A Publication of The Dalles Chronicle APRIL 2015

A Publication of The Dalles Chronicle
FARM and
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A PUBLICATION OF THE DALLES CHRONICLE
F&R
The Chronicle started an on-
going series in 2014 focusing on the
agricultural industry, which is the
economic engine for Wasco County
and the source of many local jobs.
During 2015, we are featuring stories
about the life cherry farmers and
Stone Fruit Facts
There are about 1,000 types of cherries, also known as “stone fruits” and “drupes,” in
the United States, and they fall into two groups: sweet and sour.
The Northwest is the most important producing area in North America for sweet
cherries.
About 20 percent of the crop is grown in Oregon with Wasco County taking the lead
in production of about 21 varieties.Washington and California grow the majority of
sweet cherries – 80 percent – from the Northwest.
Bing cherries are intensely sweet and the most common variety grown near
The Dalles. They are large with a distinctive heart shape and are deep mahogany
red when ripe. Bing is the most popular in commercial markets because of their
vibrant flavor and named after Ah Bing, a horticulturalist who cultivated the variety.
Sweetheart is the most popular cherry in the Dufur area and has a light and mild
taste. This large and bright red fruit is late ripening, coming at the end of the cherry
season in July, about three weeks after Bing harvest.
For that reason, they offer a season finale of fresh cherries and are sought after by
consumers because of their outstanding firmness that remains crunchy after picking.
issues involved in their industry.
Farmers and ranchers interested
in participating in this educational
effort can email editor RaeLynn Ricarte
at rricarte@thedalleschronicle.com
or call 541-506-4604.
Sweetheart trees are self-pollinating and have become a grower favorite because
they can be the sole plantings in a location. Usually, several varieties of cherries are
needed in an orchard for pollination.
Both Bing and Sweethearts, as well as other sweet cherry varieties, contain high
levels of antioxidants that can reduce the risk of heart disease, diabetes and some
types of cancer. They are rich in Vitamin C, magnesium, iron, potassium, folate and
fiber and very low in fat and sodium.
Studies have shown that consuming cherries, which have a high water content,
improves a person’s metabolism and aids in weight loss.
Other popular sweet cherries in Wasco County are: Rainier, Early Robin, Royal
Rainier, Lapin, Kordia, Regina, Skeena, Chelan, Sams, Vans, Sandra Rose, Black
Republican, Santina, Selah, Tieton, Benton, Schneider, Lambert and Royal Ann.
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3
Pruning a
‘pedestrian
orchard’
Trees are shaped
for easy picking
By RaeLynn Ricarte
The Dalles Chronicle
For the past 10-15 years, many cherry growers have
been making a push to create “pedestrian orchards”
that are more efficient to manage and reduce the
potential for worker injuries.
Roberto Rodriguez heads toward trees in the Cooper Family
Orchard outside The Dalles with a power pruner in February
to get ready for the current growing season.
Mark B. Gibson photo.
“There are three training systems now – some orchardist use multiple methods and
some only one – but the goal is to keep people off ladders,” said Megan Thompson,
field representative for Oregon Cherry Growers.
These are the three methods used in pruning, some more effective than others for
specific varieties:
• Central Leader — One large limb is left to grow upright and support lateral
branches, which lay flatter.
• Steep Leader — Two to five larger limbs anchor the tree, which is has more upright
branches.
• KGB — All of the branches are upright and the tree resembles a bush of about 7 to
8 feet.
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FARM & RANCH |
APRIL
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A PUBLICATION OF THE DALLES CHRONICLE
Roberto Rodriguez, left, and Alejandro Moreno trim cherry trees belonging to Dave Cooper and his
daughter, Stacey, the fifth generation of the family to farm. Mark B. Gibson photos
Thompson holds a horticultural degree and is in
her 16th growing season as an advisor to about
40 orchardists in The Dalles and Dufur areas.
Her job is to help farmers get maximum
production from their trees, as well as a highquality crop.
And that is a big responsibility given that
cherries top the list of agricultural commodities in
Wasco County and feed more than $55 million
per year into the local economy.
“I have really learned about this industry on
the ground,” said Thompson, who also has a stake
in farming.
She and husband, Jeremy, own a small cherry
orchard just south of The Dalles.
“I learn from the growers and they learn from
me. Ultimately, we’re a team,” she said.
The traditional goal of pruning was to create
an “open vase” look that allowed light to penetrate
the canopy and maximized the amount of fruitbearing branches.
Thompson said light is important to production of a high-quality crop.
“Cherries don’t ripen evenly if the canopy is
large enough to leave them in the shade,” she said.
Today, Thompson said pruning is used to train
a tree so that fruit is more accessible to pickers on
the ground but there is still a good size crop.
A PUBLICATION OF THE DALLES CHRONICLE
“If you don’t have big firm fruit in today’s
market, then you can’t export it, so growers are
always seeking that balance between getting the
best yield to pay the bills and the size that gets the
best market,” she said.
Reducing the size of trees became a possibility
after irrigation systems were installed in the 1950s
that allowed them to be planted closer together
because less of a root network was necessary.
Young “whips” can now be planted closer together,
which limits tree growth. In addition, Dwarf root
stock pares down the height of trees and branches
are periodically rotated to encourage new leaf
growth, which feeds the fruit.
“You are basically asking the tree to do less but
you’re going to produce more,” said Thompson.
Leaves make food through a process called
photosynthesis — where light energy from the sun
is converted into chemical energy through a mixture of carbon dioxide and water that is stored in
carbohydrate molecules, such as sugars. Oxygen
is released from the tree as a waste product of this
process.
In addition to allowing more light to penetrate
the canopy, Thompson said pruning makes it
easier for sprays, such as crop protectants, to reach
and protect the fruit.
The airy canopy also reduces the potential for
powdery mildew, a fungus that attacks branches
and leaves.
Although most major limbing is done during
the winter, Thompson said branch trimming takes
place year-round. Light pruning and removal of
deadwood in the summer de-invigorates the roots,
causing growth to slow down, whereas winter
pruning encourages new growth.
If too many “spurs,” are allowed to remain on
branches, numerous blossoms will emerge and the
tree will end up being overloaded with fruit, which
adversely affects the quality. A spur is a stub that
forms off a main branch and is used by the tree to
produce both fruit and flowers.
If the branches of the tree are not thinned
enough to allow light to reach spurs on the inside
and underside of the tree, they will die and there
will not be enough blossoms so the crop will be
too light.
“The tree is always evolving,” said Thompson.
The work crew in each orchard begins pruning
when the tree goes dormant in the late fall and
that labor extends through March and sometimes
into April. It takes five to seven years for a cherry
tree to reach full production and they are replaced
about every 30 years, although Thompson said
some Royal Anne’s under her watch are from trees
that are more than a century old.
APRIL
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| FARM & RANCH
5
Jeff and Cynthia Kortge, who have been married for almost 16 years and who are both fourth generation farmers, check out the progress of their cherries
on a blustery spring day. Mark B. Gibson photo
Farming is a lifestyle
Growing cherries carries risk, reward
By RaeLynn Ricarte
The Dalles Chronicle
On a windswept April day in the Mill Creek
Road orchard, the petals are being blown
off cherry trees but that is not causing any
big worry since the fruit buds have already
emerged.
It is the possibility of frost until mid-May that Jeff Kortge, a fourth generation
wheat and cattle rancher who got into cherry production about 10 years ago,
is concerned about at the moment. This year, warm spring weather brought
the blooms out 10 days earlier than normal, which also extended the period
of risk.
If frost alarms go off, the ground around the trees will be soaked with
water if temperatures drop because that will warm the air and, hopefully,
keep frost from touching the fruit.
For the next few weeks, the Kortges, like other area orchardists, will be
dialed in to forecast reports via agricultural websites.
“The smart phone is your friend,” said Dane Klindt from K&K Land
Management, who works with Jeff and his wife, Cynthia, to produce a high
quality crop.
Cherries have a short growing season — fruit is ready to pick about three
months after buds emerge — and the biggest threat from weather can emerge
6
FARM & RANCH |
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2 015
just prior, or during, harvest.
Late spring rains bring anxiety to farmers because, if enough moisture
saturates cherries, they will split and become worthless in the global market.
The same rains that are dreaded by orchardists are welcomed by dryland
wheat farmers whose production is boosted by the additional water.
Jeff said a light coating of wax over the cherry provides some protection
from the rain, unless showers remain steady for several days, at which point
even that thin layer of protection will fail.
“The weather is the biggest thing we have to deal with,” he said. “We are
100 percent at the mercy of the weather.”
If a farm family runs the weather gauntlet and emerges unscathed with a
quality crop, they then have to deal with market conditions beyond their
control.
When cherry crops fail in another location, they will gain because there is
less fruit available, which drives the price up. When growers in other regions
and nations are also doing well, the market is glutted with fruit and several
years ago, beautiful cherries in the Northwest were left on trees because it
didn’t pay to have them harvested.
“Those times are hard,” said Cynthia. “There are starving people around
the world and we can’t pick anything.”
When asked how they cope with stresses beyond their control, Jeff
quipped “Because we don’t know any better.”
“It’s like going to Vegas every day,” added Cynthia of the risks.
They then talked about the pride and responsibility of being among the
less than 2 percent of the population that grows food for 316 million
Americans and beyond.
A PUBLICATION OF THE DALLES CHRONICLE
“You just do everything in your power and take your lumps — there’s only so
much you can do. You work as hard when it’s your worst crop as when it’s
the best you’ve ever grown,” said Jeff.
Cynthia’s maiden name is McManigal and she is also a fourth generation
farmer with family roots in Dufur. Jeff credits her understanding of the
lifestyle and its inherent risks for the success of their almost 16-year marriage.
“You have to love it because, if you don’t, you’re not going to be any good
at it,” he said. “And there are times when the hours are long and you aren’t
much fun to be around.”
Several years ago, Kortge Wheat and Cattle expanded its cherry production to further diversify their holdings. They decided to give up on wine
grapes after their vineyard of more than 20 years froze out.
“It was a good time to look at doing other things besides wheat,” said Jeff.
His grandfather had planted the first cherry trees on the property in 1964
and his father began the orchard expansion that Jeff has continued and
which now covers 45 acres.
“I’m proud of my dad, granddad and great-granddad who kept this
business going,” he said.
This year, the Kortges decided to add Benton, a newer variety, to the lineup of Bing and Sweetheart cherries. They are interested to see how the dark
red cherry that ripens about the same time as the Bing, the most commonly
grown in the area, fares with consumers.
“We feel the quality has the potential to be a little bit better than the
Bing” said Jeff.
It will take the 1,400 Benton “whips” that have just been planted about
five years to begin producing so the Kortges have a few years to wait to see if
the experiment pays off.
They chose Gisela, a German-based root stock, for all the new trees to
create uniformity in size. The grafted root stock is supposed to promote
vigorous growth that leads to large crop sizes.
The Kortges’ biggest challenge with the new orchard is keeping the deer
away, since they like to feed on the tender saplings. Although deer like to
nibble on young trees, they don’t seem partial to cherries.
Jeff said a fence will likely be planted around the field to give the trees a
better chance of survival.
He always knew that he would carry on the family tradition of farming,
something the Kortges’ son, Cole, 14, is also planning as a career. Their
daughter, Hannah, 11, is torn between farming and becoming a dancer.
“We’ve always said, ‘If you don’t want to do this you don’t have to,” said
Cynthia.
If there are worries to being a farmer, there are also plenty of benefits,
said Jeff.
“You are your own boss and you get to enjoy the outdoors,” he said. “The
job changes pretty regularly — about the time you are getting sick of doing
something, it’s over and you are on to a new project.”
There are a long list of chores to be completed on a farm every day of
the week, especially during the growing season, and a strong work ethic is
something that is expected from each generation. In addition to wheat and
cherries, the Kortges raise steers and everyone pitches in to care for the
animals and get the day’s labors done.
The family uses the steep leader form of pruning for their cherry trees.
That means two to five larger limbs anchor the tree, which ends up with
more upright branches. The Kortges carry on the family tradition of letting
trees grow taller and are not moving toward the new trend of “pedestrian
orchards” that condense trees and reduce the need for ladders during harvest.
It is simply a matter of preference, they say.
Dane Klindt of K&K Land Management, who works with Jeff and Cynthia
Kortje to manage their wheat, cattle and cherry holdings, explains the
procedures for planting 1,400 Benton “whips.”
A PUBLICATION OF THE DALLES CHRONICLE
APRIL
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| FARM & RANCH
7
Jeff and Cynthia Kortge believe that farmers need to be given more credit for being good stewards of the land when resource protection policies are being
considered. Mark B. Gibson photo
Although weather is a threat to production, the Kortges believe small
farms can be equally threatened by resource protection policies that look
good on paper but don’t play out well on the ground.
They said it sometimes appears that people who don’t understand
agricultural practices are reluctant to give farmers credit for being good
stewards of the land.
“Farmers are the biggest conservationists there are because if they aren’t,
they can’t keep the business going,” said Cynthia.
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A PUBLICATION OF THE DALLES CHRONICLE
Marty Hutchinson, plant manager, shows some of the snack items made from fresh fruit at the Oregon Cherry Growers facilities in The Dalles.
Mark B. Gibson photo
Local
cherries
star in
favorite
desserts
OCG sends fruit
around the world
By RaeLynn Ricarte
The Dalles Chronicle
A PUBLICATION OF THE DALLES CHRONICLE
When people kick back to enjoy a bowl of Ben and Jerry’s Cherry Garcia
ice cream, they may be snacking on fruit grown in Wasco County
orchards.
Oregon Cherry Growers processes dried fruit at its Riverside facility in The Dalles that is
shipped around the world to dairies, restaurants, bakeries and confectioners, such as Chukar
Cherries and Harry and David.
“If there are cherries in it there’s a good chance it came from Oregon Cherry Growers,”
said Marty Hutchinson, plant manager.
OCG’s dried fruit, including blueberries and strawberries, is packaged under the Royal
Harvest label.
“A lot of people don’t understand that OCG is more than cherries,” said Hutchinson,
who has 32 years of experience with the business and holds a Bachelor of Food Science degree
from Washington State University.
OCG’s local plant processes seven million pounds of cherries for a food supplement each
year, as well as two million pounds of other fruits.
“This industry is driven by people’s food choices, which change over time,” said
Hutchinson.
When cherries are picked by the 60 growers in the gorge and Willamette Valley who are
members of OCG’s co-op, they are sent to one of three destinations.
Cherries that are large and firm enough for fresh markets are transported to a facility in
Wapato, Wash., for packing before they are flown to Asia and other global markets, as well as
across the U.S.
Light-colored sweet cherries, such as Royal Ann, Rainier or Gold varieties, are the most
common varieties used to make maraschino cherries at OCG’s plant in Salem.
The process to turn the cherries into a garnish for desserts, such as sundaes and cocktails
begins with the fruit being soaked in cherry brine to remove the natural color and flavoring.
Cherries are then pitted and immersed in a sweetener for one to three weeks before being
infused with a variety of natural colorings.
Although red was the traditional color choice – and is still the most popular — Hutchinson
said that bordeaux and blush (pink) has become a favorite for many people and other available
colors now include yellow, green and blue.
APRIL
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| FARM & RANCH
9
At a glance
• Oregon Cherry Growers is the largest
producer and processor of sweet cherries
in the world.
• The company packs and processes
an average of 25,000 to 30,000 tons of
cherries from the Columbia River Gorge
and Willamette Valley every year.
• Managed by a board of orchardists,
OCG was founded in 1932 and employs
more than 400 staff at its processing
facilities in Salem and The Dalles.
A worker, top, checks dried fruit for any stems or pits before it is packaged at Oregon Cherry
Growers’ Riverside facility run by Marty Hutchinson, below, who relies on technology to monitor
how each of the processing systems are working. Mark B. Gibson photos
• Oregon is the birthplace of the modern
maraschino cherry and OCG was one
of the first companies to perfect the
B grade fruit that will not sell well in fresh
markets but is without major defects is put in
cherry brine to preserve it for later processing
in The Dalles as a food product, puree, fruit
bars, chocolate coated cherries or dried snacks.
“We are turning cherries into something
you can use year-round,” said Hutchinson.
“Most cherries find a home, one way or
another. We can make any product that a
customer wants.”
Technology has made that job easier, with
computers in place now to monitor systems at
each level of production.
Throughout the sorting, preparation, packing and drying processes for fruit that will be
used in ice creams and packaged as snacks,
Hutchinson said the 100 workers at the plant
are on the lookout for stray pits and stems.
“We make sure everything is very high
quality before it is packaged,” he said.
During the drying process, sunflower oil is
used to keep fruit from sticking on the trays
that are placed on a conveyor belt that travels
into a huge oven that uses six million BTUs to
draw most of the moisture from the fruit in
10
FARM & RANCH |
APRIL
two to six hours.
The drier can deal with about 3,000
pounds of fruit an hour.
Hutchinson said OCG uses sustainable
practices so sugar wastewater from the
operation is treated with aerobic organisms in
a “digester” and then bio-solids are removed
and used by farmers in Eastern Oregon to feed
wheat and corn crops.
Pits from the processed cherries are used by
growers to stabilize roadways.
“We recycle all our materials back to the
farmer,” said Hutchinson.
Cherries, blueberries and strawberries
being shipped out of the plant is packed in
containers that range in size dependent upon
need and then trucked to shipping facilities.
Inventory is moved almost immediately to
make room for the next batch of processed
fruit.
Throughout the year, the plant is running
about 20 hours a day, seven days a week. Two
weeks of maintenance down time during
December allows most staff to take time off to
celebrate the holidays with family and friends.
2 015
revolutionary preserving method that is
standard in today’s production of the
garnish on desserts and cocktails.
• The father of the modern maraschino
cherry was an Oregon State University
professor named Ernest H. Wiegand.
He was approached in 1919 to help create
a preserved cherry that could rival those
found throughout Europe. He added
calcium salts to the brine that Queen
Anne cherries soaked in to keep them
from getting mushy and that is still the
standard used today.
A PUBLICATION OF THE DALLES CHRONICLE
A little history...of cherries
The indigenous range of the sweet cherry extends through most of Europe, western Asia and parts of
northern Africa, and the fruit has been consumed throughout these areas since prehistoric times. A
cultivated cherry is recorded as having been brought to Rome by Lucius Licinius Lucullus, a politician of
the late Roman Republic from northeastern Anatolia, the region now known as Turkey, in 72 BC. The English
word cherry, French cerise, Spanish cereza, and Turkish kiraz all derive from the classical Greek through the
Latin cerasum, which referred to the ancient Greek place name Cerasus, today a city in northern Turkey,
from which the cherry was first exported to Europe.
The above information was taken from the online source Wikipedia.
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2015 NISSAN Altima S Sedan
Auto Transmission, Power Package,
AM/FM/CD, Zero Gravity Front Seats
Bluetooth Hands Free Phone System,
and so much more.
2 more at this price!
MSRP 24,110
- 1317 RSM DISCOUNT
- 500 NMAC APR CASH
- 500 NISSAN CUSTOMER CASH
MODEL CODE 13115
VIN#1N4AL3AP3FC15197
STK# FNS3
21,793 plus license and fees
OR L E A S E F O R
2014 NISSAN Pathfinder SV 4x4
1 or more at this price!
MSRP 36,205.00
AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSION, 18” ALLOY WHEELS,
POWER PACKAGE, 8-WAY POWER DRIVER SEAT,
TRIZONE AUTO TEMPERATURE CONTROL, REAR
VIEW MONITOR, and so much more.
- 5374 RSM DISCOUNT
MODEL CODE 25214
VIN# 5N1AR2MM1EC716393
STK# EN485
30,831
plus license and fees
199.00/mo.
36 MONTHS
12000 MI/YR,
1550 NMAC LEASE CASH,
1602.04 CASH DOWN,
2149.04 DUE AT SIGNING,
13260.50 LEV
LIKE US ON
FORT DALLES NISSAN
2400 W. 6th St., The Dalles, OR 97058 . 541-296-6191 or 800-934-9835
* NMAC CAPTIVE CASH MUST FINANCE WITH NISSAN
GOOD THRU 04-30-15
12
FARM & RANCH |
APRIL
2 015
A PUBLICATION OF THE DALLES CHRONICLE