finally, to make this all work, the HTTP server requires that the
system administrator grant object access to the user profiles under which
the server runs and then grant permission to the server to serve specific
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objects. If the server is on a system with multiple network addresses, it
can be configured to serve different files based on the IP address that
comes in on a request. Multiple server instances can also be configured
by using either a different IP address or a single IP address and different
ports for each server instance. As an example, an Internet service provider can configure a single server for multiple Web site customers with
different welcome pages, mapping rules, and access control. Both Java
and Java applets fit within this scenario.
To complete the discussion of the Internet, let’s use the Distributed
iSeries Network example. Instead of connecting the iSeries servers with
WAN communications, let’s connect them through the Internet. Each
system or system cluster requires a single communications line with a
modem. The system user requires a connection to a service provider
such as America On-Line, Compuserve, or Prodigy, or to an independent service provider. Assuming maximum security measures have been
implemented, data, e-mail, and files as well as programs can be exchanged between the systems at lower costs because there is no charge
for leased lines or long-distance telephone services other than the charge
for the Internet service provider. IBM allows you to download PTFs via
the Internet.
IBM WebSphere Application Server for iSeries (WAS)
WebSphere Application Server for iSeries is an e-business application
deployment environment built on open standards-based technology. It
is the cornerstone of WebSphere application offerings and services.
WebSphere is a set of software products that help in the development
and management of high-performance Web sites to ease the transition
from simple Web publishing to advanced e-business Web applications.
WebSphere Application Server for iSeries is available in two editions,
Advanced Single Server Edition (5733-AS3) and Advanced Edition for
iSeries (5733-WA3). The Advanced Single Server Edition is based on a
servlet-based engine that turns the existing Web server (HTTP Server
for iSeries) into a Java Web application server, and is a core element of
the Application Framework for e-business. The Advanced Single Server
Edition for iSeries is the foundation of the WebSphere application server
family and offers application developers a solution to build, deploy,
and manage e-business Web sites. The Advanced Edition includes the
capabilities of the Advanced Single Server Edition with additional support for scaling Web sites into security-enhanced, transactional
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e-business application sites. Connection Pooling is supported with the
full support of JDBC 2.0. Only 128-bit versions are available; support
is dropped for the 56-bit versions. The system administrative tools
include XML config, Web-based administration, and a WebSphere Control Program.
WebSphere Host Integration
WebSphere Host Integration provides a way to rapidly Web-enable host
applications. Included are IBM Host access Client Package V1 with Personal Communications V5.0, WebSphere Host On-Demand V5.0, Screen
Customizer V2.0, and WebSphere Host Publisher V2.2 which enables
the ability to create new host applications by combining multiple host
sources into a single HTML page.
WebSphere Application Server—Express for iSeries
WebSphere application server—Express for iSeries provides fast, productive development, deployment, and management of dynamic Web
sites. IBM WAS-Express for iSeries is a Java and Web Services technology-based application platform integrating enterprise data and transactions with the dynamic e-business world. Providing the iSeries in an
e-business application deployment environment with a set of application services including transaction management, security, performance,
availability, connectivity, and scalability. Leveraging open technologies
and application program interfaces (APIs), it manages and integrates
enterprise-wide applications. Integrated support for Web services open
standards solidify the iSeries role as the integrator of the WebSphere
software platform. WAS-Express for iSeries is tightly integrated with
the iSeries HTTP server through easy-to-use Web based GUIs. Wizards
allow for configuration of multiple application servers and the deployment of those servers, as well as access to iSeries databases.
WAS-Express for iSeries offers support for:
•
Servlets, based on the Java Servlet 2.3 specification
•
JavaServer pages, based on the JSP 1.2 specification
•
Web services standards like SOAP, WSDL, and UDDI offers companies the ability to create secure distributed applications that
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integrate software components developed with disparate tools
and architectures over the Web.
•
JDBC 2.0, JNDI, JavaMail 1.2, JavaBean Activation Frameworks
(JAF) 1.0, and Java API for XML parsing (JAXP)
•
Server-side JavaScripts using the Bean Scripting Framework (BSF)
•
Browser-base administration with easy-to-use wizards for creating HTTP and application server instances, deploying J2EE
applications, and management of HTTP and application servers
and their applications.
•
Integration with IBM WebSphere Studio, built on Eclipse, the
open systems development environment
•
Integration with HTTP server for iSeries and Domino for iSeries
HTTP servers
•
Integration with OS/400 security for authentication of users
•
HTTP session
•
Migration to more advanced WebSphere Standard Edition (SE)
and Apache Software Foundation (ASP) Jakarta Tomcat
•
Migration to more advanced WebSphere Application Serving
configurations.
WebSphere Application Server - Express for iSeries offers:
•
Integrated development tools and runtime – a slimmer version
of WAS V5 and WebSphere Development Studio Client for iSeries
•
Simplified Administration through the inclusion of the basic functions of creating and configuring server instances, configuring
data sources and ports, starting and stopping the server, publishing an application to the server, and stopping and restarting
the application. Where possible, default settings are established
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so configuration is not required, and maintenance efforts are
minimized.
•
Quick start samples – help speed application development
•
Tag library and JavaScript support –Jakarta Tag libraries are
included with the development tool. JavaScript support is added
on both the development and application server side. Existing
programming skills can be leveraged.
Telephone Directory V5.1 for iSeries
Telephone Directory V5.1 for iSeries is integrated with WAS-Express
for iSeries. It is a business application that provides a company with a
directory for managing information about people. Personnel information is managed securely by the AO/400’s Lightweight Directory Access
Protocol (LDAP) server. The telephone directory can be searched and
managed using a Web browser, powered by JSPs and servlets running in
the application server. The directory can be used as an HTTP server or
application server security repository for Web user authentication. The
directory provides the following functions:
•
Ability to search by job description
•
Ability to see organizational structure (report to chart)
•
Ability to store personalized information (picture)
Web Services Object Runtime Framework (WORF)
Web services are XML-based applications functions that can be invoked
over the Internet. Web Services Object Runtime Framework provides
an environment to easily create simple XML- based Web services that
access DB2. Using Apache Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP) 2.2,
or later, and the Document Access Definition Extension (DADX) standards, it is possible, with minimal knowledge of SQL or XML, to specify
a Web service.
DB2 UDB Extenders can be used to implement Web services within
WORF. The DB2 XML Extender (part of 5722-DE1) consists of a set of
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stored procedures, user-defined types (UDT), and user-defined functions
(UDF) that can be used to store and retrieve XML data using DB2. The
DB2 XML Extender allows XML documents to be stored intact, and
optionally indexed in either side tables, using the XML column access
method, or as a collection of relational tables using the XML collection
access method.
Net.Data
Net.Data is a compatible follow-on version of DB2 WWW Connection
that builds on that tool’s database access and reporting capabilities and
provides a comprehensive Web development environment for the creation of simple dynamic to complex Web-based applications (i.e., it builds
Web pages). Net.Data is a CGI program that creates a dialog with the
user of a Web browser. The macro processor provides searches to the
DB2-based database via SQL queries without the use of programming
languages. Responses are provided to the Web browser in HyperText
Markup Language (HTML). Net.Data is contained in HTTP Server for
iSeries. TCP/IP Connectivity and Utilities for iSeries is required to use
Net.Data.
Net.Data includes Web registry and flat-file support as built-in functions. These functions increase the ease of creating Web pages. Web
registry functions allow macro variables to be stored and retrieved, giving these variables persistence across macro boundaries. (The term macro
as used here identifies a set of short programs that perform specific
functions.) A macro variable and its value can be saved into a Web
registry by one macro and later retrieved for use in another macro. Flatfile functions allow the storage and retrieval of user data into files containing single field records. This single field record can contain multiple
pieces of data separated by user-defined delimiters, enabling the performance of such tasks as saving a Net.Data table built in one macro and
retrieving the table with a second macro used to create a report.
Net.Data supports the LOB and DATALINK data types of DB2 UDB
for iSeries. SQL stored procedures can be called, and multiple result sets
returned by those procedures can be handled. It is possible to make
direct program calls to iSeries ILE programs that use input and output
parameters. Java support allows access to Java applications or generation of Java applets from Net.Data. Macros are parsed only once and
the results are saved for subsequent requests for that macro. Trace logging support makes it easier to find errors in new programming macros.
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Net.Data includes built-in functions to send e-mail, generate browser
cookies, and manipulate Net.Data tables.
WebSphere Commerce Suite
WebSphere Commerce Suite for iSeries enables the building of an electronic storefront on the Web. The storefront can range from a static
Web site to a high-volume megasite providing secure links to thousands
of consumers. Commerce Suite comes with sample storefronts that can
be customized to provide product catalogs and search engines. Commerce Suite allows a user to browse a store’s categories and products.
All data presented to the user is dynamically generated from the Commerce Suite specific back-end database. Commerce Suite also seamlessly
manages the shopper’s basket as well as letting him or her register as a
preferred shopper. When the shopper decides to check out, Commerce
Suite will present the proper screens to determine quantities, shipping
information, and payment method.
Features include virtual shopping carts and credit card validation.
Third-party software allows real-time credit card, and HTTP Server for
iSeries and Digital Certificate Manager provide SSL level security. There
is a capability to check on order status, and frequent-buyer discount programs can be established for multiple groups. Commerce Suite uses
Net.Data to generate dynamic Internet pages using its own DB2 UDB for
iSeries database tables. Management components are Site Manager and
Store Manager. Security functions include Crypto Access Provider (5769ACx) and SSL. Commerce Suite currently uses SSL for encryption.
WebSphere Commerce Suite includes Commerce Suite Server (which
manages the customer interface, enabling the customer to browse, save,
query, and order items in the interactive catalog) and Commerce Suite
Administrator (which enables the store and site personnel to create online
catalog layouts, product templates, and an interactive product catalog).
Commerce Suite Administrator includes designers for site managers,
store managers, and templates. Euro currency support is included. Commerce Suite includes Enterprise Commerce Connection for integration
with back-end ERP systems.
Figure 5.6 provides an overview of the components of WebSphere
Commerce Suite, including the elements of those components. In general, the WebSphere Commerce Suite has been converted from C++ code
to Java Code, employing Java Servlet Pages and Enterprise Java Beans
to increase its portability.
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Tools
Programmers
Web
Operations
Authoring WB Workbench
Tool Center
+ Administration + WebSphere + VAJ (Persistors,
Studio
+ Wizards
Icontrollers,
Commands
+ System Mgmt
Databases)
Catalog Subsystem
Member Subsystem
User Registry
Authentication
Profile Management
Access Control
Session Management
Navigation
Merchandizing
+Packages/Bundles
+Associations
Interests/Items/lists
Search
Common Server
Runtime
Programming Model
Object Model
Persistence/Schema
Process/Runtime Model
Cache
Commerce
Accelerator
Catalog
Management
+ Catalog Tools
+ Pricing
+ Data Import/Export + Rules
Transformation
+ Promotion
Negotiation
Subsystem
Order Subsystem
Order Processing
Order Management
Pricing
Fulfillment/
Inventory Mgmt
Payment
Taxation
System Mgmt
Scheduler
Tivoli Enablement
DBClean, Staging
System Monitoring
Error Logging/Tracing
User Traffic Logging
Auction
Messaging
Up and Running
Messaging/
Notification
Framework
Backend
Integration
Install
Configuration
Store Models
Samples
Transition
WebSphere Application Server
JSP
Servlet
Engine
Platform
Figure 5.6.
EJB Container
JDK
WebServers
Directory Servers
+ IBM HTTP Server + SecureWay LDAP
+ Domino, iPlanet
+ Domino, iPlanet
DataBase Servers
+ DB2 UDB v7
+ Oracle 8i
Windows NY/2000, AIX, Solaris, Linux, OS/400, MVS
WebSphere Commerce Suite for iSeries components.
WebSphere Commerce for iSeries taps into the Internet market to
increase your business and improve your productivity by developing a
business-to-customer or business-to-business Web site with WebSphere
Commerce Professional Edition (WCPE) or WebSphere Commerce Business Edition (WCBE). WCPE and WCBE can reduce the cost of sales
transactions, can attract and retain customers with relationship marketing, can create and manage marketing campaigns and promotions
with WebSphere Commerce Accelerator, and can track shoppers’ past
purchasing activities for improved customer service. WCPE includes
order management, catalog editing, commerce accelerator, commerce
analyzer, live help collaboration, payment processing, auctions, and a
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new business-to-business store model. WCBE can be used to provide
sell-side managed contracts, sell-side request for quotation (RFQ), approvals workflow, requisition lists, online buyer/seller collaboration, and
advanced user management and access controls.
Domino 5.0.5 for iSeries
Domino 5.0.5 for iSeries combines the iSeries system’s features of
strength of integration, ease of use, and scalability with Lotus’s leading
groupware offering Domino. Domino for iSeries is a full-function
Domino server incorporating the Domino architecture. The iSeries system implementation of Domino includes full integration with the OS/400
operating system. Domino software runs as an application on the iSeries
system using PowerPC technology, provides the Notes client and Notes
applications with direct access to the DB2 UDB for iSeries database,
and can coexist with the Integrated xSeries Server, running the Domino
software. Figure 5.7 illustrates the Domino development environment
and the close relationship of that environment with Java for developing
Domino applications.
The key features of Domino for iSeries include:
Integrated Java development tools
A Java editor and class browser is included with Domino for
creating Java applications for Domino without need for a
3rd-party development tool
Agents
(LotusScript,
@, Java)
CGI
(RPG, Cobol, C)
Java Server Pages
Java Servlets
(Java)
Domino HTTP APIs
Domino HTTP Server
Domino Sockets, SSL
Figure 5.7.
Java with Domino.
The latest release (a full-fledged Lotus Domino server) is Lotus
Domino 5.0.5.
•
The iSeries is enabled to be a server in a Notes network. Multiple (partitioned) Domino servers can run on a single iSeries.
Remote dial-in and dial-out are enabled. All SMTP mail systems
are enabled.
•
Universal mail exchange among multiple e-mail offerings include
Lotus Notes, OfficeVision, JustMail, POP3, and Internet e-mail.
•
Data is integrated between Domino and DB2 UDB for iSeries in
both directions.
•
Simple-to-use mobile computing through the use of Notes replication is provided.
•
E-commerce solutions are built through the support of
WebSphere databases and other Web content databases.
•
Domino for iSeries coexists with Lotus Domino servers on the
iSeries Integrated xSeries Server and supports replication with
all other Lotus Domino servers.
•
The maximum file size for a Domino file has been increased
to 64 GB.
•
Domino servlets support can be enabled.
•
Domino for iSeries delivers a highly reliable and available
Domino server through iSeries availability features, such as
RAID-5 and mirrored protection; integrates backup with standard iSeries backup; and runs as an OS/400 application, which
isolates the server from other applications and provides server
recovery without restarting the entire system.
•
Domino supports 128-byte passwords, utilizing Web Setup for
Domino and QuickPlace. Otherwise, Domino password rules
remain unchanged. QuickPlace is a Lotus product that enables
Web-based team collaboration.
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Team-Fly®
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•
Domino uses the EZ-Setup Wizard, which is launched from the
iSeries Navigator taskpad to install Domino for iSeries, including the Domino plug-in for Navigator.
•
Domino has been cluster proven. This was provided by the
enablement of Domino exit programs, which are driven by the
Cluster Management API, and by the addition of a new STANDBY
status for Domino Servers. There is a hardware dependency on
shared DASD and the presence of V5R1 level of OS/400.
•
TCP/IP Autostart is included.
•
LDAP V3 support and a lightweight directory are offered.
•
Domino Enterprise Connection Services, formerly known as Lotus Enterprise Integrator (LEI) (formerly NotesPump), is extended
with connectors to the Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) applications. Domino Enterprise Connection Services and Domino
Connectors can be used to access business-to-business data and
applications on the iSeries servers. These services work with the
Enterprise Server Preload packages described in Chapter 1.
•
Lotus Domino.Doc 2.0 support is offered.
•
OfficeVision/400 has been migrated to Domino for iSeries, allowing migration of users, groups, mail, calendars, and folders
to Domino from OV/400. Lotus Calendar Connector for
OfficeVision enables free-time search and allows for sending
meeting notices between Domino and OfficeVision/400.
•
Integrated File System stream files up to 256 GB in size are supported in the root, QOpenSys, and user-defined file systems.
OS/400 supports 64-bit integers and 64-bit APIs to work with
the file system.
The iSeries Kernel Threads model is leveraged by Domino software
to save time by avoiding job initiation and to allow the software to scale
to thousands of mail users on the iSeries system.
Lotus Notes clients, both with and without an ODBC driver, can
access the DB2 UDB for iSeries program database to import DB2 data
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directly into Notes databases. Notes C and C++ interfaces are provided,
enabling iSeries versions of standalone applications, server add-ins, database hook drivers, extension manager hook libraries, and external
database drivers.
Two-way directory synchronization between the iSeries System Distribution Directory and the Domino Name and Address Book is provided in real time, and any change in either location is automatically
reflected in the other location to minimize administration activity related to both locations.
The AnyMail framework incorporates the Lotus Simple Mail Transport Protocol/Mail Transfer Agent (SMTP/MTA), enabling the Domino
for iSeries to interact with other mail systems on the iSeries system.
Domino for iSeries has been benchmarked at over 70,000 mail users. The high availability and reliability of the iSeries result from the
combination of the overall reliability of the iSeries system and the incorporation of data mirroring and RAID-5 capabilities. The capability to
support multiple instances via partition server support for up to ninetynine partitioned Domino servers provides additional scalability. This
partitioning of the Domino servers on a single system enables the
workload to be split up for various applications. In addition to the
Domino program’s real-time Web-serving capability with its HTTP server,
the support and synchronization of the DB2 UDB for iSeries databases
enable the establishment of e-commerce storefronts.
Domino for iSeries supports Lotus Domino.Doc, a robust object
filing system that provides a secure (easy to use and administer) document-management solution. Lotus Domino.Doc also supports a distributed environment and leverages the iSeries reliability and scalability while
taking advantage of Domino’s replication, security, and object-storage
capabilities. Lotus Domino.Doc features include document checkin/check-out, use of common terms (file rooms, file cabinets, binder,
documents, etc.), and access from Web browsers, Notes Client, or
ODMA-compliant applications.
Lotus Learning Space provides collaborative learning and management tools, enabling media-rich online training and education. Lotus
Learning Space can be accessed from the Web or Notes clients to enable
cost-effective training where the students can access the product anytime from anywhere. Lotus Learning Space can be used to include the
benefits of traditional classroom teaching—team-oriented and instructor-facilitated. Features of Lotus Learning Space include scheduling assignments, testing and grading tools, private or team discussions, and
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student-based home pages. Lotus Script is receiving extensions to support SAP R/3 and MQSeries interfaces.
Domino-Licensed Program Server Choices
Customers have four server choices available through the Domino Server
for iSeries Licensed Program. The Domino Mail Server license provides
a messaging license to support Notes clients, browsers, or third-party
POP3 or IMAP clients. The Application Server license extends the server
to support ISV or custom-written Domino applications—Notes- or Webbased. The Domino Mail and Application Servers support one to four
CPU servers and a single partition of Domino. The Domino Enterprise
Server provides support for servers from one to eight CPUs and extends
the functionality of the Domino server to support Domino partitioning,
which allows multiple Domino servers (sharing one copy of the Domino
software installed on the iSeries) to be implemented on the same physical iSeries. Domino Enterprise Server also enables Domino-clustering
capability for providing high availability to Domino messaging, applications, and Web-serving environments. The Domino Advanced Enterprise Server is offered to support servers that have more than eight CPUs.
Domino-Licensed Program Client Choices
Customers are offered four client choices for use with their Domino
servers through the Domino Server for iSeries Licensed Program. All of
the client choices provide a Client Access License (CAL), which provides the ability to authenticate to a Domino server and utilize Domino
Mail and Applications. Based on customer requirements, the clients provide additional levels of functionality.
iNotes
The iNotes client provides authenticated Web browser access to Domino
for e-business applications and messaging. Administrators are allowed
to manage what the users see and how they interact with data. A Domino
mailbox can be used via Web browser, POP, IMAP, HTTP, or MAPI
clients. HTTP, SMTP, or LDAP can be used to access Domino applications and services. Soon the iNotes client will be able to deliver off-line
browser access to Domino messaging as well as support for Microsoft
Outlook 98/2000 access to Domino messaging.
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iNotes Access for Microsoft Outlook allows Outlook users to access mail, calendars, and schedules using Domino Server. This enables
exchange customers looking toward server consolidation and improved
functionality, reliability, and scalability to upgrade the server without
changing clients.
Notes
Notes is a client desktop application. Notes offers an integrated, Weblike desktop environment from which users get quicker access to and
better management of many types of information including Domino
and Internet-based e-mail, appointments, contacts, and to-do’s as well
as Web pages, news groups, and intranet applications. All of this information is brought together in a single, easy-to-use and easy-to-customize environment providing collaboration and information management.
Domino Designer
Domino Designer R5 is an integrated development environment for
Domino including a set of visual tools for Web pages and site design,
relational database access, client and server-side scripting, and access to
an extensive set of predefined Web objects. A fast way to develop, maintain, and deploy Web applications that streamline business processes
integrated with enterprise data and applications and to facilitate collaborative relationships is provided.
iNotes with Domino Per Server CAL
The iNotes with Domino Per Server CAL provides a license for authenticated Web access to applications on a Domino server for users who
are not employees or contractors of the enterprise. It is the license required for using a Domino server in an extranet or Internet environment where you do not wish to purchase a Domino CAL for each external
user who needs to log on with an ID and password.
OS/400 Directory Server
The OS/400 Directory Server is based on LDAP V3 with some extensions. The OS/400 Directory Server utilizes DB2 UDB for iSeries to store
LDAP information by means of a new Application Control Language
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(ACL) design to protect LDAP entries; it uses iSeries Navigator’s graphical
user interface for presentation of the LDAP information. The directory
server also includes LDAP Data Interchange Format (LDIF) interchange
utilities to exchange data between the DB2 UDB for iSeries back-end
and other servers. Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP) Directory Services is the Internet standard protocol for looking up information such as e-mail addresses, phone numbers, and certificate
information.
Distributed directories that provide distributed name space and
interoperability for operating systems and applications have been available for years (some of these are X.500; Novell’s Netware Directory
Service, or NDS; and DCE’s Cell Directory Services, or CDS), and each
promised to be the network provider of a directory. However, none was
completely accepted by the industry. LDAP functionality has been increased to be the equivalent of IBM eDirectory 2.1.
The security and integrity of data stored in the LDAP server is better protected by disabling database capabilities for non-operating system programs attempting to access the underlying database files.
Directory Services provides a projection of user profiles into the LDAP
directory, allowing the creation, retrieval, change, and deletion of OS/400
user profiles through standard LDAP interfaces. This makes LDAP server
and client APIs current with SecureWay Directory V3.2.2.
In addition to the LDAP server, iSeries Directory Services includes
an iSeries-based LDAP client and a Windows 95/Windows NT LDAP
client. The iSeries-based LDAP client includes a set of APIs that can be
used in OS/400 C programs. The Windows 95/Windows NT LDAP client also includes a set of APIs. Other services that exploit LDAP include
NetFinity, Management Central, IBM HTTP Server, WebSphere Application Server, Telnet Server, DDM and DRDA, iSeries Access Services,
and eNetwork On-Demand Server. In addition, with SSL support, these
services are able to establish secure communications sessions with their
corresponding clients. Data exchanged between the clients and servers
is encrypted and is not subject to eavesdropping. LDAP implements
IBM SecureWay Directory V3.1.1.
LDAP-enabled applications, such as Internet mail clients, can access, update, and manage the iSeries directory. OS/400 applications can
be developed to use LDAP for managing distributed information across
the Internet and intranets using LDAP directories for both IBM and
non-IBM platforms. LDAP applications like mail clients can access iSeries
user information, such as e-mail addresses. System directory entries in
the iSeries can be converted to the entries of LDAP.
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6
A
n important first step in bringing iSeries systems (or any computer
systems) into your business environment is planning. Largely depending on how well you plan, introducing new computer resources can be
like pouring either water or gasoline on a fire. Many readers will already have a significant number of computers in their business and will
add iSeries systems to their computer arsenal, whereas others will be
bringing iSeries systems in as their first business computer.
In either case, the information in this chapter should help you understand how to introduce iSeries systems into your particular environment. The chapter starts by discussing what you should consider when
determining your business needs. Then it covers software selection, followed by some specific iSeries system hardware configurations appropriate for small, medium, and large businesses. In addition, the following
topics are discussed:
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•
Business decisions
•
Implementation management
•
Physical planning
•
Training
•
Ergonomics
•
Security
•
Technical support
•
Service
•
Migrating from iSeries CISC to iSeries RISC.
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This chapter is not a complete guide to introducing iSeries systems
into any business, but it does provide a starting point for developing
your plan and discusses some important issues.
What Are My Business Computing Needs?
Many businesses today use some type of computer system(s) to help run
their business. These businesses must constantly evaluate whether their
current system is good enough. Businesses that are still using manual
methods for specific functions within the business must determine
whether automating their business might help.
Whether your business already has millions of dollars’ worth of
computer systems or none at all, the way to begin answering these
questions is to forget about computer hardware and software, and
look very closely at your business. Too often, businesses buy computer systems and then look for problems to solve. A properly managed computer project should start by careful consideration of the
collective business needs of all functional areas within the business.
Independently attacking specific business problems often can result in
a “dead-end” computer solution that provides no coherent strategy
for the future.
From the very start, key people from all affected business areas should
be collected into a project team. Since multiple business areas will be
involved, the top management of the business must consistently demonstrate a commitment to the project. Without top management involvement, disagreements among the peer business areas are slow to be
resolved and the sense of priority is diminished. Lack of consistent top
management commitment at either the investigation or implementation
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phase of a computer project is a common cause of unsuccessful projects,
which can prove to be quite expensive.
The project team should start by reviewing the overall goals of the
business (or segment of a larger business) over the next few years. In
some cases, these goals will be well known, but in others a great deal of
soul-searching will be necessary. These goals should be as specific as
possible and should include any business strategies already in place to
achieve these goals. After the business goals are clearly defined, the
project team should look closely at the current day-to-day operations of
the business as it is and document the movement of information through
the entire organization. Only after the information flow is understood
can the team candidly discuss what is good and what is bad about the
current way of doing business. Work to identify the sources of problems
rather than focusing on symptoms. Understand the interaction among
the various areas of the business. Consider the flow of information from
one group to another as you trace the business cycle.
Chances are, not every problem that you will uncover can be solved
through a computer. For example, a computerized inventory-tracking
system will not solve inventory problems if just anyone can casually
walk into the inventory storeroom and walk out with what he or she
needs with no controls. Computers are only a tool for effectively managing a business; they will not manage your business for you. Only after
you have examined your current operation with a critical eye can you
begin to see if a computer solution makes sense for your business. In the
case of small businesses, this type of analysis can be done in a matter of
weeks or even days. In larger businesses, it can span months or even
years and typically is done on an ongoing basis. Some businesses choose
to do the analysis on their own. If you want assistance with solving
business problems with computers, however, there are plenty of places
to turn, including consultants and computer manufacturers.
Choosing the Software
iSeries system computers become a useful business tool only when they
are executing the appropriate software. Although there are many ways
of generating a strategy for introducing computers, considering software needs before selecting detailed hardware configurations usually
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makes sense. The hardware requirements, such as performance levels,
memory size, and disk storage space, will be based in part on the needs
of the software selected. The application programs you select must perform the tasks needed by your end users both today and in the foreseeable future.
Selecting the basic type of application program often is fairly simple:
An accounting department needs accounting applications, an e-business
initiative needs e-business applications, and so on. What is more difficult is identifying the specific application program that best fits your
particular needs. Is a custom application program preferred, or will a
prewritten application program be acceptable? If a prewritten application program is desired, exactly which one is the best for your needs? If
a custom application program is desired, who should write it and what
should it include? The answers to these questions depend largely on the
specifics of a given business environment and thus are beyond the scope
of this book. However, a few basics remain the same whether you are
selecting a program for a multinational corporation or one for a corner
fish market.
First, you must precisely understand the tasks you are trying to put
on a computer before pursuing any application program alternatives. A
thorough knowledge of these tasks helps you to identify specific requirements your application program must meet. After a detailed understanding of the tasks is obtained, a search can begin through the many
prewritten or off-the-shelf application programs. If you can find an appropriate prewritten application program that fits your needs, you can
avoid the expense, delay, and ongoing effort associated with custom software development and maintenance. Good prewritten application programs can be quite flexible. However, because everyone typically has
slightly different needs and methods even within a given business function, you can bet that any prewritten application will have some features
you do not need and will not have other features you will wish it did.
Do not forget to consider the more specialized type of prewritten
application program—vertical market applications. Vertical market application programs address a highly specific segment of users such as
lawyers, doctors, distributors, or manufacturers. There are several
sources of information about the many prewritten application programs
on the market. Of course, computer companies and consultants can
help you select particular application programs to fit your needs. There
are also many popular computer and industry trade magazines that pe-
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riodically conduct extensive reviews of prewritten application programs.
These can be excellent and timely sources of information.
For specific or highly specialized needs, prewritten application programs may not be adequate. In this case, custom-developed software
may be desirable. Although the development and maintenance of custom software is a long-term commitment that typically is expensive, it
may be less costly in the long run to pay for the development of custom
software than to settle for a prewritten application program that does
not do the job. If you do select the custom-software route, an important
step is to select the proper developer.
Businesses that have their own programming staff can do their own
custom program development. If you do not have your own programmers, it will be necessary to seek outside help—that is, an outside software developer. In either case, the developer will have the largest effect
on the ultimate success or failure of the custom-development activity.
The developer’s job is not an easy one. In addition to having programming expertise, the developer must become an expert in all aspects of
your business, must be a good communicator to understand and discuss
software requirements, must understand human psychology when defining the user interface for the program, must be a proficient teacher to
train the end users on the new program, and, finally, must be dependable and reliable and therefore available to provide technical support,
software maintenance, and any needed modifications.
Choosing the Hardware
Selecting the proper iSeries system hardware components that together
will fit your needs can be confusing. You must select among the iSeries
models and their disk configurations, feature cards, peripherals, and so
on. Although we cannot possibly cover all needs for all environments in
the limited scope of this book, we can examine some business environments—for example, a small manufacturing establishment, a medium
business, and a large business—and outfit them with the appropriate
iSeries system configurations. With the insight provided by outfitting
these hypothetical business environments, you will be better prepared
to properly select the iSeries systems components useful in your environment. Assistance in selecting specific iSeries system configurations is
available from IBM or remarketers.
Team-Fly®
297
Small Business Environment, Manufacturing—Bob’s Gearbox Co.
The hypothetical small business is a gearbox manufacturer named Bob’s
Gearbox Co. Bob’s has a standard line of gearboxes and also accepts
orders for custom gearboxes. It is a private corporation (owned by Bob,
of course) with thirty-two employees. Bob has been in business five
years and has experienced moderate growth. He currently conducts
business by noncomputer methods but finds himself needing to streamline his operation as the business grows. Bob is particularly concerned
that his profits seem to be shrinking as his sales increase. A study of
Bob’s business shows that there are two basic causes for this. First, his
sales staff often commits to discounted pricing on a gearbox order to
capture the business. The trouble is that Bob never really knows what it
actually costs him to produce a given gearbox. He uses standard cost
estimates to price a customer’s order and hopes that the actual cost of
building the gearbox is close to this. The second basic problem uncovered in the study is that Bob’s inventory is not well managed. The production department is often hampered by not having the right parts and
raw materials in inventory. This often causes slips in the delivery of
customer orders that hurt customer satisfaction and fuel heated arguments among the marketing manager, the production manager, and the
materials manager. Finger pointing is commonplace. The study also
showed that 25 percent of the inventory items in stock are obsolete and
will never be used.
In this scenario, it is clear that Bob has outgrown his manual methods of doing business. Bob needs a better way to track the actual costs
associated with manufacturing his products. This may uncover the fact
that his sales staff often sell gearboxes at or below cost. Bob also needs
help tracking his inventory. He needs to know when critical parts are
getting low and what parts are moving slowly. The deficiencies in Bob’s
business can be addressed with the proper computer solution.
Let us examine the iSeries system configuration suitable for Bob’s
Gearbox. Bob will use the Manufacturing Accounting Production Information Control System (MAPICS/DB) to help gain better control
over his business. By selecting the appropriate modules (programs) within
the MAPICS/DB family of software, Bob can track manufacturing costs
more closely (Production Control and Costing, and Product Data Management modules) and better manage his inventory (Inventory Control
module). Bob also chooses to take advantage of the computer system to
automate the general accounting functions of his business such as pay-
298
roll, accounts receivable, accounts payable, and general ledger, and he
will use the Order Entry and Invoicing module to track and bill customer orders. The Cross-Application Support module is required on all
systems. Through a questionnaire, this module allows Bob to customize
MAPICS/DB for his particular business environment. Furthermore, the
Cross-Application Support module automatically passes information
among the various MAPICS/DB modules, making them function as a
single system.
Based on the requirements of the software and Bob’s business transaction volumes, Bob will get the iSeries Server i810 #2466 processor
shown in Figure 6.1. The Model 810 system was selected for its low
cost and its ability to first be upgraded to higher-performance processors and the enterprise program package option be replaced by a larger
iSeries system. The standard 17,500 MB of disk storage will be expanded
to 52,500 MB to provide enough storage for the system software, the
iSeries
Printer
3488
3488
3488
3488
3488
Terminals
Base System
iSeries e-server Model 810
w/2466 processor
512-MB main storage
17.5-GB disk unit
* Tape unit
* Combined Function I/O processor
* Base twinaxial support
* DVD-ROM
Options
(2) 17.5 GB disk units
Universal power supply
4761 modem
*Denotes standard equipment
Figure 6.1.
Bob’s iSeries advanced system.
Peripherals
(5) 3488 terminals
(1) 4234 printer
Software
OS/400 V5R2
MAPICS/DB
Query/400
RPG/400
Internet Connection Secure
Server for iSeries
Domino
Communications Utilities
iSeries Access for Windows
299
MAPICS/DB modules, and associated data and allow a minimum RAID
data protection capability. The Model 810 system’s ability to expand to
13,791,000 MB of disk storage will allow for expansion as Bob’s business grows. Bob feels the base 512 MB of main storage is sufficient to
get started, but he likes the option to grow to 16,000 MB. The optional
uninterruptible power supply unit will help prevent disruption of the
system by power failures—Bob can do without the extra headache. The
#9771 PCI two-line WAN with modem will be used to access IBM’s
Electronic Customer Support (ECS) network.
The system console function is performed by a 3489 Modular Display Unit. For the users, four 3488 Displays are provided initially. One
display is for the inventory clerk, one is for the purchasing agent, one is
for the production department, and one is for Bob so that he can get the
management information he needs to make intelligent decisions. The
4234 Printer will be used to produce the various reports provided by
MAPICS/DB. The 14 GB 7208 Cartridge Tape Unit will allow data stored
on disk to be backed up on tape. This will help prevent important business information from accidentally getting lost. Since OS/400 V4R5 is
now bundled with the Model 250 hardware, Bob has no need to concern himself with the iSeries operating system. Bob will also get the
Query/400 and Domino programs so that he and his staff can generate
customized reports and manage schedules as needed.
Bob expects to participate in electronic commerce through the
Internet, so he insists on having a #4761 modem attached. He also figures this will provide him closer contact with his sales force (whom he
plans to provide with notebook computers) through e-mail while they
are interacting with customers for his gearboxes. Because no one on his
staff has programming skills, Bob anticipates consulting with IBM about
setting up his Internet site and storefront.
Medium Business Environment—Johnson & Thornbush
The hypothetical medium-sized business is an advertising agency named
Johnson & Thornbush. This company has been in business for twelve
years. Their business started with one major account, and today they
have seventeen active clients. Steve Johnson and Perry Thornbush are
both still active in managing the business. The main office, located in
Chicago, has seventy-four employees. A second office, with seven em-
300
ployees, is located in Fort Lauderdale, Florida, to handle several large
accounts in the Southeast. Almost every person at each location has a
PC providing personal productivity tools for such tasks as market analysis, trend analysis, word processing, and financial modeling.
Steve Johnson recently sponsored a company-wide study to find a
way to address the business goals of increasing marketing effectiveness
and reducing operating costs. The results of the study revealed that the
market analysis being done by one PC user seldom correlated with the
market analysis done by another PC user. The cause of the disagreement in information was that there were different versions of the area
demographic information residing on the various PC disk units used in
the market analysis. Even though one person had responsibility for periodically updating the demographic information and distributing the
updates, eventually different versions of the information emerged, making the market analysis inaccurate. Further, as the company’s market
coverage grows, the demographic information is growing in size and is
becoming impractical to distribute via diskettes. It is apparent that moresophisticated data management and analysis techniques will become
necessary as the firm continues to grow.
Another area the study uncovered as needing improvement was
that basic office operations could be streamlined, increasing productivity and thereby reducing operating expense. Mail delays between
the two offices were slowing down many day-to-day business operations. Because of busy schedules, it often was difficult to schedule meetings, as the last attendee contacted often would have a conflict. Although
the secretarial staff also had PCs and WordPerfect for word processing, turnaround time for even a simple memo was getting longer as the
workload increased.
The project team recommended a computer solution that streamlined office functions and centralized the area demographic information. All PCs were to be connected in such a way that they could share
information and facilitate business communications. Figure 6.2 shows
the system configuration suitable for Johnson & Thornbush. In this
solution, the PC users retain their PCs, protecting that investment in
hardware, programs, and training, only now all PCs (in both Chicago
and Fort Lauderdale) are attached to an iSeries located in Chicago, allowing them to double as PCs and iSeries workstations. As PCs, they
can do everything they could before. As workstations on the iSeries, the
PCs allow users to interact with the iSeries, providing some additional
capabilities provided by iSeries programs.
3486 Display
(for System
Operator)
Leased
Communication
Line
5
4
9
Model 825
4
3-way +
Expansion Tower
6262 Printer
301
4230 Printer
PC
PC
PC
Token-Ring
Network
PC
Ft. Lauderdale
location (these
PCs must have
the System 36/38
Workstation
Emulation
Adapter)
PC
PC
PC
Base System
iSeries Model i825
*2,048 MB main storage
*17.5 GB disk unit
*13-GB tape unit
*Twinaxial workstation IOA
*MFIOP
*EIA 232/V.24 cable
*CD-ROM
*Universal power supply
Options
(6) 17.5 GB disk unit
EIA 232/V.24 50-foot cable
#9771 PCI WAN IOA
(2) 4761 modems
Peripherals
Existing PCs w/adapter
3488 display stations
6262 Model T14 printer
5494 remote control unit
4230 printer
Software
OS/400 V5R2-Enterprise Edition
Domino
Language dictionaries
Communications utilities
Query/400
ILE RPG/400
Access Family for Windows
Application Development Tools
Query and SQL Development Kit
Figure 6.2.
iSeries system for Johnson & Thornbush.
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Hardware Configuration
Based on the number of users and the growth the business is experiencing, an iSeries Model i825 and a processor option #2473 3-way with
CUoD growth to 6-way as needed. For now, 2,0048 MB of main storage should meet the need. Six additional integrated 17.54 GB disk units
will expand the standard 17.5 GB to over 122.5 GB of disk storage—
more than enough for now. The 25 GB 3-inch cartridge tape unit provides for efficient backup of the information stored in the iSeries disk
storage. The 100/16/4 MBps Token-Ring Network Adapter/HP will allow the iSeries to participate in a 100 MBps token-ring network. A
100/16/4 MBps Token-Ring Network Adapter must also be installed in
each of the local PCs, allowing them to participate in the network. The
6262 Printer will provide high-speed printing to all local users.
In Fort Lauderdale, a 5494 Remote Workstation Controller is attached to a communications line to Chicago, where the PCs are equipped
with the Workstation Adapter and attached to the 5494 so they can be
used as iSeries workstations. The smaller 4230 Printer, along with the
PC printers they already have, will meet printing needs for the Fort
Lauderdale users. Although the PCs will be attached to the 5494 via
twinaxial cable for now, a token-ring network could be installed later at
the Fort Lauderdale location. The PCs can then be attached to the 5494
via the token-ring network to provide for more efficiency and flexibility
as the Fort Lauderdale location grows.
Johnson & Thornbush Software Scenario
The Domino for iSeries application program provides the basic office
functions needed to streamline operations. The electronic mail feature
of Domino allows any user to electronically send documents or quick
notes to any other user. This eliminates mail delays and reduces the
word-processing workload, because simple notes and messages can be
typed and sent by the users themselves. The calendar-management function of the Domino application can automatically schedule a desired
meeting by electronically checking the calendars of all attendees and
finding a time suitable for all.
OS/400 V5R2 Enterprise Edition will run in the primary partition
with Domino for iSeries running in a secondary partition. The customer
plans to WebFace their 5250 OLTP applications. The programs for the
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Fort Lauderdale site will also run as a second OS/400 V5R2 secondary
partition with another secondary partition running the required Domino
for iSeries for the mail and calendaring services for Fort Lauderdale.
Although Domino has a word-processing function, those with primarily word-processing activities to perform will continue to use the
WordPerfect word-processing program on the PCs. Since both offices
have a heavy word-processing workload, using the intelligence in the
PCs for this function will provide the highest productivity (lowest response time). This is particularly true in Fort Lauderdale, because iSeries
response time will be reduced by the relatively slow telephone line
communications speeds. Furthermore, removing the word-processing
tasks from the iSeries provides improved response time for the electronic mail, calendaring, and demographic activities performed on the
iSeries system.
The iSeries Access Family for Windows program allows iSeries disk
storage to act as the central repository (file server) for the demographic
information. In effect, a portion of the iSeries disk storage appears to be
a giant PC disk unit shared by all PCs. With iSeries Access Family for
Windows, all PC users can simultaneously share this single copy of the
information, ensuring that all are using the same current data for their
marketing analysis. This will result in a more accurate market analysis
and thus more effective marketing efforts for the firm’s clients.
With the iSeries WebSphere Development Studio, Johnson & Thornbush will develop custom application software over time that will allow
the iSeries to act as a database repository and interact with the PCs in a
cooperative processing environment. Through the token-ring network,
all of the PCs located in Chicago are attached to the iSeries.
The token-ring network was selected for its high-speed information
transfer rate and because it could use the twisted-pair wiring already
installed throughout much of their building. All of the PCs in Fort Lauderdale will be attached to the iSeries system as remote workstations
through a 5494 Remote Workstation Controller, appropriate modems,
and a leased voice-grade telephone line. This allows every PC, no matter where it is located, to double as an intelligent iSeries workstation.
Whether PC users are in Chicago or Fort Lauderdale, they will have
access to the same functions. However, because the Fort Lauderdale PC
users are attached via a telephone line, their response time will not be as
good (fast) as that of those in Chicago, who are attached over the highspeed token-ring network.
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To improve the exchange of ideas and responsiveness of the peopleto-people interactions, Domino 5.0 was installed on the iSeries Model
i825, and Lotus Notes was installed on the PCs both in Chicago and in
Fort Lauderdale.
Large Business Environment—Atole Enterprises
The hypothetical large business that will be outfitted with iSeries systems is Atole Enterprises. This multinational corporation is a distributor of canned foods and enjoys financial prowess worthy of its Fortune
500 membership. The many benefits afforded by computers are well
known at Atole Enterprises. They have been using computers in their
day-to-day operations for many years. The U.S. headquarters is in New
York City and currently has a large System/390 computer complex. There
are seventeen distribution centers located from coast to coast. Each distribution center has its own small System/36 and Atole-written application programs to track orders and local inventory, and to transmit
information to the System/390 in New York. System/36s were originally selected for their ease of operation, which minimizes the need for
technical skills at each distribution center.
A company-wide study sponsored by headquarters came to the following conclusions: Most of the System/36s are fully depreciated and in
many cases are not providing enough computing power to meet growing demands. The custom-written application programs written for the
System/36s have been around a long time and need major updates to
keep the company’s competitive edge in customer service. The study
therefore recommended that Atole convert the distribution centers from
System/36s to entry-level iSeries Server i800s using the Processor #2463
with improved application programs.
Also, the System/390 located in New York will be right-sized to an
iSeries server 870 with Processor Feature #2486 8-way Enterprise Edition, which will save significant operating cost over the next five years.
In addition, future applications will be developed on the 870 and verified before being shipped to the distribution centers, thus avoiding the
need to install a separate Model i800 at the main office.
Atole Solution Scenario
The first step in implementing the solution is to install Model i800 systems at the distribution centers. The distribution center staff will use
305
the migration tools to quickly move the current distribution center application programs from the System/36 to the iSeries system. After the
initial migration is complete, the headquarters staff on the Model i870
will exploit the programmer productivity features in the iSeries system
to enhance the distribution centers’ application programs. It is critical
to get the improved application programs ready as soon as possible.
Once this is done, each distribution center will download the updated
application programs. The headquarters staff will assist each distribution center in performing systems management on the new systems.
Figure 6.3 shows the iSeries distribution center configuration that
Atole will use. The iSeries Server Model i800 with Processor Option
#2463 was selected because its performance and capacity best matched
the need and because of its continuing upgrade path. The standard Model
i800 configuration will be expanded to 105,000 MB of disk storage and
1,024 MB of main storage to provide enough capacity to meet the needs
of the distribution centers for an estimated five years. In the event of a
power failure, the UPS power unit will provide power to sustain critical
components while they ride through short power outages and will allow the system to perform an orderly shutdown in case of longer outages. This will reduce the disruption associated with power failures at
the distribution centers.
The #9771 two-line PCI WAN with modem will be used for IBM
Electronic Customer Support (ECS). This will derive from the base #9771
PCI WAN/Twinaxial IOA which will support up to twenty-eight
twinaxial-attached workstations in addition to the ECS communications line. In this case, however, Atole chooses to provide the ECS for
each distribution center from the headquarters location; that is, headquarters will maintain a help desk and a technical question-and-answer
database pertaining to their custom software in addition to the IBM
question-and-answer database. They will be the first line of support for
the distribution centers. A second communications line is provided by
the #2772 PCI Two-Line WAN IOA. This leased line will be used to
communicate with the Model i870 at headquarters to consolidate information needed from each distribution center much as before. This will
allow for communications at 56,000 bps.
The NetView program running on the iSeries Model i870 will work
with the #4761 Modems to manage the communications network. Further, the SystemView System Manager for OS/400 program will be loaded
on the central site’s iSeries to allow the retrained S/390 personnel to
perform change and problem management for the remote iSeries systems. Atole will use #3487 Display Stations as color terminals to allow
3847
3847
3847
3847
3847
AM
FL
Y
4234
Printer
3847
iSeries Model i800
Base System
iSeries Model i800, w/2463
processor
512 MB memory
35,000 MB disk unit
25-GB tape unit
*Twinaxial workstation controller
*Combined I/O processor
*DVD-ROM
*Universal Power Supply
TE
306
3847
Peripherals
(7) 3487 Display Stations
(1) 4234 Printer
Software
OS/400 V5R2 Standard Edition
Domino V5
Communications Utilities
Query/400
ILERPG/400
Options
512-MB main storage
70,000-MB disk unit
#2721 PCI WAN IOA
4671 Modem
Figure 6.3. iSeries distribution center configuration that will be used by Atole.
their custom application programs to exploit color to associate and highlight information on the screen. This will result in improved ease of use.
Each distribution center will have a #4234 Printer to produce reports
and correspondence-quality documents. The standard streaming tape
drive provided with every Model 870 will be used to back up disk storage. Backup will be performed to the Model 870 at the central headquarters site only.
Team-Fly®
307
The iSeries software needed, in addition to OS/400, includes IBM’s
Communications Utilities, Query, and ILE RPG/400. IBM’s Communications Utilities provides some additional communications functions
between the iSeries systems. Query/400 will allow local distribution
center management to develop their own custom reports, giving them
more flexibility. Finally, Domino for iSeries will facilitate communications between headquarters staff and each distribution center.
Dedicated Server for Domino Web Serving Environments
The following example describes how the iSeries Dedicated Server for
Domino (DSD) can provide value to users. In this example, a manufacturing company with an Enterprise Resource Planning application running on the iSeries is described. The customer begins with a simple
requirement to deliver e-mail to its users, but also knows that the possibility exists to leverage adding some Domino applications in the future,
after discussing its problems with its counterparts at other companies
with some Domino experience.
The customer begins with the purchase of a small DSD system to
implement e-mail, and they extend the LAN infrastructure to the Internet
and install a firewall for protection. The e-mail project is a raging success, so they decide to embark on another small project to deliver a
project-management tool for new product development. They install a
second partition on the existing DSD, pilot the application there, and
roll it out to the product-management team in a third partition.
While the project-management application is deployed, two members of the in-house Domino implementation team attend education
about Domino R5 and Web development at a Lotus Authorized Education Center. The two return full of ideas, and they implement another
Domino partition where they use Domino Designer clients to create a
small internal Web site for their colleagues to look up the company
softball team schedule, view organization charts, and post ideas for IT
improvements to be reviewed by their team. They show it to the IT
manager, who quickly expands the idea by requesting the company policy
documents and product information online. The members comply and
a company intranet site is born and put into production with a bit of
tweaking and an upgrade to a larger DSD to serve the expanded user
base. The upgrade is installed with minimal disruption over some pizza
on Saturday night, and on Monday all the users benefit from the in-
308
creased processing power as it is dynamically applied to the various
Domino environments: Domino mail during peak access in the morning, then the Domino intranet and applications throughout the remainder of the day.
After the success of the Domino intranet, the IT staff decide the
Domino collaborative capabilities can be extended even further to improve its competitive capabilities and provide higher levels of customer
service. First, Lotus Quickplace is implemented to address some of the
new business requirements to work on joint bids and at large opportunities with suppliers, contractors, and other business partners through
ad hoc, user-managed Internet workrooms. Quickplace is installed on a
separate iSeries Dedicated Server for Domino placed on an external LAN
for security purposes and protected by a packet-filtering router. Users in
engineering, marketing, and sales work together securely with project
teams from other companies and compile information to complete price
requests and to create proposals for new business faster and with less
e-mail and more organization and quality than ever before.
A business partner is engaged to work with the IT staff to develop
a new customer service site that lets customers access order and status
information from the ERP system. The business partner uses Domino
Enterprise Connection Services nightly to pull order summary information into Domino from the database files on the iSeries that runs
the majority of its line of business applications. Other DB2 information is accessed from the Domino applications in real time through
Domino Enterprise Connection Services. The business partner creates
the Domino site, which is tested on the Domino development partition
and is then replicated and put into production on the second DSD on
the external LAN.
Domino Workflow is then utilized to enhance the company’s processes by automating the approval cycles of purchasing, expenses, and
pricing exceptions.
The growth in the preceding example illustrates how Domino starts
small and expands to become integral to a company’s operations. In the
past, multiple PC servers would have been used to implement the various Domino application environments, mail, applications, internal Web
serving, development, Domino Workflow, and Lotus Quickplace. The
iSeries uses logical partitioning to serve these applications on fewer systems, sharing computing resources and minimizing the cost of managing and maintaining many physical servers, while leveraging the
integration to the back-end database files through common iSeries remote database technology (DRDA).
309
Server Selection
The medium-sized business environment of Johnson & Thornbush could
equally well have used an iSeries Server 870. Performance within the
locally connected personal computers would have been improved with
no degradation at the remote site. In fact, performance would appear to
improve if the process of maintaining the database concurrent between
the two server systems were managed properly. Figure 6.4 illustrates
the preferred configuration for Johnson & Thornbush in a server-based
implementation. Note that the #5494 Remote Workstation Controller
has been replaced with a LAN-configured iSeries Entry Model 800. This
transformation is possible because the servers are specifically set up to
manage LAN-connected personal computers.
The only non-LAN-connected terminals on either of the systems are
the system console and the printers. If the 9771 Base PCI WAN/Twinaxial
IOA feature had been chosen using an additional communications line,
both the console and printers could have been LAN-connected. It is
worthwhile for a business that has almost all of its terminals as personal computers to consider the server configurations because specially
priced packages to meet those configurations are available. Figure 6.5
3486 Display
System Console
iSeries 870
iSeries 800
6262 Printer
3486 Display
System Console
PC
PC
4230 Printer
PC
PC
PC
PC
16-MBps
Token Ring
PC
PC
PC
PC
PC
PC
PC
PC
Modem
Modem
PC
PC
PC
PC
PC
PC
.
Total PCs =
.
.
74 on this ring
PC
16-MBps
Token Ring
PC
PC
PC
Figure 6.4.
PC
PC
PC
Johnson & Thornbush configuration as a set of servers.
310
illustrates the Johnson & Thornbush system configuration as it would
appear if implemented as a network configuration. In a network computing configuration, the leased line connecting the two modems in Figure 6.5 would be replaced by an Internet cloud, which would give each
group of users (those on the Model 825 and those on the Model 800)
access not only to each other’s groupings, but to all the information on
the Internet. Of course, it would cost more to provide security—including a firewall, an encryption card to send encrypted corporate information, and the HTTP Server for iSeries software on each system, as a
one-time expenditure which would displace the leased-line ongoing expense, eventually resulting in a savings.
The Competitive View of 64-Bit Processing
One other aspect needs to be considered before deciding which computer system does the best job in the long term for your business. That
3486 Display
System Console
iSeries-i825
iSeries-i800
4230 Printer
6262 Printer
3486 Display
System Console
PC
PC
PC
PC
PC
PC
16 MBps
Token Ring
PC
PC
PC
PC
PC
Internet
PC
PC
PC
Modem
Modem
PC
PC
PC
PC
PC
PC
. Total PCs =
. 74 on this ring
.
PC
16 MBps
Token Ring
PC
PC
PC
PC
PC
PC
Figure 6.5. Johnson & Thornbush system configuration in a network computing environment.
311
consideration is the turmoil associated with getting your applications to
execute as the industry migrates from 16-bit and 32-bit processing to
64-bit processing. As described in PowerPC AS Microprocessors in
Chapter 1, the iSeries is based on a 64-bit RISC processor. So are DEC’s
Alpha and HP’s Precision architecture-based systems and Microsoft’s
NT architecture. In the case of DEC and HP, the processor is 64-bit, but
the applications that exist are 16-bit and 32-bit; and because they are
processor-centric (written with a direct relation to the processor that
they were intended to execute on), they must be rewritten to perform in
a 64-bit manner on the 64-bit processors. This is not to say that those
applications will not run on the 64-bit processors from those vendors,
but that they will run as 16-bit or 32-bit applications, dissipating the
value of the 64-bit processors they are using.
The NT architecture defined by Microsoft has the same problem
except that rather than being processor-centric, it is API-centric (each
application program is written with a direct relationship to the interface—16-bit or 32-bit—provided by the processor it is expected to
be executed on) and the 16-bit and 32-bit applications must be rewritten to match to the interfaces of a 64-bit world before they can
leverage the hardware when it becomes available from Intel, Motorola, Sun, or whoever provides it. The IBM iSeries, because of the
Technology-Independent Machine Interface (TIMI), can take applications written for 16-bit or 32-bit environments and translate them
(i.e., the applications execute as 64-bit applications) to a 64-bit environment. This translation is intrinsic in the iSeries system and has
happened with each release of new processing hardware, which did
not affect the applications that executed from previous releases. Figure 6.6 illustrates the impact of the architectural decision on the applications for these companies as it relates to the movement to 64-bit
processing.
The Business Decisions
In addition to selecting the hardware and software to solve identified
business problems, you must also consider financial questions before
you install your computer solution. Two important areas that must be
addressed are cost justification and the lease-or-buy decision.
312
iSeries
Advanced
Application
Architecture
Alpha
Architecture
Precision
Architecture
NT
Architecture
Applications
Applications
Applications
Applications
Exploits
Impacts
Impacts
Impacts
TechnologyIndependent
Machine
Interface
APIs
Accommodates
Hardware
Hardware
Hardware
Hardware
IBM iSeries
DEC
HP
Microsoft
Application
Centric
Figure 6.6.
Processor
Centric
API
Centric
Positioning 64-bit processing, a competitive view.
Cost Justification
All businesses are the same in one respect: They exist to make a profit.
In the final analysis, the only reason for a business to buy a computer is
to increase profits. In other words, the computer system must be cost
justified. There are two parts to the cost-justification analysis: costs and
benefits. The price you pay to the computer company is easily identified
early in the project. What many people fail to consider are the costs of
owning a computer system beyond the original price paid. The costs of
operating the computer installation after you buy it should also be considered over several years. Some costs that should be considered beyond
the price tag are identified next.
Hardware Maintenance
This is usually a monthly or annual fee you pay that basically is an
extended warranty for the computer hardware. There are various alter-
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natives, but the basic deal is that if your computer system breaks down,
the service company will come out and effect repairs at no charge. You
do not have to put your system on a maintenance contract, but if you
do not you will have to pay an hourly fee and costs of parts when your
system breaks down. Since this parts/labor billing approach can be extremely expensive, most businesses choose to put their system on a maintenance contract.
Software Maintenance
In some cases you will have to pay the software supplier a fee to get
fixes and updates to your programs. Users who purchased applications
that used two-digit year designations in date codes in the past have
already faced up to the expensive software maintenance job centered
around year 2000, unless they used or updated to OS/400 Version 3
Release 2 or Version 3 Release 7 or later.
Technical Support
Technical support provides answers to your questions and resolves any
technical problems in either the hardware or software. This kind of
support ranges from providing a telephone number to having permanently assigned personnel from the computer company on your premises. Sometimes this support is provided free of charge; other times it
is on a fee basis.
Whether a business is large, medium, or small, if more than one
computer is functioning within that business, there is a system-management concern, with a very real cost associated. It is difficult to associate
a dollar value because each system configuration is different, but estimates of the cost do exist. Whether you hire someone directly to deal
with the concern, do it yourself, or get technical support from an external company, you must pay that cost. Cost estimates indicate that for
three to forty computers or terminals the cost is one full-time person,
and this increases with the addition of one full-time person for each
additional forty computers or terminals.
Facilities
It is often necessary for you to modify your building to accommodate a
computer system. These modifications might include adding additional
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air conditioning, running cables between workstations and the computer, or modifying the electrical power services available. Fortunately,
the costs of such building modifications are relatively low with iSeries
systems as compared with large computers, which often require water
cooling and raised floors. The new packaging reduces these costs for
new installations, because only the largest systems require two-phase
service to operate.
Education/Training
The people who will be using the new computer system will need education. The computer operators will need to understand how to manage the day-to-day operations of the computer. The users of the computer
system will have to understand the application programs. It may also be
necessary to train your own programmer(s) to write custom application
programs for your business. Fortunately, iSeries systems are easier to
operate and use than larger computer systems. However, some education is still necessary. Many different types of education are available,
some of which are discussed later in this chapter.
Communications Line Costs
If your computer system is attached to remote workstations or other
remote computers, you will incur communications line costs. There are
many different communications services available today, and these costs
should be considered in your justification.
Environmental Costs
Environmental costs are the costs to operate the system over a period of
time. It has been calculated that the difference in operational costs for
an existing System/36 Model D24 and an Advanced 36 over a period of
five years is $20,220. This difference results from the reduced heat load
on air conditioning systems, reduced cost in electrical requirements, and
reduced cost of a maintenance agreement. That cost reduction will pretty
much pay for the new system, and you will reap the benefit of improved
performance that increases the efficiency of your workers.
Enhancing Applications
Any time you either downsize or modify your computer installation to
modernize it, it is expected that you will have to pay the cost of updat-
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ing your applications or purchasing new applications to operate within
that new environment. This was dealt with in greater detail in the discussion of WebSphere Development Studio for iSeries in Chapter 4, but
the one thing you can trust is that your host-centric applications will
not operate in a distributed client/server-centric environment.
Benefits
On the brighter side, the computer is being purchased to solve identified business problems or address new business opportunities. You
will receive benefits after the computer system is installed. (Or else
why install it?) Although it is fairly easy to identify and quantify the
costs associated with a computer system, it is often difficult to do the
same for the benefits. This does not mean that benefits are any less
real than costs; it simply means that they require more work to uncover. Benefits are also more specific to your business, so it would be
impossible to list all of them here, but we can consider some common
benefits associated with the application of computer systems to basic
business functions.
Improved Business Cycle
The basic cycle of most businesses has the same components: The business buys goods/equipment, takes customer orders for goods or services, makes deliveries, and bills the customer. The classic application
of computer systems to these areas produces improvements in the basic
business cycle that result in real dollar savings. These savings can result
from such basic things as collecting accounts receivable more quickly
and taking better advantage of accounts payable discount terms.
Inventory Reduction
Many carrying costs are associated with a business inventory. These
include items such as warehouse space, insurance, tax, and interest expense. The proper application of computers can reduce the level of inventory that must be kept on hand, thus reducing carrying costs.
Improved Productivity
Given the proper tools, anyone in any part of a business can do his or
her job more efficiently. This allows a business to get the same amount
of work done more quickly or with fewer people. Excess time can then
be redirected to performing other tasks that help meet the business objectives. Further, as natural attrition reduces the workforce, it may not
be necessary to hire replacements, allowing for a reduction of the
workforce over time.
Improved Quality
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By providing more timely or better-organized information to personnel,
businesses can often improve the quality of the services or products they
provide. This is particularly true in manufacturing environments, in which
computers can be applied to everything from design simulations to statistical quality control. It has also been found that providing the needed
information in a more timely fashion (reduced wait time) results in
fewer errors being made by the users, thus increasing productivity.
Improved Customer Service
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By allowing a business to respond to customer orders, questions, and
special requests, computer systems can improve customer service. These
improvements can involve quickly responding to requests for price quotations and accurately quoting and meeting delivery dates.
Competitive Advantage
The items that have been discussed contribute to reducing costs, improving quality, and improving customer service, so they all work to
improve the competitive posture of the business. The flexibility provided by a computer system can also help improve your competitiveness by allowing you to respond more quickly to changing market
demands. The business also has the opportunity to use advanced software technology products such as multimedia, telephony, and so on, to
increase revenues.
This list of general benefits is in no way comprehensive. Every business can add to the list based on its current position and business objectives. Once benefits have been identified, however, you are still not
finished. You should try to quantify the benefits in dollars and cents
where possible, to help focus on the areas with the largest payoff first.
Quantified benefits also help when comparing computer investments
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with any other capital projects under consideration. However, quantifying benefits can be difficult and subject to judgment. Unlike the price
of a computer, which can be looked up in a catalog, benefits must be
calculated according to expected results.
For example, if you feel that inventory can be reduced by 10 percent by installing an inventory-management application program, you
would multiply 10 percent of your inventory value times the carrying
costs to determine the annual benefit. This is not very difficult, but
other areas are more difficult to quantify accurately. As another example, if an engineer’s productivity is increased by 15 percent, then
you might multiply the annual salary and benefit costs by 15 percent,
yielding the annual savings. In this case, some would argue that because the engineer is still paid full salary, nothing is saved. However,
if the time is devoted to, say, developing a product to enter a new
market, the actual benefit may be much higher than 15 percent of the
engineer’s salary. You will have to decide what a benefit is worth to
your business.
Other benefits that typically are difficult to quantify and thus are
often overlooked when tallying savings include increased sales (resulting from improved customer service) and lower employee turnover (resulting from improved working conditions and pride). The
fact that these benefits (and others like them) are difficult to quantify
does not make them any less valuable, but it does mean that they
often are overlooked. After the costs and benefits have been quantified, you can begin to evaluate the proposed computer project against
other capital projects.
Two guidelines often used to measure a proposed computer system are:
1. The payback period, in which the time to recover the investment from accrued benefits is calculated
2. The net present value, in which the cash flows are calculated
and then discounted based on the cost of money and risk associated with the project.
Although this type of analysis can be valuable, do not overlook other
aspects of the capital project such as its strategic value and its effect on
customer-perceived quality and professionalism. Classic accounting techniques are easy to defend but do not always reveal the entire picture.
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Lease or Buy?
Just when you think you are through analyzing all the software and
hardware alternatives, you are faced with a whole new set of questions
concerning the acquisition method you will use. Several methods are
commonly used to acquire a computer system. The most obvious alternative is simply to pay cash for the computer system—outright purchase. This is the least expensive way to acquire a computer system.
However, it has a direct and usually substantial impact on the business’s
cash flow and capital position.
The next acquisition alternative is to finance the purchase price over
a period of time, just as you would finance a new house or new car. In
this case, you simply make a down payment, typically 10 percent, and
take out a loan for the balance. The loan and interest are repaid through
monthly payments (over a period of from two to five years typically).
Since you must pay back the interest on the loan, this is a more expensive alternative than a cash purchase, but it can reduce cash flow requirements. In either case, the title of the computer system passes to the
business, as do any tax benefits such as depreciation. The purchaser of
a computer also has the ability to sell the computer when it is replaced
or is no longer required, thus recovering the residual value of the computer system.
Another acquisition alternative is the term lease. In this alternative,
the lessor (computer owner) grants use of a computer system to the lessee
(the using company), which in turn agrees to make lease payments for
some specified period of time, or term. The term of a lease can be any
length, but typically runs from two to five years. If the lessee decides to
terminate the lease before the end of the term, there is usually a termination fee, which can be substantial. Some of the advantages offered by the
term lease alternative include the conservation of business capital and
lines of credit, which can then be used to finance other investments.
Two commonly found lease types are a capital lease and an operating lease. Capital leases are rent-to-own; at the end of the term, you can
purchase the computer system for a relatively small fee (e.g., 5 or 10
percent of the original cost). With a capital lease, the lessee is considered the owner and gets the tax benefits of ownership. Capital leases
are much like a financed purchase, the major difference being that a
capital lease does not require the user to make a down payment, as does
a financed purchase. Operating leases are real leases in which there is
no discounted purchase option at the end of the lease term. The lessor is
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considered to be the owner and thus retains the tax benefits of ownership. Because of this, the lessee typically makes a lower payment than
with the capital lease alternative.
A final acquisition alternative is to rent the computer system month
by month. This provides the most flexibility, because this kind of arrangement typically requires only one to three months’ notice to discontinue. Of course, you usually must pay higher rental payments to
get this flexibility; and because the payment is usually not fixed, you are
subject to increases.
The acquisition of computer software is a whole different story.
Typically, you will not have the option to buy software. Most companies license software. A software license grants the licensee the right to
use the software under the conditions specified in the document supplied by the software company, called the license agreement. Typically,
these licenses allow the licensee to use the software on a specified computer system for a specified fee. Three common ways to pay for this
license agreement are one-time charge, lease, or monthly charge. With
the one-time charge, the licensee pays a set price and retains the right to
use the software indefinitely. The price can be paid in cash or be financed. The leasing alternative is really just another way to finance the
one-time charge with no down payment. Finally, the monthly charge is
like renting the software month to month indefinitely.
Although some basic lease/purchase alternatives have been introduced
in this section, the rules governing these various alternatives are complex and subject to change. The effects on a company’s cash flow, income statements, balance sheets, taxes, and so on, can also be strongly
affected by the various acquisition methods. You should consult the proper
professionals to determine the best alternative for your situation.
Education
The discussions in the chapter so far should assist you in selecting the
appropriate software and hardware to fit your needs. However, no matter what computer hardware and software you select, they will require
people to interact with them. To maximize efficiency, these people (users) must be educated in the use of the computer system itself as well as
its software. Proper education is critical to the success of any computerautomation project. Inadequate education prevents reaping the productivity benefits of moving a task to the computer.
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The first goal of education is to make users (and system operators)
proficient at using the computer hardware and software they need to do
their jobs. Another important goal of education is to make the users’
interaction with the computer system enjoyable. If using the computer
is enjoyable, users will be more motivated. However, if using the computer is a frustrating struggle (because the users have inadequate education), they will be less productive or perhaps will avoid the computer
altogether. Education that is specific for iSeries is available from IBM
Education and Training (IBM’s training subsidiary), as well as from other
non-IBM companies.
The IBM Education and Training educational offerings come in the
following forms:
•
Classroom courses are traditional lectures/discussions led by an
IBM instructor. These forums provide for direct interaction between students and instructors. Hands-on, in-class exercises often are part of a classroom course. Public courses are held regularly
at IBM facilities. Alternately, private courses can be arranged
and held either at IBM locations or at customer locations.
•
Personalized learning series courses are basically duplicates of
classroom courses, except in self-study format. Students are provided with transcriptions of the classroom course lectures in electronic form. Transcribed lectures are loaded on an iSeries system
using a CD-ROM and are read on the user’s display screen. Also
provided is a booklet containing the foils (illustrations) normally
presented in the classroom lectures. An additional offering in
the self-study format is a set of diskettes containing the selfstudy courses for the iSeries that may be loaded onto a personal
computer and be studied from there.
•
Discover/education series courses cover additional iSeries-related
topics in a format identical to the online education provided as
standard with iSeries systems.
•
Learning centers are educational facilities where students come in
and use the materials just discussed (for a fee) without having to
buy them. These educational offerings are also available for sale.
•
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There is also a set of self-study courses shipped with every iSeries
system. Those courses are listed in Figure 6.7.
Security
In many business environments, computer systems are the very backbone of business operations. This makes the information stored on the
computers a corporate asset at least as valuable as cash. Because of the
new methods of accessing the data on your business computer (Internet,
intranet), it is necessary to rethink the security aspects of your system.
One of the items that distinguishes the iSeries family from most other
computer system families is the flexibility of its security features. System security has three important objectives:
•
•
•
Confidentiality:
–
Protecting against disclosing information to unauthorized
people
–
Restricting access to confidential information
–
Protecting against curious system users and outsiders
Integrity:
–
Protecting against unauthorized changes to data
–
Restricting manipulation of data to authorized programs
–
Providing assurance that data is trustworthy
Availability:
–
Preventing accidental changes to or destruction of data
–
Protecting against attempts by outsiders to abuse or destroy
system resources.
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Course ID
Type of Course
PS586
PS587
Self-study
Self-study
PS588
Self-study
PS589
Self-study
PS590
PS682
Self-study
Self-study
PS684
Self-study
PS685
Self-study
DE204
DE205
DE206
DE208
DE209
PS153
PS154
PS155
PS156
PS163
PS164
Self-study
Self-study
Self-study
Self-study
Software
Software
Software
Software
Software
Software
Self-study
PS274
Self-study
Course Description
AS/400 Getting to Know Your System
AS/400 Administrator-Work Management and
Basic Tuning
AS/400 Administrator-Security Planning and
Implementation
AS/400 Administrator-Availability and
Recovery Management
AS/400 Administrator Library
Lotus Notes R4 System Administration I:
Extending A Notes
Lotus Notes System Admin II: Cross Certificates
and Multiple
Lotus Notes R4 System Admin II: Server
Activity and Performance
AS/400 Basic Education Series
AS/400 Implementation Series
Office Vision/400 Support Series
AS/400 Implementation for Entry Systems
AS/400 Overview and Introductory Topics
AS/400 Implementation and Operation Series
COBOL/400 and SQL/400 Programming Series
RPG/400 and SQL/400 Programming Series
AS/400 Library
AS/400 System Using the S/36 Environment
AS/400 System for the Experienced S/38
Implementer
SQL/400 Programming Workshop
Additional information on each of these courses can be obtained by accessing the Internet at
<http://www.training.ibm.com/ibmedu/news/400f96.htm.
Figure 6.7.
Listing of self-study courses available for the iSeries on CD-ROM.
System security is often associated with external threats, such as hackers or business rivals. The intent of these paragraphs is not to minimize
the external exposure, but to present a more balanced approach to system security. More damage can be caused by the accidental depression of
the wrong key at the wrong time. A well-designed security system will
provide protection against system accidents by authorized system users.
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As with an application, good results from the system security functions cannot be obtained without good planning. Setting up security in
small pieces without planning can be confusing and difficult to maintain
and to audit. Planning does not imply designing the security for every
file, program, and device in advance. Planning does, however, imply establishing an overall approach to security on the system and communicating that approach to application designers, programmers, and system
users. The following questions need to be considered when planning the
security on your system and deciding how much security is needed:
•
Is there a company policy or standard that requires a certain
level of security?
•
Do the company auditors require some level of security?
•
How important is your system and the data on it to your business?
•
How important is the error protection provided by the security
features?
•
What are your company security requirements for the future?
Like a business’s cash, computer information must be protected from
loss or theft. Let us look at how this vital information can be protected.
Loss Prevention
An ever-present hazard when dealing with information (with or without computers) is the possibility that the information will be lost. This
loss can occur in many different ways. A computer system’s breakdown,
such as a disk unit failure, can result in lost information; operator error
can cause data to be corrupted accidentally, resulting in lost information; or a disaster (such as a fire or flood) can result in a loss of vital
business information. For this reason, recovery from the loss of vital
business information must be addressed.
One way to deal with the risk of losing vital information is to make
backup copies of computer information at regular intervals (e.g., daily).
Multiple backup copies should be made on a revolving basis and be
kept in a place safe from damage or loss. Three copies will allow at least
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one copy to be kept in safe storage at all times and will provide for
different levels of backup. In the event of an information loss, the computer system can be restored to the point at which the most recent backup
copy was made. The iSeries systems’ operating systems and the various
tape devices discussed in Chapter 2 are designed for these kinds of
save/restore operations. Any changes to information after the point of
the last backup will have to be re-created after the backup copy is used
to restore the system. This may involve manually reentering the transactions since the last backup or exploiting OS/400 features such as
journaling and checksum, discussed earlier in this book.
Any good disaster-recovery plan will also consider how the business
will operate in the event the current computer system is destroyed. Many
companies, including IBM, offer disaster-recovery services that essentially provide you with emergency access to a similarly configured computer system located elsewhere. Usually, a test allowance is part of the
deal so that you can run disaster-recovery drills to ensure readiness. The
iSeries Backup and Recovery Guide (SC41-8079), available from IBM,
is a good reference when planning your backup strategy.
Theft Prevention
Theft prevention deals with protecting sensitive information from unauthorized disclosure. These security requirements vary widely from environment to environment. Consider your particular needs early in your
planning. The iSeries systems provide various levels of security that help
deter unauthorized access. All iSeries eServers are now designed to meet
the C2 level of security. Security level 50 enables iSeries servers to operate at the C2 level of trust as defined by the U.S. government.
The iSeries is the first system to achieve a C2 security rating for a
system (hardware and operating system) with an integrated full-function database. The requirements for the C2 level of security are defined
by the U.S. Department of Defense in the its publication DOD 5200.28
STD, Trusted Computing Systems Evaluation Criteria (TCSEC). Additional detail related to the C2 operating environment can be found in
the IBM publication iSeries Security—Enabling for C2.
Security for iSeries is integrated into the computer system hardware
along with the associated operating system. Depending on the needs of
the user environment, one of five levels of security can be activated. The
first level is basically no security at all. People can access the system and
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can do anything they wish. The second level of security requires the user
to enter a password before access is granted to the system. After the
proper password is entered, the user can perform any task. The third
level of security is user-access control, which is just like the second level
except that the user can be restricted to various functions as well. A
security officer is usually assigned to manage the security of the system.
The fourth level of security adds operating system integrity by restricting
the use of certain operating system functions and unsupported interfaces.
The fifth level enhances the integrity protection provided at the fourth
level and is designed to meet the requirements of C2-level security.
For sensitive environments, you may wish to consider restricting access to the area in which the Application System itself is located. It may
also be necessary to restrict access to the area(s) in which workstations
are located. These needs should be considered early in a computer-automation project. For additional discussion of security subjects and iSeries
security capabilities, obtain Tips and Tools for Securing Your iSeries
(SC41-3300-00) from your local IBM branch or IBM representative.
Additional security issues relating specifically to Internet/intranet
security and operating system security are discussed in Chapters 4 and
5. The complete picture of the security capabilities of the iSeries systems
should include all the discussed offerings and the additional capability
of the hardware keylock function included with every system.
Service
Although every effort has been made to make iSeries systems as reliable
as possible, some computers will fail. If yours does, you must have a
way of getting it fixed. All iSeries systems come with a one-year warranty that provides free on-site repairs from IBM’s service division seven
days a week, twenty-four hours a day. Each of the various terminals
and printers associated with iSeries systems has its own warranty terms
and periods ranging from three months to three years. After the warranty period, you become responsible for maintenance of the system.
IBM and other companies offer service agreements that, for a fee,
provide postwarranty on-site service just like that provided during the
warranty. Various maintenance discounts are available, depending on
the level of system management procedures you are willing to imple-
326
ment in your business. If your system fails and you do not have any type
of service contract, you will have to pay for parts and labor, which can
become extremely expensive. For this reason, most people choose to
keep their systems on maintenance after warranty.
Migrating from System/3X and AS/400 to iSeries
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Some businesses may be replacing System/3X and AS/400 computers
with an iSeries. The iSeries has been designed to ease the migration of
most programs and data from these earlier computer systems. OS/400
functions plus available tools provide a guided and highly automated
procedure for these types of migrations. Although programming skills
are still required to guide the migration activities, the tools reduce the
manual work of analyzing, documenting, saving, and restoring application programs. Programs are migrated to the iSeries System/38 environment discussed in Chapter 4. If desired, the programs can be further
adapted to take advantage of new iSeries functions at your own pace
after the migration is complete. Now let us look at sizing a replacement
iSeries when migrating from System/3X to iSeries.
Software Maintenance
Software maintenance combines software subscription and technical
support to provide iSeries customers with a full range of benefits including software upgrade entitlement and where available voice and
electronic support. Software maintenance will be delivered by two priced
Program IDs (one covering support and the other subscription). The
PIDs will have a duration of either one year of three years. There will
also be a PID representing “after license” if subscription coverage
lapses.When buying a new hardware model, a minimum of one year of
software maintenance must be purchased. Software maintenance is not
transferable outside of the customer enterprise or country. All existing
Software Subscription, Support Line and Service Suite contracts will be
honored through their termination date. The latest offering will be available to the customers at that time.
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Sizing a Replacement iSeries
Whether iSeries is your first computer system or you will be replacing a
System/38 or AS/400 system, you will have to choose the appropriatesize iSeries. Size refers to the processor speed and capacity, which by
model depends on memory size and amount of disk storage. There are
many things to consider when choosing the size iSeries needed in a given
situation.
Those migrating from the System/38 to the iSeries will need more
disk-storage and main-storage capacity than they did with the System/38.
More disk-storage space is necessary mostly because of the increased
requirements of OS/400. More main storage is needed because more
information about each task remains resident in memory. More information in main storage has been a traditional advantage of the System/38 because it makes for better system performance. The iSeries takes
further advantage of the same concept. Whether you are migrating from
a System/38 or AS/400, you must select the correct iSeries processor
model. The Performance Overview section of Chapter 1 will give you a
rough idea of the relative performance of the various computer systems
of interest.
To refine your model selection, you must start by examining your
current computer system very closely. Tools like the iSeries Performance
Tools can be used to determine the workload on your current system.
The capacity-planner portion of the PATROL for iSeries—Predict can
help analyze your current system to determine which iSeries model is
appropriate. An IBM document that will help in using these sizing tools
and determining iSeries disk-storage requirements is the iSeries Performance and Capacity Planning Newsletter (GC21-8175). If you are adding additional functions (programs and data) or more users to the new
iSeries system, you must also consider the effect of these new requirements on performance, memory, and disk-storage requirements. IBM
personnel have tools and resources available to them to help you size
the appropriate iSeries system.
328 Exploring IBM ~ iSeries
Index
#3995 Optical Library, 104–105
#4754 Security Interface Unit (SIU), 114
64-bit addressing, 39, 310–311, 312
7133 Serial Storage Subsystem, 97, 98–99
A
Access. See iSeries Access
access path recovery, 195–196
access to data benefit of IFS, 139
actuators of disk unit, 57, 97
Address Resolution Protocol (ARP), 167
ADTS (Application Development ToolSet),
219–222
advanced application architecture, 9–12
Advanced Function Printing. See AFP
Advanced iSeries Model i800, 16, 18
Advanced Peer-to-Peer Communication
(APPC), 60, 61
Advanced Peer-to-Peer Network (APPN),
172, 250
Advanced Print Utility (APU), 131
Advanced Program-to-Program
Communication (APPC), 257
advisor function, iSeries Performance Tools,
208
AES crypto algorithm, IBM SecureWay, 265
AFP (Advanced Function Printing),
222–226. See also OS/400
(Operating System/400)
Create AFP DATA (CRTAFPDTA)
command, 224
defined, 222
document services, 223
electronic pages, 222
e-Output, 84–85, 224, 225
error recovery, 223
Euro currency symbol support, 221–222
Host Print Transform (HPT), 220
IBM Infoprint Designer for iSeries,
225–226
IBM Infoprint Server for iSeries, 186,
223–225
image files, 220
inbound browser access, 222
Infoprint Image Editor, 225
328
Infoprint Layout Editor, 225
Infoprint Overlay Editor, 225
Intelligent Printer Data Stream (IPDS), 85,
86, 220, 222–223
network printing, 223, 224
outbound distribution, 222
Overlay Utility, 221
page-mode printing, 85
Page Printer Formatting Aid (PPFA), 131
PCL data stream, 85, 222
PDF data stream, 85, 222, 224
postscript files, 220
printer services, 223
Print Format Utility, 221
Print Services Facility/400 (PSF/400),
220–222
Resource Management Utility, 221
SAP R/3 AFP Print, 132
transforms, 85, 222, 224, 225
Transmission Protocol/Internet Protocol
(TCP/IP) and, 223
Type Transformer for Windows, 221
Web images, 224–225
AFP Font Collection, 220–221
AFP PrintSuite, 130–132
AFP Toolbox, 131–132, 220
AFP Workbench, 173, 182, 186
air intake, 8
AIX, xviii, 13, 129–130
altered program objects, 238–239
AnyMail, Domino 5.0.5, 288
Apache Portable Runtime (APR), 268
Apache Software Foundation (ASF), 186,
187, 268–273, 270
API (Application Program Interface)
HTTP Server for iSeries, 268
Operating System/400 (OS/400), 137
operating systems concepts, 135–136
OptiConnect, 61
API-centric architecture, 311
APPC (Advanced Peer-to-Peer
Communication), 60, 61
APPC (Advanced Program-to-Program
Communication), 257
applets, Java, 231, 232
Application Development ToolSet (ADTS),
219–222
Index
application environments, kernel threads,
226–238
application frameworks environment, 227
Application Program Interface. See API
Application Server, Domino 5.0.5, 289
Application Service Providers (ASPs), 261
applications programs, 123–134. See also
cross-industry application programs;
kernel threads; OS/400 (Operating
System/400); software architecture;
WDS (WebSphere Development Studio)
compatibility, 121–123, 137
custom application programs, 133–134,
296
enhancement costs, 314–315
industry-specific applications programs,
124, 132–134
migration, 7
modular programs, 132–133
prewritten application programs, 123–124,
295–296
resiliency for system availability, 65, 68
selection, 294–296
software layer, 115, 116, 117, 120,
121–123
vertical market application programs,
295–296
applications support layer, IBM Networking
Blueprint, 254–255, 255–259
Application Storage Pools. See ASPs
APPN (Advanced Peer-to-Peer Network),
172, 250
APR (Apache Portable Runtime), 268
APU (Advanced Print Utility), 131
archiving data, 192
ARP (Address Resolution Protocol), 167
AS/400 family of computers. See IBM
AS/400
ASCII formats, printers, 85
AS/Entry system, xxiii
ASF (Apache Software Foundation), 186,
187, 268–273, 270
ASPs (Application Service Providers), 261
ASPs (Application Storage Pools). See also
IASPs (Independent Application
Storage Pools)
backup/recovery, 194, 196
integrated file system (IFS), 140
Async communications protocol, 111, 163
Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM), 109,
110
Atole Enterprises (large business
environment), 149–152, 304–307
329
authentication of DCE, 160–161
authorized users accidents, 322–323
Automatic Browser Detection, HTTP Server
for iSeries, 267
autonomic computing element of e-business,
xviii, 3
auxiliary storage, 54–59. See also storage
hierarchy
actuators of disk unit, 57, 97
average latency of disk unit, 56, 57
average seek time of disk unit, 56, 57
backup importance, 57, 58
Compact Disk-Read Only Memory
(CD-ROM), 58, 104, 106
data transfer rate of disk unit, 56, 57
Direct Access Storage Devices (DASDs),
55–57, 97, 192
diskette storage, 55
disk storage, 55–57, 97–100, 98
DVD-RAM, 58, 104
DVD-ROM, 58, 104
millions of bytes per second (MBps), 56
nonvolatile storage, 54, 55, 97
optical libraries, 58, 104–106
performance and, 56, 57, 97
platters of disk unit, 55–56, 96
read/write head, 56, 97, 101
tape storage, 58–59, 101–103
Write Many, Read Many (WMRM), 58,
104
Write Once, Read Many (WORM), 58, 104
auxiliary storage controllers, 103–104
auxiliary storage options, 96–106
auxiliary storage controllers, 103–104
CD-ROM, 106
(CFIOP), 97, 106
disk adapters (Input/Output Processors,
IOPS), 99–100
disk compression, 97–98, 99
disk storage, 97–100
DVD/CD-ROM, 106
dynamic sparing, 99
Initial Program Load (IPL) device, 106
mirroring, 99
Model 2105 Enterprise/Versatile Storage
Server, 97, 98–99
optical libraries, 104–106
RAID-5, 99
Storage Area Network (SAN) device, 98
tape adapters (Input/Output Processors,
IOPS), 103–104
tape storage options, 101–103
availability. See also system availability
functions
OptiConnect and, 59, 66–67
security goal, 321
Virtual Private Network (VPN), 169
average latency of disk unit, 56, 57
average seek time of disk unit, 56, 57
bandwidth maximization, OptiConnect, 60
base layer of San Francisco Framework,
227, 228
batch commands, iSeries Access Family, 185
BCAL (bus control adapter logic) chip, 46,
47
benchmark testing
Domino 5.0.5, 37–38, 288
iSeries computers, 34–36
B
benefits and cost justification, 315–317
B2B (business-to-business)
BEST/1 users and PATROL for iSeries, 211
IBM Networking Blueprint, 261
BIGINT support, iSeries Access Family, 184
software integration framework, kernel
binary-tree pseudo-LRU (lines recently used)
threads, 229–230
algorithm, 51
Baan, 230
Bisync communications protocol, 111, 163
backup/recovery, 189–197. See also OS/400 bits, 39, 53
blacklist support, TCP/IP, 167
access path recovery, 195–196
Blade Center, 5
Application Storage Pools (ASPs), 194, 196 Bluetooth, 6
archiving data, 192
Bob’s Gearbox Co. (small business
BRMS Advanced Functions Feature,
environment), 297–299
194–195
BOM (byte order mark), 242
BRMS Network Feature, 194
Borland, 238
business-critical applications protection,
branch prediction, POWER
192
microprocessors, 45
data archive and retrieval, 191
BRMS/400 (Backup Recovery and Media
Direct Access Storage Devices (DASDs)
Services/400), 191, 192–195
for, 55–57, 97, 192
BRMS Advanced Functions Feature,
functional-usage model, 193–194
194–195
Hierarchical Storage Management (HSM), BRMS Network Feature, 194
194, 196–197
BSF (Byte Stream File), 70
importance of, 57, 58
bus control adapter logic (BCAL) chip, 46,
iSeries Backup and Recovery Guide
47
(IBM), 324
business and iSeries, 292–327. See also cost
iSeries Navigator and, 193, 194
justification; security
media functions, 194–195
64-bit processing, 39, 310–311, 312
move policies, 194–195
API-centric architecture, 311
parallel backup, 193
application programs selection, 294–296
PASSWORDACCESSGENERATE client
classroom courses, IBM Education and
option, 193
Training, 320
policy-driven, 193
computing needs identification, 293–294
recovery, step-by-step, 192
current operations, examining, 294
restore commands, 190–191
restore wizard, BRMS, 195
296
save commands, 190
Dedicated Server for Domino (DSD)
save while active feature, 190
environment, 31–34, 307–309
discover/education series, IBM Education
(SMAPP), 195–196
and Training, 320
tape libraries support, 192
education/training, 314, 319–321
Tivoli Storage Manager (TSM) V5.1,
goals of business, 294
191–192
hackers, 263, 264
usage frequency for, 194
hardware selection, 296, 318–319
Backup Recovery and Media Services/400
IBM Education and Training, 320–321
(BRMS/400), 191, 192–195
information flow of business, 294
Index
large business environment (Atole
Enterprises), 149–152, 304–307
learning centers, IBM Education and
Training, 320
medium business environment (Johnson &
Thornbush), 299–304, 309–310
migrating to iSeries, 7, 72–73, 326–327
personalized learning series, IBM
Education and Training, 320
295–296
processor-centric architecture, 311
project team for computing needs
identification, 293–294
replacement iSeries, sizing, 327
self-study courses, 321, 322
server selection, 309–310
service agreements, 325–326
small business environment (Bob’s
Gearbox Co.), 297–299
software maintenance, 313, 326
Technology Independent Machine
Interface (TIMI), 10, 11, 119, 232,
311
295–296
warranty, 325–326
business-critical applications protection, 192
business cycle improvements, 315
business data in data warehouse, 125
business-to-business. See B2B
bus utilization, 41
bus-wired network, 108
buying vs. leasing, 318–319
bytecodes, Java, 231
byte order mark (BOM), 242
bytes, 39
Byte Stream File (BSF), 70
C
C++, 231
C2 level of security, 324, 325
cable-thru wiring scheme, 73–74
cache line replacement, 51
cache memory, 41
CAL (Client Access License), 289
Capacity Upgrade on Demand (CUoD),
xviii, 13, 14, 15, 31
capital lease, 318
Carrier Sense Multiple Access-Collision
Detect (CSMA-CD), 108
carrying costs reduction, 315
CD-ROM (Compact Disk-Read Only
Memory), 58, 104, 106
331
CFIOP (Combined-Function I/O Processor)
auxiliary storage options, 77, 89–90,
91–93
workstations, 97, 106
CGI (Common Gateway Interface), 266–267
check bits, 53
CICS/400. See CICS Transaction Server for
iSeries (5769-DFH)
CICS file support, IFS, 139
CICS Transaction Server for iSeries
(5769-DFH), 145–146
class libraries, Java, 231, 234
classroom courses, IBM Education and
Training, 320
CL (Control Language), 136
Client Access Express for Windows. See iSeries
Access for Windows (5769-XE1)
Client Access for iSeries. See iSeries Access
Family (5722-XW1)
Client Access License (CAL), 289
Client/Access PC5250 Console function and
workstations, 77
client application layer, 9–10
client certificates, HTTP Server for iSeries,
266
client choices, Domino 5.0.5, 289–290
Client Encryption, iSeries Access Family, 188
Client for Windows NT/2000 File System,
146
clock rates, POWER microprocessors, 48
clustering
OptiConnect, 59, 252–253
system availability, 65, 68–71
cluster nodes, 70
Clusters, 4
CMOS (Complementary Metal Oxide
Semiconductor) technology, 73
code, software, 122
CODE, WDS, 214
collaborative computing, 127–128
Collection Services, Management Central,
205
color printers (nonimpact), 89
Combined-Function I/O Processor. See
CFIOP
commercial applications layer of San
Francisco Framework, 228
commercial workloads, POWER
microprocessors, 45–46
commitment control, iSeries Access Family,
188–189
common business layer of San Francisco
Framework, 227, 228
Common Gateway Interface (CGI), 266–267
common interface of IFS, 139, 140, 142–143
Common Object Request Broker
Architecture (CORBA), 230–231
Common Programming Interface for
Communications (CPI-C), 256–257
common resource grouping (CRG), 71
communications and e-business, 245–246.
See also Domino 5.0.5 for iSeries;
HTTP server for iSeries; IBM
Networking Blueprint; IBM
SecureWay; iSeries and the Internet;
iSeries ESP (Extreme Support
Personalized)
communications and OS/400, 162–173. See
also TCP/IP (Transmission Protocol/
Internet Protocol)
Advanced Peer-to-Peer Network (APPN),
172, 250
Communications Utilities (5738-CM1),
172–173
Electronic Customer Support (ECS), 170
NetView/Remote Manager (NV/RM), 171
Network Remote Facilities (NRF), 171
programming support, 163
protocols supported, 163
Remote Job Entry Facility (RJE), 172–173
S/390 communications support, 172–173
support of, 137
Systems Network Architecture (SNA),
171–172
Systems Network Management, 170–171
Wireless Connection for iSeries
(5798-TBW), 172
communications functions, software,
119–120
communications lines costs, 314
communications options, 106–112
Async communications protocol, 111, 163
Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM),
109, 110
Bisync communications protocol, 111, 163
communications protocols, 111
Ethernet LANs, 108, 163, 251, 252
Frame Relay communications protocol,
111
IDLC communications protocol, 111
Integrated xSeries Server (IXS) and, 108
interfaces (electrical), 111
intranets, 106–107, 168, 263
Local Area Networks (LANs), 107–110
message frames, 109, 110
modems, 111–112
nodes, 108
overview of, 91–92
SDLC communications protocol, 111, 163
token frame, 109
token-passing protocol, 109
token-ring LANs, 108–110, 163, 251
Wide Area Networks (WANs), 106, 111
X.25 communications protocol, 111, 163
communications protocols, 111
Communications Utilities (5738-CM1),
172–173
Compact Disk-Read Only Memory
(CD-ROM), 58, 104, 106
Compaq, 99
compatibility of software programs,
121–123, 137
competitive advantage, 316–317
compiler optimization, POWER
microprocessors, 45
compiling programs, 122
Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor
(CMOS) technology, 73
computer terminals (display station), 76
computing needs identification, 293–294
concurrency (synchronization) of DB2 UDB,
151–152
conditional branch instructions, POWER
microprocessors, 51
confidentiality (security), 321
configuration/capacity chart
iSeries Model i800, 19–20
iSeries Model i810, 22
iSeries Model i810D, 33
Connect Framework for iSeries, IBM,
229–230
connectivity and Pervasive Computing
(PvC), 5–6
Content Manager OnDemand for iSeries
(5722-RD1), 162
continuous availability clustering for system
availability, 65, 68–71
continuous forms printers, 88
Control Language (CL), 136
Control Panel functions and workstations, 78
copper-interconnect technology, 13
CORBA (Common Object Request Broker
Architecture), 230–231
Index
core business layer of San Francisco
Framework, 227, 228
cost justification, 311–319. See also
business and iSeries
applications enhancement costs, 314–315
benefits and, 315–317
business cycle improvements, 315
buying vs. leasing, 318–319
capital lease, 318
carrying costs reduction, 315
communications lines costs, 314
competitive advantage, 316–317
customer service improvements, 316
defined, 312
education/training costs, 314, 319–321
employee turnover reductions, 317
environmental costs, 314
facilities costs, 313–314
financing purchase, 318
hardware maintenance costs, 312–313
inventory reduction benefits, 315
lease for software license, 319
leasing vs. buying, 318–319
license agreement for software, 319
loan for purchase, 318
monthly charge for software license, 319
net present value, 317
one-time charge for software license, 319
operating lease, 318–319
outright purchase, 318
payback period, 317
productivity improvement, 315–316
quality improvement benefits, 316
quantified benefits, 316–317
renting computer system, 319
residual value of computer system, 318
sales increases, 317
software maintenance costs, 313
software selection, 319
technical support costs, 313
term lease, 318
costs of printing, 83
CPI-C (Common Programming Interface for
Communications), 256–257
CPW (typical business workload
performance), 36, 37
crackers, 263
Create AFP DATA (CRTAFPDTA)
command, 224
CRG (common resource grouping), 71
cross-industry application programs,
124–132. See also applications
programs
333
AFP PrintSuite, 130–132
AIX and, 129–130
business data in data warehouse, 125
collaborative computing, 127–128
data marts, 124
data mining, 125–127
data warehousing, 124–125
DB2 Multisystem and, 126
DB2 UDB and, 10, 15, 128
defined, 124
discovery-driven data mining, 125
Domino Server and, 128
groupware, 127–128
Integration BasePak for Lotus Notes and,
128
Intelligent Miner, 125, 126–127
Linux and, 130
Lotus Notes and, 127–128
Lotus Notes R4 server and, 128
metadata, 124–125
On-Line Analytical Processing (OLAP)
products, 124
parallel computing, 126
POP3 and, 128
Portable Application Solution
Environment (PASE), 10, 15,
129–130
PowerPC code development and,
129–130
SMTP/MTA (Simple Mail Transport
Protocol/Mail Transfer Agent),
128
technical data in data warehouse, 125
UNIX applications and, 129
CRTAFPDTA (Create AFP DATA)
command, 224
Cryptographic Access Provider, IBM
SecureWay, 264–266
cryptographic processors, 113–114
CSMA-CD (Carrier Sense Multiple AccessCollision Detect), 108
CUoD (Capacity Upgrade on Demand),
xviii, 13, 14, 15, 31
current operations, examining, 294
296
customer service improvements, 316
cutsheet printers, 88
cycle time, 40, 41
D
DADX (Document Access Definition
Extension), 281
DASDs (Direct Access Storage Devices),
55–57, 97, 192
data archive and retrieval, 191
Database Navigator, 198
database results and iSeries Access Family,
185, 186
databases. See also DB2
database monitor, 156–157
management, Management Central, 204
Operating System/400 (OS/400) support,
137
relational databases, 147–152
software functions, 119–120, 121
data cache, 41, 47, 48
data confidentiality, TCP/IP, 168
Data Encryption Standard (DES), 113, 161
data formats, Java, 236–237
data integrity, 161, 168
data marts, 124
data mining, 125–127
data origin authentication, TCP/IP, 168
Data Propagator/400, 11
Data Propagator Relational/400, 252
data resiliency for system availability, 65, 68,
70
data streams (print languages), 85
data striping, 158–159
Data Transfer, iSeries Access Family, 183,
184
data transfer rate of disk unit, 56, 57
data warehousing, 124–125
DB2 Data Propagator, 156
DB2 Multisystem, 60, 126
DB2 OLAP Server, 155–156
DB2 Query Manager and SQL Development
Kit, 153–161. See also DB2 Universal
Database (UDB) for iSeries
authentication of DCE, 160–161
database monitor, 156–157
Data Encryption Standard (DES), 161
data-integrity of DCE, 161
data striping, 158–159
DB2 Data Propagator, 156
DB2 OLAP Server, 155–156
DB2 Symmetric Multiprocessing (DB2
SMP), 154–155
DB2 UDB Extenders for iSeries, 155,
281–282
DCE cell directory service, 159, 160
Distributed Computing Environment
(DCE) Base Services/400, 159–161
Distributed Time Services of DCE, 161
Interactive SQL (STRSQL), 154
Interface Definition Language (IDL), 159
Internet application serving, 154
iSeries ODBC Driver for Linux, 157–158
Java DataBase Connection (JDBC), 158
Open Database Connection (ODBC), 157
QMF for Windows for iSeries, 156
Remote Procedure Calls (RPCs), 159, 161
security of DCE, 160–161
Structured Query Language (SQL) and,
153
Text Extender, 155
XML Extender, 155
DB2 Symmetric Multiprocessing (DB2 SMP),
154–155
DB2 UDB Extenders for iSeries, 155, 281–282
DB2 Universal Database (UDB) for iSeries,
146–153. See also DB2 Query
Manager and SQL Development Kit;
OS/400 (Operating System/400)
Atole Enterprises example, 149–152
concurrency (synchronization), 151–152
cross-industry application programs, 10,
15, 128
externally described data, 148
fields, 147
industry standards support, 153
lock management, 152
logical files, 148–149, 150, 151, 152
physical files, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152
records, 147
DCE cell directory service, 159, 160
DCE (Distributed Computing Environment)
Management Central, 204
DCE (Distributed Computing Environment)
Base Services/400, 159–161
DCM (Digital Certificate Manager)
HTTP Server for iSeries (with SSL), 264,
272–273
IBM Networking Blueprint, 260–261
DDM (Distributed Data Management)
OptiConnect, 60, 68, 252
OS/400, 162
Dedicated Server for Domino (DSD), 31–34,
307–309
DES (Data Encryption Standard), 113, 161
Index
deskside system, iSeries Model i810, 18
deskside system, iSeries Model i825, 21, 24
deskside tower-based server, iSeries Model
i800, 9, 16
details pane data format, Java, 237
Developer Kit for Java (iSeries), 234
DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration
Protocol), 164
dial-on-demand networking, TCP/IP,
165–166
Dial-up clients, 164
Differentiated Services, QoS, 262
Digital Certificate Manager. See DCM
digital ID authentication, HTTP Server for
iSeries, 267
Digital Signatures, IBM SecureWay, 264, 266
Digital Subscriber Line (DSL), 164
Direct Access Storage Devices (DASDs),
55–57, 97, 192
directory endpoint filter list, iSeries ESP, 250,
251
Directory Server, OS/400, 290–291
directory synchronization, Domino 5.0.5,
288
disaster-recovery plan, 323–324
disaster tolerance for system availability, 65,
71–72
discover/education series, IBM Education
and Training, 320
discovery-driven data mining, 125
disk adapters (Input/Output Processors,
IOPS), 99–100
disk compression, 97–98, 99
diskette storage, 55
disk storage, 53–54, 55–57, 97–100, 98
display station (computer terminals), 76
Distributed Computing Environment. See
DCE
Distributed Computing Environment (DCE)
Base Services/400, 159–161
distributed computing function, 10
Distributed Data Management. See DDM
Distributed Relational Database
Architecture (DRDA), 68, 162
Distributed Time Services of DCE, 161
DNS (Domain Name Server), 164, 167
Document Access Definition Extension
(DADX), 281
documentation (online), OS/400, 137
document characteristics, printers, 83
document services, AFP, 223
Domain Name Server (DNS), 164, 167
335
domain name serving function, HTTP Server
for iSeries, 276
Domino, 14
Domino 5.0.5 for iSeries, 285–290
AnyMail, 288
Application Server, 289
benchmark testing of, 37–38, 288
Client Access License (CAL), 289
client choices, 289–290
directory synchronization, 288
features of, 285–287
iNotes, 289–290
iSeries Licensed Program, 289
kernel threads and, 287
Lotus Domino.Doc filing system, 288
Lotus Learning Space, 288–289
Lotus Notes and, 287–288, 290
object filing system support, 288
server choices, 289
Simple Mail Transport Protocol/Mail
Transfer Agent (SMTP/MTA), 288
System Distribution Directory
synchronization, 288
Domino Advanced Enterprise Server, 289
Domino and HTTP Server for iSeries, 268
Domino Designer, 290
Domino Enterprise Server, 289
Domino Mail Server, 289
Domino Name and Address book
synchronization, 288
Domino Server and cross-industry
application programs, 128
Domino Server models. See iSeries Model
i810D; iSeries Model i825D
double words, 39, 53
DRDA (Distributed Relational Database
Architecture), 68, 162
DSD (Dedicated Server for Domino), 31–34,
307–309
DSL (Digital Subscriber Line), 164
DVD/CD-ROM, 106
DVD-RAM, 58, 104
DVD-ROM, 58, 104
dynamic caching of Web pages, 268
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
(DHCP), 164
dynamic sparing, 99
dynamic workload manager, 13
E
ease-of-use enhancements, OS/400, 136
e-business. See also iSeries computers
Monolithic Systems Technology, xx
on-demand operating environment, xviii,
13
open standards element of e-business,
xviii, 2
Pervasive Computing (PvC), 5–6
pSeries (replacing RS/6000 family), xxiv,
4, 99
reliability of, xviii, 13
self-managing/self-healing, xviii
Storage Networking Industry Association
(SNIA), 5
System/3 (“Old Reliable”), xx, xxi
System/3X family of computers, xx–xxiii,
xxiv, 121–123, 137, 326
total cost of ownership (TCO) reduction
from, 5
TotalStorage strategy, 4–5
virtualization element of e-business, xviii,
3
Web site for, xix–xx, 222
wireless devices support, 5–6
xSeries (replacing Netfinity family), xxiv, 4
zSeries (replacing S/390 family), xxiv, 4,
172–173
ESP (Encapsulating Security Payload), 169
ESP (Extreme Support Personalized). See
iSeries ESP
Ethernet LANs, 108, 163, 251, 252
Euro currency symbol support, 221–222
European Monetary Union, 221
event Log (Windows NT), 90
explorer pane data format, Java, 237
Exploring IBM eServer iSeries and AS/400
Computers, 212
Exploring IBM’s AS/400 and iSeries
Computers, 253
Extensible Markup Language (XML), xviii,
2, 237
externally described data, 148
extranets, 168
Extreme Support Personalized (ESP). See
iSeries ESP
EZ Setup and workstations, 78
TE
AM
FL
Y
on demand strategy, xviii, 1–2
IBM Networking Blueprint and, 260–263
ECS (Electronic Customer Support), IBM,
170, 246, 247, 248–251
Education and Training, IBM, 320–321
education (online), OS/400, 137
education/training, 314, 319–321
EIM (Enterprise Identity Mapping), 208
EJB (Enterprise Java Beans), 238
Electronic Customer Support (ECS), IBM,
170, 246, 247, 248–251
electronic-output documents, printers, 83,
84–85
electronic pages, AFP, 222
Electronic Service Agent for iSeries, IBM, 248
electronic storefront building, 283–285
eLiza (IBM Project), 158, 198–199
e-mail services, Java, 238
embedded SQL statements, Java, 233
employee turnover reductions, 317
Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP), 169
encryption, 167, 265
Endpoint menus, Management Central, 203
Enterprise Identity Mapping (EIM), 208
Enterprise Java Beans (EJB), 238
Enterprise package, 13
Enterprise Storage Server, 97, 98–99
environmental costs, 314
e-Output, 84–85, 224, 225
error and correction, hardware, 40
error detection and correction, storage, 53
error recovery, AFP, 223
eServer iSeries computers, xviii–6. See also
iSeries computers
AS/400 family of computers, xxiii–xxiv, 7,
9, 121–122, 326
AS/Entry system, xxiii
autonomic computing element of
e-business, xviii, 3
Blade Center, 5
xviii, 13, 14, 15, 31
Clusters, 4
connectivity and Pervasive Computing
(PvC), 5–6
e-business on demand strategy, xviii, 1–2
flexibility of, xviii, 13, 14
history, xx–xxiv
integration goal of e-business, xviii, 2
iSeries (replacing AS/400 family), xxiv, 4
Logical Partitioning (LPAR), xviii, 11, 13,
14
F
fabric controller, POWER microprocessors,
48, 49
facilities costs, 313–314
fault tolerance, TCP/IP, 167
feature cards, 75
fiber channel and disk storage, 54
fiber optic bus, 74
Team-Fly®
Index
fields in database, 147
File System functions, iSeries Access Family,
185
file systems support, IFS, 142–143
file transfer capability, iSeries ESP, 250
File Transfer Protocol (FTP), 166
filtered locations, iSeries ESP, 251
filter lists, iSeries ESP, 250–251
financing purchase, 318
firewalls, 264, 266, 275–276
flexibility of iSeries computers, xviii, 13, 14
Frame Relay communications protocol, 111
Frameworks application environment,
226–230
FTP (File Transfer Protocol), 166
full words, 39
functional-usage model, backup/recovery,
193–194
337
defined, 39, 40
error and correction, 40
full words, 39
half words, 39
high-speed switch, 40, 41
instruction cache, 41, 47, 48
I/O, 40, 41
I/O processors, 40, 42
latency, 41
memory (main storage), 40, 41, 52–53, 54
multiple-memory bus architecture, 40, 41
N-way multiprocessor architecture, 42–44,
48, 64, 126
PCI bus (I/O bus), 40, 42
performance and, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44
service processor, 42
Symmetric Multi-Processor (SMP)
architecture, 42–44, 48, 64, 126
System Licensed Internal Code (SLIC),
G
xviii, 10, 11–12, 41
Gartner Group, 72
system processor, 39, 40
Generic Security Service (GSS) Application
Hardware Cryptography, 260
Program Interface, 265–266
hardware layer, 10, 12
globalization, 241–243
hardware maintenance costs, 312–313
goals of business, 294
hardware selection, 296, 318–319
Graphical APIs, Java, 236
hardware side of system availability, 64, 65
graphical interfaces, iSeries Navigator,
heartbeat monitoring, 59, 70
200–202
help, OS/400, 137
graphical user interface of IFS, 140
Hewlett-Packard, 99
grid computing, 244
hierarchical directory structure of IFS, 139
group files support, HTTP Server for iSeries, Hierarchical Storage Management (HSM),
270
194, 196–197
groupware, 127–128
growth of business, freedom of, 14, 15
(HABPs), 59
GSS (Generic Security Service) Application
high-performance file server function, IXS,
90
High-Speed Link (HSL), 13–14, 15, 46
H
high-speed switch, 40, 41
HABPs (High Availability Business
history of eServer iSeries, xx–xxiv
Partners), 59
horizontal growth, 59, 72, 251
hackers, 263, 264
host components, WDS, 212–213
half words, 39
Host Print Transform (HPT), 220
handshake protocol of SSL, 274
Host Server option of OS/400 and Java,
hardware architecture, 39–44. See also
237–238
POWER microprocessors
HPT (Host Print Transform), 220
64-bit addressing, 39, 310–311, 312
HSL (High-Speed Link), 13–14, 15, 46
bits, 39, 53
HSM (Hierarchical Storage Management),
bus utilization, 41
194, 196–197
bytes, 39
HTTP performance data, iSeries
cache memory, 41
Performance Tools, 209
cycle time, 40, 41
HTTP Server for iSeries, 266–273. See also
data cache, 41
IBM SecureWay
Apache Portable Runtime (APR) support,
268
Apache Software Foundation (ASF) and,
268–273
Application Program Interface (API), 268
Automatic Browser Detection, 267
client certificates, 266
Common Gateway Interface (CGI),
266–267
Digital Certificate Manager (DCM), 268
Digital Certificate Manager (DCM) with
SSL, 264, 272–273
digital ID authentication, 267
domain name serving function, 276
Domino and, 268
dynamic caching of Web pages, 268
firewalls, 264, 266, 275–276
group files support, 270
handshake protocol of SSL, 274
Internet and, 277–278
Jakarta Tomcat and, 270
Java Server Pages (JSPs), 267
Java Servlet-based execution environment,
267
Log Analysis tools, 268
MOD-REWRITE support, 269
named protection support, 270
network gateway, 276
overview of, 264
record protocol of SSL, 274
reset changes options of Security Wizard,
275
search capability, 268
Secure Sockets Layer (SSL), 264, 266,
273–274
Security Wizard, 264, 274–275
server logs, 267
Server Side Includes (SSI) support, 269
traffic blocking, 275–276
user profiles, 266
validation lists, 266
virtual private networking (VPN)
certificate, 273
WebDAV (MOD_DAV) support, 269, 270
Web server, 270–273
WebSphere Application Server (WAS) and,
267, 272
HTTP Server for iSeries-Powered by Apache,
264, 270–273
I
IASPs (Independent Application Storage
Pools). See also ASPs (Application
Storage Pools)
Integrated xSeries Server (IXS), 94
OptiMAL Connect, 61, 71
IBM AS/400 family of computers, xxiii–xxiv,
7, 9, 121–122, 326. See also iSeries
computers
IBM Connect Framework for iSeries,
229–230
IBM Education and Training, 320–321
IBM Electronic Customer Support (ECS),
170, 246, 247, 248–251
IBM Electronic Service Agent for iSeries, 248
IBM eServer Capacity Upgrade on Demand
(permanent capacity), 31
IBM eServer On/Off Capacity Upgrade on
Demand (temporary capacity), 31
IBM Infoprint Designer for iSeries, 225–226
IBM Infoprint Server for iSeries, 186,
223–225
IBM Information Network (IIN), 248, 249
IBMLink, 249
IBM Netfinity family (xSeries replacing),
xxiv, 4
IBM Networking Blueprint, 253–263
Advanced Program-to-Program
Communication (APPC), 257
Application Service Providers (ASPs) and,
261
applications support layer, 254–255,
255–259
business-to-business (B2B) and, 261
Common Programming Interface for
Communications (CPI-C), 256–257
crackers, 263
Differentiated Services, QoS, 262
Digital Certificate Manager (DCM),
260–261
(DCE) and, 253
e-business and, 260–263
hackers, 263, 264
Hardware Cryptography, 260
Integrated Services, QoS, 262
intranets, 263
Kerberos, 261
Messaging and Queuing Interface
(MQSeries), 257–258
MQSeries Adapter, 258–259
MQSeries Integrator, 258, 259
Multi-Vendor Application Program
Interfaces, 255–259
Network Quality of Service (QoS),
261–263
overview of, 253, 254
Policy Enforcement Points (PEPs), 261
Index
Quality of Service (QoS), 261–263
Remote Procedure Calls (RPCs), 257
RSVP APIs, 262, 263
signed components, 260, 264
subnetworking layer, 255
Systems Network Architecture (SNA) and,
253
Transport Layer Security (TLS), 255,
259–260
trusted users, 263
IBM Network Station, 81–82
IBM RS/6000 family (pSeries replacing),
xxiv, 4, 99
IBM S/390 family (zSeries replacing), xxiv, 4,
172–173
IBM SecureWay, 263–291. See also HTTP
Server for iSeries; iSeries and the
Internet
AES crypto algorithm, 265
Cryptographic Access Provider, 264–266
Digital Signatures, 264, 266
encryption, 265
Generic Security Service (GSS) Application
integrated security, 264
Kerberos, 266
object-based architecture, 264
observability, removed from program, 265
passwords, 265
program creation data, 265
Secure Sockets Layer (SSL), 264
signed components, 260, 264
IBM Toolbox for Java, 232
IBS (International Business Systems), 16
I-cache (Instruction Cache ), 119
ICU (International Components for
Unicode), 242–243
IDE (Integrated Development Environment),
216
IDLC communications protocol, 111
IDL (Interface Definition Language), 159
IFS (integrated file system), 138–146. See
also OS/400 (Operating System/400)
access to data benefit of, 139
Application Storage Pools (ASPs), 140
benefits of, 139–140
CICS file support, 139
CICS Transaction Server for iSeries
(5769-DFH), 145–146
Client for Windows NT/2000 File System,
146
common interface of, 139, 140, 142–143
file systems support, 142–143
graphical user interface, 140
339
hierarchical directory structure, 139
lock manager, 144
messaging protocols, 140
NetBios and, 140
Network File System (NFS) support, 139,
143–144, 204
ObjectConnect for iSeries, 61, 253
object names continuity, 140
overview of, 10, 11, 138, 139
QDLS support, 142
QLANSrv support, 142, 143
QNTC file system and, 140
QOPENSYS support, 142
QOPT support, 143
QSYS.LIB support, 142, 143
record-oriented files vs. stream files,
141–142
Remote File System (RFS) support, 139,
144–145
Remote Procedure Calls (RPCs), 143
root file system support, 142
separate file systems, 140
stateless design, 144
stream files, 138, 140, 141–142
system monitor, 144
threadsafe integrated file system API
interfaces, 143
(TCP/IP) and, 140
UNIX-based open system standards
support, 139, 140
Windows and, 140
IIN (IBM Information Network), 248, 249
IIS (Internet Information Server) and iSeries
Access Family, 181
IKE (Internet Key Exchange), 169
ILE (Integrated Language Environment),
219
image files, AFP, 220
impact printers, 86
inbound browser access, AFP, 222
incoming balancing, TCP/IP, 165
Independent Application Storage Pools. See
IASPs
Independent Service Vendors (ISVs), 16
industry-specific applications programs,
124, 132–134
Infoprint Designer for iSeries, IBM, 225–226
Infoprint Image Editor, 225
Infoprint Layout Editor, 225
Infoprint Overlay Editor, 225
Infoprint Server for iSeries, IBM, 186,
223–225
information exchanges across Internet, 277
information flow of business, 294
Information Network (IIN), IBM, 248, 249
Info Window II workstations, 77
Initial Program Load (IPL) device, 106
iNotes, 289–290
Inprise, 231
Input/Output Processors (IOPS), 99–100,
103–104
instantaneous bandwidth of network, iSeries
ESP, 251
instruction cache, 41, 47, 48
Instruction Cache (I-cache), 119
Integrated Development Environment (IDE),
216
integrated file system. See IFS
Integrated Language Environment (ILE),
219
integrated midware layer, 10, 11
Integrated Netfinity Server. See IXS
(Integrated xSeries Servers)
Integrated PC Server (IPCS). See IXS
integrated security, IBM SecureWay, 264
Integrated Services, QoS, 262
Integrated xSeries Adapter (IXA), 15
Integrated xSeries Server. See IXS (Integrated
xSeries Servers)
Integration BasePak for Lotus Notes, 128
integration goal of e-business, xviii, 2
integrity (security), 321
intelligent integration, 14–15
Intelligent Miner, 125, 126–127
86, 220, 222–223
intelligent workstations, 78–79
Intentia, 16, 230
interactive performance, 36–37
Interactive SQL (STRSQL), 154
interactive vs. server environments,
performance, 36–38
Interface Definition Language (IDL), 159
interfaces (electrical), 111
International Business Systems (IBS), 16
(ICU), 242–243
Internet. See IBM SecureWay; iSeries and the
Internet
Internet and grid computing, 244
Internet application serving, 154
Internet Connection Server. See HTTP Server
for iSeries
Internet Information Server (IIS) and iSeries
Access Family, 181
Internet Key Exchange (IKE), 169
Internet programming model support, Java,
237
Internet Protocol (IP) addresses, 278
Internet Service Providers (ISPs), 278
interoperability, TCP/IP, 169
intranets, 106–107, 168, 263
inventory for multiple systems, Management
Central, 206
inventory reduction benefits, 315
I/O, 40, 41
I/O adapters, 13
IOAs (PCI I/O Adapters), 91–93
I/O bus (PCI bus), 40, 42
I/O capacity, POWER microprocessors, 46,
47
Iona Orbix, 230
I/O processors, 40, 42
IOPS (Input/Output Processors), 99–100,
103–104
IPComp (IP Payload Compression)
protocol, 169
IPCS (Integrated PC Server). See IXS
IPDS (Intelligent Printer Data Stream), 85,
86, 220, 222–223
IP (Internet Protocol) addresses, 278
IPL (Initial Program Load) device, 106
IP masquerading technology, 165
IP Payload Compression (IPComp)
protocol, 169
IPSec protocol, 169
IPv6 platform support, 165
iSeries Access (5769-XY1), 173, 174
iSeries Access and workstations, 78, 79
iSeries Access Family (5722-XW1),
173–189. See also OS/400
Advanced Function Printing (AFP)
Workbench, 173, 182, 186
batch commands, 185
BIGINT support, 184
Client Encryption, 188
commitment control, 188–189
database results and, 185, 186
Data Transfer, 183, 184
File System functions, 185
functions of, 174
Infoprint Server for iSeries, 186, 223–225
Internet Information Server (IIS) and, 181
iSeries Navigator and, 188
iSeries-to-PC connectivity, 173
jobs support, 185
Index
341
journaling, 188–189
WebSphere Application Server-Express for
Kerberos server, 182
iSeries (WAS-Express), 279–282
Lotus Notes client support, 188
WebSphere Application Server for iSeries
OLE DB and, 184
(WAS), 278–279
Open Database Connection (ODBC)
WebSphere Commerce Suite, 283–285
driver capabilities, 183
WebSphere Host Integration, 279
operating systems support, 174–181
iSeries Backup and Recovery Guide (IBM),
Operations Console, 182
324
PC 5250 Operating console function, 182 iSeries computers, 7–34. See also auxiliary
Personal Folder Container, 186
storage; business and iSeries;
remote journaling, 189
communications; hardware
Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) and, 182
architecture; iSeries and the Internet;
security, 182
operating systems concepts;
Terminal Server Edition (TSE) support,
OptiConnect technology; OptiMAL
181
Connect; options and peripherals;
Toolbox for Java, 182–183
performance; POWER
microprocessors; software
(TCP/IP), 181
architecture; specific iSeries Models;
WebSphere Application Server (WAS) and,
storage hierarchy; system availability
186
functions
WebSphere Host Access Transaction
advanced application architecture, 9–12
Server, 187
air intake, 8
WebSphere Host Publisher V4, 187–188
application program migration, 7
XML Toolkit for iSeries (5733-XT1),
AS/400 family replacement, xxiv, 4
186–187
cable-thru wiring scheme, 73–74
iSeries Access for the Web (5722-XH1),
185–187
xviii, 13, 14, 15, 31
iSeries Access for Windows (5769-XE1),
client application layer, 9–10
181–185
Complementary Metal Oxide
iSeries Access for Windows (5769-XW1),
Semiconductor (CMOS)
173–174
technology, 73
iSeries Access for Wireless, 187
copper-interconnect technology, 13
iSeries and the Internet, 276–285. See also
Dedicated Server for Domino (DSD),
IBM SecureWay
31–34, 307–309
DB2 UDB Extenders for iSeries, 155,
distributed computing function, 10
281–282
Document Access Definition Extension
Enterprise package, 13
(DADX), 281
fiber optic bus, 74
electronic storefront building, 283–285
flexibility of, xviii, 13, 14
HTTP server and, 277–278
growth of business, freedom of, 14, 15
information exchanges, 277
hardware layer, 10, 12
Internet Protocol (IP) addresses, 278
high-speed links, 13–14, 15, 46
Internet Service Providers (ISPs), 278
horizontal growth, 59, 72, 251
macro boundaries, 282
IBM eServer Capacity Upgrade on
Net.Data, 282–283
Demand (permanent capacity), 31
Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP),
IBM eServer On/Off Capacity Upgrade on
281
Demand (temporary capacity), 31
Telephone Directory V5.1 for iSeries, 281
Independent Service Vendors (ISVs) and,
16
(TCP/IP), 277
integrated file system, 10, 11
URLs and, 277
integrated midware layer, 10, 11
Web Services Object Runtime Framework
Integrated xSeries Adapter (IXA), 15
(WORF), 281–282
Integrated xSeries Server (IXS), 15
intelligent integration, 14–15
I/O adapters, 13
Java Virtual Machine (JVM), 10, 11–12,
15, 231–232
legacy applications and, 11
Logical Partitioning (LPAR), xviii, 11, 13,
14
memory-switching technology, 13
multiuser computer systems, 7
Options package, 13
packaging, 8–9, 73–74
personal computers (PCs), 7, 8
price performance improvements, 13
printers, 7, 8
server layer, 10–11
server systems, 7
silicon-on-insulator technology, 13
system console, 7, 8
System Licensed Internal Code (SLIC),
xviii, 10, 11–12, 41
system unit, 7, 8
system unit swap, 72–73
Interface (TIMI), 10, 11, 119, 232,
311
terminals, 7, 8
twinaxial cable (twinax), 8
unlimited interactive performance, 16
upgrade paths, 72–73
vertical growth, 72–73, 252
Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI)
technology, 73
Web site for, xix–xx, 222
iSeries Developer Kit for Java, 234
iSeries ESP (Extreme Support Personalized),
246–253
Data Propagator Relational/400, 252
directory endpoint filter list, 250, 251
file transfer capability, 250
filtered locations, 251
filter lists, 250–251
horizontal growth, 59, 72
IBM Electronic Customer Support (ECS),
246, 247, 248–251
IBM Electronic Service Agent for iSeries,
248
IBM Information Network (IIN), 248,
249
IBMLink, 249
instantaneous bandwidth of network, 251
Management Central for, 247
ObjectConnect for iSeries, 61, 253
partner locations, 251
Program Temporary Fixes (PTFs), 247
question-and-answer database, 250
redundancy methodology, 252
RETAIN network, 250
session endpoint filter list, 250, 251
system clustering, 251–253
Universal Connection, 246, 247–248
utilization rate of network, 251–252
iSeries Licensed Program, 289
iSeries Model i800
Advanced offering, 16, 18
configuration/capacity chart, 19–20
deskside tower-based server, 9, 16
overview of, 14, 15, 19–20
packaging, 73
partitions supported, 67
performance, 37
Standard offering, 16, 17
standard offering, 16, 17
Value offering, 16–17
iSeries Model i810
configuration/capacity chart, 22
deskside system, 18
overview of, 14, 15, 16, 18, 21, 22
packaging, 73
performance, 37, 42, 44
iSeries Model i810D
overview of, 14, 15, 32–33
performance, 38
iSeries Model i825
deskside system, 21, 24
overview of, 14, 15, 16, 21–24
packaging, 73
performance, 37, 41, 42, 44
iSeries Model i825D
overview of, 14, 15, 34, 35
performance, 38
iSeries Model i870
overview of, 14, 15, 16, 24–27
packaging, 46, 73
iSeries Model i890
overview of, 14, 15, 16, 28–31
Index
packaging, 46, 73
iSeries Navigator, 197–202. See also
Management Central; systems
management
backup/recovery and, 193, 194
Database Navigator, 198
graphical interfaces, 200–202
iSeries Access Family and, 188
iSeries Extreme Support Personalized
(ESP) and, 247
iSeries Performance Tools and, 208
Logical Partitioning (LPAR) GUI and,
201–202
Project eLiza and, 198–199
(TCP/IP) configuration, 200
work management by, 197–200
workstations, 78
iSeries ODBC Driver for Linux, 157–158
iSeries Performance Tools, 208–212. See
also systems management
advisor function, 208
BEST/1 users and PATROL for iSeries, 211
HTTP performance data, 209
Lightweight Directory Access Protocols
(LDAPs) and, 209
NetFinity for iSeries, 211–212
PATROL for iSeries-Predict (5620-FIF),
209–211, 327
Performance Collection Services, 209
Performance Explorer (PEX), 209
performance requirements projections,
208
response-time analysis, 209–211
tuning system performance, 208
“what-if” analyzer, 209
iSeries Toolbox for Java, 182–183, 234–238
iSeries-to-PC connectivity, iSeries Access
Family, 173
ISPs (Internet Service Providers), 278
ISVs (Independent Service Vendors), 16
ITG, 5
IXA-based networks, IXS, 93, 94
IXA (Integrated xSeries Adapter), 15
IXS (Integrated xSeries Servers), 93–96
communications options, 108
event Log (Windows NT), 90
high-performance file server function, 90
Independent Application Storage Pools
(IASPs), 94
343
IXA-based networks, 93, 94
Local Area Networks (LANs) and, 90, 96,
108
message queue (iSeries), 90
NetServer, 93
overview of, 15
Storage Area Network (SAN), 94
twinaxial support, 95–96
Windows NT/Windows 2000 and, 90, 93
workstation adapters, 95–96
xSeries servers, 94–95
J
J2EE (Java 2 Enterprise Edition), 232
Jakarta Tomcat, 186, 270
Java 2 Enterprise Edition (J2EE), 232
Java application environment, 231–238. See
also kernel threads
applets, 231, 232
bytecodes, 231
class libraries, 231, 234
data formats, 236–237
details pane data format, 237
e-mail services, 238
embedded SQL statements, 233
Enterprise Java Beans (EJB), 238
explorer pane data format, 237
Extensible Markup Language (XML),
xviii, 2, 237
Graphical APIs, 236
Host Server option of OS/400 and,
237–238
IBM Toolbox for Java, 232
Internet programming model support, 237
iSeries Developer Kit for Java, 234
iSeries Toolbox for Java, 182–183,
234–238
J-Builder for, 238
just-in-time compilers, 231
list pane data format, 237
machine-independent language, 231
object-oriented programming language,
231
overview of, xviii, 2, 14
Panel Definition Markup Language
(PDML), 237
Program Call Markup Language (PCML),
237
Programmed Access to PDF, 238
Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) and, 233, 237
static SQL statements, 233
Structured Query Language Java (SQLJ),
233–234
TC1 Licensed Program and, 237
Interface (TIMI), 10, 11, 119, 232,
311
tree pane data format, 237
user interface framework, 237
Web browsers and, 231
WYSIWYG GUI editor, 237
javac compiler, 231
Java DataBase Connection (JDBC), 158
Java Developer’s Toolkit (JDK), 231
Java Generic Security Services (JGSS),
232–233
Java Server Pages (JSPs), 215, 267
Java Servlet-based execution environment,
267
Java Virtual Machine (JVM), 10, 11–12, 15,
231–232
J-Builder for Java, 238
J.D. Edwards, 16
JDBC (Java DataBase Connection), 158
JDK (Java Developer’s Toolkit), 231
JGSS (Java Generic Security Services),
232–233
jobs support, iSeries Access Family, 185
Johnson & Thornbush (medium business
environment), 299–304, 309–310
journaling, iSeries Access Family, 188–189
JSPs (Java Server Pages), 215, 267
just-in-time compilers, Java, 231
JVM (Java Virtual Machine), 10, 11–12, 15,
231–232
Common Object Request Broker
Architecture (CORBA), 230–231
core business layer of San Francisco
Framework, 227, 228
Domino 5.0.5 and, 287
Frameworks application environment,
226–230
IBM Connect Framework for iSeries,
229–230
Linux for iSeries, 239–241
multi-threading, 226
OpenDoc applications environment, 226,
230
ORB support, 230–231
San Francisco Framework, 227–229
systems frameworks environment, 227
thread, defined, 226
threadsafe function, 226
key management, TCP/IP, 169
L
L1 (Level 1) cache, 47, 48, 49
L2 (Level 2) cache, 47, 48, 49, 51
L2TP (Layer 2 Tunnel Protocol), 170
L3 (Level 3) cache, 48, 49, 51–52
Lakeview Technology, 59
LANs (Local Area Networks), 107–110. See
also communications options
Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM),
109, 110
K
communications options, 107–110
Kerberos
defined, 107
Ethernet LANs, 108, 163, 251, 252
IBM SecureWay, 266
Integrated xSeries Server (IXS), 90, 96, 108
iSeries Access Family (5722-XW1), 182
intranets, 106–107, 168, 263
(TCP/IP), 160, 161, 167
nodes, 108
kernel threads, 226–241. See also Java
terminals, Integrated xSeries Server (IXS),
application environment; OS/400
96
token frame, 109
altered program objects, 238–239
application environments, 226–238
token-ring LANs, 108–110, 163, 251
application frameworks environment, 227 large business environment (Atole
base layer of San Francisco Framework,
Enterprises), 149–152, 304–307
227, 228
Layer 2 Tunnel Protocol (L2TP), 170
business-to-business (B2B) software
LCS (Local Controlling System),
integration framework, 229–230
commercial applications layer of San
LDAP Data Interchange Format (LDIF),
Francisco Framework, 228
OS/400, 291
common business layer of San Francisco LDAPs (Lightweight Directory Access
Framework, 227, 228
Protocols)
Index
iSeries Performance Tools, 209
LDIF (LDAP Data Interchange Format),
OS/400, 291
learning centers, IBM Education and
Training, 320
lease for software license, 319
leasing vs. buying computer systems,
318–319
legacy applications, 11
Level 1 (L1) cache, 47, 48, 49
Level 2 (L2) cache, 47, 48, 49, 51
Level 3 (L3) cache, 48, 49, 51–52
license agreement for software, 319
Lightweight Directory Access Protocols. See
LDAPs
line-at-a-time printing, 85
Linux
cross-industry application programs, 130
iSeries Linux, 239–241
overview of, xviii, 2, 10, 13, 14, 15
list pane data format, Java, 237
loan for purchase, 318
Local Area Networks. See LANs
Local Controlling System (LCS),
location of printers, 83, 85–86
lock management, 152
lock manager of IFS, 144
Log Analysis tools, 268
logical files, DB2 UDB, 148–149, 150, 151,
152
Logical Partitioning. See LPAR
loss prevention, 323–324. See also backup/
recovery
Lotus Domino.Doc filing system, 288
Lotus Learning Space, 288–289
Lotus Notes, 127–128
Lotus Notes and Domino 5.0.5, 287–288,
290
Lotus Notes client support, iSeries Access
Family, 188
Lotus Notes R4 server, 128
LPAR (Logical Partitioning)
GUI and iSeries Navigator, 201–202
overview of, xviii, 11, 13, 14
system availability, 64–68
M
machine-independent language, Java, 231
macro boundaries, Internet, 282
Mail and Calendar Users (MCU), 37
345
Mail Services Framework (MSF), 167
main storage (memory), 40, 41, 46, 47,
52–53, 54
Management Central, 203–207. See also
iSeries Navigator; systems
management
Collection Services, 205
database management, 204
(DCE) and, 204
Endpoint menus, 203
inventory for multiple systems, 206
iSeries ESP (Extreme Support
Personalized), 247
(LDAPs) and, 204
management-collection objects, 205
multiple systems monitoring with,
203–204
Network File System (NFS) management,
204
Object Packaging and Distribution
Graphical Interface, 205–206
optional component of iSeries Navigator,
197
performance monitors, 203
PTF Management Wizards, 206
real-time graphical monitoring, 204
software problems, 205
system-detected software problems, 205
System menus, 203
(TCP/IP) security, 204
wireless environment, 206–207
Management Central Pervasive, 206–207
management-collection objects, Management
Central, 205
Marterie, Ralph, xx
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
(MIT), 160
Maximum Press Web site, xix–xx
MBps (millions of bytes per second), 56
MCM (Multichip Module), 48, 49, 51, 52
MCU (Mail and Calendar Users), 37
media functions, backup/recovery, 194–195
medium business environment (Johnson &
Thornbush), 299–304, 309–310
“Members Only” Web site, xix–xx
memory coherency, 51
memory (main storage), 40, 41, 46, 47,
52–53, 54
memory-switching technology, 13
message queue (iSeries), IXS, 90
NAT (Network Address Translation), 165,
169
Navigator. See iSeries Navigator
NetBios and IFS, 140
Net.Data, 282–283
Netfinity family. See IBM Netfinity
NetFinity for iSeries, 211–212
net present value, 317
Netscape Communications Corporation,
273
NetServer, IXS, 93
NetView/Remote Manager (NV/RM), 171
Network Address Translation (NAT), 165,
169
Network File System (NFS), 139, 143–144,
204
network gateway, 276
Networking Blueprint. See IBM Networking
Blueprint
network printing, AFP, 223, 224
Network Quality of Service (QoS), 261–263
Network Remote Facilities (NRF), 171
Network Station, IBM, 81–82
NFS (Network File System), 139, 143–144,
204
nodes, LANs, 108
nonimpact color printers, 89
nonimpact printers, 86, 87
NRF (Network Remote Facilities), 171
NV/RM (NetView/Remote Manager), 171
N-way multiprocessor architecture, 42–44,
48, 64, 126
TE
AM
FL
Y
Messaging and Queuing Interface
(MQSeries), 257–258
messaging protocols of IFS, 140
metadata, 124–125
MFPs (Multifunction Printers), 83
microprocessors, 44–45. See also POWER
microprocessors
midsize computing systems. See iSeries
computers
migrating to iSeries, 7, 72–73, 326–327
millions of bytes per second (MBps), 56
mirroring, 99
MIT (Massachusetts Institute of
Technology), 160
Mixed Object Document Content
Architecture-Presentation
(MODCA-P). See AFP (Advanced
Function Printing)
Mobile Worker, 168
MODCA-P (Mixed Object Document
Content Architecture-Presentation).
See AFP (Advanced Function
Printing)
MOD_DAV (WebDAV) support, HTTP
Server for iSeries, 269, 270
Model 2105 Enterprise/Versatile Storage
Server, 97, 98–99
models of iSeries computers. See specific
iSeries Models
modems, 111–112
MOD-REWRITE support, 269
modular application programs, 132–133
Monolithic Systems Technology, xx
monthly charge for software license, 319
move policies, backup/recovery, 194–195
Movex V10.5, 16
MQSeries Adapter, 258–259
MQSeries Integrator, 258, 259
MSF (Mail Services Framework), 167
Multichip Module (MCM), 48, 49, 51, 52
Multifunction Printers (MFPs), 83
multiple-memory bus architecture, 40, 41
multiple systems monitoring with
Management Central, 203–204
multisystem coupling for system availability,
65, 68
multi-threading, 226
multiuser computer systems, 7
Multi-Vendor Application Program
Interfaces, 255–259
O
object-based architecture, IBM SecureWay,
264
object code compatibility, 122–123
ObjectConnect/400, 61, 253
object filing system support, Domino 5.0.5,
288
object names continuity, IFS, 140
object-oriented programming language,
Java, 231
Object Packaging and Distribution
Graphical Interface, Management
Central, 205–206
observability, removed from program, 265
ODBC (Open Database Connection), 157,
183
OGSA, xviii
N
OLAP (On-Line Analytical Processing)
named protection support, HTTP Server for
products, 124
iSeries, 270
“Old Reliable” (System/3), xx, xxi
Team-Fly®
Index
OLE DB and iSeries Access Family, 184
OMG, 230
on-chip cache memory, POWER
microprocessors, 45
on-demand operating environment, xviii, 13
one-time charge for software license, 319
On-Line Analytical Processing (OLAP)
products, 124
op codes, POWER microprocessors, 45
Open Applications Group Inc., 259
Open Database Connection (ODBC), 157,
183
OpenDoc applications environment, 226,
230
Open Software Foundation (OSF), 159, 253
open standards element of e-business, xviii,
2
operating lease, 318–319
Operating System/400. See OS/400
operating systems concepts. See also OS/400
Application Program Interface (API),
135–136
byte order mark (BOM), 242
Control Language (CL), 136
globalization, 241–243
grid computing, 244
(ICU), 242–243
iSeries Access Family, 174–181
software layer, 115, 116–118, 120, 122,
123
Unicode (ISO-10646), 241–243
user interface, 135
UTF-8/16 format, 242
Operations Console
iSeries Access Family, 182
workstations, 77–78
optical libraries, 58, 104–106
OptiConnect technology, 59–61
Advanced Peer-to-Peer Communication
(APPC), 60, 61
availability and, 59, 66–67
bandwidth maximization, 60
clustering function, 59, 252–253
DB2 Multisystem and, 60
Distributed Data Management (DDM),
60, 68, 252
(HABPs), 59
horizontal growth and, 59, 72
347
latency minimizing, 60
ObjectConnect/400 and, 61, 253
OptiMover, 61
Structured Query Language (SQL) and,
60
System Network Architecture Distribution
Services (SNADS) and, 61
OptiMAL Connect
clustering using, 62, 63
HA Switchable Resources for, 61
HSL OptiConnect, 61, 62
(IASPs), 61, 71
OS/400 V5R1 and, 61
optimal decoding, POWER
microprocessors, 45
OptiMover, 61
options and peripherals, 75–114. See also
auxiliary storage options;
communications options; IXS
(Integrated xSeries Server); printers;
workstations
cryptographic processors, 113–114
Data Encryption Standard (DES), 113
feature cards, 75
packaging expansion features, 113
peripherals, 75
power options, 112–113
Rack-Mount capabilities, 113
Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS),
112–113
Options package, 13
ORB support, kernel threads, 230–231
OS/400 (Operating System/400), 136–241.
See also AFP (Advanced Function
Printing); backup/recovery;
communications and OS/400; DB2
Universal Database (UDB) for iSeries;
IFS (integrated file system); iSeries
Access Family; kernel threads;
systems management; WDS
(WebSphere Development Studio)
application compatibility, 137
Application Development ToolSet (ADTS),
219–222
communications support, 137
Content Manager OnDemand for iSeries
(5722-RD1), 162
database support, 137
Directory Server, 290–291
Distributed Data Management (DDM),
162
Architecture (DRDA) support, 162
documentation (online), 137
ease-of-use enhancements, 136
education (online), 137
help, 137
LDAP Data Interchange Format (LDIF),
291
(LDAPs), 291
Linux and, 137
overview of, xix, xviii, 13, 136–137
System/3X programs compatibility, 137,
326
system availability, 64–68
System Licensed Internal Code (SLIC)
and, 136, 137
Windows desktop and, 136
OS/400 V4R5, V5R1 and Host Publisher
for Pervasive Computing (PvC), 6
OS/400 V5R2 and Access for Wireless for
Pervasive Computing (PvC), 6
OS/400 V5R2 and Enterprise Identity
Mapping, xviii
OSF (Open Software Foundation), 159, 253
outbound distribution, AFP, 222
outgoing balancing, TCP/IP, 165
out-of-order instruction execution, POWER
outright purchase, 318
Overlay Utility, 221
passwords, 265, 325
PATROL for iSeries-Predict (5620-FIF),
209–211, 327
payback period, 317
PC 5250 Operating console function, iSeries
Access Family, 182
PCI bus (I/O bus), 40, 42
PCI I/O Adapters (IOAs), 91–93
PCML (Program Call Markup Language),
215, 237
PC (personal computer) terminal emulation,
78–79
PCs (personal computers), 7, 8
PDML (Panel Definition Markup Language),
237
PEPs (Policy Enforcement Points), 261
auxiliary storage and, 56, 57, 97
benchmark testing, 34–36
Domino benchmarks, 37–38, 288
hardware and, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44
interactive performance, 36–37
interactive vs. server environments, 36–38
iSeries Model i810, 37, 42, 44
iSeries Model i825, 37, 41, 42, 44
iSeries Model i870, 37, 41, 42, 44
iSeries Model i890, 37, 41, 42, 44
P
Mail and Calendar Users (MCU), 37
packaging of iSeries computers
monitors, Management Central, 203
expansion features, 113
POWER microprocessors and, 45, 47, 48
requirements projections, 208
server vs. interactive environments, 36–38
Simple Mail Users (SMU), 37
iSeries Model i870, 46, 73
storage hierarchy and, 52–53
iSeries Model i890, 46, 73
typical business workload performance
overview of, 8–9, 73–74
(CPW), 36, 37
page-mode printing, AFP, 85
Typical Mail Users, 37–38
Virtual Private Network (VPN), 169
Panel Definition Markup Language (PDML), Performance Collection Services, 209
237
Performance Explorer (PEX), 209
parallel backup, 193
Performance Tools. See iSeries Performance
parallel computing, 126
Tools
partitioning, 67, 99. See also LPAR (Logical peripherals, 75. See also options and
Partitioning)
peripherals
partner locations, iSeries ESP, 251
personal computer (PC) terminal emulation,
PASE (Portable Application Solution
78–79
Environment), 10, 15, 129–130
personal computers (PCs), 7, 8
PASSWORDACCESSGENERATE client
Personal Folder Container, iSeries Access
option, 193
Family, 186
Index
personalized learning series, IBM Education
and Training, 320
Pervasive Computing (PvC), 5–6
PEX (Performance Explorer), 209
physical files, DB2 UDB, 148, 149, 150,
151, 152
pipelining, POWER microprocessors, 45
platters of disk unit, 55–56, 96
point-to-point (PPP), 164, 170
policy-driven backup/recovery, 193
Policy Enforcement Points (PEPs), 261
POP3, 128
Portable Application Solution Environment
(PASE), 10, 15, 129–130
postscript files, 220
POWER4 Microprocessor, 46, 48–51
POWER microprocessors, 44–51. See also
hardware architecture
branch prediction, 45
bus control adapter logic (BCAL) chip,
46, 47
clock rates, 48
commercial workloads, 45–46
compiler optimization, 45
conditional branch instructions, 51
data cache, 47, 48
fabric controller, 48, 49
High-Speed Link (HSL), 13–14, 15, 46
instruction cache, 47, 48
I/O capacity, 46, 47
latency to memory, 47, 48
Level 1 (L1) cache, 47, 48, 49
Level 2 (L2) cache, 47, 48, 49
Level 3 (L3) cache, 48, 49
memory (main storage) and, 46, 47
microprocessor defined, 44–45
on-chip cache memory, 45
op codes, 45
optimal decoding, 45
out-of-order instruction execution, 49–50
performance and, 45, 47, 48
pipelining, 45
power options, 112–113
processor core, POWER4, 49–51
Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC)
concept, 45
scientific/engineering workloads, 45–46
sequential instruction execution, 47
speculative execution, 50–51
SStar Microprocessor, 46–48
storage control chip, 46, 47
superscalar design, 45, 47, 49
target address prediction logic, 51
349
PowerPC code development and crossindustry application programs,
129–130
PPFA (Page Printer Formatting Aid), 131
PPP (point-to-point), 164, 170
preprinted forms, 83
295–296
price performance improvements, 13
printers, 82–89. See also AFP (Advanced
Function Printing)
ASCII formats, 85
color printers (nonimpact), 89
continuous forms printers, 88
costs of printing, 83
cutsheet printers, 88
data streams (print languages), 85
defined, 76
document characteristics, 83
electronic-output documents, 83, 84–85
e-Output requirements, 84–85, 224, 225
impact printers, 86
importance (relative) of, 83
86, 220, 222–223
line-at-a-time printing, 85
location of, 83, 85–86
Multifunction Printers (MFPs), 83
nonimpact color printers, 89
nonimpact printers, 86, 87
overview of, 7, 8
page-mode printing, 85
preprinted forms, 83
printing applications, 83
print window, 83
requirements for, 82–84
SNA Character Set (SCS), 85, 220
special forms, 83–84
transforms, 85, 222, 224, 225
(TCP/IP) and, 86
transparency, 85
volume of printing, 83
Print Format Utility, 221
Print Services Facility/400 (PSF/400),
220–222
problem log, 202
procedures, software, 122
processor-centric architecture, 311
processor core, POWER4, 49–51
productivity improvement, 315–316
215, 237
program creation data, IBM SecureWay, 265
Programmed Access to PDF, 238
programming language, 122
Programming Request per Quote (PRPQ),
61
programming support for communications
and OS/400, 163
Program Temporary Fixes (PTFs), 247
Project eLiza, 158, 198–199
project team for computing needs
identification, 293–294
protocols supported by OS/400, 163
Proxy ARP Routing, 167
PRPQ (Programming Request per Quote), 61
pSeries (replacing RS/6000 family), xxiv, 4,
99
PSF/400 (Print Services Facility/400),
220–222
PTF Management Wizards, Management
Central, 206
PTFs (Program Temporary Fixes), 247
PvC (Pervasive Computing), 5–6
Q
QDLS support, IFS, 142
QLANSrv support, IFS, 142, 143
QMF for Windows for iSeries, 156
QNTC file system and IFS, 140
QOPENSYS support, IFS, 142
QOPT support, IFS, 143
QoS (Quality of Service), 261–263
QSYS.LIB support, IFS, 142, 143
quality improvement benefits, 316
Quality of Service (QoS), 261–263
quantified benefits, 316–317
question-and-answer database, iSeries ESP,
250
R
Rack-Mount capabilities, 113
RAID-5, 99
RCS (Remote Controlling System),
workstations, 76, 77–78
read/write head, 56, 97, 101
real-time graphical monitoring, Management
Central, 204
record-oriented files vs. stream files, 141–142
record protocol of SSL, 274
records in database, 147
recovery, step-by-step, 192. See also backup/
recovery
Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC)
concept, 45
redundancy methodology, iSeries ISP, 252
reliability of eServer iSeries, xviii, 13
Remote Access Extensions, 170
Remote Controlling System (RCS),
workstations, 76, 77–78
remote environments, TCP/IP, 168
Remote File System (RFS) support, IFS, 139,
144–145
Remote Job Entry Facility (RJE), 172–173
remote journaling, iSeries Access Family, 189
Remote Procedure Calls. See RPCs
remote workstations support, TCP/IP,
162–163
renting computer system, 319
replacement iSeries, sizing, 327
replay protection, TCP/IP, 168
reset changes options of Security Wizard, 275
residual value of computer system, 318
Resource Management Utility, 221
response-time analysis, iSeries Performance
Tools, 209–211
restore commands, 190–191
restore wizard, BRMS, 195
retail workstations, 80
RETAIN network, 250
RFS (Remote File System) support, IFS, 139,
144–145
RIP (Routing Information Protocol), 167
RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer)
concept, 45
RJE (Remote Job Entry Facility), 172–173
Rochester, Minnesota (IBM plant site), xx
root file system support, IFS, 142
Routing Information Protocol (RIP), 167
RPCs (Remote Procedure Calls)
DB2 Query Manager and SQL
Development Kit, 159, 161
IFS (integrated file system), 143
RS/6000. See IBM RS/6000
RSVP APIs, 262, 263
S
S/390 family. See IBM S/390
sales increases, 317
San Francisco Framework, 227–229
SAN (Storage Area Network), 94, 98
Index
SAP, 230
save commands, 190
scientific/engineering workloads, POWER
SCS (SNA Character Set), 85, 220
SDLC communications protocol, 111, 163
search capability, HTTP Server for iSeries,
268
Secure Sockets Layer. See SSL
SecureWay. See IBM SecureWay
security, 321–325. See also backup/recovery;
business and iSeries; IBM SecureWay
authorized users accidents, 322–323
availability (security), 321
C2 level of security, 324, 325
confidentiality (security), 321
disaster-recovery plan, 323–324
(DCE), 160–161
loss prevention, 323–324
operating system integrity, 325
passwords, 265, 325
software functions, 119–120
theft prevention, 324–325
Tips and Tools for Securing Your iSeries
(IBM), 325
(TCP/IP), 167, 168–169, 204
Trusted Computing Systems Evaluation
Criteria (TCSEC), 324
user-access control, 325
Security Interface Unit (SIU), 114
Security Wizard, HTTP Server for iSeries,
264, 274–275
self-managing/self-healing, xviii
self-study courses, 321, 322
separate file systems, IFS, 140
sequential instruction execution, POWER
microprocessors, 47
server choices, Domino 5.0.5, 289
server layer, 10–11
server logs, HTTP Server for iSeries, 267
server selection, 309–310
Server Side Includes (SSI) support, HTTP
Server for iSeries, 269
server systems, 7
server vs. interactive environments,
service agreements, 325–326
service processor, 42
351
session endpoint filter list, iSeries ESP, 250,
251
7133 Serial Storage Subsystem, 97, 98–99
signed components, IBM SecureWay, 260,
264
silicon-on-insulator technology, 13
Simple Mail Transport Protocol/Mail
Transfer Agent (SMTP/MTA), 128,
288
Simple Mail Users (SMU), 37
Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP), 281
SIU (#4754 Security Interface Unit), 114
64-bit addressing, 39, 310–311, 312
SLIC (System Licensed Internal Code)
hardware architecture, xviii, 10, 11–12, 41
iSeries computers, xviii, 10, 11–12, 41
OS/400 (Operating System/400), 136, 137
software layer, 115, 116, 118–119, 120,
121, 122, 123
small business environment (Bob’s Gearbox
Co.), 297–299
SmallTalk, 231
SMAPP (System-Managed Access Path
Protection), 195–196
SMP (Symmetric Multi-Processor)
architecture, 42–44, 48, 64, 126
SMTP/MTA (Simple Mail Transport
Protocol/Mail Transfer Agent), 128,
288
SMTP scalability, 167
SMU (Simple Mail Users), 37
SNA Character Set (SCS), 85, 220
SNADS (System Network Architecture
Distribution Services) and
OptiConnect, 61
SNA (Systems Network Architecture),
171–172, 253
SNIA (Storage Networking Industry
Association), 5
snoop processors, 51
SOAP (Simple Object Access Protocol), 281
software architecture, 115–123. See also
applications programs; OS/400
application compatibility, 121–123, 137
application programs layer, 115, 116,
117, 120, 121–123
AS/400 programs compatibility, 121–122,
326
code, 122
communications functions, 119–120
compatibility of software programs,
121–123
compiling programs, 122
database functions, 119–120, 121
Instruction Cache (I-cache), 119
object code compatibility, 122–123
operating systems layer, 115, 116–118,
120, 122, 123
procedures, 122
programming language, 122
security functions, 119–120
source code, 122
System/3X programs compatibility,
121–123, 326
System Licensed Internal Code (SLIC)
layer, 115, 116, 118–119, 120,
121, 122, 123
systems programmers and, 120, 121
Interface (TIMI), 10, 11, 119, 232,
311
traditional computer systems vs. iSeries,
119–121
user’s view of system, 116, 117, 118
software maintenance, 313, 326
software problems, Management Central,
205
software selection, 319
software side of system availability, 64, 65
Software Systems Associates, 16
source code, 122
SPCN (System Power Control Network), 64
special forms printing, 83–84
speculative execution, POWER
SQLJ (Structured Query Language Java),
233–234
SQL (Structured Query Language), 60, 153
SSI (Server Side Includes) support, HTTP
Server for iSeries, 269
SSL (Secure Sockets Layer)
HTTP Server for iSeries, 264, 266,
273–274
IBM SecureWay, 264
Java, 233, 237
SStar Microprocessor, 46–48
Standard iSeries Model i800, 16, 17
stateless design, IFS, 144
static SQL statements, 233
Storage Area Network (SAN), 94, 98
storage control chip, POWER
microprocessors, 46, 47
storage hierarchy, 51–54. See also auxiliary
storage
binary-tree pseudo-LRU (lines recently
used) algorithm, 51
bits, 39, 53
cache line replacement, 51
check bits, 53
disk storage, 53–54, 55–57, 97–100
error detection and correction, 53
fiber channel and disk storage, 54
Level 2 (L2) cache, 51
Level 3 (L3) cache, 51–52
memory coherency, 51
memory (main storage), 40, 41, 46, 47,
52–53, 54
snoop processors, 51
virtual storage, 54
volatile storage, 53
storage management, 53–54
Storage Networking Industry Association
(SNIA), 5
stream files, IFS, 138, 140, 141–142
STRSQL (Interactive SQL), 154
Structured Query Language Java (SQLJ),
233–234
Structured Query Language (SQL), 60, 153
subnetworking layer, IBM Networking
Blueprint, 255
Sun Microsystems, 99, 231
superscalar POWER microprocessors, 45,
47, 49
Symmetric Multi-Processor (SMP)
architecture, 42–44, 48, 64, 126
synchronization (concurrency) of DB2 UDB,
151–152
System/3 (“Old Reliable”), xx, xxi
System/3X family of computers
eServer iSeries computers, xx–xxiii, xxiv,
121–123, 137, 326
Operating System/400 (OS/400), 137, 326
programs compatibility, 121–123, 326
system availability functions, 62–72
actions required for, 64, 65
application resiliency for, 65, 68
Byte Stream File (BSF), 70
clustering for, 65, 68–71
cluster nodes, 70
common resource grouping (CRG), 71
continuous availability clustering for, 65,
68–71
data resiliency for, 65, 68, 70
Index
353
disaster tolerance for, 65, 71–72
TC1 Licensed Program and Java, 237
TCO (total cost of ownership), 5
Architecture (DRDA), 68, 162
TCP/IP (Transmission Protocol/Internet
hardware side of, 64, 65
Protocol), 163–170
Address Resolution Protocol (ARP), 167
Advanced Function Printing (AFP), 223
(IASPs), 61, 71
availability of Virtual Private Network
Logical Partitioning (LPAR) for, 64–68
(VPN), 169
multisystem coupling for, 65, 68
blacklist support, 167
OS/400 subsystems for, 64–68
data confidentiality, 168
software side of, 64, 65
data integrity, 168
System Power Control Network (SPCN),
data origin authentication, 168
64
dial-on-demand networking, 165–166
system clustering, iSeries ESP, 251–253
Dial-up clients, 164
system console, iSeries computers, 7, 8
Digital Subscriber Line (DSL), 164
system-detected software problems,
Domain Name Server (DNS), 164, 167
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
System Distribution Directory
(DHCP), 164
synchronization, Domino 5.0.5, 288
Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP), 169
System Licensed Internal Code. See SLIC
encryption, 167
extranets, 168
(SMAPP), 195–196
fault tolerance, 167
System menus, Management Central, 203
File Transfer Protocol (FTP), 166
system monitor, IFS, 144
incoming balancing, 165
System Network Architecture Distribution
Integrated File System (IFS), 140
Services (SNADS) and OptiConnect,
Internet and, 277
61
Internet Key Exchange (IKE), 169
System Power Control Network (SPCN), 64
interoperability, 169
system processor, 39, 40
intranets, 168
systems frameworks environment, 227
IP masquerading technology, 165
systems management, 197–212. See also
IP Payload Compression (IPComp)
iSeries Navigator; iSeries Performance
protocol, 169
Tools; Management Central; OS/400
IPSec protocol, 169
IPv6 platform support, 165
Enterprise Identity Mapping (EIM), 208
problem log, 202
iSeries Navigator, 200
SystemView System Manager/400, 202–203
Kerberos, 160, 161, 167
Systems Network Architecture (SNA),
key management, 169
171–172, 253
Layer 2 Tunnel Protocol (L2TP), 170
Systems Network Management, 170–171
Mail Services Framework (MSF), 167
systems programmers, 120, 121
Mobile Worker, 168
system unit, 7, 8
Network Address Translation (NAT),
system unit swap, 72–73
165, 169
SystemView System Manager/400, 202–203
outgoing balancing, 165
overview of, xviii, 15
T
performance of Virtual Private Network
tape adapters (Input/Output Processors,
(VPN), 169
IOPS), 103–104
point-to-point (PPP), 164, 170
tape libraries support for backup/recovery,
printers and, 86
192
Proxy ARP Routing, 167
tape storage, 58–59, 101–103
Remote Access Extensions, 170
target address prediction logic, POWER
remote environments, 168
microprocessors, 51
remote workstations support, 162–163
replay protection, 168
Routing Information Protocol (RIP), 167
security, 167, 168–169, 204
SMTP scalability, 167
Telnet Server, 167
Transport Layer Security (TLS)/Secure
Sockets Layer (SSL) support, 166
ValuNets, 168
Virtual AP Addressing (VIPA), 165
Virtual Private Networks (VPN), 164,
165, 168–169
TCSEC (Trusted Computing Systems
Evaluation Criteria), 324
technical data in data warehouse, 125
technical support costs, 313
(TIMI), 10, 11, 119, 232, 311
Telephone Directory V5.1 for iSeries, 281
Telnet Server, 167
terminal emulation, 78–79
terminals, 7, 8. See also workstations
Terminal Server Edition (TSE) support,
term lease, 318
Text Extender, 155
theft prevention, 324–325
thread, defined, 226. See also kernel threads
threadsafe function, 226
threadsafe integrated file system API
interfaces, IFS, 143
TIMI (Technology Independent Machine
Interface), 10, 11, 119, 232, 311
Tips and Tools for Securing Your iSeries
(IBM), 325
Tivoli Storage Manager (TSM) V5.1,
191–192
TLS (Transport Layer Security), 255,
259–260
TLS (Transport Layer Security)/Secure
Sockets Layer (SSL), 166
token frame, 109
token-ring LANs, 108–110, 163, 251
Toolbox for Java, IBM, 232
Toolbox for Java, iSeries, 182–183, 234–238
total cost of ownership (TCO), 5
TotalStorage strategy, 4–5
TPC (Transaction Performance Council), 36
traditional computer systems vs. iSeries,
119–121
traffic blocking, HTTP Server for iSeries,
275–276
Transaction Performance Council (TPC), 36
transforms, printers, 85, 222, 224, 225
Transmission Protocol/Internet Protocol. See
TCP/IP
transparency, printers, 85
Transport Layer Security (TLS), 255,
259–260
Transport Layer Security (TLS)/Secure
Sockets Layer (SSL), 166
tree pane data format, Java, 237
Trusted Computing Systems Evaluation
Criteria (TCSEC), 324
trusted users, 263
TSE (Terminal Server Edition) support,
TSM (Tivoli Storage Manager) V5.1,
191–192
tuning system performance, iSeries
Performance Tools, 208
twinaxial cable (twinax), 8
twinaxial support, IXS, 95–96
Type Transformer for Windows, 221
typical business workload performance
(CPW), 36, 37
Typical Mail Users, 37–38
U
UDB. See DB2 Universal Database
Unicode (ISO-10646), 241–243
Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS),
112–113
Universal Connection, 246, 247–248
Universal Product Code (UPC) barcode
reader, 80
UNIX
cross-industry application programs, 129
integrated file system (IFS) and, 139, 140
overview of, 10, 14
unlimited interactive performance, 16
UPC (Universal Product Code) barcode
reader, 80
upgrade paths, 72–73
UPS (Uninterruptible Power Supply),
112–113
URLs and Internet, 277
U.S. Department of Defense, 324
usage frequency for backup/recovery, 194
user-access control, 325
user interface, operating systems, 135
user interface framework, Java, 237
user profiles, HTTP Server for iSeries, 266
user’s view of system, 116, 117, 118
UTF-8/16 format, 242
Index
utilization rate of network, iSeries ESP,
251–252
V
validation lists, HTTP Server for iSeries,
266
Value iSeries Model i800, 16–17
ValuNets, 168
VARPG (VisualAge RPG), 214–215
295–296
Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI)
technology, 73
Virtual AP Addressing (VIPA), 165
virtualization element of e-business, xviii, 3
virtual private networking (VPN) certificate,
Virtual Private Networks (VPN), 164, 165,
168–169
virtual storage, 54
VisiBroker, 231
Vision Solutions, 59
VisualAge for Java for iSeries, 213–214
VisualAge RPG (VARPG), 214–215
VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration)
technology, 73
volatile storage, 53
volume of printing, 83
VPN (virtual private networking) certificate,
VPN (Virtual Private Networks), 164, 165,
168–169
W
WANs (Wide Area Networks), 106, 111
warranty, 325–326
WAS-Express (WebSphere Application
Server-Express for iSeries), 279–282
WAS (WebSphere Application Server)
HTTP Server for iSeries, 267, 272
Internet and, 278–279
WDS (WebSphere Development Studio),
212–219. See also OS/400
CODE, 214
host components, 212–213
Integrated Development Environment
(IDE), 216
Integrated Language Environment (ILE),
219
Java Server Pages (JSPs), 215
overview of, 213
355
215
VisualAge for Java for iSeries, 213–214
VisualAge RPG (VARPG), 214–215
WebFacing Tool, 213, 215, 218, 219
Web Services, 216
Web site management, 213, 215
workstation components, 213–215
wrappering iSeries programs, 216, 218
Web browsers and Java, 231
WebDAV (MOD_DAV) support, HTTP
Server for iSeries, 269, 270
WebFacing Tool, 213, 215, 218, 219
Web images, AFP, 224–225
Web server, HTTP Server for iSeries, 270–273
Web Services, 216
Web Services Object Runtime Framework
(WORF), 281–282
Web site for eServer iSeries, xix–xx, 222
Web site management, WDS, 213, 215
WebSphere, 13, 15
WebSphere Application Server. See WAS
WebSphere Commerce Suite, 283–285
WebSphere Development Studio. See WDS
WebSphere Development Studio Client,
216–219
WebSphere Host Access Transaction Server,
187
WebSphere Host Integration, 279
WebSphere Host Publisher V4, 187–188
WebSphere Studio Site Developed Advanced,
216
WebSphere Studio Workbench, 216
WebSphere Studio (WS) for iSeries, 213,
215–219
WebSphere Transcoding Publisher, 6
“what-if” analyzer, iSeries Performance
Tools, 209
Wide Area Networks (WANs), 106, 111
Windows
desktop and Operating System/400
(OS/400), 136
integrated file system (IFS) and, 140
iSeries and, xviii, 10, 13, 14, 15
Windows NT/Windows 2000 and IXS, 90,
93
Wireless Connection for iSeries (5798-TBW),
172
wireless devices support of eServer iSeries,
5–6
wireless environment, Management Central,
206–207
Remote Controlling System (RCS), 76,
77–78
retail workstations, 80
terminal emulation, 78–79
Windows and, 77, 79
WORM (Write Once, Read Many), 58, 104
wrappering iSeries programs, WDS, 216,
218
Write Many, Read Many (WMRM), 58, 104
Write Once, Read Many (WORM), 58, 104
WS (WebSphere Studio) for iSeries, 213,
215–219
WYSIWYG GUI editor, 237
X
TE
AM
FL
Y
WMRM (Write Many, Read Many), 58, 104
WORF (Web Services Object Runtime
Framework), 281–282
work management by iSeries Navigator,
197–200
workspace for system processor. See
memory (main storage)
workstation adapters, IXS, 95–96
workstation components, WDS, 213–215
workstations, 76–90. See also auxiliary
storage options; IXS (Integrated
xSeries Servers); printers
Client/Access PC5250 Console function
and, 77
(CFIOP), 77, 89–90, 91–93
computer terminals (display station), 76
Control Panel functions and, 78
EZ Setup and, 78
IBM Network Station, 81–82
Info Window II workstations, 77
intelligent workstations, 78–79
iSeries Access and, 78, 79
Local Controlling System (LCS), 76, 77
Operations Console, 77–78
PCI I/O Adapters (IOAs), 91–93
personal computer (PC) terminal
emulation, 78–79
X.25 communications protocol, 111, 163
Xerces-C 2.1, 186
XML Extender, 155
XML (Extensible Markup Language), xviii,
2, 237
XML Toolkit for iSeries (5733-XT1),
186–187
xSeries (replacing Netfinity family), xxiv, 4
xSeries servers, IXS, 94–95. See also IXS
Z
zSeries (replacing S/390 family), xxiv, 4,
172–173
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Exploring IBM iSeries

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