Identifying a Drugged Person - Kansas Law Enforcement Training

Transcription

Identifying a Drugged Person - Kansas Law Enforcement Training
Multijurisdictional Counterdrug Task Force Training
Identifying Drugged Persons
Identifying a Drugged
Person
Tim McClure, Investigator
Ford County Sheriff’s Office
Define “Drug” As It Relates
To Law Enforcement
 Recognized
as drugs in United States
Pharmacopoeia or National Formulary
 Intended for use in the diagnosis, cure,
mitigation, treatment or prevention of
disease in man or animals
 Other than food, intended to affect the
structure or function of the body
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Working Definition of a
“DRUG”
“A chemical substance, such as a narcotic or
hallucinogen, that affects the central nervous
system, causing changes in behavior and
often addiction”
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Identifying Drugged Persons
Illicit Drug Use

In 2005, an estimated 19.7 million Americans aged
12 or older were current (past month) illicit drug
users



Used an illicit drug during the month prior to the survey
interview
Represents 8.1 percent of the population aged 12 years
old or older
Illicit drugs include marijuana/hashish, cocaine
(including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or
prescription-type psychotherapeutics used nonmedically
Source: SAMHSA, Results from the 2005 National Survey
on Drug Use and Health
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Marijuana Use
 Marijuana
was the most commonly used
illicit drug (14.6 million past month users)
Source: SAMHSA, Results from the 2005 National Survey
on Drug Use and Health.
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Source: SAMHSA, Results from the 2009 National Survey
on Drug Use and Health.
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Identifying Drugged Persons
Source: SAMHSA, Results from the 2009 National Survey
on Drug Use and Health.
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Seven Drug Categories
 Cannabis
 Hallucinogens
 CNS
 Dissociative
Stimulants
 Narcotic Analgesics
 CNS Depressants
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Anesthetics
 Inhalants
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Cannabis
 Marijuana
 Hashish
 Hash
Oil
 Marinol
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Multijurisdictional Counterdrug Task Force Training
Identifying Drugged Persons
Central Nervous System
Stimulants
 Cocaine
 Amphetamine
 Methamphetamine
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Narcotic Analgesics
 Heroin
 Morphine
 Codeine
 Synthetic
opiates
 Demerol
 Methadone
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Central Nervous System
Depressants
 Alcohol
 Barbiturates
 Valium
 Chloralhydrate
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Identifying Drugged Persons
Hallucinogens
LSD
Peyote
Psilocybin
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Dissociative Anesthetics
PCP
Ketamine
DXM
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Inhalants
Toluene
Glue
Paint
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Identifying Drugged Persons
Definitions Associated with
DRE Examinations
 Pupil
size
 Nystagmus
 Convergence
 Blood pressure
 Pulse
rate
 Body temperature
 Internal clock
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Pupil Size
Normal
Range
 2.5
to 5.0 mm (room light)
 5.0 to 8.5 mm (near total darkness)
 2.0 to 4.5 mm (direct light)
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Pupil Size
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Mydriasis (Dilated Pupils)
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Miosis (Constricted Pupils)
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Ptosis (Droopy Eyelids)
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Nystagmus
 Involuntary
jerking of the eyes
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Strabismus
A condition in which a person can not align both
eyes simultaneously under normal conditions
 A condition in which the eyes deviate (turn) when
looking at the object of regard

Convergence
Lack of convergence
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Vital Signs
Internal Clock: 30 sec +/- 5 sec
 Pulse: 60-90 bpm
 Blood Pressure: 120-140 / 70-90
 Body Temp: 98.6 F +/- 1 degree

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Identifying Drugged Persons
Observations
Suspect’s
Breath
 Odor
of alcohol
 Chemical odor
 Cannabis odor
Suspect’s
Face
 Normal
 Flushed
 Pale
 Other
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Observations
 General
Appearance
 Eyes
 Normal
 Clean
 Watery
 Orderly
 Bloodshot
 Disarranged
 Pink/red
 Bloody
 Vomit
 Urine
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Observations

Attitude











Anxious
Restless
Agitated
Excited
Combative
Disinterested
Uninhibited
Disoriented
Drowsy
Confused
Hallucinating
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Loss of memory
Cyclic mood swings
Polite
Antagonistic
Stuporous
Cooperative/indifferent
Laughing
Insulting
Argumentative
Fumbling
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Identifying Drugged Persons
Observations
 Speech
 Physical
 Talkative
 Facial
 Thick,
 Dry
slurred
 Incoherent
 Rapid
 Slow
 Non-communicative
 Repetitive
Actions
itching
mouth
 Nodding
 Droopy eyelids
 Low, raspy voice
 Body tremors
 Muscle tone
 Grinding of teeth
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Observations
 Other
 Nasal
redness
nose
 Track marks
 Perspiring
 Warm to the touch
 Intense headaches
 Runny
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 Residue
of paint on
person
 Debris
 Pills
 Vials
 Syringes
 Drug paraphernalia
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Observations
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Psychophysical Exams
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Walk and Turn
 Instructions
 Demonstration
 Subject’s
 Record
Attempts
Results
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One-Leg Stand
 Instructions
 Demonstration
 Subject’s
 Each
 Record
Attempts
leg
Results
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Identifying Drugged Persons
Rhomberg Test
 Instructions
 Demonstration
 Subject’s
Attempts
 Record Results
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Cannabis
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Identifying Drugged Persons
Cannabis
 Schedule
I
widely abused illegal drug in the U.S.
 Derived from the Indian hemp plant
 Botanical name Cannabis Sativa
 Grows wild in climates all over the world
 Most
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Cannabis:
Methods of Ingestion
 Smoking
 Oral
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Cannabis: Effects




Horizontal gaze nystagmus
- none
Vertical nystagmus - none
Lack of
convergence/strabismus present
Pupil size - possibly dilated
Multijurisdictional Counterdrug Task Force Training




Reaction to light - normal
Blood pressure - up
Body temperature - normal
Pulse rate - up
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Identifying Drugged Persons
Cannabis: Effects
 Short-term
memory loss
 Paranoia
 Loss
of ambition
 “Munchies”
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Cannabis: General Indicators
 Diminished
inhibitions
perception of time/distance
 Disorientation
 Body and/or eyelid tremors
 Reddening of the conjunctiva
 Possible debris in mouth
 Impaired
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Central Nervous System
Stimulants
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Identifying Drugged Persons
Stimulants
 Drugs
that speed up the body's metabolism
caffeine, nicotine, cocaine
 Synthetic: amphetamine,
methamphetamine, methcathinone
 Natural:
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Stimulants:
Method(s) of Ingestion
 Injected
 Oral
 Inhaled
 Smoked
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Stimulants: Effects
HGN - none
VGN - none
 Lack of convergence none
 Pupil size - dilated
(mydriasis)


Multijurisdictional Counterdrug Task Force Training
Pupil reaction to light slow to none visible
 Pulse rate - up
 Blood pressure - up
 Body temperature - up
 Bruxism

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Identifying Drugged Persons
Stimulants: General
Indicators
Restlessness
Euphoria
 Anxiety
 Talkativeness
 Irritability
Runny nose
Redness to nasal area
 Leg and eyelid tremors
 Rigid muscle tone




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Methamphetamine Effects
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Multijurisdictional Counterdrug Task Force Training
Identifying Drugged Persons
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A partnership between The Florida National Guard and St. Petersburg College
Multijurisdictional Counterdrug Task Force Training
Identifying Drugged Persons
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A partnership between The Florida National Guard and St. Petersburg College
Multijurisdictional Counterdrug Task Force Training
Identifying Drugged Persons
PET Scan of Long-Term Methamphetamine
Brain Damage
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Partial Recovery of Brain Dopamine
Transporters in Methamphetamine
(METH)
Abuser After Protracted Abstinence
3
0
ml/gm
Normal Control
METH Abuser
(1 month detox)
METH Abuser
(24 months detox)
Source: Volkow, ND et al., Journal of Neuroscience 21, 9414-9418, 2001.
CHERIE
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Narcotic Analgesics
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Identifying Drugged Persons
Narcotic Analgesics
 Strong
sleep
painkilling drugs that also produce
 Most
drugs in this class are produced from
the opium poppy
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Narcotic Analgesics:
Characteristics
 Pain
relief (analgesic)
withdrawal signs and symptoms
(when stopped after chronic administration)
 Stop withdrawal signs and symptoms (note:
other N.A. can be substituted for relief of
withdrawal symptoms
 Produces
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The Concept of Drug
Tolerance
 The
same dose of the drug will produce
diminishing effects
 A steadily larger dose is needed to produce
the same effect
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Identifying Drugged Persons
Narcotics: Effects
 HGN
- none
- none
 Lack of convergence - none
 Pupil size - constricted (miosis)
 Pulse rate - down
 Blood pressure - lowered
 Body temperature - down
 VGN
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Narcotics: General Indicators
Slow reflexes, sluggish
movements
 Slow, low, raspy
speech
 Slow breathing, cold
skin

“On the nod”
Droopy eyelids (ptosis)
 Dry mouth
 Euphoria
 Track marks


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Method(s) of Ingestion
 Injected
 Oral
 Inhaled
 Smoked:
Heroin, Opium, Morphine
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Identifying Drugged Persons
CNS Depressants
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Depressants
 Drugs
that slow down the body's
metabolism
 Barbiturates:
sleeping pills
anxiety-fighting depressants
 Methaqualone: non-barbiturate hypnotic
 Tranquilizers:
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Depressants: General
Indicators
Drowsiness
Droopy eyelids (ptosis)
 Thick, slurred speech
 Lack of coordination
 Slow, sluggish
reactions
Flaccid muscle tone
Reduced social
inhibitions
 In other words, drunk




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Multijurisdictional Counterdrug Task Force Training
Identifying Drugged Persons
Depressants: Effects
HGN - present
VGN - present
 Lack of convergence present
 Pupil size - normal


Pupil reaction to light slow
 Pulse rate - down
(Qualudes & alcohol)
 Blood pressure lowered
 Temperature - normal

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Depressants:
Method(s) of Ingestion
 Oral
 Injected
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Hallucinogens
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Identifying Drugged Persons
Notable Hallucinogens



Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD)
Psilocybin Mushrooms
Peyote (mescaline)
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Hallucinogens
 Drugs
that cause distortions of reality
 This
class of drug can alter vision, sense of
smell and touch
 Some
can be absorbed through skin
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Hallucinogens: Effects
HGN - none
VGN - none
 Lack of convergence none
 Pupil size - dilated


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Pupil reaction to light normal
 Pulse rate - up
 Blood pressure - up
 Body temperature - up

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Multijurisdictional Counterdrug Task Force Training
Identifying Drugged Persons
Hallucinogens:
General Indicators
 Dazed
appearance
tremors
 Perspiring
 Rigid muscle tone
 Difficulty with
speech
 Body
 Statements
suggesting
hallucinations
 Distorted sensory
perceptions
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Dissociative Anesthetics
PCP
Ketamine
DXM
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Identifying Drugged Persons
Coricidan OD clip
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PCP: General Indicators
Slow, slurred speech
Disorientation
 Loss of memory
 Agitation, excitement


Blank stare (“1000yard stare”)
 Non-communicative
 Rigid muscle tone

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PCP: General Indicators
 Loss
of a sense of personal identity
 Sensory distortions
 Auditory hallucinations
 A feeling of extreme heat, profuse
perspiration
 Increased pain threshold
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Multijurisdictional Counterdrug Task Force Training
Identifying Drugged Persons
PCP: Effects
HGN - present (early
onset)
 VGN - present
 Lack of convergence present
 Pupil size - normal

Pupil reaction to light normal
 Pulse rate - up
 Blood pressure - up
 Body temperature - up

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Inhalants

Volatiles



paint thinners
gasoline
Aerosols


Alkyl nitrites
Nitrous oxide
 Schedule IV


hair sprays
spray paints
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Inhalants: General Indicators
 Odor
of inhaled substance
of substance on face, nose, hands,
clothing
 Bloodshot, watery eyes
 Confused, disoriented appearance
 Flushed face, possible sweating
 Slow, thick, slurred speech
 Traces
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Multijurisdictional Counterdrug Task Force Training
Identifying Drugged Persons
Inhalants: Effects
HGN - present
VGN - present
 Lack of convergence present
 Pupil size - normal (may
be dilated with certain
anesthetic gases)
 Pupil reaction to light slow
Pulse rate - up
Blood pressure - up or
down
 Body temperature up, down, normal
 Muscle tone - usually
normal




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Drugs Which Induce
Nystagmus
 CNS
Depressants
Inhalants
 Dissociative
Anesthetics
 (Most)
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PCP Usually Causes Immediate
Onset of Nystagmus
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Identifying Drugged Persons
Drugs That Cause Lack of
Convergence
 CNS
depressants
 Inhalants
 Dissociative
anesthetics
 Cannabis
 Strabismus
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Drugs Which Usually Don’t
Affect Pupil Size
 CNS
Depressants
 Inhalants
 PCP
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Drugs Which Cause Pupil
Dilation
 CNS
stimulants
 Hallucinogens
 POSSIBLY
Cannabis (slight
dilation)
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Narcotic Analgesics Usually
Cause Pupil Constriction
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Polydrug Use
 Using
two or more drugs at the same
time
 Examples: PCP and marijuana; heroin
and cocaine; many others
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Field Studies
 Los
Angeles Field Study
 72%
 New
of suspects had 2 or more drugs
York Certification Training Study
 67%
of suspects had 2 or more drug categories
other than alcohol
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Identifying Drugged Persons
Prevalence of Polydrug Use
 P.I.R.E.*
DRE database indicates that
25% of all DRE-reported cases
revealed two or more drug categories
detected (2005)
*Pacific Institute of Research and Evaluation
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Two Drugs in Combination:
How Do They Affect Pupil Size?
 Situation
#1
 Neither
drug affects pupil size
 Example: PCP and Valium
 Neither one affects the size of the pupils
 The combination will also not affect pupil size
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Null Effect
 No
action plus no action equals no action
 If
neither drug affects a particular indicator
of impairment, their combination also will
not affect that indicator
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Multijurisdictional Counterdrug Task Force Training
Identifying Drugged Persons
Two Drugs in Combination:
How Do They Affect Pupil Size?
 Situation
#2
 One
drug affects the pupil size, but the other
does not
 Example: PCP and cocaine
 Cocaine dilates pupils, PCP doesn’t affect pupils
 The combination will affect pupil size
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Overlapping Effect
 Action
plus no action equals action
 If
one drug affects a particular indicator of
impairment, and another drug has no effect
on that indicator, the combination of those
two drugs will affect the indicator, in the
same way as the first drug alone
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Two Drugs in Combination:
How Do They Affect Pupil Size?
 Situation
#3
 The
two drugs affect pupil size in the same way
LSD and cocaine
 Cocaine dilates pupils; so does LSD
 The combination will affect pupil size
 Example:
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Identifying Drugged Persons
Additive Effect
 Action
plus the same action produces
reinforced action
 If
two drugs independently affect some
indicator in the same way, their use in
combination will also affect the indicator
and the effect may be reinforced
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Two Drugs in Combination:
How Do They Affect Pupil Size?
 Situation
#4
 The
two drugs affect pupil size in exactly
opposite ways
 Example: heroin and cocaine
 Cocaine dilates pupils, heroin constricts pupils
 We can’t predict how the combination will affect
pupil size
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Antagonistic Effect
 Action
versus opposite action: can’t predict
the outcome
 If
two drugs affect some indicator in exactly
opposite ways, their use in combination
could affect that indicator in any possible
way
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Identifying Drugged Persons
The Effects of Drug
Combinations
 Null
Effect
 Overlapping Effect
 Additive Effect
 Antagonistic Effect
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Common Combinations of Drugs
cocaine & heroin
cocaine & cannabis
PCP & cannabis
alcohol & practically
anything else
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Sample Drug Influence
Evaluation Face Sheet



This is NOT a DRE course,
although we are using DRE
principles
This DRE form is only used as
an example
It is important for you to
document, document,
document all information
observed!
Multijurisdictional Counterdrug Task Force Training
105
35
A partnership between The Florida National Guard and St. Petersburg College
Multijurisdictional Counterdrug Task Force Training
Identifying Drugged Persons
DEC Testify
Multijurisdictional Counterdrug Task Force Training
106
Components on the Drug
Evaluation Narrative Report
Location
Witnesses
Breath Alcohol Test
Notification & interview of arresting officer
Initial observations of the suspect
Medical problems & treatment
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Multijurisdictional Counterdrug Task Force Training
107
Components on the Drug
Evaluation Narrative Report
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
Psychophysical indicators of impairment
Clinical indicators of impairment
Signs of ingestion
Suspect’s statements
Officer’s opinion
Toxicological sample
Miscellaneous
Multijurisdictional Counterdrug Task Force Training
108
36
A partnership between The Florida National Guard and St. Petersburg College
Multijurisdictional Counterdrug Task Force Training
Identifying Drugged Persons
Web site
 Mamasite.net
 Erowid.org
 DEA
 Knoa.org
 NNOA-National
Association
 Mctft.com
Narcotics Officers
Multijurisdictional Counterdrug Task Force Training
109
Investigator Tim McClure
 Ford
County Sheriff’s Office
Ave. L
 Dodge City, Ks 67801
 Email- tmcclure@fordcounty.net
 Phone- 620-227-4590
 Cell-m620-255-3141
 507
Multijurisdictional Counterdrug Task Force Training
110
For more information about
training with MCTFT,
call 1-800-243-5550
www.mctft.com
37
A partnership between The Florida National Guard and St. Petersburg College
Identifying
Drugged
Persons
Multijurisdictional Counterdrug Task Force Training
Identifying Drugged Persons
Identifying Drugged
Persons
The information presented in this MCTFT course
represents a multijurisdictional approach
to counterdrug efforts.
It will not change, modify or supersede
any regulations, policies and procedures
of your agency or department.
****
Print date: July 20, 2007
Multijurisdictional Counterdrug Task Force Training
A partnership between The Florida National Guard and St. Petersburg College
Multijurisdictional Counterdrug Task Force Training
Multijurisdictional Counterdrug
Task Force Training (MCTFT)
Multijurisdictional Counterdrug
Task Force Training (MCTFT)
™ Multijurisdictional
™
A federally funded partnership through the
Department of Defense between the Florida
National Guard and St. Petersburg College
™ A nationally responsive program located at the
Southeastern Public Safety Institute (SEPSI) of St.
Petersburg College in St. Petersburg, FL
™ 1-800-243-5550
™ www.mctft.com
Counterdrug Task Force
Training (MCTFT) has been established for
the purpose of providing a unique, tuitionfree, in-depth series of courses covering all
aspects of counterdrug law enforcement.
Multijurisdictional Counterdrug Task Force Training
3
Multijurisdictional Counterdrug Task Force Training
Course Description
Course Description
™ This
™ It
session has been designed to improve
your ability to recognize individuals who
may be medically impaired or under the
influence of drugs
Multijurisdictional Counterdrug Task Force Training
2
4
is likely you have encountered individuals
who were under the influence of drugs
rather than alcohol
¾ Depending
upon the specific type(s) of drugs
the individual has taken, some individuals may
appear similar to persons who are under the
influence of alcohol
¾ Other individuals will look and behave
differently from an alcohol-impaired individual
5
Multijurisdictional Counterdrug Task Force Training
1
A partnership between The Florida National Guard and St. Petersburg College
6
Multijurisdictional Counterdrug Task Force Training
Identifying Drugged Persons
Course Description
Course Description
™ It
™ This
is important that you be able to recognize
suspects who may be under the influence of
drugs so that you will know when to
summon assistance from physicians, trained
Drug Recognition Experts (DREs) or other
appropriate persons
Multijurisdictional Counterdrug Task Force Training
training program will not qualify you to
perform the functions of a DRE; it will,
however, assist you in recognizing some of
the signs and symptoms associated with
drug influence or when an individual needs
medical attention
7
Multijurisdictional Counterdrug Task Force Training
8
Course Objectives
Define “Drug” As It Relates
To Law Enforcement
™ To
™ Recognized
define “drug” as it relates to traffic safety
recognize impairment associated with
drug use
™ To identify the seven categories of drugs and
recognize the major observable indicators
™ To successfully document the observable
impairment
as drugs in United States
Pharmacopoeia or National Formulary
™ Intended for use in the diagnosis, cure,
mitigation, treatment or prevention of
disease in man or animals
™ Other than food, intended to affect the
structure or function of the body
™ To
Multijurisdictional Counterdrug Task Force Training
9
Multijurisdictional Counterdrug Task Force Training
Working Definition of a
“DRUG”
10
Illicit Drug Use
™
“A chemical substance, such as a narcotic or
hallucinogen, that affects the central nervous
system, causing changes in behavior and
often addiction”
In 2005, an estimated 19.7 million Americans aged
12 or older were current (past month) illicit drug
users
¾
¾
¾
Used an illicit drug during the month prior to the survey
interview
Represents 8.1 percent of the population aged 12 years
old or older
Illicit drugs include marijuana/hashish, cocaine
(including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or
prescription-type psychotherapeutics used nonmedically
Source: SAMHSA, Results from the 2005 National Survey
on Drug Use and Health
Multijurisdictional Counterdrug Task Force Training
11
Multijurisdictional Counterdrug Task Force Training
2
A partnership between The Florida National Guard and St. Petersburg College
12
Multijurisdictional Counterdrug Task Force Training
Identifying Drugged Persons
Types of Drugs Used by Past Month Illicit
Drug Users Aged 12 or Older: 2005
Marijuana Use
™ Marijuana
was the most commonly used
illicit drug (14.6 million past month users)
Source: SAMHSA, Results from the 2005 National Survey
on Drug Use and Health.
Multijurisdictional Counterdrug Task Force Training
Source: SAMHSA, Results from the 2005 National Survey
on Drug Use and Health.
13
Multijurisdictional Counterdrug Task Force Training
Types of Drugs Used by Past Month Illicit
Drug Users Aged 12 or Older: 2005
Seven Drug Categories
™ Cannabis
™ Hallucinogens
™ CNS
™ Dissociative
Stimulants
™ Narcotic Analgesics
™ CNS Depressants
Source: SAMHSA, Results from the 2005 National Survey
on Drug Use and Health.
Multijurisdictional Counterdrug Task Force Training
15
Anesthetics
™ Inhalants
Multijurisdictional Counterdrug Task Force Training
16
Central Nervous System
Stimulants
Cannabis
™ Marijuana
™ Cocaine
™ Hashish
™ Amphetamine
™ Hash
™ Methamphetamine
Oil
™ Marinol
Multijurisdictional Counterdrug Task Force Training
14
17
Multijurisdictional Counterdrug Task Force Training
3
A partnership between The Florida National Guard and St. Petersburg College
18
Multijurisdictional Counterdrug Task Force Training
Identifying Drugged Persons
Central Nervous System
Depressants
Narcotic Analgesics
™ Heroin
™ Alcohol
™ Morphine
™ Barbiturates
™ Codeine
™ Synthetic
™ Valium
opiates
™ Chloralhydrate
¾ Demerol
¾ Methadone
Multijurisdictional Counterdrug Task Force Training
19
Multijurisdictional Counterdrug Task Force Training
Hallucinogens
20
Dissociative Anesthetics
™LSD
™PCP
™Peyote
™Ketamine
™Psilocybin
™DXM
Multijurisdictional Counterdrug Task Force Training
21
Multijurisdictional Counterdrug Task Force Training
Definitions Associated with
DRE Examinations
Inhalants
™ Pupil
size
™ Nystagmus
™ Convergence
™ Blood pressure
™Toluene
™Glue
™Paint
Multijurisdictional Counterdrug Task Force Training
22
23
™ Pulse
rate
™ Body temperature
™ Internal clock
Multijurisdictional Counterdrug Task Force Training
4
A partnership between The Florida National Guard and St. Petersburg College
24
Multijurisdictional Counterdrug Task Force Training
Identifying Drugged Persons
Pupil Size
™Normal
Pupil Size
Range
¾ 2.5
to 5.0 mm (room light)
¾ 5.0 to 8.5 mm (near total darkness)
¾ 2.0 to 4.5 mm (direct light)
Multijurisdictional Counterdrug Task Force Training
25
Multijurisdictional Counterdrug Task Force Training
Mydriasis (Dilated Pupils)
Multijurisdictional Counterdrug Task Force Training
Miosis (Constricted Pupils)
27
Multijurisdictional Counterdrug Task Force Training
Ptosis (Droopy Eyelids)
28
Nystagmus
™ Involuntary
Multijurisdictional Counterdrug Task Force Training
26
29
jerking of the eyes
Multijurisdictional Counterdrug Task Force Training
5
A partnership between The Florida National Guard and St. Petersburg College
30
Multijurisdictional Counterdrug Task Force Training
Identifying Drugged Persons
Vital Signs
Strabismus
A condition in which a person can not align both
eyes simultaneously under normal conditions
™ A condition in which the eyes deviate (turn) when
looking at the object of regard
™
Convergence
™ Internal
Clock: 30 sec +/- 5 sec
60-90 bpm
™ Blood Pressure: 120-140 / 70-90
™ Body Temp: 98.6 F +/- 1 degree
™ Pulse:
Lack of convergence
Multijurisdictional Counterdrug Task Force Training
31
Multijurisdictional Counterdrug Task Force Training
Observations
™Suspect’s
Breath
¾ Odor
of alcohol
¾ Chemical odor
¾ Cannabis odor
32
Observations
™Suspect’s
™ General
Face
Appearance
¾ Normal
¾ Flushed
™ Eyes
¾ Normal
¾ Clean
¾ Watery
¾ Orderly
¾ Bloodshot
¾ Pale
¾ Disarranged
¾ Pink/red
¾ Other
¾ Bloody
¾ Vomit
¾ Urine
Multijurisdictional Counterdrug Task Force Training
33
Multijurisdictional Counterdrug Task Force Training
Observations
™
Observations
Attitude
¾
¾
¾
¾
¾
¾
¾
¾
¾
¾
¾
Anxious
Restless
Agitated
Excited
Combative
Disinterested
Uninhibited
Disoriented
Drowsy
Confused
Hallucinating
Multijurisdictional Counterdrug Task Force Training
34
¾
¾
¾
¾
¾
¾
¾
¾
¾
¾
™ Speech
Loss of memory
Cyclic mood swings
Polite
Antagonistic
Stuporous
Cooperative/indifferent
Laughing
Insulting
Argumentative
Fumbling
™ Physical
¾ Talkative
¾ Thick,
slurred
¾ Incoherent
¾ Rapid
¾ Slow
¾ Non-communicative
¾ Repetitive
35
Actions
¾ Facial
itching
¾ Dry mouth
¾ Nodding
¾ Droopy eyelids
¾ Low, raspy voice
¾ Body tremors
¾ Muscle tone
¾ Grinding of teeth
Multijurisdictional Counterdrug Task Force Training
6
A partnership between The Florida National Guard and St. Petersburg College
36
Multijurisdictional Counterdrug Task Force Training
Identifying Drugged Persons
Observations
Observations
™ Other
¾ Nasal
redness
¾ Runny nose
¾ Track marks
¾ Perspiring
¾ Warm to the touch
¾ Intense headaches
¾ Residue
of paint on
person
¾ Debris
¾ Pills
¾ Vials
¾ Syringes
¾ Drug paraphernalia
Multijurisdictional Counterdrug Task Force Training
37
Multijurisdictional Counterdrug Task Force Training
Psychophysical Exams
38
Rhomberg Test
™ Instructions
™ Demonstration
™ Subject’s
™ Record
Multijurisdictional Counterdrug Task Force Training
39
Attempts
Results
Multijurisdictional Counterdrug Task Force Training
Walk and Turn
One-Leg Stand
™ Instructions
™ Instructions
™ Demonstration
™ Demonstration
™ Subject’s
™ Subject’s
™ Record
Attempts
Results
¾ Each
™ Record
Multijurisdictional Counterdrug Task Force Training
41
40
Attempts
leg
Results
Multijurisdictional Counterdrug Task Force Training
7
A partnership between The Florida National Guard and St. Petersburg College
42
Multijurisdictional Counterdrug Task Force Training
Identifying Drugged Persons
Eye Examination:
Detecting Signs of Drug
Influence
Multijurisdictional Counterdrug Task Force Training
Cannabis
43
Multijurisdictional Counterdrug Task Force Training
Cannabis
Cannabis:
Methods of Ingestion
™ Schedule
™ Smoking
I
widely abused illegal drug in the U.S.
™ Derived from the Indian hemp plant
™ Botanical name Cannabis Sativa
™ Grows wild in climates all over the world
™ Most
Multijurisdictional Counterdrug Task Force Training
™ Oral
45
Multijurisdictional Counterdrug Task Force Training
Cannabis: Effects
™
™
™
™
Horizontal gaze nystagmus
- none
Vertical nystagmus - none
Lack of
convergence/strabismus present
Pupil size - possibly dilated
Multijurisdictional Counterdrug Task Force Training
™
™
™
™
44
46
Cannabis: Effects
Reaction to light - normal
Blood pressure - up
Body temperature - normal
Pulse rate - up
™ Short-term
memory loss
™ Paranoia
™ Loss
of ambition
™ “Munchies”
47
Multijurisdictional Counterdrug Task Force Training
8
A partnership between The Florida National Guard and St. Petersburg College
48
Multijurisdictional Counterdrug Task Force Training
Identifying Drugged Persons
Central Nervous System
Stimulants
Cannabis: General Indicators
™ Diminished
inhibitions
perception of time/distance
™ Disorientation
™ Body and/or eyelid tremors
™ Reddening of the conjunctiva
™ Possible debris in mouth
™ Impaired
Multijurisdictional Counterdrug Task Force Training
49
Multijurisdictional Counterdrug Task Force Training
50
Stimulants
Stimulants:
Method(s) of Ingestion
™ Drugs
™ Injected
™ Natural:
™ Oral
that speed up the body's metabolism
caffeine, nicotine, cocaine
™ Synthetic: amphetamine,
methamphetamine, methcathinone
Multijurisdictional Counterdrug Task Force Training
™ Inhaled
™ Smoked
51
Multijurisdictional Counterdrug Task Force Training
Stimulants: General
Indicators
Stimulants: Effects
HGN - none
VGN - none
™ Lack of convergence none
™ Pupil size - dilated
(mydriasis)
™
™
Multijurisdictional Counterdrug Task Force Training
52
Pupil reaction to light slow to none visible
™ Pulse rate - up
™ Blood pressure - up
™ Body temperature - up
™ Bruxism
Restlessness
Euphoria
™ Anxiety
™ Talkativeness
™ Irritability
™
53
Runny nose
Redness to nasal area
™ Leg and eyelid tremors
™ Rigid muscle tone
™
™
™
™
Multijurisdictional Counterdrug Task Force Training
9
A partnership between The Florida National Guard and St. Petersburg College
54
Multijurisdictional Counterdrug Task Force Training
Identifying Drugged Persons
Meth Use
Meth Use
18 months later
Multijurisdictional Counterdrug Task Force Training
Meth Use
55
Multijurisdictional Counterdrug Task Force Training
56
Methamphetamine Effects
4 Years Later
Multijurisdictional Counterdrug Task Force Training
42 years old
After just three years
and five months of
meth use
40 pounds lighter
57
Multijurisdictional Counterdrug Task Force Training
Narcotic Analgesics
58
Narcotic Analgesics
™ Strong
sleep
painkilling drugs that also produce
™ Most
drugs in this class are produced from
the opium poppy
Multijurisdictional Counterdrug Task Force Training
59
Multijurisdictional Counterdrug Task Force Training
10
A partnership between The Florida National Guard and St. Petersburg College
60
Multijurisdictional Counterdrug Task Force Training
Identifying Drugged Persons
Narcotic Analgesics:
Characteristics
The Concept of Drug
Tolerance
™ Pain
™ The
relief (analgesic)
withdrawal signs and symptoms
(when stopped after chronic administration)
™ Stop withdrawal signs and symptoms (note:
other N.A. can be substituted for relief of
withdrawal symptoms
same dose of the drug will produce
diminishing effects
™ A steadily larger dose is needed to produce
the same effect
™ Produces
Multijurisdictional Counterdrug Task Force Training
61
Multijurisdictional Counterdrug Task Force Training
62
Narcotics: Effects
Narcotics: General Indicators
™ HGN
™
Slow reflexes, sluggish
movements
™ Slow, low, raspy
speech
™ Slow breathing, cold
skin
- none
™ VGN - none
™ Lack of convergence - none
™ Pupil size - constricted (miosis)
™ Pulse rate - down
™ Blood pressure - lowered
™ Body temperature - down
Multijurisdictional Counterdrug Task Force Training
63
“On the nod”
Droopy eyelids (ptosis)
™ Dry mouth
™ Euphoria
™ Track marks
™
™
Multijurisdictional Counterdrug Task Force Training
Method(s) of Ingestion
64
CNS Depressants
™ Injected
™ Oral
™ Inhaled
™ Smoked:
Heroin, Opium, Morphine
Multijurisdictional Counterdrug Task Force Training
65
Multijurisdictional Counterdrug Task Force Training
11
A partnership between The Florida National Guard and St. Petersburg College
66
Multijurisdictional Counterdrug Task Force Training
Identifying Drugged Persons
Depressants
Depressants: General
Indicators
™ Drugs
™
™
™
™
Drowsiness
Droopy eyelids (ptosis)
™ Thick, slurred speech
™ Lack of coordination
™ Slow, sluggish
reactions
that slow down the body's
metabolism
¾ Barbiturates:
sleeping pills
anxiety-fighting depressants
¾ Methaqualone: non-barbiturate hypnotic
¾ Tranquilizers:
Multijurisdictional Counterdrug Task Force Training
67
Multijurisdictional Counterdrug Task Force Training
HGN - present
VGN - present
™ Lack of convergence present
™ Pupil size - normal
™
Multijurisdictional Counterdrug Task Force Training
Pupil reaction to light slow
™ Pulse rate - down
(Qualudes & alcohol)
™ Blood pressure lowered
™ Temperature - normal
™
™ Oral
™ Injected
69
Multijurisdictional Counterdrug Task Force Training
Hallucinogens
70
Notable Hallucinogens
™
™
™
Multijurisdictional Counterdrug Task Force Training
68
Depressants:
Method(s) of Ingestion
Depressants: Effects
™
Flaccid muscle tone
Reduced social
inhibitions
™ In other words, drunk
71
Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD)
Psilocybin Mushrooms
Peyote (mescaline)
Multijurisdictional Counterdrug Task Force Training
12
A partnership between The Florida National Guard and St. Petersburg College
72
Multijurisdictional Counterdrug Task Force Training
Identifying Drugged Persons
Hallucinogens
Hallucinogens: Effects
™ Drugs
™
HGN - none
VGN - none
™ Lack of convergence none
™ Pupil size - dilated
that cause distortions of reality
™
™ This
class of drug can alter vision, sense of
smell and touch
™ Some
Pupil reaction to light normal
™ Pulse rate - up
™ Blood pressure - up
™ Body temperature - up
™
can be absorbed through skin
Multijurisdictional Counterdrug Task Force Training
73
Multijurisdictional Counterdrug Task Force Training
Hallucinogens:
General Indicators
Dissociative Anesthetics
™ Dazed
™PCP
appearance
tremors
™ Perspiring
™ Rigid muscle tone
™ Difficulty with
speech
™ Body
™ Statements
suggesting
hallucinations
™ Distorted sensory
perceptions
Multijurisdictional Counterdrug Task Force Training
™Ketamine
™DXM
75
Multijurisdictional Counterdrug Task Force Training
PCP: General Indicators
PCP: General Indicators
Slow, slurred speech
Disorientation
™ Loss of memory
™ Agitation, excitement
™ Loss
™
™
Multijurisdictional Counterdrug Task Force Training
74
Blank stare (“1000yard stare”)
™ Non-communicative
™ Rigid muscle tone
76
of a sense of personal identity
™ Sensory distortions
™ Auditory hallucinations
™ A feeling of extreme heat, profuse
perspiration
™ Increased pain threshold
™
77
Multijurisdictional Counterdrug Task Force Training
13
A partnership between The Florida National Guard and St. Petersburg College
78
Multijurisdictional Counterdrug Task Force Training
Identifying Drugged Persons
PCP: Effects
HGN - present (early
onset)
™ VGN - present
™ Lack of convergence present
™ Pupil size - normal
™
Inhalants
Pupil reaction to light normal
™ Pulse rate - up
™ Blood pressure - up
™ Body temperature - up
™
Multijurisdictional Counterdrug Task Force Training
™
Volatiles
¾
¾
™
Aerosols
¾
¾
79
paint thinners
gasoline
Alkyl nitrites
Nitrous oxide
™ Schedule IV
™
™
hair sprays
spray paints
Multijurisdictional Counterdrug Task Force Training
80
Inhalants: General Indicators
Inhalants: Effects
™ Odor
™
™
™
™
HGN - present
VGN - present
™ Lack of convergence present
™ Pupil size - normal (may
be dilated with certain
anesthetic gases)
™ Pupil reaction to light slow
of inhaled substance
™ Traces of substance on face, nose, hands,
clothing
™ Bloodshot, watery eyes
™ Confused, disoriented appearance
™ Flushed face, possible sweating
™ Slow, thick, slurred speech
Multijurisdictional Counterdrug Task Force Training
81
Pulse rate - up
Blood pressure - up or
down
™ Body temperature up, down, normal
™ Muscle tone - usually
normal
Multijurisdictional Counterdrug Task Force Training
Drugs Which Induce
Nystagmus
82
PCP Usually Causes Immediate
Onset of Nystagmus
™ CNS
Depressants
™ (Most) Inhalants
™ Dissociative
Anesthetics
Multijurisdictional Counterdrug Task Force Training
83
Multijurisdictional Counterdrug Task Force Training
14
A partnership between The Florida National Guard and St. Petersburg College
84
Multijurisdictional Counterdrug Task Force Training
Identifying Drugged Persons
Drugs That Cause Lack of
Convergence
Drugs Which Usually Don’t
Affect Pupil Size
™ CNS
™ CNS
depressants
Depressants
™ Inhalants
™ PCP
™ Inhalants
™ Dissociative
anesthetics
™ Cannabis
™ Strabismus
Multijurisdictional Counterdrug Task Force Training
85
Multijurisdictional Counterdrug Task Force Training
Drugs Which Cause Pupil
Dilation
86
Narcotic Analgesics Usually
Cause Pupil Constriction
™ CNS
stimulants
™ Hallucinogens
™ POSSIBLY
Cannabis (slight
dilation)
Multijurisdictional Counterdrug Task Force Training
87
Multijurisdictional Counterdrug Task Force Training
Polydrug Use
Field Studies
™ Using
™ Los
two or more drugs at the same
time
™ Examples: PCP and marijuana; heroin
and cocaine; many others
Multijurisdictional Counterdrug Task Force Training
88
Angeles Field Study
¾ 72%
™ New
of suspects had 2 or more drugs
York Certification Training Study
¾ 67%
of suspects had 2 or more drug categories
other than alcohol
89
Multijurisdictional Counterdrug Task Force Training
15
A partnership between The Florida National Guard and St. Petersburg College
90
Multijurisdictional Counterdrug Task Force Training
Identifying Drugged Persons
Prevalence of Polydrug Use
Two Drugs in Combination:
How Do They Affect Pupil Size?
™ P.I.R.E.*
™ Situation
DRE database indicates that
25% of all DRE-reported cases
revealed two or more drug categories
detected (2005)
#1
¾ Neither
drug affects pupil size
¾ Example: PCP and Valium
¾ Neither one affects the size of the pupils
¾ The combination will also not affect pupil size
*Pacific Institute of Research and Evaluation
Multijurisdictional Counterdrug Task Force Training
91
Multijurisdictional Counterdrug Task Force Training
Null Effect
Two Drugs in Combination:
How Do They Affect Pupil Size?
™ No
™ Situation
action plus no action equals no action
92
#2
¾ One
drug affects the pupil size, but the other
does not
¾ Example: PCP and cocaine
¾ Cocaine dilates pupils, PCP doesn’t affect pupils
¾ The combination will affect pupil size
™ If
neither drug affects a particular indicator
of impairment, their combination also will
not affect that indicator
Multijurisdictional Counterdrug Task Force Training
93
Multijurisdictional Counterdrug Task Force Training
Overlapping Effect
Two Drugs in Combination:
How Do They Affect Pupil Size?
™ Action
™ Situation
plus no action equals action
94
#3
¾ The
two drugs affect pupil size in the same way
LSD and cocaine
¾ Cocaine dilates pupils; so does LSD
¾ The combination will affect pupil size
¾ Example:
™ If
one drug affects a particular indicator of
impairment, and another drug has no effect
on that indicator, the combination of those
two drugs will affect the indicator, in the
same way as the first drug alone
Multijurisdictional Counterdrug Task Force Training
95
Multijurisdictional Counterdrug Task Force Training
16
A partnership between The Florida National Guard and St. Petersburg College
96
Multijurisdictional Counterdrug Task Force Training
Identifying Drugged Persons
Additive Effect
Two Drugs in Combination:
How Do They Affect Pupil Size?
™ Action
™ Situation
plus the same action produces
reinforced action
two drugs affect pupil size in exactly
opposite ways
¾ Example: heroin and cocaine
¾ Cocaine dilates pupils, heroin constricts pupils
¾ We can’t predict how the combination will affect
pupil size
™ If
two drugs independently affect some
indicator in the same way, their use in
combination will also affect the indicator
and the effect may be reinforced
Multijurisdictional Counterdrug Task Force Training
#4
¾ The
97
Multijurisdictional Counterdrug Task Force Training
Antagonistic Effect
The Effects of Drug
Combinations
™ Action
™ Null
versus opposite action: can’t predict
the outcome
Effect
™ Overlapping Effect
™ Additive Effect
™ Antagonistic Effect
™ If
two drugs affect some indicator in exactly
opposite ways, their use in combination
could affect that indicator in any possible
way
Multijurisdictional Counterdrug Task Force Training
99
Multijurisdictional Counterdrug Task Force Training
™
cocaine & heroin
™
™
PCP & cannabis
Multijurisdictional Counterdrug Task Force Training
100
Sample Drug Influence
Evaluation Face Sheet
Common Combinations of Drugs
cocaine & cannabis
98
This is NOT a DRE course,
although we are using DRE
principles
This DRE form is only used as
an example
It is important for you to
document, document,
document all information
observed!
alcohol & practically
anything else
101
Multijurisdictional Counterdrug Task Force Training
17
A partnership between The Florida National Guard and St. Petersburg College
102
Multijurisdictional Counterdrug Task Force Training
Identifying Drugged Persons
Components on the Drug
Evaluation Narrative Report
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Components on the Drug
Evaluation Narrative Report
Location
Witnesses
Breath Alcohol Test
Notification & interview of arresting officer
Initial observations of the suspect
Medical problems & treatment
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
Multijurisdictional Counterdrug Task Force Training
103
Psychophysical indicators of impairment
Clinical indicators of impairment
Signs of ingestion
Suspect’s statements
Officer’s opinion
Toxicological sample
Miscellaneous
Multijurisdictional Counterdrug Task Force Training
For more information about
training with MCTFT,
call 1-800-243-5550
www.mctft.com
18
A partnership between The Florida National Guard and St. Petersburg College
104

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