Battery Seminar - Shmuel De

Shmuel De-Leon Energy Ltd.
Where Knowledge and Vision
Take Place
Battery Seminar
Battery Technology Mid Term
Forecast
Samuel De-Leon
shmueld33@gmail.com
1
Proprietary Notice
This document contains information which
Samuel De-Leon deems confidential and
proprietary. Therefore, it is not to be used,
duplicated or disclosed in whole or in part,
without the prior written consent of Samuel
De-Leon.
2
Technological Trends for
the Next Decade

Energy Demand – The need for portable energy sources
is the main driving force behind energy density
improvements in electro-chemical power sources.

Lithium Ion Technology – Used in new applications
especially with large batteries/cells in place of other
technologies.
The energy density gap to primary technology will be
decreased.
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Technological Trends for
the Next Decade
4

New chemistries? – Probably no new chemistry. New
types of Li-ion rechargeable cells will be developed with
better performance and there will be small energy
density improvements in primary cells.

Small portable fuel cells? – Will find a place in niche
markets, mainly in expensive applications, and, if there
is going to be cost reduction, in military application and
portable commercial electronic devices.
Technological Trends for
the Next Decade

5
Hybrid systems? – Increase in hybrid systems, how to
integrate the good performance of different energy
sources like battery + capacitor, battery + fuel cell,
primary cell + rechargeable cell, etc.
Energy Demands in the
More Batteries
Next Decade
Increased demand for hybrid & EV, electric scooters and
electric bikes as a result of high gasoline costs and the
need for a "Green" environment.
Hybrid
car
Vectrix
scooter
Electric Bike
Plug-In Hybrid Cars
P.H.E.V.


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Hybrid with larger batteries, with an extension cord
for battery charging & a backup gas tank.
Cleaner, cheaper, quieter car for local travel.
Gas tank is always there should you need to drive
longer distances
If your driving is mostly local, you'd almost never
need to gas-up.
Will fill the gap until EV batteries with better
performance will be developed.
Plug-In Hybrid Cars
P.H.E.V
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Current HEV cars uses NiMh batteries.
Li-ion with better energy density per weight, higher
100% D.O.D cycles & fast charge are vital.
PIHEV will start using Li-Ion batteries during 20112012.
Car Manufacturers decided to manufacture Li-Ion
batteries in their own plants (Toyota, Nissan, GM,
Ford).
The Toyota Vitz has a Li-Ion
for start-stop
Energy Demands in the
Next Decade
More Batteries

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Increase demand for portable – more Laptops,
PDAs, Cellular phones, Video cameras, Games,
Power tools & integrated applications like PDA with
integrated Cellular phone & GPS.
Energy Demands in the
Next Decade

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Portable market uses all 4 technologies: Ni-Cd, NiMh, LIB, LIP.
Expectations for the coming years are that Li-Ion
will increase market share at the expense of the
nickel chemistries, except in the consumer market.
Consumer market will use mainly AA, AAA Ni-Mh
cells.
Energy Demands in the
Next Decade

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Current UPS & energy storage systems use leadacid batteries.
In Mid future starting at 2012 these systems will
move to Li-Ion batteries.
Why Li-Ion is the Leading
Rechargeable Chemistry?
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
Highest energy densities – excellent choice for
portables & stationary applications.

World Li-Ion battery production increases yearly,
especially in China – that leads to a cost reduction
& chemistry penetration to new markets.
Why Li-Ion is the Leading
Rechargeable Chemistry?
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
Better protection of electronics, resulting in reduced
costs, increased safety & optimized energy.

New High Power Lithium Iron Phosphate battery
versions close the gap towered other “classic”
rechargeable high power chemistries.
The Current Gap, Li-Ion vs.
Primary
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LITHIUM SULFURYL
CHLORIDE
LITHIUM ION
ELECTROCHEM 3B30
C - SIZE
PANASONIC NCR18650
A– LONG A SIZE
7 AH
3.1 AH
444 WH/KG
257 WH/KG
927 WH/L
647 WH/L
Rechargeable Chemistries
Energy Density Comparison
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Lead
Acid
Ni-Cd
Weight
Energy
Density
[wh/kg]
35
55
Volume
Energy
density
[wh/l]
100
Ni-Mh
LIB
100 257
PANASONIC
NCR18650A
LIP
LiFe
PO4
Li-S
243 160 350
Si
SANYO GS
A123
SOFT
on
LY413352B
180 360 647
480 385
PANASONIC
SANYO GS
NCR18650
SOFT
LY413352B
A123
218
SION
Li-Ion Chemistry Future
Developments
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
New anode materials like Nanostructure metallic
alloy instead of carbon material (graphite carbon)
will increase energy density up to 30%.

Sony’s new technology – "NEXLION" – offers 15%
more energy density with fast charge but low cycle
life (reduction from 600 to 300 cycles).
Li-Ion Chemistry Future
Developments

New Matsushita Li-Ion cells offer 20-40% more
capacity (18650 cell with 3.6AH capacity, 2v C.O.V)
using a novel material for use in the electrode.
PRESENTED at the 2007 International CES/ LasVegas.
General near future expectation for 20-40%
energy improvements
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The Vision - Performance
Without Decreasing Safety
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Sony LIB safety problems lead to painful damage to
the company – studied seriously by the world
battery industry – Safety! Safety! Safety!
According to Sony, at the packing phase during the
manufacturing process, particles of Cu, Al, Fe & Ni
get mixed in and generate a possible internal short
circuit.
Matsushita (Panasonic) – HRL
New Li-Ion Safety Technology


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MBI has succeeded in improving the safety by
forming a heat resistance layer (HRL).
Lithium-Ion batteries contain a thin polyolefin*2
separator to insulate the cathode from the anode.
Matsushita (Panasonic) – HRL
New Li-Ion Safety Technology

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When a separator is pierced by an electrically
conductive material such as a metal particle, a
short-circuit develops, causing the battery to
overheat and, in the worst case, catch fire.
The HRL has better insulating & heat-resistant
characteristics than polyolefin. Even if a shortcircuit occurs, it will cease without causing the
battery to overheat.
LIP – Replacement
Technology for LIB


Improving Li-Ion energy densities lead to more
safety risks like vents, explosion & fires.
LIP considered safer:
- It contains no flammable liquids
- Lithium as an active ingredient
- Smaller capacities
- Larger foot print – better heat dissipation.
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
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LIP – safer
No internal safety elements.
LIB – less safer
Vents, PTC, circuit breaker.
LIP - Replacement
Technology for LIB
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
Current LIP battery world production, including China,
is increasing fast and soon will be higher than LIB.

LIP will replace LIB in the long term as a result of
many safety incidents that have occurred in the last
number of years.
A123 LiFePO4 Li-Ion
Rechargeable Batteries


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Up to 5x increase in power density vs. competing
technologies - able to pulse at discharge rates as
high as 100C & deliver over 3000W/kg.
Better safety - not combustible & do not release
oxygen if exposed to high temperature or in the
event of battery failure or mechanical abuse.
Breakthrough improvements in cycle life - can
deliver several thousands of cycles at 100% DOD.
A123 LiFePO4 Li-Ion
Rechargeable Batteries

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5-minute charge time
3.3V Working voltage.
Current Cells with energy densities of 108WH/KG &
215WH/L in comparison to 209 WH/KG & 253 WH/L
in Li-Ion high power cells.
Tadiran TLI New Li-Ion
Technology

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Up to 3x increase in power density – (AA cell able to
deliver 5A constant current & 15A pulse).
Discharge temperature range of -40 to 85 degrees C (20 to 60 C in Li-Ion).
Charge temperature range of -40 to 85 degrees C (0
to 45 C in Li-Ion).
* Compare to common Li-Ion technology.
Tadiran TLI New Li-Ion
Technology
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Very low self discharge – only 0.5% per month.
5000 cycles (300 to 500 in Li-ion).
Fast charging - 1 hour standard charge (2.5 hours in
Li-ion).
But still lower capacities at the current time.
* Compare to common Li-Ion technology.
Electrovaya New MN Li-Ion
Technology
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Lithiated Manganese Oxide based system.
Up to 50% higher energy density to Electrovaya’s
Phosphate-Series solution (270wh/kg, 525wh/l).
Charging voltage up to 4.5v, discharge to 2.75v.
Up to 200 cycles.
Disc. Temp -10 to 50c, chg temp 0 to 45c.
Lithium Sulfur – Potential
Future Chemistry?

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Theoretical weight energy density: Li-S 2500
WH/KG, Li-Ion 580 WH/KG. Theoretical volume
energy density: Li-S 2660 WH/L, Li-Ion 1810 WH/L.
This leads to the conclusion that Li-S is a good
potential candidate – more development needs to be
done.
Material cost of Li-S is lower than material cost of LiIon.
3 developers: Leading developer - Sion Power
(U.S.A.). 2 more: PulyPlus (U.S.A.), Oxis Energy
(U.K.).
Sion Li-Si Rechargeable
Batteries

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New rechargeable technology with energy density of
350WH/kg.
One cell model with 2.6ah.
2.1-2.2v working voltage.
Up to 30 cycles (100% D.O.D.).
-20 to 45 c operating temperature range.
Used already as a prototype in
several applications.
Sion Li-Si Rechargeable
Batteries
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Silver-Zinc Rechargeable
Battery Technology
Smaller Size
ZMP
Ag-Zn
Li-Ion
LeadAcid
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NiCd
NiMH
Lighter Weight
Silver-Zinc Rechargeable
Battery Technology
32

Theoretical volumetric, energy density (Wh/l)
is 2X that of Li-ion.

Previously used only in specialty applications
(military, aerospace, and broadcasting) due to
short cycle life.

Currently available silver-zinc technology is
40 years old.
Silver-Zinc Rechargeable
Battery Technology
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
Considered safer than LIB.

No air transportation limitation.

The time horizon to commercialization is long
and expensive.
Other Rechargeable
Chemistries?

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Ni-Cd, Lead-Acid will survive, especially
in low cost applications.
Ni-Mh – will survive in the consumer market as a
replacement for Alkaline cells & in high cost HEV
market.
World high cost of nickel hurt nickel battery
manufacturer profits.
Market share of all 3 chemistries will decrease
slowly in size & value yearly.
Industrial market
Primary Lithium Cells
Improvements


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More lithium prismatic cells in order to gain
volume energy density improvements.
Self discharge decrease.
Wider operating temperature range.
Passivation decrease.
Up to 5% more energy density expected.
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Industrial market
Primary Cell Safety
Improvements
- Shut down separator
- Internal vent
- Internal fuse or PTC
- Cell level protection circuit board
EVE
Safe
Plus
PCB
36
Consumer market
Trends in Primary Cells for
Consumer Markets
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Increased demands for Alkaline cells drive
capacity improvements.
More Alkaline prismatic cells.
Alkaline market increase could be even higher but consumer Ni-Mh rechargeable cells catch
some market share.
500 cells of Dry
cells→ WASTE
1 cell of Ni-MH→
Reuse by recharge
USBCELL
Consumer market
Trends in Primary Cells for
Consumer Markets


New Chinese manufacturers for Lithium Iron
Disulfide spiral cells – Energizer is not the only one.
Lithium iron market will expand with competition.
Energizer
energy to
go with
Lithium
Iron Cells
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CHINA
SHANDONG
HIHON
Consumer market
Trends in Primary Cells for
Consumer Markets

39
Li-MnO2 CR123 & CR2 replace by Li-Ion
rechargeable cells with control board under the
sleeve.
Consumer market
Trends in Primary Cells for
Consumer Markets

40
More rechargeable Li-Ion power packs for portable
charging of many applications Li-Ion batteries.
Military market
Trends in Military Batteries
Market

Li-Ion rechargeable, Zinc-Air reserve and Lithium
Thionyl Chloride primary will replace part of the
Lithium Sulfur Dioxide and Lithium Manganese
Dioxide primary market share.
Electric- Fuel
Zinc-Air
Ultralife
Li-Ion
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Military market
Trends in Military Batteries
Market
42

Li-CFX seem do be a possible candidate for a new
primary chemistry battery for military batteries.

3 manufacturers: Eagle-Picher Energy, Quallion,
Spectrum Brands (formerly Ray-O-Vac) have
developed a D-sized Li-CFX cells with around
15-20AH capacity for military batteries.
Tadiran New Primary Li-Ion Cells
• New technology with best power density for a
primary system, higher voltage & no passivation.
43
Hybrid Systems - Why Hybrids?
1000
1 HR
Fuel Cells
Hybrids
Energy Density (Wh/kg)
100
NiCd
Lead-Acid Battery
Battery
10
0.1 HR
Lithium
Battery
36 sec
3.6 sec
UltraCapacitors
Double-Layer
Capacitors
1
0.36 sec
36 msec
0.1
AluminumElectrolytic
Capacitors
0.01
10
44
100
Power Density (W/kg)
1000
10,000
Hybrid Systems
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Low-rate primary Lithium cells in parallel to
capacitors – no passivation, high-power pulses.
Drawback- high self-discharge.
Low-rate Rechargeable Lithium cells in parallel to
capacitors – power & pulses.
Low-rate Primary Lithium cells in parallel to highrate Rechargeable Li-Ion –high-power pulses, no
passivation. Drawback- high self-discharge.
Rechargeable Lithium cells in parallel to Fuel Cells –
capacity & high-power pulses, no passivation.
Capacitors in parallel to Fuel Cells – energy & highpower pulses.
Tadiran Oceanographic Hybrid Battery:
14KWh , 960Ah, 14.4 Volt, 19.5 Kg, 96 DD Lithium
Thionyl Chloride Cells +12 HLC1550 Super Capacitor
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Nano-Materials in Batteries
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Altair, in its alternative energy division, has
developed advanced materials including high
performance batteries.
Studies show the nano-sized lithium titanate spinel
battery material exhibited charge rates & lifecycles 10
to 100 times higher than materials used today.
One minute recharge.
Potentially 10000 cycles (750 current development).
Operating temperature up to 240c.
Nano-Materials in Batteries

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Solicore produces ultra-thin, flexible, safe, high
energy density lithium manganese dioxide
polymer batteries (solid state electrolyte).
Used in smart cards, RFID devices & thin-film
medical devices.
The company is developing batteries that will be
nearly as thin as food-wrap.
Nano-Materials in Batteries

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Lithium 4.2v Ultra-thin rechargeable batteries for
card-type applications - smart card, portable sensors,
and RFID tag.
Thickness of 0.1 mm.
100% D.O.D. with 1000 cycles.
Thank You for Your Attention
Shmuel De-Leon
shmueld33@gmail.com
Information in this presentation obtained by:
1. Public web sources.
2. Shmuel de-leon Battery /Energy Sources DataBase ® (Includes 29000 cell
PDF data sheets ).
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