plagiat merupakan tindakan tidak terpuji plagiat

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PLAGIAT
PLAGIATMERUPAKAN
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TINDAKANTIDAK
TIDAKTERPUJI
TERPUJI
BLENDS IN CURRENT ENGLISH
TITLE PAGE
A THESIS
Presented as a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
to Obtain the Magister Humaniora (M.Hum.) Degree
in English Language Studies
by
Adria Indah Putranti
Student Number: 136332048
THE GRADUATE PROGRAM IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE STUDIES
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2015
i
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A TNESIS
BLENDS IN fl]NRSNT ENGLISfl
by
Adrb Io&h Putanti
Stude,nt Numbom 136332048
APPROYE,PAGE
Apprercd by
Dn X'n B. Alis M.Pd* 1fi.4"
Thesis Advisor
L
Yog$krrtt
24 $eptomber 2015
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A TIIESIS
BLENDS IN CURREI{T ENGLISH
Presented by
Student Number:
1
36332048
DETENCE APPROVAL PAGE
Defended before the Thesis Committee
and Declared Acceptable
TIIESIS COMMITTEE
Chairperson
:
Secretary :
Dr. B. B.Ilwijatmoko, M.A.
Dr. Fr. B. AIip, M.Pd,
Members r 1. F. X. Mukarto,
2.
MA.
Ph.D.
lrffi
T
Cdt
Dr. J. Bismoko
Yogyakarta, 15 Decembe,r 2015
Dharma University
nl
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STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY
This is to certifu all the idem, plrrase, and sentences, unless otherurise
stated, are the ideas, phrases, and ssrtences
understands the
full
of the thesis writer. The/riter
consequ&rces incJuding degree cancellation
if
she took
somebody else's ideas, phrases, or senteirces without a proper reference.
Yogyakarta, 24 Septernber 2015
i,
I
rt,,
i;'
i:::
r-l!
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LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN
PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS
Yang bertanda tangan dibawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharya:
Nama
:
Adria hidah Putranti
Nomormahasiswa :136332048
Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan
Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul:
BLENDS IN CURRENT ENGLISH
Dengan demikian saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata
Dharma hak untuk menyimpan, mengalihkan dalam bentuk media lain,
mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan data, mendistribusikan secara terbatas, dan
mempublikasikannya
di internet
atau media lain untuk kepentingan akademis
tanpa perlu meminta izin dari saya maupun memberikan royalty kepada saya
selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya sebagai penulis.
Demikian pernyataan ini saya buat dengan sebenarnya.
Dibuat di Yogyakarta
Pada tanggal 24 September 2015
Yang menyatakan
Adria Indah Putrantr
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DEDICATION
This thesis is dedicated to my family and my friends
who are willing to be part of my life.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
It was a long journey for me to finish this thesis. I faced many difficulties
during the writing of this thesis. Nevertheless, a lot of help and support from
people around me really made me strong. In this moment, I would like to
appreciate those who have been involved in the process of finishing my thesis.
I would express my deepest gratitude to Dr. Fr. B. Alip, M.Pd., M.A., my
advisor, for every advice, support, and guidance. He is surely the first person to
whom my gratitude is expressed. He is the one who has always been enthusiastic
in giving insights during consultation, commenting on many things, and making
jokes in every moment. I always took a note for every single word he uttered since
I always thought that all of his saying was important. The way he remembered
names of every student in his GRP class had surely made us enthusiastic to be part
of his class. Furthermore, he always asked me to finish my thesis as soon as
possible.
My special gratitude goes to Dr. B. B. Dwijatmoko, M.A., who was very
helpful in overcoming the difficulties emerged during my study in ELS. He was
the one who helped me to get the idea for this thesis topic so that I could develop
my topic then.
I would also like to extent my gratefulness to all lecturers of Sanata Dharma
University, especially the Graduate Program in English Language Studies:
Prof. Dr. Soepomo Poedjosoedarmo, F. X. Mukarto, Ph.D., Dr. J. Bismoko,
Paulus Sarwoto, S.S., M.A., Ph.D., Dr. J. Haryatmoko, S.J., Mutiara
Andalas, S.J., S.S., S.TD., Drs. Barli Bram, M.Ed., Ph. D., and Dr. Alb. Budi
Susanto, S.J., for every guidance and staff of ELS, USD who helped me doing
things related to the administration during this study.
My endless love and appreciation are presented to my family for always
praying for me especially to finish my study. I am profoundly grateful to my
parents who have always given me support and encouragement. I owe a great
gratitude to my faithful supporter and beloved husband, Arga. Thanks for
allowing me to be busy finishing this thesis during our first days as a husband and
a wife. I would also thank my brother and sisters, who are always there when I
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need help and support. I should not forget to appreciate my mother and father in
law, who have always supported and become “reminder” for me to finish my
study as soon as possible.
I should thank my classmates, especially Joan and Mas Ryan for every
support, courage, and wonderful time we spent when we were in linguistics class.
Very special thanks and loves are dedicated to all ELS students of 2013 class,
Anin, Bu Sitta, Mbak Tuti, Bundo Wulan, Ce Vivi, Levyn, Aik, Dewi, Mbak
Yunita, Mbak Dian, Mbak Dina, Gaby, Mbak Nurul, Desta, Mas Bayu, Bu
Asti, Rieta, Tia, Nita, Inta, Pak Tangguh, Putri, Mbak Mimi, Mbak Rina,
Dita, and Siwi. Thanks for being there for me both in ups and downs, and thanks
for every kindness, love, care, and friendship.
I would like to give my thanks to all other supporters whom I could not
mention one by one. It is an honor of having accomplished my study in USD, but
I would not achieve it without you all.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE ………………………………………………………………
i
APPROVAL PAGE ………………………………………………………..
ii
DEFENCE APPROVAL PAGE …………………………………………..
iii
STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY ………………………………………
iv
LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN ……………………………..
v
DEDICATION ……………………………………………………………..
vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ……………………………………………….
vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS ………………………………………………….
ix
LIST OF TABLES …………………………………………………………
xiii
LIST OF FIGURES ………………………………………………..………
xiv
LIST OF APPENDICES …………………………………………………..
xv
LIST OF TERMINOLOGIES ……………………………………………
xvi
ABSTRACT ………………………………………………………………..
xvii
ABSTRAK …………………………………………………………………..
xix
CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Study ………………………………………………...
1
B. Problem Formulation …………………………………………………….
6
C. Goals of the Study …………………………………………..…………...
7
D. Definitions of Terms ……………………………………………………..
8
E. Benefits of the Study ……………………………………………………..
10
CHAPTER II. LITERATURE REVIEW
A. Theoretical Review ……………………………………………………....
11
1. Previous Research on English Blends ………………………………...
11
a. Hong’s Study on Properties of English Word-blends ……………...
14
b. Lappe and Plag’s Study on the Role of Prosodic Structure in the
Formation of English Blends ……………………………………...
17
2. Review of Related Theories …………………………………………..
18
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a. Word-formation Process …………………………………………...
18
b. Combining Patterns of Blends ……………………………………..
20
c. Syllabification Theory ……………………………………………...
22
1) Syllable and Syllable Structure ……………………….………...
23
2) Syllabification Principle …………………………….………….
24
a) Sonority Sequence Principle (SSP) ………………….………
24
b) Maximal Onset Principle (MOP) …………………………....
26
d. Prosodic Analysis in English Blends ………………………………
26
1) Definition of Stress ……………………………………………..
27
2) Degree of Stress ………………………………………………...
28
3) Stress and Non-phonological Structure ………………………..
29
4) Stress Placement ………………………………………………..
30
e. Word Category ……………………………………………………..
31
f. Meaning Identification in English Blends ………………………….
33
g. The Timeline of English Blends …………………………………...
34
h. The Distribution of Blends in Terms of Domains …………………
35
B. Theoretical Framework …………………………………………………..
46
CHAPTER III. METHODOLOGY
A. Data of the Study and Data Source ………………………………………
51
B. Approaches of the Study …………………………………………………
53
C. Method of the Study ……………………………………………………..
54
1. Data Collection ………………………………………………………..
54
2. Data Analysis ………………………………………………………….
56
CHAPTER IV. DATA ANALYSIS
A. Combining Patterns of Blends …………………………………………...
67
1. Contiguous Blends ………………………….........................................
69
a. Blends with One Splinter …………………………………..............
74
b. Blends with Two Splinters …………………………………………
77
2. Noncontiguous Blends ………………………………………………...
79
a. Blends with Infixation …………………...........................................
80
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b. Blends with Interfixation …………………………………………..
83
B. Word Categories of Source Words in English Blends …………………...
85
1. Noun Blends …………………………………………………………..
88
2. Adjective Blends ………………………………………………………
91
3. Verb Blends …………………………………………………………...
93
4. Adverb Blends ………………………………………………………...
95
C. Phonological Characteristics of the Elements Retained in English Blends
96
1. Contiguous Blends ……………………………………………………
98
a. The Correspondence of the Primary Stress in Resulting Blends…...
98
b. Five Patterns of Stress Assignment in the Resulting Blends ……… 101
1) The Equivalence between the Primary Stress in the Resulting 103
Blends and the Primary Stress in SW1 ……………………………
Blends and the Secondary Stress in SW1 …………………………
Blends and the Unstressed Syllable in SW1 …………………
Blends and the Primary Stress in SW2 ………………………...
Blends and the Primary Stress in SW1 and SW2 ……………..
c. The Characteristics of Stress Assignment in the Resulting Blends ..
110
1) The Correspondence of Primary Stress in Resulting Blends and
Primary stress in One or Both Source Words ………………….
110
2) The importance of the Position of SW2 ……………………….
111
3) The Stress Assignment of Blends ……………………………… 113
2. Noncontiguous Blends ……………………………………………….
115
D. Meaning Identification of English Blends …………………………......... 119
CHAPTER V. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
A. Conclusion ……………………………………………………………….
126
B. Recommendations ……………………………………………………….. 131
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BIBLIOGRAPHY …………………………………………………………
132
APPENDICES
APPENDIX 1 ………………………………………………………………
135
APPENDIX 2 ………………………………………………………………
207
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LIST OF TABLES
Table 2.1
Table 2.2
Table 3.1
Table 3.2
Table 3.3
Table 3.4
Table 4.1
Table 4.2
Table 4.3
Table 4.4
Table 4.5
Table 4.6
Table 4.7
Table 4.8
Table 4.9
Table 4.10
Combining Patterns of Blends: Hong (2004: 122) ………….
Sonority Scale: Giegerich (1992: 133) ……………………...
The Scheme of Morphological, Morphophonological, and
Semantic Analysis of English Blends ……………………….
The Scheme of Combining Patterns in English Blends …….
The Scheme of Word Category in English Blends ………….
The Distribution of Primary Stress in Resulting Blends
according to the Combining Patterns ………………………..
Distribution of Blends based on Combining Patterns ………
Blends with Infixation ……………………………………….
Blends with Interfixation ……………………………………
Pairs of Word Category in English Blends ………………….
Examples of Noun Blends …………………………………..
Examples of Adjective Blends ………………………………
Examples of Verb Blends …………………………………...
Adverb Blends ………………………………………………
The Distribution of Primary Stress in Resulting Blends
according to the Combining Patterns ………………………..
Phonological Properties of Blends with Infixation …………
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63
65
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90
93
95
96
102
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 2.1
Figure 4.1
Figure 4.2
Figure 4.3
Figure 4.4
Figure 4.5
Figure 4.6
Figure 4.7
Figure 4.8
Figure 4.9
Figure 4.10
Figure 4.11
The distribution of Blends in Terms of Domains …………
Distribution of Contiguous Blends based on Number of
Splinters ……………………………………………………
Distribution of Blends based on Combining Patterns …….
Distribution of Blends with One Splinter ………………….
Distribution of Blends with Two Splinters ………………..
The distribution of Word Category of Resulting Blends ….
Word Category of Noun Blends …………………………...
Word Category of Adjective Blends ………………………
Word Category of Verb Blends ……………………………
the Equivalence of the Primary Stress in Resulting Blends
Five Patterns of Stress Assignment of Resulting Blends …
The distribution of Blends based on the Semantic Types ..
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70
72
74
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86
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91
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98
100
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LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendix 1. List of Blends in Current English...........................................
135
Appendix 2. The Distribution of Blends in Online Dictionaries.................. 207
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LIST OF TERMINOLOGIES
A
N
V
Adv
Pron
SW1
SW2
A
B
C
D
E
F
OV0
OV1
OV1a
OV1b
OV2
OV2a
OV2b
EN
EXO
COP
APP
: Adjective
: Noun
: Verb
: Adverb
: Pronoun
: Source Word 1
: Source Word 2
: Clipping blends (whole + last)
: Clipping blends (first + whole)
: Clipping blends (first + last)
: Clipping blends (first + first)
: Blends with infixation
: Blends with interfixation
: Overlapping Blends with zero splinter
: Clipping and overlapping blends with one splinter
: Clipping and overlapping blends with one splinter (whole + splinter)
: Clipping and overlapping blends with one splinter (splinter + whole)
: Clipping and overlapping blends with two splinters
: Clipping and overlapping blends with two splinters (first + last)
: Clipping and overlapping blends with two splinters (first + first)
: Endocentric blends
: Exocentric blends
: Copulative blends
: Appositional blends
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ABSTRACT
Putranti, Adria Indah. 2015. Blends in Current English. Yogyakarta: The
Graduate Program in English Language Studies, Sanata Dharma University.
This is a linguistic study which focuses on the morphology and prosodic
morphology of English blends. More specifically, it attempts to uncover the
combining patterns and characteristics of stress assignment in English blends. It
used 1197 English blends which were collected from seven online dictionaries
and websites, namely Oxford, Merriam-Webster, Collins Dictionary, Cambridge,
Word Spy, Rice University Neologisms Database, and Urban Dictionary.
Henceforth, this study is aimed at answering four research questions: (1) What
blending patterns are observed in English blends? (2) What word categories are
English blends derived from? (3) What phonological characteristics of the
elements are retained in English blends? (4) What patterns of meaning are
observed in English blends?
In answering these four research problems, the researcher used various
analyses. The morphological analyses were employed to answer the first and
second research questions. The analysis of prosodic morphology was conducted to
answer the third research question. Meanwhile, the semantic analysis was used to
answer the fourth research question.
The analyses yield four findings. The first finding is that blending in English
does not only combine contiguous parts, but also noncontiguous parts. There are
seven combining patterns which are classified as contiguous blends, namely
clipping blends type A (whole + last part), clipping blends type B (first part +
whole), clipping blends type C (first part + last part), clipping blends type D (first
part + first part), overlapping blends type OV0 (zero splinter), overlapping blends
type OV1 (one splinter), and overlapping blends type OV2 (two splinters). In
terms of noncontiguous blends, there are two patterns which can be observed,
namely blends type E (blends with infixation) and blends type F (blends with
interfixation).
The second finding shows that there are ten pairs of word category in
blends. Chiefly, blends can be formed from two adjectives, two nouns, two verbs,
two adverbs, an adjective and a noun, a noun and an adjective, a noun and a verb,
a verb and a noun, an adverb and an adjective, and a pronoun and a noun. These
ten pairs are classified into four major categories, namely noun blends, adjective
blends, verb blends, and adverb blends.
The third finding shows that in terms of contiguous blends, there are three
characteristics of the stress assignment in the resulting blends. First, the vast
majority of blends are most likely to have primary stress which have the same
position as in the source words, whether it is in SW1, SW2, or both SW1 and 2.
Second, the position of SW2 is more stable in determining the primary stress in
the resulting blends. Third, the stress of blends is not necessarily determined by
the stress of one or both source words. Rather, it is assigned from the beginning,
following the rule of new word manufacturing. Dealing with noncontiguous
blends, the characteristic of stress assignment in blends with infixation is that the
stress is most likely to follow the stress of the base as long as the substituted
elements (deleted segments and infixes) have the same number of syllables
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(syllable size) and more specifically have the same number of X-positions in
rhyme (syllable weight).
The fourth finding shows that there are four patterns of meaning in English
blends. They are endocentric, exocentric, appositional, and copulative blends.
Among these four patterns of meaning, endocentric blends are the most popular,
while exocentric blends are the least popular.
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ABSTRAK
Putranti, Adria Indah. 2015. Blends in Current English. Yogyakarta: Program
Pasca Sarjana Kajian Bahasa Inggris, Universitas Sanata Dharma.
Penelitian ini merupakan studi linguistik yang berfokus pada studi
morfologi dan prosodik morfologi. Khususnya, penelitian ini mencoba untuk
mengungkap pola penggabungan dan ciri penekanan kata pada proses paduan
kata/ amalgam. Penelitian ini menggunakan 1197 data yang diambil dari tujuh
situs dan kamus online, yaitu Oxford, Merriam-Webster, Collins Dictionary,
Cambridge, Word Spy, Rice University Neologisme Database, dan Urban
Dictionary. Selanjutnya, tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menjawab empat
pertanyaan penelitian: (1) Apa saja pola penggabungan dalam proses paduan kata/
amalgam dalam bahasa Inggris? (2) Apa jenis kata yang membentuk paduan kata/
amalgam? (3) Apa saja karakteristik fonologi dari unsur-unsur yang
dipertahankan dalam paduan kata/ amalgam? (4) Apa saja pola makna yang
terkandung dalam paduan kata/ amalgam?
Untuk menjawab keempat pertanyaan tersebut, peneliti menggunakan
berbagai analisa. Analisa morfologi digunakan untuk menjawab pertanyaan
pertama dan kedua. Analisa morfophonologi digunakan untuk menjawab
pertanyaan ketiga. Sementara itu, analisa semantic digunakan untuk menjawab
pertanyaan keempat.
Analisa-analisa tersebut menghasilkan empat temuan. Temuan pertama
yaitu bahwa proses paduan kata tidak hanya menggabungkan bagian kata yang
bersentuhan saja, melainkan juga menggabungkan bagian kata yang tidak
bersentuhan. Terdapat tujuh pola paduan kata yang termasuk dalam bagian kata
yang bersentuhan, yaitu clipping blends tipe A (seluruh + bagian akhir), clipping
blends tipe B (bagian awal + seluruh), clipping blends tipe C (bagian awal +
bagian akhir), clipping blends tipe D (bagian awal + bagian awal), overlapping
blends tipe OV0 (nol pecahan), overlapping blends tipe OV1 (satu pecahan), dan
overlapping blends tipe OV2 (dua pecahan). Dalam hal bagian kata yang tidak
bersentuhan, terdapat dua pola yang dapat diamati, yaitu paduan kata tipe E
(paduan kata dengan infixation) dan paduan kata tipe F (paduan kata dengan
interfixation).
Temuan kedua yaitu terdapat sepuluh pasang jenis kata dalam paduan kata.
Utamanya, paduan kata terbentuk dari dua kata sifat, dua kata benda, dua kata
keterangan, kata sifat dengan kata benda, kata benda dengan kata sifat, kata benda
dengan kata kerja, kata kerja dengan kata benda, kata keterangan dengan kata
sifat, kata benda dengan kata kerja, kata kerja dengan kata benda, kata keterangan
dengan kata sifat, dan kata ganti dengan kata benda. Kesepuluh pasang tersebut
dapat digolongkan ke dalam empat kategori utama, yaitu paduan kata dari kata
benda, kata sifat, kata kerja, dan kata keterangan.
Temuan ketiga menunjukkan bahwa dalam hal paduan kata yang
bersentuhan, terdapat tiga ciri penekanan/ stress. Pertama, sebagian besar paduan
kata cenderung memiliki stress utama yang posisinya sama seperti dalam katakata sumber, apakah itu di SW1, SW2, atau keduanya. Kedua, posisi SW2 lebih
stabil dalam menentukan stress utama dalam campuran yang dihasilkan. Ketiga,
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stress dalam paduan kata tidak serta merta ditentukan oleh stress dari salah satu
atau kedua sumber. Sebaliknya, stress ditentukan kembali dari awal, mengikuti
aturan pembentukan kata baru. Dalam hal paduan kata yang tidak bersentuhan,
ciri stress dalam paduan dengan infixation adalah bahwa stress cenderung
mengikuti stress dari kata dasar selama elemen yang ditukarkan (segmen yang
dihapus dengan infiks) memiliki jumlah yang suku kata dan jumlah X (rima) yang
sama.
Temuan keempat yaitu terdapat empat pola makna kata dalam paduan kata,
yaitu endosentrik, exosentrik, aposisional, dan kopulatif. Dari keempat pola
tersebut, pola endosentrik paling populer dalam hal pemakaian katanya,
sedangkan pola exosentric paling tidak populer diantara pola lainnya.
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1
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
This chapter consists of five sections. The first section is the background of
the study. The second section is the problem formulation. The third section is the
goals of the study. The last two sections are definitions of terms and benefits of
the study.
A. Background of the Study
Throughout the history, English language has created a great number of new
words. Many new words which contribute to the English language development
are created from word-formation process. One of word-formation techniques is by
combining two or more existing words known as blending. In this process, two or
more words are joined together to make them one word and at least one part of
them are shortened. As a result, blending always produces a single newly created
word.
In view of that, the number of blends which are created the English
language is very extensive. There are thousands of blends in English language.
These blends really exist in English language because a lot of people actually use
them in everyday life discourse or in a specific discourse. In everyday life, blends
can be found in various domains, namely technology, sports, marketing, and
slangs. In technology, blends such as blog (web x log), codec (coder x decoder),
emoticon (emote x icon), and modem (modulator x demodulator) are easily found.
Blends dealing with sports such as parasailing (parachute x sailing), streetball
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(street x basketball), and joggling (jogging x juggling) are also discovered.
Besides, blends like infotainment (information x entertainment), edutainment
(education x entertainment), and cineplex (cinema x complex) are likewise blends
in marketing domain. Furthermore, blends also exist in slang words such as
chuge, yumtastic, and brogards. As shown in The Rice University Neologisms
Database (http://neologisms.rice.edu), chuge (crazy x huge) is regarded as a slang
word used to refer to something which has the qualities of being very large.
Yumtastic is a blend of yummy and fantastic. It is a slang term used to describe
foods that are particularly delicious, created to add an extra level of expression to
a compliment about food. Brogards is a slang word which combines bro (brother)
and regards. It is defined as regards between bros which is usually used at the end
of a conversation or letter.
As the consequence of this great number of new words, English speakers
sometimes do not even recognize them as blends. Many conventional blends such
as alphabet, bit, caplet, and smog might get little attention because they have
become part of everyday language. These words are regarded as “common” words
for many people, meaning that people occasionally do not have any idea on the
word-formation processes occurred towards those words. But actually, these
words have undergone a word-formation process called blending. However,
blends like bit (binary x digit), caplet (capsule x tablet), and smog (smoke x fog),
for instances, are seen as the combination of the beginning part of the first word
and the end part of the other one. Therefore, it is clear that these words are the
products of word-formation process called blending.
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In the era of modern English, the process of blending has threefold
significance. First, blending is needed particularly to introduce new concepts or
invention. It is due to the fact that there are a lot of new inventions in the human
life especially in technology. Consequently, if there emerge new concepts or
inventions, names are required. For instance, words such as email, digicam, bit,
and pixel are created to name the new invention in the advent of technology. The
new words in other domains such as in cross-breeding animals, films, companies,
and websites are also introduced. Some examples which are taken from Urban
Dictionary (http://www.urbandictionary.com) are geep, mockumentary, FedEx,
and Yahooligans. Geep is used to name an animal as the result of a hybrid of goat
and sheep. The word mockumentary (mock x documentary) is used to name the
television show in the film domain. FedEx (Federal x Express) is an American
global courier delivery services company and Yahooligans (Yahoo x hooligans)
refers a Yahoo website which is kid-friendly. Therefore, it is obvious that blends
are used to name new products and companies. Second, blending is widely used
for a practical reason. For instance, the name Brangelina is used to address both
Brad Pitt and Angelina Jolie and the name baseketball refers to both baseball and
basketball. However, people are pleased to shorten the name of something to
make it easier in the ease of pronunciation. Third, blending exists in media,
especially in the advertisements and headlines of newspapers or magazines in
order to gain people‟s attention. For example, Coca Cola’s Sprite brand launched
a new variant of lemon-lime flavored soft drink, namely limon. Limon is
represented in the commercials as half lime and half lemon. It makes customers
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curious about what actually limon is, so that they try to find out more about the
product.
As stated previously, the process of blending is commonly derived from two
words which made up into one. Thus, it can be compared to another similar wordformation process. Referring to the definition, blending is somewhat alike to
compounding, especially in terms of combining multiple words. The base words
of blending can be derived from compound words. There are two types of blends
which resemble compounds as observed by Plag (2003: 122). The first type
includes blends which are seen as shortened compounds. In compounds, the first
element modifies the second one as in greenhouse and darkroom. Similar to
compounds, the first element of blends modifies the second element as in motel
(motor x hotel). So, motel is a kind of hotel, not a kind of motor. After having the
process of deletion in some parts, motel can be recognized as a shortened
compound. The second type contains blends which resemble copulative
compounds, such as in actor-director and writer-journalist. In copulative
compounds, both actor-director and writer-journalist share properties of both
elements. The example of this type in blending is Chermany (Ch<ina x
G>ermany). Both China and Germany are the base words which have the similar
semantic relation as in copulative compounds.
Besides the similarities, blending is different from compounding in some
aspects. Lappe and Plag (2012: 2) present two differences in terms of prosodic
properties such as syllable and stress. The first dissimilarity is that blends are
syllabified and stressed like one phonological word, while compound words are
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treated as two. The second dissimilarity is that some phonological materials in
blends are deleted, while compounds are not.
However, the study of blending is not only limited to the area of
morphology but also the area of phonology. The simple reason is that blends do
not merely combine two or more elements as in word-formation process. Rather,
it has to be adjusted for the sake of pronunciation. Moreover, if the elements of
blends are separated, it is not only part or element of words but also the syllable
and stress assignment are examined. It is obvious that blending also deals with
syllable constituents (such as onset, nucleus, coda, or rhyme) and also stress
assignment which are known as prosodic properties (Plag, 2003: 124). Therefore,
it is needed to treat blending as a prosodic morphology which discusses the
interaction between morphology (word-formation process) and phonology
(prosodic properties).
This research used internet as the main source of data since new words
could be easily obtained via internet. Moreover, this research needed up-to-date
data dealing with blends. Therefore, the data were collected from seven online
dictionaries and websites such as Oxford, Merriam-Webster, Collins Dictionary,
Cambridge, Word Spy, Rice University Neologisms Database, and Urban
Dictionary. These online websites were always updated in publishing new words
and reliable in providing a great deal of data.
The researcher was interested in analyzing blends because they offered
complex linguistic aspects to investigate further. In other words, the structure of
blends needed morphological, semantic, and phonological analysis. Additionally,
the relation between morphology and phonology was apparent in the study of
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blends, so it was called a study of prosodic morphology. These analyses were all
crucial in the formation of blends. Next, blends provided many variations of the
structure which was interesting to investigate further, such as variation of clipping
and overlapping, variation of syllable constituents and stress assignment in blends.
This led to the deeper investigation to find out the nature of its variations. Another
reason was that according to many researchers, blending was considered as
unproductive word-formation process compared to other word-formation process
such as compounding and affixation. Therefore, the researcher was willing to put
much attention to this kind of word-formation process.
Finally, this research attempts to uncover structures and patterns of blends
in both morphological and phonological analysis. Therefore, the target of prosodic
morphology of English blends in this study is to investigate the interaction of
morphological structure and prosodic properties which are crucial for the
formation of English blends.
B. Problem Formulation
In order to limit the discussion of English blending, four research problems
have been formulated as follows.
1. What blending patterns are observed in English blends?
2. What word categories are English blends derived from?
3. What phonological characteristics of the elements are retained in English
blends?
4. What patterns of meaning are observed in English blends?
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C. Goals of the Study
The objective of this research is to answer four research problems
formulated in the problem formulation. Therefore, there are four goals which are
going to achieve in this research. The first goal is to describe the combining
patterns of English blends. This study uses the general combining patterns
proposed by Algeo (1977) as observed by Hong (2004: 122) and combining
patterns based on splinters which are proposed by Lehrer (2007). These
combining patterns identify the combination of source words‟ elements which are
retained to make a blend. Accordingly, there are two objectives to achieve the first
goal. The first objective is to identify which part of the source words that is
combined to another word. The part of source words can be first part, final part, or
the whole part. The second objective is to classify them based on combining
patterns of English blends.
The second goal is to identify the word category of each source word in the
English blends. Two objectives are presented to accomplish the second goal. First
objective is to classify blends according to the word category of the source words,
such as a noun + a noun, a verb + a verb, an adjective + an adjective, an adjective
+ a noun, a noun + a verb, and so forth. The second objective is to identify the
nature of each category.
The third goal of this research is to examine the phonological characteristics
of source words which influence the structure of resulting blends. The prosodic
property which can be observed in blends is the stress assignment. In order to
achieve this fourth goal, two objectives are determined. The first objective is to
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examine patterns of stress placement in English blends. The second objective is to
identify the characteristics of stress placement of elements retained in the blends.
The fourth goal is to identify patterns of meaning in blends. The
classification of meaning patterns are based on the logical relation between two or
more source words with the resulting blends. The objectives of this third goal are
to classify English blends based on the meaning relation and to identify the nature
of each classification.
To sum up, by finding the results, it is expected to treat a blend as a
complex linguistic unit which has a composite linguistic aspects, such as
morphology, phonology, and semantic. As a final point, this study is going to
provide comprehensible set of blends as well as describe them as what they are.
D. Definition of Terms
These following terms are some terms used in this research. Each term is
presented along with its definition in order to maintain the focus of this research.
The terms blending and blends are defined first since they are the center of
this research. Szymanek (1989: 99) defines blending as a process of creation of
new word in which phonetic fragments of two or more words are joined together
to create a single lexeme. Referring to the definition of blending, the definition of
blends is clear. Some researchers have the same idea of what blends are. Fromkin
et al. (2000: 83), Finegan (2004: 55) and O‟Grady et al. (2005: 135) highlight that
blends are words which are created from combining parts of two words.
Therefore, it is obvious that blending is the process of combining two words into
one single word, while blends are the results of blending.
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The term current English is defined in order to determine the range of time
dealing with data collection. The word current denotes “happening now; of the
present time” (Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary 8th edition). Thus current
English refers to English words which are used now in the present time.
Word category refers to linguistic category of words or classes of word.
Radford et al. (2009: 129) classifies five major types of word classes, namely
nouns (N), verbs (V), adjectives (A), adverbs (Adv), and prepositions (P).
According to them, a noun is typically an abstract and concrete entity in the
world. A verb denotes to any action, activity, or state of being. An adjective is a
property which a noun possesses. An adverb typically modifies a verb, adjective,
and another adverb indicating how, when, or why something happened or the
degree to which a property characterizes an individual or event. Meanwhile, a
preposition relates objects, people, and events.
Phonological characteristics in this research refer to the characteristics of
any phonological properties the blended elements have when they are combined
with other blended elements. It includes the discussion of prosodic properties such
as syllable structure and stress assignment. The syllable structure deals with
syllable constituents (onset, nucleus, coda, and rhyme) and syllable size (the
number of syllable of the source words and resulting blends). The stress
assignment has to do with stress placement of source words and resulting blends.
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E. Benefits of the Study
This research, theoretically, may give a contribution to English Language
Studies concerning the development of blending theory, especially for those
blends which occur in current English. In the advent of science and technology,
there are more and more variations of blends which enter the English language. In
view of that, the investigation of new blends‟ formations is needed. This research
deals with the combination of morphology and phonology analysis (henceforth
prosodic morphology) of English blends. Therefore, this research may contribute
to the blending theory concerning types, structures, word categories, and prosodic
properties of blends in current English.
Practically, this research will give contribution to English language teachers
and students who learn English blending. For English language teachers, this
research provides numerous examples of blends and discussion on how to analyze
them. It would enrich their teaching repertoire in terms of assisting students in
understanding the concept of blending. For English language students, this
research provides the basic knowledge of English blends. By providing more
description of blends, types of blends, and how to separate blends, this research
helps English language students to explore the base words and find more
examples of blends.
Generally, the finding of this research can enrich people knowledge related
to linguistics study. It gives contribution to the analysis of blends by separating
them into elements. Hopefully, people are more aware of the blending phenomena
so that they get the idea on how blends are structured.
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CHAPTER II
LITERATURE REVIEW
This chapter presents two sections, namely theoretical review and
theoretical framework. The theoretical review provides all theories which are
relevant to answer the research questions. The theoretical framework provides
relation among theories which are used to analyze the data.
A. Theoretical Review
The theoretical review consists of two main parts. The first part presents
some previous studies conducted by different scholars in relation with the topic
and the second part presents theories related to blending. These theories include
word-formation process, combining patterns of English blends, syllabification
theory, prosodic analysis in English blends, word category, and meaning
identification in blending.
1. Previous Research on English Blends
According to some scholars, blending had been considered as a less
productive word-formation process compared to other word formation processes
such as compounding and affixation. Dealing with this notion, Bat-El (1996: 283)
mentioned that blending was a “minor word formation process” especially in
dealing with its productivity and popularity. She proposed that compounding and
affixation were more popular than blending. Some morphology textbooks tended
to give big portion to these processes to discuss, ignoring blending. Moreover,
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Algeo (1977) as cited in Lee (2014: 1301) stated that blends were usually used in
informal discourse as slang or as words which appear only once in certain
discourse, so that people did not pay much attention for being listed in dictionary.
In addition, some scholars also regarded blending as an unpredictable and
uninteresting word-formation process. Bauer (1988: 39) as cited in Bat-El (1996:
283) said “in most cases…the new word is created from parts of two other words,
with no apparent principles guiding the way in which the two original words are
mutilated”. Referring to that statement, it was obvious that Bauer expressed his
attitude that blending was irregular word-formation process. Lappe & Plag (2012:
3) who had collected previous research on blending stated that many scholars also
treated blending as irregular word-formation process. Some other scholars who
treated blending as an unpredictable word-formation process according to Lappe
& Plag (2012: 3) were Marchand (1969) and Cannon (1986). Nevertheless, Lappe
& Plag (2012: 3) also mentioned that there were some researchers which treated
blending as a regular word-formation process, namely Kubozono (1990), Bat-El
(2006), Bat-El & Cohen (2012), Bauer (2012), and Gries (2004; 2012).
Treating blending as a regular word-formation process, many studies had
been conducted to examine the regularity of blends. In addition to morphological
structure of English blends, some studies were focused on examining the
phonological structure of English blends. According to Lappe & Plag (2012: 6),
scholars who studied the prosodic structure are Cannon (1986), Kubozono (1990),
Gries (2004), Pineros (2004), Bat-El (2006), and Bauer (2012). As stated in Lappe
& Plag (2012: 6-7), they were specifically interested in investigating length and
stress of blends which determined the structure of blends. In terms of length, Bat-
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El (2006) proposed that the length of blend was identical to the length of second
source word, while Bauer (2012) gave the idea that the length of blends might not
be longer than the second source words (Lappe & Plag, 2012: 6). Kubozono
(1990) claimed that the length of blends was likely to be minimally as long as the
length of second source words and his claim was supported by Gries (2004) who
presented the similar idea (cited in Lappe & Plag, 2012: 7). Meanwhile, Cannon
(1986) as cited in Lappe & Plag (2012: 7) stated that the length of blend was
equivalent to the length of the longer one of two source words.
In terms of stress, Lappe & Plag (2012: 7) had listed a number of
researchers who had conducted research in this area. Cannon (1986, cited in
Lappe & Plag 2012: 7) proposed that the stress of the longer source word
determined the main stress of the resulting blend. Bat-El (1996), Fischer (1998),
and Bauer (2012) as cited in Lappe & Plag (2012: 7) stated that stress of resulting
blends was equivalent to stress of second source words. According to Lappe &
Plag (2012: 7), the similar result occured to Spanish blends which were examined
by Pineros (2004), which showed that blends in Spanish resembled the prosodic
structure of second source words. Gries (2004) supported these claims by
mentioning that the stress of blends tended to be equivalent to the stress of the
second source word (Lappe & Plag, 2012: 7).
Furthermore, there are two studies which are going to be overviewed. These
two studies conducted research on blending with different data, sources, and
techniques. The first study was conducted by Hong (2004). He focused on
morphological and prosodic structure of English blends. The second study was
conducted by Lappe & Plag (2012). They focused on the role of prosodic structure
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in the formation of English blends. More explanations on how these studies were
conducted will be presented on the following sections.
a. Hong’s Study on Properties of English Word-blends
This study was conducted by Sung-Hoon Hong (2004). Hong used 445 data
collected from portal websites such as www.google.com and www.yahoo.com and
also a dictionary of portal website such as www.onelook.com. This study
attempted to provide the description of the important structural properties of
English blends. Chiefly, Hong‟s study involved both morphological and
phonological analysis. In the morphological analysis, Hong categorized blends
according to the pattern of combination when two source words joined together.
In the phonological analysis, Hong examined the prosodic structures of blends
such as length and stress.
There were two important points obtained in the study which were essential
in the formation of English blends. The first point dealt with combining patterns
of blends. According to Algeo (1977) as cited in Hong (2004: 119), blends were
likely to be either „contiguous‟ and „noncontiguous‟. He mentioned that
contiguous blends included contiguous segments which retained in blends, while
noncontiguous blends consisted of implanted segments which might be put in the
middle of another. He provided some examples of noncontiguous blends such as
askility (ability x skill) and destarture (departure x start).
Furthermore, Hong (2004: 120) summarized patterns of combination
proposed by three older researchers into a set of comprehensive category of
blends. In his paper, he reviewed three combining patterns in a chronological
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order according to the year: Algeo‟s (1977), Soudek‟s (1978), and Lehler‟s
(1998). These three combining patterns are presented in following Table 2.1.
Table 2.1 Combining Patterns of Blends: Hong (2004: 122)
Algeo (1977)
Blends with
overlapping
Soudek (1978)
Lehler (1996)
0 splinter
whole + whole
whole + splinter
Blends with
overlapping and
clipping
Overlapping
blends
1 splinter
splinter + whole
2 splinters
splinter + splinter
whole + splinter
Blends with
clipping
Concatenated
blends
1 splinter
splinter + whole
2 splinters
splinter + splinter
Examples
anecdotage =
anecdote + dotage
steelionaire = steel
+ <mi>llionaire
animule =
anim<al> + mule
motel = mot<or +
h>otel
fanzine = fan +
<maga>zine
Eurasia =
Eur<ope> + Asia
brunch =
br<eakfast> +
<l>unch
According to Algeo (1977) as cited in Hong (2004: 120), English blends
were classified into three major categories which can be seen in Table 2.1. The
first category contained blends with clipping. Blends with clipping occured if one
part or more was deleted. This pattern was divided into three types. First, the
whole part of the first word joined together with the last part of the second word
(fanzine = fan + <maga>zine). Second, the first part of the first word combined
with the whole part of the second word (Eurasia = Eur<ope> + Asia). Third, the
first part of the first word combined with the last part of the second word (brunch
= br<eakfast + l>unch). The second category proposed by Algeo (1977) as cited
in Hong (2004: 120) included blends with overlapping. In blends with
overlapping, the last part of the first source word overlaped the first part of the
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second source word (anecdotage = anecdote + dotage). The third category of
blends proposed by Algeo (1977) as cited in Hong (2004: 121) involved blends
with clipping and overlapping. This category was classified into three types. The
first type occured when there was overlapping and clipping of the last part of first
source word (animule = anim<al> + mule). The second type was overlapping and
clipping of the first part of second source word (steelionaire = steel +
<mi>llionaire). The third type was overlapping and clipping of the last part of first
source word and the first part of second source word (motel = mot<or x h>otel).
As shown in Table 2.1, the combining patterns proposed by three
researchers corresponded to one another (Hong, 2004: 121). By using Soudek
terms, concatenated blends were the same as blends with clipping proposed by
Algeo. Both concatenated blends and blends with clipping only included clipping
and therefore exclude overlapping. Overlapping blends as mentioned by Soudek
were in correspondence with blends with clipping and overlapping and blends
with overlapping proposed by Algeo. Furthermore, each type of blends presented
by Algeo and Soudek could be examined more deeply by observing the splinters
mentions by Lehrer.
The second point was about the prosodic structure that was shown by the
stress patterns in English blends. The results of Hong‟s research showed that the
primary stress of blends corresponded to the primary stress in one or both of the
source words. In addition, the secondary stress in blends corresponded to either
primary or secondary stress in one of the source word.
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b. Lappe and Plag’s Study on the Role of Prosodic Structure in the
Formation of English Blends
This study was conducted by Sabine Aerndt-Lappe and Ingo Plag (2012).
This study was more specific than Hong‟s study since it focused on the prosodic
structures of English blends. It investigated more on the role of stress in
determining the switchpoint of the two source words in blends and on the
investigation of what determined the stress pattern of blends.
Different with Hong‟s study which collected the data from websites, the
data of their study study were obtained by conducting an experimental study. This
study required the researchers to collect the data by distributing a questionnaire.
The respondents were 29 native speakers of Irish English and they were asked to
coin 60 pairs of source words. The results showed that the length of the blend, the
location of the switchpoint, and the stress of the blend were significantly
determined by stress properties of the two source words of the blend especially by
those of the second word.
An important point dealing with stress which needs to be highlighted is that
it was mentioned in their research that they did not agree with Cannon‟s statement
(1986) that the longer word determined the stress placement of blends. According
to the experiment done by them, if the first source word was longer, the blend
stress was not the same as the stress in the first source word. But if the second
source word was longer, it was proven that the blend stress was the same as the
stress in the second source word. To sum up, Lappe and Plag (2012: 20) stated
that the stress of blend was mainly determined by the stress of the second source
word.
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2. Review of Related Theories
This section reviews six theories related to the study of English blending.
These theories are word-formation process, combining patterns of English blends,
syllabification theory, prosodic analysis in English blends, word category, and
meaning identification in blending.
a. Word-formation Process
Word-formation process is one of the morphological rules applied in the
composition of word. Generally, there are two kinds of morphological rules
characterized by the notion of lexemes, namely inflection rule and word formation
rule (Plag, 2003: 17). The former targets the same lexemes, whereas the latter
targets different lexemes. As the examples, the word balls and casts apply
inflection rule, while football and independent apply word formation rule. When
inflection rule is implemented in a word, the resulting word refers to the same
lexeme. The insertion of affix –s in balls and casts does not make the words
produce different lexemes. Rather, they remain as the same lexemes as the
original words ball and cast. On the contrary, when the word formation rule is
implemented in a word, the resulting word yields different lexemes. Football is a
kind of sport, thus it produces different lexeme with the original words foot and
ball. The word independent also produces different lexeme with the root depend
and the base dependent. Finally, it is obvious that the inflection rule does not
produce a new lexeme, yet the word formation rule does.
In general, word formation rule consists of two types, namely compounding
and derivation (Plag, 2003: 17). The first type produces a new lexeme by
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combining two existing words. The words butterfly, basketball, earthquake,
moonlight, and lifetime are the examples of compounds. The second type produces
a new lexeme with and without affixation. Therefore, it is then divided into two
forms. The first form is derivation with affixation and the second form is
derivation without affixation. Derivation with affixation is a type of wordformation process which affixes are inserted within a word. For instances, the
affixes of dis-, -er, and –ee are inserted in the word dishonest, writer, and
employee. Therefore, this process involves prefixation, suffixation, and infixation.
Derivation without affixation does not need affixes to produce a new lexeme.
Rather, it depends on existing words. Accordingly, blending belongs to this
category since it does not need affixes to derive a new lexeme. Some other types
of derivation without affixation are conversion (such as in poor-the poor, empty-to
empty, and water-to water) and truncation (such as in lab, demo, and condo).
As stated previously that the process of blending is commonly derived from
two words which made up into one, it can be compared to another similar wordformation process. Referring to its nature, blending resembles compounding,
especially in terms of combining multiple words. The base words of blending can
be derived from compound words. There are two types of blends which resemble
compound words (Plag, 2003: 122). The first type is shortened compounds in
which the first element modifies the second one. The example is motel (motor +
hotel). Thus a motel is a kind of hotel, not a kind of motor. The second type is
more less the same as copulative compounds. The example is brunch which is
taken from breakfast and lunch. Both breakfast and lunch are the base words
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which have the similar semantic relation as in copulative compounds. Thus, it can
be inferred that brunch is both breakfast and lunch.
Despite the similarities, blends are different from compounding in some
aspects. Lappe and Plag (2012: 2) present two differences in terms of prosodic
properties such as syllable and stress. The first dissimilarity is that blends are
syllabified and stressed like one phonological word, while compound words are
treated as two. The second dissimilarity is that some phonological materials in
blends are deleted, while compounds are not.
Blending and inflection are different in some aspects such as the notion of
lexeme and its productivity (Plag, 2003: 14). In the notion of lexeme, blending
belongs to derivation word formation process in which it produces new lexeme,
whereas inflection does not. In terms of productivity, blending is less productive
than inflection. Unlike blends, inflection is not limited to many restrictions. Most
English words especially nouns and verbs can obtain inflection regarding to the
choice of grammar (plural and tenses). For instance, the word house becomes
houses whenever it is in a plural form. The verb watch, watches, watched,
watching are also used for the sake of grammar, depending on the the number of
person and tenses.
b. Combining Patterns of Blends
The study of blending has become the object of analysis by some
researchers for years. One of the aspects which becomes the focus of their
research is on blends‟ classifications based on the way of combining source
words.
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Dealing with classifications of blend, the patterns of combining source
words into blends are also taken into account. Algeo (1977) as cited in Hong
(2004: 120) said that English blends were classified into three combining patterns,
namely blends with clipping, blends with overlapping, and blends with clipping
and overlapping. The first combining pattern consisted of blends with clipping.
Blends with clipping occured when one part or more was deleted. Enarsson (2006:
5) mentioned four types which fitted into this pattern. The first type was when the
whole part of the first word joined together with the last part of the second word.
The examples were foodoholic (food + alcoholic) and fanzine (fan + magazine).
The second type was when the first part of the first word combined with the whole
part of the second word. The blends Eurasia (Europe + Asia) were the examples
of the second type. The third type was when the first part of the first word
combined with the last part of the second word. The blend brunch (breakfast +
lunch) became the example. The fourth type was when the first part of both
elements was combined. The examples were agitprop (agitation + propaganda)
and aldehyde (alcohol + dehydrogenatum).
Blends with overlapping occured when there was an overlap in both of the
source words. Examples provided by Enarsson (2006: 4) were cellebrity (cell +
celebrity) and sinema (sin + cinema). It was obvious that there were elements of
two source words which were similar so that it created an overlap in the blend. In
celebrity, the word cell completely overlapped with the first part of second word
celebrity to form a blend cellebrity. Doing the same analysis, in sinema, the
overlap occurred between the whole first word sin and the first part of second
source word cinema.
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In terms of blends with clipping and overlapping, Algeo (1977) as cited in
Enarsson (2006: 6) presented some examples. They were Californication
(California + fornication), suspose (suspect + suppose), and Hungarican
(Hungarian + American). Examining these examples, it was obvious that blends
with clipping and overlapping included both clipping and overlapping segments.
In addition, Lehrer (2007: 118) presented five patterns of English blends.
Firstly, blends were created from a full word followed by a splinter. The instance
was the blend steelionaire which was the combination of a full word steel and a
splinter <mi>llionaire. Secondly, the pattern was the contrary of the first one. It
was the combination of a splinter and a full word. The example of this pattern was
Eurasia. It combined a splinter Eur<ope> and a full word Asia. Thirdly, it could
be formed from two splinters. The example was the blend agitprop. Agitprop was
formed by combining two splinters agit<ation> and prop<aganda>. Fourthly,
blends were structured from the complete overlap of one or more morpheme. In
this pattern, there was no splinter combined. Rather, there was an overlap. The
blend cellebrity obtained from cell and celebrity, for instance, there was an
overlap part in cell. Lastly, the last pattern was the rare one. It was formed when
the word or clipping was embedded in another word, thus it was treated as an
infix. The example was chortle which combined chuckle and snort. In chortle, the
part of word snort was embedded as an infix in the word chuckle.
c. Syllabification Theory
Syllabification theory consists of two theories, namely syllable and syllable
structure and also syllabification principle. Furthermore, syllabification principle
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is divided into two parts (Bokhari and Pervez, 2003: 64). First part is Sonority
Sequence Principle (SSP) and the second part is Maximal Onset Principle (MOP).
1). Syllable and Syllable Structure
Crystal (2008: 467) defines a syllable as a unit of pronunciation which is
generally larger than a single sound, but smaller than a word. Thus, a syllable is a
greater unit other than segment. A syllable can be said as having segments which
form the phonological structure. Therefore, it is considered as a suprasegmental
unit since it is composed of segments. Suprasegmental refers to those features
which extend over more than one segment.
Basically, a syllable is a unit of speech that consists of a nucleus (usually
vowels) surrounded by onsets (consonants) and codas (consonants). A word
which contains a single syllable is called a monosyllabic word, while if it consists
of more than one syllable, it is called a polysyllabic word (Giegerich, 1992: 138).
According to Kahn (1976) as cited in St. Claire (2006: 128), syllables are
structured in order to provide an adequate description of English phonology. In
general, a syllable has three important parts, namely nucleus, onset, and coda.
Each syllable has an obligatory constituent called a nucleus (N) which is usually a
vowel. It is regarded as the core of the syllable. The other elements in a syllable
are non-syllabic constituents known as onset (O) and coda (C). The onset precedes
the nucleus and the coda follows the nucleus. They are made up of consonants.
Finally, the Rhyme (R) is essential for signifying rhythmical patterns in the
syllable. Nucleus and coda function together to form a Rhyme.
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The number of segments is important in recognizing English syllables. The
onset has a maximum consonant number of two. Three consonants are allowed as
long as it includes a sequence of three-consonant cluster, namely /s/ as the first
segment, voiceless stops (/p/ or /t/ or /k/) as the second segment, and
approximants (liquids or glides) as the third segment. Coda has two consonants at
maximum. The third segment allowed is /s/, /z/, /t/. Each segment in both onset
and coda constitutes one X (Aitchison, 2003: 49).
Rhyme is essential in syllable since it determines whether the syllable is
well-formed or not. The number of X is used as the basic of this consideration. A
well-formed syllable consists of maximum 3-X positions in the Rhyme. Stressed
vowel needs to have minimum 2-X position in Rhyme, thus it is called heavy
syllable. Conversely, unstressed vowel must have minimum 1-X position in
Rhyme so-called light syllable (Giegerich, 1992: 143-146).
2) Syllabification Principle
Most languages tend to follow these following two principles of
syllabification, namely Sonority Sequence Principle (SSP) and Maximal Onset
Principle (MOP). In fact, several languages do not follow MOP, but most of the
languages follow SSP (Bokhari and Pervez, 2003: 64).
a) Sonority Sequence Principle (SSP)
The sonority of a sound is the relative loudness compared to other sounds of
the same length, stress, and pitch (Ladefoged, 1993: 245). Therefore, a syllable
must contains sonorous elements and its associated less sonorous segments. A
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syllable usually has a peak consisting of the most sonorous element within a
syllable (vowels) which is recognized as nucleus. Onsets and codas are the second
and third elements of the syllable. A nucleus becomes the core of the syllable so
that its presence is obligatory. Conversely, codas and onsets are not obligatory.
Giegerich (1992: 133) says that syllables are associated with peaks of
sonority which is used to predict the number of syllable of English words.
According to him, a monosyllabic word typically has a single sonority peak, a
bisyllabic usually has two peaks, and polysyllabic has more than one peak. The
degree of sonority presented in the following figure need to be examined so that
the peak of a syllable can be determined.
Table 2.2 Sonority Scale: Giegerich (1992: 133)
oral stops
voiceless voiced
p
b
t
d
k
g
low
Fricatives
voiceless voiced
f
v
θ
s
ð
Nasals
Liquids
m
n
l
ŋ
degree of sonority
z
Semivowels
r
j
w
vowels
high Low
i
u
a
ɑ
high
As seen in Table 2.2, voiceless plosives are the least sonorous, while low
vowels are the most sonorous among the segments. The rule is that nasals, liquids,
semivowels, and vowels are considered as sonorant sounds, while oral stops and
fricatives are not. Thus, plosives and fricatives are called obstruents. A sequence
of sound produced in one syllable is explained as follows. The sequence begins
with the increasing of sonority until it reaches the most sonorous sound in a
syllable (the peak) and ends with the decreasing the sonority.
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The sonority scale is used to determine the number of syllables. Giegerich
(1992: 133) provides two examples: clamp and Andrew. The word like clamp is
considered as a monosyllable since it employs one sonority peak. The word
Andrew is considered as a bisyllable since it employs two sonorant segments.
b) Maximal Onset Principle (MOP)
Maximal onset principle is a rule which requires syllable boundaries to be
placed in such a way that onsets are maximal (Giegerich, 1992: 170). This rule
requires a consonant which may occupy either onset or coda) goes to onset
position rather than coda position. For instance, if the word metron is separated by
a syllable boundary, it becomes [me.trǝn] rather than [met.rǝn]
O‟Grady et al. (2005: 87) provide two words as examples, such as extreme
and decline. According to the maximal onset principle, they are syllabified as
[ɛk.strɪm] and [dɪ.klajn]. Whereas the fact the incorrect syllabifications, such as
[ɛk.strɪm] and [dɪ.klajn] do not violate any phonotactic constraints. It leads to the
conclusion that syllabifications are prevented by a universal syllable-shape
constrains that require the onset to be as large as possible.
d. Prosodic Analysis in English Blends
Blending belongs to prosodic morphology (Plag, 2003: 116). According to
him, prosodic morphology deals with the interaction of morphology and prosodic
features in composing the structure of complex words. Basically, phonological
descriptions deal with what so called segments (the vowel and consonant). Blends
are seen as having the same characteristic as words. Thus, they consist of more
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than a single segment forming a complex word (suprasegmental). For the sake of
articulation of suprasegments, phonological features such as syllable length and
stress assignment are joined together in the analysis so-called prosodic analysis.
Prosodic features are suprasegmental (Collins & Mees, 2003: 109). In this
regard, they are not confined to any one segment, but they occur in some higher
level of a word. Stress, which is the property of syllable, is one of the prosodic
features. When a syllable is stressed, the emphasis and focus are given to that
syllable. Furthermore, people can easily determine whether the word is a noun or
a verb by focusing on where the syllable is stressed in a word. A prosodic feature
which can be observed in blends is stress assignment of word, henceforth word
stress.
1) Definition of Stress
Stress is considered as a suprasegmental feature which has more than single
segment such as syllable. Thus, stress can be assigned as the property of syllable.
Moreover, stress in English is phonemic. When different stress is assigned in a
different syllable of a word, it conveys different meaning. The word record is said
as having two lexical categories, namely a noun and a verb. If the stress is
assigned in the initial syllable, it is considered as a noun. If the stress is on final
syllable, it is considered as a verb.
Stress in a word can be identified by having four characteristics (Collins &
Mees, 2003: 109). The first characteristic is intensity. Intensity deals with the
greater breath and muscular energy so that it is perceived as having greater
loudness. The second characteristic is pitch variation. Pitch is associated with the
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strength of stress. If a syllable is articulated with higher pitch, it indicates that the
syllable bears stronger stress. The third characteristic is vowel quality. Vowel
quality is related to central or peripheral vowels which are essential in
determining stress. Stressed syllable contains peripheral vowel such as /e/,
whereas unstressed syllable contains central vowel such as /ǝ/. The fourth
characteristic is duration of vowels. Duration of vowels is associated with the
length. Stressed syllable is longer in duration than unstressed syllable.
2) Degree of Stress
Stress cannot be applied in an isolated syllable because the application of
stress really depends on the degree of prominence among syllables in a word. As
mentioned previously, the prominence of a syllable depends on the loudness,
pitch, quality, and duration. English lexical word normally has one stressed
syllable and the neighboring syllables are unstressed.
The differences between stressed and unstressed syllable are presented by
Collins and Mees (2003: 111) using four characteristics of stress, namely
intensity, pitch, quality, and duration. First, stressed syllable is articulated with
greater breath and muscular effort so that it obtains greater loudness. On the
contrary, unstressed syllable perceives less loudness. Second, stressed syllable
experiences change in pitch, whereas unstressed syllable follow the pitch of
previous stressed syllable. Third, Stressed syllable contains any vowel except /ǝ/
with peripheral quality, whereas unstressed syllable contains central vowel /ǝ ɪ u/
with centralized quality. Fourth, Unstressed syllable normally shorter than
stressed syllable.
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A longer English word typically bears more than one stressed syllable,
namely primary and secondary stressed syllable. Primary stressed syllable is the
strongest stressed syllable in a word in which it will be pronounced louder with
higher pitch, and longer duration, whereas secondary stressed syllable is weaker.
The other syllables are treated as unstressed syllables. Primary and secondary
stress is recognized by using [„] mark for primary syllable and [,] mark for
secondary syllable.
3) Stress and Non-phonological Structure
Giegerich (1992: 189) states that the rules of stress placement in English
somehow rely on non-phonological information. Non-phonological information
such as syntactic categories and morphological information provide regulation in
assigning the stress placement in English.
Dealing with syntactic category, it provides information which syllable the
stress of certain syntactic category is assigned to. According to Giegerich (1992:
190), verbs and adjectives commonly bear final stress, but it is rare for nouns to
have that stress pattern. In addition, stress is only assigned in syntactic categories
such as noun, verb, adjective, and adverb, whereas function words such as articles,
prepositions, and pronouns do not bear any stress.
Dealing with morphological information, morphemes such as prefixes,
roots, and suffixes also determine the stress placement in English (Giegerich,
1992: 190). Using the notion of suffixes, Giegerich (1992: 191) explains two
types of suffixes, namely inflectional and derivational. Inflectional affixes have
the characteristics of stress-neural in two aspects. First, they do not change the
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stress structure of their base. For instance, the insertion of the suffix –s in rulers
does not change the stress structure since the main stress remains on the initial
syllable. Second, the suffixes are always unstressed (as in pennilessness).
Derivational suffixes have the characteristics of stress-shifting in two aspects.
First, the stress structure of the base is different from that of base word without a
suffix. For instance, the word ‘atom (initial) and a’tomic (penultimate) are
different in stress placement. Second, suffixes may bear the main stress of the
resulting words. The suffixes –ee and –ese as in em,ploy’ee and ,Japa’nese bear
the main stress. It is noted that the syllables of these stressed affixes are heavy.
4) Stress Placement
Giegerich (1992: 183) makes the classification of stress placement simpler
by classifying them into final and non-final stress. In dealing with the stress
assignment, syllable weight plays a significant role. Final stressed syllable is
always heavy, just as there is no stressed final syllable which is light.
In
bisyllabic words which enable the words to have two stresses, both primary and
secondary stressed syllables are heavy. The secondary stress may occur on the
initial syllable only when the syllable is heavy. For instance, ,ho’tel and ,bam’boo
have two stressed syllables in syllable initial (secondary) and final (primary).
According to the syllables weight, both primary and secondary stress are heavy
syllables. Besides, Giegerich (1992: 184) also notes that heavy initial syllables do
not necessarily have secondary stress as shown in ob’scure (not ,ob’scure).
Three criteria are presented to sum up the Giegerich‟s explanation about
final stress. First, if the syllable weight in bisyllabic words is a light-heavy
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syllable, there assigns a final stress. If the bisyllabic words have heavy-heavy
syllable, there is a stress pattern variant of secondary-primary and primarysecondary. Second, final stress in English normally occurs in verbs and adjectives.
Final stress in Nouns is rare, yet it is usually found in loanwords. Third, final
stress can be used to differentiate between noun and verb in English. Nouns
normally have non-final stressed syllable, while verbs normally have final stressed
syllable.
Non-final stress is common in English nouns. In non-final stress, the final
syllable does not have stress. Since the last syllable does not bear any stress, the
stress is assigned in the second and third syllable from the last. In word stress, the
number of syllable is counted from the end of the word. The word to’mato has a
stress in the second syllable from the last syllable so called penultimate syllable.
The word „cinema has a stress in the third syllable from the end called
antepenultimate syllable.
The regularities of the non-final stress presented by Giegerich (1992: 187)
are as follows. Stress is assigned on the penultimate syllable if the syllable is
heavy. If the penultimate is light, stress is assigned on the antepenultimate
syllable. If the penultimate syllable is light and the word does not have
antepenultimate syllable, stress falls on the penultimate.
e. Word Category
When talking about words, it is essential to discuss the word category of an
individual word. Furthermore, the ability to differentiate the lexical category of a
word or commonly known as word category is very demanded for language users.
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The language users should know which ones are categorized as nouns, which ones
are regarded as adjectives, verbs, adverbs, or prepositions.
Started by distinguishing between content words and function words,
Finegan (2004: 185) suggests that content words “have meaning in that they refer
to objects, events, and abstract concepts; are marked as being characteristic of
particular social, ethnic, and regional dialects and of particular contexts; and
convey information about the feelings and attitudes of language users.” Besides,
Aronoff & Fudeman (2011, 42-43) mention the member of content words and the
examples such as nouns (baby, bargain), adjectives (peaceful, bright), verbs
(publicize, sleep), and adverbs (readily, carefully). Function words also have
meaning, however it is in different ways from content words (Finegan, 2004:
185). Additionally, Aronoff & Fudeman (2011, 42-43) suggest that function
words are defined based on their function. According to them, members of this
category are pronouns (I, him, our), determiners (the, an, a), prepositions (in, by),
demonstratives (this, those), verbs (am, was), and adverbs (very, not).
Similarly, Radford et al. (2009: 129-132) suggest that content words belong
to lexical categories which consist of five word classes, namely nouns, verbs,
adjectives, adverbs, and prepositions. According to them, nouns refer to concrete
objects, verbs refer to activities, adjectives refer to properties that people or things
have, adverbs usually modify a verb, and prepositions relate people, objects, and
events dealing with time and position. In terms of function words, Radford et al.
(2009: 132-134) suggest that function words belong to functional categories such
as demonstratives (this, that), determiners (the, a), lexical verbs (is, can),
pronouns (we, us), and conjunctions (but, or).
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f. Meaning Identification in English Blends
The meaning of blends is identified according to the meaning relation
between its two source words. Since blends are seen as shortened compounds
(Plag, 2003: 122), the way on how to identify the meaning of blends is similar to
compounds. In general, the meaning of compounds is divided into two major
types, namely endocentric and exocentric meaning (Szymanek, 1989: 48-50).
Similar to compounds, endocentric meaning in blends denotes the meaning
construction in which the meaning is derived from the elements of blends. Thus, it
is said that the meaning is inside blends. On the contrary, exocentric meaning is a
meaning construction in which the meaning is outside blends.
The classification of meaning into endocentric and exocentric is not enough
to describe the meaning sufficiently. Therefore, Szymanek (1989: 50) yields two
minor types, namely appositional and copulative compounds (dvandva).
Appositional compounds refer to compounds which have different descriptions
for one entity. The examples of this type are boy servant, girl slave, and woman
doctor. Although they are quite similar to endocentric compounds, they are
different in terms of reversibility. The components of appositional compounds are
reversible. Accordingly, boy servant and servant boy are the same. Copulative
compounds are compounds which have two semantic heads denoting different
entities. Compounds like Austria-Hungary, sofa-bed, and speaker-listener are the
examples of copulative compounds.
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g. The Timeline of English Blends
According to Lehler (2007: 116), a number of blends were recorded around
15th century, yet now they do not exist anymore. However, there are a number of
blends which are still used until now. These blends were derived from 19th
century. They are brunch (breakfast x lunch, 1896 MW), slanguage (slang x
language, 1879 MW), bodacious (bold x audacious, 1832 MW), chortle (chuckle
x snort, 1872 MW), and correctitude (correct x rectitude, 1893 MW).
Nevertheless, blends derived from 20th century are more popular. Blends such as
motel (motor x hotel, 1925 MW), transceiver (transmitter x receiver, 1934 MW),
permafrost (permanent x frost, 1943 MW), fantabulous (fantastic x fabulous,
1957 MW), dramedy (drama x comedy, 1978 MW), gasohol (gas x alcohol, 1975
MW), skort (skirt x short, 1951 MW), palimony (pal x alimony, 1979 MW), and
cafetorium (café x auditorium, 1852 MW) are still used until now. At that time,
people did not notice that they were originally blends. Instead, people considered
them as normal words.
Inevitably, entering the era of 21st century, blends are much more common
and popular. Precisely, the number of blends increases rapidly during these last
twenty years. It is evident that 21st century is the era where communications and
technology underlie people‟s life and culture. It does not only affect the habit of
people, but also the lexicon of people. Many words are created and added to the
lexicon of people. The English language used by people in this era of
communications and technology is considered as so called the era of modern
English.
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The rise number of blends in modern English is somewhat determined by
people‟s awareness of the phenomena of blending. Unlike in the past in which
blends were neglected, blends are now regarded as funny, creative, and trendy
words. Furthermore, they are used to gain people‟s attention in advertisements and
media. Since many people are aware of blends, they realize that to make a blend
they need to combine two or more words and shorten part of them. People start to
make blends and throw them into public. Moreover, social media play an essential
role to popularize blends to the world.
h. The Distribution of Blends in Modern English in Terms of Domains
The following Figure 2.1 illustrates the distribution of blends categorized in
ten domains in the rise of modern English. These ten domains are geography and
ecology; hybrid; media; medical; organizations, companies, and brand names;
politic and economy; arts and popular culture; science; technology; and
transportation. Examining the figure, it can be inferred that the most popular
domains are media, popular culture, and technology, which are represented by
399, 360, and 144 blends respectively. On the contrary, blends which are derived
from the name of organizations, companies, and brand names and things related to
transportation are the least popular. The distribution of blends based on domains
can be seen in Appendix 1.
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350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
399
36
360
144
109
25
32
12
52
48
17
Figure 2.1 The distribution of Blends in Terms of Domains
The most popular domain consists of blends which appear in media. It is
due to the fact that the roles of media such as mass media and social media are
exceptionally massive these years. Furthermore, newspapers, magazines, journals,
and articles which can be read through smartphones or computer tablet via online
are considered as a more practical and easier way in order to gain recent updates
of what happening currently. Besides, the popularity social-networking platforms
such as facebook, twitter, path, etc supported by smartphones attract the users to
communicate intensively with other people via smartphones. Consequently, many
words or terms are created through this way of communicating, creating the
specific discourse of social media. This contributes a huge number of word
manufacturing, especially in the formation of blends.
It is said that blends found in mass media such as news, magazine,
television, and radio are enormous. These five examples are the appearance of
blends in the mass media domain. First, blend of balloon and fanatics was found
in the headline of online news taken from ABCNews.com. The headline said
“Balloonatics Prepare for Thanksgiving Parade”. This blend was used to refer to
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fans of the big balloons seen floating in the sky during Thanksgiving. Second, the
blend Carmageddon (car x Armageddon) appeared on the Dallas News on
October 28, 2013. It said, "When Los Angeles temporarily shut down I-405 in
2011 and 2012, warnings of Carmageddon proved inaccurate". Carmageddon
literally meant the battle of car, yet it was used to refer to a heavy traffic. Third,
there was a blend of flexible and vegetarian (flexitarian) on the online news
http://www.thedailybeast.com/newsweek/2008/09/28/part-time-vegetarians.html
which said, “Advocates call it flexitarianism, but critics say being a little bit
vegetarian is like being a little bit pregnant”. Flexitarian meant a vegetarian who
is flexible to combine meat to his/her meal. Fourth, a fictionalized TV docudrama
about Chinese artillery soldiers found on http://news.yahoo.com/digging-chinanuclear-tunnels-013008319.html. In that news, docudrama was created from
the blend of documentary and drama. Fifth, brogards (brother x regards)
was found in a satirical article posted on November 14, 2013 on
http://www.policymic.com/articles/73429/snapchat-ceo-evan-spiegel-s-3-billionrejection-letter-to-facebook-s-mark-zuckerberg. This blend was used in place of
regards as a complementary close to a letter.
Besides, blends were also found in many advertisements. These five
examples describe the appearance of blends in this domain. First, a cosmetic
product Macco created a tagline of its product “Macco, the cosmolission
specialists” on October 2004. It used blend cosmolission which is originally
derived from two words cosmetic and collision. Second, it was also found as a
feature of Burger King commercial with the tagline “Try eating our new
Croissandwich!” The blend combined croissant and sandwich to make a blend
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croissandwich. A croissandwich is an innovation of pastry which forms a
croissant sliced and made into a sandwich. Third, a pastry that became a trend
currently with the brandname Cronut was taken from the blend of croissant and
donut. The term was originally coined by Chef Dominique Ansel on May 2013 to
refer his new pastry creation which looked like a donut but was made with
croissant dough. Fourth, in 2001, Old Navy brandname launched a tagline "Old
Navy Funnovations Inc.--where all the Old Navy Funnovations come from." It
combined fun and innovation. Fifth, a pizza commercial in television introduced
the tagline "Try our new Panormous Pizza!". The blend panormous was a
combination of pan (associated with pizza) and enormous.
As mentioned previously, mobile phones and internet services have
revolutionized communication in the last decades, creating an innovative way of
communication through social media. Prior to social media, the communication
device was made through Short Message Service (SMS) which limited the
characters into 160. Abbreviated languages found in SMS, for instances smore
(some x more) and spime (space x time), were intentionally used in order to make
the message as economical and practical as possible. Thus, abbreviated language
became one of the strategies in the modern way of communication. As the number
of SMS users decreased, the number of users of other messaging services such as
wassap, LINE, etc increased due to the practical and economic reasons.
Nevertheless, these services pertain the styles of communication like those of
SMS which were economical and practical.
Other than messaging devices, social media services such as facebook,
twitter, path, instagram, etc show an upward trend. Twitter, for instance, also
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applies the same strategies as messaging devices. Twitter is a micro-blogging
service that allows users to post short messages of maximum length 140
characters. Blends such as Twittizen (Twitter x citizen), Twitterverse (Twitter x
universe), and bronado (brother x tornado) are found in twitter. Due to the fact
that only a tiny space is available to communicate, people have to condense a
lengthy message into a short message. Another service which specializes itself of
sharing photos and videos named instagram, allows people to blend two words to
become one word. In this sense, people create a word with the icon # in prior of a
word so called a hash tag to categorize the photos and videos. The examples are
#foodgasm, #foodie, #foodaholic, and so forth
It is said previously that the styles of nowadays communication are
economical and practical. In addition, the others elements such as funny and
creative should be taken into account. In instagram, a lot of funny and creative
words are created. Blends such as foodgasm (food x orgasm), ballontastic
(balloon x fantastic), bridezilla (bride x Godzilla), foodoholic (food x alcoholic),
and so forth contribute to the appearance of new words. To sum up, the styles of
modern communication like what happening these years are economical, practical,
funny, and creative. These lead to the principle of time saving.
The second most common domain is popular culture. Popular culture refers
to the way of life including characteristics of a particular group of people, defined
by various things such as language, arts, music, religion, cuisine, sport, fashion,
and social habit. The influx the vocabulary in this domain indicates the
contemporary society which uses the language and how it is used creatively by its
speakers. As the industry to fulfill the contemporary life style grows, the demand
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of the new vocabulary also increases. It is due to the fact that industries always
put up massive inventions and innovations in order to compete with another
company in the business affair. Basically, whenever there are new inventions,
names are required.
Chiefly, the increase of the vocabulary in this domain reflects the way оf life
among the member of the speech community in which new words emerge. In
other words, it portrays what people and their culture are trying to develop
nowadays. The categories which are included in this domain are sports, music,
game, film, drama, literature, art, entertainment, fashion, and culinary. The growth
of blends in this domain is massive due to the fact that there are many terms
formed since the industry also grows. Consequently, people nowadays are more
creative in forming names or specialized vocabulary for new things. The examples
are popsical (pop x classical), spatique (spa x boutique), teaffee (tea x coffee),
yogalates (yoga x pilates), choreopoem (choreograph x poem), shweater (shirt x
sweater), chairdrobe (chair x wardrobe), deskfast (desk x breakfast), dronie
(drone x selfie), eyerobics (eye x aerobics), facekini (face x bikini), foodoholic
(food x alcoholic), promzilla (prom x Godzilla), usie (us x selfie), photobomb
(photography x bomb), banjitar (banjo x guitar), and brinner (breakfast x dinner).
These blends are new and created as the necessity for new names for new things.
The third most common domain is the technology domain. The influx of
vocabulary of this domain is influenced by the rapid growth of internet and
technology, causing huge number of new inventions of this domain. Technology
always portrays an upward trend, therefore it is never deteriorating. Furthermore,
technology is becoming sophisticated and advanced day by day. Several
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categories belonging to this domain are internet databases, digital media, software,
hardware, and other refined things related to internet and technology. This domain
mostly consists of new invention or new terms relating to technology that people
are familiar and use them everyday life such as desknote (desktop x notebook),
lapdesk (laptop x desktop), phablet (phone x tablet), smartwatch (smartphone x
watch), ultrabook (ultra x notebook), smartphoneography (smartphone x
photography), and digicam (digital x camera).
Other consist of blends related to computer software and hardware, such as
courseware (course x software), malware (malicious x software), shareware
(share x software), shovelware (shovel x software), skacore (ska x hardcore),
abandonware (abandoned x software), adware (advertisement x software), and
knowledgebase (knowledge x database). The examples of terms related to
websites and blogs are blogairy (blog x diary), blogilates (blog x pilates), blogject
(blog x object) interweb (internet x web), ezine (electronic x magazine), flog (fake
x blog), plog (person x weblog), webvertise (web x advertise), cyberzine
(cyberspace x magazine), wedsite (wedding x website), vlog (video x blog), and
blog (web x log). Other examples are terms related to technology, namely
cyberbullying (cyberspace x bullying), hackathon (hacking x marathon),
technopropism (technology x malapropism), elint (electronic x intelligence),
technoplegic (technology x paraplegic), digilante (digital x vigilante), and
technochicken (technology x chicken).
The fourth rank belongs to domain which is related to geography and
ecology. It includes blends associated with the geographic area, particular events
with specific date, animals and plants which inhibit some particular areas. The
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examples of blends related to geographic area are Swenglish (Swedish x English),
Wasian (white x Asian), Whasian (white x Asian), Windian (white x Indian),
Germlish (German x English), globish (global x English), Hinglish (Hindi x
English), huppie (hispanic x yuppie), Japlish (Japanese x English), Jewfro
(Jewish x Afro), Konglish (Korean x English), and blipster (black x hipster).
Blends related to particular date and events are Thankswednesday (thanksgiving x
Wednesday), Movember (moustache x November), and Juneteenth (June x
nineteenth)
The fifth rank domain consists of blends related to politics, business, and
economy. The emergence of new vocabulary in this domain gives a significant
contribution to the present-day vocabulary. Along with technology, the fields of
politics, business, and economy have been developing these years. Some terms
related to politic are avoision (avoidance x evasion), flexicurity (flexibility x
security), masculist (masculine x feminist), spirmitment (spirit x commitment),
agitprop (agitation x propaganda), scigov (science x government), clicktivism
(click x activism), mancession (man x recession), manlimony (man x alimony),
rumourtrage (rumour x arbitrage), chugger (charity x mugger), democratatorship
(democracy x dictatorship), libtard (liberal x retard), permalancer (permanent x
freelancer),
diamat
(dialectical
x
materialism),
philanthrocapitalism
(philanthropy x capitalism). Blends related to business and economy are bankster
(banker x gangster), glocalisation (globalisation x localization), shockvertising
(shock x advertising), ideopreneur (ideological x entrepreneur), prosumer
(producer x consumer), stagflation (stagnation x inflation), econophysics
(economics x physics), freakonomics (freak x economics), hompany (home x
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company), shopocalypse (shop x apocalypse), womenomics (women x economics),
consumicane (consumer x hurricane), and microgement (micro x management).
The sixth rank belongs to blends of science field such as physics, chemistry,
and biology. As the rise of technology, the emergence of the science field is also
increasing. It is because of the demand to name the new innovation in the science
field. Blends of Physics field are loopular (loop x circular), bleen (blue x green),
blellow (blue x yellow), blurple (blue x purple), snizzle (snow x drizzle), squircle
(square x circle), mizzle (mist x drizzle), smog (smoke x fog), posistor (positive x
thermistor), positron (positive x electron), and pulsar (pulse x quasar). The
examples of blends in chemistry are petrochemical (petroleum x chemical),
prevacid (prevent x acid), cyclohexellent (cyclohexane x excellent), chemisorption
(chemistry x absorption), carboloy (carbon x alloy), galvanneal (galvanize x
anneal), duralumin (durable x aluminium), and silastic (silicone x plastic). Blends
of biology field are reprogenetics (reproductive x genetics), proteome (proteins x
genome), ribozyme (ribonucleic x enzyme), neurobics (neuro x aerobics), genome
(gene x chromosome), vitamer (vitamin x isomer), epigenetics (epigenesis x
genetics), and redox (reduction x oxidation).
The seventh domain consists of blends related to medical. It consists of the
popular terms associated with medical field such as analrapist (analyst x
therapist), hemonc (hematology x oncology), assne (ass x acne), buttne (butt x
acne), chestne (chest x acne), cyberchondriac (cyber x hypochondriac),
drunkorexia (drunk x anorexia), drunksit (drunk x babysit), himsomnia (him x
insomnia), toebesity (toe x obesity), millness (male x illness), caplet (capsule x
tablet), cosmeceutical (cosmetic x pharmaceutical), femidom (feminine x condom),
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intoxilyzer (intoxication x analyzer), medevac (medical x evacuation), guitarthritis
(guitar x arthritis), manorexic (man x anorexic), osteopornosis (osteoporosis x
porn), phoneck (phone x neck), flunami (flu x tsunami), diabulimia (diabetes x
bulimia), medicare (medical x care), narcoma (narcotic x coma), angiotensin
(angiotonin x hypertension), and diabesity (diabetes x obesity)
The eighth rank domain includes hybrids. A hybrid is essentially a term for
plants and animals that have been breed or cultivated. Nevertheless in general, it
denotes something which combines properties of both sources. The examples of
hybrids for animal are puggle (pug x beagle), geep (goat x sheep), wallaroo
(wallaby x kangaroo), zony (zebra x pony), zorse (zebra x horse), zebrass (zebra
x ass), beefalo (beef x buffalo), cama (camel x llama), liger (lion x tiger), shoat
(sheep x goat), tigon (tiger x lion), triticale (triticum x secale), wholphin (whale x
dolphin), and zonkey (zebra x donkey). The examples of hybrids of plantation are
plumcot (plum x apricot), broccoflower (broccoli x cauliflower), pluot (plum x
apricot), grapple (grape x apple), crapple (cranberry x apple), crape (cranberry x
grape), and tomacco (tomato x tobacco). The others hybrids are planimal (plant x
animal), tangelo (tangerine x pomelo) swacket (sweater x jacket), chork
(chopsticks x fork), camkini (camisole x bikini), and spife (spoon x knife)
The ninth and tenth domains are transportation and organization. The
transportation domain includes gasohol (gas x alcohol), bewrecked (bereft x
wrecked), carjacking (car x hijacking), carpocalypse (car x apocalypse), conrail
(consolidated x rail), autocide (automobile x suicide), heliport (helicopter x
airport), pedelec (pedal x electric), and taxicab (taximeter x cabriolet). The
examples of organization domain are Amtrak (American x track), Amway
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(American x way), Caltrain (California x train), Jython (Java x Python), pegsister
(pegasus x sister), amtrac (amphibious x tractor), digimon (digital x monster),
interpol (international x police), pinterest (pin x interest), fruitopia (fruit x
utopia), Gleek (Glee x geek), and pictionary (picture x dictionary)
Overall, by examining the examples of ten domains presented in the
previous paragraphs, it can be inferred that the emergence оf a massive number оf
blends may be largely accоunted fоr many factors, including the rapid flоw оf
events, the progress оf science and technоlоgy, and the appearance оf new
concepts in different fields оf human activity such as medical, transportation,
politics, business, and economy. To sum up, these conditions can be categorized
into four factors. First, the advance of technology and communications has made
great changes in human life, creating many inventions and concepts. Accordingly,
many specialized blends of different fields have created, such as blends related to
technology, science, media, arts, politics, economics, and transportation. Second,
the rise of modern life has formed the attitude and lifestyle of people nowadays.
They are likely to employ a lifestyle which is economical and practical, aiming at
saving up time and reducing physical effort. Third, the rapid grow of social media
has affected people to create creative and funny new words as means of their selfexpression., in a form of punning and word-juggling for instances. Fourth, blends
are used in political and advertising discourse to attract and influence people.
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B. Theoretical Framework
Blends may come into existence after undergoing a morphological process
called a word-formation process. In other words, blends are the results of wordformation process since this process creates a new lexeme. The way of creating
new lexeme in blending is by combining two or more existing words and deleting
one or more parts of the words. In the formation of new words, blending does not
need affixes to derive a new lexeme, so they are categorized as derivation without
affixation (Plag, 2003: 107).
Regarded as a coined new word, English blends should deal with some
restrictions in some linguistic aspects such as morphology, phonology, and
semantic. Moreover, Katamba (1993: 73) stated his idea related to the production
of new words. He said that although there is no limit of producing new words, it
needed constrains on productivity. In other words, new words including blends
should be morphologically, syntactically, semantically, and phonologically
acceptable in English language. For that reason, this study needs various analyses
to make sure that blends are well-formed in both written and spoken form.
Hereafter, it is employed to reveal some patterns of blends related to those
linguistic aspects, such as combining patterns, word category patterns, meaning
patterns, and stress patterns.
The first and second research problems are investigated by using
morphological analysis. It is due to the fact that they deal with the internal
structure of words. As stated in the first chapter, the first research problem tries to
examine the structure of English blends specifically on how the two or more
words are combined. Therefore, it is going to examine the combining patterns of
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blends. In order to answer the first research problem, three combining patterns are
examined since blends do not merely follow a single combining principle. Rather,
they follow divergent combining patterns. Accordingly, this study is going to use
three patterns of the previous works, namely Algeo (1977), Soudek (1978), and
Lehler (1998), which were summarized by Hong (2004). According to Hong
(2004: 120-121), Algeo classified blends into three categories, namely blends with
overlapping, blends with overlapping and clipping, and blends with clipping.
Besides, Soudek made them simple by dividing blends into two categories,
namely overlapping blends and concatenated blends. Furthermore, Lehler
categoried blends in terms of the number of splinters that a blend had (Hong,
2004: 121).
The second problem deals with word category of source words in blends. To
deal with this problem, the theory of word category is employed. This theory is
needed to examine the word category of source words and the resulting blends.
Once the word category of blends is determined, the classification of blends based
on word category of the resulting blends is conducted afterwards.
The classification of blends into word categories provided in the second
problem can be a real help to counter the next problems, such as stress pattern of
lexical words and the meaning identification. The notion is that every word
belongs to its category whether they belong to content words or function words. In
English, stress is only assigned in content words such as nouns, verbs, adjectives,
and adverbs, whereas function words such as articles, prepositions, and pronouns
do not bear any stress. Accordingly, these classifications are essential to determine
the stress pattern of blends as what follows. Verbs and adjectives commonly have
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final stress, while nouns are rare to have final stress. These explanations above are
what Giegerich (1992: 190) says in his book about relation between stress and
non-phonological structure, in this case between stress and word category of a
word. For example, the word digest fits to the category of a noun and a verb. If it
has final stress (di’gest), it is considered as a verb. On the contrary, if it has nonfinal stress (‘digest), it is considered as a noun.
Collaborated with morphology, a phonological analysis is used to answer
the third research problem, henceforth the prosodic morphology analysis. It
focuses on the role of prosodic structure such as stress pattern towards blends in
the real pronunciation. The notion is that blends must be audible in terms of
pronunciation. As stated previously that each blend combines two or more words,
it has to be noted that blends are counted as one phonological word. For that
reason, they are syllabified and stressed like one single word. When a blend is
syllabified, some important points are highlighted. First, the composition of blend
should not violate the phonotactic constraints in order to make a well-formed
syllable. For instance, the word bwhite as a blend of black and white is
phonotactically illegal since the consonant cluster bw is not permissible in onset.
Second, a well-formed syllable should follow Sonority Sequence Principle (SSP)
and Maximal Onset Principle (MOP). Dealing with stress, it has been mentioned
that stress is the property of syllables because stress occurs in syllables.
Furthermore, in order to examine the stress pattern in blends, syllabification
theory is employed in advance.
However, the application of syllabification theory is not yet final. After
making sure that phonotactic constrains are not violated in composition of blends,
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other theories of prosodic analysis of blends are employed immediately to
examine the stress assignment of blends. These theories are the degree of stress,
the relation between stress and non-phonological structure, and stress placement.
As what Giegerich (1992: 190) says nouns with final stress are rare, on the other
hand, verbs and adjectives with final stress are common. The regularities of the
non-final stress presented by Giegerich (1992: 187) are as follows. Stress is
assigned on the penultimate syllable if the syllable is heavy. If the penultimate is
light, stress is assigned on the antepenultimate syllable. If the penultimate syllable
is light and the word does not have antepenultimate syllable, stress falls on the
penultimate. For example, using Giegerich‟s theory of stress placement, it is clear
that the blend transceiver [trænsiːvə] which combines transmitter and receiver has
three syllables. Counted from the end, the second syllable is called penultimate
syllable. The penultimate syllable is heavy in that blend, therefore the stress falls
on it. Finally, the stress placement of transceiver is tran’sceiver [træn‟siːvə].
Fundamentally, blends are not derived from two or more source words
which have no relation in meaning. In other words, there must be a logical relation
between these two or more source words which connect them. The relation must
be in a logical way to make sure that blends are really meaningful unit of words.
The relation between source words really determines the logical relation of
blends. Therefore, the classification of word category in the source words is
regarded as one of some tools to answer the fourth problem. In this stage, the
theory of meaning identification in compounds is employed. The researcher
decided to use this theory due to the fact that both blending and compounding are
similar in combining words. Moreover, the logical relation among source words
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between blending and compounding is also similar. According to Szymanek
(1989: 48-50), compounds are classified into four categories in terms of meaning
identification, namely endocentric, copulative, appositional, and exocentric
compounds. Since this is the study of blends, the relation between a modifier and
a head in blends is henceforth called endocentric blends. Thus the possible
modifier-head relations within source words in blends are adjective x noun (as in
awkfest (awkward x festival)), noun x noun (as in balloonatics (balloon x
fanatics)), adverb x adjectives (as in preet (pretty x sweet)), and so forth. In
awkfast, the adjective (awkward) modifies the noun (festival). It gives information
about the noun. Different with endocentric blends, in both copulative and
appositional blends, the relations are among the source words of the same word
category such as noun x noun (as in jorts (jeans x shorts)), verb x verb (as in
scanlate (scan x <trans>late)), adjective x adjective (as in sextastic (sex<y x
fan>tastic)), or adverb x adverb (as in absotively (abso<lutely x posi>tively)).
The basic difference between copulative and appositional blends lies on the
referents they denote. In copulative blends, the meaning produced is the sum of
what the source words denote, assigning to different referents (as in scanlate and
sextastic). On the other hand, appositional blends refer to the same referent (as in
jorts). In exocentric blends, the head is outside the blends. For example, the blend
clamato which combines clam and tomato, is neither clam nor tomato. Rather, it is
a kind of juice. Accordingly, it is obvious that to answer the fourth research
problem, the knowledge of word category and meaning relations among source
words are required.
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CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
This chapter covers three sections dealing with the methodology of this
study. The first part is the data of the study and the data source. It deals with the
descriptions of the data and where the data are taken from. The second section is
the approach of the study. It elaborates approaches used to answer research
problems of this study. The third section is the method of the study. It concerns
with the descriptions on how to collect the data and analyze the data.
A. Data of the Study and Data Source
The data of this study are blends in “current English”. The term “current
English” is highlighted because the data collections are blends used by English
speakers in these present days, meaning that they exclude blends which are no
longer used in present English. The word “current” means “happening now; of the
present time” (Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary 8th edition). Besides, the
term “current English” is used to determine the range of time dealing with data
collections. It evokes the idea that “current English” belongs to the era in which a
number of inventions in communications and technology have enriched English
language recently. In view of that, English language is rich of many new words,
including the name of new inventions and technology. Therefore, the focused data
of this study are any English blends which are used recently by people in this era
of communication and technology.
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As mentioned in the introduction, the data were taken from internet. More
specifically, the collections of blends were taken from online websites and
dictionaries. The preference of data source was relevant since one of the data
collection techniques was using available information, including from internet.
Furthermore, there were two reasons that internet was chosen as the best way in
this study. The first reason was that online websites and dictionaries provided a
large number of blends which might or might not found in the printed dictionary.
New words, in this case blends, and its meaning were easily found in the internet
rather than in most printed dictionaries. The second reason was that internet was
always available and updated. People could freely submit new words they read
and heard recently from television, magazines, advertisement, and other media to
certain websites. After that, the authorities of the websites then did some
verification to make sure that the submitted words were really used in the real
communication. Most printed dictionaries, on the contrary, were outdated. In this
regard, collecting data from internet was preferred since this study required up to
date data. Thus it could be said that internet was an effective medium of data
collection for this study.
Finally, the data of this study were English blends collected from seven
online dictionaries and websites. The first online website was Oxford Dictionary
which can be accessed via http://www.oxforddictionaries.com. The second
website was The Open Dictionary New Words & Slang from Merriam-Webster
Dictionary (http://nws.merriam-webster.com/opendictionary/). The third website
was Latest New Word Suggestions from Collins Dictionary accessed from
(http://www.collinsdictionary.com). The fourth dictionary was About Words from
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Cambridge Dictionaries Online Blog (http://dictionaryblog.cambridge.org/). The
fifth website was Word Spy (http://wordspy.com/). The owner of this website was
Paul McFedries. The sixth website was The Rice University Neologisms Database
(http://neologisms.rice.edu) which also gave a great contribution to the neologism
of blends. The owner was Professor Suzanne Kemmer from the Rice University
Linguistics
Department.
The
seventh
website
was
Urban
Dictionary
(http://www.urbandictionary.com). These online websites and dictionaries
collected and tracked new words as they were added to the English language
recently. Furthermore, most of them provided blends with its definition, origin,
usage, and quotations or citations.
B. Approaches of the Study
This study is a linguistic study which focuses on the morphology and
prosodic morphology of English blends. Prosodic morphology studies the
interaction between morphological and phonological processes. It is obvious that
blends are the result of morphological process called word formation process. In
the study of blends, two or more words, in which each word has its own
phonological properties, such syllable constituents and stress assignments, are
combined to become one phonological word. Thus, it is noticeable that the study
of blends involves not only the morphological process, but also phonological
process such as prosody analysis of blends. Finally, the target of prosodic
morphology of this study is to uncover the morphological structure and prosodic
properties of English Blends. More specifically, it investigates the phonological
characteristics observed when two or more words are combined. Besides,
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semantic approach is also used in minor. The reason is that a blend is regarded as
a well-formed word if the combination of two or more words really has a logical
relation which leads to the production of meaning. Since this study attempts to
examine patterns and characteristics of English blends, it is likely to be a
qualitative study. The rationale is that it emphasizes the quality of the analysis
rather than the large number of data.
C. Method of the Study
The method of the study consists of two sections, namely the data collection
and the data analysis. The data collection presents steps of collecting and sorting
data. The data analysis elaborates series of procedures which are conducted in
order to answer the research problems.
1. Data Collection
The data of this study were collected by conducting a population study. In
this regard, this study analyzed all blends which were compiled from seven online
dictionaries mentioned in the first section of this chapter. The primary sources of
data were taken from online websites and dictionaries. The characteristic of online
websites and dictionaries was that there were always new words uploaded every
moment. As the consequence, the number of words in the online websites and
dictionaries was not yet final and always increasing moment by moment.
Concerning to this problem, the data of this study were limited to the collection of
blends until December 2014, so that the data analysis was more focused.
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The data collection process of this study involved three steps. Firstly, blends
were searched carefully by using the search engine in Google website in order to
get a large amount of data. After thorough searching, it was founded seven
websites which provide rich data of blends such as Oxford, Merriam-Webster,
Collins Dictionary, Cambridge, Word Spy, Rice University Neologisms Database,
and Urban Dictionary. These seven online websites and dictionaries were then
used as the primary sources of data. Secondly, blends were filtered in order to
separate blends from “normal” words or any words which were not related to
blends. One of the online dictionaries, The Rice University Neologisms Database,
provided an advance search which enabled the researcher to search blends by
simply typing “blends/ blending” as the keyword in the Search option. The rest of
online websites and dictionaries, which did not have an advanced search, needed
more thorough searching. Thirdly, blends were sorted due to some considerations.
This process involved several procedures. The first procedure was sorting the
repeated blends which also appeared in the different websites. This process was
essential to avoid multiple data of the same entity. Taken from many sources, it
was possible that there were several repeated blends which needed sorting.
Finally, any repeated blends appearing in the different websites were not included.
The second procedure was sorting the data due to their frequency of occurrence in
the online dictionaries. Blends used for this research were only included if they
were listed in at least two online dictionaries. It aimed at making sure that blends
used in this research were not restricted to limited people and really used by
people in everyday life conversations or in specific domains. The third procedure
was eliminating three-word blends. It was due to the fact that blends were not
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merely the result of the combination of two words. Rather, the combination of
three words was also possible. In addition to the limited number, three-word
blends were not included since the researcher wanted to focus on two-word
blends.
2. Data Analysis
In answering four research questions, a series of procedures were conducted.
Morphological analysis was employed to answer the first and second research
questions. Therefore, the analysis focused on answering these questions in which
they dealt with structure and word category of blends. In terms of answering the
third research question, the analysis of prosodic morphology was conducted since
it examined the phonological characteristics of blends. The semantic analysis was
employed to examine the fourth research question dealing with meaning patterns
in blends.
The results of these four analyses were included in the table as what
presented in the following Table 3.1. The table showed how the researcher
investigated blends using morphological, phonological, and semantic analysis.
The first column contained blends and the source words. The source words
consisted of two words: one as the first source word and the other one as the
second source word. Henceforth, they were named SW1 and SW2. Furthermore,
the first column presented the structure on how to combine elements in blends.
Ways to „read‟ the structure of blend in the first column were presented as
follows. As seen in the example number 2 of Table 3.1, the blend biathlete written
as (biathl<on> x athlete) consisted of biathlon as the first source word (SW1) and
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athlete as the second source word (SW2). Besides, segments in bold signified
overlapped segments and segments on brackets <on> were omitted segments.
Different format was shown in blend number 1. In autopathography
(autobiography x pathology), the underlined segments indicated segments which
were deleted. The segments in italics as in pathology refer to segments which
were inserted to the other source word.
The second column showed types of combining patterns in blends. The
combining patterns showed variations so that the researcher needed to name each
pattern. The patterns were named as type A, B, C, D, E, F, OV0, OV1a, OV1b,
OV2a, and OV2b. Type A, B, C, and D belonged to clipping blends, yet the way
of combining blends of each type was different. Type A combined whole SW1
and last part of SW2. Type B included blends which combined first part of SW1
and whole SW2. Type C belonged to blends which combined first part of SW1
and last part of SW2. Blends which belonged to type D joined first part of both
SW1 and SW2 together. Meanwhile, type E and F belonged to blends with
infixation and interfixation, respectively. Blends were included into type E if there
was an infix which was put in the middle of SW1, while blends of type F had an
interfix which linked first and second source words. Type OV0, OV1a, OV1b,
OV2a, and OV2b belonged to overlapping blends. These types of blends also
varied. Type OV0 meant that there was no clipping at all, however there were
overlapped segments. Other remaining blends were blends of type OV1a (whole +
last), OV1b (first + whole), OV2a (first + last), and OV2b (first + first).
The third column showed word category of blends. It showed that the
elements inside the brackets were the word category of source words, while the
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word category of resulting blends followed afterwards. Taking duralumin
(dura<ble> x alumin<ium>) shown in number 5 as the example, duralumin was
considered as a noun since it referred to a durable aluminium in which it had
aluminium as the head. More specifically, the source words which made up
duralumin were durable as an adjective and aluminium as a noun. Therefore, what
written in the third column of this blend was [A N]N.
The fourth, fifth, and sixth column presented the stress of source words and
resulting blends. The fourth and fifth columns presented the stress placement of
the first source word and second source word in blends. Meanwhile, the sixth
column showed the stress placement of resulting blends. For example, it was
written in number 9 Table 3.1 that the blend plumcot combined plum and apricot.
The stress placement of plum was put in the fourth column as in ‘plum, ‘apricot in
the fifth column, and ‘plumcot in the sixth column.
The seventh column of Table 3.1 showed the semantic category of blends. It
varied depending on the meaning relations among the source words in blends.
They might belong to endocentric blends, copulative blends, appositional blends,
or exocentric blends. Hereafter, these four categories were shortened for a
practical reason. Therefore, they were shortened as EN, COP, APP, and EXO as
the representation of endocentric, copulative, appositional, and exocentric blends.
As seen in Table 3.1, biathlete (biathl<on> x athlete) belonged to EN, Chermany
(Ch<ina x G>ermany) COP, desknote (desk<top> x note<book>) APP, and
photopia (photo x topia) EXO. More detailed explanation was presented in
the semantic analysis of this section.
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Table 3.1 The Scheme of Morphological, Phonological, and Semantic Analysis of
English Blends
Blends
Pattern
1. autopathography
(autobiography x
pathology)
2. biathlete
(biathl<on> x
athlete)
3. Chermany
(Ch<ina x
G>ermany)
4. desknote
(desk<top> x
note<book>)
5. duralumin
(dura<ble> x
alumin<ium>)
6. floptical (flop x
optical)
7. paratroops
(para<chute> x
troops)
8. photopia (photo x
topia)
9. plumcot (plum x
<apri>cot)
10. twiddle (twi<st x
f>iddle)
11. workaholic (work
x <alco>holic)
E
Word
Category
[N N]N
SW1
SW2
,autobi‟og
raphy
pa’tholo
gy
Stress of
Blends
,autopa‟thog
raphy
OV1b
Semantic
Category
EN
[N N]N
bi‟athlon
„athlete
bi‟athlete
C
[N N]N
„China
„Germa
ny
„Chermany
COP
D
[N N]N
„desktop
„notebo
ok
„desk,note
APP
OV2b
[A N]N
„durable
,alu‟min
ium
du‟ralumin
EN
OV0
[N A]N
„flop
„optical
„floptical
EN
B
[N N]N
„parachut
e
„troops
„paratroops
EN
OV1a
[N N]N
„photo
u‟topia
pho‟topia
EXO
A
[N N]N
„plum
„apricot
„plumcot
APP
OV2a
[V V]V
„twist
„fiddle
„twiddle
COP
F
[N N]N
„work
,alco‟hol ,worka‟holi
ic
c
EN
As said in the first paragraph of this section, this study dealt with four
analyses. First and second analyses were said to be morphological analyses, while
third and fourth analyses were said to be prosodic morphology and semantic,
respectively. The following paragraphs present details of each analysis.
EN
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The first analysis was a morphological analysis. It aimed at examining
blending patterns observed in English blends. This research combined blending
patterns proposed by Algeo (1977) as cited in Hong (2004) and Lehler (2007).
The design of classifying blends based on combining patterns in this research was
shown in the following Table 3.2. It presented the way the researcher classified
blends based on their patterns. The division of blends into contiguous and
noncontiguous blends was taken from Algeo‟s work (1977, cited in Hong 2004).
In addition, the classification of blends into three categories such as blends with
overlapping, blends with clipping, and blends with clipping and overlapping was
also taken from Algeo‟s work. Moreover, it also used Lehler‟s work (2007) in
classifying blends based on the number of splinters.
Table 3.2 The Scheme of Combining Patterns in English Blends
General
Category
Contiguous
blends
Category of blends
0 splinter Blends with
overlapping
1 splinter Blends with clipping
2
splinters
Noncontiguous
blends
Blends with clipping
and overlapping
and overlapping
Blends with infixation
Blends with interfixation
Types of Combining
Pattern
complete
OV0
overlap
whole + last
A
first + whole
B
whole + last
OV1a
first + whole
OV1b
first + last
C
first + first
D
first + last
OV2a
first + first
OV2b
insert infixes
E
insert
F
interfixes
Freq
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Four steps were conducted to answer the first research problem. First,
blends in general were divided into two categories, namely contiguous and
noncontiguous blends. As the name implies, blends which combined contiguous
segments were classified as contiguous blends. On the contrary, blends which
combined noncontiguous segments/ inserted segments were classified as
noncontiguous blends.
Second, in terms of contiguous blends, blends were classified into three
categories, namely blends with zero, one, and two splinters. This classification
depended on the number of splinters they had. Blends with zero splinter only had
one category (blends with overlapping) since zero splinter meant no clipping at
all. In other words, it was completely overlapping. Blends with one and two
splinters had two categories each, namely blends with clipping and blends with
clipping and overlapping.
Third, the combining patterns of each category were examined. Dealing
with contiguous blends, blends with one splinter occured in blends type A, B,
OV1a, and OV1b since these four types of blends consisted of one splinter. Type
A combined whole SW1 and last part of SW2. Conversely, type B combined first
part of SW1 and whole SW2. Type OV1a combined whole SW1 and last part of
SW2. Type OV1b joined first part of SW1 and whole SW2 together. Blends with
two splinters occurred in blends type C, D, OV2a, and OV2b. Type C combined
first part of SW1 and last part of SW2. Type D combined first parts of both
SW1 and SW2. Type OV2a combined first part of SW1 and last part of SW2,
while type OV2b combined first parts of both SW1 and SW2. For examples, as
shown in Table 3.1, the blend plumcot had A pattern. It combined plum as the
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whole SW1 and cot as the last part of SW2. The blend paratroops belonged to
type B since it combined first part of SW1 (parachute) and whole SW2 (troops).
The blend Chermany joined splinter Ch (from the first part of China) and splinter
ermany (from the last part of Germany). Therefore, it belonged to type C. The
blend desknote merged first part of both SW1 and SW2 (desktop and notebook),
therefore it belonged to type D. In floptical (flop x optical), the last part of SW1
overlapped with the first part of SW2, having op as the overlapped segments.
Hence, it fitted in the type OV0 since it was completely overlap without retaining
any splinters. The blend photopia (photo x topia) belonged to type OV1a
since there was an overlapping and clipping of SW2. It retained one splinter of
SW2 and combined the whole SW1 and splinter of SW2. The blend twiddle
(twi<st x f>iddle) fitted into type OV2a since it had two splinters (twi and idle)
and i as an overlapped segment.
In terms of noncontiguous blends, blends which belonged to this category
were classified into two categories, such as blends with infixation and blends with
interfixation. The blend autopathography (autobiography x pathology) belonged
to type E since there was an inserted element path as an infix which was put in the
middle of autobiography (autobiography x pathology). In workaholic (work x
<alco>holic), there was an interfix –a- which linked first and second blended
elements.
The second analysis was also a morphological analysis to find out the word
category of source words in blends. The results of this analysis were included in
the third column of Table 3.1. There were two steps conducted in this analysis.
First, the word categories of resulting blends were examined first. In order to
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examine this, blends were classified into four major word categories, namely noun
blends, adjective blends, verb blends, and adverb blends. For examples, after
checking dictionaries and examining the context in which blends occurred, these
ten blends seen in Table 3.1 such as plumcot, paratroops, Chermany, desknote,
autopathography, workaholic, floptical, photopia, biathlete, and duralumin were
considered as nouns, henceforth noun blends. Twiddle was considered as verb,
henceforth a verb blend.
Second, blends were classified according to the word category of the source
words, such as a noun + a noun, a verb + a verb, an adjective + an adjective, an
adjective + a noun, a noun + a verb, and so forth. The blend plumcoat combined
two nouns (plum and apricot). The blend Floptical combined flop (noun) and
optical (adjective), twiddle joined two verbs twist and fiddle together, and
duralumin combined an adjective (durable) and a noun (aluminium). Accordingly,
the results and frequency of each category of blends were included in following
Table 3.3. Finally, plumcot, paratroops, Chermany, desknote, autopathography,
workaholic, photopia, and biathlete were written as [N N]N, floptical as [N A]N
belongs, twiddle as [V V]V, and duralumin as [A N]N.
Table 3.3. The Scheme of Word Category in English Blends
No
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Word
Category
A + A [A A]
A + N [A N]
N + A [N A]
N + N [N N]
V + V [V V]
…
Adjective
Blends
Noun
Blends
Verb
Blends
Adverb
Blends
Total
Percentage
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The third analysis was a prosodic morpology analysis. The analysis of
prosodic morphology was conducted to answer the third research problem which
questioned about phonological characteristics of elements retained in English
blends. The phonological characteristic which could be observed in blends is the
stress assignment. Therefore, this research focused on the characteristics of the
stress assignment in blends. This analysis involved three procedures.
First, the stress of each source word and resulting blend were assigned with
the help of dictionaries. The researcher used Oxford Advanced Learner’s
Dictionary 8th edition to check the stress of source words. Meanwhile, the stress
of resulting blends was checked with the help of seven online dictionaries where
blends were taken from. They are Oxford, Merriam-Webster, Collins Dictionary,
Cambridge, Word Spy, Rice University Neologisms Database, and Urban
Dictionary. It was noted that it was possible that the phonetic transcription which
also contained stress placement of resulting blends was not always available in
these online dictionaries. When it happened, the stress of resulting blends was
assigned from the beginning following the stress placement rule.
Second, the thorough investigation was conducted to find out the
correspondence between stress in resulting blends and those in the source words.
The primary stress of resulting blends could be equivalent to primary stressed
syllable, secondary stressed syllable, or unstressed syllable in the source words.
Examining the example number 8 in Table 3.1, the primary stress of pho’topia
(‘photo x u’topia) fell on the penultimate syllable. Therefore, it was equivalent to
the primary stressed syllable of the second source word (u’topia). It could be said
that the primary stress in blend (pho’topia) corresponded to the primary stress in
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the second source word (u’topia). Another example was „floptical (‘flop x
‘optical) as seen in number 6 of Table 3.1. In ‘floptical, the primary stressed
syllable in the blend corresponded to the primary stressed syllable in the first
source word (‘flop). It could be said that it preserved the primary stress of the first
source word.
Third, the results were then put into following Table 3.4. The table recorded
the frequency of the distribution of primary stress in English blends in a numerical
data.
Table 3.4 The Distribution of Primary Stress in Resulting Blends according to the
Combining Patterns
Types of
Blends
type A
type B
type C
type D
type OV0
type OV1
type OV2
First Source Word (SW1)
1st
2nd
unstressed
Second Source Word (SW2) 1st SW1
1st
2nd
Unstressed & SW2
The fourth analysis was a semantic analysis. It investigated the patterns of
meaning in English blends. Two steps were needed to conduct this analysis. The
first step was studying the meaning relation among the components of blends. The
second step was classifying blends based on the logical relation of its component.
There were four types of blends according to the logical relation among source
words. First, when the relation was between a head and a modifier, it belonged to
endocentric blends. In other words, one source word became the head and the
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other became the modifier which gave information about the head. For example,
the blends paratroops (parachute x troops), floptical (flop x optical), and biathlete
(biathlon x athlete) fitted into this type since they had a head-modifier relation.
Paratroops were kinds of troops, while floptical and biathlete were kinds of flop
and athlete respectively. Second, when a blend had two semantic heads with the
same word category referring to different entities, it belonged to copulative
blends. The examples of this category were Chermany (China x Germany) and
twiddle (twist x fiddle). In these blends, the word category of the source words
was the same. Chermany referred to both China and Germany and twiddle
referred to twist and fiddle. Third, when the blend had two semantic heads with
the same word category referring to the same entity, it belonged to appositional
blends. Different with copulative blends, appositional blends required the mix of
the source words. In other words, the half part of one source word combined with
another half part of another, so that the resulting blends belonged to one entity.
The examples of this type were plumcot (plum x apricot) and desknote (desktop x
notebook) which could be seen in Table 3.1. Plumcot was the hybrid of plum and
apricot, while desknote was the combination of desktop and notebook. Fourth,
when the meaning of blends did not result from its components, it belonged to
exocentric blends. As seen in Table 3.1, photopia (photo x utopia) belonged to
exocentric blend. It was because photopia was neither a photo nor a utopia.
Rather, it was a day vision.
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CHAPTER IV
DATA ANALYSIS
This chapter portrays the analysis of English blends using primary data. It
consists of four major parts. Each part elaborates the finding of each research
problem. Since this study has four research problems, there are four parts in which
each part represents one research question. The first part discusses the combining
patterns observed in English blends. The second part presents word categories of
English blends. The third part discusses the phonological characteristics of
elements which are retained in English blends. The last part talks about patterns of
meaning in English blends.
A. Combining Patterns of Blends
This research used 1197 blends as the primary data. As mentioned in the
previous chapter, blends are created by combining two or more words to become
one word and at least one part is shortened. Thus in the process of creating blends,
they may combine contiguous parts. According to the analysis of the data, blends
however are not always the result of combining contiguous parts. Rather, some
blends are noncontiguous, meaning that one part may be inserted in the middle of
another. Therefore, generally blends are classified into contiguous and
noncontiguous blends.
The following Table 4.1 is the summary of all blends which are grouped in
terms of combining patterns. As shown in the table, the number of contiguous
blends is the most numerous. Out of the 1197 data, it approximates 1170 blends
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and makes up 98 %. This result indicates that most blends are created by
combining the contiguous parts. In contrast, noncontiguous blends are considered
as minor blends. They only include 27 blends and only make up 2 %. It suggests
the idea that blends which insert one part to the middle of another are very rare
and limited. Finally, it is obvious that blends are most likely to be formed of
contiguous segments rather than inserted segments.
Since the number of contiguous blends is numerous, the classification is
then divided into various categories. The categories are based on the combining
patterns of blends. By using the combining patterns proposed by Algeo (1977)
suggested by Hong (2004) and notion of splinters proposed by Lehler (2007),
contiguous blends are classified into three categories, namely blends with
overlapping, blends with clipping, and blends with clipping and overlapping. In
terms of the number of splinters, they are divided into three categories. They are
blends with zero, one, and two splinters (Lehler, 2007).
Noncontiguous blends, however, are subject to analyze despite the limited
number. They show own characteristics which make them worth analyzing.
Furthermore, they can be split into two categories based on their nature, namely
blends with infixation and blends with interfixation. The discussion of these two
types of noncontiguous blends is presented in the different section of this chapter.
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Table 4.1 Distribution of Blends based on Combining Patterns
General
Category
Contiguous
blends
Category of blends
0 splinter Blends with
overlapping
1 splinter Blends with clipping
2
splinters
Noncontiguous
blends
and overlapping
and overlapping
Blends with infixation
Blends with interfixation
Types of Combining
Pattern
complete
OV0
overlap
whole + last
A
first + whole B
whole + last
OV1a
first + whole OV1b
first + last
C
first + first
D
first + last
OV2a
first + first
OV2b
insert infixes E
insert
F
interfixes
Total
Frequ
ency
103
193
119
154
115
252
63
166
5
17
10
1197
The following paragraphs present the description and explanation of each
pattern, starting from the general classifications: contiguous and noncontiguous
blends. After that, it goes to more specific discussion of combining patterns.
1. Contiguous Blends
Referring to the previous chapter, blends are said to be the result of
morphological process in which two or more words join together and at least one
of them is shortened. Hence, the process of blending resembles the process of
clipping in terms of deleting parts of words. From this process, splinters are
formed. In this regard, splinters refer to part of source words which are retained in
blends (Lehler, 2007: 116).
After examining the data, it is evident that contiguous blends are formed of
one or two splinters. Nevertheless, some of them do not have splinters so that they
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are classified as blends with zero splinter. Contiguous blends with zero splinter
mean that the segments of both source words overlap one another, so they do not
need to clip some segments. The following Figure 4.1 is the distribution of
contiguous blends dealing with the number of splinters. The figure portrays three
categories of blends, namely blends with zero, one, and two splinters.
9%
0 splinter
41%
1 splinter
50%
2 splinters
Figure 4.1 Distribution of Contiguous Blends based on Number of Splinters
Figure 4.1 above presents the percentage of each category dealing with
number of splinters occurred in contiguous blends. It shows that a greater
percentage of blends are found in blends with one and two splinters. For example,
stalkerazzi (stalker x <papa>razzi) and bustaurant (bus x <re>staurant) are
blends with one splinter, whereas slungry (sl<eepy x h>ungry) and fertigate
(ferti<lize x irr>igate) are blends with two splinters. In stalkerazzi and
bustaurant, they retain razzi and staurant as splinters. On the other hand, slungry
has sl and ungry and fertigate has ferti and igate recognized as splinters.
Comparing to blends with one and two splinters, the percentage of blends
with one splinter is slightly larger than the percentage of blends with two
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splinters. Acording to the data, blends with one splinter account for 50 %, while
blends with two splinters make up 41 %. It signifies that people have a tendency
to create blends by combining parts of one source words as in jazzercise (jazz x
<ex>ercise), mancation (man x <va>cation), and agritourism (agri<cultural> x
tourism) rather than parts of both source words as in agflation (ag<riculture x
in>flation), brinner (br<eakfast x d>inner), and brogards (bro<ther x re>gards).
Conversely, there is a smaller percentage of blends with zero splinter. In
other words, the number of blends which do not preserve any splinters in their
formation is limited. The percentage is very small, only making up 9 %. Blends
with zero splinter indicate that there is no splinter in its formation at all. Rather, it
undergoes the process of overlapping the similar segments possessed by both
source words. Therefore, it creates overlapped segments. As a result, the similar
segments are completely overlapped, thus no splinters remains. Accordingly,
blends with zero splinter are understood as blends which do not have any
splinters. For instances, chairobics (chair x aerobics), guyliner (guy x eyeliner),
and cutensil (cute x utensil) do not have clipped segments. In a certain extent,
they have similar sounds among two source words which enable them to overlap
one another. The overlapped segments are written in bold. In chairobic, the
overlapped segments are air in chair and aer in aerobics due to the similar
sounds. The segments uy in guy and eye in eyeliner are similar so they overlap one
another. In the same way, the blend cutensil has similar sounds of ute and ut
which make them overlap one another.
Overall, it suggests the idea that vast majority of blends are more likely to
be built of clipped segments so called splinters rather than overlapped segments.
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In other words, most blends consist of splinters. Nevertheless, the classification of
blends in terms of splinters discussed earlier is not sufficient to explain the
patterns profoundly. According to the data, there is a possibility that blends with
one and two splinters may consist of not only clipped segments but also
overlapped segments. Thus, they belong to two categories of clipping and
overlapping, henceforth clipping and overlapping blends. For this reason, blends
are classified into three categories in terms of combining patterns. Hereafter, they
are blends with clipping, blends overlapping, and blends with clipping and
overlapping. The distribution of these three types of blends is presented as
follows.
700
627
600
440
500
400
300
200
Category of Blends
103
100
0
overlapping
clipping
clipping &
overlapping
Figure 4.2 Distribution of Blends based on Combining Patterns
Figure 4.2 shows that in the cases of 1170 blends, the vast majority of
contiguous blends are created by blends with clipping. Blends with clipping
include 627 blends. They dominate more than half of the data, taking over 53 %.
The examples of blends which belong to this category are adultolescence (adult x
<ad>olescence), plumcot (plum x <apri>cot), cineplex (cine<ma x com>plex),
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classitorium (class<room x aud>itorium), flexitarian (flexi<ble x vege>tarian),
flog (f<ake x b>log), heliport (heli<copter x air>port), haloodie (hal<al x
f>oodie), Movember (m<oustache x N>ovember), pizookie (pizz<a x c>ookie),
Twittizen (Twitt<er x cit>izen), and vlog (v<ideo x b>log). The examples give
information that this type of blends only consists of clipped segments called
splinters. Indeed, they may have one splinter as in adultolescence (adult x
<ad>olescence) or two splinters as in heliport (heli<copter x air>port).
The second major number is blends with clipping and overlapping which
consists of 440 blends. It accounts for 38 %. Some examples are adulticide (adult
x pest<icide>), chinderwear (chin x nderwear), civilogue (civil x
<dia>logue), computerate (computer x <li>terate), dancercise (dance x
<ex>ercise),
fictionary
(fiction
x
<d>ictionary),
floordrobe
(floor
x
<wa>rdrobe), fogust(fog x <Au>gust), funnovation (fun x nnovation),
hompany (home x <c>ompany), kidult (kid x <a>dult),
mantastic (man x
<f>antastic), arcology (arc<hitecture x e>cology), and aerobatics (aer<ial x
ac>robatics). All blends of this type consist of clipped and overlapped segments.
More importantly, they may have one splinter as in chinderwear (chin x
nderwear) or two splinters as in arcology (arc<hitecture x e>cology).
The smallest number of blends belongs to blends with overlapping which
only make up 9 %. The examples are mathlete (math x athlete), palimony (pal x
alimony), scanxiety (scan x anxiety), sexploitation (sex x exploitation),
skintimidate (skin x intimidate), and talkward (talk x awkward). The bold
segments indicate overlapped segments. In this regard, blends with overlapping
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are also recognized as blends with zero splinter since they do not have any
splinters at all.
Overall, it is suggested that blends with clipping and blends with clipping
and overlapping need more specific classifications since both types consist of one
and two splinters. Therefore, they are classified into blends with one splinter and
blends with two splinters. The more detailed explanations are presented in the
following sections.
a. Blends with One Splinter
As the name implied, blends with one splinter retain one splinter of one
source word. If there is only one source word which is shortened, another one
preserves the whole word. Figure 4.3 presents the distribution of blends of two
categories in terms of one splinter, namely blends with clipping and blends with
clipping and overlapping. Examining both categories, blends which are created by
whole source word followed by splinters are more popular than blends which are
formed by splinters followed by whole source word.
250
200
150
193
154
119
115
100
whole + splinter
splinter + whole
50
0
blends with clipping
blends with clipping
and overlapping
Figure 4.3 Distribution of Blends with One Splinter
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According to the figure, it is obvious that blends with one splinter are built
of two types of blends. First, they are made by the whole source words followed
by splinters. The following examples are blends with one splinter which are
divided into blends with clipping and blends with clipping and overlapping.
In blends with clipping, a lot of blends are observed such as actorvist (actor
x <acti>vist), gaydar (gay x <ra>dar), facekini (face x <bi>kini), daycation (day
x <va>cation), gasohol (gas x <alc>ohol), fanzine (fan x <maga>zine),
bartaurant (bar x <res>taurant), deskfast (desk x <break>fast), guyliner (guy x
<eye>liner), bridezilla (bride x <God>zilla), cooltastic (cool x <fan>tastic),
ruralpolitan (rural x <metro>politan), and minimoon (mini x <honey>moon). It
can be seen that all these clipping blends join the whole SW1 with one splinter
which is the last part of SW2. This kind of blends belongs to type A in which it
combines whole SW1 and last part of SW2. The interesting part is that they never
combine whole part of SW1 and first part of SW2. Rather they combine whole
part of SW1 and last part of SW2. In actorvist, the whole SW1 actor combines
with the splinter vist (the last part of SW2). Meanwhile, the blend deskfast is the
combination of the whole SW1 desk and the splinter fast (the last part of SW2).
Other blends which belong to type A can be seen in Appendix 1.
In blends with clipping and overlapping, they do not only combine whole
word with splinter, but also overlap both segments at once. In other words, as the
name implied, blends of this category consist of clipped and overlapped segments.
The researcher names this kind of blends as type OV1a. For instances, the blend
bustaurant (bus x <re>staurant) combines the whole word SW1 bus and the
splinter staurant. Besides, both SW1 and SW2 have a similar segment s which is
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written in bold, indicating the overlapped segment. Another example is carbage
(car x <g>arbage) which is understood as the combination of whole SW1 car and
the splinter arbage. In addition, there is a similar segment ar written in bold
which adjoins first and second source words.
The most significant characteristic observed from this category is that the
overlapped segments are varied. Bustaurant consists of one overlapped segment s
and carbage consists of two overlapped segments ar. Other examples are beefalo
(beef x <bu>ffalo), coolicious (cool x <de>licious), fogust (fog x <Au>gust),
steelionaire (steel x <mi>llionaire), blurple (blue x urple), cutensil (cute x
tensil), familymoon (family x <hone>ymoon), hackerazzi (hacker x
<papa>razzi), sheeple (sheep x <peo>ple), and wordnap (word x <ki>dnap).
Other examples of type OV1a are presented in Appendix 1.
Second, blends with one splinter are made by joining splinters and whole
words. The regularity is that blends are never made of last part of the SW1 and
whole part of SW2. Rather, they are created by combining first part of SW1 and
whole part of SW2. Blends of this type are divided into blends with clipping and
blends with clipping and overlapping. They will be explained in the following
paragraphs.
In blends with clipping, the first part of SW1 is combined with the whole
part of SW2. These blends belong to type B. The example of type B is the blend
docudrama (docu<mentary> x drama) which joins the first part or the splinter
docu and the whole SW2 drama. Other examples are yestergay (yester<day> x
gay), revolusong (revolu<tion> x song), hangry (h<ungry> x angry), Eurasia
(Eur<ope> x Asia), heteroflexible (hetero<sexual> x flexible), cosplay
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(cos<tume> x play), and technochicken (techno<logy> x chicken). Other
examples of type B are presented in Appendix 1.
In blends with clipping and overlapping, there are clipped and overlapped
segments at once. It is named as type OV1b. For example, the blend mornoon
(morn<ing> x noon) is the combination of a splinter morn and the whole word
noon. The bold segment n indicates an overlapped segment. Furthermore, blends
of this type have different number of overlapped segments. For example, blends
mornoon (morn<ing> x noon), automanual (automa<tic> x manual), and slogo
(slog<an> x logo) have one (n), two (ma), and three (log) overlapped segments
respectively. Other examples are cankle (ca<lf> x ankle), crapple (cra<nberry> x
apple), feminazi (femin<ist> x Nazi), millionerd (million<aire> x nerd), wactress
(wa<itress> x actress), paralpinism (para<gliding> x alpinism), planimal
(plan<t> x animal), and slacktivist (slack<er> x activist). Other examples can be
seen in Appendix 1.
b. Blends with Two Splinters
Blends with two splinters occur when parts of both source words are
shortened. Figure 4.4 shows the distribution of blends of two categories in terms
of two splinters, namely blends with clipping and blends with clipping and
overlapping. Similar to blends with one splinter, blends with two splinters are
divided into two types. The first type consists of blends which combine first part
of SW1 and last part of SW2. The second type consists of blends which combines
first parts of both SW1 and SW2. The result shows that blends of the first type
occur more frequently than those of the second type.
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252
250
200
166
first + last
150
100
first + first
63
50
5
0
clipping
clipping and overlapping
Figure 4.4 Distribution of Blends with Two Splinters
Based on the result of the data, there are 252 blends with clipping which fit
into the first type which is named as type C. The examples of type C are
ginormous (gì<gantic x e>normous), chofa (ch<air x s>ofa), bleen (bl<ue x
gr>een), blellow (bl<ue x y>ellow), stagflation (stag<nation x in>flation),
broccoflower (brocco<li x cauli>flower), beaulicious (beauty<ful x de>licious),
and democratatorship (democra<cy x dic>tatorship). In ginormous (gì<gantic x
e>normous), there is a combination of two splinters gi and normous. Next, the
blend broccoflower (brocco<li x cauli>flower) combines splinter of SW1 brocco
and splinter of SW2 flower.
Blends with clipping and overlapping which belong to the first type have
both clipped and overlapped segments. It retains the first and last part of both
SW1 and SW2. There are 166 blends which fall into this category. This category
is called type OV2a. Some examples of this category are dramedy (dram<a x
co>medy), cafetorium (cafet<eria x audi>torium), advertorial (advert<isement x
edi>torial), lupper (lu<nch x s>upper), advermation (adver<tisement x
info>rmation), advertorial (advert<isement x edi>torial), apronym (appro<priate
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x ac>ronym), blook (blo<g x b>ook), brogrammer (bro<ther x p>rogrammer),
boxercise (box<ing x e>xercise), briet (bri<dal x d>iet), cafetorium (cafet<eria x
audi>torium),
chexting
(che<ating
x
t>exting),
carbohydratarian
(carbohydrat<es x vege>tarian), confuzzled (confu<sed x p>uzzled), computent
(comput<er x compe>tent), collabulary (collab<orative x voc>abulary), and
crape (cra<nberry x g>rape).
Blends of the second type which combine first parts of both source words
are very limited. There are only 63 blends with clipping (type D) and 5 blends
with clipping and overlapping (type OV2b). The examples of blends which belong
to type D are desknote (desk<top> x note<book>), fanfic (fan<atic> x
fic<tion>), mutagen (muta<tion> x gen<esis>), lecdem (lec<ture> x
dem<onstration>), and lapdesk (lap<top> x desk<top>).
In blends of type OV2b, there are similar segments between the last part of
first splinter and first part of second splinter. Accordingly, they join together and
become blends. The examples are duralumin (dura<ble>x alumin<ium>), hydrail
(hydr<ogen> x rail<way>), lesbro (lesb<ian> x bro<ther>), codec (code<r > x
dec<oder>), and modem (mod<ulator> x dem<odulator>).
2. Noncontiguous Blends
As mentioned previously, the finding reveals that the composition of blends
can be performed by contiguous and noncontiguous parts. Since the first type has
been discussed in the previous section, this section is going to discusses blends
with noncontiguous segments, henceforth noncontiguous blends.
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Results show that blends can be acted upon another derivation process,
namely affixation. According to Plag (2003: 107), blends in nature are considered
as the result of a derivation process which does not need affixes to produce a new
lexeme. Therefore, it is called derivation without affixation. However, according
to the finding, the particular formation of blends may use affixes. The affixes used
in blends are infixes and interfixes. However, the number of this pattern is limited.
In this regard, blends are not only performed by combining and deleting elements
as in regular combining patterns of blends, but also inserting elements as in
infixation and interfixation. Since this kind of formation involves the process of
inserting elements, it is henceforth called inserting blends. Inserting blends in this
study is similar to infixation and interfixation. It means that blends with infixation
have inserted elements placed in the middle of one source word, while blends with
interfixation have linking elements which join SW1 and SW2.
Based on the data, inserting blends are divided into two types. The first type
is inserting blends in which an “infix” is inserted in the middle of either of source
words. It is henceforth called blends with infixation. The inserted elements in this
type are called infixes. The second type is inserting blends in which an “interfix”
is inserted between two elements in blends. Henceforth, it is called blends with
interfixation. The inserted elements are called interfixes. The following sections
provide the descriptions of these two types of inserting blends.
a. Blends with Infixation
After examining the data, the researcher found 17 blends which belong to
blends with infixation. Infixation is closely related to inserting elements to the
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base. However, this type of inserting blends is called blends with infixation
because it resembles the process of infixation in the word-formation process.
Szymanek (1989: 65) defines infixation as “a morphological process whereby a
bound morpheme (inflection or derivational) is inserted into the base form
(usually, into a root-morpheme)”. Thus, in this process, an infix is inserted in the
middle of a word. Infixation is habitually found in compounds rather than in
blends. The examples of infixation in compounds are al-bloody-mighty and
kanga-bloody-roo. From these examples, it can be seen that that the lexeme
bloody is inserted into the words almightly and kangaroo to make compounds albloody-mighty and kanga-bloody-roo (Szymanek, 1989: 65)
The realization of infixation in blends is quite different from the regular rule
of infixation in “normal” words. In blends, deleting process preserves in order to
keep the nature of blends, in which it combines words and deletes parts of them.
Therefore, the infixation in blends consists of two processes such as deleting
elements of one source word and then inserting elements of another.
Blends with infixation can be explained as follows. SW1 acts as a base form
which an “infix” is inserted into, while SW2 acts as an “infix” which is inserted in
the middle of SW1. As the compensation of the loss of parts of SW1, the second
word must substitute the omitted part. Through this process, the second word acts
as an “infix”. The following table 4.2 gives information about blends with
infixation and the morphological process which is in charge.
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Table 4.2 Blends with Infixation
No. Blends with infixation
1.
adorkable
(adorable x dork)
2.
adverteasement
(advertisement x tease)
3.
ambisextrous
(ambidextrous x sex)
4.
autopathography
(autobiography x pathology)
5.
baseketball
(basketball x base<ball>)
6.
chortle
(chuckle x <sn>ort)
7.
diworsify
(diversify x worse)
8.
edvertorial
(editorial x advertisement)
9.
enculturement
(enlightenment x culture)
10. engayed
(engaged x gay)
11. homosinuality
(homosexuality x sin)
12. hypathenuse
(hypotenuse x path)
13. janky
(junky x <st>ank)
14. procrapstinate
(procrastinate x crap)
15. refirement
(retirement x fire)
16. reintarnation
(reincarnation x tarn<ish>)
17. ridonkulous
(ridiculous x donk<ey>)
Morphological Processes
a-<dor>able
deleting dor
a-dork-able
inserting dork
adver-<tise>ment
deleting tise
adver-tease-ment
inserting tease
ambi-<dex>trous
deleting dex
ambi-sex-trous
inserting sex
auto<bi>-ography
deleting bi
auto-path-ography
inserting path
<bas>ketball
deleting bas
base-ketball
inserting base
ch<uck>le
deleting uck
ch-ort-le
inserting ort
di-<vers>ify
deleting vers
di-worse-ify
inserting worse
<edit>-torial
deleting edit
advert-torial
inserting advert
en-<lighten>ment
deleting lighten
en-culture-ment
inserting culture
en-<gag>ed
deleting gag
en-gay-ed
inserting gay
homo-<sex>u-ality
deleting sex
homo-sinu-ality
inserting sin
hy-<pot>enuse
deleting pot
hy-path-enuse
inserting path
j<unk>y
deleting unk
j-ank-y
inserting ank
pro-<cras>tinate
deleting cras
pro-crap-tinate
inserting crap
re-<tire>ment
deleting tire
re-fire-ment
inserting fire
rein<car>-nation
deleting car
rein-tar-nation
inserting tar
ri-<dic>ulous
deleting dic
ri-donk-ulous
inserting donk
As seen in Table 4.2, it is always SW1 which becomes the base which an
“infix” is inserted into. The underlined segments in SW1 show that they are
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deleted right after the infixes are put in the middle of the base. It is because as the
consequence of deleting segments, SW1 needs substitution of parts from another
one. The substitution comes from SW2 (segments in italics) in which it becomes
an “infix” which is then put in the middle of the base (SW1).
Examining examples in Table 4.2, in ambisextrous (ambidextrous x sex), the
SW1 ambidextrous acts as the base, while SW2 sex acts as the “infix”. The
process is that the part in SW1 dex is deleted so that the part in SW2 sex can be
inserted in the middle of SW1 to substitute dex. Another example is the blend
enculturement (enlightenment x culture). In this example, the part of SW2 culture
substitutes the part of SW1 lighten. In procrapstinate (procrastinate x crap), the
part in SW1 cras is omitted so that the part of SW2 crap can be inserted in the
middle of SW1.
b. Blends with Interfixation
Blends with interfixation can be regarded as the process of interfixation in
its formation of blends. It is because it resembles the process of interfixation.
Melcuk (1982: 86) as cited in Szymanek (1989: 64) defines an interfix as “a
confix (morph) which precedes a root (morpheme) and follows another root”.
According to him, it is a vocalic (or less frequently consonantal) linking element
which appears in certain types of compound words. Treated as a linking element,
it does not have any semantic meaning.
Interfixation usually occurs in compounds (Szymanek, 1989: 64). He
provides some examples such as interfixation in Polish and Germany. In Polish,
the interfix –o- is inserted between two roots as in sc-o-kret (screwdriver). In
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Germany, the interfix –s- appears between two roots as in Geburt-s-tag (birthday).
In English, interfixes are rare, yet it can be found in technical terms, such as
speed-o-meter and mile-o-meter.
After examining the data, the researcher found ten blends which undergo the
process of interfixation. Similar to compounds, interfixes can be inserted between
two elements in blends. In blends, the elements are usually in a form of splinters
or whole word. Table 4.3 presents these ten blends with interfixation.
Table 4.3 Blends with Interfixation
Linking
Element
-a-
-o-i-u-t-in-
Blends
1. hairagami (hair x <ori>gami)
2. pedabowling (ped<estrian> x bowling)
3. sexaholism (sex x <alco>holism)
4. workaholic (work x <alco>holic)
5. blogorrhea (blog x <dia>rrhea)
6. smelloscope (smell x <tele>scope)
7. pubilect (pub<erty x dia>lect)
8. celebutard (celeb<rity> x <re>tard)
9. prestitant (prestí<gious x domina>ant)
10. feminoid (fem<ale x andr>oid)
hair-a-gami
ped-a-bowling
sex-a-holism
work-a-holic
blog-o-rrhea
smell-o-scope
pub-i-lect
celeb-u-tard
presti-t-ant
fem-in-oid
The application of interfixation in blends is that the interfixes are put in the
middle to connect two blended elements. As shown in Table 4.3, the interfixes
involve a variety of vocalic linking elements, such as –a-, -o-, -i-, and -u-. For
instance, hairagami is the blend of hair and origami. Thus, the interfix –a- is used
to link the whole word hair and splinter gami. In smelloscope, the interfix -obecomes the linking element of two splinters smell and scope. Pubilect has an
interfix -i- which is put in the middle of two splinters of pub and lect. The interfix
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–u- is used as a linking element of splinter celeb and splinter tard in celebutard. In
addition to vocalic linking elements, the consonantal linking elements such as -tand -in- can also be placed in the middle of two blended elements. As shown in
Table 4.3, the interfix -t- is used to link splinter presti and splinter ant, while the
interfix -in- is used to link splinter fem and splinter oid.
B. Word Categories of Source Words in English Blends
Word category refers to linguistic category of words or classes of words.
According to Radford et al. (2009: 129), there are five major types of word
classes, namely nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, and prepositions. Furthermore,
it is evident that blends are made up of two or more source words. Each source
word conveys each word category. Since blends in this study are the result of two
source words, pairs of word category are also examined. This section is going to
discuss these pairs.
After examining the resulting blends, the researcher found four major
classes such as adjective blends, noun blends, verb blends, and adverb blends.
Compared to other word categories, noun blends are the most numerous. In the
case of 1197 blends, 984 blends (84 %) belong to this category. Adjective blends
have a much smaller number. It includes 137 blends and only makes up 12 %.
Then, 44 blends belong to verb blends which only account for 4 %. The least
number belongs to adverb blends which only consist of 7 blends (0,5 %). The
distribution of these four major categories is presented in Figure 4.5.
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0%
4%
12%
Adjective Blends
Noun Blends
Verb Blends
84%
Adverb Blends
Figure 4.5 The distribution of Word Category of Resulting Blends
In addition to four major categories of resulting blends, the researcher found
ten pairs of word category in source words. These ten pairs are an adjective with
an adjective (A + A), an adjective with a noun (A + N), a noun with an adjective
(N + A), a noun with a noun (N + N), a noun with a verb (N + V), a verb with a
noun (V + N), a verb with a verb (V + V), an adverb with an adjective (Adv + A),
an adverb with an adverb (Adv + Adv), and a pronoun with a noun (Pron + N).
The result shows that pairs of two nouns are the most popular. According to
data in Table 4.4, there are 766 blends which combine a noun and a noun, making
up 66 %. The smaller number belongs to pairs of an adjective and a noun which
make up 16 % (186 blends). Other blends occupy very small percentage which
worth less than 10 %. Pairs of two adjectives account for 7 % (88 blends). Pairs of
a noun and an adjective make up 4 % (60 blends). Pairs of a verb and a noun (22
blends) and a verb and a verb (29 blends) only make 2 % for each one. Pairs of a
noun and a verb (17 blends), an adverb and an adjective (6 blends), and two
adverbs (7 blends) only make 1 up %. The other one is tremendously small in
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number, thus it is almost not counted, namely blends which combine a pronoun
and a noun (0,2 %).
Table 4.4 Pairs of Word Category in English Blends
No Word
Adjective Noun Verb
Adverb Total
Percentage
Category
Blend
Blend Blend Blend
1. A + A
83
5
88
7%
2. A + N
10
176
186
16 %
3. N + A
48
12
60
4%
4. N + N
779
779
66 %
5. N + V
4
13
17
1%
6. V + N
19
3
22
2%
7. V + V
29
29
2%
8. Adv + A
6
6
1%
9. Adv + Adv
7
7
1%
10. Pron + N
3
3
0,2 %
Total
147
998
45
7
1197
100 %
Notes: A: Adjective; N: Noun; V: Verb; Adv: Adverb; Pron: Pronoun
The following sections present a more detailed discussion of word category
in blends which is classified based on major categories of resulting blends. They
are adjective blends, noun blends, verb blends, and adverb blends. It has been
already discussed in Chapter 2 that a noun is typically an abstract and concrete
entity in the world. A verb denotes to any action, activity, or state of being. An
adjective is a property which a noun possesses. An adverb typically modifies a
verb, adjective, and another adverb indicating how, when, or why something
happened or the degree to which a property characterizes an individual or event.
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1. Noun Blends
The category of noun blends deserves the first position in gaining the huge
number of blends. Noun blends yield variations in the composition of word
category in the source words. As can be seen in Figure 4.6, noun blends can be
formed from two nouns (N + N), two adjectives (A + A), an adjective with a noun
(A + N), a noun with an adjective (N + A), a noun with a verb (N + V), a verb
with a noun (V + N), and a pronoun with a noun (Pron + N). The most frequent
noun blends occur in blends which are composed of two nouns. There are 779
blends which belong to this category. The second most frequent noun blends
combine an adjective and a noun, involving 176 blends. Meanwhile, the rest of
them are very small in number. The combination of a verb with a noun, a noun
with an adjective, an adjective with an adjective, a noun with a verb, and a
pronoun with a noun only belongs to 19, 12, 5, 4, and 3 blends respectively.
779
800
700
600
500
400
word category
300
176
200
100
12
5
4
19
3
0
A+A
A+N
N+A
N+N
N+V
Figure 4.6 Word Category of Noun Blends
V + N Pron + N
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The examples of noun blends are presented in Table 4.5. Noun blends are
divided into seven subclasses. The first subclass is the combination of two
adjectives (A + A). The examples are ruralpolitan (rural x <metro>politan),
Indipop (Indi<an> x pop<ular>), balun (bal<anced> x un<balanced>), physible
(physi<cal x fea>sible), and smassy (sma<rt x s>assy). The second subclass is
the combination of an adjective and a noun (A + N). The examples are vactor
(v<irtual> x actor), ezine (e<lectronic x maga>zine), bioterrorism (bio<logical>
x terrorism), permalink (perma<nent> x link), digilante (digi<tal x v>igilante),
and odditorium (odd x auditorium). The third subclass is the combination of a
noun and an adjective (N + A). The examples are heteroflexible (hetero<sexual>
x flexible), laundromat (laundr<y x aut>omatic), pedelec (ped<al> x elec<tric>),
manorexic (man x anorexic), and touron (tour<ist x mo>ron). The fourth subclass
is the combination of two nouns (N + N). The examples are plumcot (plum x
<apri>cot), spatique (spa x <bou>tique), stalkerazzi (stalker x <papar>azzi),
teaffee (tea x <co>ffee), yogalates (yoga x <pi>lates), cronut (cro<issant x
dough>nut), and bankster (bank<er x gang>ster). The fifth subclass is the
combination of a noun and a verb (N + V). The examples are apostrofly
(apostro<phe> x fly), treedo (tree x redo), octopush (octopu<s> x push), and
reintarnation (reincarnation x tarn<ish>). The sixth subclass is the combination
of a verb and a noun (V + N). The examples are prancercise (prance x
<ex>ercise), sharent (share x arent), singspiration (sing x <in>spiration),
sleepcation (sleep x <va>cation), eatertainment (eat x <en>tertainment), and
misleadership (mislead x leadership). The last subclass is the combination of a
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pronoun and a noun (Pron + N). The examples are himbo (him x imbo),
herstory (her x <hi>story), and himsomnia (him x <in>somnia).
Table 4.5 Examples of Noun Blends
[A A] N
[A N] N
[N A] N
[N N] N
[N V] N
[V N] N
[Pron N]
N
ruralpolitan (rural x <metro>politan), Indipop (Indi<an> x
pop<ular>), balun (bal<anced> x un<balanced>), physible
(physi<cal x fea>sible), smassy (sma<rt x s>assy)
flashpacker (flash x <back>packer), Hotlanta (hot x <At>lanta),
vactor (v<irtual> x actor), ezine (e<lectronic x maga>zine),
bioterrorism (bio<logical> x terrorism), permalink (perma<nent> x
link), cheapuccino (cheap x <ca>ppuccino), agritainment
(agri<cultural x enter>tainment), digilante (digi<tal x v>igilante),
odditorium (odd x auditorium)
heteroflexible (hetero<sexual> x flexible), hugly (h<og> x ugly),
flavorite (flavor x <f>avorite), femcho (fem<ale x ma>cho),
laundromat (laundr<y x aut>omatic), pedelec (ped<al> x
elec<tric>), manorexic (man x anorexic), mantastic (man x
<f>antastic), touron (tour<ist x mo>ron), floptical (flop x optical)
adultolescence (adult x <ad>olescence), guitarlin (guitar x
<mando>lin), plumcot (plum x <apri>cot), spatique (spa x
<bou>tique), stalkerazzi (stalker x <papar>azzi), teaffee (tea x
<co>ffee), yogalates (yoga x <pi>lates), analrapist (anal<yst x
the>rapist), cronut (cro<issant x dough>nut), bankster (bank<er x
gang>ster)
apostrofly (apostro<phe> x fly), treedo (tree x redo), octopush
(octopu<s> x push), reintarnation (reincarnation x tarn<ish>)
prevacid (prev<ent> x acid), disturbia (disturb x urbia),
escalator (escalate x <elev>ator), disposophobia (dispose x
<ph>obia), prancercise (prance x <ex>ercise), sharent (share x
arent), singspiration (sing x <in>spiration), sleepcation (sleep
x <va>cation), eatertainment (eat x <en>tertainment),
misleadership (mislead x leadership)
himbo (him x imbo), herstory (her x <hi>story), himsomnia
(him x <in>somnia)
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2. Adjective Blends
The second position belongs to adjective blends. Figure 4.7 shows that
adjective blends can be composed of two adjectives (A + A), an adjective with a
noun (A + N), a noun with an adjective (N + A), and an adverb with an adjective
(Adv + A). In the cases of 141 adjective blends, the most frequent blends are
formed by two adjectives (85 blends). After that, blends which are formed of a
noun and an adjective follow in the second position (40 blends). The rest are
adjective blends which are formed of an adjective with a noun and an adverb with
an adjective. They occupy the third and fourth position, consisting of 10 and 6
blends respectively.
90
85
80
70
60
50
40
word category
40
30
20
10
6
10
0
A+A
A+N
N+A
Adv + A
Figure 4.7 Word Category of Adjective Blends
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As presented in following Table 4.6, adjective blends consist of four
subclasses. The first subclass consists of adjective blends which are composed of
two adjectives (A + A). The examples are bleen (bl<ue x gr>een), formasual
(forma<l x c>asual), slungry (sl<eepy x h>ungry), fugly (fa<t> x ugly),
bewrecked (be<reft> x wrecked), and cooltastic (cool x <fan>tastic). The second
subclass is the combination of an adjective and a noun (A + N). Many blends such
as freemium (free x <pre>mium), fandumb (fan<atic> x dumb), provacawhoritive
(provocative x whore), stupig (stupi<d> x pig), fabulosexual (fabulous x
<hom>osexual), and adorabubble (adorab<le> x bubble) belong to this class.
The third subclass includes blends which are formed of a noun and an adjective
(N + A). The instances are manbiguous (man x <am>biguous), pizzalicious (pizza
x <de>licious), bicurious (bi<sexual> x curious), beerlicious (beer x
<de>licious), gaytarded (gay x <re>tarded), petrochemical (petro<leum> x
chemical), and telegenic (tele<vision x photo>genic). The last subclass consists of
blends which combine an adverb and an adjective (Adv + A). The examples are
finimany (fini<tely> x many), preet (prett<y x sw>eet), infimany (infi<nitely> x
many), rugly (r<eally> x ugly), plig (pl<enty x b>ig), and absoludicrous
(absolu<tely> x ludicrous).
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Table 4.6 Examples of Adjective Blends
[A A] A
bleen (bl<ue x
gr>een)
formasual
(forma<l x
c>asual)
cooltastic (cool
x <fan>tastic)
[A N] A
freemium (free x
<pre>mium)
fandumb (fan<atic>
x dumb)
[N A] A
fruitlicious (fruit x
<de>licious)
manbiguous (man x
<am>biguous)
[Adv A] A
finimany
(fini<tely> x many)
preet (prett<y x
sw>eet)
ambisextrous
(ambidextrous x sex)
pizzalicious (pizza x
<de>licious)
slungry
(sl<eepy x
h>ungry)
smexy (sm<art
x s>exy)
provacawhoritive
(provocative x
whore)
feminoid (fem<ale x
andr>oid)
voweltacular (vowel
x <spec>tacular)
infimany
(infi<nitely> x
many)
rugly (r<eally> x
ugly)
fugly (fa<t> x
ugly)
stupig (stupi<d> x
pig)
hotsome (hot x
<awe>some)
fabulosexual
(fabulous x
<hom>osexual)
hitech (hi<gh> x
tech<nology>)
gaytarded (gay x
<re>tarded)
adorabubble
(adorab<le> x
bubble)
petrochemical
(petro<leum> x
chemical)
telegenic
(tele<vision x
photo>genic)
bewrecked
(be<reft> x
wrecked)
gigantamous
(gigant<ic x
f>amous)
hangry
(h<ungry> x
angry)
bicurious
(bi<sexual> x
curious)
beerlicious (beer x
<de>licious)
plig (pl<enty x
b>ig)
absoludicrous
(absolu<tely> x
ludicrous)
failtastic (fail x
<fan>tastic)
3. Verb Blends
The third position fit into verb blends. Verb blends can be formed from two
verbs (V + V), a noun with a verb (N + V), and a verb with a noun (V + N). As
shown in Figure 4.8, the combination of two verbs is the most frequent. It
includes 29 blends. Next, the combination of a noun and a verb follows with 13
blends. Meanwhile, there are only 3 blends which combine a verb and a noun.
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35
29
30
25
20
15
word category
13
10
3
5
0
N+V
V+ N
V+V
Figure 4.8 Word Category of Verb Blends
As can be seen in Table 4.7, verb blends are only classified into three
subclasses. The first subclass is the combination of a noun and a verb (N + V).
The examples are blamestorm (blame x <brain>storm), drunksit (drunk x
<baby>sit), electrocute (electro x <exe>cute), screencap (screen x cap<ture>),
skyjack (sky x <hi>jack), webvertise (web x <ad>vertise), mupload (m<obile> x
upload), and wordnap (word x <ki>dnap). The second subclass is the
combination of a verb and a noun (V + N). The examples are procrastinate
(procrastinate x crap), smilence (smile x <si>lence), and diworsify (diversify x
worse). The last subclass is the combination of two verbs (V + V). The examples
are commuticate (commut<e x commun>icate), hiccurp (hiccuurp),
intertwingle
(intertwi<ne
x
interm>ingle),
pronunciate
(pron<ounce
x
e>nunciate), refudiate (refu<te x rep>udiate), twiddle (twi<st x f>iddle), thrillax
(thrill x <re>lax), fertigate (ferti<lize x irr>igate), splatter (spla<sh x sp>atter),
and trampede (tramp<le x st>ampede)
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Table 4.7 Examples of Verb Blends
[N V]V
blamestorm (blame x
<brain>storm)
drunksit (drunk x
<baby>sit)
electrocute (electro x
<exe>cute)
screencap (screen x
cap<ture>)
skyjack (sky x
<hi>jack)
webvertise (web x
<ad>vertise)
mupload (m<obile>
x upload)
telecast (tele<vision
x broad>cast
tennistify (tennis x
<my>stify)
wordnap (word x
<ki>dnap)
[V N]V
procrapstinate
(procrastinate x crap)
smilence (smile x
<si>lence)
diworsify (diversify x
worse)
[V V]V
commuticate (commut<e x
commun>icate)
hiccurp (hiccuurp)
intertwingle (intertwi<ne x
interm>ingle)
pronunciate (pron<ounce x
e>nunciate)
refudiate (refu<te x
rep>udiate)
twiddle (twi<st x f>iddle)
thrillax (thrill x <re>lax)
fertigate (ferti<lize x
irr>igate)
splatter (spla<sh x sp>atter)
trampede (tramp<le x
st>ampede)
4. Adverb Blends
The last position belongs to adverb blends. Adverb blends do not have a
range of variations. The result shows that there is only one possibility of adverb
blends in its formation, namely the combination of two adverbs (Adv + Adv). As
shown in Table 4.8, adverb blends are only feasible when they are formed of two
adverbs. For example, the blend absotively is the combination of adverb
absolutely and positively. The other examples are smore (s<ome> x more),
mayhaps (may<be x per>haps), positutely (posit<ively x absol>utely), mosdef
(mos<t> x def<initely>), bactually (bu<t> x actually), and irregardless
(irre<spective> x regardless).
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Table 4.8 Adverb Blends
[Adv Adv] Adv
smore (s<ome> x more)
absotively (abso<lutely x posi>tively)
mayhaps (may<be x per>haps)
positutely (posit<ively x absol>utely)
mosdef (mos<t> x def<initely>)
bactually (bu<t> x actually)
irregardless (irre<spective> x regardless)
Another result shows that there is no restriction on the position of elements
in blends. It can be seen in the following examples. For example, blends
cheapuccino, amtrac, and frogurt which are considered as nouns are right-headed.
In cheapuccino (cheap x cappuccino), the head is cappuccino and cheap is the
modifier. Treated as the head of blend, cappuccino is put in the right and cheap is
put in the left since cheap modifies cappuccino. The same logical way occurs in
amtrac (amphibious x tractor) and frogurt (frozen x yogurt). In amtrac, tractor is
right-headed and amphibious is in the left. Yogurt in frogurt is put in the right,
while frozen is put in the left. However, other examples show that noun blends are
not always right-headed, such as in mantastic (man x fantastic) and foodoholic
(food x alcoholic). In mantastic and foodoholic, the heads are put in the left, while
adjectives are put in the right.
C. Phonological Characteristics of the Elements Retained in English Blends
It has been mentioned that blending belongs to the prosodic morphology
(Plag, 2003: 116). Prosodic morphology deals with the interaction between
morphology and prosodic features in composing the structure of complex words.
The study of blending is not only limited to the area of morphology but also the
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area of phonology. The simple reason is that blends do not merely combine two or
more elements as in word-formation process. Rather, it has to be adjusted for the
sake of pronunciation. Moreover, if the elements of blends are separated, it is not
only part or element of words but also the syllable and stress assignment are
examined. It is obvious that blending also deals with syllable constituents (such as
onset, nucleus, coda, or rhyme) and also stress assignment which are known as
prosodic properties (Plag, 2003: 123). Therefore, it is needed to treat blending as a
prosodic morphology which discusses the interaction between morphology (wordformation process) and phonology (prosodic properties).
Basically, phonological descriptions deal with what so called segments (the
vowel and consonant). Blends are seen as having the same characteristic as words.
Thus, they consist of more than a single segment forming a complex word
(suprasegmental). For the sake of articulation of suprasegments, phonological
features such as syllable size and stress assignment are joined together in the
analysis so-called prosodic analysis.
It is said that prosodic features are suprasegmental. In this regard, they are
not confined to any one segment, but they occur in some higher level of a word.
Stress, which is the property of syllable, is one of the prosodic features. When a
syllable is stressed, the emphasis and focus are given to that syllable.
Furthermore, people can easily determine whether the word is a noun or a verb by
focusing on where the syllable is stressed in a word.
The phonological characteristic which can be observed in the analysis of
blends is the stress assignment. The following sections are the discussion of the
stress assignment in both contiguous and noncontiguous blends.
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1. Contiguous Blends
Working on contiguous blends, a number of claims come up regarding the
characteristics of the stress assignment. According to the earlier researchers, the
stress of blends is determined by the stress of the source words. In other words, it
will follow the stress of one or both source words. Bat-El (1996), Fischer (1998),
and Bauer (2012) as cited in Lappe & Plag (2012: 7) state that the stress of blends
is mainly determined by the stress of SW2. Meanwhile, Hong (2004: 141) points
out that the position of primary stress in blends is the same as one or both of the
source words. The following sections are the results and analysis of contiguous
blends based on the research data.
a. The Correspondence of the Primary Stress in Resulting blends
The result shows that the stress assignment of blends is equivalent to the
stress of one or both source words. More specifically, the primary stress of
resulting blends is in equivalence with the stress of SW1, SW2, or both SW1 and
SW2. This correspondence is presented in the following Figure 4.9.
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
394
388
303
primary stress
secondary stress
82
30
unstressed
source word 1 (SW source word 2 (SW source word 1 & 2
1)
2)
(SW 1 & 2)
Figure 4.9 the Equivalence of the Primary Stress in Resulting Blends
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Figure 4.9 shows that the primary stress in the resulting blends is equivalent
to the stress in the source words. More specifically, the figure shows that the
primary stress in the resulting blends corresponds to the primary stress in SW1,
SW2, or SW1 and SW2.
However, when looking carefully at SW1 of the figure, it is obvious that the
primary stress in the resulting blends does not merely correspond to the primary
stress. Rather, it also corresponds to the secondary stress and even unstressed
syllable in the source words. In short, the figure yields the result that the primary
stress in the resulting blends is in correspondence to the three different levels of
stress, namely the primary stress, secondary stress, or unstressed syllable in SW1,
SW2, or both SW1 and 2.
Among these three different levels of stress, the correspondence between
primary stress in resulting blends and primary stress in the source words is the
most numerous. There are 388 blends which the primary stress is equivalent to the
primary stress in SW1. In the case of SW2, the primary stress of 394 blends
matches the primary stress in SW2. Besides, 303 blends contain primary stress
which is equivalent to the primary stress of both SW1 and 2.
As mentioned formerly, the primary stress in the resulting blends does not
always correspond to the primary stress in the source words. Rather, it also
corresponds to the secondary stress and unstressed syllable in the source words.
According to the data, this case merely occurs in SW1. There are 30 blends
having primary stress which match secondary stress in SW1. Furthermore, the
correspondence between primary stress in the resulting blends and unstressed
syllable in SW1 is more popular. It includes 82 blends.
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To make it comprehensive and understandable, the correspondence of the
primary stress in the resulting blends with stress in the source words is
categorized into five patterns. The summary of these five patterns can be seen in
Figure 4.10.
1st SW1
25%
2nd SW1
32%
unstressed SW1
1st SW2
33%
7%
3%
1st SW1&2
Figure 4.10 Five Patterns of Stress Assignment of Resulting Blends
Figure 4.10 presents five patterns of stress assignment in the resulting
blends in regard to the stress in the source words. These five patterns deals with
the equivalence between primary stress in resulting blends and primary stress in
SW1, secondary stress in SW1, unstressed syllable in SW1, primary stress in
SW2, and primary stress in SW1 and 2.
In terms of the primary stress in the source words, the vast majority of
primary stress in the resulting blends is equivalent to the primary stress in SW2
which accounts for 33 %. Meanwhile, the correspondence of the primary stress in
resulting blends with the primary stress in SW 1 is less significant than those of
SW2. It makes up 32 %. The smallest number is occupied by the correspondence
of the primary stress in both SW1 and 2 which approximates 25 %.
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In addition to the primary stress, the equivalence of primary stress in
resulting blends also occurs in the secondary stress and unstressed syllable in the
SW 1. The correspondence of primary stress in blends with the unstressed syllable
in SW 1 yields 7 %. Meanwhile, the smaller percentage occurs in the
correspondence between primary stress in resulting blends and secondary stress in
SW1 which only makes up 3 %.
The following section presents the details of five patterns of stress
assignment in the resulting blends. Furthermore, it provides some examples of the
type of blends according to the combining patterns which match each pattern. It is
obvious that there is a close relationship between stress assignment and
combining pattern since they share something in common. Both stress assignment
and combining patterns in blends deal with “form” and “position”. For that
reason, the combining patterns are also observed in this analysis of stress
assignment.
b. Five Patterns of Stress Assignment in the Resulting blends
As mentioned in the result of the first research question, blends are
categorized in terms of combining patterns. It is recalled here that there are two
kinds of blends such as clipping and overlapping blends. Clipping blends consists
of type A, B, C, and D, while overlapping blends consists of type OV0, OV1, and
OV2. This section reveals five patterns of stress assignment in the resulting
blends. Moreover, it also introduces in what types of combining patterns these
five characteristics occur.
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However, the types of combining patterns are essential in the stress
assignment of blends since they determine which part of source words retained
and deleted in blends. In a point of fact, the stress of an English word is counted
from the last syllable. Thus, knowing which part of the source words retained in
blends becomes important here in observing the stress assignment. The
distribution of primary stress in resulting blends according to the combining
patterns are presented in the following table.
Table 4.9 The Distribution of Primary Stress in Resulting Blends according to the
Combining Patterns
Types of
Blends
type A
type B
type C
type D
type OV0
type OV1
type OV2
First Source Word (SW1)
1st
104
44
74
42
15
67
42
2nd
7
12
9
2
unstressed
11
27
17
17
2
8
Second Source Word
(SW2)
st
1
2nd unstressed
77
34
89
3
52
84
55
-
1stSW1
& SW2
20
60
42
110
71
As stated beforehand, there are five patterns of stress assignment in
resulting blends, namely the equivalence between primary stress in resulting
blends and primary stress in SW 1, secondary stress in SW 1, unstressed syllable
in SW 1, primary stress in SW 2, and primary stress in SW 1 and 2. Table 4.9
illustrates that the first pattern occurs mostly in the type A, the second pattern in
the type C, the third pattern in the type B, the fourth pattern in the type C, and the
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fifth pattern in the type OV1. The detailed explanation is presented in these
following paragraphs.
1) The Equivalence between Primary Stress in the Resulting Blends and
Primary Stress in SW 1
This is the first pattern in which the primary stress in resulting blends is
equivalent to the primary stress in SW1. After examining the data, it is found that
all types of both clipping and overlapping blends have the stress assignment
which fits into this pattern.
Being compared to all types of both clipping and overlapping blends, this
pattern mostly happens in the type A of clipping blends. The examples of type A
are ‘plumcot and ‘course,ware. In ‘plumcot, it combines the whole word plum and
last part cot from apricot, thus the omitted part is the primary stress of SW2.
Henceforth, it remains the primary stress of SW1. Similarly, in ‘courseware
(‘course x ’software), the stress of SW2 is omitted, thus the remaining stress
belongs to SW1.
Besides, it also occurs in the clipping blends type B, C, and D. As stated in
the previous section that type B combines first part of SW1 and the whole part of
the second SW2. The examples are ‘vege,burger (‘vegetable x ‘burger) and
‘cosplay (‘costume x ‘play).
As seen in ‘vege,burger, the primary stress is
equivalent to the stress in SW1. In ‘cosplay, the primary stress corresponds to the
primary stress of SW1, although the primary stress also occurs in ‘play. It is
because the stress is assigned on the penultimate. Thus, the primary stress is in
SW1. Type C combines first part of SW1 and the last part of SW2. The examples
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are ‘bankster (‘banker x ‘gangster) and ‘cronut (‘croissant x ‘doughnut). In both
‘bankster and ‘cronut, the first parts of SW2 (gang and dough) in both blends are
omitted whereas they bring primary stress. Thus the remaining stress is the
primary stress of SW1. Type D combines the first part of both source words. The
example is the blend ‘desk,note (‘desktop x ‘notebook). In ‘desk,note, the first
parts of both source words (desk and note) which bring primary stress are
preserved. Nevertheless, the stress is on the primary stress of SW1 since the stress
is assigned on the penultimate. The same way happens on the blend ‘taxi,cab
which combines ‘taxi,meter and ,cabrio’let. The primary stress of ‘taxi,cab is
equivalent to the primary stress in SW1.
Furthermore, the types of overlapping blends which fit into this pattern are
OV0, OV1, and OV2. The examples of OV0 are ‘fluidram (‘fluid x ‘dram) and
‘phoneck (‘phone x ‘neck). Both examples retain the primary stress of first source
words. Blends ‘beefalo (‘beef x ‘buffalo) and ‘brainiac (‘brainy x ‘maniac) are the
examples of this type OV1. In ‘beefalo and ‘brainiac, the primary stress of SW2
are omitted, thus they retain the primary stress of SW1. The examples of type
OV2 are ‘boxercise (‘boxing x ‘exercise) and ‘liger (‘lion x ‘tiger). The first parts
of both ‘boxercise and ‘liger are omitted, thus it retains the primary stress of SW1.
Secondary Stress in SW 1
The second pattern is that the primary stress of resulting blends is equivalent
to the secondary stress of the SW1. Although the number of blends following this
characteristic is relatively small, it is counted since it gives an important
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contribution to the result. According to the data, this pattern occurs only in
clipping blends type B, C, and D and overlapping blend type OV2. The examples
of the type B are ‘contrail (,conden’sation x ‘trail), ‘docu,drama (,docu’mentary x
‘drama), and „docusoap (,docu’mentary x ‘soup). In „contrail, the primary stress
is assigned in the syllable con, whereas the fact is that the syllable obtains
secondary stress in the original word ,conden’sation. Similarly, in ‘docu,drama
and ‘docu,soap, the primary stressed syllable is in the syllable do which is
originally taken from the word ,docu’mentary. The examples of the type C are
‘bi,ome (,bio’logical x ‘dome) and e’lectret (e,lec’tricity x ‘magnet). The primary
stressed syllable of the blend „bi,ome is bi, whereas in the source word the syllable
bi obtains secondary stress. In e’lectret, the syllable lec is assigned a primary
stress, although that syllable gets secondary stress as in e,lec’tricity. The examples
of type D are ‘agit,prop (,agi’tation x ,propa’ganda) and ‘av,gas (,avi’ation x
‘gasoline). In both examples, the primary stressed syllables are ag and av,
respectively. Both syllables ad and av obtain secondary stress in their source
words.
Besides, the type of overlapping blends following this type is blends type
OV2. The examples are ‘magalogue (,maga’zine x ‘catalogue) and ‘tange,lo
(,tange’rine x ‘pome,lo). The syllable ma in ‘magalogue and tan in ‘tange,lo bear
a primary stress, although in the source words they bear a secondary stress.
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Unstressed Syllable in SW 1
The third pattern which can be observed is that the primary stress of
resulting blends is equivalent to the unstressed syllables of SW1. It occurs in all
types of clipping and two types of overlapping blends, namely type A, B, C, D,
OV0, and OV2. The example of type A are in’sultment (‘insult x ‘statement),
lon’doni,stan (‘London x ,Paki’stan). Both in’sultment and lon’doni,stan assign
their stresses in correspondence with unstressed syllable of SW1. In in’sultment,
the stress is in the syllable sult in which this syllable is unstressed in word insult
(a noun), The examples of type B are ‘conrail (con’solidated x ‘rail), ‘dicta,phone
(dic’tate x ‘phone), and in’terro,bang (,inte’rrogative x ‘bang). In those examples,
the stress syllables are on con, dic, and ter which they are not stressed in their
original words. The example of type C is ga’lumph (‘gallop x ‘triumph) and
‘malware (ma’licious x ‘software). As seen in these examples, the primary stress
of both blends corresponds to the unstressed syllables. The examples of type D are
‘bio,pic (bi’ography x ‘picture) and ‘Intel,sat ( in’telligent x ‘satellite). In ‘bio,pic
and ‘intel,sat, both the syllables bi and in are assigned primary stress, although in
the original words they are not.
Besides, the types of overlapping blends which fit into this category are
OV0, and OV2. The example of type OV0 is ca’meleo,pard (‘camel x ‘leopard),
the syllable me is stressed. The examples of type OV2 are ‘netizen (‘internet x
‘citizen) and du’ralumin (‘durable x ,alu’minium) assign the stress in the syllable
net and ra.
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Primary Stress in SW 2
The fourth pattern is that the primary stress in resulting blends is equivalent
to the primary stress in the SW2. All types of clipping and overlapping blends
match with this category. This characteristic mostly happens in type C of clipping
blends
The examples of type A of clipping blends are yoga’lates (‘yoga x ,pi’lates)
and ,need’cessity (‘need x ne’cessity). In these examples, the stressed syllables la
and ces correspond to the stress of original words pi‟lates and ne‟cessity. The
example of type B are ,alphanu’meric (,alpha’betic x nu’meric) and ,bi’curious
(bi’sexual x ‘curious). These examples show the correspondence of the stressed
syllable me with stress in nu’meric and cu with the stress in ‘curious. The
examples of type C are ,edu’tainment (,edu’cation x enter’tainment) and
gi’normous (,gi’gantic x e’normous). In ,edu’tainment and gi’normous, the
primary stress is in accordance with SW2 enter’tainment and e’normous.
All types of overlapping blends, namely OV0, OV1, and OV2 are suitable to
this pattern. The blend ,aquae’robics (‘aqua x ae’robics) and ,radio’paque (‘radio
x o’paque) are the examples of OV0. These blends have the correspondence of the
primary stress to the SW2 ae’obics and o’paque. The examples of type OV1,
cla’mato (‘clam x to’mato) and ,stalke’razzi (‘stalker x ,papar’azzi), the primary
stress is in correspondence with SW2 to’mato and ,papar’azzi . The examples of
type OV2 are ,walla’roo (‘Wallaby x ,kanga’roo) and ,afflu’enza (‘affluence x
,influ’enza).
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Primary Stress in SW 1 and SW2
The fifth pattern is that the primary stress in the resulting blends is
equivalent to the primary stress in both first and second source word. Based on the
statistic of data, the huge number of blends following this category occurs in the
overlapping blends. This is based on the reason that it is the overlapping blend
which has overlapped segments. Moreover, in the case of many overlapping
blends, the two segments which are combined bear stress. To sum up, the
occurrence of blends having stress in both source words is greater in the
overlapping blends.
All types of overlapping blends, namely OV0, OV1, and OV2 follow this
category. The number of blends in the type OV1 suited to this category, however,
is the most numerous. The examples of type OV0 in the overlapping blends are
‘guesstimate (‘guess x ‘estimate) and ‘palimony (‘pal x ‘alimony). As seen in
‘guesstimate, the first syllable of each source words bears primary stress and
overlaps one another, thus they become one primary stressed syllable. The same
way occurs in ‘palimony in which pal and al are completely overlapped segments
and assigned a primary stress. In the type OV1, the instances are bi’athlete
(bi’athlon x ‘athlete) and ‘backronym (‘back<wards> x ‘acronym). In bi’athlete,
the overlapped syllables ath in bi’athlon and ‘athlete are both assigned a primary
stress. In ‘backronym, the overlapped segments /æk/ are put in the same syllable
and stressed. The examples of type OV2 are ,angio’tensin (,angio’tonin x
,hyper’tension) and de’clamatory (de’clarative x ex’clama,tory). In ,angio’tensin,
the overlapped segment is t. Accordingly, the primary stressed syllable is in the
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syllable te which contains the segment t. In de’clamatory, the syllable cla in
de’clarative overlapped with that in ex’clama,tory. Moreover, both syllables are
primary stressed syllables.
Nevertheless, this category does not necessarily combine syllables. Blends,
however, combine constituents or so called splinters. When the splinters of both
source words carrying stress merge into one syllable and get primary stress on that
syllable as a blend, they are also regarded as having stress of both SW1 and 2.
This case frequently happens in the clipping blends. The blend ‘fugly, which
combines ‘fat and ‘ugly, is one of the examples. It is apparent that the primary
stressed syllable occurs in the syllable fug which is the combination of segment
fin SW1 and ug in the second source words. In their original syllable, both
segments f and ug bear stress. Hence, it can be said that the blend ‘fugly bears
stress in both SW1 and SW 2.
However, this category does not always match into all types of clipping
blends. The clipping blends which correlate to this category are type B and C. The
examples of type B are ‘sageism (‘sexism x ‘ageism) and ‘wunky (‘weird x
‘funky). In ‘sageism, the segment s in ‘sexism become one syllable with the
segment age to make the stressed syllable sag. In ‘wunky, the first part of SW1
(splinter w) merge with splinter un to be one syllable and therefore the stress is
there. Similarly in ‘sageism, splinter s and age are joined into one syllable. In type
C, the examples are ‘wholphin (‘whale x ‘dolphin) and ‘chofa ( ‘chair x ‘sofa).
They both bear stress in both of the source words.
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c. The Characteristics of Stress Assignment in Contiguous Blends
As mentioned beforehand, the phonological characteristics of blends which
can be observed are the characteristics of stress assignment. There are three points
which become the highlights of the previous discussion dealing with stress
placement occurred in contiguous blends. These three points are presented in the
following paragraphs.
1) The Correspondence of Primary Stress in Resulting Blends and Primary
stress in One or Both Source Words
After examining the data, it can be said that the primary stress in the
resulting blends is in correspondence with the primary stress of one or both source
words. Furthermore, the vast majority of blends are most likely to have primary
stress which have the same position as in the source words, whether it is in SW1,
SW2, or both SW1 and 2.
As has been mentioned in the previous discusion, there are three categories
of blends blends in terms of primary stress retained in the source words. The first
category belongs to blends which retain primary stress in SW1. The characteristic
of blends in this category is that the part of SW2 which contains primary stress is
omitted. Thus, it remains SW1. This category is best fitted to type A of clipping
blends. Blends of type A, however, omit one or more parts of SW2. For that
reason, the opportunity that the stress falls on the syllable in SW1 is larger. Blends
of type A combine the whole part of SW1 and last part of SW2. In this regard, the
first part of SW2 (which most likely contains stressed syllable) is omitted.
Moreover, it is common for polysyllabic nouns to have stress on the second
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syllable from the last or on the penultimate syllable. In bisyllabic nouns, the stress
is commonly assigned in the first part which is usually in a penultimate syllable.
Thus, it can be said that blends of this category retain the primary stress of SW1
since primary stressed syllable of SW2 is deleted. The second category belongs to
blends which retain primary stress in SW2. This category mostly occurs in
clipping blends type C. The characteristic of blends in this category is that it
retains the primary stressed syllable of SW2. Blends of type C, however,
preserves the first part of SW1 and the last part of SW2. For some extents, the last
part of SW2 contains primary stress. Therefore, the primary stress of blends falls
on the the syllable of SW2. The third category belongs to blends which retain
primary stress in both SW1 and SW2. Blends of this category occur within two
conditions. The first condition is that when the overlapped part covers the whole
syllable and the primary stress is there. It frequently happens in overlapping
blends. The second condition is that when the overlapped part is derived from the
constituents of SW1 and SW2 and both constituents certainly bear primary stress.
The type of blends which fit into this second condition is clipping blends.
2) The importance of the Position of SW2
Fundamentally, preserving last parts of SW2 containing primary stress is
essential. It means that if blends preserve the primary stressed syllable of SW2,
the primary stress of resulting blends is there. It is due to the fact that when
combining parts of SW1 and SW2, the position of SW2 is always in the rear part
of a blend. Moreover, it becomes more interesting when realizing that stress
assignment is counted from the back of a word. For example, the primary stress of
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the blend ,tele’genic (‘television x ,photo’genic) corresponds to the primary stress
of SW2. As seen in the example that it preserves the rear part of SW2 which also
contains primary stress. Moreover, according to the stress assignment rule, the
stress is assigned on the penultimate syllable. Thus, the stress of blend is said to
be stable in corresponding to the primary stress of SW2. Finally, it is obvious that
the primary stress of blends which is equivalent to the primary stress of SW2 is
more stable.
On the contrary, the primary stress of blends which is equivalent to the
stress of SW1 is not stable. It deals with some variations when the stress of blends
falls on the syllable of SW1, whether it is in correspondence with the primary
stress, secondary stress, or unstressed syllable. The primary stress of blends falls
on the syllable of SW1 provided that the part of SW2 which contain primary
stress is omitted. One of the examples is the blend ‘cronut (‘croissant x
‘doughnut). In ‘cronut, the first part of SW2 which contains the primary stress is
omitted. It happens such a way that finally the stress falls on the syllable of SW1.
Another example occurs in the case of secondary stress, namely e’lectret
(e,lec’tricity x ‘magnet). In e’lectret, the primary stress is in correspondence with
the secondary stress of SW1. It is apparent that the primary stressed syllable of
SW2 is omitted. It also happens when SW2 is a monosyllabic word such as in the
blend in’terro,bang (,inte’rrogative x ‘bang). In in’terro,bang, the primary stress
corresponds to the unstressed syllable of SW1.
At last, the correspondence between primary stress in blends and primary
stress in SW1 varies because the position of SW1 in blends is always in the front.
Meanwhile, the correspondence between primary stress in blends and primary
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stress in SW2 remains steady since SW2 always appears in the rear part of a
blend. It means that if it is placed in that position, it occurs in a secure position,
considering that the stress of a blend is already there. In short, the role of SW2 is
essential here. Once SW2 is insecure, it will affect the stress of blends as a whole.
3) The Stress Assignment of Blends
According to the finding, the stress of blends is not necessarily determined
by the stress of one of the source words. Rather, the stress of blends is assigned
from the beginning, following the rule of new word manufacturing. It is
mentioned in the second point that SW2 position in blends is more steady,
referring to the correspondence between primary stress in blends and primary
stress in SW2. If it happens, it does not become a matter when stating that the
stress of blends follows the stress of one or both of the source words. The problem
emerges when it deals with the correspondence between primary stress in blends
and stress in SW1. Since the position is not steady, it evokes some variations such
as in correspondence with the primary stress, secondary stress, and unstressed
syllable.
This problem initiates the remark that actually the stress in resulting blends
does not simply follow the stress of the source words. To some extents, the stress
of resulting blends is assigned from the beginning, like what happens when a new
word exists in order to be added to the lexicon of English. This time, it is better
examining these following evidences. The evidences are taken from blends
‘desknote („desktop x „notebook) and du’ralumin („durable x alu‟minium).
According to the stress placement rule, the stress assigned to the blend „desknote
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is on the penultimate syllable. The stress assignment does not automatically
become desk’note in order to be equivalent to the stress of second source word
„notebook. Similarly in du’ralumin, the stress falls on the antepenultimate
syllable. However, the stress assignment does not necessarily become „duralumin
or duralu‟min in order to be equivalent to the stress of SW1 („durable) and SW2
(alu‟minium). These evidences verify that the stress of blends is assigned from the
beginning, following the rule of stress assignment.
Nonetheless, people are misguided by mentioning that stress of resulting
blends is inherited. The problem is that there is a tendency to resemble the stress
of more familiar words, in this case, the stress of one of sourcewords. For
example, the primary stress of the blend bro’tato (‘brother x po’tato) falls on the
penultimate /teɪ/. The stress of more familiar word po’tato also falls on the
syllable /teɪ/. Similarly, the blend floa’tel (floating x hotel) has similar stress as in
ho’tel. The same way occurs in the blends fra’tastic (fra’ternity x fan’tastic) and
,stalke’razzi (‘stalker x ,papa’razzi) since they resemble stress of the words
fan’tastic and ,papa’razzi. All of these examples hold the last parts of SW2 which
contains primary stress. The remaining part of source words is preserved so that
people become aware that the blends they read or hear are originally a
combination of words. In this regard, they can quickly guess the source words
which make up a blend.
As a final remark, it is worth saying that the stress of English blends is
assigned based on the stress placement rule of English. It is essential to put aside
the phonological features, such as syllable constituents and stress assignments
which are brought by each source word. Therefore, they are adjusted following
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the rule of stress assignment from the beginning. A blend, however, should be
treated as a word which needs to undergo some restrictions before they can be
added to the lexicon of English.
2. Noncontiguous Blends
Blends with infixation is subject to prosodic morphology. It is due to the
fact that in the process of inserting elements into the base (inserting “infixes”), it
requires some consistency in applying prosodic properties, such as syllable size
and syllable weight. Therefore, they occur under phonological conditions which
are going to discuss in this section.
As stated in the analysis section of the first research problem, blends with
infixation include two processes, namely deleting and inserting elements. In
blends, deleting elements is obligatory since it is one of the characteristics of
blends. As shown in Table 4.10, SW1 becomes the base to which an “infix”
attaches, while SW2 becomes the “infix” that interrupts the base.
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Table 4.10 Phonological Properties of Blends with Infixation
No.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
Blends
with
infixation
ambisextrous
(ambidextrous x
sex)
adverteasement
(advertisement x
tease)
adorkable
(adorable x dork)
diworsify
(diversify x worse)
procrapstinate
(procrastinate x
crap)
refirement
(retirement x fire)
ridonkulous
(ridiculous x
donk<ey>)
engayed
(engaged x gay)
homosinuality
(homosexuality x
sin)
hypathenuse
(hypotenuse x
path)
edvertorial
(editorial x
advertisement)
enculturement
(enlightenment x
culture)
baseketball
(basketball x
base<ball>)
janky (junky x
<st>ank)
chortle (chuckle x
<sn>ort)
deleting elements
syll size
syll weight
dex (1)
/deks/
heavy syll
inserting infixes
syll size
syll weight
sex (1)
/seks/
heavy syll
tise (1)
/taɪz/
heavy syll
tease (1)
/tiːz/
heavy syll
ad‟vertisement
ad‟verteasement
dor (1)
/dɔː.r/
heavy syll
/ vɜː.s/
heavy syll
/kræs/
heavy syll
dork (1)
/dɔːk/
heavy syll
/wɜːs/
heavy syll
/kræp/
heavy syll
a‟dorable
a‟dorkable
di‟versify
di‟worsify
pro‟crastinate
pro‟crapstinate
/taɪə/
heavy syll
/dɪk/
heavy syll
fire (2)
/faɪə/
heavy syll
/dɒŋ/
heavy syll
re‟tirement
re‟firement
ri‟diculous
ri‟donkulous
/geɪdʒ/
heavy syll
/seks/
heavy syll
gay (1)
/geɪ/
heavy syll
/sɪn/
heavy syll
en‟gaged
en‟gayed
,homo,sexu‟ality
,homo,sinu‟ality
pot (1)
/pɒt/
heavy syll
path (1)
/pɑːθ/
heavy syll
hy‟potenuse
hy‟pathenuse
edit (2)
/edɪt/
advert (2)
/ədvɜːt/
,edi‟torial
,edver‟torial
lighten
(2)
/laɪtən/
culture
(2)
/kʌl.tʃə r/
en‟lightenment
en‟culturement
bas (1)
/bɑː.s/
heavy syll
base (1)
/beɪs/
heavy syll
„basketball
„baseketball
unk (1)
/ʌŋk/
heavy syll
/ʌk/
heavy syll
ank (1)
/æŋk/
heavy syll
/ɔːt/
heavy syll
„junky
„janky
„chuckle
„chortle
autopath‟ography
bi (1)
/ baɪ/
path (1)
/pɑːθ/
,autobi‟ography
vers (1)
cras (1)
tire (2)
dic (1)
gag (1)
sex (1)
uck (1)
worse (1)
crap (1)
donk (1)
sin (1)
ort (1)
Stress Placement
,ambi‟dextrous
,ambi‟sextrous
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(autobiography x
pathology)
reintarnation
(reincarnation x
tarn<ish>)
heavy syll
car (1)
/kɑː/
heavy syll
heavy syll
tar (1)
/tɑː/
heavy syll
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,autopath‟ograph
y
,reincar‟nation
,reintar‟nation
The phonological characteristics of blends with infixation which can be
observed in this research are related to the syllable size, syllable weight, and stress
placement. The syllable size refers to the number of syllable, while syllable
weight refers to the number of X-positions in rhyme. As mentioned by Giegerich
(1992: 146), one which has two-X rhyme is called a heavy syllable, while one
which has a single-X rhyme is called a light syllable. The following paragraphs
present three phonological characteristics of blends with infixation.
First, the syllable size of deleted segments is equivalent to the syllable size
of infixes. In this regard, the number of syllables in infixes and deleted segments
is always the same as presented in Table 4.10. Furthermore, the data may belong
to either monosyllabic element (having a single syllable) or bisyllabic element
(having two syllables). Examining the data presented in the table, most syllables
in infixes and deleted segments are monosyllabic. It occurs in ambisextrous,
adverteasement, adorkable, diworsify, procrastinate, ridonkulous, engayed,
homosinuality, hypathenuse, baseketball, janky, chortle, autopathography, and
reintarnation. In ambisextrous (ambidextrous x sex), the infix sex is monosyllabic
so is the deleted segment dex. Another example is adverteasement (advertisement
x tease). The blend adverteasement has monosyllabic infix tease and
monosyllabic deleted segment tise. In adorkable (adorable x dork), both infix
(dork) and deleted segments (dor) are monosyllabic. The blend homosinuality
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(homosexuality x sin) has a monosyllabic infix sin and monosyllabic segments
sex.
In addition to monosyllabic elements, bisyllabic elements occur in
refirement, edvertorial, and enculturement. In refirement (retirement x fire), the
deleted segments tire consist of two syllables which is the same as those in fire.
Another example which has two syllables can be seen in edvertorial (editorial x
advertisement). In edvertorial, both edit and advert are both bisyllabic. The blend
enculturement (enlightenment x culture) also have lighten and culture in which
each of them consists of two syllables.
Second, the syllable weight of deleted elements is equivalent to the syllable
weight of infixes. The data in Table 4.10 shows that the number of X-positions in
rhyme in deleted syllables is the same as those in infixes. In diworsify (diversify x
worse), the deleted element verse /vɜː.s/ and the infix worse /wɜːs/ contain heavy
syllable. In refirement (retirement x fire), the deleted element tire /taɪə/ contains a
heavy syllable, so does the infix fire /faɪə/. The blend engayed which combine
engaged and gay contains heavy syllables for deleted element gag /geɪdʒ/ and the
infix gay /geɪ/.
Third, the stress of blends with infixation is likely to follow the stress of the
base as long as the substituted elements (deleted segments and infixes) have the
same number of syllables (syllable size) and more specifically have the same
number of X-positions in rhyme (syllable weight). Otherwise, the stress will be
assigned from the beginning.
According to the data, the infixes are put right on the stressed syllables.
More specifically, the stressed syllable of the base is then omitted and substituted
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for infixes. For that reason, the syllable of infixes must be heavy in order to
maintain the stress placement of the base. It is due to the fact that stressed syllable
is always heavy, so a heavy syllable is needed for infixes as the substitute.
Otherwise, the stress placement will be different from those in base, meaning that
it is needed to assign stress from the beginning. Now that all data in Table 5.5
have the same syllable size and syllable weight, the stress placement will remain
the same as the base.
As shown in Table 4.10, ,ambi’sextrous is the combination of
,ambi’dextrous and „sex. The SW1 ,ambi’dextrous is the base, while sex is the
infix which must be put in the middle of base. The stressed syllable dex is deleted
and substituted for the infix sex. The stressed syllable dex /deks/ is heavy and
monosyllabic, thus the substitute must be heavy and monosyllabic in order to
maintain the stress placement of the base. The infix sex /seks/ is both heavy and
monosyllabic so that it is suitable as the substitute of dex. Finally, the resulting
blend becomes ,ambi’sextrous.
D.Meaning Identification of English Blends
The meaning patterns of blends are identified according to the relation
between two source words. In terms of the meaning construction, blends are
similar to compounds due to the fact that for some extents blends may be
understood as shortened compounds. Therefore, this study will apply four types of
meaning used by compounds such as endocentric, exocentric, copulative, and
appositional to identify the meaning of blends.
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From now on, the meaning of blends in general is classified into two types,
namely endocentric and exocentric meaning. Endocentric meaning in blends
denotes the meaning construction in which the meaning is derived from the
element of blends. Thus the meaning is inside the blends. On the contrary,
exocentric meaning is a meaning construction in which the meaning is outside the
blends (Szymanek, 1989: 48-50).
Nevertheless, the classification of meaning into two general types is not
sufficient to describe all meaning. In addition to these two general types, there are
two other types of meaning, namely copulative and appositional meaning.
Hereafter, there are four types of English blends in terms of the semantic features,
namely endocentric, copulative, appositional, and exocentric blends.
Figure 4.11 illustrates the distribution of blends based on the semantic types.
According to the figure, the significant number of blends is found within three
types of blends: endocentric, copulative, and appositional blends. Exocentric
blends, the fourth type, are very limited in number. They are very rare, only
making 1 %. The most popular type of blends is endocentric blends which make
76 %. These blends are the most numerous, meanwhile copulative and
appositional blends follow with the smaller number. The percentage of copulative
blends (12 %) is slightly larger than the percentage of appositional blends (11 %).
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1%
11%
Endocentric blends
12%
Copulative
Appositional
Exocentric
76%
Figure 4.11 The distribution of Blends based on the Semantic Types
The first type is endocentric blends. Endocentric blends are blends that
consist of a head, which is the categorical part containing the basic meaning of the
whole blends, and modifiers, which restrict the meaning. In other words, they
signify the relationship between a modifier and a head. Thus, there is only one
semantic head which is preceded or followed by additional information about the
head (modifiers). In endocentric blends, the semantic heads are inside the blends.
For example: the blend vactor, where actor is the head and virtual is the modifier,
is understood as an virtual actor. Another example is the blend abandonware
(abandoned x software) which is a kind of software which is ignored by its owner
and manufacturer. The blend flexitarian is also the example of endocentric blend.
In flexitarian, flexible acts as a modifier which modifies the head vegetarian
which meaning is a vegetarian who is flexible to combine meat to his/her meal.
The blend agritourism, where tourism is the head and agricultural is the modifier,
is understood as a kind of tourism in which customer do agricultural work. The
blend ecommerce (electronic x commerce), ezine (electronic x magazine),
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cheapuccino (cheap x cappuccino), awkfest (awkward x festival), flog (fake x
blog) is a kind of commerce, magazine, and cappuccino, festival, and blog,
respectively.
The second type is copulative blends. Different from endocentric blends
which only have one semantic head, copulative blends have two semantic heads.
It means that there is no source word that is subordinated to another source word.
The relation between the heads is typically equal. Having two semantic heads, the
source words of copulative blends refer to different referent. For example, the
blend Chimerica refers to China and America. Other examples are absotively
which means both absolutely and positively, and fappy which refers to both fat
and happy. Other examples are happymonius (happy x <har>monious), scanlate
(scan x <trans>late), slungry (sl<eepy x h>ungry), toughicult (tough x
<di>fficult), Chindia (Chin<a x I>ndia), and fertigate (ferti<lize x irr>igate).
The third type of blend is appositional blends. Similar to copulative blends,
appositional blends have two semantic heads. The difference lies on the entity of
the description of two source words denotes. Appositional blends belong to one
entity, while copulative blends belong to two entities. Appositional blends also
have equal relation between source words. This kind of blends is categorized
according to the usage. First, appositional blends refer to a combination of two
things which create a new entity. For example, the blend linner is not a
combination of lunch and dinner meal nor eating lunch followed by dinner.
Rather, it refers to a meal time between lunch and dinner, usually around 3 or 4
PM so that it belongs to one time of eating. Similarly, mornoon (morn<ing> x
noon) denotes time of late morning or early afternoon. Another example is
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transceiver (transmitter x receiver) which is recognized as one entity. It is not a
transmitter and receiver separately. Rather, it is a device of one package of
transmitting and receiving radio or electronic signals. Other examples, desknote
(desktop x notebook) and lapdesk (laptop x desktop), are understood in the same
way. Desknote is a combination of desktop computer and notebook computer,
while lapdesk is a combination of laptop and desktop computer. In particular,
desknote is a computer which is similar to a netbook in size, yet is designed to
remain stationary like a desktop. Lapdesk is a portable laptop which remains
steady like a desktop which enables people to use on their lap. Others are smaze
(smoke x haze) and snizzle (snow x drizzle). Smaze and snizzle are a mixture of
smoke and haze and a mixture of snow and drizzle, respectively.
Second, appositional blends are also used to describe one with different
descriptions or profession. For instances, the blend saladent (salaryman x student)
refers to salaryman who is also a student. Another example is the blend momager
(mom x manager) denotes a mom who is also a manager for her daughter.
Similarly, hackerazzi (hacker x paparazzi) is a paparazzi who is also a hacker. In
the same way, hacktivist (hack<er> x activist) is a computer hacker who further
an activist agenda. Other example is wactress (wa<itress> x actress) is an
aspiring actress working as a waitress.
Third, appositional blends refer to hybrids of animal and plants. Hybrids
create a new entity from the process of breeding among animals and plants. The
examples of hybrids of animal are puggle (pug x beagle), geep (goat x sheep),
wallaroo (wallaby x kangaroo), zony (zebra x pony), zorse (zebra x horse),
zebrass (zebra x ass), beefalo (beef x buffalo), cama (camel x llama), liger (lion x
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tiger), shoat (sheep x goat), tigon (tiger x lion), triticale (triticum x secale),
wholphin (whale x dolphin), and zonkey (zebra x donkey). The examples of
plantation‟ hybrids are plumcot (plum x apricot), broccoflower (broccoli x
cauliflower), pluot (plum x apricot), grapple (grape x apple), crapple (cranberry x
apple), crape (cranberry x grape), and tomacco (tomato x tobacco). Apart from
animal and plant breeding, it includes the hybrids of other things. The examples
are tangelo (tangerine x pomelo), swacket (sweater x jacket), chork (chopsticks x
fork), camkini (camisole x bikini), and spife (spoon x knife).
The least popular type of blends is exocentric blends. This type of blends
does not have a head so that their meaning cannot be guessed easily from its
constituent parts. For example, a veghead (vegetable x head) is not a kind of head.
Rather, it refers to person who only consumes vegetable and will not consume
meat. Another example is clamato (clam x tomato). Clamato is neither a kind of
clam nor tomato. It is a kind of juice, mostly mixed of tomato and clam. Similarly,
fruitopia (fruit x utopia) is neither a kind of fruit nor a kind of a utopia. It refers to
a drink with a fruit-flavor introduced by Coca Cola. In the same way, corpsicle
(corpse x popsicle) is neither a corpse nor a popsicle. Rather, it denotes a person
who has been cryonically frozen like a popsicle in the hope of later revival in
science fiction. Another example is adorabubble (adorab<le> x bubble) and
photopia (photo x topia). Adorabubble and photopia are realized as happiness
and day vision, respectively.
In terms of the meaning construction, blends are quite similar to compounds
since blends can be regarded as shortened compounds. The difference is that it is
common for compounds to have exocentric meaning, yet blends are not (say,
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rare). The reason is that, unlike compounds, some parts of words in blends are
omitted so that the component of blends cannot be obtained explicitly by reader or
hearer. As the consequence, the reader or hearer needs to think twice harder to
guess the idea of a certain blend. First, the hearer or reader needs to guess what
components which make up blends. Second, the hearer and reader needto guess
the meaning. In this case, exocentric meaning does not fit well with blends. It can
be a reason that exocentric blends are rare.
Actually, blends are created to be easily guessed by people, so that if people
hear or read a certain blend, they get the idea of what it is. People can get the idea
of blends because they occur in context. On the contrary, if blends occur in
isolation without the help of context, it will be difficult for people to guess the
components which make up blends. For example, Sprite launches a new variant
of Sprite, namely limon. The consumer can easily get the idea of limon because
the advertisement acts such a way until the consumer perceives that limon is the
combination of lime and lemon.
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CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
This final chapter consists of two sections. The first section presents the
conclusions which can be drawn from this research. The second section attempts
to propose some recommendations for future research.
A. Conclusions
Blends really reflect the style of communication among people in the
current English. It is obvious that smartphones and internet services have
revolutionized communication in these last decades, creating an innovative way of
communication through social media. Evidently, people are likely to communicate
one another in a form of written language via smartphones. Additionally, one of
the characteristics of blends is that they are economical, especially in reducing
sounds so that to some extents it can save effort and time. Furthermore, people
can obtain a meaningful concise of two or more words at once, just by holding
parts of each word. This characteristic is suitable to the language in social media,
considering that people like to condense a lengthy message into a short message.
In addition to the economical factor as the characteristic of blends, blends are also
considered as funny and creative words. It is mentioned that blends in nature are
formed by combining two or more existing words and deleting one or more parts
of them. The way a blend is formed is like a word play in which people can create
by themselves. People always create new words which are fun and innovative for
an entertaining reason. In short, these three characteristics are also the
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characteristics of blends which resemble the style of communication via social
media nowadays: economical, funny, and creative.
However, a blend is originally a word, just like another “common” word
which has been stored to the lexicon of English. In some extents, English blends
could be regarded as a comic word play, yet in actual fact they are not really that
random. Actually, blends are a smart word play. They have rules and restrictions
that should be obeyed in order to be acknowledged as English words, yet in the
case of some blends they keep the elements of fun and entertainment. Regarded as
a smart word play, blends follow the rule of morphology, semantic, and
phonology just as the new word manufacturing.
This study presents the answers of four formulated problems by conducting
morphological, phonological, and semantic analysis. The morphological analysis
is used to answer first and second research questions. The result of first research
question indicates that blends show regularities which can be seen through
combining patterns of blends. Besides, blends show variations in these combining
patterns. Blends do not only combine contiguous parts but also noncontiguous
parts. There are seven combining patterns which are classified as contiguous
blends, namely type A, B, C, D, OV0, OV1, and OV2. Type A combines whole
SW1 and last parts of SW2. The examples are actorvist (actor x <acti>vist),
facekini (face x <bi>kini), and daycation (day x <va>cation). Type B combines
first parts of SW1 and whole SW2. The instances are docudrama
(docu<mentary> x drama), yestergay (yester<day> x gay), and cosplay
(cos<tume> x play). Type C combines first parts of SW1 and last parts of SW2.
The examples are ginormous (gì<gantic x e>normous), chofa (ch<air x s>ofa),
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and bromance (bro<ther x ro>mance). Type D combines first parts of both SW1
and SW2. The instances are agitprop (agit<ation> x prop<aganda>), desknote
(desk<top> x note<book>), and fanfic (fan<atic> x fic<tion>). Type OV0 has
zero splinter. The examples are guesstimate (guess x estimate), scanxiety (scan x
anxiety), and dadventure (dad x adventure). Type OV1 has one splinter. The
examples are bustaurant (bus x <re>staurant), carbage (car x <g>arbage), and
steelionaire (steel x <mi>llionaire). Type OV2 has two splinters. The examples
are advertorial (advert<isement x edi>torial), lupper (lu<nch x s>upper), and
advermation (adver<tisement x info>rmation).
In terms of noncontiguous blends, there are two patterns which can be
observed, namely type E and F. Type E consists of blends with infixation. Blends
of this type insert part of one of the source words and delete part of another. The
examples
are
ambisextrous
(ambidextrous
x
sex)
and
adverteasement
(advertisement x tease). Type F involves blends with interfixation. The proses is
that the interfixes are inserted to connect two blended elements. The examples are
hairagami (hair x <ori>gami) and smelloscope (smell x <tele>scope).
The result of the analysis of the second problem shows that blends do not
strict to the particular word category, meaning that there is no fixed formula in
determining the word category of each source word. According to the result, there
are ten pairs of word category in blends. Chiefly, blends can be formed from two
adjectives, two nouns, two verbs, two adverbs, an adjective and a noun, a noun
and an adjective, a noun and a verb, a verb and a noun, an adverb and an
adjective, and a pronoun and a noun. These ten pairs are classified into four major
categories, namely noun blends, adjective blends, verb blends, and adverb blends.
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The analysis of the prosodic morphology conducted to answer the third
research question shows that there are different characteristics of the stress
assignment in contiguous and noncontiguos blends. In contiguous blends, there
are three characteristics which can be observed. First, the vast majority of blends
are most likely to have primary stress which have the same position as in the
source words, whether it is in SW1, SW2, or both SW1 and 2. Second, the
position of SW2 is more stable in determining the primary stress in resulting
blends. Third, the stress of blends is not necessarily determined by the stress of
one or both source words. Rather, it is assigned from the beginning, following the
rule of new word manufacturing. Dealing with noncontiguos blends, the
characteristic of stress assignment in blends with infixation is that the stress is
most likely to follow the stress of the base as long as the substituted elements
(deleted segments and infixes) have the same number of syllables (syllable size)
and more specifically have the same number of X-positions in rhyme (syllable
weight).
The result of the semantic analysis conducted to answer the fourth problem
is that in terms of the meaning identification, blends can be classified into four
categories. These four categories are endocentric, copulative, appositional, and
exocentric blends. Among these four categories, endocentric blends are the most
popular, while exocentric blends are the least popular. It illustrates that the huge
number of blends has one head and a modifier which is used to restrict the
meaning. On the contrary, blends which do not have heads in one or both source
words are uncommon. The reason is that determining heads within two source
words is essential to identify the meaning of resulting blends. If blends do not
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have heads, it will be difficult for the hearers and readers to identify the meaning.
Dealing with this issue, it is essential to provide contexts since it can be used as a
clue to identify the source words and henceforth the meaning of resulting blends.
To sum up, the essential finding from this research is that blending is said to
be one of the simple ways to enrich the vocabulary of English since itmerely uses
the existing words. Accordingly, the analysis of blends should deal with the
analysis of morphology and phonology simultaneously, henceforth prosodic
morphology. It is due to the fact that the combination of two or more words in
blends is sometimes morphologically acceptable, but phonologically violated. The
huge number of blends in this research in their written forms has been taken from
mass media and social media. In this regard, people would be awkward to
pronounce blends they are not familiar with and even they have never heard
before. Therefore, it is essential to analyze blends for the sake of pronunciation.
Despite their unique characteristic, it is essential to treat blends as other
“common‟ words which have undergone some restrictions in all their linguistics
aspects especially in the word manufacturing. Furthermore, a blend will be
regarded as an English word due to their appropriateness to the English language
and their usage in the actual speech. When a certain blend is used widely among
English speaker, it will be familiar to the English speaker and automatically it will
be added to the lexicon of people. The more familiar they become, the more
accepted they are as other “common” words.
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B. Recommendations
The scope of this research is that it uses blends taken from seven online
dictionaries. Besides, the analysis covers complex linguistics aspects such as
morphology, semantic, and phonology. During the implementation, there are
some limitations that the researcher makes. Therefore, the researcher is willing to
give two recommendations for future research. Firstly, in the process of collecting
the data, the present researcher found many blends which combined more than
two words, frequently three words. As stated in the Literature Review of this
present study, blends are formed by combining two or more words and deleting
parts of them. Nevertheless, the present researcher only focuses on two-word
blends in this study. It would be a comprehensive research if blends which consist
of three or more words are also analyzed. It is because there must be some
considerations that people combine three words into one word. Secondly, this
study has not covered the discussion of secondary stress in blends. It would be
interesting for future researchers to analyze the correspondence of the secondary
stress in blends all together.
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Hong, Sung-Hoon. (2004) Properties of English Word-blends: Structural
Description and Statistical Distribution. English Language and Linguistics
18, 117-140.
Katamba, F. (1993) Morphology. New York: St. Martin‟s Press, Inc.
Ladefoged, P. (1993) A Course In Phonetics. Fort Worth: Harcourt Brace
Jovanovich, Inc.
Lappe, S. A and Plag, I. (2012) The Role of Prosodic Structure in the Formation
of English Blends. English Language and Linguistics 17, 537-563.
Lee, S. (2014) Correspondence Theory and Phonological Blending in French. SHS
Web of Conferences 8, 1299-1314.
Lehler, A. (2007) Blendacious in Munat, Judith‟s Lexical, Creativity, Texts and
Contexts. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
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O‟Grady, W., Archibald, J., Aronoff, M., and Rees-Miller, J. (2005)
Contemporary Linguistics. New York: Bedford/ St. Martin‟s.
Plag, I. (2003) Word-formation in English. Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press
Radford, A., Atkinson, M., Britain, D., Clahsen, H., and Spenser, A. (2009)
Linguistics: An Introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Spencer, A. (2001) Morphophonology. International Encyclopedia of the Social
and Behavioral Sciences. Elsevier Science Ltd.
St. Clair, R. N. (2006) Cycles in Metrical Phonology. Intercultural
Communication Studies XV-3, 128-148.
Szymanek, B. (1989) Introduction to Morphological Analysis. Warszawa:
Panstwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe.
B. Online Dictionaries
About Words from Cambridge Dictionaries Online Blog
http://dictionaryblog.cambridge.org/
Latest New Word Suggestions from Collins Dictionary
http://www.collinsdictionary.com/
Oxford Dictionaries http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/
The Open Dictionary New Words & Slang from Merriam-Webster Dictionary
http://nws.merriam-webster.com/opendictionary/
The Rice University Neologisms Database http://neologisms.rice.edu/
Urban Dictionary http://www.urbandictionary.com/
Word Spy http://wordspy.com/
C. Online Articles
Wolf, B. ““Balloonatics Prepare for Thanksgiving Parade”. Abcnews.com.
Abcnews,
23
November
2004.
Web.
1
April.
2014.
<http://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/WolfFiles/story?id=291499>
Lamster, M. “How to fix Dallas: Cut the noose of Interstate 345 and let it
breathe.” DallasNews.com. Dallas News, 28 October. 2013. Web. 1 April.
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134
Ostatnia, A. “Part-time Vegetarians 5.” Newsweek, 16 December. 2008. Web.
1
April
2015.
<http://www.newsweek.pl/part-time-vegetarians5,31454,1,1.html>
<http://news.yahoo.com/digging-china-nuclear-tunnels-013008319.html>
<http://www.policymic.com/articles/73429/snapchat-ceo-evan-spiegel-s-3-billionrejection-letter-to-facebook-s-mark-zuckerberg>
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APPENDICES
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APPENDIX 1
List of Blends in Current English
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Appendix 1: List of Blends in Current English
Blends
Pattern
,abso‟lutely
„ludicrous
,abso‟ludicrous
Semantic
Category
EN
,abso‟lutely
„positively
,abso‟tively
COP
Both absolutely and positively
Media
B
[Adv
Adv]Adv
[N N]N
,acqui‟sition
„hire
acqui‟hire
EN
Pol & Eco
OV0
[N N]N
„acronym
„mania
,acrony‟mania
EN
the purchase of a company for the employees‟
acquisition
mania of acronym
OV1b
[N N]N
„acupuncture
„pressure
„acupressure
EN
an acupuncture that applies physical pressure.
Medical
OV1b
[N N]N
ad,mini‟stration
„staff
ad,mini‟staff
EN
Media
OV1b
[N N]N
ad,mini‟stration
„trivia
ad,mini‟strivia
EN
the staff who deals with the administration (in
this case, of the golfcourse)
trivial administrative task
OV1b
[A N]A
a‟dorable
„bubble
a‟dora,bubble
EXO
Pop
E
OV0
[A N]A
[N N]N
a‟dorable
„adult
dork
,ado‟lescent
a‟dorkable
,adul‟tescent
EN
EN
happiness that bubbles up in your chest upon
viewing it.
adorable in a socially dork way.
an adult who enjoy adolescent culture.
OV1a
[N N]N
„adult
„pesticide
„adulticide
EN
Geo & Eco
A
[N N]N
„adult
,ado‟lescence
,adul‟tolescence
APP
B
[N N]N
„advertising
„game
„advergame
EN
A pesticide designed to kill adult or mature
insects
A person who is stuck between the adult
world and adolescence
a game that incorporates advertising.
OV2a
[N N]N
ad‟vertisement
,infor‟mation
ad‟vermation
EN
Media
OV2a
[N N]N
„advertising
enter‟tainment
,adver‟tainment
APP
An advertisement that provides detailed
information about a product
a form of communication, e.g. (music) video
or short film, which combines advertising and
entertainment and whose aim is to endorse a
brand or company.
absoludicrous (absolu<tely> x
ludicrous)
OV1b
absotively (abso<lutely x
posi>tively)
acquihire (acqui<sition> x
hire)
acronymania (acronym x
mania)
acupressure (acup<uncture> x
pressure)
administaff (administ<ration>
x staff)
administrivia
(administr<ation> x trivia)
adorabubble (adorab<le> x
bubble)
adorkable (adorable x dork)
adultescent (adult x
adolescent)
adulticide (adult x
<pes>ticide)
adultolescence (adult x
<ad>olescence)
advergame (adver<tising> x
game)
advermation (adver<tisement
x info>rmation)
advertainment (advert<ising x
enter>tainment)
C
Word
Category
[Adv A]A
SW1
SW2
Stress of Blends
Meaning
Domain
Something that is so bizarre or outrageous.
Media
Media
Media
Media
Pop
Media
Pop
Media
135
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adverteasement
(advertisement x tease)
E
[N N]N
,adver‟tisement
tease
,adver‟teasemen
t
EN
advertecture (advert<ising x
archi>tecture)
OV2a
[N N]N
„advertising
„architecture
„advertecture
EN
advertorial (advert<isement x
edi>torial)
advict (advi<l x add>ict)
OV2a
[N N]N
ad‟vertisement
,edi‟torial
,adver‟torial
EN
OV2a
[N N]N
ad‟vil
„addict
„advict
EN
adware (ad<vertisement x
soft>ware)
C
[N N]N
ad‟vertisement
„software
„adware
EN
adwonderize (ad<vertise> x
wonderize)
B
[V V]V
„advertise
wonderize
„adwonderize
COP
aerobatics (aer<ial x
ac>robatics)
affluenza (affluen<ce x
in>fluenza)
OV2a
[A N]N
„aerial
,acro‟batics
,aero‟batics
EN
OV2a
[N N]N
„affluence
,influ‟enza
,afflu‟enza
EN
agflation (ag<riculture x
in>flation)
aggranoying (aggra<vating> x
annoying)
C
[N N]N
„agriculture
in‟flation
,ag‟flation
EN
OV1b
[A A]A
„aggravating
a‟nnoying
a‟ggranoying
COP
agitprop (agit<ation> x
prop<aganda>)
agrimation (agri<cultural x
auto>mation)
agritainment (agri<cultural x
enter>tainment)
D
[N N]N
,agi‟tation
,propa‟ganda
„agit,prop
C
[A N]N
,agri‟cultural
,auto‟mation
C
[A N]N
,agri‟cultural
agritourism (agri<cultural> x
tourism)
B
[A N]N
airpocalypse (air x
A
[N N]N
a kind of advertisement that is publicized in an
informal way which involves some creative
elements.
the use of enormous advertising material that
covers a large part of a building in a public
place
An advertising written in the form of objective
editorial.
A person who constantly uses Advil for any
discomfort
Computer software that makes advertisements
open on computers that the computer operator
cannot control.
to make something seem wonderful using
effective advertising to describe a situation
quickly without needing a long explanation
acrobatics performed from an aerial view.
Media
An extreme form of materialism in which
consumers overwork and accumulate high
levels of debt to purchase more goods.
inflation driven by rising prices of agriculture
products.
more than annoying, less than aggravating, but
a combination of both.
Pol & Eco
COP
agitation and propaganda
Pol & Eco
,agri‟mation
EN
agricultural automation
Tech
enter‟tainment
,agri‟tainment
EN
Geo & Eco
,agri‟cultural
„tourism
„agri,tourism
EN
„air
a‟pocalypse
„air,pocalypse
EN
Farm-based entertainment including activities
such as hayrides, pony rides, wine tasting,
cornfield-maze contests, and harvest festivals.
tourism in which customers stay in
accommodation on working farms and may
have the opportunity to help with farm work
an air apocalypse /extreme air pollution.
Media
Media
Media
Tech
Media
Pop
Geo & Eco
Pop
Geo & Eco
Science
136
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<a>pocalypse)
alcoholiday (alcohol x holiday)
OV0
[N N]N
„alcohol
„holiday
,alco‟holiday
EN
A holiday characterized by heavy drinking.
Media
alcopop (alco<hol> x pop)
B
[N N]N
„alcohol
„pop
„alcopop
EN
pop that contains alcohol
Pop
alphanumeric (alpha<betic> x
numeric)
alternawhore (alterna<tive> x
whore)
altmetrics (alt<ernative> x
metrics)
B
[A A]A
,alpha‟betic
nu‟meric
,alphanumeric
COP
Tech
B
[A N]N
al‟ternative
„whore
,alterna‟whore
EN
B
[A N]N
al‟ternative
„metrics
„altmetrics
EN
ambisextrous (ambidextrous x
sex)
Amerasian (Amer<ican> x
Asian)
Amerindian (Ameri<can> x
Indian)
amtrac (am<phibious> x
trac<tor>)
Amtrak (Am<erican> x track)
Am(erican) tra(vel on trac)k
E
[A N]A
,ambi‟dextrous
„sex
,ambi‟sextrous
EN
consisting of alphabetical and numerical
symbols
a female within an out-of-fashion alternative
movement, such as the late 90‟s.
Tools used to assess the impact of scholarly
articles based on alternative online measures
such as bookmarks, links, blog posts, and
tweets.
Having both sexes.
B
[N N]N
A‟merican
„Asian
A,mer‟asian
APP
Geo & Eco
OV1b
[N N]N
A‟merican
„Indian
,Ame‟rindian
EN
a person of mixed American and Asian
parentage
An AmericanIndian
D
[A N]N
am‟phibious
„tractor
„am,trac
EN
OCB
B
[N N]N
A‟merican
„track
„Amtrak
EN
an amphibious tracked vehicle used primarily
by the military for shore landings
the company that controls the railways that
carry passengers in the US.
Amway (Am<erican> x way)
B
[N N]N
A‟merican
„way
„Amway
EN
OCB
anacronym (anachroni<sm> x
acronym)
OV1b
[N N]N
a‟nachronism
„acronym
„anacronym
EN
analrapist (anal<yst x
the>rapist)
B
[N N]N
„analyst
„therapist
a‟nalrapist
APP
anecdata (anecd<ote> x data)
OV1b
[N N]N
„anecdote
„data
anec‟data
EN
a US company, established in 1959, which
employs people in more than 100 countries to
sell its products, or to help others to sell its
products, in their spare time, often at special
parties in their own homes.
An acronym that many people either do not
know that it's an acronym or do not know
what it stands for
Somebody who combines the professions of
analyst and therapist, thus becoming an
analrapist.
anecdotal evidence based on personal
media
Tech
media
Geo & Eco
OCB
media
Medical
media
137
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angiotensin (angiot<onin x
hyper>tension)
OV2a
[N N]N
,angio‟tonin
,hyper‟tension
,angio‟tensin
EN
animatronics (anima<ted x
elec>tronics)
C
[A N]N
„animated
e,lec‟tronics
,anima‟tronics
EN
animutation (anim<ation> x
mutation)
OV1b
[N N]N
,ani‟mation
mu‟tation
,animu‟tation
EN
anternet (ant x nternet)
OV1a
[N N]N
„ant
„Internet
„anternet
EN
aparthotel (apart<ment> x
hotel)
apostrofly (apostro<phe> x
fly)
B
[N N]N
a‟partment
„hotel
a‟partho,tel
APP
B
[N V]N
a‟postrophe
„fly
a‟postrofly
EN
appletini (apple x <mar>tini)
appsessed (app<lication x
ob>sessed)
A
C
[N N]N
[N A]A
„apple
,appli‟cation
mar‟tini
ob‟sessed
„apple,tini
„appsessed
EN
EN
aquabatic (aqua x
<acro>batic)
endo apakah bs adj?
aquaerobics (aqua x aerobics)
aquascape (aqua x
<land>scape)
architourist (archit<ecture> x
tourist)
arcology (arc<hitecture x
e>cology)
A
[N A]A
„aqua
,acro‟batic
OV0
A
[N N]N
[N N]N
„aqua
„aqua
ae‟robics
„landscape
,aqua‟erobics
„aquascape
EN
EN
OV1b
[N N]N
„architecture
„tourist
„architourist
EN
OV2a
[N N]N
„architecture
e‟cology
ar‟cology
EN
artsci (arts x sci<ences>)
assne (ass x <ac>ne)
OV1a
A
[N N]N
[N N]N
„art
„ass
„sciences „acne
„artsci
„assne
COP
EN
,aqua‟batic
EN
observations or opinions, random
investigations, etc., but presented as fact.
a peptide of physiological importance that is
capable of causing constriction of blood
vessels, which raises blood pressure
The technique of making and operating
lifelike robots, typically for use in film or
other entertainment.
A form of Web-based computer animation
characterized by unpredictable montages of
pop culture images set to music.
The mechanism that harvester ants use to
regulate foraging activity, which is analogous
to the mechanism used to regular internet data
transfers.
a hotel in which self-catering service
apartments are available for rent
An errant or misplaced apostrophe,
particularly one that seems to have been added
randomly to the text.
A martini with sour apple flavor
a term used to described when one is partially
attached to a certain electronic application,
often an electronic application
relating to gymnastic feats that are performed
in water.
Aerobic exercises performed in water.
Using plants in an aquarium to create a
scenery
A tourist who studies architecture of other
countries.
An ideal integrated city contained within a
massive vertical structure, allowing maximum
conservation of the surrounding environment/
Arts and Sciences
the nasty acne formations that appear on one's
Medical
Tech
Tech
Tech
Pop
media
Pop
Tech
Pop
Pop
Geo & Eco
media
Tech
Science
Medical
138
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TINDAKANTIDAK
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autocide (auto<mobile x
sui>cide)
automanual (automa<tic> x
manual)
C
[N N]N
„automobile
„suicide
„autocide
EN
OV1b
[N N]N
,auto‟matic
„manual
,auto‟manual
APP
automobilia (automobile x
memora>bilia)
autopathography
(autobiography x pathology)
avgas (av<iation> x
gas<oline>)
avionics (avi<ation x
electr>onics)
avoision (avoi<dance x
eva>sion)
awesomelicious (awesome x
<de>licious)
awkfest (awk<ward> x
fest<ival>)
awkword (awkw<ard > x
word)
backronym (back<ward> x
acronym)
OV1a
[N N]N
„automobile
,memora‟bilia
,automo‟bilia
EN
E
[NN]N
,autobi‟ography
pa’thology
EN
D
[N N]N
,avi‟ation
„gasoline
,autopa‟thograp
hy
„av,gas
C
[N N]N
,avi‟ation
e,lec‟tronics
,avi‟onics
EN
C
[N N]N
a‟voidance
e‟vasion
a‟voision
APP
A
[A A]A
„awesome
de‟licious
COP
D
[A N]N
„awkward
„festival
„awesome,liciou
s
„awkfest
OV1b
[A N]N
„awkward
„word
„awkward
EN
OV1b
[A N]N
„backwards
„acronym
„backronym
EN
bacne (back x acne)
bactually (bu<t> x actually)
OV0
OV1b
„back
but
„acne
„actually
„bacne
„bactually
EN
COP
badical (bad x <r>adical)
OV1a
[A N]N
[Adv
Adv]Adv
[A A]A
„bad
„radical
„badical
COP
badong (bad x <wr>ong)
baggler (bag x <str>aggler)
A
OV1a
[A A]A
[N N]N
„bad
„bag
„wrong
„straggler
ba‟dong
„baggler
COP
EN
baggravation (bag x
aggravation)
OV0
[N N]N
„bag
,aggra‟vation
,baggra‟vation
EN
EN
EN
anal area, more profoundly, on the lower back
region.
suicide by crashing the vehicle one is driving
Transp
a process which has been completely
automated, except for the actual running of the
process, despite it being completely
systematic
items connected with cars and motoring of
interest to the collector
an autobiography that is focused on pathology
Tech
a type of aviation fuel, high in octane, used for
aeroplanes and racing cars
Electronics as applied to aviation
Transp
The gray area between legal avoidance and
illegal evasion.
describing a person or thing that is marvelous,
stunning, great, etc
a prolonged event or situation of extreme
social awkwardness
a word that is particularly difficult to
pronounce.
A word which has been turned into an
acronym by inventing an expansion, rather
than the other way around
Acne on a person‟s back.
But actually
Pol & Eco
something extreme that is comprised of both
bad and amazing elements.
Being very bad, awful
A fry found in a fast food bag, outside of the
fry holder
A feeling of annoyance and anger one endures
at the airport when his bags have not arrived at
Pop
Transp
media
Tech
Pop
Media
media
media
Science
Media
Pop
Pop
Media
139
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balloonatics (balloon x
<fa>natics)
balloonicle (balloon x
<veh>icle)
ballute (balloo<n x
parach>ute)
OV1a
[N N]N
ba‟lloon
fa‟natics
ba‟lloonatics
EN
A
[N N]N
ba‟lloon
„vehicle
ba‟lloonicle
EN
OV2a
[N N]N
ba‟lloon
„parachute
„ballute
APP
balun (bal<anced> x
un<balanced>)
D
[A A]N
„balanced
un‟balanced
„balun
APP
banjitar (banj<o x gu>itar)
bankster (bank<er x
gang>ster)
banoffee (ban<ana x t>offee)
C
C
[N N]N
[N N]N
„banjo
„banker
gui‟tar
„gangster
,banji‟tar
„bankster
EN
APP
C
[N N]N
ba‟nana
„toffee
ba‟noffee
EN
banquance (banqu<et x
d>ance)
basketbrawl (basketb<all> x
brawl)
C
[N N]N
„banquet
„dance
„banquance
EN
OV1b
[N N]N
„basketball
„brawl
„basketbrawl
EN
bathroommate (bathroom x
roommate)
OV0
[N N]N
„bathroom
„roommate
„bathroommate
EN
beautility (beauty x utility)
OV0
[N N]N
beauty
u‟tility
beau‟tility
EN
beefalo (beef x <bu>ffalo)
OV1a
[N N]N
„beef
„buffalo
„beefalo
APP
beepilepsy (beep x
<e>pilepsy)
OV1a
[N N]N
„beep
„epilepsy
bee‟pilepsy
EN
the baggage carousel but everyone else's bags
have
Fans of the big balloons seen floating in the
New York sky during Thanksgiving
giant balloons that populate parades and floats
a type of inflatable device resembling a cross
between a parachute and a balloon, designed
to slow descent rapidly
a device for coupling two electrical circuit
elements, such as an aerial and its feeder
cable, where one is balanced and the other is
unbalanced
A banjo guitar
A member of the banking industry seen as
profiteering or dishonest
a filling for a pie, consisting of toffee and
banana
a formal dance that also serves as the end-ofthe-year banquet for a club
A fight in the middle of basketball game, a
riot on the court where players and fans are
fighting.
One who resides in the adjoining suite of a
college dorm that consists of two suites
sharing one bathroom.
both beautiful and useful, generally objects of
industrial design which are meant to have
utility while having a pleasing aesthetic.
a cross between a domestic cow and a buffalo,
technically one that is three-eighths buffalo
and five-eighths cow, intended for beef
production.
a succession of akward bodily and facial
expressions after a phone goes off in a silent
situation such as a meeting, a movie, a library,
etc.
Geo & Eco
Tech
Pop
Tech
Pop
Pol & Eco
Pop
Pop
Pop
Media
Pop
Hybrid
Pop
140
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beerlicious (beer x
<de>licious)
bewrecked (be<reft> x
wrecked)
biathlete (biathl<on> x
athlete)
bicurious (bi<sexual> x
curious)
A
[N A]A
„beer
de‟licious
„beer,licious
EN
BB
[A A]A
„bereft
„wrecked
„bewrecked
COP
OV1b
[N N]N
bi‟athlon
„athlete
bi‟athlete
EN
BB
[N A]A
bi‟sexual
„curious
,bi‟curious
EN
biome (bio<logical x do>me)
C
[A N]N
,bio‟logical
„dome
„bi,ome
EN
bionicle (bio<logical x
chr>onicle)
bionomic (bio<logical x
ec>onomic)
biopic (bio<graphy> x
pic<ture>)
biotecture (bio<logical x
archi>tecture)
bioterrorism (bio<logical> x
terrorism)
bit (bi<nary x dig>it)
OV2a
[A N]N
,bio‟logical
„chronicle
bi‟onicle
OV2a
[A A]A
,bio‟logical
eco‟nomic
D
[N N]N
bi‟ography
C
[A N]N
B
Having the quality of being both delicious and
alcoholic
Deprived of something, in this case an
automobile
an athlete taking part in a biathlon
Pop
Pop
EN
curious about or open to exploring sexual
relations with people of a different gender
than those to whom one is usually attracted.
a major ecological community, extending over
a large area and usually characterized by a
dominant vegetation
Biological Chronicle
,bio‟nomic
APP
The merger of biological and economic theory
Media
„picture
„bio,pic
EN
Pop
,bio‟logical
„architecture
„biotecture
EN
[A N]N
,bio‟logical
„terrorism
,bio‟terror,ism
EN
OV2a
[A N]N
„binary
„digit
„bit
EN
blaccent (black x accent)
OV0
[N N]N
„black
„accent
„blaccent
EN
blackistani (black x
<Pa>kistani)
blacksploitation (black x
exploitation)
blackup (black x ackup)
blamestorm (blame x
<brain>storm)
OV1a
[N N]N
„black
,Paki‟stani
,blacki‟stani
EN
a film based on the life of a famous person,
esp one giving a popular treatment
Archictecture that incorporates elements of
biology
terrorism using deadly microorganisms,
toxins, etc
a single digit of binary notation, represented
either by 0 or by 1
An accent characteristic of African-Americans
(black Americans)
A very dark person of Pakistan origin
OV0
[N N]N
„black
,exploi‟tation
EN
[N N]N
[N V]V
„black
„blame
„backup
„brainstorm
blasian (bla<ck> x Asian)
OV1b
[N N]N
„black
„Asian
„blasian
APP
exploitation of black people by others, most
notably whites.
African American back up
An intensediscussionforthepurposes of
placingblame or assigningresponsibilityfor a
misdeed or failure.
An individual who is of mixed asian and
african/black descent.
Geo & Eco
OV1a
A
,blacksploi‟tatio
n
„blackup
„blame,storm
EN
EN
Transp
Pop
Geo&eco
Science
Tech
Geo & Eco
Tech
Geo & Eco
Geo & Eco
Geo & Eco
media
Geo & Eco
141
PLAGIAT
PLAGIATMERUPAKAN
MERUPAKANTINDAKAN
TINDAKANTIDAK
TIDAKTERPUJI
TERPUJI
blaxican (black x <Me>xican)
OV1a
[N N]N
„black
„Mexican
„blaxican
APP
blaxploitation (black x
exploitation)
bleen (bl<ue x gr>een)
OV0
[N N]N
„black
,exploi‟tation
,blaxploi‟tation
EN
C
[A A]A
„blue
„green
„bleen
APP
blellow (bl<ue x y>ellow)
blipster (bl<ack x h>ipster)
C
C
[A A]A
[A N]N
„blue
„black
„yellow
„hipster
„blellow
„blipster
APP
EN
blitzstory (blitz x <hi>story)
A
[N N]N
„blitz
„history
„blitzstory
blizzaster (blizza<rd x
dis>aster)
blog (<we>b x log)
OV2a
[N N]N
„blizzard
di‟saster
B
[N N]N
„web
blogairy (blog x <di>ary)
A
[N N]N
blogilates (blog x ilates)
A
blogject (blog x <ob>ject)
Geo & Eco
EN
An individual who posses various traits of
both African and Mexican people
The exploitation of black people, especially
with regard to stereotyped roles in films
Of an object, blue when first observed before
a specified time or green when first observed
after that time
Another word for the color green
An ethnically black (African-American)
hipster.
The history of military conflict.
bli‟zzaster
EN
the disaster of blizzard.
Media
„log
„blog
EN
Tech
„blog
„diary
„blogairy
EN
[N N]N
„blog
,pi‟lates
„blogi,lates
EN
a website where a person writes regularly
about recent events or topics that interest
them, usually with photos and links to other
websites that they find interesting
journal of occurrences, experiences, or
observations written and accessible on the
Internet like a blog.
doing pilates via instructions from a blog
A
[N N]N
„blog
„object
„blogject
EN
Tech
blogorrhea (blog x <dia>rrhea)
F
[N N]N
„blog
,dia‟rrhea
,blogo‟rrhea
EN
blotch (blot x otch)
OV1a
[N N]N
„blot
„botch
„blotch
EN
blurple (bl<ue> x urple)
boatel (boat x <h>otel)
bodacious (bo<ld x
au>dacious)
bonkbuster (bonk x
<block>buster)
boobular (boob<s x
spectac>ular)
C
OV1a
C
[A A]A
[N N]N
[A A]A
„blue
„boat
„bold
„purple
ho‟tel
au‟dacious
„blurple
boa‟tel
bo‟dacious
APP
EN
COP
a manufactured object that regularly posts
update about its state like a blog.
A blog characterized by excessive
commenting on irrelevant facts.
an irregular spot or discoloration, esp a dark
and relatively large one such as an ink stain
A color that is a mix between blue and purple
a waterside hotel catering for boating people
Excellent, admirable, or attractive
A
[N N]N
„bonk
„block,buster
„bonk,buster
EN
Pop
C
[N A]N
„boob
spec‟tacular
„boobular
EN
a novel characterized by graphic descriptions
of the heroine's frequent sexual encounters
spectacular boobs
Geo & Eco
Science
Science
Geo & Eco
Pol & Eco
Tech
Tech
Tech
Media
Science
Pop
Pop
Pop
142
PLAGIAT
PLAGIATMERUPAKAN
MERUPAKANTINDAKAN
TINDAKANTIDAK
TIDAKTERPUJI
TERPUJI
bordinary (bor<ed> x
ordinary)
boxercise (box<ing x
e>xercise)
brainiac (brainy x <ma>niac)
OV1b
[A A]A
„bored
„ordinary
„bordinary
COP
OV2a
[N N]N
„boxing
„exercise
„boxer,cise
APP
OV1a
[A N]N
„brainy
„maniac
„braini,ac
EN
brandalism (brand x
<v>andalism)
brandwidth (brand x
andwidth)
breadloser (bread<winner> x
loser)
breastaurant (breast x
restaurant)
breastimate (breast x
estimate)
bridezilla (bride x <God>zilla)
OV1a
[N N]N
„brand
„vandalism
„brandalism
EN
OV1a
[N N]N
„brand
„bandwidth
„brandwidth
EN
B
[N N]N
„bread,winner
„loser
„breadloser
OV0
[N N]N
„breast
„restaurant
OV0
[N V]V
„breast
A
[N N]N
bridorexia (brid<e x
an>orexia)
C
briet (bri<dal x d>iet)
Brindian (Bri<tish> x indian)
When a person who is so ordinary that they
are boring.
a system of sustained exercises combining
boxing movements with aerobic activities
An exceptionally intelligent person
Media
Pop
APP
a vandalism of public buildings by corporate
brand.
The amount of brand recognition enjoyed by a
product or service.
someone who loses the money
„breastaurant
EN
a restaurant with well-endowed employees
Pop
„estimate
„breastimate
EN
to estimate the cup size of a woman's breasts
Media
„bride
god‟zilla
„bride,zilla
EN
Pop
[N N]N
„bride
anorexia
,brido‟rexia
EN
OV2a
OV1b
[A N]N
[N N]N
„bridal
„British
„diet
„Indian
„briet
„Brindian
EN
APP
a bride who resembles gorilla while planning
her wedding
the bride's regimen of restricted diet and/or
exercise for the purpose of weight loss during
the time period leading up to her wedding day
a diet done by a bride.
A person that is of mixed British and Indian.
brinner (br<eakfast x d>inner)
broccoflower (brocco<li x
cauli>flower)
brocists (bro<ther x ra>cist)
C
C
[N N]N
[N N]N
„breakfast
„broccoli
„dinner
„cauli,flower
„brinner
„brocco,flower
EN
APP
Dinner that consists of breakfast food
A cross between broccoli and cauliflower
Pop
Hybrid
C
[N N]N
„brother
„racist
„brocists
EN
Media
brogards (bro<ther x
re>gards)
brogrammer (bro<ther x
p>rogrammer)
C
[N N]N
„brother
„regards
„brogards
EN
OV2a
[N N]N
„brother
„programmer
„brogrammer
EN
a hater of bros who are people who act in
extreme guy manners, such as punching,
farting and watching lots of sports on the
television.
Regards between bros, used at the end a
conversation or letter
A programmer who breaks the usual
expectations of quiet nerdiness and opts
instead for the usual trappings of a frat-boy:
popped collars, bad beer, and calling
Pop
Media
Tech
Media
Pop
Media
Geo & Eco
Media
Tech
143
PLAGIAT
PLAGIATMERUPAKAN
MERUPAKANTINDAKAN
TINDAKANTIDAK
TIDAKTERPUJI
TERPUJI
bromance (bro<ther x
ro>mance)
bromo (bro<ther x h>omo)
C
[N N]N
„brother
ro‟mance
„bromance
EN
OV2a
[N N]N
„brother
„homo
„bromo
APP
bronado (bro<ther x
tor>nado)
C
[N N]N
„brother
tor‟nado
bro‟nado
EN
brony (bro<ther x p>ony)
OV2a
[N N]N
„brother
„pony
„brony
EN
brosquito (bro<ther x
m>osquito)
brostache (bro<ther x
mu>stache)
brotato (brot<her x p>otato)
OV2a
[N N]N
„brother
mo‟squito
„brosquito
EN
C
[N N]N
„brother
mu‟stache
bro‟stache
EN
OV2a
[N N]N
„brother
po‟tato
,bro‟tato
EN
brotein (brot<her x pr>otein)
brotocol (brot<her x
pr>otocol)
brouter (br<idge> x router)
OV2a
OV2a
[N N]N
[N N]N
„brother
„brother
„protein
„protocol
„brotein
„brotocol
EN
EN
OV1b
[N N]N
„bridge
„router
„brouter
APP
browpocalypse (<eye>brow x
a>pocalypse)
D
[N N]N
„eyebrow
a‟pocalypse
,brow‟pocalypse
EN
brunch (br<eakfast x l>unch)
buddhaverse (Buddha x
<uni>verse)
C
A
[N N]N
[N N]N
„breakfast
„Buddha
„lunch
„universe
„brunch
„Buddha,verse
APP
EN
bullycide (bully<ing x
su>icide)
burbclave (<su>burb x
<en>clave)
OV2a
[N N]N
„bullying
„suicide
„bully,cide
EN
D
[N N]N
„suburb
„enclave
burb‟clave
EN
burninate (burn x
A
[V V]V
„burn
„terminate
„burninate
COP
everybody "bro".
A close but non-sexual relationship between
two men
Male who is both a friend (bro) and gay
(homo)
A high male to female ratio in a location,
possibly indicating more guys coming in. The
term can be used to express frustration with
such ratio.
male audience and fans of the My Little Pony
franchise
A person who sucks the life out of you
(negative connotation)
A mustache used to tickle ones scrotum,, thus
becoming a true bro.
A male who is usually extremely lazy and
associated with a fraternity
protein for an adolescent male
an unspoken set of guidelines and rules to live
by among boys
A device which bridges some packets and
routes other packets
A term used to describe the possible future
where eyebrows are shaved off, bleached or
no longer considered 'in style' due to the
influence of Miley Cyrus, who chose to bleach
her eyebrows in November of 2013
A late morning meal
The universe as defined by the realm of
existence supposedly controlled by the
religious Buddha figure.
the act or an instance of killing oneself
intentionally as a result of bullying
a franchised nation, split up into lots in
suburbs all over the USA (and elsewhere,
presumably).
to set things on fire while causing which
Media
Media
Media
Media
Media
Media
Media
Media
Media
Tech
Media
Pop
Geo & Eco
Media
Media
Media
144
PLAGIAT
PLAGIATMERUPAKAN
MERUPAKANTINDAKAN
TINDAKANTIDAK
TIDAKTERPUJI
TERPUJI
<term>inate)
bustaurant (bus x
<re>staurant)
buttne (butt x <ac>ne)
cafetorium (cafet<eria x
audi>torium)
OV1a
[N N]N
„bus
„restaurant
bustau‟rant
EN
A
OV2a
[N N]N
[N N]N
„butt
,café‟teria
„acne
,audi‟torium
„buttne
,café‟torium
EN
APP
caffeineoholic (caffeine x
<alc>oholic)
cakeup (cake<d x make>up)
calexico (Cal<ifornia x
M>exico)
Californication (Californi<a> x
fornication)
A
[N N]N
„caffeine
,alco‟holic
,caffeineo‟holic
EN
C
C
[A N]N
[N N]N
„caked
,Cali‟fornia
„makeup
„Mexico
„cakeup
Ca‟lexi,co
EN
EN
B
[N N]N
,Cali‟fornia
,forni‟cation
Cali,forni‟cation
EN
Caltrain (Cal<ifornia> x train)
B
[N N]N
,Cali‟fornia
„train
„Caltrain
EN
cama (cam<el x ll>ama)
camap (cam<pus> x map)
camcorder (cam<era x
re>corder)
cameleopard (camel x
leopard)
camkini (cam<isole x bi>kini)
OV2a
OV1b
C
[N N]N
[N N]N
[N N]N
„camel
„campus
„camera
„llama
„map
re‟corder
'cama
„camap
„cam,corder
APP
EN
APP
OV0
[N N ]N
„camel
„leopard
ca‟meleo,pard
APP
C
[N N]N
„camisole
bi‟kini
„cam,kini
APP
camphone (cam<era> x
phone)
caninja (canine x ninja)
B
[N N]N
„camera
„phone
„camphone
EN
OV0
[A N]N
„canine
„ninja
ca‟ninja
EN
cankle (ca<lf> x ankle)
OV1b
[N N]N
„calf
„ankle
„cankle
APP
caplet (cap<sule x tab>let)
C
[N N]N
„capsule
„tablet
„caplet
EN
destruction
a restaurant set up in a bus.
Pop
Acne that occurs on the buttocks
a room, usually in a school or other
educational institution, which serves both as a
cafeteria and an auditorium
a person who is addicted to caffeine
Medical
Pop
excessive use of makeup.
A city in California next to the Mexican
border
The spread and influence of western memes
and culture, esp. that of California, across the
world. Especially focusing on the selling of
a commuter rail service that operates in San
Francisco (4th and King), through San Mateo
County and down to Santa Clara County
(Gilroy). Started in 1987, and powered by
diesel (though in the process of electrification
the hybrid offspring of a camel and a llama
A campus map
a video camera and recorder combined in a
portable unit
A bearing resembling a giraffe but represented
with long curved horns
Swimwear that combines a camisole top with
a bikini bottom.
a cellular phone with a small camera
Media
Geo&eco
A canine with astonishing stealth and
assassination skills.
a thickened area between the calf and ankle in
an overweight person, obscuring where one
ends and the other begins
a medicinal tablet, usually oval in shape,
coated in a soluble substance
Media
Pop
Geo & Eco
OCB
Hybrid
Media
Tech
Hybrid
Pop
Tech
Science
Medical
145
PLAGIAT
PLAGIATMERUPAKAN
MERUPAKANTINDAKAN
TINDAKANTIDAK
TIDAKTERPUJI
TERPUJI
capwing (cap<e> x wing)
B
[N N]N
„cape
„wing
„capwing
EN
caraoke (car x karaoke)
OV0
[N N]N
„car
,kara‟oke
,cara‟oke
EN
carbage (car x <g>arbage)
carbohydratarian
(carbohydrat<es x
vege>tarian)
carboloy (carbo<n x a>lloy)
OV1a
OV2a
[N N]N
[N N]N
„car
,carbo‟hydrates
„garbage
,vege‟tarian
„carbage
,carbo‟hydratari
an
EN
EN
C
[N N]N
„carbon
,alloy
„carbo,loy
EN
carbonics (car x <e>bonics)
A
[N N]N
„car
e‟bonics
,car‟bonics
EN
carborundum (carbo<n x
co>rundum)
carjacking (car x <hi>jacking)
C
[N N]N
,carbon
co‟rundum
,carbo‟rundum
EN
A
[N N]N
„car
Hijacking
„car,jacking
EN
Carmageddon (car x
Armageddon)
carpocalypse (car x<
a>pocalypse)
OV0
[N N]N
„car
,Arma‟geddon
,carma‟geddon
EN
A
[N N]N
„car
a‟pocalypse
,car‟pocalypse
EN
cashtration (cash x castration)
OV0
[N N]N
„cash
cas‟tration
,cash‟tration
cassingle (cass<ette> x single)
OV1b
[N N]N
ca‟ssette
„single
celeblog (celeb<rity> x blog)
celebreality (celebri<ty> x
reality)
celebutante (celeb<rity x
d>ebutante)
celebutard (celeb<rity> x
<re>tard)
celesbian (cele<brity> x
lesbian)
ceng (c<hemical> x
OV1b
OV1b
[N N]N
[N N]N
ce‟lebrity
ce‟lebrity
OV2a
[N N]N
F
A fictional cape that can also be used as a
wing or wings for flight.
Used to describe a situation in which every
passenger starts to sing along to the radio.
the garbage taken from cars.
a person who will eat so many carbohydrates
such as sugars, snacks, and desserts
Pop
An alloy based on tungsten with cobalt or
nickel as a binder; used in making metalcutting tools.
a nonstandard variety of English based on
automobile terms that an average person
would not know.
a very hard black solid substance, used as an
abrasive
the forcible stealing of a vehicle from its
driver
A heavy traffic.
Science
Transp
EN
A horrific collision involving hundreds of
clown cars in which most if not all passengers
are killed.
The loss or lack of money.
ca‟ssingle
EN
a cassette single
Pop
„blog
re‟ality
ce‟leblog
,celebre‟ality
EN
EN
a blog written by a celebrity.
the reality of a celebrity.
Pop
Pop
ce‟lebrity
„debutante
ce‟lebu,tante
EN
Media
[N N]N
ce‟lebrity
„retard
ce‟lebutard
EN
a young woman from a wealthy background
who becomes a celebrity
a celebrity who is retarded.
OV1b
[N N]N
ce‟lebrity
„lesbian
ce‟lesbian
EN
a celebrity who is a lesbian.
Pop
C
[A N]N
„chemical
,engi‟neer
„ceng
EN
A chemical engineer.
Tech
Pop
Media
Pop
Geo& eco
Geo & Eco
Transp
Media
Pol & Eco
Media
146
PLAGIAT
PLAGIATMERUPAKAN
MERUPAKANTINDAKAN
TINDAKANTIDAK
TIDAKTERPUJI
TERPUJI
eng<ineer>)
chairdrobe (chair x
<war>drobe)
chairobic (chair x aerobics)
A
[N N]N
„chair
„wardrobe
„chairdrobe
EN
OV0
[N N]N
„chair
ae‟robics
chai‟robic
EN
chairset (chair x <clo>set)
A
[N N]N
„chair
„closet
„chairset
EN
charded (cha<llenged x
ret>arded)
charticle (chart x article)
cheapuccino (cheap x
<ca>ppuccino)
cheme (chem<ical> x
e<ngineer>)
chemisorption (chemis<try x
ab>sorption)
Chermany (Ch<ina x
G>ermany)
chesticles (chest x <t>esticles)
OV2a
[A A]A
„challenged
re‟tarded
„charded
COP
OV0
OV1a
[N N]N
[A N]N
„chart
„cheap
„article
,cappu‟ccino
„charticle
,cheapu‟ccino
EN
EN
D
[A N]N
„chemical
,engi‟neer
„cheme
EN
OV2a
[N N]N
„chemistry
ab‟sorption
,chemi‟sorption
EN
C
[N N]N
„China
„Germany
„Chermany
COP
OV1a
[NN]N
„chest
„testicles
„chesticles
EN
chestne (chest x <ac>ne)
chicagorilla (Chicago x gorilla)
chillax (chill x <re>lax)
Chimerica (Chi<na x
A>merica)
chinderwear (chin x
nderwear)
A
OV0
OV1a
C
[N N]N
[N N]N
[V V]V
[N N]N
„chest
Chi‟cago
chill
„China
„acne
go‟rilla
re‟lax
A‟merica
„chestne
Chi‟cagorilla
chi‟llax
Chi‟merica
EN
EN
COP
COP
OV1a
[N N]N
„chin
„underwear
„chinderwear
EN
Chindia (Chin<a x I>ndia)
OV2a
[N N]N
„China
„India
„Chindia
COP
Chinglish (Chin<ese x
E>nglish)
OV2a
[N N]N
Chi‟nese
„English
„Chinglish
EN
chmilk (ch<ocolate> x milk)
chocoholic (choco<late x
B
C
[N N]N
[N N]N
„chocolate
„chocolate
„milk
,alcho‟holic
ch‟milk
choco‟holic
EN
EN
The art of piling clothes on a chair to be used
in place of a closet or dresser.
aerobics performed by using a chair.
Pop
A chair that has been used to hang up or store
clothes on the chair back.
challenged and retarded meaning to be lacking
intelligence or reasoning
an article that consists of a chart.
a cappuccino which is cheap.
Pop
One who's major is or was chemical
engineering
Adsorption in which the adsorbed substance is
held by chemical bonds
both China and Germany
Tech
A woman's breasts/ Overdeveloped male
pectoral muscles that take on the appearance
of female breasts
acne on the upper chest or neck area
A thug; a gangster
Calm down and relax
both China and America
Science
A form of underwear for one‟s chin,
especially for those with large dimples,
resembling the buttocks
China and India considered together in
economic and strategic terms
(informal) written or spoken English that is
influenced by Chinese vocabulary and
grammatical structure and used primarily by
native speakers of Chinese
chocolate milk
A person who is addicted to or very fond of
Pop
Pop
Media
Media
Pop
Science
Geo & Eco
Medical
Media
Media
Geo & Eco
Geo & Eco
Geo & Eco
Pop
Pop
147
PLAGIAT
PLAGIATMERUPAKAN
MERUPAKANTINDAKAN
TINDAKANTIDAK
TIDAKTERPUJI
TERPUJI
alcho>holic)
choctastic (choc<olate x
fan>tastic)
chofa (ch<air x s>ofa)
C
[N A]A
„chocolate
fan‟tastic
,choc‟tastic
EN
C
[N N]N
„chair
„sofa
„chofa
APP
choreopoem (choreo<graph>
x poem)
chork (cho<psticks x f>ork)
chortle (chuckle x <sn>ort)
B
[N N]N
„choreograph
„poem
„choreo,poem
APP
C
E
[N N]N
[V V]V
„chopsticks
„chuckle
„fork
„snort
„chork
„chortle
APP
COP
Chrasians (Chr<istian> x
Asian)
chuge (c<razy> x huge)
B
[N N]N
„Christian
„Asian
„Chrasians
EN
B
[A A]A
„crazy
„huge
„chuge
COP
chugger (ch<arity x m>ugger)
C
[N N]N
„charity
„mugger
„chugger
EN
chunnel (ch<annel x t>unnel)
C
[N N]N
„channel
„tunnel
„chunnel
EN
churkey (ch<icken x t>urkey)
C
[N N]N
„chicken
„turkey
„churkey
EN
churnalism (churn x
<jo>urnalism)
churnover (churn x
<t>urnover)
OV1a
[N N]N
„churn
„journalism
„churnalism
EN
OV1a
[N N]N
„churn
„turn,over
,churn‟over
EN
cineplex (cine<ma x
com>plex)
citogenesis (cit<ation x
cy>togenesis)
citrange (citr<us x o>range)
C
[N N]N
„cinema
„complex
„cineplex
EN
OV2a
[N N]N
ci‟tation
,cyto‟genesis
,cito‟genesis
EN
OV2a
[N N]N
„citrus
„orange
„citrange
EN
civilogue (civil x <dia>logue)
OV1a
[A N]N
„civil
„dialogue
„civilogue
EN
chocolate
Any substance composed almost entirely (but
not completely) of chocolate.
A settee that combines the look of a chair with
the comfort of a sofa
a form of dramatic expression that combines
poetry, dance, music, and song.
A cross between a fork and a chopstick
to chuckle gleefully/ Laugh in a noisy, gleeful
way.
Asians that practice Christianity
Pop
Pop
Pop
Pop
Media
Geo & Eco
To be or have the qualities of being very large,
often in an exaggerated manner.
A person who approaches passers-by in the
street asking for subscriptions or donations to
a particular charity.
Channel Tunnel: a railroad tunnel under the
English Channel between Great Britain and
France, approved for construction in 1986.
A chicken egg which has been incubated by a
turkey and hatches
Journalism that churns out articles based on
wire stories and press releases
The excessive buying and selling of shares by
a stockbroker for a client‟s account as a
method of generating income from the
resulting commissions.
A cinema with several separate screens
Pop
The process by which facts in wikipedia
which are not cited are used in other sources
a citrus fruit resulting from a cross between
the sweet orange and the trifoliate orange and
having a more acid flavor and a more
pronounced aroma than the orange
a dialogue participated by civil.
Media
Pol & Eco
Geo & Eco
Tech
Media
Pol & Eco
Pop
Hybrid
Media
148
PLAGIAT
PLAGIATMERUPAKAN
MERUPAKANTINDAKAN
TINDAKANTIDAK
TIDAKTERPUJI
TERPUJI
clamato (clam x <to>mato)
OV1a
[N N]N
„clam
to‟mato
„clamato
EXO
clapter (clap x <laugh>ter)
A
[N N]N
„clap
„laughter
„clapter
COP
classitorium (class<room x
aud>itorium)
C
[N N]N
„classroom
,audi‟torium
,classi‟torium
EN
claymation (clay x
<ani>mation)
clicktivism (click x <ac>tivism)
A
[N N]N
„clay
,ani‟mation
,clay‟mation
EN
A
[N N]N
„click
„activism
„click,tivism
EN
clopen (clo<sed> x open)
OV1b
[A A]A
„closed
„open
clo‟pen
COP
codec (code<r > x dec<oder>)
OV2b
[N N]N
„coder
de‟coder
„co,dec
APP
collabulary (collab<orative x
voc>abulary)
collelephant (colle<agueship x
e>lephant)
OV2a
[A N]N
co‟llaborative
vo‟cabulary
co‟llabulary
EN
C
[N N]N
„colleague,ship
„elephant
coll‟elephant
EN
commuticate (commut<e x
commun>icate)
complisult (compli<ment x
in>sult)
C
[V V]V
co‟mmute
co‟mmunicate
co‟mmuticate
COP
A
[N N]N
„compliment
„insult
„compli,sult
EN
complisult (compli<ment x
in>sult)
computerate (computer x
<li>terate)
confuddled (confu<sed x
be>fuddled)
confuzzled (confu<sed x
p>uzzled)
C
[N N]N
„compliment
„insult
„complisult
OV1a
[N A]A
com‟puter
„literate
OV2a
[A A]A
con‟fused
OV2a
[A A]A
con‟fused
A tomato and clam juice mixture, mostly
mixed with beer or used to make a bloody
mary.
A harmoniously outrageous burst of laughing
and clapping.
A large classroom with theater seating and a
centered stage area from which the lecturer
instructs
the techniques of animation applied to clay
models
Activism that consists solely of performing
quick and simple online tasks
Of a subset of a topological space, both open
and closed.
a set of equipment that encodes an analogue
speech or video signal into digital form for
transmission purposes and at the receiving end
decodes the digital signal into a form close to
its original
vocabulary created by collaborative experts.
Pop
A university or college with a large student
population, particularly one with a large
undergraduate population.
To talk on the way to work or school
Media
Media
EN
a compliment on the surface but either
intentionally or unintentionally also may be
taken as an insult
a compliment that is also an insult.
com‟puterate
EN
able to use computers well
Tech
be‟fuddled
con‟fuddled
COP
confused and befuddled.
Pop
„puzzled
con‟fuzzled
COP
To be very confused or puzzled about
something
Pop
Media
Media
Tech
Pol & Eco
Pop
Tech
Media
Media
Media
149
PLAGIAT
PLAGIATMERUPAKAN
MERUPAKANTINDAKAN
TINDAKANTIDAK
TIDAKTERPUJI
TERPUJI
congraduations
(congra<tulations> x
graduation)
conlang (con<structed> x
lang<uage>)
conrail (con<solidated> x rail)
OV1b
[N N]N
con,gratu‟lation
s
,gradu‟ation
con,grad‟uations
EN
expression of praise towards someone who
has just graduated
Pop
D
[A N]N
constructed
„language
„conlang
EN
Media
B
[A N]N
con‟solidated
„rail
„conrail
EN
consumicane (consum<er x
hurr>icane)
contrail (con<densation> x
trail)
C
[N N]N
con‟sumer
„hurricane
con‟sumicane
EN
A language that has been artificially created; a
constructed language.
a government-supported corporation that
combined six bankrupt railroads to provide
freight and commuter service in 17 states from
Boston to St. Louis.
simply a rise in consumerism
B
[N N]N
,conden‟sation
„trail
„contrail
EN
Science
converstroyer (convers<ation
x de>stroyer)
OV2a
[N N]N
,conver‟sation
de‟stroyer
con,ver‟stroyer
EN
cookprint (coo<king x
foot>print)
cooltastic (cool x <fan>tastic)
C
[N N]N
„cooking
„footprint
„cookprint
EN
A
[A A]A
„cool
fan‟tastic
,cool‟tastic
COP
coopetition (coope<ration x
com>petition)
corpsicle (corpse x <pop>sicle)
person → corpse
corts (cor<duroy x sh>orts)
cosmeceutical (cosme<tic x
pharma>ceutical)
cosmolission (cosm<etic x
c>ollision)
cosplay (cos<tume> x play)
OV2a
[N N]N
co,ope‟ration
,compe‟tition
,coope‟tition
EN
A
[N N]N
„corpse
„popsicle
„corpsicle
EXO
OV2a
C
[N N]N
[A N]N
„cordu,roy
cos‟metic
„corts
,cosme‟ceutical
EN
EN
C
[N N]N
cos‟metic
„shorts
,pharma‟ceutic
al
co‟llision
,cosmo‟lission
EN
a visible condensation of water droplets or ice
crystals from the atmosphere, occurring in the
wake of an aircraft, rocket, or missile under
certain conditions/ Another term for vapour
trail.
Something that is either so shocking or so
final that it can immediately end a
conversation when said
the energy and other resources used while
cooking.
awesome, amazing, marked by positivity, very
cool
cooperation between competitors in business,
esp in the computer industry
A person who has been cryonically frozen in
the hope of later revival in science fiction.
a pair of shorts made from corduroy material
A pharmaceutical product that provides
cosmetic benefits.
Collision of cosmetic
B
[N N]N
„costume
„play
„cosplay
EN
Pop
courseware (course x
A
[N N]N
„course
„software
„course,ware
EN
The practice of dressing up as a character
from a film, book, or video game, especially
one from the Japanese genres of manga or
anime.
educational software used to teach a subject or
Transp
Pol & Eco
Pop
Media
Pop
Media
Pop
Pop
Medical
Pol & Eco
Tech
150
PLAGIAT
PLAGIATMERUPAKAN
MERUPAKANTINDAKAN
TINDAKANTIDAK
TIDAKTERPUJI
TERPUJI
<soft>ware)
crackberry (crack x
<bl>ackberry)
OV1a
[N N]N
„crack
„blackberry
„crack,berry
EN
crape (cra<nberry x g>rape)
OV2a
[N N]N
„cranberry
„grape
„crape
APP
crapple (cra<nberry> x apple)
OV1b
[N N]N
„cranberry
„apple
„crapple
APP
crappuccino (crap x
<c>appuccino)
craptacular (crap<py x
spec>tacular)
craptastic (crap x <fan>tastic)
OV1a
[A N]N
„crap
,cappu‟ccino
,crappu‟ccino
EN
C
[A A]A
„crappy
spec‟tacular
,crap‟tacular
A
[A A]A
„crap
fan‟tastic
craptop (crap x< l>aptop)
Crasian (cra<zy> x Asian)
creepellent (creep x repellent)
OV1a
OV1b
OV0
[A N]N
[A N]N
[N A]A
„crap
„crazy
„creep
creeperazzi (creeper x
<papa>razzi)
creeptastic (creep x
<fan>tastic)
cremains (crema<ted> x
remains)
creople (cre<ep x p>eople)
OV1a
[N N]N
A
course
a BlackBerry handheld device that functions
as a telephone, PDA, and e-mailer and appears
to have an addictive hold on its users.
Cranberry grape flavor, particularly used as a
juice flavor.
Cranberry apple flavored juice
Tech
Hybrid
Hybrid
Pop
COP
an overpriced caffeinated beverage that
basically tastes awful (like crap).
Spectacularly crappy.
,crap‟tastic
COP
a new level of being awfully crappy
Pop
„lap,top
„Asian
re‟pellent
„crap,top
EN
EN
EN
Tech
Geo & Eco
Media
„creeper
,papa‟razzi
APP
[N A]A
„creep
fan‟tastic
,creepe
„razzi
,creep‟tastic
OV1b
[A N]N
cremated
re‟mains
cre‟mains
EN
A crappy laptop that is always broken
a crazy Asian.
When someone is so creepy that they
physically repel others away from them.
A person who takes pictures of other people
without their permission
describes someone who is a creep, but in a
somewhat endearing way
cremated remains of a body
OV2a
[N N]N
„creep
„people
„creople
EN
Media
crisitunity (crisi<s x
oppor>tunity)
crittercam (critter x
cam<era>)
croissandwich (croissan<t> x
sandwich)
cronut (cro<issant x
dough>nut)
C
[N N]N
„crisis
,oppor‟tunity
,crisi‟tunity
COP
A
[N N]N
„critter
„camera
„crittercam
EN
People who besides being conniving, are
utterly senile.
A condition when a crisis and an opportunity
come together to solve problems
a camera attached to a critter.
OV1b
[N N]N
„croissant
„sandwich
„croiss,andwich
APP
A croissant sliced and made into a sandwich .
Pop
C
[N N]N
„croissant
„doughnut
„cronut
APP
Pop
crunk (cr<azy x d>runk)
OV2a
[A A]A
„crazy
„drunk
„crunk
COP
a brand name for a pastry made from croissant
dough that has been deep-fried and shaped
into a thick doughnut like ring.
drunk and high on drugs
„Crasian
,cree‟pellent
EN
Pop
Media
Pop
Media
Pol & Eco
Tech
Pop
151
PLAGIAT
PLAGIATMERUPAKAN
MERUPAKANTINDAKAN
TINDAKANTIDAK
TIDAKTERPUJI
TERPUJI
crunky (cr<appy x j>unky)
C
[A A]A
„crappy
„junky
„crunky
COP
cryptocurrency
(crypto<graphy> x currency)
B
[N N]N
cryp‟tography
„currency
„crypto,currency
EN
cuddleship (cuddle x
<relation>ship)
cutensil (cute x utensil)
cuzzle (cu<ddle x n>uzzle)
A
[N N]N
„cuddle
re‟lationship
„cuddleship
EN
OV0
OV2a
[A N]N
[V V]V
„cute
„cuddle
u‟tensil
„nuzzle
cu‟tensil
„cuzzle
EN
APP
cyberbullying (cyber<space> x
bullying>)
B
[N N]N
„cyberspace
„bullying
„cyber,bullying
EN
cyberchondriac (cyber x
<hypo>chondriac)
A
[N N]N
„cyber
,hypo‟chondri
ac
,cyber‟chondria
c
EN
cyberdelic (cyber<netics x
psyche>delic)
cyberrhea (cyber x
<diar>rhea)
cybersecurity (cybers<pace> x
security)
cyberzine (cyber<space x
maga>zine)
cyborg (cyb<ernetics> x
org<anism>)
cyclohexellent
(cyclohex<ane> x excellent)
dadventure (dad x adventure)
C
[N A]A
,cyber‟netics
,psyche‟delic
,cyber‟delic
OV1a
[N N]N
cyber
,dia‟rrhea
OV1b
[N N]N
„cyberspace
C
[N N]N
D
dancercise (dance x
<ex>ercise)
dataveillance (data x
<sur>veillance)
Not achieving an adequate standard; poor
quality; not good
A digital currency in which encryption
techniques are used to regulate the generation
of units of currency and verify the transfer of
funds, operating independently of a central
bank
A relationship based on strictly just cuddling
Pop
Pop
Media
EN
a kitchen utensil with cute design
An act somewhere in between cuddling and
nuzzling.
The use of electronic communication to bully
a person, typically by sending messages of an
intimidating or threatening nature.
A person who compulsively searches the
Internet for information about particular real
or imagined symptoms of illness.
computer-generated psychedelic patterns
„cybe,rrhea
EN
a connection problem in the computer network
Tech
se‟curity
,cyber,se‟curity
EN
Tech
„cyberspace
,maga‟zine
,cyber‟zine
EN
[N N]N
,cyber‟netics
„organism
„cy,borg
EN
OV1b
[N A]A
,cyclo‟hexane
„excellent
,cyclo‟hexellent
EN
OV0
[N N]N
„dad
ad‟venture
,dad‟venture
EN
OV1a
[N N]N
dance
exercise
„dancer,cise
EN
A
[N N]N
„data
surveillance
„data,veillance
EN
the state of being safe from electronic crime
and the measures taken to achieve this
A magazine which is available over the
internet.
a living being whose powers are enhanced by
computer implants or mechanical body parts
excellent but included a term known by a
people taking science class.
Going out to do a fun activity with your
father.
an exercise system that uses dancing to
improve fitness
The practice of monitoring digital data
relating to personal details or online activities.
Tech
Media
Tech
Medical
Tech
Tech
Pop
Science
Media
Pop
Tech
152
PLAGIAT
PLAGIATMERUPAKAN
MERUPAKANTINDAKAN
TINDAKANTIDAK
TIDAKTERPUJI
TERPUJI
decathlete (decath<lon> x
athlete)
declamatory (decla<rative x
ex>clamatory)
deerpocalypse (deer x
<a>pocalypse)
OV1b
[N N]N
de‟cathlon
„athlete
de‟cathlete
EN
a participant in a decathlon
Pop
OV2a
[A A]A
de‟clarative
ex‟clama,tory
de‟clamatory
COP
Media
A
[N N]N
„deer
a‟pocalypse
,deer‟pocalypse
EN
deflicted (def<ormed x
af>flicted)
deliquid (deli<cious> x liquid)
OV2a
[A A]A
de‟formed
a‟fflicted
de‟flicted
COP
OV1b
[A N]N
de‟licious
„liquid
„deliquid
EN
deliriarity (deliri<ous x
hil>arity)
C
[A N ]N
de‟lirious
hi‟larity
deliri‟arity
APP
deliscrumptious (deli<cious> x
scrumptious)
democratatorship
(democra<cy x dic>tatorship)
depinion (dep<end x
o>pinion)
B
[A A]A
de‟licious
„scrumptious
COP
C
[N N]N
de‟mocracy
dic‟tatorship
OV2a
[V N]N
de‟pend
o‟pinion
,deli‟scrumptiou
s
,demo‟cratators
hip
de‟pinion
relating to or having the characteristics of a
declamation
A hypothetical event in which deer become
overpopulated and encroach on cities,
disrupting human society.
Affected with a condition that misshapes or
distorts
a delicious liquid substance that one
thoroughly enjoys
a mix between the states of deliriousness and
hilariousness (hilarity) that often occurs when
one is sleep deprived and everything seems to
be much funnier than it really is
Incredibly delicious or well-tasting;
delightfully pleasing or excellent.
a dictatorship that pretends to be a democracy.
Media
derpzilla (derp x <God>zilla)
designosaurs (design x
<d>inosaurs)
A
OV1a
[V N]N
[N N]N
„derp
de‟sign
„godzilla
dinosaurs
derp‟zilla
de‟signo,saurs
EN
EN
deskfast (desk x <break>fast)
A
[N N]N
„desk
„breakfast
„deskfast
EN
a personal opinion contingent upon external
factors that often varies with changing
conditions
a person whose current actions are derpy.
A graphic designer who is behind the times in
learning the latest technology/ Designers who
do not use computers.
breakfast eaten at one's desk at work.
desknote (desk<top> x
note<book>)
D
[N N]N
„desktop
„notebook
„desk,note
APP
Tech
diabesity (diabe<tes x
o>besity)
OV2a
[N N]N
,dia‟betes
o‟besity
,dia‟besity
EN
diabulimia (diab<etes> x
bulimia)
diamat (dia<lectical> x
OV1b
[N N]N
,dia‟betes
bu‟limia
,diabu‟limia
EN
D
[A N]N
,dia‟lectical
ma‟terialism
„dia,mat
EN
a computer that is similar in size to a notebook
computer, but is designed to remain
stationary, like a desktop computer
Diabetes caused by excessive weight; the
condition of having both diabetes and
excessive weight.
a bulimia done by people who suffer from
diabetes.
the economic, political, and philosophical
EN
EN
Geo & Eco
Media
Media
Media
Pop
Pol & Eco
Pop
Media
Pop
Medical
Medical
Pol &Eco
153
PLAGIAT
PLAGIATMERUPAKAN
MERUPAKANTINDAKAN
TINDAKANTIDAK
TIDAKTERPUJI
TERPUJI
mat<erialism>)
dictaphone (dicta<te> x
phone)
digerati (dig<ital x lit>erati)
B
[V N]N
dic‟tate
„phone
„dicta,phone
EN
C
[A N]N
„digital
,lite‟rati
,dige‟rati
EN
digicam (digi<tal> x
cam<era>)
digifeiter (digi<tal x
counter>feiter)
digilante (digi<tal x
v>igilante)
digimon (digi<tal> x
mon<ster>)
D
[A N]N
„digital
„camera
„digi,cam
EN
C
[A N]N
„digital
„counter,feiter
„digi,feiter
EN
C
[A N]N
„digital
,vigi‟lante
,digi‟lante
EN
D
[A N]N
„digital
„monster
di‟gimon
EN
digipeater (digi<tal x
re>peater)
dinoturbation (dino<saur x
dis>turbation)
disposophobia (dispose x
<ph>obia)
disturbia (disturb x
urbia)
diworsify (diversify x worse)
C
[A N]N
„digital
re‟peater
,digi‟peater
EN
C
[N N]N
dinosaur
disturbation
,dinotur‟bation
EN
A
[V N]N
di‟spose
„phobia
,disposo‟phobia
EN
OV1a
[V N]N
di‟sturb
su‟burbia
dis‟turbia
EN
E
[V N]V
di‟versify
„worse
di‟worsify
EN
docudrama (docu<mentary> x
drama)
documercial (docume<ntary x
co>mmercial)
docusoap (docu<mentary> x
soap)
B
[N N]N
,docu‟mentary
„drama
„docu,drama
EN
OV2a
[N N]N
,docu‟mentary
co‟mmercial
,docu‟mercial
EN
B
[N N]N
,docu‟mentary
„soap
„docusoap
EN
dogcessory (dog x
<ac>cessory)
downcrease (down x
A
[N N]N
„dog
a‟ccessory
„dog,cessory
EN
A
[V V]V
„down
de‟crease
„down,crease
COP
system of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels that
combines traditional materialism and Hegelian
dialectic/dialectical materialism
a tape recorder designed for recording
dictation and later reproducing it for typing
people skilled with or knowledgeable about
digital technologies, especially computers and
the Internet.
a digital camera
Tech
Tech
Tech
A counterfeiter who uses digital technology to
create forged money or documents.
A person who uses digital tools and
techniques to avenge a crime
Digital monster /A very good Japanese TV
series and trading card game featuring some
really cool monsters called Digimons
A digital repeater
Tech
bioturbation caused by the movements of
dinosaurs
fear of getting rid of things.
Geo & Eco
the dark side of good, surbuban
neighborhoods.
to make something worse by diversifying.
Geo & Eco
A dramatized television film based on real
events.
A commercial (or info-mercial) disguised as a
legitimate documentary.
A documentary following people in a
particular occupation or location over a period
of time
Accessories related to pets, e.g. pet food,
collars, hair trimmers, etc.
to lessen in amount
Pop
Tech
OCB
Tech
Media
Media
Media
Pop
Pop
Media
154
PLAGIAT
PLAGIATMERUPAKAN
MERUPAKANTINDAKAN
TINDAKANTIDAK
TIDAKTERPUJI
TERPUJI
<de>crease)
drailing (dr<unk x e-m>ailing)
dramality (drama x <re>ality)
C
OV1a
[A N]N
[N N]N
„drunk
„drama
e-mailing
re‟ality
„drailing
dra‟mality
EN
APP
dramastic (drama<tic x
dr>astic)
dramedy (dram<a x co>medy)
OV2a
[A A]A
dra‟matic
„drastic
dra‟mastic
COP
OV2a
[N N]N
„drama
„comedy
„dramedy
EN
dramirony (dram<atic> x
irony)
dresshopping (dress x
shopping)
drinkathon (drink x
<mar>athon)
dronie (drone x <self>ie)
B
[A N]N
dra‟matic
„irony
„dramirony
EN
OV0
[N N]N
„dress
„shopping
,dress‟hopping
EN
A
[N N]N
„drink
„marathon
„drinkathon
EN
A
[N N]N
„drone
„selfie
„dronie
EN
drunkoholic (drunk x
<al>coholic)
drunkorexia (drunk x
<an>orexia)
OV1a
[A N]N
„drunk
,alco‟holic
,drunko‟holic
EN
A
[A N]N
„drunk
,ano‟rexia
,drunko‟rexia
EN
drunksit (drunk x <baby>sit)
dugly (d<og> x ugly)
duralumin (dura<ble> x
alumin<ium>)
eargasm (ear x <o>rgasm)
A
B
OV2b
[N V]V
[N A]A
[A N]N
„drunk
„dog
„durable
„babysit
„ugly
,alu‟minium
„drunksit
„dugly
du‟ralumin
EN
EN
EN
OV1a
[N N]N
„ear
„orgasm
„eargasm
EN
earwitness (ear x
<eye>witness)
A
[N N]N
„ear
„eye,witness
„ear,witness
EN
eatertainment (eat x
<en>tertainment)
ebonics (ebony x <ph>onics)
OV1a
[V N]N
„eat
enter‟tainment
,eater‟tainment
APP
OV1a
[NN]N
„ebony
„phonics
e‟bonics
EN
ecolonomics (ecolo<gy x
OV2a
[N N]N
e‟cology
,eco‟nomics
e‟colo‟nomics
EN
Sending an embarrassing e-mail while drunk
television show that combines drama and
reality program
something that is dramatic and drastic at the
same time
a television or film drama in which there are
important elements of comedy
dramatic irony which is used to be childlike
and funny
The common female practice of trying on
dresses but never seeming to buy one.
A prolonged session of drinking alcohol.
Media
Pop
a photo taken of one's own self (selfie) using
a remote-controlled pilotless aircraft
One who is known to habitually become
intoxicated with alcoholic substances
an illness in which someone restricts the
amount of food they eat so that they can drink
more alcohol without putting on weight.
To take care of a heavily inebriated friend.
Exceptionally ugly like a dog
A hard, light alloy of aluminium with copper
and other elements.
A sense of pleasure derived from physical
stimulation of the earlobe or ear canal.
An individual who hears an incident occur,
especially one who later gives a report on
what he heard
The combination of dining and entertainment,
as in some themed restaurants.
An English dialect specific to AfricanAmericans, particularly one influenced by
West African and Caribbean language
patterns.
Sustainable living through environmentally
Pop
Pop
Pop
Pop
Media
Pop
Media
Medical
Medical
Media
Science
Media
Pop
Pop
Geo & Eco
Geo & Eco
155
PLAGIAT
PLAGIATMERUPAKAN
MERUPAKANTINDAKAN
TINDAKANTIDAK
TIDAKTERPUJI
TERPUJI
ec>onomics)
ecomagination (eco<logy x
i>maginatiom)
C
[N N]N
e‟cology
i,magi‟nation
e,comagi‟nation
EN
ecomercial (eco<logy> x
commercial)
ecommerce (e<lectronic> x
commerce)
econophysics (econo<mics> x
physics)
ecoteur (eco<logical x
sab>oteur)
edutainment (edu<cation x
enter>tainment)
OV1b
[N N]N
e‟cology
co‟mmercial
eco‟mercial
EN
B
[A N]N
e,lec‟tronic
„commerce
„e,commerce
EN
B
[N N]N
,eco‟nomics
„physics
eco‟nophysics
EN
OV2a
[A N]N
,eco‟logical
,sabo‟teur
e‟coteur
EN
C
[N N]N
,edu‟cation
enter‟tainment
,edu‟tainment
APP
edvertorial (editorial x
advertisement)
E
[N N]N
,edi‟torial
ad‟vertisement
,edver‟torial
APP
electret (electr<icity x
magn>et)
C
[N N]N
e,lec‟tricity
„magnet
e‟lectret
EN
electrocute (electro x
<exe>cute)
electromania (electro<nics> x
maniac)
elephacts (elepha<nt x f>acts)
A
[N V]V
e‟lectro
„execute
e‟lectro,cute
B
[N N]N
,eco‟nomics
„maniac
OV2a
[N N]N
„elephant
elevision (elev<ator> x vision)
OV1b
[N N]N
elint (el<ectronic> x
int<elligence>)
email (e<lectronic> x mail)
D
e-male (e-mail x male)
friendly business practices.
ideas exemplifying their dedication to find
creative ways to confront today‟s
environmental issues.
a commercial with an environmental message
Geo & Eco
Pop
Commercial transactions conducted
electronically on the Internet.
the application of physics method to
economics.
Saboteur of ecology or the environment
Pop
Tech
EN
Computer games, television programmes, or
other material, intended to be both educational
and entertaining
Writing that appears to be objective
journalism, but is actually a marketing piece
designed to promote a specific brand.
a permanently polarized dielectric material; its
electric field is similar to the magnetic field of
a permanent magnet
to execute in the electric chair
,electro‟mania
EN
Maniac of electronics.
Tech
„facts
,ele‟phacts
EN
Geo & Eco
„elevator
„vision
„elevision
EN
[A N]N
e,lec‟tronic
In‟telligence
„elint
EN
B
[A N]N
e,lec‟tronic
„mail
„email
EN
OV0
[N N]N
„e-mail
„male
„e-male
EN
used to describe an elephant; a display of
elephant facts
Used to describe an awkward situation in the
elevator in which everyone will stare at the
elevator number in order to avoid looking at
one another.
Covert intelligence-gathering by electronic
means
a way of sending messages and data to other
people by means of computers connected
together in a network
an e-mail message sent by a male to another
Pol & Eco
Geo & Eco
Media
Tech
Tech
Media
Tech
Tech
Media
156
PLAGIAT
PLAGIATMERUPAKAN
MERUPAKANTINDAKAN
TINDAKANTIDAK
TIDAKTERPUJI
TERPUJI
emotags (emot<ion> x tags)
enculturement
(enlightenment x culture)
engayed (engaged x gay)
OV1b
E
[N N]N
[N N]N
e‟motion
en‟lightenment
„tags
„culture
e‟motags
en‟culturement
EN
EN
E
[A N]N
en‟gaged
„gay
en‟gayed
EN
enginerd (engin<eer> x nerd)
OV1b
[N N]N
,engi‟neer
„nerd
„enginerd
EN
Englishification (English x
<mod>ification)
A
[N N]N
„English
,modifi‟cation
,Englishifi‟catio
n
EN
epigenetics (epigene<sis> x
genetics)
OV1b
[N N]N
,epi‟genesist
ge‟netics
,epigenetics
EN
escalator (escalate x
<elev>ator)
OV1a
[V N]N
„escalate
„elevator
„esca,lator
EN
Eurabia (Eur<ope x A>rabia)
OV2a
[N N]N
„Europe
A‟rabia
Eu‟rabia
EN
Eurailpass (Eur<opean> x
railpass)
OV1b
[N N]N
,Euro‟pean
railpass
Eu‟railpass
EN
Eurasian (Eur<opean> x Asian)
B
[A A]A
,Euro‟pean
„Asian
Eu‟rasian
APP
Eurogeddon (Euro<pe x
Arma>geddon)
C
[N N]N
„Europe
,arma‟geddon
,Euro‟geddon
EN
evanjellyfish (evangeli<cal> x
jellyfish)
excitipated (excit<ed x
cons>tipated)
exercycle (exerci<se> x cycle)
OV1b
[N N]N
,evan‟gelical
„jellyfish
,evan‟jellyfish
EN
OV2a
[A A]A
ex‟cited
„constipated
ex‟citipated
COP
OV1b
[N N]N
„exercise
„cycle
„exercycle
EN
male(s)that has homosexual undertones, either
intended or not.
tags used in writing to express an emotion
a state of being completely cultured
two guys who are very close to each other, not
sexually.
Someone who uses his training in engineering
to solve daily problems
modification of an English word to cause it to
sound like a word in the language one is
speaking or trying to speak.
The study of changes in organisms caused by
modification of gene expression rather than
alteration of the genetic code itself/ the study
of heritable changes that occur without a
change in the DNA sequence
a moving staircase consisting of stair treads
fixed to a conveyor belt, for transporting
passengers between levels, esp between the
floors of a building
name given to Europe, referring to the social
and political changes resulting in the
increasing Muslim population and influence in
Europe
a pass allowing unlimited railroad travel
during a specified time period and for a fixed
price in participating European countries
Of mixed European (or European-American)
and Asian parentage.
The definition of Eurogeddon is the broken
economies of Europe after the financial slump
of European Union (EU) countries
an evangelical who is alleged to be lacking
theological firmness
when a uptight person gets overly excited
about a situation
an exercise bike
Tech
Media
Media
Tech
Geo & Eco
science
Media
Geo & Eco
Geo & Eco
Geo & Eco
Geo& eco
Media
Media
Pop
157
PLAGIAT
PLAGIATMERUPAKAN
MERUPAKANTINDAKAN
TINDAKANTIDAK
TIDAKTERPUJI
TERPUJI
extranet (extra x <in>tranet)
OV1a
[A N]N
„extra
„intranet
„extra,net
EN
eyerobics (eye x <ae>robics)
A
[N N]N
„eye
ae‟robics
„eyerobics
EN
ezine (e<lectronic x
maga>zine)
fabject (fab<rication x
o>bject)
C
[A N]N
e,lec‟tronic
,maga‟zine
„ezine
EN
C
[N N]N
,fabri‟cation
„object
„fabject
EN
fabulosexual (fabulous x
<hom>osexual)
OV1a
[A N]A
„fabulous
,homo‟sexual
,fabulos‟exual
EN
faby (fa<t> x b>aby)
facekini (face x <bi>kini)
faction (fact x <fi>ction)
OV2a
A
OV1a
[A N]N
[N N]N
[N N]N
„fat
„face
„fact
„baby
bi‟kini
fiction
„faby
„face,kini
„faction
EN
EN
EN
fagag (fag x gag)
OV0
[N N]N
„fag
„gag
„fagag
EN
fagnitude (fagg<ot x
m>agnitude)
failtastic (fail x <fan>tastic)
OV2a
[N N]N
„faggot
„magnitude
„fagnitude
EN
A
[N A]A
„fail
fan‟tastic
,fail‟tastic
EN
fakeaway (fake x <t>akeaway)
famicom (fami<ly> x
com<puter>)
OV1a
D
[A N]N
[N N]N
„fake
„family
„takeaway
com‟puter
„fakeaway
„famicom
EN
EN
familymoon (family x
<hone>ymoon)
fampool (fam<ily x car>pool)
fancytastic (fancy x
<fan>tastic)
fandom (fan<atic x king>dom)
fandumb (fan<atic> x dumb)
OV1a
[N N]N
„family
„honeymoon
„familymoon
EN
C
A
[N N]N
[A A]A
„family
„fancy
„car,pool
fan‟tastic
„fam,pool
,fancy‟tastic
EN
COP
C
B
[N N]N
[A N]A
fa‟nac
fa‟natic
„kingdom
„dumb
„fandom
„fandumb
EN
EN
an intranet that is modified to allow outsiders
access to it, esp one belonging to a business
that allows access to customers
eye exercises that are meant to improve how
well you see.
a magazine or newsletter published in
electronic form, especially on a website
An object produced or manufactured at home,
on a desktop through computer controlled
machinery
a person who is just too fabulous to be called a
homosexual, metrosexual, or other 'sexual'
terms
A fat baby
a bikini that covers the face.
A literary and cinematic genre in which real
events are used as a basis for a fictional
narrative or dramatization
A derogatory work for a homosexual male that
makes someone want to gag.
An extreme exhibition of homosexual
behavior
describe something terrible that has happened,
something that one would consider a "fail”.
a takeaway meal which is fake
The Japanese name of the Nintendo
Entertainment system (NES). It might also be
known as the "Nintendo Family Computer
a honeymoon that brings family member.
Tech
a carpool that consists of family members.
Fancy and fantastic; elegance and classiness
emphasized.
a collection of fans or enthusiasts
Describing a fan of something that is so
obsessed with their particular interest that they
view it as above everything else.
Media
Pop
Pop
Tech
Media
Pop
Media
Pop
Pop
Media
Media
Pop
Pop
Tech
Pop
Pop
Media
158
PLAGIAT
PLAGIATMERUPAKAN
MERUPAKANTINDAKAN
TINDAKANTIDAK
TIDAKTERPUJI
TERPUJI
fanfic (fan<atic> x fic<tion>)
fanon (fan x < c>anon)
fantabulous (fanta<stic x
fa>bulous)
fantastical (fantastic x
<mag>ical)
fanzine (fan x <maga>zine)
D
OV1a
C
[N N]N
[N N]N
[A A]A
fa‟natic
„fan
fan‟tastic
„fiction
„canon
„fabulous
„fanfic
„fanon
fan‟tabulous
EN
EN
COP
a fiction written by fans
The canon of fandom
very good; excellent
Pop
Media
Pop
OV1a
[A A]A
fan‟tastic
„magical
fan‟tastical
COP
Pop
A
[N N]N
„fan
,maga‟zine
„fan,zine
EN
fappy (fa<t x h>appy)
fark (fa<ke x p>ark)
OV2a
OV2a
[A A]A
[A N]N
„fat
„fake
„happy
„park
„fappy
„fark
COP
EN
farmscraper (farm x
<sky>scraper)
Fasian (fa<ke> x Asian)
febro (fe<male> x bro<ther>)
A
[N N]N
„farm
„sky,scraper
„farm,scraper
EN
being extremely amazing, magnificent, and
great; fantastic and magical at the same time.
A magazine, usually produced by amateurs,
for fans of a particular performer, group, or
form of entertainment.
fat and happy with one‟s life
a parking spot appearing to be empty, when in
actuality it is occupied by a small compact car
especially a mini cooper, or Volkswagen
a skyscraper used as a farm
OV1b
D
[A N]N
[N N]N
„fake
„female
„Asian
„brother
„fasian
„febro
EN
EN
Geo & Eco
Media
feetnastics (feet x
<gym>nastics)
fembot (fem<ale x ro>bot)
femcho (fem<ale x ma>cho)
femdom (fem<ale> x
dom<inance>)
femidom (femi<nine x
con>dom)
feminar (femin<ine x
s>eminar)
feminazi (femin<ist> x Nazi)
feminoid (fem<ale x andr>oid)
fertigate (ferti<lize x irr>igate)
A
[N N]N
„feet
gym‟nastics
,feet‟nastics
EN
an imitation of the Asian culture.
a female friend that is a member of a male
friend group
Performing aerobics with feet as in a dance
C
C
D
[A N]N
[N A]N
[N N]N
„female
„female
„female
„robot
„macho
„dominance
„fembot
„femcho
„femdom
EN
EN
EN
Tech
Pop
Media
C
[A N]N
„feminine
„condom
„femidom
EN
OV2a
[A N]N
„feminine
„seminar
„feminar
EN
A robot in female form
A well-muscled and aggressive female.
female domination, a paraphilia in which
women dominate men or other women.
a type of condom used by women and inserted
into the vagina
Seminar for women
OV1b
F
OV2a
[N N]N
[A N]A
[V V]V
„feminist
„female
„fertilize
„Nazi
„android
„irrigate
,femi‟nazi
„feminoid
„ferti,gate
APP
EN
COP
Media
Media
Geo & Eco
fertigation (ferti<lizer x
irr>igation)
fiberccino (fiber x
<cappu>ccino)
OV2a
[N N]N
„fertilizer
,irri‟gation
,ferti‟gation
EN
A
[N N]N
„fiber
,cappu‟ccino
„fiber,ccino
EN
a radical or militant feminist
Apparently, but not actually, female.
to fertilize and irrigate at the same time, by
adding fertilizers to the water supply
the application of fertilizers through an
irrigation system
A cappuccino that has a fiber supplement in it.
Media
Pop
Pop
Pop
Pop
Medical
Media
Geo & Eco
Pop
159
PLAGIAT
PLAGIATMERUPAKAN
MERUPAKANTINDAKAN
TINDAKANTIDAK
TIDAKTERPUJI
TERPUJI
fibliography (fi<ctional x
b>ibliography)
OV2a
[A N]N
„fictional
,bibli‟ography
,fibli‟ography
EN
fictionary (fiction x
<d>ictionary)
finimany (fini<tely> x many)
OV1a
[N N]N
„fiction
„dictionary
„fictionary
EN
B
[Adv A]A
Finitely
„many
„finimany
EN
fishetarian (fish x
<veg>etarian)
flashpacker (flash x
<back>packer)
flatform (flat x latform)
flavorgasm (flavor x orgasm)
A
[N N]N
„fish
,vege‟tarian
,fishe‟tarian
A
[A N]N
„flash
„back,packer
OV1a
OV0
[A N]N
[N N]N
„flat
„flavor
flavorite (flavor x <f>avorite)
flexecutive (flex<ible> x
executive)
flexicurity (flexi<bility x
se>curity)
flexitarian (flexi<ble x
vege>tarian)
flexivore (flexi<ble x
carn>ivore)
flirtationship (flirt<ing x
rel>ationship)
floatel (float<ing x ho>tel)
OV1a
OV1b
[N A]N
[A N]N
C
Pop
EN
A bibliography developed with several useless
sources so as to meet the minimum reference
number requirements for a paper or project.
a word game in which players guess the
definition of an obscure word
Consisting of a finite number of elements
Possible reason used: Same as for infimany
A vegetarian who also consumes fish.
„flash,packer
EN
a backpacker who travels only flash by
Pop
„platform
„orgasm
„flatform
,flavor‟gasm
EN
EN
Media
Media
„flavor
„flexible
„favorite
e‟xecutive
„flavorite
„flexecutive
EN
EN
[N N]N
,flexi‟bility
se‟curity
,flexi‟curity
COP
C
[A N]N
„flexible
,vege‟tarian
,flexi‟tarian
EN
OV2a
[A N]N
„flexible
„carnivore
„flexivore
EN
C
[N N]N
flirting
re‟lationship
flir‟tationship
EN
A platform of a shoe with a flat sole.
a highly pleasurable sensation resulting from
eating and drinking good food, often
accompanied by a satisfied moan or sigh.
Favorite Flavor
an executive whose hours and place of work
are flexible
labor practices that give both flexibility and
security
a vegetarian who is flexible to combine meat
to his/her meal
a carnivore who is flexible to combine the
meal with vegetarian diet
A relationship that consists mostly of flirting.
OV2a
[A N]N
„floating
ho‟tel
floa‟tel
EN
Pop
flog (f<ake x b>log)
floorcest (floor x <in>cest)
C
A
[A N]N
[N N]N
„fake
„floor
„blog
„incest
„flog
„floorcest
EN
EN
floordrobe (floor x
<wa>rdrobe)
floptical (flop x optical)
OV1a
[N N]N
„floor
„wardrobe
„floordrobe
EN
OV0
[N A]N
„flop
„optical
„floptical
EN
A floating hotel, especially a boat used as a
hotel.
A fake blog.
Sexual relations between two people who live
on the same floor; typically used in the
context of college dorms.
A pile of discarded clothes on the floor of a
person‟s room
a type of floppy disk invented in 1991, which
combines optical and magnetic technology in
order to produce greater storage density
Pop
Media
Pop
Pop
Media
Pol & Eco
Pop
Geo & Eco
Pop
Tech
Media
Pop
Tech
160
PLAGIAT
PLAGIATMERUPAKAN
MERUPAKANTINDAKAN
TINDAKANTIDAK
TIDAKTERPUJI
TERPUJI
flopulous (flop x <fab>ulous)
A
[N A]A
„flop
„fabulous
„flopulous
EN
flotsametrics (flotsam x
metrics)
fluidram ( fluid x dram)
flunami (flu x <ts>unami)
OV0
[N N]N
„flotsam
„metrics
,flotsa‟metrics
EN
OV0
OV1a
[A N]N
[N N]N
„fluid
„flu
„dram
tsu‟nami
„fluid,ram
,flu‟nami
EN
EN
flustrated (flust<ered x
fr>ustrated)
fogust (fog x <Au>gust)
foob (f<at x b>oob)
foodoholic (food x
<alco>holic)
foodoir (food x <mem>oir)
formamide (form<ite> x
amide)
formasual (forma<l x c>asual)
OV2a
[A A]A
„flustered
frus‟trated
flus‟trated
COP
OV1a
C
A
[N N]N
[A N]N
[N N]N
„fog
„fat
„food
„August
„boob
,alco‟holic
„fogust
„foob
EN
EN
EN
A
OV1b
[N N]N
[N N]N
„food
for‟mite
„memoir
„amide
„foodoir
„forma,mide
EN
EN
OV2a
[A A]A
„forma
„casual
for‟masual
APP
fracket (fra<ternity x j>acket)
OV2a
[N N]N
fra‟ternity
„jacket
„fracket
EN
framily (fr<iend x f>amily)
frarority (fra<ternity x
so>rority)
fratastic (frat<ernity x
fan>tastic)
fratire (frat<ernity x s>atire)
C
C
[N N]N
[N N]N
„friend
fra‟ternity
„family
so‟rority
„framily
fra‟rority
EN
COP
OV2a
[N A]A
fra‟ternity
fan‟tastic
fra‟tastic
EN
OV2a
[N N]N
fra‟ternity
„satire
„fratire
EN
fratitude (frat<ernity> x
attitude)
OV1b
[N N]N
fra‟ternity
„attitude
„fratitude
EN
fratmosphere (frat<ernity> x
atmosphere)
OV1b
[N N]N
fra‟ternity
„atmosphere
„fratmosphere
EN
foodo‟holic
Someone who is pretty fabulous or grand
despite their status as a flop (a person who
fails to have successful endeavors).
The use of floating debris to study ocean
currents
A fluid dram
An overwhelming number of flu cases in the
same area at the same time.
Frustrated to the point of being flustered, or
vice versa
fog happened in August
a fatty boob
a person having an excessive, often
uncontrollable craving for food.
a memoir that is focused on food.
an amide derived from formic acid Also
called: methanamide
the level of formality between formal and
casual.
a disposable jacket usually worn to fraternity
parties, because of the high probability that it
will get dirty, beer soaked, lost, or torn.
a friend who become part of one‟s family
fraternity and sorority
Media
describes something that would be extremely
popular and prevalent in a fraternity
A literary genre that features books written by
men and focusing on young male protagonists
who engage in drunkenness, promiscuity, and
loutish behavior.
having an attitude similar to that of males in
fraternities, often seen as possessing large
amounts of confidence.
a term used to describe a situation where there
are many boys doing the same activities
associated with fraternities.
Media
Tech
Pop
Medical
Media
Geo & Eco
Media
Pop
Pop
Science
Media
Pop
Media
Media
Pop
Media
Media
161
PLAGIAT
PLAGIATMERUPAKAN
MERUPAKANTINDAKAN
TINDAKANTIDAK
TIDAKTERPUJI
TERPUJI
fratstar (frat<ernity x
porn>star)
fraudience (fraud x audience)
C
[N N]N
fra‟ternity
Pornstar
„fratstar
EN
OV0
[N N]N
„fraud
„audience
„fraudience
EN
freakonomics (freak x
<e>conomics)
freegan (free x <ve>gan)
OV1a
[A N]N
„freak
,eco‟nomics
,freako‟nomics
EN
A
[A N]N
„free
„vegan
„freegan
EN
freemium (free x <pre>mium)
A
[A N]A
„free
„premium
„freemium
EN
frenemy (fr<iend> x enemy)
freshmore (freshm<an x
sopho>more)
fridget (fridg<e x w>idget)
frienemy (frien<d> x enemy)
frightmare (fright x
<n>ightmare)
frogurt (fro<zen x y>ogurt)
B
OV2a
[N N]N
[N N]N
„friend
„freshman
„enemy
Sophomore
„frenemy
„freshmore
OV2a
B
OV1a
[N N]N
[N N]N
[N N]N
„fridge
„friend
„fright
„widget
„enemy
„nightmare
„fridget
„frienemy
OV2a
[A N]N
„frozen
frohawk (<A>fro x <mo>hawk)
frontlash (front x <back>lash)
froyo (fro<zen> x yo<gurt>)
fruitlicious (fruit x <de>licious)
D
A
D
A
[N N]N
[N N]N
[A N]N
[N A]A
fruitopia (fruit x topia)
OV1a
fugly (fa<t> x ugly)
fulcer (f<ake> x ulcer)
funkcoustic (funk x
<a>coustic)
funkinetics (funk x kinetics)
Media
APP
COP
boy/young man exhibiting many fraternity
behaviors
fake audiences generally used in such
television programmes as sitcoms and chat
show.
An abnormal, unusual, or highly irregular look
at, or perspective of economics.
a person who, through opposition to
capitalism and consumerism, attempts to live
without buying consumer goods, recycling
discarded goods instead
Relating to a business model that offers basic
services free, but charges a premium for
advanced or special features.
An enemy disguised as a friend.
a group of freshman and sophomore
„frightmare
EN
APP
EN
The objects that adorn the door of a fridge.
a friend who acts like an enemy.
a repeated nightmare
Pop
Media
Media
„yogurt
„frogurt
EN
Pop
„Afro
„front
„frozen
„fruit
„mohawk
„backlash
„yogurt
de‟licious
„frohawk
„frontlash
„froyo
,fruit‟licious
EN
EN
EN
EN
a sweetened, frozen delicacy that is flavored
and made from dairy products; frozen yogurt.
an Afro styled as a Mohawk.
a counterreaction to a political backlash..
Frozen yogurt.
Having a fresh and fruity taste.
[N N]N
„fruit
U‟topia
,frui‟topia
EXO
OCB
OV1b
B
[A A]A
[A N]N
„fat
„fake
„ugly
„ulcer
„fugly
„fulcer
COP
EN
OV1a
[N N]N
„funk
a‟coustic
„funk,coustic
APP
OV0
[N N]N
„funk
ki‟netics
,funki‟netics
EN
a fruit-flavoured drink introduced in 1994 by
Coca-Cola
fat and ugly
a mistaken belief people is suffering from an
ulcer.
genre of music blending characteristics of
acoustic and funk.
a very energetic form of step aerobics that
mixes exercise and soul music.
Media
Pol & Eco
Pop
Pol &eco
Media
Pop
Geo & Eco
Pol & Eco
Pop
Pop
Pop
Medical
Pop
Pop
162
PLAGIAT
PLAGIATMERUPAKAN
MERUPAKANTINDAKAN
TINDAKANTIDAK
TIDAKTERPUJI
TERPUJI
funnovation (fun x
nnovation)
funplex (fun x <com>plex)
futilitarian (fut<ile> x
utilitarian)
gagnouncer (gag x
<an>nouncer)
galumph (gall<op x tri>umph)
OV1a
[A N]N
„fun
,inno‟vation
,funno‟vation
EN
a "fun innovation"
Media
A
OV1b
[A N]N
[A N]N
„fun
„futile
„complex
,utili‟tarian
„fun,plex
fu,tili‟tarian
EN
EN
a large amusement or entertainment centre
A person devoted to futile pursuits.
Pop
Media
A
[N N]N
„gag
a‟nnouncer
,gag‟nouncer
EN
an announcer who is extremely funny
Media
C
[V V]V
„gallop
„triumph
ga‟lumph
COP
Media
galvanneal (galvan<ize x
a>nneal)
OV2a
[V V]V
„galvanize
a‟nneal
,galva‟nneal
COP
garriage (ga<y x ma>rriage)
C
[N N]N
„gay
„marriage
„garriage
EN
gasohol (gas x <alc>ohol)
A
[N N]N
„gas
„alcohol
„gaso,hol
APP
gaybernation (gay x
<hi>bernation)
gayborhood (gay x
<neigh>borhood)
gayby (gay x <ba>by) slang
gaydar (gay x <ra>dar)
gaymer (gay x <ga>mer)
A
[N N]N
„gay
,hiber‟nation
,gayber‟nation
EN
A
[N N]N
„gay
„neighborhood
„gayborhood
EN
Move in a clumsy, ponderous, or noisy
manner.
to coat with an alloy of iron or steel and zinc
produced by heating a surface already
galvanized with zinc <galvannealed wire>
A consensual marriage between two people of
the same sex
a mixture of gasoline and ethyl alcohol,
generally containing no more than 10 percent
alcohol, used as an alternative fuel for some
automobiles.
The state of secretly being homosexual/
keeping their sexuality in hibernation.
a neighborhood that is predominantly gay.
A
A
A
[N N]N
[N N]N
[N N]N
„gay
„gay
„gay
„baby
„radar
„gamer
„gayby
„gaydar
„gaymer
EN
EN
EN
Pop
Pop
Tech
gaysian (gay x <A>sian)
A
[N N]N
„gay
„Asian
„gaysian
EN
a child raised by a lesbian or gay male couple
a radar used to identify a gay.
A homosexual individual who plays video
games
A homosexual asian guy
gaytarded (gay x <re>tarded)
A
[N A]A
„gay
re‟tarded
,gay‟tarded
EN
the quality of being stupid or lacking.
Media
geekdom (geek x <king>dom)
geep (g<oat x sh>eep)
A
C
[N N]N
[N N]N
„geek
„goat
„kingdom
„sheep
„geekdom
„geep
EN
APP
Media
Hybrid
generica (generic x
<Am>erica)
OV1a
[A N]N
ge‟neric
A‟merica
ge‟nerica
EN
genome (gene x
OV1a
[N N]N
gene
„chromosome
„genome
EN
the state of being a geek.
an artificially created hybrid of a goat and a
sheep
Street names, retail shops, and other features
that are identical, particularly in the United
States.
all the genes comprising a haploid set of
Science
Media
Transp
Pop
Pop
Geo &eco
Geo & Eco
Science
163
PLAGIAT
PLAGIATMERUPAKAN
MERUPAKANTINDAKAN
TINDAKANTIDAK
TIDAKTERPUJI
TERPUJI
<chromos>ome)
geocache (geo<graphy> x
cache)
geriaction (geria<tric> x
action)
Germlish (Germ<an x
Eng>lish)
ghostvator (ghost x
<ele>vator)
gigantamous (gigant<ic x
f>amous)
gimongous (gi<ant x
hu>mongous)
ginormous (gi<gantic x
e>normous)
glamazon (glam<our> x
Amazon)
glamfabulous (glam<ourous>
x fabulous)
glamping (glam<our x
c>amping)
glasphalt (glass x asphalt)
B
[N N]N
ge‟ography
„cache
geo‟cache
EN
OV1b
[N N]N
,geri‟atric
„action
,geri‟action
EN
C
[N N]N
„German
„English
„Germlish
EN
A
[N N]N
„ghost
„elevator
ghostvator
EN
C
[A A]A
,gI‟gantic
„famous
,gi‟gantamous
C
[A A]A
„giant
hu‟mongous
C
[A A]A
,gi‟gantic
OV1b
[N N]N
B
chromosomes
Something stored in a hidden digital location.
Geo & Eco
Pop
COP
An action movie genre that features aging
actors in the lead roles.
English words are spoken with a German
accent.
An elevator that will open on a floor, and
reveal that nobody is inside.
very large and well-known
gi‟mongous
COP
much larger than ginormous
Pop
e‟normous
gi‟normous
COP
Extremely large.
Pop
„glamour
„Amazon
„glamazon
EN
Media
[A A]A
„glamourous
„fabulous
,glam‟fabulous
COP
A tall, glamorous, assertively self-confident
woman.
glamourous and fabulous
OV2a
[A N]N
„glamour
„camping
„glamping
EN
a camping that is glamour.
Media
OV0
[N N]N
glass
„asphalt
„glas,phalt
EN
Science
Gleek (Glee x <g>eek)
OV1a
[N N]N
„glee
„geek
„Gleek
EN
glibido (glib x libido)
OV0
[A N]N
„glib
li‟bido
glibi‟do
EN
an asphalt mixture containing crushed
recycled glass, used for paving
a fanatical admirer of the American television
series Glee
All talk and no action
globish (glob<al x Engl>ish)
C
[A N]N
„global
„English
„globish
EN
Geo & Eco
glocal (glo<bal> x local)
OV1b
[A A]A
„global
„local
„glocal
COP
glocalisation (glo<balisation x
lo>calization)
gorno (gore x orno)
C
[N N]N
,globali‟zation
,locali‟zation
,glocali‟sation
COP
OV1a
[N N]N
„gore
„porno
„gorno
APP
a simplified version of English used by nonnative speakers, consisting of the most
common words and phrases only
Reflecting or characterized by both local and
global considerations
a product that is intended for the global
market but suited the local culture
Movies that contains scenes of extreme horror
or violence.
Geo & Eco
Media
Pop
Pop
OCB
Pop
Pol & Eco
Pol & Eco
Pop
164
PLAGIAT
PLAGIATMERUPAKAN
MERUPAKANTINDAKAN
TINDAKANTIDAK
TIDAKTERPUJI
TERPUJI
grapple (grape x apple)
OV0
[N N]N
„grape
„apple
„grapple
APP
grasscycling (grass x
<re>cycling)
greeklish (Greek x <Eng>lish)
A
[N N]N
„grass
,re‟cycling
„grass,cycling
EN
A
[N N]N
„Greek
„English
„Greeklish
APP
greenwash (green x
<white>wash)
A
[A N]N
„green
„whitewash
„green,wash
EN
grool (gr<eat x c>ool)
C
[A A]A
„great
„cool
„grool
COP
grouplet (group x <out>let)
A
[N N]N
„group
„outlet
„grouplet
EN
groupon (group x <c>oupon)
OV1a
[N N]N
„group
„coupon
„groupon
EN
groutfit (grou x outfit)
OV1b
[N N]N
„group
„outfit
„groutfit
EN
guesstimate (guess x
estimate)
guestage (guest x <ho>stage)
OV0
[N N]N
„guess
„estimate
„guesstimate
COP
OV1a
[N N]N
„guest
„hostage
„guestage
EN
guitard (guitar x <re>tard)
OV1a
[N N]N
gui‟tar
„retard
gui‟tard
EN
guitarlin (guitar x <mando>lin)
A
[N N]N
„guitar
,mando‟lin
„guitar,lin
APP
guitarthritis (guitar x arthritis)
OV0
[N N]N
gui‟tar
ar‟thritis
,guitar‟thritis
EN
guyliner (guy x eyeliner)
gymania (gym<nasium> x
mania)
hackathon (hack<ing x
mar>athon)
OV0
OV1b
[N N]N
[N N]N
„guy
gym‟nasium
„eye,liner
„mania
„guyliner
gy‟mania
EN
EN
C
[N N]N
„hacking
„marathon
„hackathon
EN
An apple that tastes like a grape when Fuji
apples are seeped with Concord grape juice.
The leaving of chopped grass clippings on a
mowed lawn as a fertilizer
A mixture of Greek and English in spoken or
written language, esp. by bilingual GreekAmericans.
a superficial or insincere display of concern
for the environment that is shown by an
organization.
something that is cool,and that is also
great/awesome, fantastic
a group of outlet stores in the context of
shopping.
Groupon is a company that offers discounts
for activities and other companies for products
that are bought by a group
an common outfit worn at the same time by
multiple members of a group
an estimate calculated mainly or only by
guesswork
A guest that is required to be in a function or
location at the behest of an influential third
party.
a person who has to grab a guitar no matter
whos it is or where they are or whos playing it
just to show off their own lack of skillz.
double-necked guitars with mandolins (triple
necks with basses)
the medical condition causing pain in the
wrists after playing guitar hero for an
extended amount of time
an eyeliner used by a guy/ men.
An excessive interest in gymming
Hybrid
An event, typically lasting several days, in
which a large number of people meet to
engage in collaborative computer
Tech
Geo & Eco
Geo & Eco
Geo &eco
Pop
Pop
Media
Pop
Media
Media
Pop
Pop
Medical
Pop
Pop
165
PLAGIAT
PLAGIATMERUPAKAN
MERUPAKANTINDAKAN
TINDAKANTIDAK
TIDAKTERPUJI
TERPUJI
hackerazzi (hacker x
<papa>razzi)
hackintosh (hack x
<M>acintosh)
OV1a
[N N]N
„hacker
,papa‟razzi
,hacke‟razzi
APP
OV1a
[V N]N
„hack
„Macintosh
„hackintosh
EN
hacktivist (hack<er> x activist)
OV1b
[N N]N
„hacker
„activist
„hacktivist
APP
hairagami (hair x <ori>gami)
F
[N N]N
„hair
,ori‟gami
,haira‟gami
EN
halfalogue (half x <di>alogue)
Halloweekend (Hallowee<n> x
weekend)
Halloweenorexia (Halloween x
<a>norexia)
A
OV1b
[A N]N
[N N]N
„half
,Hallo‟ween
„dialogue
,week‟end
„halfalogue
,hallo‟weekend
EN
EN
OV1a
[N N]N
,Hallo‟ween
,ano‟rexia
Hallo,weeno‟rex
ia
EN
haloodie (hal<al x f>oodie)
C
[A N]N
ha‟lal
„foodie
„haloodie
EN
hamwich (ham x <sand>wich)
hangry (h<ungry> x angry)
happenstance (happen x
<circum>stance)
happymonius (happy x
<har>monious)
hazmat (haz<ardous> x
mat<erial>)
Hebro (Hebr<ew> x bro)
hectivity (hecti<c x activity)
heinosity (heino<us x
monstr>osity)
heliport (heli<copter x
air>port)
heliskiing (heli<copter> x
skiing)
hellway (hell x <ha>llway)
A
B
A
[A N]N
[A A]A
[N N]N
„ham
„hungry
„happen
„sandwich
„angry
„circumstance
„hamwich
„hangry
„happen,stance
EN
COP
EN
A
[A A]A
„happy
har‟monious
„happy,monius
COP
D
[A N]N
„hazardous
ma‟terial
„haz,mat
EN
OV1b
OV1b
OV2a
[A N]N
[A N]N
[A N]N
„Hebrew
„hectic
„heinous
„bro
ac‟tivity
mon‟strosity
„Hebro
,hectivi‟ty
hei‟nosity
EN
EN
EN
C
[N N]N
„heli,copter
„airport
„heliport
EN
B
[N N]N
„heli,copter
„skiing
„heliskiing
EN
OV1a
[N N]N
„hell
„hallway
„hellway
EN
programming
a paparazzi who is also a hacker.
Media
a PC-clone that has had its operating system
replaced with OS-X, making it effectively a
cheaper, upgradeable Mac able to interface
with most PC peripherals.
a computer hacker who further an activist
agenda.
An art of folding hair into beautiful stylish
hair.
One side of a two-person conversation.
The weekend nearest to or containing the 31st
of October.
The self-induced eating disorder common in
mostly teenage and young-adult women prior
to Halloween
A person who has an ardent interest in halal
food.
A ham sandwich
irritable as a result of feeling hungry
a chance or accidental happening
Tech
characterized by being happy, balanced, and
harmonius
Dangerous substances; hazardous material.
Pop
Jewish friend.
an activity that is hectic.
Someone or something that is extremely
repulsive or abhorrent apparent meaning.
An airport or landing place for helicopters.
Geo & Eco
Media
Media
Skiing in which the skier is taken up the
mountain by helicopter
A corridor that invokes fear in an individual
Pop
Tech
Pop
Media
Geo & Eco
Geo & Eco
Pop
Pop
Pop
Media
Media
Transp
Media
166
PLAGIAT
PLAGIATMERUPAKAN
MERUPAKANTINDAKAN
TINDAKANTIDAK
TIDAKTERPUJI
TERPUJI
hemonc (hem<atology> x
onc<ology>)
hermaphrodyke
(hermaphrod<ite> x dyke)
herstory (her x <hi>story)
C
[N N]N
,hema‟tology
on‟cology
he‟monc
APP
OV1b
[N N]N
her‟maphrodite
„dyke
EN
A
[Pron N]N
her
„history
her,maphro‟dyk
e
„herstory
heteroflexible
(hetero<sexual> x flexible)
heteronormative
(hetero<sexual> x normative)
hiberdating (hiber<nating> x
dating)
hiccurp (hiccuurp)
B
[N A]N
,hetero‟sexual
„flexible
,hetero‟flexible
EN
B
[N A]A
,hetero‟sexual
„normative
EN
B
[N N]N
hibernating
Dating
,hetero‟normativ
e
„hiber,dating
OV2a
[V V]V
„hiccup
„burp
„hiccurp
COP
hiddick (hid<eous> x dick)
himbo (him x imbo)
himsomnia (him x
<in>somnia)
Hinglish (Hi<ndi x E>nglish)
B
OV1a
A
[A N]N
[Pron N]N
[Pron N ]N
„hideous
„him
„him
„dick
„bimbo
in‟somnia
hi‟ddick
„himbo
him‟somnia
EN
EN
EN
C
[N N]N
„Hindi
„English
„Hinglish
EN
hitech (hi<gh> x
tech<nology>)
holidaze (holida<y> x daze)
D
[A N]A
„high
tech‟nology
„hi‟tech
EN
OV1b
[N N]N
„holiday
„daze
„holidaze
EN
homance (ho x <r>omance)
OV1a
[N N]N
„ho
ro‟mance
,ho‟mance
EN
homepreneur (home x
<entre>preneur)
homosinuality (homosexuality
x sin)
homothugs (homo<sexual> x
thugs)
A
[N N]N
„home
,entrepre‟neur
,home‟preneur
EN
E
[N N]N
,homo,sexuality
„sin
,homo,sinu‟ality
B
[A N]N
,homo‟sexual
„thugs
,homo‟thugs
EN
EN
apparent meaning:a particularly hellish
hallway
A joint hematology and oncology doctor‟s
office
a Hermaphrodite who sexually prefers
women.
history from a female point of view or as it
relates to women
a heterosexual who is flexible to open
relationship with people of the same sex.
Something that relates to the world as a solely
heterosexual place
ignoring friends when you start dating a new
boyfriend or girlfriendVerb
To perform a hiccup and a burp
simultaneously, usually resulting in a
temporary pain of the chest
an extremely ugly person of the male gender
an attractive, but empty-headed man
sleep deprivation caused by male partner‟s
snoring or tossing and turning in bed.
a variety of English used by speakers of Hindi,
characterized by frequent use of Hindi
vocabulary or constructions.
extremely advanced and highly sophisticated
Medical
Media
Media
Pop
Media
Pop
Pop
Pop
Pop
Medical
Geo & Eco
Tech
Media
EN
the feelings of confusion and excitement
people have between thanksgiving and
Christmas
A deep friendship between to two
heterosexual women.
an entrepreneur who creates a home-based
business.
Homosexuality with a sinful connotation.
EN
Homosexual thugs
Pop
Pop
Pop
Media
167
PLAGIAT
PLAGIATMERUPAKAN
MERUPAKANTINDAKAN
TINDAKANTIDAK
TIDAKTERPUJI
TERPUJI
hompany (home x
<c>ompany)
hoodrat (<neighbor>hood x
rat)
hopium (hope x opium)
OV1a
[N N]N
„home
„company
„hompany
EN
a work or a job that can be done at home.
Pol & Eco
B
[N N]N
„neighborhood
„rat
„hoodrat
EN
Media
OV0
[N N]N
„hope
„opium
„hopium
EN
hormotion (hormo<ne x
e>motion)
horngry (horn<y x hun>gry)
OV2a
[N N]N
„hormone
e‟motion
hor‟motion
EN
C
[A A]A
„horny
„hungry
„horngry
COP
hotac (hot<el> x
acc>ommodation>)
Hotlanta (hot x <At>lanta)
hotsome (hot x <awe>some)
D
[N N]N
ho‟tel
„hotac
EN
A
A
[A N]N
[A A]A
„hot
„hot
a,ccommo‟dati
on
At‟lanta
„awesome
a young promiscuous woman from an
impoverished urban area
The irrational belief that, despite all evidence
to the contrary, things will turn out for the
best.
An emotion caused by large amounts of
hormones in a person‟s body
being so hungry for food that it is like you are
horny
Hotel Accommodation
,hot‟lanta
„hotsome
EN
COP
Geo & Eco
Pop
huggle (hug x <sn>uggle)
hugly (h<og> x ugly)
OV1a
B
[V V]V
[N A]N
„hug
„hog
„snuggle
„ugly
hug‟gle
„hugly
COP
EN
humanure (human x manure)
OV0
[N N]N
„human
ma‟nure
,huma‟nure
EN
hot summer temperatures common to Atlanta
hot and awesome; very exciting and
outstanding
To hug and snuggle simultaneously.
A hog ugly person or someone who has a hog
appearance It was used to refer to someone as
more than ugly, but hog ugly.
Solid human waste used as compost
Hunglish (Hung<arian x
E>nglish)
huppie (h<ispanic x y>uppie)
hydrail (hydr<ogen> x
rail<way>)
hypathenuse (hypotenuse x
path)
OV2a
[N N]N
hu‟ngarian
„English
„Hunglish
EN
Geo & Eco
C
OV2b
[N N]N
[N N]N
hi‟spanic
„hydrogen
„yuppie
„railway
„huppie
„hydrail
EN
EN
E
[N N]N
hy‟potenuse
„path
hy‟pathenuse
EN
icecapade (ice x <e>scapade)
OV1a
[N N]N
„ice
„escapade
,Ice‟capade
EN
ideopreneur (ideo<logical x
entre>preneur)
C
[A N]N
,ideo‟logical
,entrepre‟neur
,ideo‟preneur
EN
iggiot (ig<norant x id>iot)
C
[A N]N
„ignorant
„idiot
„iggiot
EN
A variety of English incorporating Hungarian
words or constructions.
A Hispanic urban professional.
a railway system that uses hydrogen fuel cell
technology.
Foot-worn pathways through the grass that
diagonally connect two perpendicular concrete
paths
a traveling entertainment show featuring
theatrical performances involving ice skating.
A political power broker, motivated solely by
ideology, who while being a member of a
mainstream political party, operates outside of
the usual rules of party patronage
a moron or idiot, no sense of surroundings,
Media
Tech
Pop
Media
Media
Media
Geo & Eco
Geo & Eco
Transp
Media
Media
Pol & Eco
Pop
168
PLAGIAT
PLAGIATMERUPAKAN
MERUPAKANTINDAKAN
TINDAKANTIDAK
TIDAKTERPUJI
TERPUJI
ignortant (ignor<ant x
imp>ortant)
Illiana (Illi<nois x Ind>iana)
OV2a
[A A]A
„ignorant
im‟portant
ig‟nortant
COP
OV2a
[N N]N
,Illi‟nois
In‟diana
,Illi‟ana
COP
imagineering (imagin<ation x
eng>ineer)
OV2a
[N N]N
I,magi‟nation
,engi‟neer
i,magi‟neering
EN
incognegro (incogn<ito> x
negro)
Indipop (Indi<an> x
pop<ular>)
ineptitude (inept x aptitude)
OV1b
[N N]N
,incog‟nito
„Negro
,incog‟negro
EN
D
[A A]N
„Indian
„popular
,Indi‟pop
EN
OV0
[A N]N
i‟nept
„aptitude
in‟eptitude
infimany (infi<nitely> x many)
infoganda (info<rmation x
propa>ganda)
infomediary (info<rmation x
inter>mediary)
B
C
[Adv A]A
[N N]N
„infinitely
,infor‟mation
„many
,propa‟ganda
C
[N N]N
,infor‟mation
infomercial (info<rmation x
com>mercial)
C
[N N]N
infostructure (info<rmation x
infra>structure)
C
infotainment (info<rmation x
enter>tainment)
infotech (info<rmation> x
tech<nology>)
instamentary (insta<nt x
docu>mentary)
insultant (insult x
<co>nsultant)
worthless, simply an ignorant person.
Something that is important but easily ignored
Pop
Geo & Eco
EN
the University of Indiana and the University of
Illinois
someone whose job is to invent and make
things that combine imagination and
technology, such as the attractions in theme
parks
a person of African descent who doesn't
acknowledge their African heritage.
Popular Indian music apparent
meaning:popular Indian music
an inept act, remark, etc.
„Infimany
,info‟ganda
EN
EN
Consisting of an infinite number of elements.
information that contains propaganda
Media
Media
,Inter‟mediary
,info‟mediary
APP
Pol & Eco
,infor‟mation
co‟mmercial
,info‟mercial ˌ
EN
[N N]N
,Infor‟mation
„infra,structure
„info,structure
EN
C
[N N]N
,Infor‟mation
enter‟tainment
,info‟tainment
COP
D
[N N]N
,infor‟mation
tech‟nology
„info,tech
EN
A company that collects personal data from
consumers, markets that data to businesses
while maintaining consumer privacy, and
offers consumers a percentage of the brokered
deals.
An advertising film which promotes a product
in an informative and supposedly objective
style
The underlying hardware and software that
supports a large-scale computer system or
network
Broadcast material which is intended both to
entertain and to inform.
information technology
C
[A N]N
„instant
,docu‟mentary
,insta‟mentary
EN
An instant documentary
Pop
OV1a
[N N]N
„insult
con‟sultant
in‟sultant
EN
a consultant who makes an insult about the
client.
Media
Tech
Geo & Eco
Pop
Media
Media
Tech
Media
Tech
169
PLAGIAT
PLAGIATMERUPAKAN
MERUPAKANTINDAKAN
TINDAKANTIDAK
TIDAKTERPUJI
TERPUJI
insultment (insult x
<state>ment)
intellidating (intelli<gence> x
dating)
A
[N N]N
„insult
„statement
in‟sultment
EN
B
[N N]N
in‟telligence
„dating
in‟tellidating
EN
Intelsat (intel<ligent> x
sat<ellite>)
D
[A N]N
in‟telligent
„satellite
„Intel,sat
EN
intercom (inter<nal> x
com<munication>)
D
[A N]N
in‟ternal
co,mmuni‟cati
on
„inter,com
EN
internest (interne<t> x nest)
OV1b
[N N]N
„Internet
„nest
„internest
EN
internetainment (internet x
<enter>tainment)
internot (intern<et> x not)
interpol (inter<national> x
pol<ice>)
OV1a
[N N]N
„internet
enter‟tainment
EN
OV1b
D
[N adv]N
[A N]N
„internet
,inter‟national
„not
po‟lice
,Interne‟tainmen
t
„Internot
„inter,pol
interrobang (interro<gative> x
bang)
B
[N N]N
,inte‟rrogative
„bang
in‟terro,bang
EN
intertwingle (intertwi<ne x
interm>ingle)
interweb (inter<net> x web)
OV2a
[V V]V
,inter‟twine
,inter‟mingle
,Inter‟twingle
COP
B
[N N]N
„internet
„web
„interweb
EN
intoxilyzer (intoxi<cation x
ana>lyzer)
investopedia (invest<ment x
encycl>opedia)
ironeous (irony x erroneous)
C
[N N]N
in,toxi‟cation
„analyzer
in,toxi‟lyzer
EN
C
[N N]N
in‟vestment
en,cyclo‟pedia
In,vesto‟pedia
EN
OV0
[N A]A
„Irony
e‟rroneous
„ironeous
EN
irregardless (irre<spective> x
OV1b
[Adv
,irre‟spective
re‟gardless
irre‟gardless
COP
EN
EN
A declaration that is meant to bring someone
down and offend them
a dating that emphasizes intelligence,
particularly by attending lectures, readings, or
other cultural events
any of the series of communications satellites
operated by the International
Telecommunications Satellite Consortium
an internal telephone system for
communicating within a building, an aircraft,
etc
The burrow created by using many blankets
and pillows to surround someone while they
spend an exorbitant amount of time on the
internet.
Entertainment via Internet
Media
A person who refuses to use the Internet
International Criminal Police Organization, an
association of over 100 national police forces,
devoted chiefly to fighting international crime
a non-standard English punctuation mark that
is a combination of an exclamation mark and a
question mark
To interconnect or interrelate in a deep and
complex way.
a facetious name for the internet, used to
imply that the speaker has little understanding
of or interest in the subject
A device that analyzes a person‟s level of
intoxication.
A website dictionary specializing in investing
terms.
Describing a situation in which something
which was intended to have a particular result
has the opposite or a very different result
(Nonstandard) regardless
Tech
OCB
Media
Tech
Tech
Tech
Pop
Media
Media
Tech
Medical
Tech
Media
Media
170
PLAGIAT
PLAGIATMERUPAKAN
MERUPAKANTINDAKAN
TINDAKANTIDAK
TIDAKTERPUJI
TERPUJI
regardless)
irritainment (irrita<ting x
enter>tainment)
OV2a
adv]Adv
[A N]N
„Irritating
enter‟tainment
irri‟tainment
EN
janky (junky x <st>ank)
E
[A A]A
„junky
„stank
„janky
COP
Japanimation (Japan x
animation)
Japlish (Jap<anese x Eng>lish)
OV0
[N N]N
Ja‟pan
,ani‟mation
Ja,pani‟mation
C
[N N]N
,Japa‟nese
„English
jazzercise (jazz x <ex>ercise)
A
[N N]N
„jazz
jazzerina (jazz x <ball>erina)
jeggings (j<eans x l>eggings)
A
C
[N N]N
[N N]N
jerksome (jerk x irksome)
Jewfro (Jew<ish x A>fro)
OV0
C
Jewican (Jewi<sh x Mex>ican)
Pop
EN
any form of entertainment that is also quite
irritating but which one is unable to stop
watching, such as a spectacular trial or reality
television show
a state of being less socially advanced and
crude in social graces/ trashy.
Japan animation
„Japlish
EN
English spoken by a Japanese person.
Geo & Eco
„exercise
„jazzercise
EN
Pop
„Jazz
„jeans
,balle‟rina
„leggings
jazze‟rina
„jeggings
EN
APP
[N A]A
[A N]N
„jerk
„Jewish
„ irksome
„Afro
„jerksome
„Jewfro
EN
EN
OV2a
[A N]N
„Jewish
„Mexican
„Jewican
EN
vigorous dancing done to jazz dance music as
an exercise for physical fitness.
a ballerina who does jazz
Tight-fitting stretch trousers for women,
styled to resemble a pair of denim jeans
A person that is both irritating and mean
a jewish man (or woman) that has very curly
hair, resembeling an afro.
A mexican who is also a jew.
jorts (j<eans x sh>orts)
C
[N N]N
„jeans
„shorts
„jorts
EN
Pop
joyage (joy x <v>oyage)
joypad (joy<stick> x pad)
OV1a
B
[N N]N
[N N]N
„joy
„joystick
„voyage
„pad
„joyage
„joypad
EN
EN
judgmatic (judgm<ent x
dog>matic)
OV2a
[N A]A
„judgment
dog‟matic
judg‟matic
EN
a pair of shorts made from denim (especially,
mid-thigh or knee-length)
A pleasant trip or traveling experience
An input device for a computer games console
which uses buttons to control the motion of an
image on the screen.
discerning; judicious
jumbrella (jumb<o> x
umbrella)
Juneteenth (June x
<nine>teenth)
OV1b
[A N]N
„jumbo
um‟brella
„jum,brella
EN
an umbrella which is jumbo.
Pop
A
[N N]N
„June
,nine‟teenth
,June‟teenth
COP
Geo & Eco
juvenoia (Juven<ile x
para>noia)
OV2a
[N N]N
„juvenile
,para‟noia
,juve‟noia
EN
An annual celebration in the United States on
June 19 to mark the emancipation of slaves
after the American Civil War
The baseless and exaggerated fear that the
Internet and current social trends are having
Media
Pop
Pop
pop
Media
Geo & Eco
Geo & Eco
Media
Pop
Media
Tech
171
PLAGIAT
PLAGIATMERUPAKAN
MERUPAKANTINDAKAN
TINDAKANTIDAK
TIDAKTERPUJI
TERPUJI
Jython (J<ava x P>ython)
B
[N N]N
„Java
„python
„Jython
EN
karmageddon (karma x
Armageddon)
OV0
[N N]N
„karma
,Arma‟geddon
,Karma‟geddon
EN
kegerator (keg x
<refri>gerator)
Kentuckiana (Kentucky x
<Ind>iana)
keytar (key<board x g>uitar)
OV1a
[N N]N
„keg
re‟frigerator
Kegerator
EN
OV1a
[N N]N
Ken‟tucky
,Indi‟ana
Ken,tucki‟ana
COP
OV2a
[N N]N
„keyboard
gui‟tar
key‟tar
EN
kidult (kid x <a>dult)
OV1a
[N N]N
„kid
„adult
„kidult
APP
killdozer (kill x <bu>lldozer)
OV1a
[V N]N
„kill
„bull,dozer
„kill,dozer
EN
killtastic (kill x <fan>tastic)
A
[N A]N
„kill
fan‟tastic
,kill‟tastic
EN
kisstory (kiss x <h>istory)
knork (kn<ife x f>ork)
OV1a
C
[N N]N
[N N]N
„kiss
„knife
„history
„fork
„kisstory
„knork
EN
APP
knowledgebase (knowledge x
<data>base)
A
[N N]N
„knowledge
„database
„knowledge,bas
EN
Konglish (Ko<rean x E>nglish)
C
[N N]N
Ko‟rean
„English
„Konglish
EN
Lacrosstitute (lacrosse x
rostitute)
OV1a
[N N]N
la‟crosse
„prostitute
la‟crosstitute
EN
lapcorn (lap x <po>pcorn)
OV1a
[N N]N
„lap
„popcorn
„lapcorn
EN
lapdesk (lap<top> x
D
[N N]N
„laptop
„desktop
„lapdesk
APP
e
negative effects on children.
an open source implementation of the Python
programming language, integrated with the
Java platform.
The end of the world caused by an individuals
bad actions (or karma) but can be held back by
another individual good actions (or positive
karma).
Device used to keep large drink containers
(“kegs”) cold.
metropolitan areas with counties in both
Indiana and Kentucky
A relatively lightweight keyboard or
synthesizer supported by a strap around the
neck and shoulders, as a guitar is supported by
a guitar strap.
an adult who is interested in forms of
entertainment intended for children
The armored bulldozer used by Marv
Heemeyer to destroy part of Granby, Colorado
in a rampage.
a kill marked by extravagance or notable skill
/peculiarity
The kissing history of two people.
a fork-knife combination so you can cut your
food and eat it
The collection of information representing the
collective knowledge of an organization,
arranged for easy search and retrieval
English words that Korean people use in a
manner that is not correct English
A woman obsessed with a men's lacrosse team
and either dates or wishes to date one of the
players on the team.
The popcorn that you drop at the movie
theatre and it lands on your lap.
A portable writing case or surface, especially
one for use on the lap.
OCB
Media
Pop
Geo & Eco
Pop
Media
Geo & Eco
Pop
Media
Pop
Tech
Geo & Eco
Pop
Media
Tech
172
PLAGIAT
PLAGIATMERUPAKAN
MERUPAKANTINDAKAN
TINDAKANTIDAK
TIDAKTERPUJI
TERPUJI
desk<top>)
laundromat (laundr<y x
aut>omatic)
C
[N A]N
„laundry
,auto‟matic
„laundro,mat
EN
lemsip (lem<on> x sip)
B
[N N]N
„lemon
„sip
„lemsip
EN
lesbro (lesb<ian> x bro<ther>)
lexpionage (lex<icon x
es>pionage)
librat (libra<ry> x brat)
OV2b
C
[N N]N
[N N]N
„lesbian
„lexicon
„brother
„espionage
,les‟bro
„lexpionage
EN
EN
OV1b
[N N]N
„library
„brat
„librat
EN
libtard (lib<eral x re>tard)
C
[A N]N
„liberal
„retard
„libtard
EN
lifecon (life x con<versation>)
A
[N N]N
„life
,conver‟sation
„lifecon
EN
liger (li<on x t>iger)
OV2a
[N N]N
lion
tiger
„liger
APP
linner (l<unch x d>inner)
C
[N N]N
„lunch
„dinner
„linner
APP
literotica (liter<ature x
e>rotica)
lizzing (l<aughing x wh>izzing)
locavore (loca<l x de>vour)
OV2a
[N N]N
„literature
e‟rotica
,lite‟rotica
EN
C
C
[N N]N
[A V]N
„laughing
„local
Whizzing
de‟vour
„lizzing
„locavore
COP
EN
londonistan (London x
<Pak>istan)
A
[N N]N
„London
,Paki‟stan
lon‟doni,stan
EN
loopular (loop x <circ>ular)
A
[N A]A
„loop
„circular
„loopular
APP
lupper (lu<nch x s>upper)
OV2a
[N N]N
„lunch
„supper
„lupper
APP
magalogue (maga<zine x
cat>alogue)
OV2a
[NN]N
,maga‟zine
„catalogue
,maga‟logue
EN
a commercial establishment where clothes can
be washed and dried, using coin-operated
machines
Lemon sip; A medical thing that helps your
throat when you have a very sore throat and a
very bad cough.
the straight male best friend of a lesbian
The act of searching for new words or phrases.
Pop
a young, often unruly child, left unsupervised
in a library
A person who is so liberal minded politically
to the extent that it impairs them from having
an objectively political viewpoint on any
subject.
conversation about life‟s issues, such as love
interests and personal problems
the hybrid offspring of a female tiger and a
male lion
A meal between lunch and dinner, usually
around 3 or 4 PM
Literature/ writing which is related to erotica
Media
Laughing and urinating simultaneously
A person whose diet consists only or
principally of locally grown or produced food.
an informal name for London, as considered
by some people as a base for radical Islamists
;from London + Persian -stan place of;
modelled on Pakistan and Afghanistan
Refers to the general type of shapes that curve
in a loop somewhat similar to a circle.
Any meal between lunch and supper that takes
the place of both.
a catalogue designed to resemble a magazine.
Pop
Pop
Pop
Media
Media
Pol & Eco
Pop
Hybrid
Pop
Pop
Geo & Eco
Science
Pop
Media
173
PLAGIAT
PLAGIATMERUPAKAN
MERUPAKANTINDAKAN
TINDAKANTIDAK
TIDAKTERPUJI
TERPUJI
magriffic (mag<nificent x
ter>rific)
mailstrom (<e>mail x
<mael>strom)
malloc (m<emory> x
alloc<ation>)
malware (mal<icious x
soft>ware)
manbag (man x <hand>bag)
C
[A A]A
mag‟nificent
te‟rrific
mag‟riffic
COP
amazing, terrific, fascinating, and awesome.
Pop
D
[N N]N
email
„maelstrom
„mailstrom
EN
Tech
D
[N N]N
„memory
,allo‟cation
„malloc
EN
An overwhelming amount of email; an email
deluge.
Memory allocation
C
[A N]N
ma‟licious
„software
„malware
EN
Tech
A
[N N]N
„man
„handbag
„manbag
EN
manbiguous (man x
<am>biguous)
A
[N A]A
„man
am‟biguous
,man‟biguous
EN
mancation (man x <va>cation)
mancession (man x
<re>cession)
A
A
[N N]N
[N N]N
„man
„man
va‟cation
re‟cession
man‟cation
„man,cession
EN
EN
mandals (man x <s>andals)
OV1a
[N N]N
„man
„sandal
„mandals
EN
mangina (man x <va>gina)
A
[N N]N
„man
va‟gina
man‟gina
EN
manicorn (man x nicorn)
OV1a
[N N]N
„man
„unicorn
„manicorn
EN
manimal (man x animal)
OV0
[N N]N
„man
„animal
„manimal
EN
manlimony (man x <a>limony)
A
[N N]N
„man
„alimony
„manlimony
EN
manny (ma<le x n>anny)
manorexic (man x anorexic)
manover (man x <sleep>over)
manpanion (man x
<com>panion)
manscaping (man x
OV2a
OV0
A
A
[A N]N
[N A]N
[N N]N
[N N]N
„male
„man
„man
„man
„nanny
,ano‟rexic
„sleepover
com‟panion
„manny
,mano‟rexic
„manover
man‟panion
EN
EN
EN
EN
Software which is specifically designed to
disrupt or damage a computer system
Small handbag for a man made from leather,
fabric or other substance displaying a brand
name such as Gucci, Prada, Adidas or Game
describing a male whose behavior makes
others question his sexual orientation, or
whether he is gay or straight.
A vacation in which participants are all men
An economic instance in which the
unemployment rate is substantially higher
among men than it is among women.
Ridiculous large, smelly sandals that are worn
by men with huge feet
A man who is overly concerned with women's
issues to the point of complacency or
contempt for those of his own gender
a mythical male creature who is successful,
funny, intelligent, chivalrous, masculine,
adventurous, artistic
a creature recognizable as human but
possessing physical or primitive behavioral
characteristics that are exclusive to animals.
The alimony that a man receives when he
divorces his wife.
a male nanny
An anorexic man
A sleepover consisting of all guys
a male partner in a relationship
A
[N N]N
„man
Landscaping
„man,scaping
EN
the aesthetic grooming of a man‟s bodily hair
Pop
Tech
Pop
Media
Media
Pol & Eco
Media
Media
Pop
Media
Pol & Eco
Media
medical
Media
Pop
174
PLAGIAT
PLAGIATMERUPAKAN
MERUPAKANTINDAKAN
TINDAKANTIDAK
TIDAKTERPUJI
TERPUJI
<land>scaping)
mantastic (man x <f>antastic)
OV1a
[N A]N
„man
fan‟tastic
,man‟tastic
EN
manthlete (man x a<thlete>)
mantrum (man x <t>antrum)
OV1a
OV1a
[N N]N
[N N]N
„man
„man
„athlete
„tantrum
„manthlete
„mantrum
EN
EN
Marchuary (March x
<Jan>uary)
masculist (masculi<ne x
femin>ist)
A
[N N]N
„March
„January
„Marchuary
EN
C
[A A]A
„masculine
„feminist
„masculist
COP
mathemagician
(mathema<tics> x magician)
mathlete (math x athlete)
OV1b
[N N]N
,mathe‟matics
ma‟gician
,mathe‟magician
EN
OV0
[N N]N
„math
„athlete
„mathlete
EN
mayhaps (may<be x
per>haps)
Meanderthal (meander x
<N>eanderthal)
mechatronics (mecha<nical x
elec>tronics)
medevac (med<ical> x
evac<uation>)
medicare (medica<l> x care)
C
„maybe
per‟haps
,may‟haps
COP
OV1a
[Adv
Adv]Adv
[N N]N
me‟ander
ne‟ander,thal
Me‟anderthal
EN
C
[A N]N
me‟chanical
e,lec‟tronics
mecha‟tronics
APP
D
[A N]N
„medical
e,vacu‟ation
„mede,vac
EN
OV1b
[A N]N
„medical
care
„medi,care
EN
meformer (me x <in>former)
A
[N N]N
„me
in‟former
me‟former
EN
melodrama (melod<y> x
drama)
menfriend (men x
<boy>friend)
menurkey (men<orah x
t>urkey)
OV1b
[N N]N
„melody
„drama
„melo,drama
EN
A
[N N]N
„men
„boyfriend
„menfriend
EN
C
[N N]N
me‟norah
„turkey
„menurkey
APP
a man who is an attractive man who is an eye
catcher and oozes charisma.
A male athlete
a tantrum happened to a man because he
cannot achieve a desired goal or "get his way"
a January or February with March-like
weather.
Relating to the idea of equal treatment of men
and genders, as in men shouldn't always have
to pick up the tab on dates or should also be
entitled to paternity leave.
a mathematician whose skill seems magical.
Media
A person who takes part in a mathematics
competition, typically one organized for
schoolchildren.
an event‟s certainty being very unknown
reason used
An individual who is without direction and
focus in his or her life
Technology combining electronics and
mechanical engineering.
the evacuation of casualties from forward
areas to the nearest hospital or base
a federally sponsored health insurance
programme for persons of 65 or older
a person who constantly informs and updates
his/her current status on an online messenger
or a social networking website
a play, film, etc, characterized by extravagant
action and emotion
male acquaintances involved in non-romantic
relations
An object combining the image of a turkey
with the function and symbolism of a
menorah.
Science
Pop
Media
Geo & Eco
Pol & Eco
Science
Pop
Media
Tech
Medical
Medical
Pop
Pop
Pop
Geo & Eco
175
PLAGIAT
PLAGIATMERUPAKAN
MERUPAKANTINDAKAN
TINDAKANTIDAK
TIDAKTERPUJI
TERPUJI
meritocracy (merit x
<aris>tocracy)
OV1a
[N N]N
„merit
,ari‟stocracy
,meri‟tocracy
EN
A society governed by people selected
according to merit
Pol & Eco
metrosexual (metro<politan x
hete>rosexual)
OV2a
[A N]N
,metro‟politan
,hetero‟sexual
,metro‟sexual
EN
Pop
Michiana (Michi<gan x
Ind>iana)
OV2a
[N N]N
„Michigan
In‟diana
Michi‟ana
COP
microgement (micro x
<mana>gement)
A
[A N]N
„micro
„management
„microgement
EN
militainment (milita<ry x
enter>tainment)
millionerd (million<aire> x
nerd)
millness (m<ale> x illness)
mimbo (m<ale x b>imbo)
mimsy (mi<serable x fl>imsy)
mingy (m<ean x st>ingy)
minimoon (mini x
<honey>moon)
minivator (mini<ature x
ele>vator)
minja (mi<dget x n>inja)
OV2a
[A N]N
„military
enter‟tainment
mili‟tainment
EN
A heterosexual urban man who enjoys
shopping, fashion, and similar interests
traditionally associated with women or
homosexual men.
A region of northern Indiana and southwest
Michigan centered on the city of South Bend
in Indiana.
Management of a small group of people that
focuses on improving their abilities to work
together.
an entertainment which shows about military.
OV1b
[N N]N
,millio‟naire
„nerd
,millio‟nerd
APP
a millionaire who is also a nerd.
Pop
B
C
OV2a
C
A
[N N]N
[A N]N
[A A]A
[A A]A
[N N]N
„male
„male
„miserable
„mean
„mini
„illness
„bimbo
„flimsy
„stingy
„honeymoon
„millness
„mimbo
„mimsy
„mingy
„minimoon
EN
EN
COP
COP
EN
A slight illness hugely exaggerated by a man.
an attractive but empty-headed male
Rather feeble and prim or affected.
Mean and stingy, niggardly
a honeymoon which is mini (short and simple)
Medical
Media
Media
Pop
Pop
C
[A N]N
„miniature
„elevator
„minivator
EN
Tech
OV2a
[A N]N
„midget
„ninja
„minja
EN
misleadership (mislead x
leadership)
mizzle (mi<st x dr>izzle)
mobisode (mob<ile x
ep>isode)
mockbuster (mock x
<bl>ockbuster)
mocktail (mock x <c>ocktail)
OV0
[V N]N
,mis‟lead
„leadership
,mis‟leadership
EN
a small elevator designed to allow a single
person to access different floors of a building
a midget ninja (mini ninja) which are
extremely small, fast and very dangerous
the art of leading wrongly
OV2a
OV2a
[N N]N
[N N]N
„mist
„mobile
drizzle
„episode
„mizzle
„mobisode
APP
EN
Science
Pop
OV1a
[N N]N
„mock
„block,buster
„mock,buster
EN
Light rain
a short program/ episode which can be
watched on a mobile phone
a mock blockbuster
OV1a
[Adj N]N
mock
„cocktail
„mock,tail
EN
a cocktail that contains no alcoholic
ingredients
Pop
Geo & Eco
Pol & Eco
Pop
Media
Media
Pop
176
PLAGIAT
PLAGIATMERUPAKAN
MERUPAKANTINDAKAN
TINDAKANTIDAK
TIDAKTERPUJI
TERPUJI
mockumentary (mock x
<d>ocumentary)
modem (mod<ulator> x
dem<odulator>)
momager (mom x manager)
momic (mom x <co>mic)
momoir (mom x <me>moir)
mompreneur (mom x
<entre>preneur)
OV1a
[N N]N
„mock
,docu‟mentary
,mocku‟mentary
EN
OV2b
[N N]N
„modulator
demodulator
„modem
APP
OV0
OV1a
OV1a
A
[N N]N
[N N]N
[N N]N
[N N]N
„mom
„mom
„mom
„mom
„manager
„comic
„memoir
,entrepre‟neur
„momager
„momic
„momoir
,mompre‟neur
APP
EN
EN
EN
Mondaze (Monda<y> x daze)
OV1b
[N N]N
„Monday
„daze
,Mond‟aze
EN
monsteroid (monster x
steroid)
OV0
[N N]N
„monster
„steroid
mon‟steroid
EN
monthiversary (month x
<ann>iversary)
moped (mo<tor> x ped<al>)
A
[N N]N
„month
,anni‟versary
,monthi‟versary
EN
D
[N N]N
„motor
„pedal
„moped
EN
mornoon (morn<ing> x noon)
mosdef (mos<t> x
def<initely>)
motel (mot<or x h>otel)
OV1b
D
„morning
„most
„noon
„definitely
„mornoon
„mosdef
APP
COP
OV2a
[N N]N
[Adv
Adv]Adv
[N N]N
„motor
ho‟tel
mo‟tel
EN
motorcade (motorc<ar x
caval>cade)
mousewife (mouse x
<h>ousewife)
Movember (m<oustache x
N>ovember)
OV2a
[N N]N
ˈ motorˌcar
cavalcade
„motor,cade
EN
OV1a
[N N]N
„mouse
„housewife
„mousewife
EN
C
[N N]N
mou‟stache
No‟vember
Mo‟vember
EN
multicart (multi<ple> x
cart<ridge>)
multidude (multi<tude> x
dude)
D
[A N]N
„multiple
„cartridge
„multicart
EN
B
[N N]N
„multitude
„dude
„multidude
EN
a satirical television or radio programme in the
form of a parody of a documentary
A combined device for modulation and
demodulation
a mother who is the manager of her daughter.
a comic who shares story of motherhood.
a memoir about mom/ motherhood
female business owner who is actively
balancing the role of mom and the role of
entrepreneur
Feeling daze on the first day of week after
weekends
energy drink for students that they find
themselves unable to focus and study without
drinking them.
the monthly reoccurrence of the date of a past
event; the celebration thereof.
A light motor cycle, especially one with an
engine capacity of not more than 50 cc.
Late morning, early afternoon
A way to agree or promise to do something.
Media
a roadside hotel for motorists, usually having
direct access from each room or chalet to a
parking space or garage
a parade of cars or other motor vehicles
Pop
A housewife who spends lots of time on the
internet
the name given to the month of November
during which men grow out their facial hair to
bring awareness to men's health issue
A cartridge containing several separate games.
Pop
a group of surfers, or even simply a group of
males.
Media
Tech
Media
Pop
Pop
Media
Media
Pop
Pop
Transp
Media
Pop
Media
Geo & Eco
Pop
177
PLAGIAT
PLAGIATMERUPAKAN
MERUPAKANTINDAKAN
TINDAKANTIDAK
TIDAKTERPUJI
TERPUJI
multiplex (multiple x
<cine>plex)
mupload (m<obile> x upload)
OV1a
[A N]N
„multiple
Cine‟plex
„multi,plex
EN
B
[N V]V
„mobile
up‟load
„mupload
EN
muppet (m<arionette x
p>uppet)
C
[N N]N
,mario‟nette
„puppet
„muppet
EN
murketing (murk<y x
mar>keting)
murse (m<an x p>urse)
musigasm (musi<c x or>gasm)
OV2a
[A N]N
„murky
„marketing
„murketing
EN
C
C
[N N]N
[N N]N
„man
„music
„purse
„orgasm
„murse
mu‟sigasm
EN
EN
mutagen (muta<tion> x
gen<esis>)
naplash (nap x <whi>plash)
D
[N N]N
mu‟tation
„genesis
„mutagen
EN
OV1a
[N N]N
„nap
„whiplash
na‟plash
EN
narcoma (narco<tic> x coma)
narcoterrorism (narcot<ics> x
terrorism)
natitude (nati<onals> x
attitude)
needcessity (need x
<ne>cessity)
negaholic (nega<tive x
alco>holic)
OV1b
OV1b
[N N]N
[N N]N
nar‟cotic
nar‟cotics
„coma
„terrorism
EN
EN
OV1b
[N N]N
„Nationals
„attitude
nar‟coma
,narco‟terro,ris
m
„natitude
A
[N N]N
„need
ne‟cessity
,need‟cessity
COP
C
[A N]N
„negative
,alco‟holic
,nega‟holic
EN
negatude (negat<ive x
atti>tude)
negrotiation (Negro x
<neg>otiation)
OV2a
[A N]N
„negative
„attitude
„negatude
EN
OV1a
[N N]N
„Negro
ne,goti‟ation
ne,groti‟ation
EN
nerdgy (nerd x <or>gy)
A
[N N]N
„nerd
„orgy
„nerdgy
EN
EN
a purpose-built complex containing a number
of cinemas and usually a restaurant or bar
To upload data, especially photos and videos,
from a cell phone to a web site by use of
wireless internet
any puppet character of the children's
television show Sesame Street and
commercial products of those characters
a murky marketing
Pop
Purse for males
A state of prolific euphoria caused by the
hearing of an entrancing, provocative, or
catchy piece of music
An agent, such as radiation or a chemical
substance, which causes genetic mutation.
Something that happens when you start to feel
sleepy so you start nodding your head and
suddenly your head jerks back.
a stupor caused or induced by narcotic drugs
terrorism funded by the sale of illegal drugs
Media
Pop
the attitude and style of play that the
Washington Nationals employ
a necessity; a thing that is needed
Geo &eco
a person who thoroughly enjoys a negative or
pessimistic outlook; completely negative or
pessimistic
Negative attitude
Media
Negotiation between two African-Americans,
esp. a deal that can only be made between two
African-Americans
When numerous nerds gather together into a
fairly large room and play board games for an
extended amount of time.
Geo & Eco
Tech
Pop
Pol & Eco
Science
Media
Medical
Media
Media
Media
Media
178
PLAGIAT
PLAGIATMERUPAKAN
MERUPAKANTINDAKAN
TINDAKANTIDAK
TIDAKTERPUJI
TERPUJI
nerdstalgia (nerd x
<no>stalgia)
A
[N N]N
„nerd
nos‟talgia
,nerds‟talgia
EN
nerdvana (nerd x <nir>vana)
A
[N N]N
„nerd
nir‟vana
,nerd‟vana
EN
netiquette (<inter>net x
etiquette)
netizen (<inter>net x
<ci>tizen)
netocracy (<inter>net x
<aris>tocracy)
OV1b
[N N]N
„internet
„etiquette
„neti,quette
EN
OV2a
[N N]N
„Internet
„citizen
„netizen
EN
OV2a
[N N]N
„Internet
,ari‟stocracy
ne‟tocracy
EN
neurobics (neuro x aerobics)
OV0
[N N]N
Neuro
ae‟robics
neu‟robics
EN
neverendum (neverend<ing x
ref>erendum)
OV2a
[A N]N
,neve‟rending
,refe‟rendum
,neve‟rendum
EN
newscast (news x
<broad>cast)
niftabulous (nift<y x
f>abulous)
A
[N N]N
„news
„broadcast
„news,cast
EN
C
[A A]A
„nifty
„fabulous
nif‟tabulous
COP
nillionaire (nil x <m>illionaire)
OV1a
[N N]N
„nil
,millio‟naire
,nillio‟naire
EN
nontroversy (non x
c>ontroversy)
OV1a
[pref N]N
„non
„controversy
„nontroversy
EN
Norcal (nor<thern> x
Cal<ifornia>)
nounjetive (noun x
<ad>jective)
D
[A N]N
„Northern
Cali‟fornia
„Nor,cal
EN
A
[N N]N
„noun
„adjective
„noun,jetive
COP
novembeard (Novemb<er> x
beard)
nucleonics (nucle<ar x
OV1b
[N N]N
No‟vember
„beard
No,vem‟beard
C
[A N]N
„nuclear
e,lec‟tronics
,nucle‟onics
A feeling of longing for something that might
be regarded as nerdy – often something from a
person‟s childhood that is no longer regarded
as “cool.”
A place or state characterized by the happiness
and satisfaction of high-tech gizmos.
The correct or acceptable way of using the
Internet.
A user of the Internet, especially a habitual or
keen one.
a perceived global upper-class that bases its
power on a technological advantage and
networking skills
Activities or mental tasks designed to
stimulate the brain and help prevent memory
loss.
A series of referendums on the same issue
held in an attempt to achieve an unpopular
result
a radio or television broadcast of the news
Media
the state of being amazingly good, fun, and
interesting reason used: to underline how good
and interesting something is
one who has little money of their own, but is
well-off by association with another
A term meaning a dispute created based on
unconfirmed sources of news to create a
controversy for a politician.
Northern California.
Pop
Media
EN
A word that (because of the process of zero
derivation) can be used as both a noun and an
adjective
A beard grown during No Shave November/
APP
the branch of physics concerned with the
Science
Tech
Tech
Tech
Tech
Science
Media
Media
Pop
Media
Geo & Eco
Geo & Eco
179
PLAGIAT
PLAGIATMERUPAKAN
MERUPAKANTINDAKAN
TINDAKANTIDAK
TIDAKTERPUJI
TERPUJI
electr>onics)
nuplex (nu<clear x com>plex)
C
[A N]N
„nuclear
„complex
„nuplex
EN
nutraceutical (nutr<ition x
pharm>aceutical)
C
[N N]N
nu‟trition
,pharma‟ceutic
al
,nutra‟ceutical
EN
obliviot (oblivio<us x idi>ot)
OV2a
[A N]N
o‟blivious
„idiot
o‟bliviot
EN
octopush (octopu<s> x push)
OV1b
[N V]N
„octopus
„push
„octopush
EN
odditorium (odd x
auditorium)
osteopornosis (osteoporosis x
porn)
pacer (p<encil x er>aser)
palimony (pal x alimony)
OV0
[A N]N
„odd
,audi‟torium
,oddi‟torium
EN
applications of nuclear energy
An industrial complex that operates on nuclear
power
a specially treated food, vitamin, mineral,
herb, etc., that you eat or drink in order to
improve your health
A person who acts in an unintelligent manner
because they do not know what is going on.
the game of underwater hockey, in which two
teams attempt to push a weighted object along
the floor of a swimming pool
A museum exhibiting unusual curiosities
OV0
[N N]N
,osteopo‟rosis
„porn
,osteopor‟nosis
EN
A degenerate disease of the bone.
Medical
C
OV0
[N N]N
[N N]N
„pencil
„pal
e‟raser
„alimony
„pacer
„palimony
APP
EN
Pop
Pol & Eco
panormous (pan x
<e>normous)
paradessence (parad<oxical>
x essence)
OV1a
[N A]A
„pan
e‟normous
pa‟normous
EN
B
[A N]N
,para‟doxical
„essence
,para‟dessence
EN
paralpinism (para<gliding> x
alpinism)
OV1b
[N N]N
„para,gliding
„Alpi,nism
,paral‟pinism
APP
paralympics (para<plegic x
O>lympics)
parasailing (para<chute> x
sailing)
incomplete overlap?
paratroops (para<chute> x
troops)
parawing (para<chute> x
wing)
parentnoia (parent x
<para>noia)
C
[N N]N
,para‟plegic
O‟lympics
,para‟lympics
EN
B
[N N]N
„parachute
„sailing
„para,sailing
EN
B
[N N]N
„parachute
„troops
„paratroops
EN
B
[N N]N
„parachute
„wing
„para,wing
EN
mechanical pencil
alimony awarded to a nonmarried partner after
the break-up of a long-term relationship
Really big; used to describe a new Pizza Hut
product
In a product, an intrinsic property that
promises to simultaneously satisfy two
opposing consumer desires.
A sport that involves climbing a mountain and
then descending using a paraglider or similar
craft.
an international competition for physically
disabled athletes.
a sport in which a water-skier wearing a
parachute is towed by a speedboat, becomes
airborne, and sails along in the air
Troops trained and equipped to be dropped by
parachute from aircraft.
a wing-like parachute that can be steered
A
[N N]N
„parent
,para‟noia
,parent‟noia
EN
the irrational fear parents have that their
children are doing something wrong, or being
Media
Tech
Pop
Media
Pop
Media
Media
Pol & Eco
Pop
Pop
Pop
Pop
Pop
180
PLAGIAT
PLAGIATMERUPAKAN
MERUPAKANTINDAKAN
TINDAKANTIDAK
TIDAKTERPUJI
TERPUJI
hurt in some way.
a building used as a car park
a unit of astronomical distance equal to the
distance from earth at which stellar parallax
would be 1 second of arc
A thought pattern that uniquely identifies a
user, giving that person access to a computer
system.
A psychotherapist or psychiatrist.
parkade (park<ing> x arcade)
parsec (par<allax> x
sec<ond>)
OV1b
D
[N N]N
[N N]N
„parking
„para,llax
ar‟cade
„second
„parkade
„par,sec
EN
EN
passthought (pass<word> x
thought)
B
[N N]N
„password
„thought
„pass,thought
EN
pdoc (p<sychiatrist> x
doc<tor>)
Pedabowling (ped<estrian> x
bowling
pedelec (ped<al> x elec<tric>)
D
[N N]N
psy‟chiatrist
„doctor
pdoc
APP
F
[N N]N
pe‟destrian
„bowling
,peda‟bowling
EN
An attempt to hit pedestrians while
driving a car .
Media
D
[N A]N
„pedal
e‟lectric
pede‟lec
EN
Transp
pedlock (ped<estrian x
grid>lock)
C
[N N]N
pe‟destrian
„gridlock
„pedlock
EN
pedobear (pedo<phile> x
bear)
pedoman (pedo<phile> x
man)
pedostache (pedo<phile x
mu>stache)
pegsister (peg<asus> x sister)
B
[N N]N
„pedophile
„bear
„pedobear
EN
A bicycle equipped with an electric motor that
assists the rider‟s pedaling.
The condition or state of being so crowded
that people are unable to move easily in any
direction.
A huge pedophile.
B
[N N]N
„pedophile
„man
„pedoman
EN
Media
C
[N N]N
„pedophile
mu‟stache
,pedo‟stache
EN
B
[N N]N
„pegasus
„sister
„pegsister
EN
Pennsyltucky (Pennsyl<vania x
Ken>tucky)
C
[N N]N
,Pennsyl‟vania
Ken‟tucky
,Pennsyl‟tucky
APP
pentathlete (pentathl<on> x
athlete)
permaculture (perma<nent x
agri>culture)
permafrost (perma<nent> x
OV1b
[N N]N
pen‟tathlon
„athlete
pent‟athlete
EN
man who has a long mustache, or pedostache,
and is a convicted sex offender.
The creepy mustache stereotypically
associated with a pedophile
A female fan of the television show My Little
Pony: Friendship is Magic (2010) an animated
television show targeted at little girls; the
female equivalent of a brony.
The rural and exurban part of the state of
Pennsylvania outside the Pittsburgh and
Philadelphia metropolitan areas, more
specifically applied to the mountainous central
region
an athlete participating in a pentathlon
C
[A N]N
„permanent
„agriculture
„perma,culture
EN
Geo & Eco
B
[A N]N
„permanent
„frost
„permafrost
EN
The development of agricultural ecosystems
intended to be sustainable and self-sufficient
A thick subsurface layer of soil that remains
Media
science
Tech
Medical
Media
Media
Media
OCB
Geo & Eco
Pop
Science
181
PLAGIAT
PLAGIATMERUPAKAN
MERUPAKANTINDAKAN
TINDAKANTIDAK
TIDAKTERPUJI
TERPUJI
frost)
permalancer (perma<nent x
free>lancer)
C
[A N]N
„permanent
„free,lancer
„perma,lancer
EN
permalink (perma<nent> x
link)
permasub (perma<nent> x
sub<stitution>)
petrochemical (petro<leum> x
chemical)
B
[A N]N
„permanent
„link
„permalink
EN
D
[A N]N
„permanent
,substi‟tution
per‟masub
EN
B
[N A]A
pe‟troleum
„chemical
petro‟chemical
EN
phablet (ph<one x t>ablet)
C
[N N]N
„phone
„tablet
„phablet
APP
philanthrocapitalism
(philanthro<py> x capitalism)
philanthroprenur
(philanthrop<y x
entre>preneur)
phoneck (phone x neck)
B
[NN]N
phi‟lanthropy
„capitalism
EN
OV2a
[N N]N
phi‟lanthropy
,entrepre‟neur
philan,thro‟capit
alism
phi,lanthro‟pren
ur
below freezing point throughout the year,
occurring chiefly in polar regions.
A temporary worker who is essentially fulltime because of repeated contract extensions,
but who lacks the benefits of a full-time
employee.
A permanent static hyperlink to a particular
web page or entry in a blog.
A replacement for a regularly scheduled shift
at work.
Relating to substances obtained by the
refining and processing of petroleum or
natural gas
a device that combines the feature of a phone
and a tablet.
philanthropy that uses principles of capitalism.
EN
an entrepreneur who is fond of philanthropy.
Pop
OV0
[N N]N
„phone
„neck
„phoneck
EN
Medical
phonicon (phon<etics x
lex>icon)
C
[N N]N
pho‟netics
„lexicon
„phonicon
EN
photobomb (photo<graphy> x
bomb)
photopia (photo x topia)
B
[N N]N
pho‟tography
„bomb
„photo,bomb
EN
OV1a
[N N]N
„photo
u‟topia
pho‟topia
EXO
phubbing (ph<one x
sn>ubbing)
C
[N N]N
„phone
Snubbing
„phubbing
EN
physible (physi<cal x
fea>sible)
OV2a
[A A]N
„physical
„feasible
„physible
COP
the long-term curvature of the neck (usually to
one side) that results from extended holding of
a telephone by cradling it between the neck
and the shoulder
A list of all the possible combinations of
sounds in a particular language that could,
according to that language's phonology, be
meaningful words.
intruding into the background of a photograph
without the subject's knowledge
the normal adaptation of the eye to light; day
vision
Snubbing another person by using your
smartphone instead of interacting with that
person.
A digital file containing instructions that
enable a 3D printer to create a physical object.
Pol & Eco
Tech
Pol & Eco
science
Tech
Pol & Eco
Media
Pop
Media
Media
Tech
182
PLAGIAT
PLAGIATMERUPAKAN
MERUPAKANTINDAKAN
TINDAKANTIDAK
TIDAKTERPUJI
TERPUJI
pictionary (pict<ure x
d>ictionary)
OV2a
[N N]N
„picture
„dictionary
„pictionary
EN
pimpstress (pimp x
<mi>stress)
pinetastic (pine x <fa>ntastic)
A
[N N]N
„pimp
„mistress
„pimp,stress
APP
OV1a
[N A]A
„pine
fan‟tastic
pine‟tastic
COP
pinterest (pin x interest)
OV0
[N N]N
„pin
„interest
„pinterest
EN
pirattitude (pirat<e> x
attitude)
pixelante (pixel x <vigi>lante)
OV1b
[N N]N
„pirate
„attitude
pir‟attitude
EN
OV1a
[N N]N
„pixel
,vigi‟lante
,pixe‟lante
EN
pizookie (pizz<a x c>ookie)
C
[N N]N
„pizza
„cookie
„pizookie
EN
pizzalicious (pizza x
<de>licious)
pkiller (p<layer> x killer)
A
[N A]A
„pizza
de‟licious
,pizza‟licious
EN
B
[N N]N
„player
„killer
„pkiller
EN
planimal (plan<t> x animal)
OV1b
[N N]N
„plant
„animal
„planimal
APP
plarn (pla<stic x y>arn)
pleather (pl<astic> x leather)
plig (pl<enty x b>ig)
OV2a
OV1b
C
[N N]N
[A N]N
[Adv A]A
„plastic
„plastic
„plenty
„yarn
„leather
„big
„plarn
„pleather
„plig
EN
APP
EN
plog (p<erson x web>log)
C
[N N]N
„person
„weblog
„plog
EN
pluglet (plug x <out>let)
plumcot (plum x <apri>cot)
A
A
[N N]N
[N N]N
„plug
„plum
„outlet
„apricot
„pluglet
„plumcot
EN
APP
plumpcious (plump x
A
[A A]A
„plump
de‟licious
„plumpcious
COP
A guessing game in which players attempt to
identify words from pictures drawn by other
players
Relating to a woman who is very attractive
and possibly slutty.
a description of something that has both the
quality of a pine tree, and is also fantastic.
A virtual pin board where users can "pin"
images on a variety of topics, such as home
decor, recipes, and apparel
To act like a stereotypical pirate, by singing
chanties and engaging in other such activities
People, mainly gamers, who are seized by a
kind of madness and become a vigilante in the
name of video games.
A cookie that is made in a mini pizza dish,
creating a deep dish cookie
Delicious and pizza-flavored
OCB
A player who kills other player-characters in
an online multi-player game, often through
underhanded methods.
a hybrid organism of both plant and animal
nature
Yarn made from plastic shopping bags.
a synthetic leather
Used to describe something that comes in
mass quantities
A weblog (list of thoughts, commentary, or
announcements posted on a website) that is
tailored to highlight websites, products, and
information that may be of interest to the
particular reader;
An electrical wall socket
a hybrid tree produced by crossing the apricot
and the plum.
Plump and delicious, used in describing foods
Pop
Media
Pop
OCB
Media
Pop
Pop
Pop
Hybrid
Media
Science
Media
Tech
Tech
Hybrid
Pop
183
PLAGIAT
PLAGIATMERUPAKAN
MERUPAKANTINDAKAN
TINDAKANTIDAK
TIDAKTERPUJI
TERPUJI
<deli>cious)
pluot (plu<m x apric>ot)
C
[N N]N
„plum
„apricot
„pluot
APP
poopetrator (poop x
<per>petrator)
popaganda (pop<ular x
pr>opaganda)
A
[N N]N
„poop
„perpetrator
„poopetrator
EN
OV2a
[N N]N
„popular
,propa‟ganda
,popa‟ganda
EN
popsical (pop x <cla>ssical)
A
[N N]N
„pop
„classical
„popsical
APP
pornfolio (porn<ography x
port>folio)
pornograffiti (pornography x
graffiti)
C
[N N]N
por‟nography
,port‟folio
,porn‟folio
EN
OV0
[N N]N
por‟nography
gra‟ffiti
,pornogra‟ffiti
EN
pornophobia (porno<graphy>
x phobia)
pornstache (porn<ography x
mou>stache)
posistor (posi<tive x
therm>istor)
positron (posit<ive x
elec>tron)
B
[N N]N
por‟nography
„phobia
,porno‟phobia
EN
C
[N N]N
por‟nography
mou‟stache
,porn‟stache
EN
OV2a
[A N]N
„positive
„ther,mistor
„posistor
EN
OV2a
[A N]N
„positive
e‟lectron
„posi,tron
EN
positutely (posit<ively x
absol>utely)
C
[ Adv
Adv]Adv
„positively
,abso‟lutely
,posi‟tutely
COP
potrepreneur (pot x
<en>trepreneur)
practocalypse (pract<ice x
ap>ocalypse)
prancercise (prance x
<ex>ercise)
OV1a
[N N]N
„pot
,entrepre‟neur
,potre‟preneur
EN
C
[N N]N
„practice
a‟pocalypse
,prac‟tocalypse
EN
A
[V N]N
„prance
„exercise
„prancercise
EN
precariat (precari<ous x
prolet>ariat)
preet (prett<y x sw>eet)
OV2a
[A N]N
pre‟carious
,prole‟tariat
pre‟cariat
OV2a
[Adv A]A
„pretty
„sweet
„preet
Hybrid fruit that is a cross between a plum and
an apricot.
A person who defecates in a public place.
Hybrid
Music that is popular with the general public,
and has purpose or is trying promote particular
ideas.
music genre which combines pop and classical
music.
Private collection of pornography, adult movie
or nude pictures in one‟s computer file.
drawing genitals, naked people, naked
stickmen, or anything perversly sexual on
something that doesn't belong to them
Someone who is scared of porn.
Pop
Media
EN
A moustache that resembles one worn by an
adult film actor
A thermistor whose resistance increases with
temperature.
A subatomic particle with the same mass as an
electron and a numerically equal but positive
charge.
A blend of positively and absolutely that
intensifies the meanings of both; certainly,
completely, decidedly
A person who creates a business based on
selling marijuana.
A drill that simulates a disastrous situation,
particularly a shutdown of the internet.
A springy-rhythmic way of moving forwardsimilar to a horse's gait and ideally induced by
elation.
proletariat who is precarious
EN
Preety sweet
Media
Media
Pop
Tech
Pop
Media
Science
Science
Pop
Pop
tech
Pop
Media
184
PLAGIAT
PLAGIATMERUPAKAN
MERUPAKANTINDAKAN
TINDAKANTIDAK
TIDAKTERPUJI
TERPUJI
pregnatory (pregna<ncy x
purg>atory)
OV2a
[N N]N
„pregnancy
„purgatory
„pregnatory
EN
The space of time during which a female
believes she could be pregnant but does not
yet have the results of a pregnancy test.
Media
prestitant (prestí<gious x
domin>ant)
prevacid (prev<ent> x acid)
prissy (pri<m x s>issy)
procrapstinate (procrastinate
x crap)
procrastivity (procrasti<nation
x produc>tivity)
F
[A A]A
pres‟tígious
„dominant
„prestitant
COP
Prestigious and dominant
Media
B
OV2a
E
[V N]N
[A A]A
[V N]V
pre‟vent
„prim
pro‟crastinate
„acid
„sissy
„crap
„preva,cid
„prissy
pro‟crapstinate
EN
COP
EN
Science
Media
Media
OV2a
[N N]N
pro,crasti‟nation
,produc‟tivity
pro,cras‟tivity
EN
procrasturbate
(procrast<inate x
m>asturbate)
procrasturbation
(procrast<ination x
m>asturbation)
OV2a
[V V]V
pro‟crastinate
„masturbate
pro,crastur‟bate
COP
used for a preparation of lansoprazole
fussy and prim, esp in a prudish way
To avoid doing work by taking a long time in
the restroom
The act of doing productive things, with the
purpose of putting off doing actual, more
pressing or important work.
To procrastinate by masturbating.
OV2a
[N N]N
pro,crasti‟nation
,mastur‟bation
pro,crastur‟batio
n
EN
Media
proem (pro<se x p>oem)
OV2a
[N N]N
„prose
„poem
„proem
EN
promposal (prom x
<pro>posal)
promzilla (prom x <God>zilla)
A
[N N]N
„prom
pro‟posal
,prom‟posal
EN
(slang, humorous) The act of putting off
something important or wasting time by
engaging in a leisure activity, particularly
masturbation.
a prose which incorporates poem features such
as imagery and rhytms.
a proposal for a prom.
A
[N N]N
„prom
god‟zilla
,prom‟zilla
EN
Pop
pronunciate (pron<ounce x
e>nunciate)
prostitot (prostit<ute> x tot)
OV2a
[V V]V
pro‟nounce
e‟nunciate
pro‟nunciate
COP
OV1b
[N N]N
„prostitute
„tot
„prostitot
EN
prosumer (pro<ducer x
con>sumer)
C
[N N]N
pro‟ducer
con‟sumer
pro‟sumer
EN
proteome (prote<ins x
gen>ome)
proteur (pro<fessional x
ama>teur)
C
[N N]N
„proteins
„genome
„proteome
EN
C
[N N]N
pro‟fessional
„amateur
„proteur
APP
a prom girl who looks like Godzilla while
preparing her prom.
To pronounce and annunciate at the same
time.
a young girl who dresses scantily and wears
lots of makeup, appearing like a prostitute.
A consumer who becomes involved with
designing or customizing products for their
own needs
The entire complement of proteins that is or
can be expressed by a cell, tissue, or organism.
a person who is on the borderline between
professional and amateur. The person may not
be officially professional, but is as skilled as
Media
Pop
Pop
Pop
Media
Media
Pol & Eco
Science
Media
185
PLAGIAT
PLAGIATMERUPAKAN
MERUPAKANTINDAKAN
TINDAKANTIDAK
TIDAKTERPUJI
TERPUJI
protoflight (proto<type> x
flight)
B
[N N]N
„prototype
„flight
„proto,flight
EN
protohype (proto<type> x
hype)
B
[N N]N
„prototype
„hype
,proto‟hype
EN
provacawhoritive
(provocative x whore)
psywar (psy<chological> x
war<fare>)
pubilect (pub<erty x dia>lect)
puggle (pug x <bea>gle)
pulsar (puls<e x qua>sar)
EE
[A N]A
pro‟vocative
‘whore
EN
D
[A N]N
,psycho‟logical
„warfare
,provaca‟whoriti
ve
„psy,war
F
A
OV2a
[N N]N
[N N]N
[N N]N
„puberty
„pug
„pulse
„dialect
„beagle
„quasar
„pubilect
„puggle
„pul,sar
EN
APP
EN
pumpkeg (pumpk<in> x keg)
OV1b
[N N]N
„pumpkin
„keg
,pump‟keg
EN
pumpkineer (pumpkin x
<eng>ineer)
punny (pun x <f>unny)
puzzer (puzz<le x bu>zzer)
pyramidiots (pyramid x idiots)
OV1a
[N N]N
„pumpkin
,engi‟neer
,pumpki‟neer
EN
OV1a
OV2a
OV0
[N A]A
[N N]N
[N N]N
„pun
„puzzle
„pyramid
„funny
„buzzer
„idiots
„punny
„puzzer
„pyramidiots
EN
EN
EN
qubit (qu<antum> x bit)
queerdo (queer x weirdo)
B
OV0
[N N]N
[N N]N
„quantum
„queer
„bit
„weirdo
„qubit
„queerdo
EN
COP
rackjack (rack x <hi>jack)
A
[V V] V
„rack
„hijack
„rackjack
COP
radionics (radi<ation x
electr>onics)
C
[N N]N
,radi‟ation
e,lec‟tronics
,radi‟onics
EN
EN
other pros
a strategy where no test-dedicated
qualification article exists and all production
(flight) hardware is intended for flight.
When a company intentionally brings
extensive media attention to a product that has
barely reached prototype stage
Extremely immodest behavior, dress, or
language.
psychological warfare
a dialect unique in puberty period.
a dog bread from a Pug and a Beagle.
a rapidly rotating neutron star, that emits
regular pulses of radio waves and other
electromagnetic radiation at rates of up to one
thousand pulses per second
An emptied pumpkin wherein beer is
transported and stored
someone who grow big pumpkins
professionally
A way to describe a funny pun.
A puzzle that is timed, usually for competition
A person who believes pyramids have special
(often regenerative) properties and powers
a quantum bit
calling someone “queer” and “weirdo” all at
the same time as an insult to someone whom
the speaker believes is acting in a strange
manner
Describes when a man is hitting on and
flirting with a woman, then a second man
"steals" the woman away
A system of alternative medicine based on the
supposition that detectable electromagnetic
radiation emitted by living matter can be
interpreted diagnostically and transmitted to
Transp
Pol & Eco
Media
Media
Media
Hybrid
Science
Media
Geo & Eco
Media
Pop
Media
Tech
Pop
Pop
Tech
186
PLAGIAT
PLAGIATMERUPAKAN
MERUPAKANTINDAKAN
TINDAKANTIDAK
TIDAKTERPUJI
TERPUJI
radiopaque (radio x opaque)
OV0
[N A]A
„radio
o‟paque
,radio‟paque
EN
radome (rad<ar> x dome)
OV1b
[N N]N
„radar
„dome
„radome
EN
redox (red<uction> x
ox<idation>)
refirement (retirement x fire)
refudiate (refu<te x
rep>udiate)
refujew (refug<ee> x Jew)
reintarnation (reincarnation x
tarn<ish>)
relaxturbate (relax x
<mas>turbate)
D
[N N]N
re‟duction
,oxi‟dation
„redox
E
OV2a
[N N]N
[V V]V
re‟tirement
re‟fute
„fire
re‟pudiate
OV1b
E
[N N]N
[N V]N
,refu‟gee
,reincar‟nation
A
[V V]V
rendezbooze (rendez<vous> x
booze)
renoviction (renov<ation x
e>viction)
reprogenetics (repro<ductive>
x genetics)
B
treat illness at a distance by complex electrical
instruments.
opaque to X-rays or similar radiation.
Tech
Media
EN
a dome-shaped device used to house a radar
antenna.
oxidation-reduction
re‟firement
re‟fudiate
EN
COP
a forced retirement
to reject as untrue or refuse to acknowledge.
Media
Media
„Jew
‘tarnish
,refu‟jew
,reintar‟nation
EN
EN
A Jewish refugee.
Reincarnation as a hillbilly
Geo & Eco
Media
re‟lax
„masturbate
„relax,turbate
COP
Pop
[N N]N
„rendezvous
„booze
„rendezbooze
EN
OV2a
[N N]N
,reno‟vation
e‟viction
,reno‟viction
EN
To become relaxed to the point of extreme
satisfaction, hence the integration of the term
implying sexual pleasure.
a gathering of friends simply to drink and
catch up on each others' lives.
an eviction because of a building renovation.
B
[A N]N
,repro‟ductive
ge‟netics
,reproge‟netics
EN
Science
republicrat (republic<an x
demo>crat)
OV2a
[N N]N
re‟publican
„democrat
re‟publi,crat
COP
requestion (request x
question)
restupid (re<tarded> x stupid)
OV0
[N N]N
re‟quest
„question
„requestion
EN
(biology, genetics) The use of genetics in
reproduction, especially in order to choose
traits in an offspring or to minimize the risk of
genetic disease
A person whose political philosophy is a blend
of policies and principles from both the
Republican and Democratic parties.
a request made in the form of a question.
B
[A A]A
re‟tarded
„stupid
re‟stupid
COP
Pop
resumaniac (résumé x
maniac)
ribozyme (ribo<nucleic x
en>zyme)
ridiculosity (ridiculous x
OV0
[N N]N
„résumé
„maniac
resu‟maniac
EN
extremely unintelligent; academically
inefficient; not inclined to study.
one who is obsessed with one‟s résumé
C
[N N]N
,Ribonucleic
„enzyme
„ribozyme
EN
Science
OV1a
[A A]A
ri‟diculous
mon‟strosity
ridicu‟losity
COP
An RNA molecule capable of acting as an
enzyme.
Something of an outrageous and unreasonable
Science
pop
Media
Pol & Eco
Media
Pop
Pop
187
PLAGIAT
PLAGIATMERUPAKAN
MERUPAKANTINDAKAN
TINDAKANTIDAK
TIDAKTERPUJI
TERPUJI
<monstro>sity)
ridonkulous (ridiculous x
donk<ey>)
ringxiety (ring x <an>xiety)
E
[A N]N
ri‟diculous
‘donkey
ri‟donkulous
EN
A
[N N]N
„ring
an‟xiety
,ring‟xiety
EN
robobiologist (robo<t> x
biologist)
robosigner (robo<t> x signer)
B
[N N]N
„robot
bi‟ologist
,robobi‟ologist
EN
B
[N N]N
„robot
„signer
„robosigner
EN
rockoon (rock<et x ball>oon)
C
[N N]N
„rocket
ba‟lloon
Ro‟ckoon
EN
rockumentary (rock x
<d>ocumentary)
romcom (rom<antic> x
com<edy>)
rugly (r<eally> x ugly)
rumourtrage (rumour x
<arbi>trage)
OV1a
[N N]N
rock
,docu‟mentary
rocku‟mentary
EN
D
[N N]N
ro‟mantic
„comedy
„rom,com
EN
B
A
[Adv A]A
[N N]N
„really
„rumour
„ugly
,arbi‟trage
„rugly
,rumour‟trage
EN
EN
ruralpolitan (rural x
<metro>politan)
rurban (rur<al> x urban)
Russlish (Russ<ian x Eng>lish)
A
[A A]N
„rural
,metro‟politan
,rural‟politan
EN
OV1b
C
[A A]A
[N N]N
„rural
„Russian
„urban
„English
„rurban
„Russlish
COP
EN
rusticle (rust x <ic>icle)
A
[N N]N
„rust
„icicle
„rusticle
EN
sacrilicious (sacril<ege x
de>licious)
sageism (s<exism> x ageism)
saladent (sala<ryman x
stu>dent)
OV2a
[N A]A
„sacrilege
de‟licious
,sacri‟licious
EN
B
C
[N N]N
[N N]N
„sexism
„salaryman
„ageism
„student
„sageism
„saladent
COP
APP
sargasm (sar<casm x
o>rgasm)
OV2a
[N N]N
„sarcasm
„orgasm
„sargasm
EN
nature
An event or action that is way beyond
ridiculous.
The annoying feeling of mistakenly thinking
that you can hear your mobile phone ringing
one who studies biology like a robot.
Uneducated individuals hired simply to sign
off on mortgages
a rocket carrying scientific equipment for
studying the upper atmosphere, fired from a
balloon at high altitude
A documentary about rock music and
musicians.
a film or television comedy based around the
romantic relationships of the characters
really ugly, not pleasing to the eye.
The practice of spreading false or misleading
information about a company to take
advantage of the subsequent move in the
company‟s stock price.
a metropolitan dweller who moves to a rural
area.
both rural and urban.
A language that is a mixture of Russian and
English
An icicle-like rust structure formed
underwater on rusting iron.
(slang, humorous) producing pleasure through
the violation of taboos.
both sexism and ageism
a person who works as a salaryman but at the
same time studies something else to prepare
for a different job.
Sarcasm used in a conversation and extends
the situation by going way to far with one
single sarcastic comment.
Media
Media
Pop
Pop
Tech
Pop
Pop
Media
Pol & Eco
Media
Pop
Geo & Eco
Science
Media
Media
Media
Pop
188
PLAGIAT
PLAGIATMERUPAKAN
MERUPAKANTINDAKAN
TINDAKANTIDAK
TIDAKTERPUJI
TERPUJI
satserv (sat<ellite x serv<ery>)
saxional (sax<ophone x
sect>ional)
scancer (sk<in> x cancer)
D
C
[N N]N
[N A]A
„satellite
„saxophone
„server
„sectional
„satserv
„saxional
EN
EN
A satellite server
Saxophone sectional
Tech
Pop
OV1b
[N N]N
„skin
„cancer
„scancer
EN
Medical
scanchy (scan<dalous x
rau>nchy)
scanlate (scan x <trans>late)
OV2a
[A A]A
„scandalous
„raunchy
„scanchy
COP
A
[V V]V
„scan
trans‟late
„scanlate
COP
scanlation (scan x
<trans>lation)
A
[N N]N
„scan
trans‟lation
„scan,lation
COP
scantabulous (scan<dalous x
f>antabulous)
scanxiety (scan x anxiety)
OV2a
[A A]A
„scandalous
fan‟tabulous
,scan‟tabulous
COP
OV0
[N N]N
„scan
an‟xiety
,scan‟xiety
EN
scarific (scary x <ter>rific)
OV1a
[A A]A
„scary
te‟rrific
„scarific
EN
Cell malfunction creating tumor or
abnormality of the skin
describing someone or something as
scandalous or raunchy
To scan images of a manga or manhua (comic
books from the countries of Japan, Korea or
China), to remove the text and replace it with
translated text, such as English, then to upload
the images onto a website in order to
distribute the comic to an audience that cannot
read the comic in its original language.
An unauthorized copy of a Japanese manga to
be found on the internet in which fans scan
and translate the comics into English and post
them on the Internet.
scandalous and fantabulous, used most often
to describe someone who looks slightly slutty
an anxiety felt while awaiting the result of
MRI or CT scan.
both scary and terrific; scary in a positive way
schleb (schleb)
C
[V V]V
„schlep
„flub
„schleb
COP
Media
schnazzy (sh<arp x s>nazzy)
C
[A A]A
„sharp
„snazzy
„schnazzy
COP
To make a mistake and not immediately mend
it
excellent, impressive
scifi (sci<ence> x fi<ction>)
scigov (sci<ence> x
gov<ernment>)
scoopula (scoop x <spat>ula)
D
D
[N N]N
[N N]N
„science
„science
„fiction
„government
„sci,fi
„scigov
EN
COP
A science fiction.
science and government
Pop
Pol & Eco
A
[N N]N
„scoop
„spatula
„scoopula
EN
Science
scratchiti (scratch x <graff>iti)
A
[N N]N
„scratch
gra‟ffiti
„scratchiti
EN
screenager (screen x
<t>eenager)
OV1a
[N N]N
„screen
„teenager
„screen,ager
EN
A small, shovel-like metal instrument used for
manipulating solid chemicals in a lab setting
A form of graffiti in marks are etched into
windows and other glass surfaces.
a teenager who is fully conversant with and
skilled in the use of computers and other
Media
Pop
Pop
Pop
Pop
Media‟
Pop
Pop
Media
189
PLAGIAT
PLAGIATMERUPAKAN
MERUPAKANTINDAKAN
TINDAKANTIDAK
TIDAKTERPUJI
TERPUJI
screencap (screen x
cap<ture>)
scriptment (script x
<trea>tment)
scuzzy (scu<m x fu>zzy)
seatjacking (seat x
<car>jacking)
selca (sel<f> x ca<mera>)
A
[N V]V
„screen
„capture
„screencap
EN
electronic devices
A screenshot or screen grab
Media
OV1a
[N N]N
„script
„treatment
„scriptment
EN
Type of document written by screenwriter
Media
C
A
[N A]A
[N N ]N
„scum
„seat
„fuzzy
„car,jacking
„scuzzy
„seat,jacking
EN
EN
unkempt, dirty, or unpleasant
stealing someone's seat.
Media
Media
D
[N N]N
„self
„camera
„selca
EN
self camera/ self portrait snapshot
Pop
selectorate (select x
electorate)
OV0
[V N]N
se‟lect
e‟lectorate
se‟lectorate
EN
Media
sensurround (sense x
surround)
OV0
[N N]N
„sense
su‟rround
„sensu,rround
EN
sexaholism (sex x
<alco>holism)
sexationship (sex x
<rel>ationship)
sexcursion (sex x excursion)
F
[N N]N
„sex
„alcoholism
,sexa‟holism
EN
a body of people responsible for making a
selection, esp members of a political party
who select candidates for an election
A cinema special-effects technique whereby
the audience is apparently surrounded by lowfrequency sound.
addiction to sex
OV1a
[N N]N
„sex
re‟lationship
se‟xationship
EN
Media
OV0
[N N]N
„sex
ex‟cursion
,sex‟cursion
EN
sexercise (sex x exercise)
OV0
[N N]N
„sex
„exercise
„sexer,cise
EN
sexhibitionist (sex x
exhibitionist)
OV0
[N N]N
„sex
,exhi‟bitionist
,sexhi‟bitionist
EN
sexodus (sex x exodus)
OV0
[N N]N
„sex
„exodus
„sexodus
EN
sexperiment (sex x
experiment)
sexpert (sex x expert)
OV0
[N N]N
„sex
ex‟periment
sex‟periment
EN
A temporary relationship that is based solely
on physical attraction and sex.
When two people take a short vacation soley
for the purpose of getting away from their
children, friends, or relatives in order to have
private time for sex.
sexual activity, regarded as a way of keeping
fit
One who engages in sexual activities in public
or who becomes aroused at the idea of the
occurrence
a trip taken solely in order to engage in sexual
relations
trying new sexual acts
OV0
[N N]N
„sex
„expert
„sexpert
EN
Media
sexploitation (sex x
exploitation)
OV0
[N N]N
„sex
,exploi‟tation
,sexploi‟tation
EN
a person who professes a knowledge of sexual
matters
The commercial exploitation of sex, sexual
attractiveness, or sexually explicit material
Media
Media
Media
Media
Media
Media
Media
Media
190
PLAGIAT
PLAGIATMERUPAKAN
MERUPAKANTINDAKAN
TINDAKANTIDAK
TIDAKTERPUJI
TERPUJI
sexploitation (sex<ual> x
exploitation)
sexplore (sex x explore)
OV1b
[A N]N
„sexual
,exploi‟tation
,sexploi‟tation
EN
OV0
[N V]V
„sex
ex‟plore
,sex‟plore
EN
sext (sex x <t>ext)
OV1a
[N N]N
„sex
„text
„sext
EN
sextastic (sex<y x fan>tastic)
C
[A A]A
„sexy
fan‟tastic
,sex‟tastic
COP
sextortion (sex x extortion)
OV0
[N N]N
„sex
ex‟tortion
,sex‟tortion
EN
sextravaganza (sex x
extravaganza)
shamateur (sham x amateur)
OV0
[N N]N
„sex
ex,trava‟ganza
sex,trava‟ganza
EN
OV0
[N N]N
„sham
„amateur
„shama,teur
EN
shampaign (sham x
<c>ampaign)
sharent (share x arent)
OV1a
[A N]N
„sham
cam‟paign
,sham‟paign
EN
OV1a
[V N]N
„share
„parent
„sharent
EN
shareware (share x
<soft>ware)
A
[N N]N
„share
„software
„share,ware
EN
sheeple (sheep x <peo>ple)
shmeat (sh<eet> x meat)
shoat (sh<eep x g>oat)
OV1a
B
C
[N N]N
[N N]N
[N N]N
„sheep
„sheet
„sheep
„people
„meat
„goat
„sheeple
„shmeat
„shoat
EN
EN
APP
shockumentary (shock x
<d>ocumentary)
shockvertising (shock x
<ad>vertising)
OV1a
[N N]N
shock
,docu‟mentary
,shocku‟mentary
EN
A
[N N]N
„shock
„advertising
„shockver,tising
EN
shoefiti (shoe x <graf>fiti)
A
[N N]N
„shoe
gra‟ffiti
,shoe‟fiti
EN
The commercial exploitation of sex, sexual
attractiveness, or sexually explicit material.
to have various sexual experiences and gain
experience.
a text message containing an invitation to have
sex
Being especially sexy.
Media
This is when someone is forced or
blackmailed into doing something sexually
related, such as sending nude photos or more
extreme acts.
An event, production, etc. involving plenty of
sex or erotic imagery.
A sports player who makes money from
sporting activities though classified as
amateur.
a campaign which is sham.
Media
a parent who shares too much information
about his or her children.
software available to all users without the
need for a licence and for which a token fee is
requested
people whose traits resemble a sheep.
Meat grown in vitro from a tissue culture.
An mammal that is part sheep, part goat.
However unlike the geep, the sheep banged
the goat
a television programme showing members of
the public in shocking or violent situations
A way of advertising products with words,
images, and concepts that may come as
provocative, offensive, and controversial to
the audience.
One or more pairs of shoes tied together by
the laces and dangling from a powerline or
Media
Media
Media
Pop
Media
Pop
Media
Tech
Pop
Geo & Eco
Hybrid
Media
Pol & Eco
Media
191
PLAGIAT
PLAGIATMERUPAKAN
MERUPAKANTINDAKAN
TINDAKANTIDAK
TIDAKTERPUJI
TERPUJI
shopathon (shop<ing x
mar>athon)
C
[N N]N
„shopping
„marathon
„shopathon
EN
shopocalypse (shop x
<a>pocalypse)
shovelware (shovel x
<soft>ware)
OV1a
[N N]N
„shop
a‟pocalypse
sho‟pocalypse
EN
A
[V N]N
„shovel
„software
shovelware
EN
shross (sh<ot x c>ross)
C
[N N]N
„shot
„cross
„shross
EN
shrubble (shrub x <st>ubble)
OV1a
[N N]N
„shrub
„stubble
„shrubble
EN
shweater (sh<irt x s>weater)
C
[N N]N
„shirt
„sweater
„shweater
APP
silastic (sil<icone x p>lastic)
simulcast (simul<taneous x
broad>cast)
simulcasting (simul<taneous x
broad>casting)
sinderella (sin x Cinderella)
OV2a
C
[N N]N
[A V]V
„silicone
,simul‟taneous
„plastic
„broadcast
si‟lastic
„simul,cast
EN
EN
C
[A N]N
,simul‟taneous
„broad,casting
,simul‟casting
EN
OV0
[N N]N
„sin
,Cinde‟rella
,sinde‟rella
EN
Singlish (Sing<aporean> x
English)
OV1b
[A N]N
,Singa‟porean
„English
„Singlish
EN
singspiration (sing x
<in>spiration)
A
[V N]N
„sing
,inspi‟ration
,singspi‟ration
EN
sitcom (sit<uation> x
com<edy>)
skacore (ska x <hard>core)
D
[N N]N
,situ‟ation
„comedy
„sit,com
EN
A
[N N]N
„ska
„hard,core
„ska,core
EN
skaunchy (ska<nky x
OV2a
[A A]A
„skanky
„raunchy
„skaunchy
COP
other type of overhead wire.
A marathon of shopping; a long continuous
day or period of time filled with nothing but
shopping
The end of the world through rampant and
pervasive consumerism
Software that is hastily made, without proper
testing, and 'shoveled' down consumers throats
in order to make some quick cash
A soccer term for when a player tries to play
the ball into the penalty area to his teammates
from the side, but mishits it and it looks more
like a shot, usually catching the goalie off
guard
An unshaven face with hair not grown long
enough to be a full beard, but longer and
thicker than a normal stubble.
sweater, usually fitted, with attached shirt
collar and cuffs.
Silicone rubber
to broadcast (a program, event, etc.)
simultaneously by radio and television
Simultaneous broadcasting
Pop
Pol & Eco
Tech
Pop
Media
Pop
Science
Media
Media
A female who is subject to dishonor and
insignificance
a variety of English spoken in Singapore,
incorporating elements of Chinese and Malay
/
a song service featuring the group singing of
hymns conducted especially by revivalistic
churches and often followed by a sermon
situation comedy
Media
a variation of hardcore, which simply means
intensely cool
very dirty, promiscuous and undesirable
Tech
Geo & Eco
Media
Pop
Media
192
PLAGIAT
PLAGIATMERUPAKAN
MERUPAKANTINDAKAN
TINDAKANTIDAK
TIDAKTERPUJI
TERPUJI
r>aunchy)
skeptimistic (skepti<cal x
op>timistic)
skintimidate (skin x
intimidate)
OV2a
[A A]A
„skeptical
,opti‟mistic
,skepti‟mistic
COP
simultaneously skeptical and optimistic
Pop
OV0
[N V]V
„skin
in‟timidate
,skin‟timidate
EN
Media
skort (sk<irt x sh>ort)
C
[N N]N
„skirt
„short
„skort
APP
skunkopotamus (skunk x
<hipp>opotamus)
skyjack (sky x <hi>jack)
A
[N N]N
„skunk
[N V]V
„sky
,skunko‟potamu
s
„sky,jack
APP
A
,hippo‟potamu
s
„hijack
skylab (sky x lab<oratory>)
A
[N N]N
„sky
la‟boratory
„sky,lab
EN
slacktivist (slack<er> x
activist)
OV1b
[N N]N
„slacker
„activist
„slacktivist
APP
slambulance (slam x
ambulance)
slanguage (slang x language)
slanguist (sl<ang> x linguist)
slanguistics (slang x
<li>nguistics)
OV0
[N N]N
„slam
„ambulance
„slambulance
EN
OV0
OV1b
OV1a
[N N]N
[N N]N
[N N]N
„slang
„slang
„slang
„language
„linguist
ling‟uistics
„slanguage
„slanguist
„slang,uistics
EN
EN
EN
slasted (sla<mmed x w>asted)
C
[A A]A
slammed
„wasted
„slasted
COP
sleepcation (sleep x
<va>cation)
sleeperson (sleep<y> x
person)
slesident (sl<utty x r>esident)
A
[V N]N
„sleep
va‟cation
,sleep‟cation
EN
when one player intimidates another player by
virtue of having a special skin (costume) for
his character.
a pair of shorts with a front panel which gives
the appearance of a skirt
A fictitious creature that represents a genetic
cross between a skunk and a hippopotamus.
to commandeer (an aircraft), usually at
gunpoint during flight, forcing the pilot to fly
somewhere other than to the scheduled
destination
a U.S. earth-orbiting space station that was
periodically staffed by three separate crews of
astronauts and remained in orbit 1973–79.
A person who claims to support a cause, but
puts forth little to no actual effort to make any
difference
A vehicle that comes to the aid of someone
who has been insulted (verbal)
Language of slang words
a linguist who specializes in slang language.
The study of human speech, specifically as it
relates to informal vocabulary composed of
new and arbitrarily changed words.
to describe someone‟s extreme state of
intoxication
A vacation where the individual only sleeps.
OV1b
[A N]N
„sleepy
„person
,slee‟person
EN
A sleepy person
Media
C
[A N]N
slutty
„resident
„slesident
EN
Media
slimnastics (slim x
<g>ymnastics)
OV1a
[A N]N
„slim
gym‟nastics
slim‟nastics
EN
A resident, as in medical professional in
training, who caters sexually to several suitors
exercises designed for losing weight
EN
Pop
Pop
Media
Geo & Eco
Media
Pop
Media
Media
Media
Media
Pop
Pop
193
PLAGIAT
PLAGIATMERUPAKAN
MERUPAKANTINDAKAN
TINDAKANTIDAK
TIDAKTERPUJI
TERPUJI
slogo (slog<an> x logo)
OV1b
[N N]N
„slogan
„logo
„slogo
APP
a combination of slogan and logo as one entity
Pol & Eco
slomo (slo<w> x mo<tion>)
slore (sl<ut x wh>ore)
D
C
[A N]N
[N N]N
„slow
„slut
„motion
„whore
„slo,mo
„slore
EN
APP
Tech
Media
slungry (sl<eepy x h>ungry)
slurority (slu<t x so>rority)
C
C
[A A]A
[N N]N
„sleepy
„slut
„hungry
so‟rority
„slungry
slu‟rority
COP
EN
smang (sma<sh x b>ang)
OV2a
[V V]V
„smash
„bang
„smang
COP
smartifact (smart x artifact)
smartphoneography
(smartphone x <
phot>ography)
smartwatch (smart<phone> x
watch)
OV0
A
[A N]N
[N N]N
„smart
„smartphone
„artifact
pho‟tography
„smarti,fact
EN
EN
Slow motion
a derogatory word used to describe a bad
woman
Feeling a combination of sleepy and hungry
a sorority notorious for its members'
promiscuous behavior
To "Smash" and "Bang" during a sexual
encounter.
an artifact that is considered as „smart‟.
Photography done using smartphones that
have cameras with relatively good resolution.
B
[N N]N
„smartphone
„watch
,smart‟watch
EN
Tech
smassy (sma<rt x s>assy)
OV2a
[A A]N
„smart
„sassy
„smassy
COP
smaze (sm<oke x h>aze)
smellephant (smell<y> x
elephant)
smelloscope (smell x
<tele>scope)
smexy (sm<art x s>exy)
C
OV1b
[N N]N
[A N]N
„smoke
„smelly
„haze
„elephant
„smaze
„smellephant
APP
EN
A watch with a touchscreen display like a
mobile device that is designed to be worn on
the wrist.
Someone that is smart and sassy; has a cocky
attitude but also has a brain
A mixture of smoke and haze.
An elephant with a strong odor
F
[V N]N
„smell
„telescope
„smelloscope
EN
a telescope used for smelling instead of site.
Media
C
[A A]A
„smart
„sexy
„smexy
COP
Pop
smilence (smile x <si>lence)
OV1a
[V N]V
„smile
„silence
„smilence
EN
smog (smo<ke x f>og)
smore (s<ome> x more)
OV2a
B
[N N]N
[Adv
Adv]Adv
„smoke
„some
„fog
„more
„smog
„smore
APP
COP
snackrifice (snack x
<s>acrifice)
snapperazzi (snapper x
OV1a
[N N]N
„snack
„sacrifice
,snack‟rifice
EN
Something that looks and smells good; usually
used to refer to some kind of food.
smile without saying anything, usually quite
meaningful of showing a wide range of
emotion, e.g acknowledgement, tease, disdain,
etc.
a mixture of smoke, fog, and chemical fumes
ABreviation for "some more," a campfire treat
consisting of toasted marshmallow, graham
crackers, and chocolate
sacrifice food for some purpose.
OV1a
[N N]N
„snapper
,papa‟razzi
,snappe‟razzi
EN
Paparazzi who take their job to extreme
Media
smart,phoneogra
‟phy
Pop
Media
Media
Geo & Eco
Tech
Pop
Science
Geo & Eco
Media
Science
Pop
Media
194
PLAGIAT
PLAGIATMERUPAKAN
MERUPAKANTINDAKAN
TINDAKANTIDAK
TIDAKTERPUJI
TERPUJI
<papa>razzi)
snazzy (sna<ppy x j>azzy)
sneezetipated (sneeze x
<const>ipated)
snizzle (sn<ow x dr>izzle)
OV2a
A
[A A]A
[N A]A
„snappy
„sneeze
„jazzy
„constipated
„snazzy
Snee‟zetipated
COP
EN
C
[N N]N
„snow
„drizzle
„snizzle
APP
snowfa (snow x <so>fa)
snowmageddon (snow x
<ar>mageddon)
A
A
[N N]N
[N N]N
„snow
„snow
„sofa
,Arma‟geddon
„snowfa
,snowma‟geddo
EN
EN
snownado (snow x <tor>nado)
A
[N N]N
„snow
tor‟nado
,snow‟nado
EN
snowpocalypse (snow x
<a>pocalypse)
snuddle (snu<ggle x c>uddle)
snurfing (sn<ow x s>urfing)
Socal (So<uthern> x
Cal<ifornia>)
songlifting (song x
<shop>lifting)
sophistiratchet
(sophisti<cated> x ratchet)
A
[N N]N
„snow
a‟pocalypse
,snow‟pocalypse
EN
OV2a
C
D
[V V]V
[N N]N
[A N]N
„snuggle
„snow
„southern
„cuddle
„surfing
Cali‟fornia
„snuddle
„snurfing
„Socal
COP
EN
EN
A
[N N]N
„song
„shoplifting
„songlifting
EN
B
[A N]N
so‟phisticated
„ratchet
so,phisti‟ratchet
EN
sororislut (sorori<ty> x slut)
B
[N N]N
so‟rority
„slut
soro‟rislut
EN
sororitute (sororit<y x
prost>itute)
soundscape (sound x
<lan>dscape)
spam (sp<iced x h>am)
OV2a
[N N]N
so‟rority
„prostitute
so‟roritute
EN
OV1a
[N N]N
„sound
„landscape
„sound,scape
EN
C
[A N]N
Spiced
„ham
„spam
EN
spambot (spam x <ro>bot)
A
[N N]N
„spam
„robot
„spam,bot
EN
spamdexing (spam x
<in>dexing)
A
[N N]N
„spam
„indexing
,spam‟dexing
EN
n
lengths, putting celebrities in danger.
stylishly and often flashily attractive
the feeling that one needs to sneeze, but is not
able to - similar to constipation
A light mixture of snow and freezing rain/
light snow
a sofa made out of snow.
any period of usually intense snowfall, esp
one that disrupts normal transportation and
other infrastructure
a tornado that forms over a snow-covered
area.
A snowstorm of epic proportions.
Pop
Media
Science
Pop
Media
Media
Media
to lie close for comfort and affection
Snow surfing
Refers to the physical location and the culture
of Southern California
Illegally downloading song/ music.
Media
Pop
Geo & Eco
A person who is highly educated but still
enjoys going out and getting down to the latest
club music
women who belong to sororities as people
who dye their hair and make other fashion
decisions in keeping up with the latest trends.
a girl who is an active member of a sorority
who has a promiscuous reputation.
the overall effect of musical sounds
Media
a canned food product consisting especially of
pork formed into a solid block
a computer program that identifies e-mail
addresses to send spam to.
The inclusion of deliberately misleading terms
on a website in order to manipulate its ranking
in a search engine
Pop
Pop
Media
Media
Pop
Tech
Tech
195
PLAGIAT
PLAGIATMERUPAKAN
MERUPAKANTINDAKAN
TINDAKANTIDAK
TIDAKTERPUJI
TERPUJI
spange (spa<re x ch>ange)
OV2a
[V N]V
„spare
„change
„spange
COP
Spanglish (Spa<nish x
E>nglish)
sparklepire (sparkle x
<vam>pire)
C
[N N]N
„Spanish
„English
„Spanglish
EN
A
[V N]N
„sparkle
„vampire
„sparklepire
EN
spatique (spa x <bou>tique)
A
[N N]N
„spa
bou‟tique
spa‟tique
COP
spaxel (spa<ce x pi>xel)
C
[N N]N
„space
„pixel
„spaxel
EN
speediac (speed x <man>iac)
spife (sp<oon x kn>ife)
spime (sp<ace x t>ime)
spirmitment (spir<it x
com>mitment)
A
C
C
C
[N N]N
[N N]N
[N N]N
[N N]N
„speed
„spoon
„space
„spirit
„maniac
„knife
„time
co‟mmitment
„speediac
„spife
„spime
„spir,mitment
EN
APP
COP
COP
splatter (spla<sh x sp>atter)
OV2a
[V V]V
„splash
„spatter
„splatter
COP
splendivorous (splendi<d x
omn>ivorous)
splendorific (splendor x
<ter>rific)
splog (sp<am x b>log)
spoco (spo<ntaneous> x
co<mbustion>)
spooktacular (spook<y x
spec>tacular)
sporgery (sp<am x f>orgery)
OV2a
[A A]A
„splendid
om‟nivorous
„splendivorous
COP
OV1a
[N A]A
„splendor
te‟rrific
,splendo‟rific
COP
C
D
[N N]N
[A N]N
„spam
spon‟taneous
„blog
com‟bustion
„splog
„spoco
C
[A A]A
„spooky
spec‟tacular
C
[N N]N
„spam
spork (sp<oon x f>ork)
C
[N N]N
sportscast (sports x
<broad>cast)
squarial (square x aerial)
A
OV0
To collect spare change, either from couches,
passerbys on the street or any numerous other
ways and means
A hybrid language combining words and
idioms from both Spanish and English
A word used to describe a vampire from the
book series Twilight written by Stephanie
Meyer whose skin sparkles like thousands of
tiny diamond
A store where one can receive spa services
and also purchase beauty and fashion products
A display element that can be positioned in
any of the three spatial dimensions.
speed demon, unnecessarily fast driver
Spoon and knife combined
space and time
An idea or strong feeling of committed
enthusiasm, especially shown by a company
for its customers
to splash with small blobs; spatter
Media
Pop
EN
EN
Wonderful, beyond imagination. Usually
pertaining to food
Describing something that is simultaneously
spendlorful/ splendid and terrific.
a blog that contains links to spam.
Spontaneous Combustion
,spook‟tacular
COP
Spooky and spectacular
Pop
„forgery
„sporgery
EN
tech
„spoon
„fork
„spork
APP
[A N]N
„sports
„broadcast
„sports,cast
EN
[N N]N
„square
„aerial
„squarial
EN
The disruptive act of posting a flood of
articles to a newsgroup
A spoon-shaped eating utensil with short tines
at the tip
a radio or television broadcast consisting of
sports news.
A square satellite aerial produced by the
Geo & Eco
Pop
Pop
Tech
Transp
Pop
Pop
Pol & Eco
Media
Pop
Tech
Media
Pop
Sport
Science
196
PLAGIAT
PLAGIATMERUPAKAN
MERUPAKANTINDAKAN
TINDAKANTIDAK
TIDAKTERPUJI
TERPUJI
squarson (squ<ire x p>arson)
squee (squ<eal x gl>ee)
squiggle (squi<rm x w>iggle)
squinching (squin<ting x
p>inching)
squircle (squ<are x c>ircle)
C
C
OV2a
OV2a
[N N]N
[N N]N
[V V]V
[N N]N
„squire
„squeal
„squirm
„squinting
„parson
„glee
„wiggle
„pinching
„squarson
„squee
„squiggle
„squinching
APP
EN
COP
COP
C
[N N]N
„square
„circle
„squircle
APP
stagflation (stag<nation x
in>flation)
C
[N N]N
stag‟nation
in‟flation
stag‟flation
EN
stalkerazzi (stalker x
<papa>razzi)
OV1a
[N N]N
„stalker
,papar‟azzi
,stalke‟razzi
APP
stalkerazzi (stalker x
<papar>azzi)
A
[N N]N
„stalker
,papa‟razzi
,stalke‟razzi
APP
stan (sta<lker x f>an)
OV2a
[N N]N
„stalker
„fan
„stan
EN
starchitect (star x architect)
OV0
[N N]N
„star
„architect
„starchi,tect
EN
staycation (stay x <va>cation)
A
[N N]N
„stay
va‟cation
,stay‟cation
EN
stoption (stop x option)
OV0
[N N]N
„stop
„option
„stoption
EN
stoup (st<ew x s>oup)
C
[N N]N
„stew
„soup
„stoup
APP
streetball (street x
<basket>ball)
A
[N N]N
„street
„basketball
„street,ball
EN
strunk (st<oned x d>runk)
stummy (st<omach> x
tummy)
stupendulous (stupend<ous x
fab>ulous)
stupig (stupi<d> x pig)
C
OV1b
[A A]A
[N N]N
„stoned
„stomach
„drunk
„tummy
„strunk
„stummy
COP
COP
C
[A A]A
stu‟pendous
„fabulous
stu‟pendulous
COP
OV1b
[A N]A
„stupid
„pig
„stupig
EN
company BSB.
A squire who is also the local rector
Squeal in delight or excitement
Squirm and wriggle
The facial expression made when combining
squinting and pinching.
A closed curve having properties intermediate
between those of a square and a circle
Persistent high inflation combined with high
unemployment and stagnant demand in a
country‟s economy
Photojournalists who follow celebrities
closely and persistently with the intention of
obtaining sensational pictures.
Photojournalists who follow celebrities
closely and persistently with the intention of
obtaining sensational pictures.
an overobsessed fan to the point of following
a star around.
a well-known and well-paid architect noted
for his or her landmark buildings
a holiday in which leisure activities are
pursued while staying at one's own home
the option one has of stopping at a stop sign
when nobody else is around,
A dish that is too thick and chunky to be
considered a soup and is too thin to be
considered a stew.
A type of basketball played especially in
urban areas such as parking lots, playgrounds,
etc
Being stoned and drunk at the same time
the stomach, and surrounding area
describes something that is amazing or
incredible/ wonderful
As stupid as a pig.
Media
Media
Pop
Media
Science
Pol & Eco
Media
Media
Media
Pop
Pop
Media
Pop
Pop
Media
Science
Pop
Media
197
PLAGIAT
PLAGIATMERUPAKAN
MERUPAKANTINDAKAN
TINDAKANTIDAK
TIDAKTERPUJI
TERPUJI
stupious (stupi<d x stud>ious)
OV2a
[A A]A
„stupid
„studious
„stupious
COP
subtopia (sub<urban x
u>topia)
C
[A N]N
su‟burban
U‟topia
sub‟topia
EN
suburbia (suburb x <utop>ia)
A
[N N]N
„suburb
u‟topia
su‟burbia
EN
suitecest (suite x < in>cest)
superbulous (super x
<fa>bulous)
surgicalist (surgical x
<hospit>alist)
swacket (sw<eater x j>acket)
A
A
[N N]N
[A A]A
„suite
„super
„incest
„fabulous
„suitecest
„super,bulous
EN
COP
OV1a
[A N]N
„surgical
„Hospitalist
„surgicalist
APP
C
[N N]N
„sweater
„jacket
„swacket
APP
swapportunity (swap x
opportunity)
swaption (swap x <o>ption)
OV0
[N N]N
swap
,oppor‟tunity
,swappor‟tunity
EN
OV1a
[N N]N
swap
„option
„swaption
EN
sweaxy (swea<ty x se>xy)
C
[A A]A
„sweaty
„sexy
„sweaxy
COP
swellegant (swell x elegant)
Swenglish (Sw<edish> x
English)
OV0
B
[A A]A
[N N]N
„swell
„Swedish
„elegant
„English
„swellegant
„Swenglish
COP
EN
symphomaniac (sympho<ny>
x maniac)
synthespians (synthe<tic> x
thespians)
B
[N N]N
„symphony
„maniac
,sympho‟maniac
EN
OV1b
[A N]N
syn‟thetic
„thespians
,syn‟thespians
EN
sysadmin (sys<tem> x
admin<istrator>)
sysop (sys<tem> x
op<erator>)
taardvark (<re>tard x
aardvark)
tacocopter (taco x
D
[N N]N
„system
ad‟ministrator
sys‟admin
D
[N N]N
„system
„operator
OV1b
[N N]N
„retard
OV1a
[N N]N
„taco
The condition of studying too much to do any
good.
suburban development that encroaches on
rural areas yet appears to offer the attractions
of country life to suburban dwellers
the suburbs, but with negative connotations,
somewhat like a utopia, many teenagers think
of the suburbs as boring.
A dating/sexual activity with a suitemate.
describing something that is great beyond
comprehension.
a surgeon who works in a hospital.
Pop
A garment having traits of both a jacket and a
sweater
an opportunity to make a swap
Pop
Pol & Eco
EN
An option giving the right but not the
obligation to engage in a swap.
The feeling of having an attractive glow of
good health after exercising.
both swell and elegant
English spoken or written as heavily
influenced by Swedish vocabulary, grammar,
or syntax
A person that feels extreme devotion and
appreciation for the orchestra.
a computer-generated image of a film actor,
esp used in place of the real actor when
shooting special effects or stunts
A system administrator
„sy,sop
EN
a person who runs a system or network
Tech
„aardvark
„taardvark
EN
A retarded aardvark.
Geo & Eco
„quad,copter
„taco,copter
EN
A quadrocopter that is capable of carrying and
Transp
Media
Geo &eco
Pop
Pop
Medical
Media
Pop
Pop
Geo & Eco
Pop
Tech
Media
198
PLAGIAT
PLAGIATMERUPAKAN
MERUPAKANTINDAKAN
TINDAKANTIDAK
TIDAKTERPUJI
TERPUJI
<quad>copter)
Taglish (Tag<alog x Eng>lish)
C
[N N]N
Ta‟galog
„English
„Taglish
EN
talkward (talk x awkward)
OV0
[N A]A
„talk
„awkward
„talkward
EN
tangelo (tange<rine x
pom>elo)
tanorexia (tan x anorexia)
OV2a
[N N]N
,tange‟rine
„pome,lo
„tange,lo
APP
OV0
[N N]N
„tan
,ano‟rexia
,tano‟rexia
EN
tanorexic (tan x anorexic)
OV0
[N A]A
„tan
,ano‟rexic
,tano‟rexic
EN
tardass (<re>tard x
<dumb>ass)
taxicab (taxi<meter> x
cab<riolet>)
teaffee (tea x <co>ffee)
D
[N A]A
„retard
„dumbass
„tardass
COP
D
[N N]N
„taxi,meter
,cabrio‟let
„taxi,cab
EN
A
[N N]N
„tea
„coffee
„teaffee
APP
technochicken (techno<logy>
x chicken)
technoplegic (techno<logy x
para>plegic)
technopropism (techno<logy x
mala>propism)
B
[N N]N
tech‟nology
„chicken
„techno,chicken
EN
C
[N N]N
tech‟nology
,para‟plegic
,techno‟plegic
EN
C
[N N]N
tech‟nology
„malapropism
,techno‟propism
EN
technoscientific
(techno<logy> x scientific)
telecast (tele<vision x
broad>cast)
telecom (tele<phone> x
comm<unication>)
telegenic (tele<vision x
photo>genic)
telematics
(tele<communications x
infor>matics)
B
[N A]A
tech‟nology
,scien‟tific
C
[N V]V
„television
„broadcast
,techno‟scientifi
c
„tele,cast
D
[N N]N
„telephone
C
[N A]A
„television
co,mmuni‟cati
on
,photo‟genic
C
[N N]N
,teleco,mmuni‟c
ations
,Infor‟matics
delivering tacos.
An informal variety of the Tagalog language
that incorporates English terms
describing a conversation that should be
awkward but people are talking about anyway
a hybrid produced by crossing a tangerine tree
with a grapefruit tree
An obsessive desire to acquire and maintain a
suntan, by natural or artificial methods.
A person who is obsessed with both tanning
and carefully watching their diet to the extent
that they develop anorexia nervosa.
describes a person who is acting really stupid
and retarded at the same time.
another name for taxi
Geo & Eco
Media
Hybrid
Pop
Pop
Pop
Transp
Pop
COP
A hot drink made from coffee beans and tea
powder
Person afraid of recent technology and avoids
such machines as computers.
A person who feels paralyzed mentally when
faced with technology.
The humorous misuse of a word or phrase,
particularly one that is not flagged by a
technological tool such as a spell checker or
grammar checker.
pertaining to both technology and science
EN
to broadcast (a programme) by television
Media
„tele,com
EN
telecommunications.
Tech
,tele‟genic
EN
having or showing a pleasant television image
Media
,tele‟matics
APP
the branch of science concerned with the use
of technological devices to transmit
information over long distances.
Tech
Tech
Tech
Tech
Tech
199
PLAGIAT
PLAGIATMERUPAKAN
MERUPAKANTINDAKAN
TINDAKANTIDAK
TIDAKTERPUJI
TERPUJI
telepathetic (telep<athic> x
pathetic)
telethon (tele<phone x
mara>thon)
televangelist (telev<ision> x
evangelist)
OV1b
[A A]A
,tele‟pathic
pa‟thetic
,tele‟pathetic
EN
pathetic from a distance
Media
C
[N N]N
„telephone
„marathon
„telethon
EN
Media
OV1b
[N N]N
„television
E‟vangelist
,tele‟vangelist
EN
televoidance (tele<phone x
a>voidance)
C
[N N]N
„telephone
a‟voidance
,tele‟voidance
EN
tennistify (tennis x <my>stify)
OV1a
[N V]V
„tennis
„mystify
,tennisti‟fy
EN
terrifitastic (terrifi<c x
fan>tastic)
C
[A A]A
te‟rrific
fan‟tastic
,terrifi‟tastic
COP
texel (tex<ture> x el<ement>)
textrovert (text x extrovert)
D
OV0
[N N]N
[N N]N
„texture
„text
„element
„extrovert
„texel
„textrovert
EN
EN
Thankswednesday
(thanks<giving> x Wednesday)
thermistor (therm<al x
res>istor)
B
[N N]N
,thanks‟giving
„Wednesday
EN
C
[A N]N
„thermal
re‟sistor
,thanks‟wednesd
ay
ther‟mistor
thinspiration (thin x
inspiration)
OV0
[A N]N
„thin
,inspi‟ration
thinspi‟ration
EN
threepeat (three x repeat)
OV0
[A N]N
three
re‟peat
„threepeat
EN
thrillax (thrill x <re>lax)
OV1a
[V V]V
„thrill
„relax
„thrillax
COP
throuple (thr<ee x c>ouple)
thyristor (thyr<atron x
trans>istor)
C
C
[A N]N
[N N]N
„three
„Thyra,tron
„couple
tran‟sistor
„throuple
thy‟ristor
EN
EN
tigon (tig<er x li>on)
C
[N N]N
„tiger
„lion
„tigon
APP
A very long television programme, typically
one broadcast to raise money for a charity.
an evangelical preacher who appears regularly
on television, preaching the gospel and
appealing for donations from viewers
Avoiding a person by pretending that you are
talking on your cell phone when he or she
comes near you
to mentally puzzle an opponent by beating
them so badly using one‟s tennis skills reason
used
Something very good, presumably a stronger
word than either „terrific‟ or „fantastic‟ used
separately
Texture element
A person that chooses to express his or her
feelings over the use of cell phone text
messaging
Refers to the day before thanksgiving, which
is always a Wednesday.
a semiconductor device having a resistance
that decreases rapidly with an increase in
temperature.
something or someone that serves as
motivation for a person seeking to maintain a
very low body weight
a series of three consecutive victories or
championships
to do something that is both thrilling and
relaxing.
three people in a romantic relationship.
any of a group of semiconductor devices, such
as the silicon-controlled rectifier, that can be
switched between two states
the hybrid offspring of a male tiger and a
EN
Media
Media
Pop
Pop
Tech
Media
Geo & Eco
Tech
Media
Pop
Media
Media
Tech
Hybrid
200
PLAGIAT
PLAGIATMERUPAKAN
MERUPAKANTINDAKAN
TINDAKANTIDAK
TIDAKTERPUJI
TERPUJI
tiratini (tira<misu x mar>tini)
toebesity (toe x <o>besity)
C
A
[N N]N
[N N]N
,tirami‟su
„toe
mar‟tini
o‟besity
,tira‟tini
„teaffee
EN
EN
tofurkey (tofu x <t>urkey)
tomacco (toma<to x
tob>acco)
toonie (two x <l>oonie)
toughicult (tough x
<di>fficult)
touron (tour<ist x mo>ron)
trafficator (traffic x
<ind>icator)
OV1a
OV2a
[N N]N
[N N]N
„tofu
to‟mato
„turkey
to‟bacco
to‟furkey
to‟macco
EN
APP
OV1a
OV1a
[A N]N
[A A]A
„two
„tough
„loonie
„difficult
„toonie
„toughicult
EN
COP
OV2a
OV1a
[N A]N
[N N]N
„tourist
„traffic
„moron
„indicator
tou‟ron
„traffi,cator
tragicomic (tragic x comic)
trampede (tramp<le x
st>ampede)
OV0
OV2a
[A A]A
[V V]V
„tragic
„trample
„comic
stam‟pede
„tragi,comic
transceiver (trans<mitter x
re>ceiver)
transistor (trans<fer x
re>sistor)
C
[N N]N
trans‟mitter
OV2a
[N N]N
transponder (trans<mitter x
re>sponder)
OV2a
transumer (trans<ient x
co>nsumer)
travelator (travel x
<esca>lator)
treedo (tree x redo)
treeware (tree x <soft>ware)
female lion
A tiramisu-flavored martini
obesity on one or more toes.
Pop
Medical
tofu molded into the shape of a turkey.
A hybrid plant that is a cross between a
tomato and tobacco.
a Canadian two-dollar coin
when something is tough and difficult
Pop
Hybrid
EN
EN
A particularly clueless or annoying tourist.
an illuminated arm on a motor vehicle that
was raised to indicate a left or right turn
Pop
transp
,tram‟pede
APP
COP
Pop
Media
re‟ceiver
tran‟sceiver
APP
„transfer
re‟sistor
tran‟sistor
APP
[N N]N
transmitter
re‟sponder
tran‟sponder
APP
OV2a
[N N]N
„transient
con‟sumer
,tran‟sumer
APP
manifesting both tragic and comic aspects
the action of getting moBed by friends,
creating the atmosphere of almost being
trampled in a stampede.
a device which transmits and receives radio or
electronic signals
a semiconductor device that amplifies,
oscillates, or switches the flow of current
between two terminals by varying the current
or voltage between one of the terminals and a
third
the receiver and transmitter in a
communications or broadcast satellite,
relaying received signals back to earth.
a transient that also a consumer.
OV1a
[N N]N
„travel
„escalator
„trave,lator
EN
A moving walkway, typically at an airport.
Tech
OV0
[N V]N
„tree
re‟do
„treedo
EN
Pop
A
[N N]N
„tree
„software
„tree,ware
EN
A mulligan of a point in outdoor sand
volleyball as a result of the volleyball being
interfered with while in play by an object such
as a tree limb.
books, magazines, or other reading materials
Media
Pop
Tech
Tech
Tech
Pol & Eco
Tech
201
PLAGIAT
PLAGIATMERUPAKAN
MERUPAKANTINDAKAN
TINDAKANTIDAK
TIDAKTERPUJI
TERPUJI
triathlete (triath<lon> x
athlete)
trifecta (tri<ple x per>fecta)
OV1b
[N N]N
tri‟athlon
„athlete
tri‟athlete
EN
C
[A N]N
„triple
per‟fecta
tri‟fecta
EN
triticale (triti<cum x se>cale)
C
[N N]N
„Triticum
se‟cale
,triti‟cale
APP
trustafarian (trustf<und x
rasta>farian)
OV2a
[N N]N
ˈtrustˌfund
Rastafarian
,trusta‟farian
EN
twerkshop (twerk x
<wo>rkshop)
twetiquette (tw<itter> x
etiquette)
twiddle (twi<st x f>iddle)
OV1a
[N N]N
„twerk
„workshop
,twerk‟shop
EN
B
[N N]N
„Twitter
„etiquette
„twetiquette
EN
OV2a
[V V]V
„twist
„fiddle
„twiddle
COP
twidiots (twi<tter> x idiot)
OV1b
[N N]N
„Twitter
„idiot
twidiots
EN
twigloo (twig x igloo)
OV0
[N N]N
„twig
„igloo
„twigloo
EN
twincest (twin x incest)
OV0
[N N]N
„twin
„incest
„twincest
EN
twirl (twi<st x wh>irl)
OV2a
[V V]V
„twist
„whirl
„twirl
COP
twististics (twist x <sta>tistics)
OV1a
[N N]N
„twist
sta‟tistics
twis‟tistics
EN
Twiticism (Twitt<er x
cr>iticism)
OV2a
[N N]N
„twitter
„criticism
„twiticism
EN
that are printed on paper made from wood
pulp as opposed to texts in the form of
computer software, CD-ROM, audio books,
etc
an athlete who competes in a triathlon
Pop
a type of bet, especially on horse races, in
which the bettor must select the first three
finishers in exact order.
a fertile hybrid cereal, a cross between wheat
(Triticum) and rye ( Secale), produced by
polyploidy
a young person from a wealthy background
whose trust fund enables him or her to eschew
conventional attitudes to work, dress, drug
taking, etc.
an event where people learn how to twerk
Media
Twitter etiquette, like not using all caps
because it suggests you're shouting
Twist, move, or fiddle with (something),
typically in a purposeless or nervous way.
people who are constantly on Twitter,
tweeting about pointless or meaningless
things.
a temporary shelter made from twigs,
branches, leaves, etc
incest between twins/ An actual fetish that
involves twins, and by extension, incest
to twist, wind, or twiddle, often idly
Tech
Statistics that have been distorted,
exaggerated, or misquoted in order to support
a political position, which is done in such a
way that they no longer represent the facts
Disapproval written on the Twitter internet
service.
Media
Hybrid
Media
Media
Media
Media
Geo & Eco
Media
Media
Media
202
PLAGIAT
PLAGIATMERUPAKAN
MERUPAKANTINDAKAN
TINDAKANTIDAK
TIDAKTERPUJI
TERPUJI
Twitpic (Twitt<er> x
pic<ture>)
Twitterverse (Twitt<er x
uni>verse)
Twittizen (Twitt<er x cit>izen)
typoglycemia (typo x
<h>ypoglycemia)
ultrabook (ultra x
<note>book)
D
[N N]N
„twitter
„picture
„Twitpic
EN
a posting of a picture on twitter
Media
C
[N N]N
„Twitter
„universe
„Twitterverse
EN
Media
C
OV1a
[N N]N
[N N]N
„Twitter
„typo
„Twittizen
,typogly‟cemia
EN
EN
A
[A N]N
ultra
„citizen
,hypogly‟cemi
a
„notebook
„ultrabook
EN
umag (u<niversity> x
mag<azine>)
urbscape (urb<an x
land>scape)
urinalysis (urine x <a>nalysis)
D
[N N]N
,uni‟versity
,maga‟zine
„umag
EN
the twitter social network which all people in
universe use it.
Someone who uses Twitter
the ability to recognize and understand typed,
nonsensical, misspelled gibberish.
a very lightweight and thin portable computer
the areal size of a notebook computer or
subnotebook, modeled after the archetypal
Apple Macbook Air
A university magazine
C
[A N]N
„urban
„landscape
urb‟scape
EN
An urban landscape.
Media
OV1a
[N N]N
„urine
a‟nalysis
,uri‟nalysis
EN
medical
usie (us x <self>ie)
vacationary (vacation x
<miss>ionary)
vachaos (va<cation> x chaos)
A
OV1a
[pron N]N
[N N]N
us
va‟cation
„selfie
„missionary
„usie
,vaca‟tionary
EN
EN
analysis of the urine to test for the presence of
disease by the presence of protein, glucose,
ketones, cells, etc.
a selfie taken by „us‟
missionary that includes vacation.
B
[N N]N
va‟cation
„chaos
„vachaos
EN
Pop
vactor (v<irtual> x actor)
vegangelical (vegan x
<ev>angelical)
B
OV1a
[A N]N
[N N]N
„virtual
„vegan
„actor
,evan‟gelical
„vactor
,vegan‟gelical
EN
EN
vegeburger (vege<table> x
burger)
B
[N N]N
„vegetable
„burger
„vege,burger
EN
vegelate (vege<table x
choco>late)
vegequarian (vege<tarian x
a>quarian)
vegevangelical (vege<tarian x
e>vangelical)
C
[N N]N
„vegetable
„chocolate
„vege,late
EN
The disorder that one returns to after a
relaxing vacation, whether in school or on the
job.
virtual actor
An extremely zealous vegan who is eager to
make other people believe in and convert to
veganism.
a flat cake of chopped seasoned vegetables
and pulses that is grilled or fried and often
served in a bread roll
Chocolate containing vegetable fat
C
[N N]N
,vege‟tarian
a‟quarian
,vege‟quarian
EN
A vegetarian who also eats fish
Pop
C
[N N]N
,vege‟tarian
,evan‟gelical
vege,van‟gelical
APP
One who firmly advocates being a vegetarian
and tries to spread this way of life on to others
Media
Media
Media
Tech
Media
Pop
Media
Tech
Pop
Pop
Pop
203
PLAGIAT
PLAGIATMERUPAKAN
MERUPAKANTINDAKAN
TINDAKANTIDAK
TIDAKTERPUJI
TERPUJI
veghead (veg<etable> x head)
videocracy (video x
<dem>ocracy)
viewser (view<er x u>ser)
violincest (violin x incest)
B
OV1a
[N N]N
[N N]N
„vegetable
„video
„head
de‟mocracy
„veghead
,video‟cracy
EXO
EN
C
OV0
[N N]N
[N N]N
„viewer
,vio‟lin
„user
„incest
„viewser
,vio‟lincest
APP
EN
viropause (vir<ility x
men>opause)
vitamer (vitam<in x iso>mer)
C
[N N]N
vi‟rility
„menopause
viro‟pause
EN
OV2a
[N N]N
„vitamin
„isomer
„vitamer
EN
vlog (v<ideo x b>log)
vlogger (v<ideo x b>logger)
vodkatini (vodka x <mar>tini)
C
C
A
[N N]N
[N N]N
[N N]N
„video
„video
„vodka
„blog
„blogger
mar‟tini
„vlog
„vlogger
,vodka‟tini
EN
EN
EN
vog (vo<lcano x sm>og)
voluntell (volunt<eer> x tell)
OV2a
OV1b
[N N]N
[V V]V
vol‟cano
,volun‟teer
„smog
„tell
„vog
,volun‟tell
EN
EN
voluntourism (volunt<eer> x
tourism)
vomitrocious (vomit x
<a>trocious)
OV1b
[N N]N
,volun‟teer
„tourism
,volun‟tourism
EN
OV1a
[N A]A
„vomit
a‟trocious
,vomi‟trocious
EN
voweltacular (vowel x
<spec>tacular)
voxel (vo<lume x pi>xel)
A
[N A]A
„vowel
spec‟tacular
,vowel‟tacular
EN
C
[N N]N
„volume
„pixel
„voxel
EN
wactress (wa<itress> x
actress)
wallaroo (walla<by x
kang>aroo)
OV1b
[N N]N
„waitress
„actress
„wactress
APP
OV2a
[N N]N
„Wallaby
,kanga‟roo
,walla‟roo
APP
warmedy (warm x <co>medy)
OV1a
[A N]N
„warm
„comedy
„warmedy
EN
One who does not consume meat
social structure largely influenced by visual
media.
a video user who is also a viewer.
dating between two individuals who are both
members of a violin section of the same
musical group.
The end of virility
Media
Pop
a chemical compound that fulfills the same
specific vitamin function.
a blog that contains video content.
A video blogger
vodka martini - martini made with vodka
rather than gin
air pollution caused by volcanic emissions
To tell or force someone to do something as if
voluntary.
tourism that includes volunteer work.
Science
Something so repulsive and disgusting that it
would cause someone to vomit; however
instead of actually vomiting; one would just
scream 'vomitrocious!' Invented by the
children's show Arthur.
Marked by a notably large number of vowels
Media
(computing) any of a number of very small
elements that make up a a three-dimensional
image, as on a visual display unit
Aspiring actress working as a waitress
Tech
Any of several large macropods of the genus
Macropus, smaller than a kangaroo and larger
than a wallaby, especially M. robustus, found
throughout much of Australia
a comedy that features warm-hearted content.
Hybrid
Tech
Pop
Media
Tech
Media
Pop
Geo & Eco
Media
Media
Media
Media
Pop
204
PLAGIAT
PLAGIATMERUPAKAN
MERUPAKANTINDAKAN
TINDAKANTIDAK
TIDAKTERPUJI
TERPUJI
Wasian (w<hite> x Asian)
B
[N N]N
„white
„Asian
„Wasian
EN
A person who is half-white, half-Asian.
Geo & Eco
webvertise (web x
<ad>vertise)
webzine (web x <maga>zine)
wedsite (wedd<ing x
web>site)
weisure (w<ork x l>eisure)
welfariat (welfa<re x
prolet>ariat)
weregay (were<wolf> x gay)
A
[N V]V
„web
„advertise
„webvertise
EN
To advertise on the web or internet.
Tech
A
C
[N N]N
[N N]N
„web
„wedding
,maga‟zine
„website
„webzine
„wedsite
EN
EN
a magazine available on the internet/
website of people wedding
Media
Tech
C
OV2a
[N N]N
[N N]N
„work
„welfare
„leisure
,prole‟tariat
„weisure
wel‟fariat
EN
EN
Media
Pol & Eco
B
[N N]N
„werewolf
„gay
„weregay
EN
whasian (wh<ite> x Asian)
B
[N N]N
„white
„Asian
„whasian
EN
wholphin (wh<ale x d>olphin)
wifi (wi<reless> x fi<delity>)
C
D
[N N]N
[A N]N
„whale
„wireless
„dolphin
fi‟delity
„wholphin
„wi,fi
APP
EN
wiggage (wigg<le> x age)
wigger (w<hite x n>igger)
B
C
[N N]N
[N N]N
„wiggle
„white
„age
„Nigger
„wiggage
„wigger
EN
EN
Windian (w<hite> x Indian)
B
[N N]N
„white
„Indian
„Windian
EN
leisure time spent for doing work.
proletariat whose income is based on
receiving welfare payments
Homosexual only under the light of the full
moon
A person of Asian decent who tries to
associate himself with the white culture,
ignoring his own, or vice versa.
the hybrid offspring of a whale and a dolphin
a system of accessing the internet from remote
machines such as laptop computers that have
wireless connections
the quality of wavering and uncertainty
a white youth who adopts black youth culture
by adopting its speech, wearing its clothes,
and listening to its music
A person who is half-white, half-Indian.
womance (woman x
<r>omance)
womenomics (women x
<eco>nomics)
wonderific (wonder<ful x
te>rrific)
wordnap (word x <ki>dnap)
workaholic (work x
<alco>holic)
workamper (work x camper)
OV1a
[N N]N
„woman
ro‟mance
„womance
EN
Media
OV1a
[N N]N
„women
,eco‟nomics
,wome‟nomics
EN
the platonic relationship between two females
that is extremely strong and close in nature.
women who play a primary role in economics
OV2a
[A A]A
„wonderful
te‟rrific
,wonde‟rific
COP
Pop
OV1a
F
[N V]V
[N N]N
„word
„work
„kidnap
,alco‟holic
„wordnap
,worka‟holic
EN
EN
extremely good feeling or emotion most of the
time.
to kidnap words
a person obsessively addicted to work
OV0
[N N]N
„work
„camper
wor‟kamper
EN
a worker who is also a camper.
Media
Media
Geo & Eco
Hybrid
Tech
Media
Geo&eco
Geo & Eco
Pol & Eco
Media
Media
205
PLAGIAT
PLAGIATMERUPAKAN
MERUPAKANTINDAKAN
TINDAKANTIDAK
TIDAKTERPUJI
TERPUJI
workfare (work x <wel>fare)
A
[N N]N
„work
„welfare
„work,fare
EN
wunky (w<eird x f>unky)
B
[A A]A
„weird
„funky
„wunky
COP
yello (ye<s x h>ello)
yesterclass (yester<day> x
class)
yestergay (yester<day> x gay)
OV2a
B
[N N]N
[A N]N
„yes
„yesterday
„hello
„class
„yello
„yester,class
COP
EN
B
[A N]N
„yesterday
„gay
„yester,gay
EN
Yinglish (Yi<ddish> x English)
OV1b
[N N]N
„Yiddish
„English
„Yinglish
EN
yogalates (yoga x <pi>lates)
A
[N N]N
„yoga
,pi‟lates
yoga‟lates
APP
yumilicious (yummy x
<de>licious)
yumtastic (yumm<y x
fan>tastic)
zebrass (zebra x ass)
zombee (zombie x bee)
A
[A A]A
„yummy
de‟licious
„yumi,licious
C
[A A]A
„yummy
fan‟tastic
OV0
OV0
[N N]N
[N N]N
„zebra
„zombie
zonkey (z<ebra x d>onkey)
zony (z<ebra x p>ony)
C
C
[N N]N
[N N]N
zorse (z<ebra x h>orse)
C
[N N]N
a scheme under which the government of a
country requires unemployed people to do
community work or undergo job training in
return for social-security payments
A description of the feeling resulting from a
buildup of pressure in a person‟s ears.
yes and hello
The class session prior to this one
Pol & Eco
Pop
COP
a person who used to be, but is no longer a
homosexual.
a dialect of English spoken esp by Jewish
immigrants to New York, and heavily
influenced by Yiddish constructions and loan
words
A fitness routine that combines Pilates
exercises with the postures and breathing
techniques of yoga.
both yummy and delicious/ extremely yummy
,yum‟tastic
COP
Being especially tasty
Pop
„ass
„bee
„zebrass
„zombee
APP
EN
the offspring of a male zebra and a female ass
a bee that is like zombie.
Hybrid
Geo & Eco
„zebra
„zebra
„donkey
„pony
„zonkey
„zony
APP
APP
Hybrid
Hybrid
„zebra
„horse
„zorse
APP
The hybrid offspring of a donkey and a zebra
The offspring of a male zebra and a female
pony
a hybrid of a zebra and a horse.
Pop
Pop
Pop
Geo & Eco
Pop
pop
Hybrid
206
PLAGIAT
PLAGIATMERUPAKAN
MERUPAKANTINDAKAN
TINDAKANTIDAK
TIDAKTERPUJI
TERPUJI
APPENDIX 2
the Distribution of Blends in Online Dictionaries
PLAGIAT
PLAGIATMERUPAKAN
MERUPAKANTINDAKAN
TINDAKANTIDAK
TIDAKTERPUJI
TERPUJI
OX
Appendix 2: the Distribution of Blends in Online Dictionaries
Blends
absoludicrous
absotively
acquihire
acronymania
acupressure
administaff
administrivia
adorabubble
adorkable
adultescent
adulticide
adultolescence
advergame
advermation
advertainment
adverteasement
advertecture
advertorial
advict
adware
adwonderize
aerobatics
affluenza
agflation
aggranoying
agitprop
agrimation
agritainment
agritourism
airpocalypse
OX
MW
Coll
Camb
√
√
√
RU
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
WS
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
UR
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
Total
2
2
2
2
2
2
5
2
2
4
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
6
2
3
4
2
alcoholiday
alcopop
alphanumeric
alternawhore
Altmetrics
Ambisextrous
Amerasian
Amerindian
amtrac
Amtrak
Amway
anacronym
analrapist
anecdata
angiotensin
Animatronics
animutation
anternet
aparthotel
apostrofly
appletini
appsessed
aquabatic
aquaerobics
aquascape
architourist
arcology
artsci
assne
autocide
automanual
automobilia
autopathography
√
MW
√
Coll
Camb
√
√
√
√
√
RU
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
WS
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
UR
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
Total
2
2
5
2
2
2
4
2
4
3
2
2
2
2
3
3
2
2
2
2
5
2
2
2
2
2
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
207
PLAGIAT
PLAGIATMERUPAKAN
MERUPAKANTINDAKAN
TINDAKANTIDAK
TIDAKTERPUJI
TERPUJI
avgas
avionics
avoision
awesomelicious
awkfest
awkword
backronym
bacne
bactually
badical
badong
baggler
baggravation
balloonatics
balloonicle
ballute
balun
banjitar
bankster
banoffee
banquance
basketbrawl
bathroommate
beautility
beefalo
beepilepsy
beerlicious
bewrecked
biathlete
bicurious
biome
bionicle
bionomic
OX
√
√
MW
√
√
Coll
√
√
√
Camb
WS
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
UR
√
√
√
√
√
RU
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
Total
4
5
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
2
3
3
2
2
2
2
4
2
2
2
3
3
4
2
2
biopic
biotecture
bioterrorism
bit
blaccent
blackistani
blacksploitation
blackup
blamestorm
blasian
blaxican
blaxploitation
bleen
blellow
blipster
blitzstory
blizzaster
blog
blogairy
blogilates
blogject
blogorrhea
blotch
blurple
boatel
bodacious
bonkbuster
boobular
bordinary
boxercise
brainiac
brandalism
brandwidth
OX
√
√
√
MW
√
√
√
Coll
√
√
√
Camb
WS
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
RU
UR
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
Total
3
2
4
7
2
2
2
2
3
2
2
5
2
2
2
2
2
5
2
2
2
2
3
2
3
5
2
2
2
2
4
2
2
208
PLAGIAT
PLAGIATMERUPAKAN
MERUPAKANTINDAKAN
TINDAKANTIDAK
TIDAKTERPUJI
TERPUJI
OX
breadloser
breastaurant
breastimate
bridezilla
bridorexia
briet
Brindian
brinner
broccoflower
brocists
brogards
brogrammer
bromance
bromo
bronado
brony
brosquito
brostache
brotato
brotein
brotocol
brouter
browpocalypse
brunch
buddhaverse
bullycide
burbclave
burninate
bustaurant
buttne
cafetorium
caffeineoholic
cakeup
MW
Coll
Camb
√
WS
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
RU
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
UR
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
Total
2
2
2
6
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
5
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
7
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
2
2
OX
calexico
Californication
Caltrain
cama
camap
cameleopard
camkini
camphone
caninja
cankle
caplet
capwing
caraoke
carbage
carbohydratarian
carboloy
carbonics
carborundum
carjacking
Carmageddon
carpocalypse
cashtration
cassingle
celeblog
celebreality
celebutante
celebutard
celesbian
ceng
chairdrobe
chairobic
chairset
charded
√
MW
√
√
Coll
Camb
WS
√
√
√
RU
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
UR
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
Total
2
2
2
4
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
4
2
2
2
3
2
2
4
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
209
PLAGIAT
PLAGIATMERUPAKAN
MERUPAKANTINDAKAN
TINDAKANTIDAK
TIDAKTERPUJI
TERPUJI
OX
charticle
cheapuccino
cheme
chemisorption
Chermany
chesticles
chestne
chicagorilla
chillax
Chimerica
chinderwear
Chindia
Chinglish
chmilk
chocoholic
choctastic
chofa
choreopoem
chork
chortle
Chrasians
chuge
chugger
chunnel
churkey
churnalism
churnover
cineplex
citogenesis
citrange
civilogue
clamato
clapter
MW
√
Coll
Camb
WS
√
√
RU
UR
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
Total
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
6
2
2
3
7
2
5
2
2
2
2
7
2
2
4
3
2
2
2
4
2
2
2
2
2
OX
classitorium
claymation
clicktivism
clopen
codec
collabulary
collelephant
commuticate
complisult
complisult
computerate
confuddled
confuzzled
congraduations
conlang
conrail
consumicane
contrail
converstroyer
cookprint
cooltastic
coopetition
corpsicle
corts
cosmeceutical
cosmolission
cosplay
courseware
crackberry
crape
crapple
crappuccino
craptacular
√
MW
√
Coll
Camb
√
√
WS
RU
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
UR
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
Total
2
4
3
2
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
4
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
5
3
2
2
2
3
210
PLAGIAT
PLAGIATMERUPAKAN
MERUPAKANTINDAKAN
TINDAKANTIDAK
TIDAKTERPUJI
TERPUJI
OX
craptastic
craptop
Crasian
creepellent
creeperazzi
creeptastic
cremains
creople
crisitunity
crittercam
croissandwich
cronut
crunk
crunky
cryptocurrency
cuddleship
cutensil
cuzzle
cyberbullying
cyberchondriac
cyberdelic
cyberrhea
cybersecurity
cyberzine
cyborg
cyclohexellent
dadventure
dancercise
dataveillance
decathlete
declamatory
deerpocalypse
deflicted
MW
Coll
√
Camb
WS
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
RU
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
UR
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
Total
2
2
2
2
2
2
5
2
2
2
2
3
5
2
4
2
2
2
6
3
2
2
5
2
5
2
2
3
3
3
2
2
2
OX
deliquid
deliriarity
deliscrumptious
democratatorship
depinion
derpzilla
designosaurs
deskfast
desknote
diabesity
diabulimia
diamat
dictaphone
digerati
digicam
digifeiter
digilante
digimon
digipeater
dinoturbation
disposophobia
disturbia
diworsify
docudrama
documercial
docusoap
dogcessory
downcrease
drailing
dramality
dramastic
dramedy
dramirony
MW
Coll
Camb
√
WS
RU
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
UR
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
Total
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
5
5
4
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
5
2
5
2
2
2
2
2
7
2
211
PLAGIAT
PLAGIATMERUPAKAN
MERUPAKANTINDAKAN
TINDAKANTIDAK
TIDAKTERPUJI
TERPUJI
OX
dresshopping
drinkathon
dronie
drunkoholic
drunkorexia
drunksit
dugly
duralumin
eargasm
earwitness
eatertainment
ebonics
ecolonomics
ecomagination
ecomercial
ecommerce
econophysics
ecoteur
edutainment
edvertorial
electret
electrocute
electromania
elephacts
elevision
elint
email
e-male
emotags
enculturement
engayed
enginerd
englishification
MW
Coll
√
Camb
WS
RU
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
UR
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
Total
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
5
2
2
5
2
3
3
2
2
2
2
5
2
2
2
2
2
2
epigenetics
escalator
Eurabia
Eurailpass
Eurasian
Eurogeddon
evanjellyfish
excitipated
exercycle
extranet
eyerobics
ezine
fabject
fabulosexual
faby
facekini
faction
fagag
fagnitude
failtastic
fakeaway
famicom
familymoon
fampool
fancytastic
fandom
fandumb
fanfic
fanon
fantabulous
fantastical
fanzine
fappy
OX
√
√
√
MW
√
√
√
√
Coll
√
√
Camb
WS
RU
√
√
√
√
UR
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
Total
4
7
2
2
4
2
2
2
3
4
2
3
2
2
2
2
5
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
6
2
2
3
5
2
5
2
212
PLAGIAT
PLAGIATMERUPAKAN
MERUPAKANTINDAKAN
TINDAKANTIDAK
TIDAKTERPUJI
TERPUJI
OX
fark
farmscraper
Fasian
febro
feetnastics
fembot
femcho
femdom
femidom
feminar
feminazi
feminoid
fertigate
fertigation
fiberccino
fibliography
fictionary
finimany
fishetarian
flashpacker
flatform
flavorgasm
flavorite
flexecutive
flexicurity
flexitarian
flexivore
flirtationship
floatel
flog
floorcest
floordrobe
floptical
MW
Coll
Camb
WS
√
RU
√
UR
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
Total
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
2
4
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
7
2
2
2
2
OX
flopulous
flotsametrics
fluidram
flunami
flustrated
fogust
foob
foodoholic
foodoir
formamide
formasual
fracket
framily
frarority
fratastic
fratire
fratitude
fratmosphere
fratstar
fraudience
freakonomics
freegan
freemium
frenemy
freshmore
fridget
frienemy
frightmare
frogurt
frohawk
frontlash
froyo
fruitlicious
MW
√
Coll
Camb
WS
RU
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
UR
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
Total
2
2
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
6
2
5
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
2
213
PLAGIAT
PLAGIATMERUPAKAN
MERUPAKANTINDAKAN
TINDAKANTIDAK
TIDAKTERPUJI
TERPUJI
OX
fruitopia
fugly
fulcer
funkcoustic
funkinetics
funnovation
funplex
futilitarian
gagnouncer
galumph
galvanneal
garriage
gasohol
gastronautical
gaybernation
gayborhood
gayby
gaydar
gaymer
gaysian
gaytarded
geekdom
geep
generica
genome
geocache
geriaction
Germlish
ghostvator
gigantamous
gimongous
ginormous
glamazon
√
MW
√
Coll
√
√
√
Camb
WS
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
RU
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
UR
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
Total
2
6
2
2
2
2
4
4
2
4
2
2
6
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
7
2
2
2
2
2
2
7
3
OX
glamfabulous
glamping
glasphalt
Gleek
glibido
globish
glocal
glocalisation
gorno
grapple
grasscycling
Greeklish
greenwash
grool
grouplet
groupon
groutfit
guesstimate
guestage
guitard
guitarlin
guitarthritis
guyliner
gymania
hackathon
hackerazzi
hackintosh
hairagami
hacktivist
halfalogue
Halloweekend
Halloweenorexia
haloodie
MW
√
Coll
Camb
WS
√
√
√
√
RU
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
UR
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
Total
2
2
2
4
2
2
4
2
2
2
2
2
4
2
2
2
2
4
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
214
PLAGIAT
PLAGIATMERUPAKAN
MERUPAKANTINDAKAN
TINDAKANTIDAK
TIDAKTERPUJI
TERPUJI
hamwich
hangry
happenstance
happymonius
hazmat
hebro
hectivity
heinosity
heliport
heliskiing
hellway
hemonc
hermaphrodyke
herstory
heteroflexible
heteronormative
hiberdating
hiccurp
hiddick
himbo
himsomnia
Hinglish
hitech
holidaze
homance
homepreneur
homosinuality
homothugs
hompany
hoodrat
hopium
hormotion
horngry
OX
√
√
MW
√
√
Coll
√
√
Camb
WS
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
RU
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
UR
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
Total
2
4
5
2
6
2
2
2
4
3
2
2
2
4
2
2
2
2
2
5
2
3
5
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
2
2
2
OX
hotac
Hotlanta
hotsome
huggle
hugly
humanure
Hunglish
huppie
hydrail
hypathenuse
icecapade
ideopreneur
iggiot
ignortant
Illiana
imagineering
incognegro
Indipop
ineptitude
infimany
infoganda
infomediary
infomercial
infostructure
infotainment
infotech
instamentary
insultant
insultment
intellidating
Intelsat
intercom
internest
MW
Coll
Camb
WS
RU
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
UR
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
Total
2
2
2
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
5
2
2
2
5
2
5
3
2
2
2
2
2
5
2
215
PLAGIAT
PLAGIATMERUPAKAN
MERUPAKANTINDAKAN
TINDAKANTIDAK
TIDAKTERPUJI
TERPUJI
OX
internetainment
internot
interpol
interrobang
intertwingle
interweb
intoxilyzer
investopedia
ironeous
irregardless
irritainment
janky
Japanimation
Japlish
jazzercise
jazzerina
jeggings
jerksome
Jewfro
Jewican
jorts
joyage
joypad
judgmatic
jumbrella
Juneteenth
juvenoia
Jython
karmageddon
kegerator
Kentuckiana
keytar
MW
Coll
√
Camb
√
√
√
WS
√
√
√
√
RU
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
UR
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
Total
2
2
4
4
2
4
2
2
2
4
2
2
2
4
3
2
4
2
2
2
2
2
4
2
2
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
kidult
killdozer
killtastic
kisstory
knork
knowledgebase
Konglish
Lacrosstitute
lapcorn
lapdesk
laundromat
lemsip
lesbro
lexpionage
librat
libtard
lifecon
liger
linner
literotica
lizzing
locavore
londonistan
loopular
lupper
magalogue
magriffic
mailstrom
malloc
malware
manbag
manbiguous
mancation
OX
√
MW
Coll
√
Camb
√
WS
√
RU
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
UR
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
Total
5
2
2
2
2
2
3
2
2
2
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
2
2
2
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
5
2
2
3
216
PLAGIAT
PLAGIATMERUPAKAN
MERUPAKANTINDAKAN
TINDAKANTIDAK
TIDAKTERPUJI
TERPUJI
OX
mancession
mandals
mangina
manicorn
manimal
manlimony
manny
manorexic
manover
manpanion
manscaping
mantastic
manthlete
mantrum
Marchuary
masculist
mathemagician
mathlete
mayhaps
Meanderthal
mechatronics
medevac
medicare
meformer
melodrama
menfriend
menurkey
meritocracy
metrosexual
Michiana
microgement
militainment
MW
Coll
√
Camb
√
√
WS
√
RU
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
UR
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
Total
4
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
4
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
2
2
3
3
3
2
4
2
2
4
7
2
2
2
OX
millionerd
millness
mimbo
mimsy
mingy
minimoon
minivator
minja
misleadership
mizzle
mobisode
mockbuster
mocktail
mockumentary
modem
momager
momic
momoir
mompreneur
Mondaze
monsteroid
monthiversary
moped
mornoon
mosdef
motel
motorcade
mousewife
Movember
multicart
multidude
multiplex
mupload
MW
Coll
Camb
WS
√
RU
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
UR
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
Total
2
2
2
3
3
2
2
2
2
5
2
2
3
5
5
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
4
2
2
7
2
2
2
2
2
4
2
217
PLAGIAT
PLAGIATMERUPAKAN
MERUPAKANTINDAKAN
TINDAKANTIDAK
TIDAKTERPUJI
TERPUJI
muppet
murketing
murse
musigasm
mutagen
naplash
narcoma
narcoterrorism
natitude
needcessity
negaholic
negatude
negrotiation
nerdgy
nerdstalgia
nerdvana
netiquette
netizen
netocracy
neurobics
neverendum
newscast
niftabulous
nillionaire
nontroversy
nonversation
Norcal
nounjetive
novembeard
nucleonics
nuplex
nutraceutical
obliviot
OX
√
MW
Coll
√
Camb
√
√
WS
RU
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
UR
√
√
√
√
√
√
Total
4
2
2
2
3
2
3
5
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
7
7
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
2
2
3
2
4
2
OX
octopush
odditorium
osteopornosis
pacer
palimony
panormous
paradessence
paralpinism
paralympics
parasailing
paratroops
parawing
parentnoia
parkade
parsec
passthought
pdoc
pedabowling
pedelec
pedlock
pedobear
pedoman
pedostache
pegsister
Pennsyltucky
pentathlete
permaculture
permafrost
permalancer
permalink
permasub
petrochemical
phablet
√
MW
√
Coll
√
Camb
WS
RU
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
UR
√
√
√
√
√
√
Total
2
2
2
2
4
2
2
2
5
4
2
3
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
4
5
2
3
2
4
2
218
PLAGIAT
PLAGIATMERUPAKAN
MERUPAKANTINDAKAN
TINDAKANTIDAK
TIDAKTERPUJI
TERPUJI
OX
philanthrocapitalis
m
philanthroprenur
phoneck
phonicon
photobomb
photopia
phubbing
physible
pictionary
pimpstress
pinetastic
pinterest
pirattitude
pixelante
pizookie
pizzalicious
pkiller
planimal
plarn
pleather
plig
plog
pluglet
Plumcot
plumpcious
pluot
poopetrator
popaganda
popsical
pornfolio
pornograffiti
pornophobia
MW
Coll
Camb
√
WS
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
UR
√
√
√
√
RU
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
Total
2
2
2
2
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
OX
pornstache
posistor
positron
positutely
potrepreneur
practocalypse
prancercise
precariat
preet
pregnatory
prestitant
prevacid
prissy
procrapstinate
procrastivity
procrasturbate
procrasturbation
proem
promposal
promzilla
pronunciate
prostitot
prosumer
proteome
proteur
protoflight
protohype
provacawhoritive
psywar
pubilect
puggle
pulsar
pumpkeg
MW
Coll
Camb
WS
√
√
√
√
RU
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
UR
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
Total
2
2
4
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
7
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
5
2
219
PLAGIAT
PLAGIATMERUPAKAN
MERUPAKANTINDAKAN
TINDAKANTIDAK
TIDAKTERPUJI
TERPUJI
OX
pumpkineer
punny
puzzer
pyramidiots
qubit
queerdo
rackjack
radionics
radiopaque
radome
redox
refirement
refudiate
refujew
reintarnation
relaxturbate
rendezbooze
renoviction
reprogenetics
republicrat
requestion
restupid
resumaniac
ribozyme
ridiculosity
ridonkulous
ringxiety
robobiologist
robosigner
rockoon
rockumentary
romcom
rugly
MW
Coll
Camb
WS
√
RU
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
UR
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
Total
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
4
2
5
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
2
2
2
3
2
3
2
2
2
2
4
5
2
OX
rumourtrage
ruralpolitan
rurban
Russlish
rusticle
sacrilicious
sageism
saladent
sargasm
satserv
saxional
scancer
scanchy
scanlate
scanlation
scantabulous (
scanxiety
scarific
schleb
schnazzy
scifi
scigov
scoopula
scratchiti
screenager
screencap
scriptment
scuzzy
seatjacking
selca
selectorate
sensurround
sexaholism
MW
Coll
Camb
√
√
WS
√
√
√
√
√
RU
√
√
√
√
UR
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
Total
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
4
4
2
5
2
3
2
2
2
220
PLAGIAT
PLAGIATMERUPAKAN
MERUPAKANTINDAKAN
TINDAKANTIDAK
TIDAKTERPUJI
TERPUJI
OX
sexationship
sexcursion
sexercise
sexhibitionist
sexodus
sexperiment
sexpert
sexploitation
sexploitation
sexplore
sext
sextastic
sextortion
sextravaganza
shamateur
shampaign
sharent
shareware
sheeple
shmeat
shoat
shockumentary
shockvertising
shoefiti
shopathon
shopocalypse
shovelware
shross
shrubble
shweater
silastic
simulcast
simulcasting
MW
Coll
Camb
WS
RU
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
UR
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
Total
2
2
2
2
2
2
7
7
3
2
7
2
2
2
2
2
2
5
2
2
2
3
2
2
2
2
3
2
2
2
3
3
3
OX
sinderella
Singlish
singspiration
sitcom
skacore
skaunchy
skeptimistic
skintimidate
skort
skunkopotamus
skyjack
skylab
slacktivist
slambulance
slanguage
slanguist
slanguistics
slasted
sleepcation
sleeperson
slesident
slimnastics
slogo
slomo
slore
slungry
slurority
smang
smartifact
smartphoneography
smartwatch
smassy
smaze
MW
√
Coll
√
√
Camb
√
√
WS
RU
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
UR
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
Total
2
3
2
4
2
2
2
2
4
2
5
2
4
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
4
221
PLAGIAT
PLAGIATMERUPAKAN
MERUPAKANTINDAKAN
TINDAKANTIDAK
TIDAKTERPUJI
TERPUJI
OX
smellephant
smelloscope
smexy
smilence
smog
smore
snackrifice
snapperazzi
snazzy
sneezetipated
snizzle
snowfa
snowmageddon
snownado
snowpocalypse
snuddle
snurfing
Socal
songlifting
sophistiratchet
sororislut
sororitute
soundscape
spam
spambot
spamdexing
spange
Spanglish
sparklepire
spatique
spaxel
speediac
spife
MW
Coll
Camb
WS
√
RU
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
UR
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
Total
2
2
2
2
7
5
2
2
6
2
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
4
2
2
2
2
6
2
2
2
2
2
OX
spime
spirmitment
splatter
splendivorous
splendorific
splog
spoco
spooktacular
sporgery
spork
sportscast
squarial
squarson
squee
squiggle
squinching
squircle
stagflation
stalkerazzi
stalkerazzi
stan
starchitect
staycation
stoption
stoup
streetball
strunk
stummy
stupendulous
stupig
stupious
subtopia
suburbia
√
MW
√
Coll
Camb
√
√
√
WS
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
RU
UR
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
Total
2
2
4
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
6
2
2
3
4
2
2
5
2
3
2
4
6
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
2
222
PLAGIAT
PLAGIATMERUPAKAN
MERUPAKANTINDAKAN
TINDAKANTIDAK
TIDAKTERPUJI
TERPUJI
OX
suitecest
superbulous
surgicalist
swacket
swapportunity
swaption
sweaxy
swellegant
Swenglish
symphomaniac
synthespians
sysadmin
sysop
taardvark
tacocopter
Taglish
talkward
tangelo
tanorexia
tanorexic
tardass
taxicab
teaffee
technochicken
technoplegic
technopropism
technoscientific
telecast
telecom
telegenic
telematics
telepathetic
telethon
MW
Coll
Camb
WS
√
√
RU
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
UR
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
Total
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
4
2
2
2
2
4
4
2
2
3
2
2
2
2
2
3
2
2
4
2
5
televangelist
televoidance
tennistify
terrifitastic
texel
textrovert
Thankswednesday
thermistor
thinspiration
threepeat (
thrillax
throuple
thyristor
tigon
tiratini
toebesity
tofurkey
tomacco
toonie
toughicult
touron
trafficator
tragicomic
trampede
transceiver
transistor
transponder
transumer
travelator
treedo
treeware
triathlete
OX
√
MW
√
Coll
√
Camb
√
WS
√
RU
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
UR
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
Total
6
2
2
2
2
2
2
4
4
4
2
2
4
4
2
2
2
2
4
2
2
3
5
2
3
5
2
2
2
2
6
2
223
PLAGIAT
PLAGIATMERUPAKAN
MERUPAKANTINDAKAN
TINDAKANTIDAK
TIDAKTERPUJI
TERPUJI
trifecta
triticale
trustafarian
twerkshop
twetiquette
twiddle
twidiots
twigloo
twincest
twirl
twististics
Twiticism
Twitpic
Twitterverse
Twittizen
typoglycemia
ubergasmic
ultrabook
umag
urbscape
urinalysis
usie
vacationary
vachaos
vactor
vegangelical
vegeburger
vegelate
vegequarian
vegevangelical
veghead
videocracy
OX
√
√
√
MW
√
√
Coll
√
√
√
Camb
WS
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
RU
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
UR
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
Total
5
7
4
2
2
6
2
2
2
7
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
OX
viewser
violincest
viropause
vitamer
vlog
vlogger
vodkatini
vog
voluntell
voluntourism
vomitrocious
voweltacular
voxel
wactress
wallaroo
warmedy
Wasian
webvertise
webzine
wedsite
weisure
welfariat
weregay
whasian
wholphin
wifi
wiggage
wigger
Windian
womance
womenomics
wonderific
wordnap
MW
Coll
√
Camb
WS
√
√
√
RU
UR
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
Total
2
2
2
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
2
2
2
5
2
2
2
2
2
2
5
2
5
2
2
2
2
2
224
PLAGIAT
PLAGIATMERUPAKAN
MERUPAKANTINDAKAN
TINDAKANTIDAK
TIDAKTERPUJI
TERPUJI
workaholic
workamper
workfare
wunky
yello
yesterclass
yestergay
Yinglish
yogalates
yumilicious
yumtastic
zebrass
zombee
zonkey
zony
zorse
OX
√
√
√
√
MW
√
√
√
Coll
√
Camb
√
√
√
√
√
WS
√
√
RU
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
UR
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
Total
7
2
4
2
2
2
2
7
2
2
2
2
2
3
2
2
Notes
1. OX : Oxford Dictionaries (http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/)
2. MW: The Open Dictionary New Words & Slang from Merriam-Webster
Dictionary (http://nws.merriam-webster.com/opendictionary/)
3. Coll: Latest New Word Suggestions from Collins Dictionary
(http://www.collinsdictionary.com)
4. Camb: About Words from Cambridge Dictionaries Online Blog
(http://dictionaryblog.cambridge.org/)
5. WS: Word Spy (http://wordspy.com/)
6. RU: The Rice University Neologisms Database
(http://neologisms.rice.edu)
7. UR: Urban Dictionary (http://www.urbandictionary.com).
225

plagiat merupakan tindakan tidak terpuji plagiat

Transcription

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