RAW DEAL - Humane Society International

RAW DEAL
Kyokuyo, True World Foods and Japan’s Whale Hunts
A Report by the Environmental Investigation Agency
April 2007
INTRODUCTION
In Japan’s history of commercial whaling, seafood
company Kyokuyo Co., Ltd (Kabushiki Kaisha
Kyokuyo) has been a major player. Since it began
hunting whales in the late 1930s, Kyokuyo has profited
from the deaths of over 130,000 great whales,1
including more than 10,000 whales since the
international ban on commercial whaling took effect in
1986.2
increase the number of whales it kills, and expand the
number of species it targets. Japan’s hunts in the
Southern Ocean Sanctuary now includes endangered
fin whales, and will include humpback whales
beginning this year.
With business ventures and offices that span the globe,
Kyokuyo is a billion dollar international
conglomerate,4 which depends on access to foreign
In March 2006, in an apparent effort to distance itself markets and resources to remain competitive. In 2006,
from Japanese whaling, Kyokuyo divested its shares in as part of its global expansion, Kyokuyo announced
Kyodo Senpaku—the company that carries out Japan’s that it would be partnering with True World Foods, one
commercial whaling. The share transfer occurred just of the largest sushi-grade seafood suppliers in the U.S.
after another of Kyodo Senpaku’s major shareholders, The two companies plan to introduce a new line of
Nippon Suisan, was subject to intense international
sushi products in the U.S. called “Polar Seas Frozen
public pressure to end its involvement in, and support Sushi.” 5 Given True World Foods’ prominence in the
of, Japan’s commercial whaling.3
wholesale sushi industry in the U.S., Kyokuyo is
positioned to make a handsome profit from its alliance
Despite having sold its shares in the whaling company, with True World Foods.
Kyokuyo remains closely involved in Japan’s
commercial whaling industry as a major producer and True World Foods may be unaware that the company it
has recently partnered with is quite possibly the
distributor of whalemeat. Kyokuyo continues to
world’s largest whalemeat producer, and that it
supply canned and fresh whale products from Kyodo
continues to wholeheartedly support Japan’s whaling
Senpaku’s whale hunts to hundreds, if not thousands,
of supermarkets and other retail outlets across Japan, as by purchasing, canning, and selling whale products.
well as through online shopping.
EIA is calling on True World Foods to persuade
Kyokuyo to immediately stop all whalemeat sales and
Japan’s whaling is in direct violation of the ban on
distribution, and to shut down the production of canned
commercial whaling, which was agreed by the
whalemeat. By categorically disassociating itself from
International Whaling Commission (IWC) in 1982,
after industrial whaling had severely depleted most of Japan’s whaling, Kyokuyo can begin to redress the
decades of destruction it has wreaked upon the world’s
the great whale populations. The IWC is the body
whales.
recognized by the United Nations as having legal
authority over the world’s whales. Kyokuyo also sells
whalemeat from whales killed in the Southern Ocean, ALLAN THORNTON | President
which was established as a sanctuary in 1994 by the
Environmental Investigation Agency
IWC to ensure a safe haven for whales—and in which
April 2007
hunting is strictly forbidden. Since 1994, the Japanese
government has authorized Kyodo Senpaku to steadily
Cover Credits from left to right: Credit: NOAA, © S. Pendurthi/EIA, © C. Bass/EIA, © Greenpeace/Morgan.. Sushi photo credit this page: © S. Pendurthi/EIA.
© ABC News-Video Source
Kyokuyo and two other multinational fishing companies,
Maruha Group, Ltd (previously Taiyo Gyogyo) and Nippon
Suisan Kaisha Co., Ltd. (previously Nippon Hogei, and
also known as Nissui), were the major players in Japan’s
commercial whaling history. Until 2006, these three
companies owned more than 80% of Kyodo Senpaku, the
company that still owns and operates Japan’s whaling fleet
today.
© ABC News-Video Source
During the height of Antarctic commercial whaling in the
1960s, Kyokuyo, Maruha and Nippon Suisan owned and
operated the Japanese Antarctic whaling fleet.
Conservative estimates indicate that these three companies
together killed nearly half a million whales in the Antarctic
and North Pacific between 1929 and 1986.6
© ABC News-Video Source
KYOKUYO: MORE THAN
70 YEARS IN THE WHALING
BUSINESS
Established in 1937 as Kyokuyo Hogei K.K. (literally,
Polar Seas Whaling Ltd.), modern day seafood powerhouse
Kyokuyo began as a whaling company.7 In total, Kyokuyo
has had a hand in killing over 130,000 whales during its 70
years of commercial whaling activities in both the Antarctic
and North Pacific.8
© Claire Bass/EIA
Historic whaling records indicate that Kyokuyo Hogei
boats made their first trip to the Antarctic in 1938, where
they hunted nearly every year until 1975.9 These records
implicate Kyokuyo specifically in the deaths of over 52,500
whales in the North Pacific, and 85,000 whales in the
Antarctic before the moratorium on commercial whaling
came into effect in 1986.10
In 1971, Kyokuyo Hogei changed its name to Kyokuyo
Co., Ltd.11 In 1976, due to declining whale populations and
reduced IWC catch quotas, the whaling departments of
Kyokuyo, Maruha and Nissui down-sized and merged to
form Nippon Kyodo Hogei Co., Ltd. This company hunted
more than 35,000 whales before the ban on commercial
whaling came into effect.12
1
KYOKUYO: INTERNATIONAL
FISHING CONGLOMERATE
sushi.” They state, “The frozen sushi that we exhibited this
time became the food item positioned as a major pillar in
our overseas-oriented sales strategy.”17
© D.Grabiel/EIA
Today, Kyokuyo is
Japan’s fourth largest
marine products
company, catching,
processing, canning and
wholesaling fresh, salted
and frozen seafood.13
Sales of its fish products accounted for more than half of its
$1.2 billion in sales in 2006.14
Kyokuyo has six international representative offices,
including Kyokuyo America Corporation based in Seattle.
In 2005, a Kyokuyo Europe representative office was
established in the Netherlands with the intent to develop
sales in Europe and Russia. In the same year, a new
representative office was set up in Qingdao, China.
Kyokuyo has a further 10 affiliated companies, mostly
based in Japan.18
With a growing demand for marine products overseas,
particularly in North America, Europe and China, this
sector is a priority for expansion in the Kyokuyo group.15
In April 2005, Kyokuyo established K&U Enterprise Co.,
Ltd. with the Union Frozen Products Co., Ltd of Thailand,
to export high-quality frozen sushi products to Europe,
Japan, and the U.S.16
As a multinational company that depends on access to
foreign markets, Kyokuyo has a responsibility to act in
accordance with international law, and must increasingly
answer to an international constituency. In the U.S. and
Europe, where Kyokuyo is experiencing its most rapid
expansion, Kyokuyo’s customers are likely to have strong
feelings about the company’s involvement in commercial
whaling. They will expect Kyokuyo to act as a good
corporate citizen by putting an end to its sale of whale
products, and its long and bloody whaling history.
According to a 2006 shareholders report, Kyokuyo
participated in the 2006 European Seafood Exposition, “as
part of our overseas-oriented sales strategy,” where they
“set up a Kyokuyo booth and exhibited, offered taste
samples, and engaged in business talks focused on frozen
Japan’s top three
fishing companies start
as whaling companies:
The whaling
departments of
the three
companies
merge.
The whaling company
changes names and
classification in an
effort to avoid the
whaling ban.
Kyokuyo Hogei, K.K.
(1937 to 1976)
Nippon Hogei, K.K.
(1937—1976)
International pressure
leads to the companies
divesting their shares in
the whaling fleet.
Nissui divests and quits
whalemeat business.
Nippon Kyodo
Hogei (19761987)
Kyodo Senpaku
(1987 to present)
Maruha Hogei, K.K.
(1937-1976)
Maruha divests but continues
to sell canned whalemeat.
Kyokuyo divests but
continues to produce canned
whalemeat and other whale
products.
2
90,000
80,000
Take by Nippon Kyodo
Hogei Kaisha
Whales reported killed
70,000
Total Antarctic catch by
Kyokuyo
60,000
Total Antarctic catch by
Taiyo Gyogyo
50,000
Total Antarctic catch by
Nippon Suisan K.K
40,000
30,000
20,000
10,000
19
80
-8
7
19
75
-7
9
19
70
-7
4
19
65
-6
9
19
60
-6
4
19
55
-5
9
19
50
-5
4
19
45
-4
9
19
40
-4
4
19
34
-3
9
0
Season
© Greenpeace/Morgan
THE INTERNATIONAL BAN ON
COMMERCIAL WHALING
During the 20th century, the commercial whaling
industry decimated whale populations across the
globe. In an attempt to manage the whaling industry,
the International Convention for the Regulation of
Whaling (ICRW) was agreed in 1946, and the IWC
was established. The Convention was signed and
ratified by all the major whaling nations.
Repeated attempts by the IWC to control commercial
hunting through quota and size restrictions failed, and
by the 1970s, most species of great whale had been
catastrophically depleted. In 1982, the IWC agreed to
a moratorium on all commercial whaling to take effect
in 1986, setting zero catch quotas for all the great
whales listed under the ICRW. In support of the
moratorium, the Convention on International Trade in
Endangered Species (CITES) also banned
international trade in the products of all the great
whale species that were not already fully protected
under CITES. These conservation measures remain in
place today, despite continued whaling by Japan,
Norway and Iceland.
3
© S. Pendurthi/EIA
TRUE WORLD FOODS,
KYOKUYO AND
“POLAR SEAS”
FROZEN SUSHI
With total annual sales on the order of $250 million and
over 700 employees, True World Foods, Inc. is the selfdescribed “premier” seafood and sushi distributor in the
U.S.19 Through a recent partnership with Kyokuyo, True
World Foods is playing a fundamental role in Kyokuyo’s
expansion into international markets, and is therefore
supporting a company that is critical to Japan’s whalemeat
trade.
In 2006, True World Foods announced a new partnership
with Kyokuyo Co., Ltd. The companies are introducing a
new line of products called “Polar Seas Frozen Sushi.” 26
This “marriage” of the two companies, which True World
Foods describes as “ideal,” 27 is clearly part of Kyokuyo’s
stated aim to supply frozen sushi worldwide—particularly
to the U.S. and Europe.
© D. Grabiel/EIA
Established in Brooklyn, New
York in 1975 as New York
Fish House, True World Foods
is currently headquartered in
Elizabeth, New Jersey.20 Since
its establishment, the company
has steadily expanded, and now
has over 20 independent
offices.21 According to True
World Foods, its fleet of
refrigerated trucks delivers raw
fish to 6,000 sushi and finedining restaurants nationwide.22
In 2002, it sold over 250,000
pounds of tuna from one plant
alone, and its Alaska plant processes more than 20 million
pounds of salmon, cod and pollock each year.23,24 Its
International Lobster operation in Gloucester,
Massachusetts ships monkfish and lobster around the world
from a 25,000-square-foot cold storage facility—which is
among the largest on the East Coast.25
Indeed, True World Foods and Kyokuyo
have big plans for Polar Seas Frozen
Sushi. Polar Seas Frozen Sushi was the
centerpiece of True World Foods’
marketing display at the 2007 Boston
International Seafood Show. True World
Foods representatives told EIA that the
product has already been placed in about
300 Food Lion stores in North Carolina,
and that they are in discussions with such
retailers as Costco and Sam’s Club. They
hope to have the product on store shelves
by June of this year.
Is True World Foods aware that Kyokuyo,
the company it has partnered with to sell
sushi under the “Polar Seas” brand name, is selling
whalemeat in Japan under the same brand name? How will
the whale-loving patrons of the many restaurants,
supermarkets and other retails establishments across
America supplied by True World Foods react when they
find out that True World Foods has partnered with a
company that has a 70-year history in commercial whaling
and the whalemeat trade?
4
KYOKUYO’S SUPPORT
FOR JAPAN’S MODERN
WHALING INDUSTRY
donated to several so-called “public-interest”
corporations, including the ICR.31 Nissui has also pulled
out of the processing and distribution of whale products;
however, Kyokuyo and Maruha have continued their
involvement in the trade.
In 1987, just one year after the moratorium on
commercial whaling went into effect, Nippon Kyodo
Hogei Co., Ltd. (the whaling company run jointly by the
whaling departments of Kyokuyo, Maruha and Nissui)
was dissolved. The company’s assets—and many of its
employees—were subsequently transferred to a newly
established “vessel and crew charter” company in order
to circumvent the moratorium. The newly established
company was named Kyodo Senpaku Kaisha Ltd.—and
each of the three companies retained approximately onethird ownership.28,29
Kyodo Senpaku continues to hunt whales in increasing
numbers in the Antarctic and North Pacific, and sells the
meat to canning companies (including Kyokuyo), as
well as to wholesale markets in Japan. The 2005-2006
Antarctic hunt was the largest since the moratorium,
with 853 Antarctic minke whales and 10 fin whales
killed.32
© Greenpeace
Japan’s “research” whaling program was created by the
Japanese government—in collaboration with their
whaling companies (Kyokuyo, Maruha and Nissui)—in
order to maintain a commercial whaling industry while
they worked to overturn the moratorium.
© Greenpeace
In the same year, the Government of Japan, through the
Fisheries Agency of the Ministry of Agriculture,
Forestry and Fisheries, established the Institute of
Cetacean Research (ICR), and began issuing it with
“special permits” to kill whales for “scientific research”
in the Antarctic. Kyodo Senpaku is contracted by the
ICR and Fisheries Agency to carry out this whaling.
Upon completion of the hunts, the ICR consigns Kyodo
Senpaku to sell the whalemeat commercially at prices
set by the ICR. Some of this catch is distributed at
reduced prices to public institutions—including
schools—in an effort to dispose of the large stocks of
unsold whalemeat.
© Greenpeace
Until last year, Kyokuyo, Nissui and Maruha maintained
nearly the same division of ownership in Kyodo
Senpaku (roughly one-third each) as they had before the
moratorium, and continued to engage in commercial
whaling in much the same way as they had before the
moratorium. Operating as Kyodo Senpaku, these
companies have killed more than 10,000 whales in the
twenty years since the moratorium on commercial
whaling was implemented.30
In March 2006, faced with intense international
consumer pressure to stop whaling, the shareholders of
Kyodo Senpaku decided to divest their shares,
presumably to avoid further negative publicity.
According to Kyodo Senpaku, the shares have been
5
As one of the last remaining large-scale distributors of whalemeat in
Japan, Kyokuyo plays a key role in Japan’s plan to maintain the
infrastructure of the whaling industry, while simultaneously attempting
to resuscitate demand for whalemeat and working to overturn the
moratorium.
The ICR and Japan’s Fisheries Agency contract exclusively with Kyodo
Senpaku to carry out the Antarctic and North Pacific “research” whale
hunts. The ICR also outlines quotas and prices for the whalemeat, and
authorizes Kyodo Senpaku to distribute the catch according to these
rules.
© Claire Bass/EIA
© Claire Bass/EIA
© Claire Bass/EIA
THE WHALEMEAT
TRADE IN JAPAN &
KYOKUYO’S ROLE
The total quota is allocated among four main categories with various set
prices: (1) products for public service, (2) products for commercial
markets (essentially wholesale markets that then sell to retailers,
consumers, and restaurants), (3) products for processing, and (4)
unstandardized products for distribution to consumers.33
The quota for public service has increased four-fold since 2002 as part
of a desperate effort to re-create demand for whalemeat, and to get rid
of expanding stockpiles. This quota includes, for example, school
lunch programs and promotional tastings at department stores in
Japan.34
Of the four quotas, the processing quota has traditionally been the
largest portion of the catch, comprising almost 43% of the whalemeat
sold in 2004.35 Recent market statistics reveal that the amount of the
catch distributed for processing has dropped sharply since Nissui exited
the whaling business. None of the 2005/2006 Antarctic catch was
distributed for processing, compared to more than 856 tonnes of the
catch (45%) from the previous Antarctic season.36 It is clear that a
decision by Kyokuyo to stop selling whalemeat could have a significant
impact on the processing quota, and on the market for whalemeat in
Japan.
EIA investigations over the past three years have consistently
documented Kyokuyo brand whalemeat being sold in leading
supermarket and convenience store chains across Japan. Of the retail
outlets surveyed by EIA during this time period, two-thirds have sold,
or currently sell, Kyokuyo brand whalemeat (although several leading
retail chains which had previously bought Kyokuyo products—such as
Ito-Yokado, 7-Eleven and Seiyu—have stopped selling whalemeat).
The sheer frequency and volume of Kyokuyo cans on sale in surveyed
Japanese stores indicate that Kyokuyo has been Japan’s leading
producer of canned whalemeat for years—even before Nissui stopped
selling whalemeat.
Despite Nissui’s decision to pull out of the whalemeat market, and
decisions by major Japanese retailers to stop selling whale products,
Kyokuyo continues to sell whalemeat today. As recently as last year,
EIA documented the sale of Kyokuyo products at such leading Japanese
retailers as Daiei, Hotspar, Circle K, Family Mart and Posful. Indeed,
Kyokuyo even appears to be investing in the marketing of these
products. Kyokuyo brand whalemeat can now be purchased on the
Internet,37 and new products have been developed as recently as spring
2006. A strong signal must be sent to Kyokuyo that investing in the
whalemeat trade is bad for business.
6
TELL KYOKUYO TO QUIT THE
WHALEMEAT BUSINESS!
Hawaii
2696 WaiWai Loop
Honolulu, HI 96819
Phone: (808) 836-3222; Fax: (808) 833-4510
Kyokuyo America Corporation
Seattle Representative Office
Mr. Makoto Ishihara, Vice President
1200 Fifth Avenue, Suite 1301
Seattle, WA 98101-3148, U.S.A.
Tel: (206) 405-2670; Fax: (206) 405-2671
Email: mishihara@kyokuyoamerica.com
Vancouver
12417 #2 Road, Unit #155,
Richmond, British Columbia, Canada
V7E 6H7
Tel: (604) 878-1994; Fax: (604) 275-3265
Amsterdam Representative Office
Mr. Yoshiyuki Takano
Tower-F,4th Floor,WTC
Schiphol Airport Schiphol Boulevard 193
1118BG Luchthaven Schiphol
The Netherlands
Tel: +31 20 4059060
Email: takano@kyokuyo-eu.com/info@kyokuyo-eu.com
Gloucester
True World Foods, Inc
d/b/a International Lobster
111 East Main Street
Gloucester, Massachusetts 01930
Phone: (978) 283-1324; Fax : (978) 283-3058
New York
481 8th Ave. Ste 618
New York, NY 10001-1809
Tel: (212) 244-7180; Fax: (212) 868-0002
TELL TRUE WORLD FOODS TO END
ITS ASSOCIATION WITH WHALING!
Washington, DC
3331 75th Avenue
Landover, Maryland 20785
Phone: (301) 386-5355; Fax : (301) 386-5360
True World Foods Corporate Headquarters
Takeshi Yashiro, CEO
Chief Executive Officer
32-34 Papetti Plaza, Elizabeth, New Jersey 07207
Tel: 1-800-486-3474; (908) 351-1400
Fax: (908) 351-8465
Email: info@trueworldfoods.com
Boston
22 Foodmart Road
Boston, Mass. 02118
Tel: (617) 269-9988; Fax: (617) 268-8986
True World Foods Satellites
Raleigh, North Carolina
9521 Lumley Rd.
Raleigh, NC 27617
Tel: (919) 782-5838
Chicago
950 Chase Avenue
Elk Grove Village, IL 60007
Tel: (847) 718-0088; Fax: (847) 718-0011
Denver
6727 East 50th Street
Commerce City, CO 80022
Tel: (303) 227-1344: Fax: (303) 227-1322
Miami
11205 North West 36th Avenue
Corner of 36th Avenue and 112th Street
Miami, Florida 33167
Tel: (305) 687-4303; Fax: (305) 687-0747
Seattle
1501 South 92nd Place
Seattle, WA 98108
Tel: (206) 766-8006; Fax: (206) 766-8176
Dallas
8919 Governors Row
Dallas, Texas 75247
Tel: (214) 887-8009; Fax: (214) 887-8098
Portland
301 East Grand Boulevard
Vancouver, Washington 98661
Tel: (360) 695-9577; Fax: (360) 695-9578
Atlanta
3550 Broad Street, Suite J
Chamblee, GA 0341
Tel: (770) 455-9504; Fax: (770) 455-9520
San Francisco
1815 Williams St.
San Leandro, CA 94577
Tel: (510) 352-8081; Fax: (510) 895-5544
Detroit
Tel: (734) 425-5748
Phoenix
Tel: (480) 377-8783
Los Angeles
4200 S. Alameda Street
Vernon, CA 90058
Tel: (323) 846-3300; Fax: (323) 232-5694
7
WHALING IN THE
SOUTHERN OCEAN
SANCTUARY
In 1994, the IWC voted by a majority of 23 to 1 to
designate the entire Southern Ocean as a whale sanctuary.
In spite of almost universal support for the Southern Ocean
Sanctuary within the IWC, Japan registered an objection to
the designation regarding minke whales, while accepting
that the designation applied to all other species of whales,
including fin and humpback whales.
records show Kyokuyo hunted nearly 37,000 fin whales,
and almost 1,000 humpbacks prior to the moratorium on
commercial whaling.41
© Greenpeace
Today, humpback whales are thought to number as few as
10,000 in the southern hemisphere, and are listed as
vulnerable by the World Conservation Union (IUCN).
These charismatic creatures form the backbone of the
In the same year, the government of Japan authorized the
billion dollar-a-year whalewatching industry, a recreational
expansion of its hunt to include minke whales in the Pacific activity enjoyed by over nine million people in 87 countries
Ocean. It also continued its Antarctic hunts in the Southern and territories.42 Precise estimates of fin whale populations
Ocean, and increased the number of minkes caught. Since in the Southern Ocean are unknown; however, they are
1987, Kyodo Senpaku has killed nearly 7,000 minke
listed as endangered by the World Conservation Union.
whales in the Southern Ocean Whale
Sanctuary.38
There is now concern regarding the status
of Antarctic minke whales. Recent
abundance estimates reported by the IWC
Scientific Committee suggest that the
whale population may have suffered an
abrupt decline over the last decade, or
alternatively that consecutive abundance
surveys have not been comparable,
rendering population estimates
unreliable.39
In November 2005, Japan began to target
endangered fin whales, with plans to
eventually kill up to 935 Antarctic minke
whales, 50 fin whales and 50 humpback
whales each year.40 Humpback and fin
whale populations were severely depleted
by commercial whaling during the first half
of the 20th century. Historic whaling
8
CONCLUSION
EIA is calling on True World Foods to use its influence to
persuade its partner, Kyokuyo, to immediately withdraw
from all purchasing, processing, sale and distribution of
whale products.
government of Japan in propping up a dying industry by
selling and distributing whalemeat.
While Kyokuyo’s recent divestment of shares means that it
is no longer carrying out whaling, it continues to be the
largest producer of canned whalemeat, and as such, plays a
significant role in Japan’s current whaling industry and future plans to expand it.
The government of Japan, in contravention of a twentyyear-old ban on commercial whaling, continues to expand
its whale hunts in order to keep its whaling industry afloat
until it can overturn the IWC moratorium. This hunt is now
Kyokuyo’s American and European customer bases are
targeting endangered fin whales in the Southern Ocean
overwhelmingly in support of protecting whales. EIA
Whale Sanctuary. Soon humpback whales will be at the
strongly urges True World Foods to help bring an end to
mercy of Japanese harpoon guns.
the ongoing slaughter of whales in Japan by persuading
Kyokuyo has played a significant role in Japan’s appalling Kyokuyo to pull out of the whaling business for good.
history of commercial whaling, and continues to aid the
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
(11)
(12)
(13)
(14)
(15)
(16)
(17)
(18)
(19)
(20)
(21)
(22)
(23)
(24)
(25)
(26)
(27)
(28)
(29)
(30)
(31)
(32)
(33)
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(41)
(42)
IWC whaling records International Whaling Commission individual catch database version 2, October 2005, courtesy of C. Allison; and International Whaling Commission
historical catch database: Antarctic humpback whale catches by expedition 1904—1972; Antarctic fin whale catches by expedition 1904—1975. Accessed 15th March 2005,
courtesy C. Allison.
Website of the International Whaling Commission. Special Permit Catches Since 1985. Internet. 14 February 2007.
In 2005, EIA led a campaign targeting U.S. seafood giant Gorton’s of Gloucester and its ties to Nippon Suisan, one of the other corporate shareholders in Kyodo Senpaku.
Hoovers, Inc. Internet. 14 February 2007.
Polar Seas Frozen Sushi. Brochure by Kyokuyo Co. Ltd of Japan and True World Foods, Inc.
IWC whaling records International Whaling Commission individual catch database version 2, October 2005, courtesy of C. Allison; and International Whaling Commission
historical catch database: Antarctic humpback whale catches by expedition 1904—1972; Antarctic fin whale catches by expedition 1904—1975. Accessed 15th March 2005,
courtesy C. Allison.
Lloyd’s ship registry: House Flags of Japanese Shipping Companies – Kyokuyo Hogei. See also Kyokuyo website, Message from the President.
IWC whaling records International Whaling Commission individual catch database version 2, October 2005, courtesy of C. Allison; and International Whaling Commission
historical catch database: Antarctic humpback whale catches by expedition 1904—1972; Antarctic fin whale catches by expedition 1904—1975. Accessed 15th March 2005,
courtesy C. Allison.
Ibid.
Ibid.
ReferenceforBusiness.com. Kyokuyo Company Ltd. - Company Profile, Information, Business Description, History, Background Information on Kyokuyo Company Ltd. Internet. 14 February
2007.
IWC whaling records International Whaling Commission individual catch database version 2, October 2005, courtesy of C. Allison; and International Whaling Commission
historical catch database: Antarctic humpback whale catches by expedition 1904—1972; Antarctic fin whale catches by expedition 1904—1975. Accessed 15th March 2005,
courtesy C. Allison.
Hoover's Database, Hoover No. 56816.
Ibid.
Kyokuyo. 83rd Fiscal Term Business Report. April 1, 2005 to March 31, 2006. Expansion of Overseas Bases.
Ibid.
Ibid.
Ibid.
True World Foods website. Homepage. Internet. 17 February 2007.
Ibid.
Ibid.
Ibid.
Chicago Tribune Special Report. Sushi and Rev. Moon: How Americans’ growing appetite for sushi is helping to support his controversial church. By Monica Eng, Delroy
Alexander and David Jackson. Published April 11, 2006.
The Star Ledger. Fish Tale: The Big Ones That Didn’t Get Away are Yours for the Shouting. By Brooke Tarabour. Published 19 February 2003.
Chicago Tribune Special Report. Sushi and Rev. Moon: How Americans’ growing appetite for sushi is helping to support his controversial church. By Monica Eng, Delroy
Alexander and David Jackson. Published April 11, 2006.
True World Foods website. Homepage. Internet 17 February 2007. http://www.trueworldfoods.com/.
Ibid.
History of Japanese Commercial Whaling.Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society web site. Internet. November 25, 2005.
Institute of Cetacean Research, The standards of the sale and handling of by-products of cetacean research hunting project, amendment Sept 2001.
International Whaling Commission Special Permit Catches Since 1985.
Kyodo Senpaku Changes its Shareholder Composition. Press Release. Kyodo Senpaku Kaisha. 24 March 2006.
International Whaling Commission Special Permit Catches Since 1985.
Policies governing the distribution of by-products from scientific and small-scale coastal whaling in Japan. Aiko Endo, Masahiro Yamao. Department of Bioresource Science,
Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, 1-4-4 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, 739-8528, Japan Received 25 April 2006; accepted 16 June 2006.
Ibid.
Ibid.
Ibid.
Kyokuyo brand whalemeat products are available for sale at: www.rakuten.co.jp.
Special Permit Catches (JARPA & JARPN offshore) since 2001 according to Japanese progress to the IWC Scientific Committee and the JWA News No 12, Sept 2005: 2001599; 2002-684; 2003-650; 2004-643; 2005-255
International Whaling Commission. Journal of Cetacean Research and Management. Editorial summarizing the 2005 Scientific Committee Meeting. Comprehensive Assessment of Whale Stocks. Antarctic Minke Whales.
Report of the Scientific Committee. International Whaling Commission meeting 57. IWC/57/REP1.
IWC whaling records International Whaling Commission individual catch database version 2, October 2005, courtesy of C. Allison; and International Whaling Commission
historical catch database: Antarctic humpback whale catches by expedition 1904—1972; Antarctic fin whale catches by expedition 1904—1975. Accessed 15th March 2005,
courtesy C. Allison.
Whale Watching 2001. Worldwide Tourism Numbers, Expenditures,and Expanding Socioeconomic Benefits. A special report from the International Fund for Animal Welfare.
9
Credit: NOAA
REFERENCES
This report was researched and
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