Soils of the Belleoram - St. Lawrence Area, Newfoundland IQ M W

Soils of the Belleoram - St. Lawrence
Area, Newfoundland
Report No. 10 Newfoundland Soil Survey
M
IQ M
W
GOVERNMENT OF
NEWFOUNDLAND AND LABRADOR
Department of Forestry and Agriculture
Soil and Land Management Division
Soils of the Belleoram - St. Lawrence Area,
Newfoundland
Report No. 10
Newfoundland Soil Survey
J.W.M. van de Hulst
Soil and Land Management Division
Department of Forestry and Agriculture
St. John's, Newfoundland
Report No. 10, Newfoundland Soil Survey
Agriculture Branch
Department ofForestry and Agriculture
1992
Reprinted 1997
Copies of this publication are available from :
Soil and Land Management Division,
Department of Forest Resources and Agrifoods
Provincial Agriculture Building
P .O. Box 8700
Brookfield Road
St . John's, Newfoundland
AlB 4J6
CONTENTS
Pacte
Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vi
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
General Description of the Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Location and Extent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Settlement and Land Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2
2
Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Climate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Geomorphology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Physiography and Drainage
Bedrock Geology . . . . . . . . . .
Vegetation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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4
4
16
16
19
22
Soil Mapping and Classification
Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Soil Classification . . . . . . .
Mapping Legend . . . . . . . . . . . .
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27
27
27
35
Soil Associations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Soils on Morainal Deposits . . . . . .
Berry Hill Pond association . .
Garrison Hill association . . . .
Hungry Grove Pond association
Jacques Fontaine association .
Lower Cove association . . . . . . .
Salmon River association . . . . .
Toslow association . . . . . . . . . . .
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42
42
42
46
48
55
59
61
64
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69
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76
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Soils on Glaciofluvial Deposits
Freshwater Pond association
Grand Beach association . . . .
Swangers association . . . . . . .
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Soils on Marine Deposits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Frenchman's Cove association . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
Soils on Organic Materials . . . .
Come By Chance association
Dunn's Pond association . . .
Lamaline association . . . . . .
Meelpaeg association . . . . . .
Pipers Hole association . . .
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82
82
87
89
91
92
CONTENTS (CONT'D)
PAGE
Rock Land . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
94
Soil Capability for Agriculture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
95
Chemical and Physical Soil Analyses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Soil Reaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Total Carbon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Total Nitrogen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Available Phosphorus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Pyrophosphate Extractable Iron and Aluminum . . . . .
Cation Exchange Capacity and Exchangeable Cations
Gravel Content and Particle Size Distribution . . . .
Fiber Content . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Methods of Soil Analyses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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96
97
97
97
98
98
98
99
99
100
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
101
Common and Botanical Names of Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
103
Appendix A .
Chemical and physical analyses of
described soil profiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
105
Appendix B .
Extended Soil Legend . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
129
PAGE
LIST OF TABLES
Table
1 Mean daily temperature in degrees Celsius
(1951-1980) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6
Table
2 Growing degree-days, base temperature of 50C
(1951-1980) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7
Table
3 Average dates of frost and number of
frost-free days at two stations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7
Table
4 Mean precipitation in millimetres
(1951-1980) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12
Table
5 Number of days with measurable precipitation
(1951-1980) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13
Table
6 Classification of the soils mapped in the
Belleoram-St . Lawrence map sheet area . . . . . . . . . . .
37
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure
1 Outline of Map of Newfoundland showing the
Belleoram-St . Lawrence Map Sheet (MTS IM/L) . . . . .
3
Figure
2 Extent of sea ice in a typical January and March
(after Hare 1952) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5
Figure
3 Duration of vegetative season (days)
(after Hare 1952) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8
Figure
4 Average date
.
9
Figure
5 Average date of first fall frost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10
Figure
6 Mean annual precipitation (millimetres)
. . . .... . .
11
Figure
7 Mean annual potential evapotranspiration
(millimetres) according to Thornwaite method
(after Hare 1952) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14
Figure
8 Water surplus (millimetres)
.. . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . .. .
15
Figure
9 Glacial striae and moraine topography of the
Burin Peninsula and northern Fortune Bay area
(after Grant 1975) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18
î last spring frost . . . . . . . . . . . . .
LIST OF FIGURES (CONT'D)
PAGE
Figure 10 Physiographic divisions of Newfoundland . . . . . . . . .
20
Figure 11 Geology of the Burin Peninsula and northern
Fortune Bay area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21
Figure 12 Map of Newfoundland, showing the Boreal forest
regions according to Rowe 1959 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
23
Figure 1.3 The ecoregions of Newfoundland and their
subdivision . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
24
Figure 14 Distribution of field observations . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
28
Figure 15 Pedoclimatic zones of Newfoundland . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
29
Figure 16 Common horizons in a hypothetical soil profile . .
33
Figure 17 A diagram showing the ranges in percentages of
sand, silt, and clay in the soil textural
classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
34
Figure 18 Soil profile of Gleyed Humo-Ferric Podzol of the
Hungry Grove Pond association . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
40
Figure 19 Soil profile of an Orthic Ferro-Humic Podzol of
the Jacques Fontaine association . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
40
Figure 20 Soil profile of a Gleyed Humo-Ferric Podzol of
the Toslow association . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
40
Figure 21 Soil profile of a Placic Ferro-Humic Podzol of
the Grand Beach association . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
40
Figure 22 A Blanket bog of the Lamaline association . . . . . . .
41
Figure 23 Atlantic ribbed fens of the Pipers Hole
association . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
41
Figure 24 Pasture on Berry Hill Pond soils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
45
Figure 25 Piper's Hold River . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
60
Figure 26 Barrens on the Salmon River soils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
63
Figure 27 Pasture near Winterland on Toslow and
organic soils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
68
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The soil survey of the Belleoram-St . Lawrence Area was a
project by the Department of Rural, Agricultural and Northern
Development of the Province of Newfoundland and Labrador .
Part of the field work was carried out by K . Guthrie, A .
Field work was
Webber and K . Mooney between 1979 and 1981 .
completed by the author between 1982 and 1984 .
The author wishes to express his appreciation to the Soil
Survey staff of the Soil and Land Management Division, Department
of Rural, Agricultural and Northern Development for support and
useful discussions .
Thanks go to the following persons of the Soil and Land
Management Division, Department of Rural, Agricultural and Northern
Development : D . Blackmore and D . Murphy for typing the manuscript ;
B . Fardy and A . Webber for drafting the manuscript soil map and
report figures .
The author is indebted to the Land Resource Research Centre,
Agriculture Canada for the publication of this report and in
particular to B . Edwards and his cartography staff for producing
final soil map and figures ; B . Sheldrick and his staff for
performing laboratory analyses on the soil samples .
SUMMARY
The soil survey of the Belleoram-St . Lawrence mapsheet area
on the south coast of the island of
covers about 9640 km
Newfoundland .
The area includes the entire Burin Peninsula, the
Fortune Bay area, the Hermitage Bay area and the Bay d'Espoir area .
The climate, which is moderated by the ocean, is characterized
Precipitation
by mild winters, cool summers and high humidity .
Fog occurs about
ranges from about 1250 mm to more than 1375 mm .
one-third of the time along the coast during the summer .
Much of the area is barrens, characterized by heath vegetation
Forests are
with patches of low wind-pruned spruce and fir .
consist
mainly
of pure
to
sheltered
valleys
and
slopes
and
confined
of
balsam
fir
and
black
spruce
.
or mixed stands
The topography includes a deeply indented coastline with steep
cliffs rising directly from the sea, a dissected plateau, dotted
with many small ponds, which extends across the central part of the
area, and an undulating to hummocky topography of the Burin
Peninsula . Much of the map area is exposed bedrock .
The Burin Peninsula and the north shore of Fortune Bay are
Intrusive bedrock occurs in the
mainly of volcanic origin .
northern part of the map sheet, while sedimentary bedrock underlies
the Bay d'Espoir area . The entire area has been glaciated, leaving
Small outwash trains are
much of it covered by shallow till .
located at the head of coastal inlets of the central map area and
along the west coast of the Burin Peninsula .
Fourteen soil associations have been identified within the
mapsheet area, according to their mode of deposition, lithologic
origin and pedoclimatic setting . The soils in the northwest corner
of the map area near Bay d'Espoir have developed in glacial till
which is derived from soft sedimentary bedrock . Gleyed and Orthic
Ferro-Humic Podzols are the characteristic soil developments .
These soils belong to the Berry Hill Pond soil association (M17) .
They have loamy textures and are moderately stony .
East of the Bay d'Espoir area, the soils have developed in
The characteristic
glacial till derived from granitic bedrock .
soil developments are Ortstein and Orthic Ferro-Humic Podzols .
These soils, which belong to the Hungry Grove Pond soil association
(M18), are coarse textured and exceedingly stony .
The soils of the Burin Peninsula have developed mainly in
coarse textured, stony glacial till that has. been derived from
Soils developed in this material are grouped
volcanic bedrock .
under the Toslow soil association (M52) or the Jacques Fontaine
soil association (M53), which is found along the south coast .
Gleyed Ferro-Humic Podzols have developed on undulating landforms
and Orthic Ferro-Humic Podzols are generally found on the steeper
slopes . Thin, cemented placic horizons are common in the Podzolic
soils south of Winterland . Gleysols generally occur on long gentle
slopes .
Further inland, Gleyed and Orthic Ferro-Humic and HumoFerric Podzols occur under a thin peaty surface . These soils are
very to exceedingly stony and many rock outcrops and boulders
occur .
Isolated glaciofluvial deposits occur at the head of coastal
inlets such as Bay d'Espoir and Long Harbour . Soils developed on
these materials belong to the Swangers soil association (F7) . They
are classified as well drained Orthic Ferro-Humic Podzols and
Ortstein Ferro-Humic Podzols with impeded drainage .
Along Main Brook, located south of Winterland, Orthic HumoFerric Podzols have developed in the stratified silts, sands and
gravels of the slightly raised fluvial terraces . These soils are
grouped under the Freshwater Pond soil association (F10) . Marine
sands of the Frenchman's Cove soil association (W8) and coarse
textured glaciofluvial soils of the Grand Beach association (Fll)
occur along the coast in scattered locations .
Organic deposits occur throughout the area as slope bogs,
The bogs
Basin bogs, Sloping fens and Atlantic ribbed fens .
sphagnum
peat .
consist of undecomposed to moderately decomposed
on
the
degree
of
Soils on these materials are classified, depending
decomposition of the materials, as Mesic Fibrisols or Terric and
Typic Mesisols . These soils belong to the Come By Chance (012) or
The fens consist of
Lamaline (014) organic soil associations .
shallow, moderately well decomposed sedge peat . They are generally
classified as Terric Mesisols and can be grouped under Pipers Hole
(06) or the Dunns Pond (011) organic soil associations . By far the
It covers most of
largest part of the area consists of rockland .
the central and northern part of the Burin Peninsula and the south
Rockland
coast from Terrenceville to Hermitage and beyond .
consists of very shallow soils and exposed bedrock, enough to be
dominant over the soils in the area .
INTRODUCTION
The exploratory soil survey of the Belleoram-St . Lawrence area
is the fourth soil survey in a series of exploratory soil surveys
for the insular portion of the Province of Newfoundland and
Labrador .
The exploratory soil survey program was initiated in
1974 .
The purpose of the program was to obtain broad-scale soil
survey and agricultural capability information for the province .
These surveys, at a scale of 1 :250,000, were in response to a
serious lack of information on the extent and location of soils
The exploratory
with potential for agriculture in Newfoundland .
provide
the
type
of
general
information
mapping program will
planning
and
for
establishing
long-term
required for broad-scale
an
overview
as
to
the scope
agriculture priorities .
It will give
agricultural
of problems that might be encountered in future
development and it will lay the groundwork for studies on land
suitability and productivity . The maps will also provide a base of
soil survey information in areas that will not be re-surveyed in
the near future_ because of low potential for agriculture .
The exploratory soil survey of the Belleoram-St . Lawrence area
was started in 1979 by K . Guthrie, who did part of the mapping
during the summers of 1979, 1980 and 1981 . In 1982 the project was
continued by J . van de Hulst, who completed the soil survey during
the summers of 1982, 1983 and 1984 .
GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE AREA
LOCATION AND EXTENT
The surveyed area lies in the southeast part of Newfoundland
and encompasses the national topographic map-sheets (1 :250,000
scale) for Belleoram (JM) and St .,Lawrence (1L) (Fig .\1) . It lies
between longitudes 54 00' and 56 00' and extends southward from
latitude 48 00' towards the Atlantic ocean .
The surveyed area
includes the entire Burin Peninsula, the Fortune Bay area, the
Hermitage Bay area and the Bay d'Espoir area .
It covers
approximately 9640 square kilometers, composed of 52% rockland, 36%
mineral soil, 10$ organic soil, and 1% fresh water .
SETTLEMENT AND LAND USE
The area was a centre of the European fishery as early as the
1500's, when French, Spanish, Portuguese and Basque fishing fleets
came to Newfoundland to fish for cod off the coast . Many used the
sheltered coves along the coastline to cure their fish during the
summer before returning to their homelands in the fall . It was the
French who established the first known settlements in the area, but
after the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713, which made the area an
exclusive English domain, the English settlers took over .
They
settled in the many small and isolated communities, that derived
their main source of income from the fisheries . During the 1950's
and 1960's many of the smaller communities resettled to larger,
more accessible centres . The largest concentration of population
is found on the Burin Peninsula, with its largest centre being
Marystown . Settlements in the Fortune Bay, Hermitage Bay and Bay
d'Espoir area are sparse .
Beside English settlers, the Bay
d'Espoir area attracted Micmac Indians who, by the 1850's had
settled permanently in the Conne River area .
Fishing and fish processing still form the economic base of
the area .
Large fresh-frozen fish plants were established in
Harbour Breton, Grand Bank, Fortune, Burin and Marystown and a
number of small plants are found at other locations . Hand in hand
with the fishing industry is the ship- building industry .
Ship
yards are located in Marystown, Burin and Fortune . The only major
mineral deposit found in the area is the fluorspar deposit at St .
Lawrence . Mining of this mineral occurred between 1933 and 1977,
after which it was closed down by the Aluminum Company of Canada,
who operated the mine .
The mine reopened again in 1987 after it
was taken over by Minworth Company of Great Britain . A number of
small sawmills are operated for local requirement in the Bay
d'Espoir area which is the only area with adequate forest
resources . No extensive agriculture exists . Agricultural produce
was mainly grown for personal use .
Some small commercial farms
occur in the Winterland area and the Bay d'Espoir area .
Sheep
farming is found in the Lamaline area . In 1965 a cattle ranch was
established near Marystown but-the venture was not successful .
Fig. I Outline Map of Newfoundland showing the Belleoram-St. Lawrence Mapsheet
(NTS .IM/L)
For many years the only means of transportation in the area
was by boat .
A coastal boat service was instituted in 1890 to
It was not until 1949
provide transportation and mail services .
that road construction began to connect the area with the rest of
However, a coastal boat
Newfoundland by ground transportation .
a small number of
still
in
operation
to
service
service is
provincial
trunk-road
are
not
to
the
communities which
connected
system .
A large hydro-electric generating station is located at the
Head of Bay d'Espoir .
ENVIRONMENT
CLIMATE
The climate of Newfoundland plays a critical role in
agriculture because it is generally too adverse for most
Reduced yields occur in many localities in
agricultural crops .
most years and farmers can expect a moderate risk of crop failure
caused by adverse climate factors .
The climate of Newfoundland is classified as cool boreal with
(Canada Department of
humid and subhumid moisture regimes
indicates
a climate that
Agriculture, 1977) . This classification
has cool annual and summer temperatures, relatively short growing
seasons, and high precipitation .
The ocean is the largest single factor that influences the
climate of the island of Newfoundland . The Atlantic ocean and Gulf
of St . Lawrence provide a moderating influence on the climate by
The cold Labrador
reducing extremes in seasonal temperatures .
currents have a year-round cooling effect on the general climate .
These currents carry sea ice far south and west of the island
The bays and inlets of the mapped
during early spring (Fig . 2) .
the year, but sea ice remains off
remain
ice-free
throughout
area
for much of the summer,
of
the
Burin
Peninsula
the east coast
growing
seasons
.
resulting in short, cool
The climate of the coastal areas and the Burin Peninsula in
particular is moderated by the ocean, while inland areas are colder
Winters are
in winter, warmer in summer and receive more snow .
between
-1 .5 and milg, with January mean temperatures ranging
between
temperature
ranging
5 .8 ~ . Summers are cool with mean July
locations
.
12 .1 C along the coast to 16 .30C in inland
Temperatures during the growing season seem adequate from
The
about mid-May through to the end of September (Table 1) .
from
150
days
to
duration of the vegetative season (Fig . 3) ranges
which
is
a high of 160 days and more on the Burin Peninsula,
season
The vegetative
adequate for most root and cole crops .
rsfers to the number of days that have an air temperature above
6 C . This is considered the minimum temperature for plant growth .
Extent of sea Ice In a typical
January
Fig. 2. Extent of sea ice in a typical Januaryand March(after Hare 1952) .
Growing degree-days evaluate the effectiveness of temperature
conditions during the growing season for plant growth .
Crops
require a definite minimum amount of heat to reach maturity .
Growing degree-days give a relative value for the amount of growthproducing heat a plant receives by subtracting the base minimum
temperature, below which a plant will not develop, from the mean
temperature for the day . Growing degree-days for the surveyed area
(Table 2) range from about 920 along the southern tip of the Burin
Peninsula go about 1,250 in inland areas .
The base temperature
used was 5 C .
This is the base minimum temperature usually used
for field crops .
Although heat accumulation and length of
vegetative season are adequate for most root and cole crops, the
growing season may be limited by late spring or early fall frost
occurrences .
Little site specific information is available on
frost occurrences (Table 3), but Figures 4 and 5 show that the
average date of last spring frost occurs somewhere around June 1 or
earlier and the first fall frost occurs around October 1 in the
northern part of the survey area and around October 15 on the Burin
Peninsula .
Mean annual precipitation ranges from about 1250 mm in the
northern part of the map area to more than 1375 mm on the tip of
the Burin Peninsula (Fig . 6) . Table 4 shows that the highest mean
annual
Table 1 .
Mean daily temperature in degrees Celsius (1951-1980) .
Argentia
Come by
Chance
St . Lawrence
Grand
Bank
St . Albans
Bay
d'Espoir
Jan.
- 1 .5
- 4 .3
- 3.1
- 2.5
- 5.3
- 5 .8
Feb.
- 1 .9
- 4 .4
- 4.0
- 3.2
- 5 .8
- 6 .1
Mar.
= 0 .5-
- 1 .4
- 1 .6
- 0.9
- 2.5
- 2.6
Apr.
2 .5
2 .1
1 .4
2 .1
2.4
2 .4
May
5 .6
6 .2
4 .8
5 .9
7.0
7.4
June
9 .7
9.9
8.4
10 .7
11 .5
12 .2
July
14 .0
14 .2
12 .1
14 .9
15 .5
16 .3
Aug .
15 .3
15 .6
14 .1
15 .7
16 .1
16 .4
Sept .
12 .5
12 .5
11 .5
12 .4
12 .2
12 .2
Oct .
8.4
7.7
7.4
8 .0
7.2
7.1
Nov .
5 .0
3 .6
3 .6
4.6
3 .1
2 .8
Dec.
0.3
- 1 .3
- 0 .8
- 0.1
- 2 .7
- 2 .9
Year
5 .8
5 .0
4 .5
5 .6
4.9
5 .0
Table 2 .
Growing degree-days, base temperature of 5°C (1951-1980)
May-Sept .
Argentia
9950 .0
1171 .8
Come by Chance
1024 .7
1160 .1
820 .2
924 .1
Grand Bank
1076 .1
1221 .4
St . Allan's
1106 .7
1220 .4
Bay d'Espoir
1150 .8
1260 .5
St . Lawrence
Table 3 .
Year
Average dates of frost and number of frost-free days at
two stations
Station
Elevation
(m)
Argentia
14
Grand Bank
2
Average
dates
May
9 - Nov . 5
May 26 - Oct . 16
Average
days
179
142
150
Fig. 3. Duration ofvegetative season (days)
(after Hare 1952) .
Fig. 4. Average date of last spring frost .
Oct . 15
Fig . 5 .
Average date of first fall frost .
Fig. 6. Mean annual precipitation (millimetres) .
precipitation occurs in the Bay d'Espoir area (Bay d'Espoir,
St . Albans) and along the southern coast of the Burin Peninsula
(St . Lawrence) . The number of days with measurable precipitation
(Table 5) indicates that the daily distribution of rainfall is very
uniform throughout the growing season .
Moisture available for plant growth not only depends on
precipitation .
Evaporation and transpiration of the moisture in
the soil play an important role .
Water loss by evaporation and
transpiration
is
expressed
in
Figure
7
as
potential
evapotranspiration according to the Thornthwaite method (Hare
1952) .
Annual water loss appears fairly uniform for the whole
survey area, more than approximately 475 mm, and lower in the
western part of the Bay d'Espoir area and along the southern coast
of the Burin Peninsula .
In all areas precipitation exceeds
evapotranspiration, resulting in water surpluses, which are
available for soil water storage and surface run off .
Figure 8
shows that the surpluses are greatest (more than 875 mm) along the
southern coast of the Burin Peninsula .
Fog occurrence is an important climatic factor for the area .
Especially for the southern part of the Burin Peninsula .
It is
most common in spring and summer . For the south coast of the Burin
Peninsula, July is the foggiest month and has fog on 76% of the
days and for June and August fog occurs on 60-70% of the days
(Hemmerick, 1971) .
Table 4.
Mean precipitation in millimetres (1951-1980) .
Mean
Argentia
Come by
Chance
Jan.
rainfall
snowfall
total
167.6
534
118.9
56 .5 417
101 .4
78 :0
509
124.6
80 .6
556
133 .5
103 .0
552
143 .9
95 :4
466
138.9
Feb.
rainfall
snowfall
total
120.1
407
106.2
52 .8
395
96 .5
66 .0
484
116.0
74 .0
437
112 .3
98 .1
535
146 .8
71 .4
423
128.8
Mar.
rainfall
snowfall
total
66 .0
309
70 .6
75 .3
307
103 .4
81 .9
443
127.7
71 .2
327
102 .2
95 .4
433
120.8
96 .0
352
120 .1
Apr.
rainfall
snowfall
total
120 .1
92
77 .3
79 .5
81
90 .2
94
185
113.2
70 .0
144
85 .6
105 .2
185
133.8
87 .4
187
110 .4
May
rainfall
snowfall
total
72 .6
22
67 .4
74 .2
21
76 .2
101 .4
38
107.5
98 .4
21
102.4
84 .5
24
104 .3
74 .6
8
94 .2
St .
Lawrence
Grand
Bank
St . Albans
Bay
d'Espoir
Table 4.
Mean
Argentia
Come by
Chance
June
rainfall
snowfall
total
46 .5
10
74 .7
100.8
0
97 .0
107.7
3
106.9
80 .8
12
82 .2
123 .5
0
109.5
106.3
0
99 .2
July
rainfall
snowfall
total
83 .8
0
72 .7
68 .4
0
68 .4
101 .1
0
101 .1
65 .4
0
65 .4
118 .6
0
120 .2
101 .2
0
102
Aug.
rainfall
snowfall
total
143 .5
0
96 .2
93 .5
0
93 .5
121 .8
0
121 .8
93 .4
0
93 .4
149 .3
0
145 .5
126.8
U
128.8
Sept .
rainfall
snowfall
total
74 .2
0
83 .5
68 .8
0
68 .8
121 .7
0
121 .7
92 .8
0
92 .8
140.2
0
135 .5
114 .6
1
112.0
Oct .
rainfall
snowfall
total
M*
10
89 .6
102 .4
16
104.7
134.4
1 .4
135 .8
127.4
23
130 .2
173 .1
36
156 .1
154 .1
10
138 .4
Nov.
rainfall
snowfall
total
M*
32
105 .4
112 .5
38
110.2
138.3
90
146.9
149.2
81
159 .2
153 .1
107
166 .8
141,8
78
146.7
Dec .
rainfall
snowfall
total
M*
294
110.4
83 .3
325
117 .8
91 .6
328
127.0
94 .9
438
137.3
116.7
493
160.7
128.2
41 .9
181 .5
Year
rainfall
snowfall
total
M*
1710
1067 .9
968.0
1600
1128 .1
1237 .9
2094
1450 .2
1098 .1
2039
1296 .5
1460 .7
2363
1643 .9
1297,8
1944
1501 .0
* M
Table 5.
Mean precipitation in millimetres (1951-1980) (Cont'd) .
St .
Lawrence
Grand
Bank
St . Albans
Bay
d'Espoir
Missing data .
Number of days with measurable precipitation (1951-1980) .
Argentia
Come by
Chance
St .
Lawrence
Grand
Bank
Jan.
16
13
20
Feb .
17
18
14
16
9
17
Mar.
14
15
13
14
13
18
Apr.
13
13
18
10
15
15
May
11
14
13
12
14
15
11
June
13
13
10
14
14
12
July
12
13
14
10
14
Aug.
11
13
13
11
13
15
11
Sept .
12
15
10
14
15
Oct .
10
14
14
15
11
16
Nov.
14
16
15
11
15
17
15
Dec .
16
15
14
18
15
Year
17
164
18
18
134
193
156
182
178
St . Albans
Bay
d'Espoir
,375
Fig. 7. Mean annual potential evapotranspiration (millimetres) according to Thomwaite method,
(after Hare 1952).
875
Fig. 8. Water surplus (millimetres)-
GEOMORPHOLOGY
PHYSIOGRAPHY AND DRAINAGE
The map area extends from the head of Placentia Bay across to
the head of Bay d'Espoir and south to the coast .
Most of the
coastline is deeply indented with steep cliffs rising directly from
the sea .
A deeply dissected plateau, with an average elevation
ranging from about 125 to 275 metres above sea level, extends
across the central part of the area . Much of the map area consists
of exposed bedrock .
The northern part of the area, from
Medonnegonix Lake to Piper's Hole River, and the southern part of
the Burin Peninsula have gently undulating to hummocky topography .
Heath barrens and bedrock outcrops are extensive . Heavily wooded
areas are found only in the well drained valleys of major streams
and on gravel slopes .
The entire area has been glaciated, leaving much of it covered
with shallow till .
Evidence indicates that glaciation of the map
area may have resulted from several ice centres formed during the
Wisconsin glaciation . Indications are that the Burin Peninsula was
overrun by southeasterly flowing ice moving out from an island
based center during the maximum extent of the Wisconsin(?)
glaciation (Vanderveer 1977) .
During the later stages of the
Wisconsin glaciation the ice moved mainly north and west, onshore
from a source centred in Placentia Bay or on the banks beyond, as
evidenced by numerous crossing striae (Fig . 9) . This flow may have
been extended across Fortune Bay at least to Mose Ambrose .
The
theory of two ice flows, coming from different directions, an early
southerly flow and a later northerly low, would explain the
occurrence of two very dissimilar superposed tills as seen in
exposures near Marystown .
Also exposures of silts and sands
beneath till near Marystown, Lamaline and Dantzig cove, the
extensive drumlinized sand plain around Freshwater Pond, and a
layer of peat found beneath 15m of till near St . Lawrence could be
explained by the north-flowing ice moving onshore, upslope, and
across the main drainage routes . Preglacial sediments would become
ponded and overridden together with existing nonglacial sediments .
End moraines with outwash material at more than 27 metres and
modified by wave action are found at several places along the west
coast of the Burin Peninsula and the south coast of the Hermitage
Bay area .
These may have been caused during a pause in the
subsequent recession of this ice onshore from Fortune Bay (Grant
1975) .
During further waning of the ice cap, an ice divide was
located along the topographic axis of the Burin Peninsula .
Its
upslope retreat being evidenced by eskers, outwash plains and
meltwater channels . The northern part of the Burin peninsula seems
to have been deglaciated earlier than the southern part of the
peninsula as suggested by the presence of raised marine features in
the Fortune to Garnish area and the lack of similar features along
the south coast (Vanderveer 1977) .
The landscape of the northern part of the mapsheet may have
resulted from the early Wisconsin island based ice center and its
subsequent northerly retreat as evidenced by many glacial striae,
crag and tail hills, stoss and ice lee features on outcrops and the
Some evidence
many eskers running approximately north-south .
a
late
ice
mass on the
that
in
the
Hermitage
area,
indicates
the
inland
ice sheet
may
have
become
isolated
from
Garrison Hills
several
bays
(Grant
narrow
terminating
in
and may have fed
tongues
1975) .
Fig. 9 Glacial striae and morainal topography of the Burin Peninsulanorthern Fortune Bay Area (of ter Grant, 1975)
Crossing direction strige, with relative age .
Drumlin, fluting i crag-and- tail hill .
Meltwater channel .
Stratified sediment under till .
e
Ice-marginal accumulation coeval with wave modification .
Interglacial l?) marine bench , under till .
The map area, as modified by the above described glacial
activity, can be divided into three major physiographic regions :
Central Plateau, South Coast Highlands, Eastern Upland (Fig . 10) .
These regions have been modified after Twenhofel and MacClintock
(1940) .
The Central Plateau forms the interior or northern most part
of the mapsheet .
It is an area of gentle relief with an average
elevation of about 200 to 250 m .
The area is generally poorly
drained, with a myriad of small ponds and lakes and with many
shallow organic deposits .
Rivers flow aimlessly in broad shallow
valleys . The area is covered with a blanket of very stony, coarse
textured till .
Long sinuous eskers running in a general northsouth direction are numerous .
Vegetation is sparse, consisting
mainly of extensive heath barrens . Heavily wooded areas are found
only in places with good drainage, such as the valleys of major
streams and on gravel slopes .
The South Coast Highlands extend from the Bay d'Espoir area
along the coast across to the northern part of the Burin Peninsula .
This region is characterized by deep fiord-like bays, U-shaped
valleys, and hanging valleys .
The area has shallow tills and
numerous rock outcrops .
In the eastern part, cliffs rise
vertically over 300 m above sea level . Vegetation is very sparse
and consists mainly of heath barrens in between extensive rock
outcrops .
Drainage flows generally in short swift streams with
many elongated ponds .
Small, bowl-like organic deposits are
numerous .
The southern part of the Burin Peninsula is part of the
Eastern Uplands physiographic region .
The landscape consists
generally of a hummocky to rolling plateau with elevations ranging
from 50 to 200 m above sea level, and isolated hills rising above
this level .
Drainage is variable but flows mainly in short swift
streams . Vegetation consists mainly of heathlands, while heavily
wooded vegetation exists on the better drained soils and in the
valleys of major streams . Extensive blanket bogs occur on the tip
of the peninsula .
BEDROCK GEOLOGY
Surface forms, soil development, drainage patterns and the
nature of glacial till are largely controlled by the bedrock
geology of the mapsheet area . Figure 11 gives a generalized view
of the major bedrock types found in the area . Two tectonic zones
occur within the mapsheet :
the Avalon Zone and the Gander Zone .
The Avalon Zone comprises the entire Burin Peninsula and the
area north of Fortune Bay .
It is underlain by rock of late
Precambrian to Carboniferous age .
Almost the entire Burin
Peninsula and the coastal area west of the Terrenceville Fault is
underlain by Precambrian acidic to mafic volcanic rocks with minor
-20-
Fig. 10
1.
P hysiographic divisions of Newfoundland .
Serpentinized Hills of More Bay.
2. West
3.
4.
Coast Lowland .
Bay of Islands Serpentinized Range .
West Coast Calcareous Uplands.
5.
Long Range Mountains.
7.
Grand Lake - White Say Basin .
6.
Anquille Mountains .
8. Burlington Peninsula.
9. . North East Trough .
10 . Central Plateau .
II .
South Coast Highlands.
12 . Eastern Upland .
Fig . II ' Geology of the Burin Peninsula and northern Fortune Bay Area .
CARBONIFEROUS
Granite
DEVONIAN
Basaltic flows and felsic pyroclostics
10
9
Mainly granite, diorite and gobbro
Purple, red, brown and grey sandstone, siltstone,
shale, conglomerate and limestone
CAMBRIAN
6
PRECAMBRIAN
a
Mainly granitic gneiss
Intermediate to mafic volcanic rocks, slate, greywacke,
siltstone,chert and conglomerate
5a mainly granite and granodiorite ; 5b,mainly diorite
and gobbro
Grow sandstone, shale ,siltstone,conglomerate ; minor red
sandstone, white quartzite
3a,felsic and mafic volcanics ;3b,tuffaceous sediments;
3c, rhyolite porphyry ; 3d, red sandstone and conglomerate
ORDOVICIAN
8
Red, gray, green and black shale ; red, pray and pink
limestone ,and quartzite
a
Gray and green sandstone, shale and conglomerate
Basaltic pillow lava, pyroclostics and sediments
;gobbro
- 22 -
sedimentary rocks and some igneous intrusive rocks . A sequence of
Cambrian sedimentary rocks, mainly red, green and black shale, is
located at the extreme western end of the Burin Peninsula and
separated from the volcanic rocks by the Fortune Fault .
These
sedimentary rocks are also present along the eastern side of the
Burin Peninsula between Lawn and Marystown and east of Paradise
Sound . The rocks have been intruded by several plutons, mainly of
Carboniferous age, especially in the St . Lawrence area .
The St .
Lawrence granite is the best known of these plutons and is host of
the fluorite deposits found in the area .
The interior barrens
north of Fortune Bay are mainly underlain by a sequence of late
Devonian granitoids . Devonian sediments mainly purple, red, brown
and gray sandstone, siltstone, shale, conglomerate and less
extensive limestone, unconformably overlie the early Palaeozoic and
Precambrian successions of the Belleoram area .
The Gander Zone lies northwest of the Dover Fault through
Hermitage Bay .
This zone is mainly underlain by rocks of
Ordovician or earlier age ; a succession of rocks belonging to the
lower part of the Bay d'Espoir Group, mainly granitic gneiss, and
rocks belonging to the upper part of the Bay d'Espoir Group, mainly
intermediate to mafic volcanic rocks, slate, grey wacke, siltstone,
chert and conglomerate .
VEGETATION
The mapped area lies within the Boreal forest region according
The interior forms part of the
to Rowe (1959)
(Fig . 12) .
Newfoundland-Labrador Barrens section (B .31), while the remainder
of the mapsheet forms part of the Avalon section (B .30) .
The
vegetation of the Newfoundland-Labrador Barrens section is
characterized by a stunted, open and patchy or sometimes continuous
cover of black spruce and balsam fir, alternating with moss-andheath barrens, rock outcrop and lakes on a generally featureless,
windswept terrain . The forests of the Avalon section of the Boreal
forest region have been destroyed or badly decimated by fires and
cultural practices leaving a patchy, dense-growing young balsam and
balsam-black spruce forest interrupted by extensive heath barrens .
The vegetation of the map area has been described in more
detail by Damman (1983) .
Vegetation is described in relation to
soil and climate .
Damman divided the island of Newfoundland into
nine ecological zones or ecoregions (Fig . 13) . The ecoregion, as
rsg&dnàeaegoiding koeftowhjch9h&sa distinctive, recurring pattern of
vegetation and soil development which is controlled by regional
climate .
Most of the map area forms part of the Maritime Barren
ecoregion, while the southern tip of the Burin Peninsula is part of
the Eastern Hyper-oceanic Barrens ecoregion .
Grand Falls
Corner Brook
Northern Peninsula
Avalon
Newfoundland-Labrador Barrens
Forest -Tundra
Fig. 12. Mapof Newfoundland, showing the Boreal forest regions according to Rowe 1959 .
Fig.13 The ecoregions of the Belleoram-St . Lawrence mapsheets
and their subregions .
I
Western Newfoundland
II
Central Newfoundland
311 Maritime Barrens
31 Eastern Hyper-oceanic Barrens
N9. Roman numerals indicate the ecoregions . The Subregions,indicated by capital letters,
are described in the text .
- 25 Maritime Barren Ecoregion
This area was once covered by forests with the exception of
some of the higher ridges and coastal headlands .
Fires occurred
frequently and regeneration after fire was poor due to adverse
climatic conditions and the strong competition of ericaceous
plants .
The result is that the area is now characterized by
extensive barren areas consisting of dwarf shrub heaths, bogs and
shallow fens . Forests are most common in valleys but occasionally
are found on hilltops and slopes . These forests are generally of
poor quality and height growths is particularly poor . Good stands
occur only in some of the deeper valleys .
Vegetation of the
barrens consists primarily of dwarf shrub heath such as sheep
laurel (Kalmia angustifolia), rhodora (Rododendron canadense),
blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium) and partridgeberry (Vaccinium
vitis-idaea), Feathermoss (Pleurozium schreberi) while reindeer
mosses (Cladonia spp .) dominate the moss layer . Partridgeberry (V .
Vitis-idaea) and black crowberry (Empetrum nigrum) are dominant on
exposed sites, while pink crowberry (Empetrum eamesii) develops on
exposed
hills
where the
vegetation
cover
is
damaged
by
solifluction, frost heaving and wind erosion . On the most exposed
and coldest sites, alpine species such as diapensia (Diapensia
lapponica) and alpine azelea (Loiseleuria procumbens) are found .
Balsam fir (Abies balsamea) is the most dominant tree in the
remaining forests of the area .
The stands are often very dense
with poor height growth .
The forest floor vegetation of these
stands is dominated by dicranum mosses .
Larch (Larix laricina)
occurs commonly in the open barrens both as isolated individuals
and as clumps of low trees .
Shrubs such as mountain holly
(Nemopanthus mucronata)
and northern wild raisin
(Viburnum
cassinoides) are abundant throughout this ecoregion . Species found
primarily on bogs include dwarf huckleberry (Gaylussacia dumosa),
white fringed orchis (Habenaria blephariglottis), curly grass
(Schizaea pusilla) . Carex folliculata and Juncus militaris are the
sedges and rushes occurring in bogs of this ecoregion .
The Maritime Barren Ecoregion is divided into four subregions .
Three of these subregions are found in the map area .
Southeastern Barrens subregion . This covers most of the Burin
Peninsula .
The area consists mostly of the typically maritime
barrens with sheep laurel (kalmia angustifolia) as the dominant
heath shrub and only small pockets of forests .
Mountain alder
(Alnus crispa) is extremely abundant and occurs on both dry and wet
soils and in valleys as well as on the most exposed peaks .
In
coastal areas, black crowberry (Empetrum nigrum) dominates and
showy mountain ash (Sorbus decora) often forms thickets .
The
northern part of the Burin Peninsula is the coldest part of the
area in the summer due to the elevation and frequency of fog .
Artic and sub-artic species such as diapensia (Diapensia lapponica)
and alpine azelea (Loiseleuria procumbens) are most common here .
and
South Coast Barren subregion .
This covers the wind-exposed
foggy zone along the south coast of the island and the
- 26 -
Elevations range from 200 to
highlands of the Burin Peninsula .
over 300\m .
Active patterned ground occurs locally .
The
vegetation is very similar to that of the higher parts of the
Forests occur only in sheltered
Southeastern Barren subregion .
valleys ; yellow birch (Betula lutes) is found here .
Central Barren subregion . This subregion includes the barrens
between the forests of Central Newfoundland and the foggy zone
along the south coast .
The general appearance of this area
resembles that of other barrens, but it has warmer summers, colder
winters, less fog and more reliable winter snow cover .
Forest
patches of reasonable quality occur throughout the barrens . Yellow
birch (Betula lutea) is absent here . Mountain alder (Alnus crispa)
is common throughout ; speckled alder is present but never forms
alder swamps .
Eastern Hyper-oceanic Barrens Ecoregion
This ecoregion covers the southern most part of the Burin
The
Peninsula .
Elevation ranges from sea level to about 200 m .
area is dominated by coastal barrens completely without forest
cover, blanket bogs and tuckamoor vegetation consisting almost
Dense Racomitrium
entirely of shrub balsam fir (Abies balsamea) .
lanuginosum moss carpets are characteristic for the area and cover
extensive areas of well drained soil .
Black crowberry (Empetrum
and several arcticpink
crowberry
(Empetrum
eamesii),
nigrum),
species
such
as
diapensia
(Diapensia
lapponica), alpine
alpine
procumbens),
rushes
such
as
Juncus
trifidus and
azelea (Loiseleuria
and
Alectoria
ochroleuco,
occur
the lichens Alectoria nigricans
.
billberry
(Vaccinium
commonly in this moss carpet
Tundra
uliginosum) and carex rariflora occur in exposed locations of the
blanket bogs .
Many of the peatland plants occur also on well
drained sites in this ecoregion, owing to the high rainfall and
frequent fog occurrence .
Western Newfoundland Ecoregion
Some of the valley bottoms of the deep river valleys along the
coast have a climate comparable to that of western Newfoundland, if
they reach far enough inland to have areas near sea level outside
The area at the head of Bay d'Espoir is the
the cold fog belt .
largest occurring within the map area .
It is the most heavily
between the Avalon
area
within
the
mapsheet
.
Intermediate
forested
and
the
Western
Newfoundland
Ecoregion, it has
forest Ecoregion
western
Newfoundland
but mountain maple
Dryopteris-fir forest as in
not
as
common
as in western
(Acer spicatem) thickets are
forests
consist
of dominantly
Newfoundland .
The Dryopteris-fir
spinulose
wood fern
(Abies balsamea)
with the
balsam fir
(Dryopteris spinulosa) as the dominant fern .
- 27 -
SOIL MAPPING AND CLASSIFICATION
METHODOLOGY
Because of the large area covered and the poor accessibility
of a large part of the area, photo interpretation was greatly
relied upon to conduct soil survey mapping and capability analyses .
Initial air photo interpretation was undertaken on 1 :50,000 scale
1966 black and white photographs where landform - soil patterns
pertinent to map production at 1 :250,000 scale were designated . In
order to check the preliminary Air photo interpretation, soil-site
observations were made along major roads and along trails that were
passable with four-wheel drive vehicles . The poor accessibility of
a large part of the map area necessitated the use of a helicopter
for additional field data collection . A total of approximately 380
roadside observations and approximately 70 helicopter observations
were made .
Soil-site observations which were made for detailed
soil surveys in the Lawn area, the Winterland area and the Bay
d'Espoir area (Guthrie 1975 and 1980, Webber 1981) were used for
this survey .
The combination of ground and air transport gave a
good distribution of field examinations in areas of potential for
agriculture (Fig . 14) .
The mapping was transferred from the
1 :50,000 scale photographs to the 1 :250,000 scale base maps .
Revisions and adjustments were made according to information
provided by forest capability maps and surficial geology mapping
(Vanderveer 1977) .
Soil capability ratings for agriculture were
assessed simultaneously with the soil mapping .
SOIL CLASSIFICATION
The highest level of stratification used in the Exploratory
series of soil survey is the pedoclimatic zone .
The concept of
pedoclimate deals with the relationship between soil development
and regional climate as expressed by climatic data and vegetation .
Within the Belleokam-St . Lawrence map sheet area four pedoclimatic
zones have been defined : Atlantic, South Atlantic, South Coast and
Jubilee Lake (Fig . 15) .
The Atlantic pedoclimatic zone roughly encompasses the
northern and central part of the Burin Peninsula . The climate of
this zone is mainly cool and moist, but this zone has warmer
summers and cooler winters and receives more hours of bright
sunshine than the south coast zone . The area has 220 to 250 days
with a minimum temperature of less than 5oC and a vegetative season
of 150 to 160 days in which the mean temperature exceeds 6 C .
Growing degree-days with a base temperature of 5oC amount to 1000
to 1200 degree days with 10 to 48 days having a maximum of more
than 20oC .
The precipitation is about 1500 to 2000 mm, of which
200 to 300 mm occurs as snow .
The mean annual potential
evaporation is about 300 to 400 mm (50% probability) and the
growing season moisture deficit is 50 to 100 mm . The area consists
of mostly bedrock exposure, with some shallow soils supporting
4
St Alban
s
Belleorom
FORTUNE
BAY
PLAC£N7/A
BAY
Grond Bords
LEGEND
urln
Fig . 14 Distribution of field observations.
Observations by rood
"
Observations by helicopter
"
Detailed profile oesonphons
and sample sites
29
PEDOCLIMATIC ZONES
1a
2
3
4
5
e
.b
Fig. 15 . Pedoclimatic zones of Newfoundland
7
8
9
Atlantic
South Atlantic
South Coast
Central Newfoundland
Mountain
Bay St . George
Gulf of St. Lawrence
North
Jubilee Lake
Northeast Coast
- 30 -
mainly a heath vegetation and some stunted black spruce .
The
better drained soils are Humo-Ferric Podzols . Thin iron pans are
common especially .in small coarse textured fluvial deposits . Basin
bogs and slope bogs are the most common organic deposits in the
zone .
The South Atlantic pedoclimatic zone stretches across the
southern part of the Burin Peninsula . The summers in this zone are
cooler and the winters are milder than in the Atlantic zone . Fog
is more frequent during the summer in this zone, promoting higher
humidity . The area has 250 to 270 days with a minimum temperature
of less than 5oC and a vegetative season of 140 days in which the
mean temperature exceeds 6 C .
Growing degree-days with a base
temperature of 5oC amount to 900 to 1000 degree-days with 5 to 30
days having
a
maximum
temperature
exceeding
20 C .
The
precipitation is about 1500 to 2000 mm, of which 100 to 400 mm
occurs as snow . The mean annual potential evaporation is about 300
to 350 mm (50% probability) resulting in a growing season moisture
deficit of less than 50 mm calculated on a 25 mm soil water storage
basis .
The mineral soils have developed mainly from very thin
acidic tills, supporting mainly heath vegetation and poorly growing
black spruce forests . The dominant soil is the Ferro-Humic Podzol .
Placic horizons are very common especially in the coarse textured
soils . Blanket bogs and slope bogs, with some basin bogs, are the
common organic deposits in the South Atlantic zone .
The South Coast pedoclimatic zone covers an area extending
from the Bay d'Espoir area along the coast across to the northern
part of the Burin Peninsula . This zone is extremely windy, foggy,
cool and humid, with very mild winters and very cool summers . The
agea has 245 to 260 days with a minimum temperature of less than
5 C and a vegetative seaason of up to 150 days during which the mean
temperature excoeeds 6 C .
Growing degree-days with a base
temperature of 5 C total to 1000 to 1100 degree-days and pith 7 to
30 days having a maximum temperature .of more than 20 C . - The
precipitation amounts to about 1500 to 2000 mm annually, of which
150 to 300 mm occur as snow . The mean annual potential evaporation
does not exceed 300 mm (50% probability) and the resulting growing
season moisture deficit is less than 50 mm, calculated on a 25 mm
soil water storage basis .
Bedrock outcrops are extensive in the
area and are interspersed with areas with a thin till veneer .
Mineral soils developed on these till veneers are Ferro-Humic
Podzols and in many locations contain thin iron pans and duric or
cemented subsoils . The area is covered by moss and heath barrens
and a stunted wind-pruned black spruce vegetation . Slope bogs and
blanket bogs occur throughout the zone .
The Jubilee Lake pedoclimatic zone encompasses the interior or
northern most part of the mapsheet .
This zone is the least
influenced by the moderating effects of the ocean .
The area has
230 to 270 days with a daily minimum temperature of less than 5°C
and has a vegetative season of about 150 to 160 days during which
the daily mean temperature exceeds 6°C . Growing degree-days with
a base temperature of 5 °C amount to about 1100 degree-days, with 40
The
to 60 days with a daily maximum temperature exceeding 20°C .
precipitation is about 1400 to 1500 mm annually, of which about 300
mm occurs as snow . The mean annual potential evaporation is 300 to
350 mm (50% probability) and the growing season water deficit is
approximately 50 to 100 mm when calculated on a 25 mm soil water
The soils in this zone have developed from a
storage basis .
The soils are
moderately thin to thick morainal till blanket .
Iron pans are common
generally Gleysols and Ferro-Humic Podzols .
The soils
and duric horizons occur in some scattered areas .
moss
barrens .
sparsely
forested
heath
and
support extensive,
bogs
occur
ribbed
fens
and
basin
Extensive areas of Atlantic
throughout the zone .
The soil association is the lower level of stratification and
was used as the basis for soil mapping and description . The soil
association is- a sequence of soils of about the same age, derived
from similar parent materials and occurring under similar climatic
conditions, but having unlike characteristics because of variations
It is a broad unit that provides the
in relief and drainage .
degree of flexibility necessary to handle adequately the range and
The basic units
complexity of soils mapped at a 1 :250,000 scale .
used to map associations are subgroups and phases of subgroups
(Canada Soil Survey Committee 1978), on specific parent materials
within defined pedoclimatic regions . These units relate closely to
the concept of soil series mapping, which has been used to date in
They
Newfoundland on more detailed, 1 :50,000 scale, soils maps .
have been correlated with existing mapping systems, especially with
In very simplified
regard to defined ranges of parent materials .
terms, soil associations are groupings of soil series based on
similarities of parent materials and differences in soil drainage
and development .
The soil associations are grouped according to the mode of
deposition of the material on which the soils. developed . . . The
majority of the soils in the Belleoram-St . Lawrence maps have
developed on morainal deposits . Morainal deposits consist of well
compacted, nonstratified material that has been transported
beneath, beside, on, within and in front of a glacier and which has
not been modified by any intermediate agent . Thickness of the till
varies considerably but generally is negligible on the central part
of the Burin Peninsula and along the south coast . It is loamy sand
loam
in texture,
usually
stony,
and
often bouldery .
to
Glaciofluvial material occurs in small tracts throughout the area .
This material was moved by glaciers and subsequently sorted and
deposited by streams flowing from the melting glaciers .
The
deposits are stratified and usually occur in the form of outwash
They are sand to sandy
plains, kames, eskers or kame terraces .
loam in texture and usually contain small stones and gravel .
They
Marine deposits occur as remnant beaches along the coast .
consist of well- sorted to moderately well-sorted and stratified
sands and gravels deposited through shoreline processes such as
wave action and wind action .
- 32 For most of the soil associations one or more descriptions of
soil associates are included .
The description of a soil entails
the study of the layers or horizons that have developed through
soil-forming processes . Such a sequence of layers or horizons from
the surface into the unweathered soil or "parent" material is
called a soil profile .
Horizons consist of organic layers,
designated as 0 or LFH, and master mineral horizons, designated A,
B, C and R .
These horizons and their subhorizons are briefly
explained, in figure 16 .
Important characteristics of the horizons are color, texture,
structure and consistence . Color is an easily determined feature
for soil identification . Colors in soil horizons are usually good
indicators of organic matter content, drainage, iron content and
leaching effects .
Poor drainage is usually indicated by grayish, brownish and reddish
mottling .
Soil texture refers to the proportions of sand, silt, and clay
in the fine earth fraction (less than 2 mm in diameter) . When rock
fragments constitute 20-50% of the soil volume, the term gravelly
is used .
Figure 17 shows the soil textural classes expressed as
percentages of sand, silt, and clay .
Soil structure is the most important characteristic of the
The form, size and
soil profile that influences plant growth .
durability of the soil aggregates determine aeration, moisture
holding capacity, and distribution of plant roots within the soil .
A soil horizon may have blocky, platy or granular structure, or it
may be structureless (massive or single grained) .
Soil consistence is related to texture and refers to the
attractive forces between soil particles . Depending on texture and
moisture conditions, soil may be loose, hard or very hard when dry ;
loose, friable or firm when moist ; nonsticky . or sticky when wet ;
and . nonplastic or plastic when satùrâted . Soils may be cemented
when cementing agents such as silica and iron are present in
combination with organic matter .
Soil consistence indicates the
ease with which a soil can be worked . A fine-textured soil usually
becomes sticky when wet .
In this state it is hard to work with
machinery .
Additional features of the horizons are distinctness and form
of the lower horizon boundaries ; abundance, size and distribution
of roots and pores ; frequency, thickness and location of clay
films ; and size and abundance of rock fragments .
Organic soil horizons are characterized by the stage of
decomposition of the material .
The decomposition of the organic
material is determined by observing the color of the solution that
is expressed between the fingers, the nature of the fibers, the
form the samples take, and the proportion of the original sample
-
33
-
L, F, and H : organic horizons. The organic matter is raw in L,
oartly decomposed in F, and decomposed in H .
A : mineral surface horizon. It is dark colored because of the accumulation of humus (Ah) or light colored when clay, iron, and
humus have been leached out (Ae) .
B : mineral subsurface horizon, usually of accumulation. It may
be enriched by iron (BO, by iron and organic matter (BhF), or
it is altered, to give a change in color or structure (Bm) . If the
Bf or Bhf horizon is cemented by iron and organic matter (Bfc,
Bhfc) the horizon is called an ortstein horizon .
BC : transitional horizon.
C : mineral horizon of unweathered soil or parent material . This
horizon is relatively unaffected by soil forming processes, except for gleying (Cg) or cementation (Cc) .
R : substratum of unconsolidated bedrock, which may be close
to the surface or many meters below it .
The suffix 'g' is used with all horizons it mottling occurs because of poor drainage . The symbol "j" is used after a suffix to
denote a failure to meet the specked limits of the suffix.
Fig . 16. Common horizons in a hypothetical soil profile .
0
100
SAND
Fig. 17 . A diagram showing . the ranges in percentages of
sand, silt, and clay in the soil textural classes .
- 35 that remains in the hand after squeezing a sample . Ten classes are
defined in the von Post scale of decomposition . Classes 1-4 range
from undecomposed to weakly decomposed and are generally called
fibric ; class 5 and 6 are moderately and strongly decomposed,
respectively,
and are called mesic ; class 7-10 range from
stronglydecomposed to completely decomposed and are generally
indicated as humic .
The soil associations are classified into orders, great
groups, subgroups and phases of subgroups . Under this system, the
main criteria for division are differences in morphological
characteristics of the soil profile as influenced by soil forming
processes . Table 6 shows the classification o~ the soils mapped in
the Belleoram-St . Lawrence map area according to the Canadian
System of Soil Classification (Canada Soil Survey Committee 1978) .
Each soil association is illustrated by a cross section at the
end of the description .
The cross sections show the sequence of
soil units that occur within each soil association . Landform, soil
classification, forest types, drainage, and additional comments are
given for each soil unit .
The following symbols are used in all
cross sections to indicate particular types of parent material and
bedrock .
MAPPING LEGEND
A mapping legend is a description of units used on a soil map .
The map unit symbol used in the Belleoram-St . Lawrence soil survey
consists of two parts .
The first part contains a letter and a
number .
The letter indicates the mode of deposition of the
dominant parent material : M, morainal deposits ; F, glaciofluvial
Also, R
deposition ; W, marine deposits ; and O, organic deposits .
denotes rock land . The number in the first part of the map unit
symbol indicates . the specific soil association that . occurs on the
parent material .
This information is'briefly described in the
general soil legend on the map and in more detail in the soil
report .
The second part of the map unit symbol is a number that
refers to the extended soil legend as presented in appendix B .
This number includes information for each map unit about the
dominant soil association, significant soil association and land
type as it occurs in the map unit, together with decile
proportions,
stoniness,
rockiness,
surface
form,
gradient,
pedological soil classification, and where applicable, erosional
features .
- 36 -
KEY TO THE SYMBOLS USED IN THE CROSS SECTIONS
Parent Materials
Medium to moderately coarse-textured, stony till .
Moderately coarse to coarse-textured, stony till.
Moderately coarse to coarse-textured, stratified glacial
fluvial sands and grovels .
Organic (peat)
Miscellaneous Symbols
Compacted till or cemented layer (ortstein)
Surface stones and boulders
Organic Soils
VA
Fibric peat
Mesic peat
Humic peat
- 37 Table 6 .
Classification of the soil mapped in the Belleoram-St . Lawrence map
sheet area
Order
Podzic soils .
Soils that have
podzolic B horizons in which
amorphous combinations
of
organic matter,
Fe, and Al are
accumulated .
The podzolic B
horizon is at
least
10
cm
thick .
Great Group
Ferro-Humic
Soils
Podzol .
a
that
have
dark-colored B
horizon with a
high content of
organic C and
an appreciable
of
amount
extractable Fe
and A1 .
The
Bhf horizon is
at least 10 cm
thick and contains
5%
or
more organic C
or
and
0 .6%
more pyrophosphate extractable Fe + Al
(0 .4%
for
sands) .
These
soils are mainly found under
heath and scrub
vegetation
of
barren areas .
Humo-Ferric
Podzol .
Soils
that
have
a
browinish
B
horizon
with
less
organic
matter than the
B horizon of
Ferro-Humic
Podzols .
They
lack Bh or Bhf
horizons
at
least
10
cm
thick .
The Bf
horizon
contains
0 .5-5%
organic C and
0 .6%
or more
pyrophosphate
extractable Fe
+ Al (0 .4% for
sands) .
Subgroup
Orthic
FerroHumic
Podzol
Profile Type :
LFH, Ae, Bhf ,
Bf, BC, C
Ortstein FerroHumic
Podzol
Profile type :
LFH, Ae, Bhf ,
Bhfc
or Bfc,
BC, C
Placic
FerroHumic
Podzol
Profile type :
LFH or O, Ae,
Bhfc or
Bhf ,
Bfc , Bf, BC, C
FerroGleyed
Humic Podzol
Profile type :
LFH, Aegj, Bhf ,
Bfgj, BCg, Cg
Gleyed Ortstein
Ferro-Humic
Podzol
Profile type :
LFH, Aegj, Bhf ,
Bhfc or Bfcg,
BCg, Cg
Orthic
HumoFerric Podzol
Profile type :
LFH,
Ae,
Bf,
BC, C
Gleyed
HumoFerric Podzol
Profile type :
Aegj,
LFH,
Bfgj, BCg, Cg
Soil Association
Berry
Hill
Pond,
Hungry
Grove Pond
Lower
Cove,
J a c q u e s
Fontaine,
Swangers, Frenchman's Cove
Hungry
Grove
Pond
Lower Cove,
Frenchman's
Cove
Grand Beach
Berry
Hill
Pond,
Garrison Hill,
Jacques
Fontaine
Garrison Hill,
Swangers
Salmon River,
Toslow,
Freshwater Pond
Salmon River,
Toslow
- 38 -
Table 6 .
Classification of the soil mapped in the Belleoram-St . Lawrence map
sheet area (Continued) .
Order
organic soils .
Soils composed
largely
of
o r g a n i c
materials containing 17% or
more organic C
(30%
organic
matter)
by
weight and meet
the
following
depth specifications :
(1) at least 60
cm if the
surface
layer
is
undecompo s
e d
( f ibric-)
material .
(2) at least 40
cm if the
surface
layer
is
moderately
decomposed
(mesic) or
well decomp o s e d
(humic) .
at least 10
if
a
cm
lithic contact occurs
within
40
cm of the
surface .
Great Group
These
soils
occur
mainly
under coniferous and mixed
forest vegetation but they
may occur under
heath and shrub
vegetation .
Fibrisol .
Soils composed
largely of relatively
undecomposed
( f i b r i c )
o r g a n i c
material .
The
middle
tier
(40-120 cm) is
dominantly fibric . If a terric or lithic
contact occurs
between 40-120
cm, both middle
and
surface
tiers are dominantly Fibric .
Mesisol .
Soils composed
dominantly
of
o r g a n i c
material in an
intermediate
stage of decomposition (mesic) . The middle
tier
(40-120
cm)
is mesic .
If a terric or
lithic contact
occurs between
40-120 cm, both
middle and surface tiers are
dominantly
mesic .
Subgroup
Lithic
phases
subgroups
:
of
soils
These
have the general characteristics of the
above subgroups
but also have a
lithic contact
within 1 m of
the
mineral
surface .
Terric Fibrisol
Profile type :
Of or Om, Of, C
Soil Association
Come by Chance,
Pipers Hole
Come by Chance
Terric
Mesic
Fibrisol
Profile type :
Of or Om, Of,
Om, C
Terric Mesisol
Profile type :
Om or Of, Om, C
Terric
Fibric
Mesisol
Profile type :
Om or Of, Om,
Of, C
Humic
Terric
Mesisol
Profile type :
Om or Of, Om,
Oh, C
Lamaline
Meelpaeg
Dunn's Pond,
Piper's Hole
Lamaline
- 39 -
Table 6 .
Classification of the soil mapped in the Belleoram-St . Lawrence map
sheet area (Continued) .
Order
Great Group
Humisol .
soil
composed
dominantly
of
o r g a n i c
material in the
most
advanced
stage of decomposition (humic) .
These
soils
have
a
dominantly
humic
middle
tier or middle
and
surface
tier if a terric or lithic
contact occurs
between 40-120
cm .
Subgroup
Terric
Fibric
Humisol .
Profile type :
Oh or Of, Of,
Om
Soil Association
Dunn's Pond
-40-
Fig. 18. Soil profile of a Gleyed Humo-Ferric Podzol
of the Hungry Grove Pond Association.
Fig. 19 . Soil Profile of an Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol
of the Jacques Fontaine Association.
Fig. 20 . Soil profile of a Gleyed Humo-Ferric Podzol
of the Toslow Association.
Fig. 21 . Soil Profile of a Placic Ferro-Humic Podzol of
the Grand Beach Association.
Fig. 22. A blanket bog of the Lamaline Association
Fig. 23. Atlantic ribbed fens of the Piper's Hole Association
- 42 -
SOIL ASSOCIATIONS
The classification of the soils mapped in the BelleoramSt . Lawrence mapsheet area appear in Table 6 .
The chemical and
physical analyses of described profiles appear in Appendix A .
SOILS ON MORAINA L DEPOSITS
In the Belleoram-St . Lawrence mapsheet area, soils developed
on morainal deposits are dominant and occupy about 36% of the area .
These soils include the following associations : Berry Hill Pond,
Garrison Hill, Hungry Grove Pond, Jacques Fontaine, Lower Cove,
Salmon River and Toslow .
BERRY HILL POND ASSOCIATION
Description
The Berry Hill Pond association consists of dominantly
podzolic soils developed from medium to moderately coarse textured,
light olive brown glacial till derived from slate, siltstone and
sandstone with minor amounts of volcanic rocks, schist and
phyllite .
This association occupies the Bay d'Espoir area,
northwest from Little River and Collins Brook, in the Northeast
corner of the map area . The Berry Hill Pond soils cover approximately 42800 ha, (4 .5% of the survey area) .
Landform
With the exception of several hills around Long Pond, the area
occupied by the Berry Hill Pond association, consists of a
dissected peneplain which belongs to the Lawrence level of erosion
(150 to 250 m) of Twenhofel and MacClintock (1940) . Landforms are
generally rolling moraine and morainal blankets over hummocky and
ridged bedrock, with linear features *trending 'in a northeasterly
direction .
Slope bogs occur in the area, and occupy lower slope
positions and depressional areas .
These slope bogs generally
consist of shallow deposits of moderately well decomposed (mesic)
sphagnum peat underlain by glacial till . Large granitic boulders
can be found as erratics throughout the landscape .
Soils
The dominant soils of the Berry Hill Pond association are the
moderately well and imperfectly drained Orthic and Gleyed FerroHumic Podzols which occur on middle and upper slopes . These soils
are generally moderately deep to deep, friable and contain few
stones and pebbles . Textures range from sandy loam to loam . Loam
textures occur where soft shale is close to the surface, in areas
where hard shales and sandstone bedrock occur, the texture of the
parent material is more coarse .
Most soils show evidence of
gleying in the B horizon only . The~;e soils have slight to moderate
- 43 -
surface stoniness consisting of granite and sandstone erratics .
The following description is an example of a Berry Hill Pond Gleyed
Ferro-Humic Podzol (Profile 83-0009) .
This profile is located
approximately 4 km northeast from Head of Bay d'Espoir (Military
grid ref . 21 TWD 949 135) :
FH
4 to 0 cm, moderately to highly decomposed organic
material predominantly consisting of mosses, needles and
herbaceous fragments ; abundant, medium, horizontal roots ;
wavy, abrupt horizon boundary .
Ae
0 to 1 cm, gray (5Y 5/1, matrix moist) sandy loam to silt
loam ; weak to moderate, fine, subangular blocky structure ;
weak to moderate, very fine, subangular blocky secondary
structure ; nonsticky, friable, nonplastic consistence ;
abundant, medium, horizontal roots ; broken, abrupt horizon
boundary .
Bhf
1 to 15 cm, dark yellowish brown (l0YR 3/4, matrix moist)
silt loam, weak to moderate, coarse, subangular blocky
structure ; weak, medium, subangular blocky secondary
structure ; slightly sticky, friable, slightly plastic
consistence ; abundant, fine and medium horizontal roots ;
highly porous horizon ; wavy, clear horizon boundary .
Bf
15 to 29 cm, dark gray (2 .5Y 4/3, matrix moist) sandy loam
to silt loam ; weak to moderate, medium to coarse
subangular blocky structure ; weak to moderate, fine to
medium, subangular blocky secondary structure ; slightly
sticky, friable, slightly plastic consistence ; abundant,
very fine and fine horizontal roots ; highly porous
horizon ; wavy clear horizon boundary .
BCg
29 to 45 cm, olive (5Y 4/3, matrix moist) loam ; few, fine,
prominent,_ yellowish brown (10 YR 5/8) mottles ; weak to
moderate, coarse, subangular blocky structure ; weak to
moderate, medium, subangular blocky structure ; weak to
moderate, medium, subangular blocky secondary structure ;
slightly sticky, friable, slightly plastic consistence ;
few, very fine and fine, horizontal roots ; moderately
porous horizon ; wavy, gradual horizon boundary .
Cg
45 to 60 cm, olive (5Y 5/4, matrix moist) loam ; few, fine
and medium, prominent, dark yellowish brown (10 YR 4/6)
mottles ; weak to moderate, coarse, subangular blocky
structure ; weak to moderate, fine to medium, subangular
blocky secondary structure ; slightly sticky, friable,
slightly plastic consistence ; highly porous horizon .
Moderately well drained, very shallow Orthic Ferro-Humic
Podzols occur on strongly sloping morainal veneers over bedrock .
These soils are commonly associated with bedrock outcrops .
Stoniness of these shallow soils varies .widely . The following is
- 44 -
a description of a Berry Hill Pond Orthic Ferro-Humic Podzo1, very
shallow lithic phase (Profile 83-0010) . The profile described is
located approximately 10 km east of Head of Bay d' Espoir (Mil . grid
ref . 21 TXD 020 101) .
LF
8 to 4 cm, thickness range 2 to 6 cm, non- to moderately
decomposed organic material predominantly consisting of
mosses, needles and herbaceous fragments ; abundant, fine
and medium, horizontal roots ;
wavy,
clear horizon
boundary .
FH
4 to 0 cm thickness range 2 to 6 cm, moderately to highly
decomposed organic material predominantly consisting of
mosses, needles and herbaceous fragments ; abundant, fine
and medium, horizontal roots ; irregular, abrupt horizon
boundary .
Ae
0 to 2 cm, thickness range 1 to 3 cm, gray (5Y 5/1, matrix
moist)
silt ;
moderate,
coarse,
subangular
blocky
structure ; moderate, medium, subangular blocky, secondary
structure ;
nonsticky,
firm,
nonplastic consistence ;
plentiful,
fine,
horizontal roots ;
slightly porous
horizon ; broken, abrupt horizon boundary .
Bhf
2 to 19 cm, thickness range 16 to 20 cm, dark yellowish
brown (10 YR 3/4, matrix moist, gravelly silt loam ; weak
to moderate,
medium to coarse,
subangular
blocky
structure ; weak to moderate, fine to medium, subangular
blocky secondary structure ; slightly sticky, friable,
slightly plastic consistence ; abundant, very fine and fine
horizontal roots ; moderately porous horizon ; 20% by volume
slaty coarse fragments ;
irregular,
gradual horizon
boundary .
Bf
19 to 47 cm, thickness range 12 to 32 cm, _olive brown
(2 .5Y 4/4, matrix moist) gravelly coarse sandy loam ; weak
to moderate, coarse, subangular blocky structure ; weak to
moderate, fine, subangular blocky secondary structure ;
nonsticky, firm, nonplastic consistence ; abundant, very
fine and micro, horizontal roots ; highly porous horizon ;
many spherical and oblong, very dusky red (2 .5 YR 3/2)
root channels approximately 1 mm in diameter ; 30% by
volume slaty coarse fragments ; irregular abrupt horizon
boundary .
R
47 cm plus, slate bedrock .
Vectetation
The area occupied by the Berry Hill Pond soil association is
the most heavily forested area within the map sheet .
The
vegetation is described by Damman (1983) as intermediate between
that of the Avalon forest Ecoregion and the Western Newfoundland
Ecoregion .
It has Dryopteris-fir forests as
in western
- 45 Newfoundland but mountain maple (Acer spicatem) thickets are not as
common .
The Dryopteris-fir forests consist of dominantly balsam
fir (Abies balsamea) with the spinulose wood fern (Dryopteris
spinulosa) as the dominant fern .
Habenaria orbiculata moss is
extremely common in the mossy forests .
Speckled alder (Alnus
rugosa) forms alder swamps in wet, low-lying areas .
Use
Most soils of the Berry Hill Pond association have limited use
for agriculture due to steep slopes and shallowness . However small
areas with gentle slopes and deep soils are suitable for
agriculture .
They are relatively easy to put under cultivation
because of few stones and good drainage . These soils also retain
sufficient moisture for crop growth .
Fig . 24 .
Pasture on Berry Hill Pond Soils .
BERRY HILL POND ASSOCIATION
M17-5
Unit
Soil
Classif ication
Landform
Drainage
M17-1
Morainal blanket over rolling
bedrock; moderate slopes
Orthic Ferro-Hunic Podzol
Welt
M17-5
Morainal veneer over ridged
bedrock; very strong slopes
Orthic Ferro-Humic Podzol
Well
M17-7
Morainal veneer over
bedrock; strong slopes
ridged
Orthic Ferro-Hunic Podzol
Well
M17-8
Morainal veneer over inclined
bedrock; strong slopes
Gleyed Ferro-Humic Podzol
Imperfect to
poor
Comments
Slope
bogs
occur
i n
depressional
areas
8 e d r o c k
outcrops
occur
GARRISON HILL ASSOCIATION
Description
The Garrison Hill association has not been mapped as a
Soils of the Garrison
dominant soil association in this survey .
Hill association occur in association with bedrock outcrops in an
area which roughly forms a triangle around the communities
Belleoram, Corbin, Coomb's Cove, Boxey and English Harbour West,
including the Boxy Point Promontory and the Corbin Head Promontory .
Collectively the Garrison Hill association covers approximately
The soils of the Garrison Hill
19850 ha (2% of the map area) .
- 47 association have developed in grey, very stony, moderately coarse
textured morainal till, derived from granites and granodiorites .
Landforms
The terrain, in areas where the Garrison Hill association
Landforms consist
occurs, is generally very rough and irregular .
to
extreme slopes,
of hummocky and ridged bedrock with very strong
sloping,
hummocky
interspersed with areas of moderately to strongly
slope
fens
are
Basin bogs and
morainal veneers over bedrock .
common throughout these areas .
soils
The dominant soils of the Garrison Hill association are the
shallow lithic and very shallow lithic Gleyed Ferro-Humic Podzols .
These are generally imperfectly drained with mottling immediately
The organic surface horizon is generally
above the bedrock .
moderately thick (10 to 20 cm) and peaty . These soils have a thick
(more than 20 cm) dark colored B-horizon rich in iron and organic
matter . The following is a description of a Garrison Hill Gleyed
The
Ferro-Humic Podzol, shallow lithic phase (Profile 83-0011) .
km
southwest
of
approximately
4
profile described is located
618)
:
Belleoram (Military grid ref . 21 TXC 162
FH
16 to 0 cm, non to highly decomposed organic material
leaves,
derived predominantly from mosses, needles,
few,
medium,
;
very
herbaceous fragments and wood fragments
horizontal roots and few, fine, horizontal roots ; wavy,
abrupt horizon boundary .
Ae
0 to 7 cm, gray (5Y 5/1, matrix moist) coarse sandy loam ;
moderate, medium to coarse subangular blocky structure ;
weak, fine to medium, granular secondary structure ;
nonsticky, very friable, nonplastic consistence ; few,
fine, horizontal roots ; highly porous horizon ; '10% by
volume gravelly coarse fragments ; wavy, abrupt horizon
boundary .
Bhf
7 to 30 cm, very dusky red (2 .5 YR 2 .5/2 matrix moist)
very gravelly coarse sand ; moderate, medium to coarse,
subangular blocky structure ; weak to moderate, fine,
granular secondary structure ; nonplastic consistence ; few,
very fine and fine horizontal roots ; moderately porous
fragments ;
horizon ;
50% by volume gravelly coarse
boundary
.
irregular, abrupt horizon
BCgl
30 to 45 cm, dark yellowish brown (l0YR 3/4, matrix moist)
gravelly coarse loamy sand ; many, fine and medium,
distinct dark reddish brown (2 .5YR 3/4) and many, coarse
prominent, very dusky red (2 .5YR 2 .5/2) mottles ; weak to
moderate, fine to medium, subangular blocky structure ;
weak to moderate, very fine to fine, subangular blocky
48
secondary
structure ;
nonsticky,
firm,
nonplastic
consistence ; moderately porous horizon ; 40% by volume
gravelly coarse fragments ; wavy, clear horizon boundary .
BCg2
45 to 70 cm, brown to dark brown (l0YR 4/3, matrix moist)
very gravelly sandy loam ; common, coarse, prominent, dark
reddish brown (5YR 3/4) mottles ; weak to moderate, medium
to coarse, subangular block structure ; weak to moderate,
fine, subangular blocky secondary structure ; nonsticky,
friable nonplastic consistence ; highly porous horizon ; 50%
by volume gravelly coarse fragments ; irregular, abrupt
horizon boundary .
R
70 cm plus ; bedrock .
Vegetation
Forest vegetation on these soils is virtually absent .
The
Garrison Hill soils generally support barren vegetation dominated
by, dwarf shrubs, such as black and pink rhodora ( Rodondendron
canadense ) and blueberry (Vaccinium angustfolium ) .
Feathermoss
( Pleurozium schreberi )
and lichen dominate the moss layer .
Mountain alder (Alnus crispa ), scrubby black spruce (Picea mariana)
and
trailing
juniper
( Juniperus
horizontalis )
are
common
occurrences .
Use
The Garrison Hill association has no potential for agriculture
due to shallowness to bedrock, steep topography, stoniness, adverse
climate and frequent occurrences of bedrock outcrops .
HUNGRY GROVE POND ASSOCIATION
Description
The Hungry Grove Pond association occurs in the northern part
of the mapsheet, extending from Koskaecodde Lake in the northwest
and Rencontre Lake and Gisborne Lake in the South, towards Piper's
Hole River in the northeast .
It covers an area of approximately
141,400 ha (15% of the study area) . The soils of the Hungry Grove
Pond association have developed in coarse to moderately coarse
textured, yellowish brown glacial till containing medium grained
pink granite .
Landforms
Landforms occupied by the Hungry Grove Pond association
consist of gently to strongly sloping hummocky morainal deposits .
These morainal deposits have a general southern direction with an
- 49 easterly or westerly component depending upon the location . They
consist of thick linear drift deposits in the north western part of
the area, and transverse (rib) moraines in the rest of the area,
interspersed with extensive areas of Atlantic ribbed fens, and
numerous small ponds . Many eskers occur in the area .
Soils
The dominant soil of the Hungry Grove Pond association are the
They are generally
Orthic and Ortstein Ferro-Humic Podzols .
drained
occur
on
the
hummocks
and higher areas
moderately well
and
These soils are characterized by a thick
of undulating moraine .
The upper part of
(sometimes more than 50 cm) illuvial horizon .
this horizon is very dark colored due to a high organic matter
content . The illuvial horizon is often weakly to strongly cemented
by sesquioxides .
Strong cementation occurs especially where the
solum textures are relatively coarse .
The following is a
description of a Hungry Grove Pond Ortstein Ferro-Humic Podzol
(Profile 83-0015) with a strongly cemented Bhf-horizon .
The
profile is located just north of the Burin highway, approximately
2 km southwest of Sandy Harbour River .
(Military grid ref . 21TXC
881 969) :
LF
3 to 0 cm, undecomposed to moderately decomposed organic
material predominantly consisting of mosses, needles and
herbaceous fragments ; abundant, medium, horizontal roots ;
smooth abrupt horizon boundary .
Ae
0 to 6 cm, grayish brown (2 .5Y 5/2, matrix moist) gravelly
sand ; very weak,
fine to medium, subangular blocky
structure ; single grain secondary structure ; nonsticky,
very friable, non plastic consistence ; abundant, medium
horizontal roots ; highly porous horizon ; 40% by volume
angular coarse fragments ; wavy, abrupt horizon boundary .
AB
6 to 16 cm', light olive brown (2 .5Y 5/4, .matrix - moist)
gravelly loamy coarse sand ; very weak, fine to medium
subangular blocky ;
weak,
fine to medium,
granular
secondary structure ; nonsticky, very friable, nonplastic
consistence ; plentiful, medium, horizontal roots ; highly
porous horizon ; 40% by volume angular gravelly coarse
fragments ; wavy, abrupt horizon boundary .
Bhfc
16 to 33 cm, very dusky red (2 .5YR 2 .5/2, matrix moist)
very gravelly loamy coarse sand ; moderate,
medium,
subangular blocky structure ; moderate to strong, fine,
subangular blocky secondary structure ; strongly cemented
by iron, continuous ; plentiful, medium horizontal roots ;
highly porous horizon ; 60% by volume angular gravelly and
cobbly coarse fragments ;
irregular,
abrupt horizon
boundary .
- 50 Bf
33 to 61 cm, brown to dark brown (7 .5YR 4/4, matrix moist)
very gravelly fine sandy loam ; weak, fine to medium,
subangular blocky structure ; moderate, very fine to fine,
subangular blocky secondary structure ; nonsticky, firm,
nonplastic consistence ; plentiful, fine, horizontal roots ;
highly porous horizon ; 60% by volume angular gravelly and
fragments ;
cobbly
coarse
irregular,
clear
horizon
boundary .
BC
61 to 77 cm, olive brown (2 .5Y 4/4, matrix moist) very
gravelly coarse sandy loam ; very weak, fine to medium
subangular blocky structure ; very weak, very fine to fine,
subangular blocky secondary structure ; nonsticky, friable,
nonplastic consistence ; few, fine, horizontal roots ;
highly porous horizon ; 60% by volume angular gravelly and
cobbly coarse fragments ; irregular, gradual, horizon
boundary .
C
77 to 106 cm plus, dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4, matrix
moist) very gravelly loamy coarse sand ; very weak, fine to
medium granular
structure ;
single
grain
secondary
structure ;
nonsticky,
very
friable,
nonplastic
consistence ; highly porous horizon ; 60% by volume angular
gravelly, cobbly and stony coarse fragments .
Poorly drained Gleyed Ferro-Humic Podzols occur on the middle
and lower slopes of the hummocky and undulating moraine and is the
dominant soil on rolling moraine, occupying the crests and side
slopes . They are associated with the Atlantic ribbed fens that
occupy the depressional areas and gentle lower slopes . These soils
usually have a relatively thick (20 to 30 cm) organic surface
horizon overlying a mottled dark grayish eluvial horizon .
Underneath is a series of horizons of illuviation of which the
uppermost is dark colored due to a high humus content .
Mottling
usually becomes more pronounced with depth .
The following is a
description of a Gleybd Ferro-Humic Podzol .of the Hungry Grove Pond
association (Profile 83-0026) . This profile is located just north
of the Burin highway, approximately 23 km southwest of Sandy
Harbour River (Military grid ref . 21TXC 882 973) :
Ah
0 to 22 cm, dusky red (10YR 3/2 ; matrix moist) very
gravelly coarse sandy loam ; moderate, coarse, subangular
blocky structure ; moderate, medium, subangular blocky
secondary structure ; slightly sticky, friable, nonplastic
consistence ; abundant, fine and medium, horizontal roots ;
highly porous horizon ; 50% by volume angular gravelly
coarse fragments ; wavy, abrupt horizon boundary .
Aeg
22 to 27 cm, dark reddish gray (5YR 4/2, matrix moist)
very gravelly fine sandy loam ; many, coarse, prominent,
yellowish red (5YR 5/8) and many coarse, prominent black
(7 .5YR 2/0) mottles ; moderate, coarse subangular blocky
structure ; moderate, medium, subangular blocky secondary
slightly
sticky,
friable,
nonplastic
structure ;
roots
;
moderately
consistence ; few, fine, horizontal
gravelly
porous horizon ; 50% by volume angular
coarse
fragments ; broken, abrupt horizon boundary .
Bhfg
27 to 40 cm, dark reddish brown (5YR 4/2, matrix moist)
very gravelly fine sandy loam ; common, coarse, distinct,
strong brown (7 .5YR 4/6) and common, fine and medium,
light gray to gray distinct (5YR 6/1) mottles ; weak to
moderate, coarse, subangular blocky structure ; weak to
moderate, medium, subangular blocky secondary structure ;
slightly sticky, friable, nonplastic consistence ; highly
porous horizon ; 50% by volume angular coarse fragments ;
wavy, abrupt horizon boundary .
Bfgj
40 to 48 cm, light olive brown (2 .5YR 5/4, matrix moist)
very gravelly loamy coarse sand ; many, coarse, distinct,
dark red (2 .5YR 3/6) mottles ; very weak, fine to medium,
subangular blocky structure ; very weak, medium, granular
secondary structure; nonsticky, very friable, nonplastic
consistence ; highly porous horizon ; 70% by volume angular
gravelly coarse fragments ; wavy, clear horizon boundary .
Bfg
48 to 60 cm plus, light olive brown (2 .5YR 5/4, matrix
moist) very gravelly loamy coarse sand ; many, coarse,
prominent, dark red (2 .5YR 3/6) mottles ; very weak, medium
to coarse, subangular blocky structure ; very weak, fine,
subangular blocky secondary structure ; nonsticky, firm,
nonplastic consistence ; highly porous horizon ; 70% by
volume angular gravelly coarse fragments .
In areas where the Ferro-Humic Podzols are dominant,
moderately well drained Orthic and Ortstein Humo-Ferric Podzols and
imperfectly to poorly drained Gleyed Humo-Ferric Podzols occur
often under forest vegetation found in more sheltered places .
These soils are similar to those belonging 'to the Ferro-Humic great
group, except that they lack the dark colored, humus rich Bhfhorizon .
Examples of a Hungry Grove Pond Ortstein Humo-Ferric
Podzol are given below . The Ortstein Humo-Ferric Podzol (Profile
84-0005) is located approximately 1 km north of Hungry Grove Pond
(Military grid ref . 21TXC 436 104) . The description is as follows :
FH
2 to 0 cm, very dark brown (l0YR 2/2, matrix moist)
slightly to strongly decomposed organic material derived
predominantly from mosses with minor amounts of herbaceous
fragments and woody fragments ; abundant, medium, roots ;
wavy, abrupt horizon boundary .
Ae
0 to 6 cm, gray (10 YR 5/1, matrix moist) loamy coarse
sand ; massive structure ; nonsticky, very friable, soft,
nonplastic consistence ; abundant, medium roots ; highly
porous horizon ; irregular, abrupt horizon boundary .
- 52 Bf1
6 to 14 cm, brown (10 YR 5/3, matrix moist) fine sandy
loam ; very weak, coarse, granular structure ; nonsticky,
very friable, soft, nonplastic consistence ; abundant,
medium roots ; highly porous horizon ; 10% by volume
gravelly, coarse fragments ; irregular, abrupt horizon
boundary .
Bfc
14 to 23 cm, dark yellowish brown (10 YR 4/6, matrix
moist) gravelly coarse sand ; weak, fine to medium,
subangular blocky structure ; nonsticky, very firm, very
hard, nonplastic consistence ; strongly cemented by iron,
continuous ; few, medium roots ; moderately porous horizon ;
20% by volume gravelly, coarse fragments ; wavy, abrupt
horizon boundary .
BCc
23 to 35 cm, reddish brown (5 YR 4/4, matrix moist)
gravelly coarse sandy loam ; moderate, fine to medium,
subangular blocky structure ; nonsticky, very firm, hard,
nonplastic consistence ;
strongly cemented by iron,
continuous ; few, fine roots ; moderately porous horizon ;
30% by volume gravelly, coarse fragments ; wavy, abrupt
horizon boundary .
BC
35 to 46 cm, reddish brown (5 YR 5/4, matrix moist)
gravelly fine sandy loam ; moderate, fine to medium,
subangular blocky structure ; nonsticky, firm, slightly
hard, nonplastic consistence ; moderately porous horizon ;
20% by volume gravelly coarse fragments ; wavy, clear
horizon boundary .
C
46 to 60 cm plus, brown to dark brown (7 .5 YR 4/4, matrix
moist) gravelly sandy loam ; very weak, fine to medium,
granular structure ;
nonsticky,
very friable,
soft,
nonplastic consistence ; moderately, porous horizon ; 30% by
volume gravelly coarse fragments .
The following is the description of a Hungry Grove Pond Gleyed
Humo-Ferric Podzol (Profile 84-002) . This profile is located along
the Burin Peninsula highway, approximately 5 km northeast of
Paradise River (Military grid ref . 21 TXC 856 937) :
FH
20 to 0 cm, black (10 YR 2/1), weakly to strongly
decomposed organic material derived predominantly from
mosses, herbaceous fragments and wood fragments ; abundant,
fine and medium, random roots ; highly porous horizon ;
irregular, abrupt horizon boundary .
Ae
0 to 6 cm, light gray (10 YR 7/1, matrix moist) coarse
sandy loam ; very weak, fine to medium, subangular blocky
structure ; very weak, fine to medium, granular secondary
structure ; nonsticky, very friable, soft, nonplastic
consistence ; abundant, fine vertical roots ; highly porous
- 53 horizon ; 10% by volume gravelly coarse fragments ; wavy,
abrupt horizon boundary .
Bf1
6 to 21 cm, black (10 YR 2/1, matrix moist) coarse sandy
loam ; weak, medium to coarse, granular structure ; weak,
fine to medium, granular secondary structure ; nonsticky,
very friable, soft, nonplastic consistence ; abundant,
fine, vertical roots ; moderately porous horizon ; 10% by
volume gravelly coarse fragments ; wavy, abrupt horizon
boundary .
Bf2
21 to 32 cm, dark yellowish brown (10 YR 4/6, matrix
moist) and dark reddish brown (5 YR 3/3, matrix moist)
fine sandy loam ; very weak, fine to medium, subangular
blocky structure ; very weak, fine to medium, granular
nonsticky,
very
friable,
soft
secondary structure ;
very
fine
and
fine
nonplastic consistence ; plentiful,
10%
by
volume
vertical roots ; moderately porous horizon ;
fragments ;
wavy,
granular horizon
gravelly
coarse
boundary .
Bfg
32 to 43 cm, dark yellowish brown (10 YR 4/6, matrix
moist) sandy loam ; many, fine, prominent, strong brown
fine to medium,
(7 .5 YR 4/6) mottles, very weak,
subangular blocky structure ; very weak, fine to medium,
granular secondary structure nonsticky, very friable soft
nonplastic consistence ; plentiful, very fine and fine,
vertical roots ; moderately porous horizon ; 10% by volume
gravelly coarse fragments ; wavy clear horizon boundary .
BCg
43 to 56 cm, yellowish brown (10 YR 5/4, matrix moist)
coarse sandy loam ; common, fine, distinct yellowish red (5
YR 5/8) mottles and common, medium, prominent, light
brownish gray (10 YR 6/2) mottles ; massive structure ;
nonsticky, very friable, soft,, nonplastic consistence ;
few, very fine, vertical roots ; moderately porous horizon ;
10% by volume gravelly coarse fragments ; smooth, wavy
horizon boundary .
C
56 to 70 cm plus, light yellowish brown (10 YR 6/4, matrix
moist) coarse sandy loam ; massive structure ; nonsticky,
very friable, soft, nonplastic consistence ; very few, very
fine, vertical roots ; moderately porous horizon ; 10% by
volume gravelly coarse fragments .
Vegetation
Vegetation occurring on the Hungry Grove Pond soils is typical
for the kalmia-barrens of Damman's (1983) Central Barrens subregion
of the Maritime Barrens ecoregion . Vegetation of these barrens is
angustifolia ),
rhodora
dominated
by
sheep
laurel
( Kalmia
( Rhodondendron canadense ) and blueberry ( Vaccinium angustifolium) .
- 54 -
Patches of forest, dominated by a reasonable quality balsam fir
(Abies balsamea) occur throughout the barrens .
Use
The Hungry Grove Pond association has no potential for
agriculture due to severe stoniness, steep topography, wetness and
adverse climate .
HUNGRY
GROVE POND ASSOCIATION
M18-3
unit
Soil
Classification
Landform
M18-1
Hummocky
slopes
M18-2
Ridged
slopes
M18-3
Humiocky
slopes
M18-4
Humiocky
slopes
Drainage
Comments
Ferro-Humic
Well
At L ant i c
ribbed fens
occur
moderate
orthic Ferro-Humic Podzol
Well
A t l a nt i c
ribbed fens
occur
moraine;
strong
orthic Ferro-Humic Podzol
Well
moraine;
gentle
Orthic Ferro-Humic Podzol
Well
Moraine;
moraine;
gentle
ortstein
Podzol
B ed r o c k
outcrops
occur
- 55 -
JACQUES FONTAINE ASSOCIATION
Description
Soils of the Jacques Fontaine association have developed from
coarse textured, olive brown glacial till derived mainly from red, ,
yellow and green pyroclastic rocks which is similar to the parent
material from which the soils of the Toslow association have
developed . Due to differences in climatic conditions, such as
higher frequency of fog which results in more humid conditions, the
These soils occur
dominant soil is the Ferro-Humic Podzol .
.
They occupy an
northwest
of
Winterland
predominantly south and
area)
.
ha
(8%
of
the
study
area of approximately 78800
Landforms
The soils of the Jacques Fontaine association occur on
hummocky and rolling moraine, which become morainal blankets and
thin veneers over bedrock towards the south of the peninsula . The
landscape is generally gently to moderately sloping (6-15% slope) .
Blanket bogs and slope bogs are common features associated with the
landscape .
Soils
Orthic Ferro-Humic Podzols are the dominant soils for the
Jacques Fontaine association . These soils generally have a thick
(10-20 cm) organic surface horizon, consisting of slightly to
moderately decomposed mosses and herbaceous fragments, overlying a
grayish, gravelly loamy sand Ae horizon . Underneath the Ae horizon
is a very dark colored iron and humus rich Bhf horizon . Often the
Bhf horizon and the underlying transitional BC horizon is weakly
cemented by the iron-humus complex . These soils occur on the upper
slopes and crests of hummocks and ridges of the extensive heath and
moss barrens . The following is a description of a Jacques Fontaine
Orthic Ferro-Humic Podzol (Profile 83-0016), located approximately
1 km west of Grand Bank .
(Military grid ref . 21 TXC 085 195) :
Of
18 to 0 cm, black (10 YR 2/1, matrix moist) slightly
decomposed mosses and herbaceous fragments ; plentiful fine
and medium roots ; wavy, abrupt horizon boundary .
Ae
0 to 14 cm, pale brown (10 YR 6/3, matrix moist) very
gravelly coarse sandy loam ; weak, medium to coarse
subangular blocky structure ; weak, fine, subangular blocky
very friable, soft,
secondary structure ; nonsticky,
nonplastic consistence ; plentiful, fine and medium roots ;
highly porous horizon ; 50% by volume angular gravelly
coarse fragments ; wavy, abrupt horizon boundary .
Bhfcj
14 to 42 cm, dusky red (2 .5 YR 3/2, matrix moist) very
gravelly coarse sand ; moderate to strong, coarse, platy
angular blocky
structure ;
strong,
fine to medium,
- 56 -
secondary structure ; weakly cemented by humus-aluminum,
discontinuous ; nonsticky, very firm, very hard, nonplastic
consistence ; few, very fine roots ; moderately porous
horizon ; 50% by volume gravelly coarse fragments ; wavy,
abrupt horizon boundary .
BCcj
42 to 51 cm, reddish brown (5 YR 4/4, matrix moist)
gravelly loamy coarse sand ; moderate to strong, medium to
coarse, subangular blocky structure ; moderate to strong,
fine,
subangular blocky secondary structure ; weakly
cemented by humus-aluminum, discontinuous ; nonsticky very
firm, very hard, nonplastic consistence ; moderately porous
horizon ; 40% by volume gravelly coarse fragments ; wavy,
clear horizon boundary .
BC
51 to 74 cm, yellowish red (5 YR 5/6, matrix moist)
gravelly coarse sand ; massive structure ; nonsticky, firm,
slightly hard, nonplastic consistence ; moderately porous
horizon ; 40% by volume gravelly and angular cobbly coarse
fragments ; wavy, clear horizon boundary .
C
74 to 90 cm plus, brown to dark brown (7 .5 YR 4/4, matrix
moist) very gravelly coarse sand ; massive structure ;
single grain secondary structure ; nonsticky, very friable,
soft, nonplastic consistence ; moderately porous horizon ;
50% by volume gravelly and angular cobble coarse
fragments .
Imperfectly and poorly drained Gleyed Ferro-Humic Podzols and
very poorly drained Orthic Gleysols occur extensively on the
barrens of the southwestern part of the Burin Peninsula .
These
soils also occur on lower slopes, depressional areas and along bog
borders in areas where the better drained Orthic Ferro-Humic
Podzols are dominant .
They Gleyed members of the Ferro-Humic
Podzols usually have mottling occurring only in the upper part . of
the solum .
They have an organic surface horizon, consisting of
slightly to moderately decomposed mosses and herbaceous fragments,
overlying mottled B horizons . The mottled or 'gleyed' B horizons
grade into a non-gleyed coarse textured BC and C horizon . Textures
vary widely with the heavier textures usually occurring in the
upper part of the solum .
The parent material often is andy and
gravelly .
The following profile description is an example of a
Gleyed Ferro-Humic Podzol of the Jacques Fontaine Association
(Profile 83-0018) . The profile is located 2 km northeast of Lord's
Cove (Military grid ref . 21 TXB 0380 9480) :
Om
8 to 0 cm, very dark brown (10 YR 2/2, rubbed wet)
moderately decomposed mosses and herbaceous fragments,
abundant medium and coarse roots ; wavy, abrupt horizon
boundary .
Bfg
0 to 26 cm, dark grayish brown (l0 YR 4/2, matrix most)
gravelly fine sandy loam ; common, fine, prominent, strong
- 57 brown (7 .5 YR 5/8) mottles ; weak to moderate, medium and
coarse subangular blocky structure ; weak to moderate,
fine, subangular blocky secondary structure ; slightly
sticky, firm, nonplastic consistence ; plentiful, fine
roots ; 30% by volume angular gravelly coarse fragments ;
irregular, abrupt horizon boundary .
Bfgj
26 to 44 cm, very dark gray (10 YR 3/1, matrix moist)
gravelly loamy coarse sand ; common, fine, distinct, dark
reddish brown (5 YR 3/4) mottles ; weak to moderate, coarse
and very coarse, subangular blocky structure ; weak to
moderate, medium, subangular blocky secondary structure ;
consistence ;
friable,
nonplastic
slightly
sticky,
volume
angular
plentiful, fine and very fine roots ; 20% by
gravelly and cobbly coarse fragments ; irregular, abrupt
horizon boundary .
BCgj
44 to 66 cm, dark brown (10 YR 3/3, matrix moist) gravelly
loamy fine sand ; few, fine, distinct, dark reddish brown
(5 YR 3/4) mottles ; weak to moderate, coarse and very
coarse subangular blocky structure ; weak to moderate,
medium, subangular blocky secondary structure ; slightly
sticky, friable, nonplastic consistence ; 20% by volume
angular gravelly and cobbly coarse fragments ; irregular
clear horizon boundary .
Cgj
66 to 90 cm plus, brown to dark brown (10 YR 4/3, matrix
moist) gravelly loamy coarse sand ; few, fine, distinct,
dark reddish brown (5 YR 3/4) mottles ; weak to moderate,
coarse and very coarse, subangular blocky structure ; weak
secondary
moderate,
medium,
subangular
blocky
to
nonplastic
slightly
sticky,
friable,
structure ;
consistence ; common, thin, brown to dark brown (10 YR 4/3)
clay films on ped faces ; 30% by volume angular gravelly
and cobbly coarse fragments .
Veqetation
The Jacques Fontaine soils support mainly a barren type
vegetation and only small pockets of forest . Sheep laurel ( Kalmia
angustifolia ) is the dominant heath shrub of the barrens with a
ground cover consisting mainly of sphagnum mosses . Mountain alder
( Alnus crispa ) is extremely abundant throughout the area ; black
crowberry (Empetrum nigrum ) and thickets of showy mountain ash
( Sorbus decora ) dominate in coastal areas . The barren's vegetation
occurring on the Jacques Fontaine soils along the south coast of
the Burin Peninsula differs from the barren's vegetation on the
Jacques Fontaine soils in other parts of the Burin Peninsula
because of higher rainfall and fog occurrence along the south
coast .
The vegetation here is a typical wetland type vegetation
It is dominated
occurring on both poorly and well drained sites .
moss
.
Artic-alpine
Racomitrium
lanuginosum
by a dense carpet of
azalea
(
Diapensia
lapponica
),
alpine
species such as diapensia
- 58 -
( Loiseleuria procumbens ), u cus trifidus and Alectoria nigricans
and ochroleuco lichens occur commonly in this moss carpet . Tundra
billberry ( Vaccinium uliginosum ) is found in exposed locations .
Use
The Jacques Fontaine association has no potential for
agriculture due to stoniness, wetness and adverse climatic
conditions .
JACQUES FONTAINE ASSOCIATION
M53-5
Unit
Landform
M53-13
Soil
Classification
Drainage
Comments
M53-5
Hummocky Moraine;
gentle slopes
Orthic Ferro-Humic Fodzôl
wait
Blanket bogs
occur
M53-9
Rotting moraine;
gentle slopes
Orthic Gleysol
Poor
Blanket bogs
occur
M53-13
Morainat veneer over humiocky
bedrock; steep slopes
Gleyed Ferro-Humic Podzol
Imperfect
Blanket bogs
occur
- 59 -
LOWER COVE ASSOCIATION
Description
Soils belonging to the Lower Cove association occur in a small
area on both sides of the Pipers Hole River, located northwest of
Swift Current, in the Northeast corner of the mapsheet . They cover
approximately 7800 ha (0 .8% of the survey area) . These soils have
developed from moderately coarse textured olive brown glacial till
containing chlorite, sericite, schists, metamorphosed basic to
acidic volcanic rocks, sandstone and conglomerates .
Landform
Landforms consist of gently to strongly sloping morainal
Bedrock
blankets and veneers over hummocky and ridged bedrock .
outcrops and very shallow soils are common . Ribbed fens occur in
this area .
Soils
The dominant soils of the Lower Cove association is the
shallow lithic phase Orthic Ferro-Humic Podzol .
Those soils are
characterized by a moderately thick (10-20 cm) organic surface
horizon and a thick dark colored illuvial horizon . Some evidence
of ortstein formation is often present in the illuvial horizon .
The following is a description of a Lower Cove Orthic Ferro-Humic
Podzol (Profile 83-0013) . This profile is located along the Pipers
Hole River just north of the Pipers Hole River Provincial Park
(Military grid ref . 21 TYO 028 143) :
LF
10 to 7 cm, non- to moderately decomposed organic material
predominantly derived from mosses, needles and herbaceous
fragments ; abundant, medium and coarse, horizontal roots ;
irregular, abrupt horizon boundary .
H
7 to 0 cm, highly decomposed, black (10 YR 2/1, matrix moist)
organic material ; abundant, medium and coarse, horizontal
roots ; wavy, abrupt horizon boundary .
Ae
0 to 6 cm, gray (5 YR 5/1, matrix moist) very gravelly fine
sandy loam ; moderate, coarse, subangular blocky structure ;
moderate, medium, subangular blocky secondary structure ;
slightly sticky, friable, nonplastic consistence ; plentiful,
medium, horizontal roots ; highly porous horizon ; 50% by volume
gravelly coarse fragments ; wavy, abrupt horizon boundary .
Bhf
6 to 27 cm, brown to dark brown (7 .5 YR 4/4, matrix moist)
gravelly sandy loam ; weak to moderate, medium to coarse,
subangular blocky structure ; weak to moderate, fine to medium
subangular blocky secondary structure ; slightly sticky,
friable, nonplastic consistence ; plentiful, medium, horizontal
- 60 roots ; moderately porous horizon ; 40% by volume
coarse fragments ; wavy, clear horizon boundary .
gravelly
Bf
27 to 40 cm, olive brown (2 .5 Y 4/4, matrix moist) gravelly
fine to medium,
loamy coarse sand ; weak to moderate,
moderate,
fine t medium,
subangular blocky structure ; weak to
granular secondary structure ; nonsticky, firm, nonplastic
consistence ; few, very fine and fine horizontal roots ;
moderately porous horizon ; 40% by volume gravelly coarse
fragments ; wavy, clear horizon boundary .
BC
40 to 55 cm plus, brown (10 YR 5/3, matrix moist) gravelly
coarse sandy loam ; weak to moderate, medium to coarse
subangular blocky structure ; weak to moderate, fine to medium,
granular secondary structure ; nonsticky, firm, nonplastic
consistence ; slightly porous horizon ; 30% by volume gravelly
coarse fragments .
VecLetation
Vegetation resembles that occurring in Damman's (1983) North
Central subregion of the Central Newfoundland Ecoregion . Kalmiablack spruce and balsam fir-black spruce forests predominate . Red
maple (Aver rubrum) occurs as trees in the valley of the Pipers
Hole River, together with trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides) .
Use
Soils of the Lower Cove Association have no potential for
agriculture due to severe stoniness, steep topography and frequent
occurrence of very shallow soils and bedrock exposures .
Fig . 25 .
Piper's Hole River .
LOWER
COVE ASSOCIATION
M19-2
Unit
soil
classification
Landform
M-19-1
Hummocky
slopes
Moraine ;
gentle
M19-2
Morainal veneer over ridged
bedrock ; strong slopes
Drainage
comments
Ferro-Humic
Moderately
Well
At lan t i c
ribbed fens
occur
Orthic Ferro-Humic Podzol
Moderately
Well
B e d r o c k
outcrops
occur
Ortstein
Podzol
SALMON RIVER ASSOCIATION
Description
Soils belonging to the Salmon River association occur in a
small area southwest of Long Pond in the northwest corner of the
They cover approximately 4000 ha (0 .4% of the survey
mapsheet .
area) .
The Salmon River association occurring within the survey
area consists of dominantly moderately well to imperfectly drained
Humo-Ferric Podzols developed from medium textured glacial till
derived mainly from granite and granodiorite .
- 62 -
Landform
Landform is strongly sloping morainal blanket over rolling
bedrock interspersed with much strongly sloping rock outcrops and
very shallow soils .
Soil
The dominant soils of the Salmon River association are the
Orthic and Gleyed Humo-Ferric Podzols .
These
soils are
characterized by a moderately thick (10 to 20 cm) organic surface
horizon and a thin (less than 10 cm) very dark illuvial horizon
with a high organic matter content and often showing some evidence
of gleying in the form of reddish and grayish mottles, immediately
underlying a thin Ae horizon . The following profile description is
an example of a Gleyed Humo-Ferric Podzol of the Salmon River
Association
(Profile
79-0023) .
This
profile
is
located
approximately 9 km northwest of St . Albans (Military grid ref . 21
TWD 796 079) :
F
30 to 19 cm, organic material consisting of matted, partly
decomposed debris of mosses, needles and other plant
remains ; abundant, medium, horizontal roots ; smooth,
abrupt horizon boundary .
H
19 to 0 cm, organic material consisting of matted highly
decomposed debris of mosses, needles and other plant
remains, strongly permeated by rootlets ; abundant, very
fine, oblique roots ; smooth, abrupt horizon boundary .
Ae
0 to 3 cm, thickness range 1 to 4 cm, light brownish gray
(10 YR 6/2, matrix moist) gravelly sandy loam ; weak, very
fine to fine granular structure ; slightly sticky, very
friable, soft, nonplastic consistence ; few, very fine,
oblique roots ; moderately porous horizon ;_ 20% by volume,
angular gravelly coarse fragments ; wavy, abrupt horizon
boundary .
Bhfg
3 to 10 cm, thickness range 6 to 11 cm, reddish black (10
R 2 .5/1, matrix moist) sandy loam ; many, fine, prominent,
yellowish red (5 YR 5/6) mottles ; and many, fine,
prominent light gray (5 YR 7/1) mottles ; weak, medium,
platy structure ; slightly sticky, friable, slightly hard,
nonplastic consistence ; slightly porous horizon ; 50% by
volume angular gravelly coarse fragments ; wavy, clear
horizon boundary .
Bf
10 to 19 cm, thickness range 8 to 10 cm, yellowish red (5
YR 5/8, matrix moist) sandy loam ; weak, fine to medium,
subangular blocky structure ; slightly sticky, friable,
slightly hard, nonplastic consistence ; very few, very
fine, oblique roots ; slightly porous horizon ; 10% by
- 63 -
volume angular gravelly coarse fragments ; wavy, gradual,
horizon boundary .
BC
19 to 37 cm, thickness range 12 to 20 cm ; dark yellowish
brown (10 YR 4/4, matrix moist) loamy sand ; very weak,
very fine to fine, granular structure ; nonsticky, very
friable, soft, nonplastic consistence ; moderately porous
horizon ; 10% by volume angular gravelly coarse fragments ;
wavy, gradual, horizon boundary .
Cg
37 cm plus, olive (5 Y 5/3, matrix moist) sandy loam ;
common, fine, prominent, strong brown (7 .5 YR 5/8)
mottles ; very weak, very fine to fine angular blocky
structure ; nonsticky friable, slightly hard, nonplastic
consistence ; moderately porous horizon ; 30% by volume
angular gravelly coarse fragments .
Vegetation
Vegetation occurring on the Salmon River soils is typical for
the kalmia barrens of Damman's Central Barrens subregion of the
It is dominated by sheep laurel
Maritime Barrens ecoregion .
and
( Kalmia angustifolia ), rhodora ( Rhodondendron canadense )
species
Oceanic and arctic
blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium ) .
which occur on more exposed barrens in other areas are generally
not present .
Use
Soils of the Salmon River Association have no potential for
agriculture due to severe stoniness, steep topography and frequent
occurrence of very shallow soils and bedrock exposures .
Fig . 26 .
Barrens on the Salmon River soils .
SALMON
RIVER ASSOCIATION
M47-1
Unit
M47-1
Landform
Morainal blanket over rolling
bedrock; strong slopes
Soil
Classification
Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol
Drainage
Well
Comments
B e d r o c k
outcrops
occur
TOSLOW ASSOCIATION
Description
The Toslow association consists of dominantly Humo-Ferric
Podzols developed from coarse textured morainal till derived from
red, yellow and green pyroclastic rocks . Soils of this association
occur predominantly north and south of the Marystown-Winterland
area and in some smaller tracts, along the Burin Highway, east of
Bay L'Argent and between Pipers Hole River and Sandy Harbour River .
Collectively they occupy an area of approximately 58250 ha (6% of
the study area) .
Landforms
The soils of the Toslow association are located on hummocky
and inclined morainal blankets and veneers, with drumlins and
fluted till plains clearly visible in the Marystown-Winterland
area . The landscape is generally gently to moderately sloping (6
- 65 -
to 15% slope) with occasional strong and very strong slopes .
Strongly sloping bedrock outcrops and nearly level slope bogs are
often associated with the Toslow association .
Soils
Moderately well to imperfectly drained Orthic and Gleyed HumoFerric Podzols are the dominant soils for the Toslow association .
These soils generally have a relatively thin (less than 10 cm)
organic surface horizon overlying a loamy horizon of eluviation .
Subsurface horizons consist of reddish to yellowish coloured
gravelly sandy loam .
Some evidence of mottling may occur in the
lower subsurface horizons .
Examples of moderately well drained Orthic and Gleyerd Humo-Ferric
The Toslow
Podzols of the Toslow association are given below .
Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol (Profile 84-0003) is located along the
Burin Peninsula highway, approximately 1 km south of Paradise River
(Military grid ref . 21 TXC 8210 8890) .
The description is as
follows :
FH
10 to 0 cm, slightly to strongly decomposed organic
material derived predominantly from mosses, herbaceous
fragments and woody fragments ; abundant, medium roots ;
wavy, abrupt horizon boundary .
Ae
0 to 2 cm, fine sandy loam ; very weak, fine, granular
structure ; nonsticky, very friable, soft, nonplastic
consistence ; abundant, medium roots ; wavy, abrupt, horizon
boundary .
Bfcj
2 to 20 cm, dark yellowish brown (10 YR 3/4, matrix moist)
gravelly fine sandy loam ; strong, coarse platy structure ;
nonsticky,
very
firm,
extremely
hard,
nonplastic
consistence ; weakly cemented by iron, continuous ; very
few, very fine roots ; clear horizon boundary .
BC1
20 to 36 cm, light yellowish brown (2 .5 Y 6/4, matrix
moist) sandy loam ; massive structure ; nonsticky, very
friable, soft, nonplastic consistence ; very few, very
fine, roots ; 20% by volume gravelly coarse fragments ;
wavy, abrupt horizon boundary .
BC2
36 to 56 cm, brown (10 YR 5/3, matrix moist) loamy coarse
sand ; massive structure ; nonsticky, very friable, soft,
nonplastic consistence ; 10% by volume gravelly coarse
fragments ; wavy clear horizon boundary .
IIC
56 cm plus ; pale brown (10 YR 6/3, matrix moist) silt
loam ; massive structure ;
friable,
soft,
nonsticky,
nonplastic consistence .
The following is the description of a Toslow Gleyed HumoFerric Podzol
(Profile 83-0012) .
The profile is located
- 66 -
approximately 1 km south of Garnish (Military grid ref . 21 TXC 245
286)
Ah
0 to 7 cm, dark grayish brown (10 YR 4/2, matrix moist)
very gravelly loam ; weak to moderate, fine to medium,
subangular blocky structure ; weak to moderate, fine to
medium granular secondary structure ; slightly sticky, very
friable, nonplastic consistence ; plentiful, fine and
medium, vertical roots ; highly porous horizon ; 50% by
volume angular gravelly coarse fragments ; wavy, abrupt
horizon boundary .
Ae
7 to 10 cm, dark gray (10 YR 4/1, matrix moist) gravelly
loam to fine sandy loam ; weak to moderate, fine to medium
granular structure ; weak to moderate, very fine to fine
granular secondary structure ; nonsticky, very friable,
nonplastic
consistence ; plentiful, fine, vertical roots ; highly
porous horizon ; 40% by volume angular gravelly coarse
fragments ; broken, abrupt horizon boundary .
Bf
10 to 22 cm, dark yellowish brown (10 YR 4/6, matrix
moist) gravelly fine sandy loam ; weak to moderate, fine to
medium, subangular blocky structure ; weak to moderate,
fine to medium, granular secondary structure ; slightly
sticky, very friable, nonplastic consistence ; plentiful,
fine, vertical roots ; moderately porous horizon ; 40% by
volume angular gravelly coarse fragments ; wavy, abrupt
horizon boundary .
Bfg
22 to 45 cm, brown (10 YR 5/3, matrix moist) gravelly
coarse sandy loam ; few, fine, prominent, yellowish brown
(10 YR 5/8) mottles ; weak, medium to coarse, subangular
blocky structure ; weak, fine to medium, subangular blocky
nonsticky,
friable,
nonplastic
secondary structure ;
consistence ; few, very fine and fine, horizontal roots
moderately porous horizon ; 40% by volume angular gravelly
and cobbly coarse fragments ; wavy, gradual horizon
boundary .
BC
45 to 80 cm, dark brown (10 YR 3/3, matrix moist) gravelly
coarse sandy loam ; weak, medium to coarse, subangular
blocky structure ; weak, fine to medium, subangular blocky
nonplastic
secondary
structure ;
nonsticky,
firm,
consistence ; moderately porous horizon ; 30% by volume
angular gravelly and cobbly coarse fragments .
C
80 to 100 cm plus, olive brown (2 .5 Y 4/4, matrix moist)
gravelly loamy coarse sand ; weak, medium to coarse
subangular blocky structure ;
weak,
fine to medium
subangular blocky secondary structure ; nonsticky, friable,
nonplastic consistence ; moderately porous horizon ; 40% by
volume angular gravelly and cobbly coarse fragments .
- 67 Imperfectly and poorly drained Gleyed Humo-Ferric Podzols
occur extensively on lower slope positions and along bog borders .
These soils usually have a moderately thick to thick (more than 10
cm), peaty, organic surface horizon, overlying a loam to clay loam
textured eluvial horizon .
The subsurface horizons are commonly
dark brown to grayish brown coloured with coarse prominent mottles .
The following is a description of a poorly drained Toslow Gleyed
Humo-Ferric Podzol (Profile 79-0026) .
The profile is located
approximately 18 km north of Harbour Breton (Military grid ref . 21
TWC 9630 7340) :
Of
11 to 8 cm, none to slightly decomposed organic material
predominantly consisting of sphagnum mosses, broom and
feathermosses
and
needles ;
smooth,
abrupt
horizon
boundary .
OM
8 to 0 cm, moderately decomposed organic material
consisting of sphagnum mosses, needles and other plant
remains ; abundant, medium, horizontal roots ; wavy, abrupt
horizon boundary .
Aeg
0 to 2 cm, light gray (5 Y 7/1, matrix moist) gravelly
clay loam ; very weak, very coarse, angular blocky
structure ; slightly sticky,
friable,
slightly hard,
plastic consistence ; plentiful fine,
oblique roots ;
slightly porous horizon ; 30% by volume, angular gravelly,
coarse fragments ; wavy, abrupt horizon boundary .
Bfg
2 to 22 cm, thickness range 16 to 28 cm, dark brown (10 YR
3/3, matrix moist) very gravelly sandy loam ; common,
coarse, prominent, dark reddish brown (5 YR 3/4) mottles ;
and few, coarse, prominent, dark gray (5 YR 4/.1) mottles ;
weak,
fine to medium,
subangular blocky structure ;
nonsticky, very friable, soft, nonplastic consistence ;
plentiful, very fine, oblique roots ; highly porous
horizon ; 50% by volume angular gravelly coarse fragments ;
wavy, gradual horizon boundary .
Bf
22 to 37 cm, dark brown (10 YR 3/3, matrix moist) very
gravelly sandy loam ; weak to moderate, fine to medium,
subangular blocky structure ; nonsticky, very friable,
soft, nonplastic consistence ; few, very fine, oblique
roots ; moderately porous horizon ; 50% by volume, angular
gravelly coarse fragments ; wavy clear horizon boundary .
BC
37 cm plus, dark grayish brown (10 YR 4/2, matrix moist)
very gravelly sandy loam ; very weak, fine subangular
blocky
structure ;
nonsticky,
very
friable,
soft,
nonplastic consistence ; moderately porous horizon ; 70% by
volume angular gravelly coarse fragments .
- 68 Soils of the Toslow association are generally moderately to
very stony . In places where the vegetation has been disturbed, the
light grayish to almost white colored eluvial horizon is exposed,
and covered by a single layer of bleached gravel and pebbles .
Vegetation
Soils belonging to the Toslow association generally support a
barren type vegetation which consists of sphagnum mosses,
Speckled
ericaceous shrubs and mountain alder ( Alms crispa ) .
mountain
alder ( Alnus rugosa ) is absent on these soils . Showy
ash
(Sorbus decora ) occurs as thickets on exposed sites such as coastal
areas . Arctic and subarctic species such as diapensia ( Diapensia
Lapponica ), alpine azelea ( Loiseleuria procumbens ) ; rushes ( Juncus
trifidus ), are common on these soils on higher elevations in the
northern part of the Burin peninsula .
Use
The Toslow Association has generally little potential for
agriculture due to stoniness, wetness, topography and adverse
climatic conditions . Some areas, especially near Winterland, which
have better drainage and topography are used for pasture and
vegetable production .
Fig . 27 .
Pasture near Winterland on Toslow and organic soils .
TOSLOW ASSOCIATION
M52-5
Unit
Soil
Classification
landform
Drainage
Comments
M52-5
Morainal blanket over humiocky
bedrock; strong slopes
Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol
Well
B e d r o c k
outcrops
occur
M52-6
Humocky
slopes
strong
Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol
Well
Slope
fens
occur
in
depressional
areas
M52-9
Hummocky
slopes
moderate
Gleyed Huno-Ferric Podzol
ImperfectPoor
moraine ;
moraine;
SOILS ON GLACIO FLUVIAL DEPOSITS
Soils on glaciofluvial deposits occupy slightly less than 0 .6%
of the area . These soils occur in small tracts at the head of bays
and inlets and along the south and west coast of the Burin
Peninsula . They include the Swangers association, the Freshwater
Pond association and the Grand Beach association .
-70-
FRESHWATER POND ASSOCIATION
Description
The Freshwater Pond association consists of dominantly
podzolic soils developed on medium to coarse textured, well
stratified glaciofluvial and fluvial deposits of mixed origin .
This association occurs on slightly raised terraces along Main
Brook, west of Freshwater Pond and along West Brook, west of
Marystown . They collectively occupy approximately 1100 ha (0 .1% of
the mapped area) .
Landforms
These soils have developed on undulating to hummocky terrain
The main deposits occur
with nearly level to very strong slopes .
Often the soils
as elevated terraces adjacent to larger brooks .
occur as thin veneer over hummocky till or bedrock, with their
landforms being controlled by the underlying strata .
Soils
Orthic Ferro-Humic Podzols are the dominant soils of the
Freshwater Pond association . Gleyed Dystric Brunisols and Gleysols
occur in level or slightly depressed locations and in low lying
areas which are subject to inundation or fluctuating water table
levels .
Soil profiles vary considerably depending upon the texture of
the solum, textural differences within the solum, and the depth and
thickness of the deposition .
The Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzols occur generally in coarse loamy
to sandy and gravelly parent materials found at slightly higher
elevations than the finer textured deposits . These soils generally
have a relatively thin - surface horizon of semi-decomposed litter
Underneath one or more
over a thin pinkish gray Ae horizon .
horizons
overly the often very
reddish brown to yellowish brown Bgravelly and sandy parent materials .
The following is a
description of a Freshwater Pond Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol (Profile
79-0021) .
The profile described is located approximately 5 km
southwest of Winterland (Military grid ref . 21 TXC 245 200) :
F
4 to 1 cm, thickness range 3 to 5 cm, organic material
consisting of matted, partly decomposed debris of mosses,
leaves, needles and other plant remains ; abundant, medium,
horizontal roots ; smooth, abrupt horizon boundary .
H
1 to 0 cm, organic material consisting of granular, highly
decomposed debris of mosses, leaves, needles and other plant
remains ; abundant, medium, horizontal roots ; smooth, abrupt
horizon boundary .
Ae
0 to 2 cm, thickness range 0 to 3 cm, pinkish gray (5 YR 6/2,
matrix moist), gravelly sandy loam ; massive structure ; very
weak, very fine to fine, granular secondary structure ;
soft,
slightly plastic
slightly sticky, very friable,
porous
roots
;
moderately,
;
plentiful,
fine,
random
consistence
fragments
;
broken,
gravelly,
coarse
horizon ; 30% by volume
abrupt horizon boundary .
Bfl
2 to 14 cm, thickness range 10 to 18 cm, dark reddish brown (5
YR 3/4, matrix moist) gravelly sandy loam ; very weak, medium
to coarse, subangular blocky structure ; very weak, very fine
to fine, granular secondary structure ; slightly sticky, very
friable, soft, nonplastic consistence ; plentiful, fine,
oblique roots ; moderately porous horizon ; 30% by volume
gravelly coarse fragments ; irregular, clear horizon boundary .
Bf2
14 to 34 cm, thickness range 18 to 24 cm, yellowish red (5 YR
4/6, matrix moist) very gravelly sandy loam ; very weak, medium
to coarse, subangular blocky structure ; very weak, very fine
granular secondary structure ; nonsticky, very
to fine,
friable, soft, nonplastic consistence ; few, fine oblique
roots ; moderately porous horizon ; 60% by volume gravelly
coarse fragments ; wavy, clear horizon boundary .
C
34 cm plus, dark yellowish brown (10 YR 3/6, matrix moist)
very gravelly loamy sand ; single grain structure ; nonsticky,
loose, nonplastic consistence ; highly porous horizon ; 50% by
volume gravelly coarse fragments .
Gleyed Dystric Brunisols occur in fine loamy deposits in level
They are common where a fine
or slightly depressed locations .
These soils are imperfectly to
loamy overburden overlies sand .
poorly drained . Surface deposition is apparent by the occurrence
of buried profiles and textural variability between horizons .
These soils often have a thick moss layer over a relatively thick
Underneath is a light
(5 to 10 cm) gray leached Aeg horizon .
brown, weakly oxidized, mottled B-horizon overlying a thin
Soil profiles
transitional horizon over the parent material .
generally vary considerably depending upon the textural differences
within the solum .
Gleysols occur in low lying areas and in areas which are
subject to inundation or fluctuating, high water table levels . The
soils are poorly drained and non-stony . Textures vary considerably
due to variable surface deposition .
These soils have a peaty
surface horizon, consisting of 10 to 20 cm of slightly decomposed
sphagnum mosses, over grayish to grayish brown sands .
Most of the soils of the Freshwater Pond association have few
stones . Gravel and cobble content, however, may vary considerably .
72 _
Vegetation
The well drained soils of the Freshwater Pond association
generally support a good growth of black spruce ( Picea mariana_),
balsam fir (
'es balsamea ) and white birch ( Betula papvrifera ),
especially in sheltered locations of the brook valleys . The wetter
sites generally have poorly developed black spruce (Pi ea mariana )
with ericaceous shrub vegetation such as sheep laurel ( Kalmia
angustifolia ), bog laurel ( Kalmia polifolia ) and leatherleaf
( Chamagdaphne calyculata) .
Use
Most of. the soils have a low capability for agriculture . The
well drained soils can be used for agriculture, but due to a sandy
and gravelly texture they have low moisture holding capacity .
Soils with a sandy or silty surface layer are extremely susceptible
to erosion .
FRESHWATER and TOSLOW ASSOCIATIONS
F10-1
Unit
Landform
Soil
Classification
Drainage
M52-7
Morainal veneer over hummocky
bedrock; very strong slopes
Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol
Well
F10-1
Undulating glacio-fluvial and
fluvial terrace - eroded : very
gentle slopes
Orthic Huno-Ferric Podzol
Well
Comments
B e d r o c k
outcrops
occur
- 73 -
GRAND BEACH ASSOCIATION
Description
The Grand Beach association consists of dominantly Placic and
Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzols developed on coarse textured, well
stratified glaciofluvial deposits derived from red, yellow and
green pyroclastic rocks . This association occurs as terraces along
major brooks along the northwest and south coast of the Burin
Peninsula . They collectively occupy approximately 3250 ha (0 .3% of
the mapped area) .
Landforms
The soils of the Grand Beach association have developed on
nearly level to undulating, slightly raised terraces adjacent to
As these deposits are located close to the coast, the
brooks .
soils may have some marine influence near the mouth of the brooks
However, the
and often have lower strata of marine origin .
outwash
. In level,
is
from
glacial
predominant mode of deposition
part
of the
form
an
integral
more poorly drained areas, bogs
landscape .
Soils
Placic Ferro-Humic Podzols are the dominant soils of the Grand
These soils usually occur on higher parts of
Beach association .
the terraces where drainage is good and on sites with rapid
internal drainage due to gravelly subsurface layers . Gleyed FerroHumic Podzols and Orthic or Rego Gleysols occur in level to
depressional locations and where iron cementation impedes the
internal drainage of the soils .
The Placic Ferro-Humic Podzols usually have thick (more than
50 cm) organic surface horizons consisting of mosses and herbaceous
fragments often containing many roots from ericaceous shrubs .
Underneath is a moderately thick (10 to 15 cm) grayish Ae horizon
overlying the dark reddish, iron and organic matter rich Bhf
horizon . The placic horizon, consisting of one or more thin (0 .5
to 5 cm) bands of iron cementation, occurs immediately underneath
the Bhf horizon .
Textures of these soils can vary widely within
the profile, but are generally coarse with strata consisting of
The following is a
well sorted cobbles, gravels and sands .
description of a Grand Beach Placic Ferro-Humic Podzol (Profile 830019) .
This profile is located approximately 3 km west of Grand
Beach (Military grid ref . 21 TXC 1050 1920) :
Of
60 to 30 cm, dark reddish brown (5 YR 3/3, rubbed wet)
slightly decomposed organic material derived predominantly
from sphagnum mosses ; abundant medium and coarse roots ;
wavy, clear horizon boundary .
- 74 Om
30 to 0 cm, very dusky red (2 .5 YR 2 .5/2, rubbed wet)
moderately
decomposed
organic
material
derived
predominantly from sphagnum mosses with small amounts of
soft woody material ; abundant medium and coarse roots ;
wavy, abrupt horizon boundary .
Ae
0 to 13 cm, grayish brown (10 YR 5/2, matrix moist)
gravelly coarse sandy loam ; weak,
fine to medium,
subangular blocky structure ; weak,
fine to medium,
granular secondary structure ; nonsticky, very friable,
soft, nonplastic consistence ; abundant, medium roots ; 40%
by volume gravelly and cobbly coarse fragments ; wavy,
abrupt horizon boundary .
Bhf
13 to 49 cm, very dusky red (2 .5 YR 2 .5/2, matrix moist)
very gravelly coarse sand ; very weak, fine to medium,
granular structure ; single grain secondary structure ;
nonsticky, very friable, soft, nonplastic consistence ;
few, very fine and fine roots ; 60% by volume gravelly and
cobbly coarse fragments ; wavy, abrupt horizon boundary .
Bfc
49 to 54 cm, reddish brown (5 YR 4/4, matrix moist) very
gravelly coarse sandy loam ; massive structure ; indurated
by iron ; 50% by volume gravelly and cobbly coarse
fragments ; wavy, abrupt horizon boundary .
BC
54 to 67 cm, brown to dark brown (7 .5 YR 4/4, matrix
moist) gravelly coarse sand ; single grain structure ;
nonsticky, loose, nonplastic consistence ; 40% by volume
gravelly and cobbly coarse fragments ; wavy, abrupt horizon
boundary .
C
67 to 93 cm, dark yellowish brown (10 YR 4/4, matrix
moist) very gravelly coarse sand ; single grain structure ;
nonsticky, loose, nonplastic consistence ; 60% by volume
gravelly and cobbly coarse fragments ; wavy abrupt horizon
boundary .
IIC
93 to 100 cm, dark yellowish brown (10 YR 3/4, matrix
moist) coarse sand ; single grain structure ; nonsticky,
loose, nonplastic consistence ; 10% by volume gravelly and
cobbly-coarse fragments ; wavy, abrupt horizon boundary .
IIIC
100 to 104 cm, brown to dark brown (7 .5 YR 4/4, matrix
moist) gravelly coarse sandy loam ; very weak, medium to
coarse, subangular blocky structure ; very weak, fine to
medium, subangular blocky secondary structure ; nonsticky,
very friable, soft, nonplastic consistence ; 20% by volume
gravelly coarse fragments ; wavy, abrupt horizon boundary .
- 75 -
IVC
104 to 117 cm plus, olive brown (2 .5 Y 4/4, matrix moist)
gravelly coarse sand ; single grain structure ; nonsticky,
loose, nonplastic consistence ; 40% by volume gravelly and
cobbly coarse fragments .
Veaetation
The Grand Beach soils along the west coast of the Burin
Peninsula support a vegetation type, which is typical for the
maritime barrens of Damman's Southeastern Barrens subregicn . Sheep
laurel ( Kalmia angustifolia ) is the dominant heath shrub, with
canadense ),
blueberry
( Vaccinium
rhodora
( Rododendron
partridgeberry
(Vaccinium
vitis-idaea
)
as common
anaustifolium) and
Pleurozium
schreberi
)
and
reindeer
occurrences .
Feathermoss (
moss
layer
.
Black
crowberry
mosses ( Cladonia spp) dominate the
( Empetrum nigrum ) and showy mountain ash ( Sorbus decora) are
abundant . The latter often forms thickets .
Along the south coast of the Burin Peninsula the Grand Beach
These are
soils form part of the Rhacomitrium barrens .
characterized by dense Rhacomitrium lanuginosum moss carpets, which
virtually cover all soils, whether well drained or poorly drained .
Black crowberry ( Empetrum nigrum ), pink crowberry ( Empetrum
eamesii ) and several arctic species such as diapensia ( Diapensia
laponica ), alpine azelea ( Loiseleuria procumbens ), Juncus trifidus
and Alectoria nigricans and Ochroleuca lichens occur commonly in
the moss carpet .
Use
Generally, the Grand Beach soils have a low capability for
agriculture, due to wetness, coarse nature of the material,
impeding layers and adverse climatic conditions . Some of the well
'drained, finer textured soils have good potential for agriculture,
but are often extremely susceptible to erosion .
- 76 -
GRAND BEACH and JACQUES FONTAINE
ASSOCIATIONS
F11-2
Unit
Soil
Classification
Landform
F11-2
Glaciofluvial
gentle slopes
terrace :
M53-16
Morainal blanket over inclined
bedrock; gentle slopes
R21
Hummocky
slopes
bedrock:
very-
moderate
Drainage
Comments
Placic Ferro-Humic Podzol
Moderately
Well
Mo ra i na l
deposits and
bogs
slope
occur
Gleyed Ferro-Humic Podzol
Imperfect to
Poor
Slope
occur
bogs
Till veneers
occur
SWANGERS ASSOCIATION
Description
The Swangers association consists of dominantly podzolic soils
developed on coarse textured, stratified glaciofluvial deposits of
mixed origin . These soils often have some marine influence . They
occur on raised river terraces and on coastal terraces, where
The
glacial outwash deposits predominate over marine deposits .
along
Bay
d'Espoir,
and
Swangers association occurs in small areas
Harbour
River
in
the
at the mouth of Rencontre Brook and Long
Collectively
they
occupy
northwest quarter of the mapsheet .
approximately 1140 ha (0 .1% of the mapped area) .
- 77 -
Landforms
The Swangers association soils occur most commonly on eroded
river terraces . Around the head of Bay d'Espoir these deposits are
associated with a preglacial lake formed during the late Wisconsin .
Consequently, small areas of glaciolacustrine deposits occur .
Terraces bordering salt water, often have lower strata of marine
origin .
The surface form of these deposits is generally nearly
They are dissected by streams flowing from upland
level .
positions .
In flatter, more poorly drained areas, nearly level
sloping bogs form an integral part of these landscapes .
soils
The soils of the Swangers association are dominantly Orthic
The Orthic Humo-Ferric
and Gleyed Ortstein Ferro-Humic Podzols .
well
drained
and occupy higher
Podzols are moderately well to
generally
have
a thin (less than
positions in the landscape . They
eluvial
horizon,
which is
10 cm) organic surface overlying a thin
cm)
coarse
loamy
horizon
underlain by a relatively thick (20 to 50
dusky
red
color
indicating
a
of illuviation, part of which has a
range
from
Subsurface textures may
high organic carbon content .
loam to gravelly sand . Mottling may be present in finer textured
layers .
The following description is an example of a Swanger's
This profile is
Orthic Ferro-Humic Podzol (Profile 79-0022) .
located approximately 1 km north of St Alban's (Military grid ref .
21 TWD 863 036) :
L
9 to 7 cm, none to slightly decomposed organic material
predominantly consisting of mosses, needles, leaves and
twigs ; wavy, abrupt horizon boundary .
F
7 to 0 cm, organic material consisting of matted, partly
decomposed debris of mosses, needles, leaves and other
plant remains ; abundant, medium, horizontal roots ; : wavy,
abrupt horizon boundary .
Ae
0 to 3 cm, thickness range 1 to 6 cm, light gray (10 YR
7/2, matrix moist) gravelly sandy loam ; very weak, very
fine, granular structure ; slightly sticky, very friable,
soft,
nonplastic consistence ; abundant, fine, oblique roots ;
highly porous horizon ; 20% by volume gravelly coarse
fragments ; wavy, abrupt horizon boundary .
Bhfl
3 to 7 cm, thickness range 0 to 4 cm, very dusky red (2 .5
YR 2 .5/2, matrix moist) gravelly sandy loam ; very weak,
very fine to fine, granular structure ; slightly sticky,
very friable, slightly hard, slightly plastic consistence ;
few, fine, horizontal roots ; highly porous horizon ; 30% by
volume gravelly coarse fragments ; broken, clear horizon
boundary .
- 78 Bhf2
7 to 21 cm, thickness range 8 to 20 cm, yellowish red (5
YR 5/6, matrix moist) sandy loam ; weak, fine to medium
subangular blocky structure ; slightly sticky, friable,
soft, nonplastic consistence ; few, fine, oblique roots ;
highly porous horizon ; 10% by volume gravelly coarse
fragments ; irregular, clear horizon boundary .
Bf
21 to 33 cm, thickness range 5 to 12 cm, yellowish brown
(10 YR 5/6, matrix moist) gravelly sandy loam ; weak, very
fine, subangular blocky structure ; slightly sticky, very
friable, soft, nonplastic consistence ;' very few, very
fine, oblique roots ; moderately porous horizon ; 30% by
volume gravelly coarse fragments ; irregular clear horizon
boundary .
BC
33 to 50 cm, thickness range 4 to 22 cm, light olive brown
(2 .5 Y 5/4, matrix moist) sandy loam ; weak, fine to medium
subangular blocky structure ; slightly sticky, friable,
soft, nonplastic consistence ; highly porous horizon ; 10%
by volume gravelly coarse fragments ; irregular, clear
horizon boundary .
IICg
50 to 66 cm, thickness range 0 to 20 cm, pale olive (5 Y
6/3, matrix moist) loam; common, fine, prominent, strong
brown (7 .5 YR 5/8) mottles ; very weak, very fine,
subangular blocky structure ; slightly sticky, friable,
slightly hard, slightly plastic consistence ; highly porous
horizon ; broken, abrupt horizon boundary .
IIIC
66 cm plus, dark brown (10 YR 3/3, matrix moist), very
gravelly, loamy sand ; single grain structure ; nonsticky,
loose, nonplastic consistence ; highly porous horizon ; 60%
by volume gravelly coarse fragments .
Gleyed Ortstein Ferro-Humic Podzols occur as dominant soils at
the head of Long Harbour . These soils occur on sparsely vegetated
glaciofluvial terraces, with drainage ranging from very poor to
imperfect .
They have a rather thin (3 to 6 cm) organic surface
horizon overlying a mottled Ae-horizon . Underneath is a strongly
cemented to sometimes indurated Bfc horizon . This cemented horizon
may be as thick as 20 cm .
Vegetation
Vegetation occurring on well drained soils of the Swanger's
soil association consist of Hylocomium -balsam fir forests with
black spruce ( Picea mariana ) and yellow birch ( Betula papyrifera )
as common occurrences .
The imperfectly to poorly drained soils
support a Cladonia -kalmia-black spruce vegetation with a poor
growth of larch ( Larix laricina ) .
_ 79 _
Use
The moderately well to well drained members of the Swanger's
association have good potential for agriculture where stoniness is
not too severe .
The imperfectly to poorly drained soils of the
Swanger's association, which often have massive ortstein layers in
the subsurface soil, have no potential for agriculture due to
wetness, restricted rooting, and often severe stoniness .
ROCKLAND and SWANGERS ASSOCIATION
F7-1
k
0
0
Q
m
Unit
Landform
F7-1
Glacioflwial terrace : eroded
nearly level to very steep
slopes
R7
Humiocky bedrock : very strong
slopes
Soil
Classification
Orthic Ferro-Humic Podzol
0rainaçie
Well
comments
Slope
bogs
occur
in
depressions
Very shallow
till veneers
occur
in
depressions
SOILS ON MARINE DEPOSITS
Soils developed on marine deposits occupy less than 0 .1% of
the area . These soils occur mainly in a few small tracts along the
west coast between Grand Beach and Point Enragee . The Frenchman's
Cove association is the only association identified as having been
developed on marine deposits .
- 80 -
FRENCHMAN'S COVE ASSOCIATION
Descriu tion
The Frenchman's Cove association consists of dominantly
Ortstein and Orthic Ferro-Humic Podzols developed on sandy and
sandy and cobbly marine beach material, deposited or modified by
wave action .
These materials are of mixed lithological origin .
The Frenchman's Cove association occupies approximately 1000 ha .
Landfarms
The Frenchman's Cove soils are formed on nearly level
postglacial terraces and beach ridges at Frenchman's Cove and Grand
Beach .
Between Garnish and Point Enragee, the Frenchman's Cove
soils have developed on periglacial, raised marine terraces .
Soils
These soils are characterized by their cobble and pebble
content . The parent materials range from fine and medium sand to
rounded gravels and cobbles .
They are often well sorted and
stratified .
Although the Frenchman's Cove soils have been
deposited primarily by wave action, they may show a definite
influence of infilling by fine eolian beach sands .
This is
especially noticeable with the Frenchman's Cove soils in the
Frenchman's Cove Area .
The dominant soils are the Ortstein and Orthic Ferro-Humic
Podzols . These soils are very similar in characteristics to each
other except for the degree of cementation in the Bf horizon .
Backshore areas of poor drainage and lower fringes of beach ridges
that border peatlands have Gleyed Ferro-Humic Podzols .
The
Ortstein Ferro-Humic Podzol usually has a moderately thick to thick
(more than 20 cm) peaty surface horizon consisting of slightly
decomposed mosses and herbaceous fragments* when the soils occur
under barren type vegetation .
In other areas, where grasses have
been established, the surface horizon consists of a 10 to 15 cm
thick organic matter-rich, coarse textured Ah horizon . Underneath
is usually a grayish brown to light gray Ae horizon overlying a
series of B horizons .
An indurated, massive ortstein horizon
occurs at depths ranging from 50 to 70 cm .
This ortstein horizon
usually occurs in a coarse textured stratum which overlies a finer
textured stratum . Textures of these soils may range from sands to
gravels and cobbles within the profile, as well as between
profiles . The following profile
description is an example of a Frenchman's Cove Ortstein Ferrois
located
Humic Podzol
(Profile
83-0014) .
The profile
(Military
grid
ref .
approximately 2 .5 km northeast of Grand Beach
21 TXC 149 226)
Oh
0 to 24 cm, black (5 YR 2 .5/1, matrix moist) organic
material derived predominantly from mosses, herbaceous
fragments and wood fragments ; abundant, fine and medium,
vertical roots ; wavy, abrupt horizon boundary .
Ae
24 to 31 cm, very dark gray brown (10 YR 3/2, matrix
moist) gravelly loamy coarse sand ; very weak, very coarse,
subangular blocky structure ; very weak, medium to coarse,
subangular blocky secondary structure ; nonsticky, friable,
slightly hard, nonplastic consistence ; abundant, very
fine, vertical roots ; 30% by volume gravelly coarse
fragments ; irregular, abrupt horizon boundary .
Bf
31 to 63 cm, very dark brown (10 YR 2/2, matrix moist)
very gravelly coarse sand ; massive structure ; nonsticky
very friable, soft, nonplastic consistence ; abundant, very
fine, horizontal roots ; 40% gravelly coarse fragments ;
wavy, abrupt horizon boundary .
Bfc
63 to 65 -cm, dark reddish brown (2 .5 YR 3/4, matrix moist)
very gravelly coarse sand ; massive structure ; indurated by
iron, continuous ; 50% by volume gravelly coarse fragments ;
wavy, abrupt horizon boundary .
BC1
65 to 83 cm, dark yellowish brown (10 YR 4/4, matrix
moist) very gravelly coarse sand ; massive structure ;
nonsticky, very friable, soft, nonplastic consistence ; 50%
by volume coarse fragments ; wavy, abrupt horizon boundary .
BC2
83 to 131 cm,
gravelly coarse
friable, soft,
gravelly coarse
C
131 to
coarse
soft,
coarse
IIC
142 to 200 cm plus, olive brown (2 .5 Y 4/4, matrix moist)
very gravelly coarse sand ; single grain structure ;
nonsticky, loose, nonplastic consistence ; 60% by volume
gravelly coarse fragments .
olive brown (2 .5 Y 4/4, matrix moist)
sand ; massive structure ; nonsticky, very
nonplastic consistence ; 40% by volume
fragments ; wavy, abrupt horizon boundary .
142 cm, light olive brown (2 .5 Y 5/6, matrix moist)
sand ; massive structure ; nonsticky, very friable,
nonplastic consistence ; 10% by volume gravelly
fragments ; wavy, abrupt horizon boundary .'
Veqetation
Under natural, nongrassed conditions, the Frenchman's Cove
soils support a barren type vegetation, which is typical for the
maritime barrens of Damman's Southeastern Barrens subregion .
Feathermoss ( Pleurozium schreberi ) dominate the moss layer . Sheep
laurel ( Kalmia angustifolia ), rhodora ( Rododendron canadense ),
blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium ), black crowberry ( Empetrum
nigrum ), trailing juniper (Juniperus horizontalis ) and showy
Showy
mountain ash ( Sorbus decora) dominate the shrub layer .
.
The
thickets
forms tuckamore-like
mountain ash usually
- 82 -
Frenchman's Cove soils near Frenchman's Cove support a poor quality
grass .
Use
Some of the sandier and less gravelly and cobbly Frenchman's
Cove soils have some potential for grazing .
The more cobbly and
gravelly members of the Frenchman's Cove soil association have
limited capability for agriculture because of draughtiness, poor
fertility and abundance of cobbles .
SOILS ON ORGANIC MATERIALS
Organic deposits constitute more than 10% of the total land
They are
area within the mapsheet area, or more than 96,400 ha .
widely distributed throughout the study area . Five organic soils
associations have been identified on the basis of floristic origin
of the organic residues, degree of decomposition and landform :
Pipers Hole, Dunns Pond, Come by Chance, Toslow, Meelpaeg and
Lamaline .
COME BY CHANCE ASSOCIATION
Description
The Come By Chance association consists of moderately shallow
to shallow (60 to 160 cm), slightly to moderately well decomposed
(fibric) peat derived predominantly from sphagnum mosses, sedges
and grasses . This association occurs mainly as blanket and basin
collectively
bogs
on
the
Burin Peninsula .
They
occupy
approximately 8750 ha (1% of the mapsheet area) .
Landforms
The Come_ By Chance soils have developed mainly on blanket,
basin and domed bogs and, to a lesser extent, on slope bogs . The
blanket bogs consist of generally shallow (less than 160 cm)
blanket peat covering the land continuously and quite often
covering steep slopes .
The stratigraphy
of these blanket peats suggest that they originate as small fens in
poorly drained depressions . The sphagnum peat which developed over
the sedge-fen peat in the depressions or basins could have 'grown'
out of the depressions, covering the surrounding mineral soils
under cool and very humid climatic conditions .
Basin bogs are typically found in areas with arctic-like
climatic conditions, where soil-frost disturbances, high winds and
high rainfall prevails . These bogs are exposed, shallow (less than
They are often
160 cm) and have relatively flat surfaces .
considered to be in an early stage of domed bog development .
- 83 Domed bogs occur to a lesser extent on the Burin Peninsula .
These domed bogs are different from domed bogs occurring in other
parts of the Island of Newfoundland, in that the pools are
They are characterized by a
distributed in a diffuse pattern .
domed or concave surface which is generally higher than the
surrounding landscape .
Slope bogs are characteristic for the barren areas of the
Unlike the blanket bogs
northern part of the Burin Peninsula .
which cover valleys as well as hillsides, the slope bogs are more
topographically confined to poorly drained slopes . Stratigraphy of
these deposits suggest that they originated as slope fens .
Soils
Terric Fibric Mesisols are the dominant soil of the Come By
Chance association occurring on blanket, slope and basin bogs . They
are, usually less than 150 cm deep and consist of a slightly
decomposed, relatively thick (40 to 60 cm) surface layer derived
predominantly from sphagnum mosses with minor amounts of sedges
over slightly to moderately well decomposed layers of sphagnumA relatively thin (30 to 50
sedge peat and sedge-sphagnum peat .
cm) bottom layer consists of well humified sedge peat or sedge and
woody peat .
The following is a description of a Come By Chance
This soil occurs on a
Terric Fibric Mesisol (Profile 83-0024) .
basin bog located approximately 20 km north of the head of North
Harbour (Military grid ref . 21 TYD 181 115) :
Ofl
0 to 10 cm, dark brown (7 .5 YR 3/4, rubbed wet),
undecomposed sphagnum peat ; von Post scale of humification
1.
Of2
10 to 45 cm, very dark brown (10 YR 2/2, rubbed wet), very
weakly decomposed, matted, sphagnum and sedge peat ; von
Post scale of humification 4 .
Om
45 to 95 cm, very dark brown (10 YR 2/2, rubbed wet),
weakly decomposed, matted, sphagnum and sedge peat ; von
Post scale of humification 4 .
Cg
95 cm plus, very gravelly sandy loam .
Terric Fibrisols are the dominant soils on the raised bogs .
These soils consist of
a surface layer of mainly undecomposed
sphagnum peat overlying layers of slightly decomposed sphagnum
Below the slightly decomposed peat, moderately
sedge peat .
decomposed sphagnum-sedge peat predominates . The bottom layer is
The
often composed of well decomposed sedge and woody peat .
following is a description of a Come By Chance Terric Fibrisol
(Profile 84-0004) .
This profile is located in a domed bog
developed on top of a raised glaciofluvial terrace, 7 km northwest
of Swift Current at the mouth of the Pipers Hole River (Military
grid ref . 21 TYD 029 142) :
- 84 -
Ofi
0 to 15 cm, dark brown (7 .5 YR 3/4, moist) undecomposed
fibrous sphagnum peat ; wavy, abrupt horizon boundary .
Of2
15 to 55 cm, strong brown (7 .5 YR 4/6, moist) almost
undecomposed fibrous sphagnum peat ; wavy, abrupt horizon
boundary .
Of3
55 to 105 cm, dark yellowish brown (10 YR 4/6, moist) very
weakly decomposed fibrous sphagnum peat ; wavy, abrupt
horizon boundary .
Of4,
105 to 140 cm, black (5 YR 2 .5/1, moist) weakly decomposed
sphagnum peat with minor amounts of sedges and woody
fragments ; many roots and very coarse woody material
(branches, tree stumps, etc .) ; wavy, abrupt horizon
boundary .
OM
140 to 148 cm, black (10 YR 2/1, moist) moderately to
strongly decomposed sphagnum and sedge peat with minor
amounts of woody fragments ; many roots and very coarse
woody material (branches, tree stumps, etc .) ; smooth,
abrupt horizon boundary .
Aeg
148 to 151 cm, dark gray (5 Y 4/2, matrix moist) sandy
nonsticky,
friable,
soft,
loam ; massive structure ;
nonplastic consistence ; smooth, abrupt horizon boundary .
Bhf
151 to 185 cm, dark yellowish brown (10 YR 3/4, matrix
moist) coarse sandy loam ; very weak, medium to coarse,
subangular blocky structure ; nonsticky, friable, soft,
nonplastic consistence ; 10% by volume gravelly coarse
fragments ; smooth, abrupt horizon boundary .
Bfj
185 to 230_ cm, light, olive brown, (2 .5 Y 5/4, matrix moist)
sandy loam ; very wea, medium to coarse, subangular blocky
structure ; nonsticky,
firm, slightly hard to hard,
consistence
;
10% by volume gravelly coarse
nonplastic
fragments ; smooth, abrupt horizon boundary .
Bfc
230 to 240 cm, strong brown (7 .5 YR 5/8, matrix moist)
gravelly, loamy coarse sand ; moderate, very coarse platy
structure ; nonsticky, very firm, very hard, nonplastic
consistence ; strongly cemented by iron, continuous ; 20% by
volume gravelly coarse fragments ; smooth, abrupt horizon
boundary .
IIBfc
240 to 260 cm, light olive brown (2 .5 Y 5/5, matrix moist)
gravelly coarse sand ; moderate, very coarse, platy
hard,
very
firm,
extremely
structure ;
nonsticky,
nonplastic consistence ;
strongly cemented by iron,
continuous ; 20% by volume gravelly coarse fragments ;
smooth, abrupt horizon boundary .
- 85 -
IIBC
260 cm plus, light yellowish brown (2 .5 Y 6/4, matrix
moist) very gravelly coarse sand ; single grain structure,
nonsticky, loose, nonplastic consistence ; 50% by volume
gravelly coarse fragments .
Vectetation
The dominant vegetation of the Come By Chance soils consists
primarily of sphagnum mosses (S . fuscum , S . imbricatum , S_ .
rubellum ), usually with deer grass ( Scirpus cespitosus ), common
throughout . This vegetation has been described by Wells (1976) as
association .
This
the Kalmio -Sphagnetum fusci vegetation
association is the most common and widely distributed peatland
It occurs mainly on
association throughout eastern Newfoundland .
blanket,
slope and basin
flats
and
hummocks
of
raised,
the drier
occurs
mainly
on slope and
Pyretosum
subassociation
bogs .
The
supplied
through
higher
influenced
by
added
nutrients
blanket bogs,
areas
.
This
and
sea-salts
in
coastal
precipitation
windblown
weakly
minerotrophic
indicator
subassociation is characterized by
species such as indian pear ( Pvrus floribunda ), sweet gale (Myrica
gale), reed bent grass ( Calamagrostis inexpansa ), bog golden rod
dwarf birch
( Betula
( Solidago uliginosa )
and Newfoundland
michauxii ) .
Whereas the Kalmio -Sphagnetum fusci vegetation association
occurs mainly on the drier flats and hummocks of the Come By Chance
soils, the Scirpo -Sphagnetum tenelli vegetation association, as
described by Wells (1976), represents the vegetation types of wet
areas such as wet hollows of the raised and basin bogs, and the
flatter, often extensive wet areas of blanket and slope bogs . It
consists mainly of Sphagnum tenelli with an abundance of deer grass
( Scirpus cespitosus ) . Two subassociations represent differences in
wetness
the
Scirpo -sphagnetum
tenelli
vegetation
within
association .
The sphagnetosum vegetation subassociation is
characterized by very wet sites with the water table at, or above
the surface .
The vegetation consists of Sphagnum pulchrum ,
seeded
sedge
( Carex
liverwort
( Cephalozia
connivens ),
few
Wet
oligosperma ) and large cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon ) .
sites with the water table at or near the surface often are
vegetated by the Cladonetosum subassociation .
The vegetation of
this subassociation is differentiated by species such as Sphagnum
rubellum , Labrador tea ( Ledum groenlandicum ), sheep laurel ( Kalmia
angustifolia ) and the Cladonia lichens .
Use
Where the Come By Chance soils are sufficiently deep and
slightly decomposed with good drainage possibilities, they have
potential for agriculture and for mining of horticultural peat .
Some of the blanket bogs in the Winterland area are in use as
pasture .
Sufficiently deep, moderately well decomposed Come By
- 86 Chance soils can have potential for fuel peat mining where they are
easily accessible .
COME BY CHANCE ASSOCIATION
(basin bog)
012-1
Unit
Landform
Soil
Classification
Drainage
012-1
Basin bog:
level
Terric Mesic Fibrisol
Poor
012-2
Domed bog :
nearly level
Terric Fibrisol
Poor
012-3
Slope bog:
nearly level
Terric Mesic Fibrisol
Poor
Comments
- 87 -
DUNNS POND ASSOCIATION
Description
The Dunns Pond association consists of moderately shallow to
shallow (60 to 160 cm), well to moderately well decomposed (humic
to mesic) peat derived from sphagnum mosses, sedges, reeds and
grasses . This association occurs on slope fens and horizontal fens
on the barrens on the northern part of the Burin Peninsula . They
collectively occupy more than 6000 ha (0 .6% of the mapsheet area) .
Landforms
The Dunns Pond soils have developed mainly on nearly level and
very gently sloping, extensive slope fens situated on poorly
drained slopes and level horizontal fens developed in catchment
These fens are lawn- like in appearance with a surface
basins .
The
vegetation of sphagnum mosses and an abundance of sedges .
pools
occur
surface
and
many
open
table
is
at
or
near
the
water
Because of the acid nature of the
throughout the deposit .
the
nutrient
status
of these peatlands is generally low .
substrate,
deposits suggest that they are
of
the
peat
The stratigraphy
and are often more
fen
to
bog
succession,
undergoing a
bogs
than
fens
.
characteristic of
Soils
Terric Fibric Mesisols and Terric Fibric Humisols are the
dominant soils of the Dunn's Pond association . They consist of a
surface layer of slightly decomposed sphagnum and sphagnum-sedge
peat . Underneath are several layers of moderately well decomposed
sedge and sphagnum peat . The bottom layer, consisting of sedge and
woody peat is usually well decomposed . Content of sphagnum mosses
appears to increase markedly in the upper layers of the deposit and
This upper layer has the
dominates in the surface layer .
The following
characteristics of â relatively dry slope bog .
description is an example of a Dunns Pond Terric Fibric Mesisol
(Profile 83- 0025), occurring on a slope fen with a 3% slope and
This profile is
approximately 40% of the deposit as open water .
located approximately 10 km northeast of Terrenceville (Military
grid ref . 21 TXC 791 860) :
Ofl
0 to 10 cm, very dark grayish brown (2 .5 YR 3/2, rubbed
wet) undecomposed sphagnum peat ; von Post scale of
humification 1 .
Of2
10 to 50 cm, very dark brown (10 YR 2/2, rubbed wet) very
weakly decomposed, matted, sphagnum and sedge peat ; von
Post scale of humification 3 .
Oml
50 to 80 cm, dark reddish brown (5 YR 2 .5/2, rubbed wet)
moderately decomposed sedge peat ; von Post scale of
humification 5 .
- 88 -
Om2
80 to 110 cm, dark reddish brown (5 YR 5/2, rubbed wet),
strongly decomposed sedge peat ; von Post scale of
decomposition 7 .
Cg
110 cm plus, gravelly sandy loam .
Vegetation
Vegetation of the Dunns Pond soils consists of dominantly
sphagnum mosses (S_ . ,papillosum , S_ . magellanicum , S . subnitens ) with
an abundance of sedges (Carex oligosperma , Carex excilis ), and
grasses ( Scirpus cespitosus , Calamagrostis inexpansa ) .
Wells
(1976) describes the vegetation of the Dunn's Pond soils in more
detail .
He identified the Sphagnum -Larix variant of the Betulo Thalictretum polygoni association .
This vegetation type is
characterized by species such as dwarf birch ( Betula michauxii ),
tall meadow rue (Thalictrum polygamum ) and larch ( Larix laricina ) .
Along well- drained stream banks, the Sanguisorba canadensis Carex folliculata variant is found . This variant is characterized
by a lush growth of grasses and sedges and is differentiated by the
occurrence of Canadian burnet ( Sanguisorba canadensis ) .
Use
The Dunn's Pond soils have no potential for agriculture or
mining of horticultural peat and fuel peat because of shallowness
of the deposit and amount of open water .
DUNNS
POND
ASSOCIATION
(slope fen)
011-1
Unit
011-1
Landform
Slope fen:
nearly level
soil
Classification
Terric Mesic Humisol
Drainage
Comments
V e r y
Poor
S h a l l o w
deposits
- 89 -
LAMALINE ASSOCIATION
Description
The Lamaline association consists of predominantly moderately
This association
decomposed peat derived from sphagnum mosses .
occurs as
moderately shallow to shallow (60 to 160 cm) blanket bogs on the
southern part of the Burin Peninsula . These soils have formed in
an area with cool summers, high rainfall and very high atmospheric
They occupy approximately 41000 ha or 4% of the map
humidity .
sheet area .
Landforms
The Lamaline soils have developed mainly on shallow (less than
160 cm) blanket bogs . They often cover the land for several square
kilometres only to be interrupted by poorly wooded valleys with
Few trees and ponds occur on these peat deposits .
small streams .
Soils
The dominant soils of the Lamaline association are Terric
The surface layer of these
Mesisols and Terric Humic Mesisols .
soils usually consist of undecomposed to slightly decomposed peat
layers of slightly to
Underneath,
derived from sphagnum .
The bottom
moderately decomposed sphagnum and sedge peat occur .
layer of peat usually varies in decomposition from moderately to
The following
very decomposed peat derived from sedges .
description is an example of a Lamaline Terric Humic Mesisol
(Profile 83- 0021) . This soil occurs on a blanket bog with slopes
The profile is located approximately 4 km
ranging from 5 to 9% .
Lawn
(Military
grid
ref . 21 TXB 061 969) :
west of
Of1
0 to 10 cm, dark reddish brown (5 YR 2 .5/2, rubbed wet)
undecomposed to almost undecomposed sphagnum peat ; von
Post scale of humification 1 to 2 .
Of2
10 to 20 cm, dark reddish brown (5 YR 2 .5/2, rubbed wet)
almost undecomposed to very weakly decomposed sphagnum
peat ; von Post scale of humification 2 to 3 .
Om
20 to 40 cm, dark reddish brown (5 YR 3/2, rubbed wet)
moderately decomposed sphagnum and sedge peat ; von Post
scale of humification 5 .
Oh
40 to 60 cm, very dark brown (10 YR 2/2, rubbed wet)
strongly decomposed sedge peat ; von Post scale of
humification 7 .
Cg
60 cm plus, very gravelly sandy loam .
- 90 Vegetation
The vegetation of the Lamaline soils resembles that of the
blanket bogs of the Come By Chance soils association .
Sphagnum
mosses such as Sphagnum fuscum , Sphagnum imbricatum and Sphagnum
rubellum are dominant in the moss carpet, usually with deer grass
( Scirpus cespitosus ) common throughout . However, due to the cool
summers, a relatively long frost-free season, and a very high fog
frequency, other vegetation types occur here .
The Rhacomitrium
lanuginosum moss covers extensive areas .
Arctic alpine species such as diapensia ( Diapensia lapponica ),
alpine azelea ( Loiseleuria procumbens ), Juncus trifidus and the
lichens, Alectoria nigricans and Alectoria ochroleuca , occur
commonly in the moss carpet, especially in exposed locations . The
beaked sedge, Carex rostrata occurs here occasionally .
Use
Where the Lamaline soils are sufficiently deep, have good
drainage possibilities and are in sheltered locations, they have
potential for agriculture and for mining of horticultural and fuel
peat .
Historically these soils have been used for grazing, for
small vegetable gardens and also for small scale fuel peat mining,
especially along the south coast of the Burin Peninsula .
LAMALINE ASSOCIATION
(blanket bog)
014-1
Unit
014-1
Landform
Blanket bog; nearly level
Soil
Classification
Terric Humic Mesisol
Drainage
Comments
V e r y
Poor
to
Poor
Mo ra i n a l
veneer
over
bedrock
occurs
MEELPAEG ASSOCIATION
Description
The Meelpaeg association has not been mapped as a dominant
Soils of the Meelpaeg association
association in this survey .
occur in conjunction with soils of the Berry Hill Pond association
in the north western corner of the survey area . They collectively
occupy approximately 7000 ha (0 .7% of the mapsheet area) . Soils of
this association have developed mainly from moderately well
decomposed (mesic) peat derived from sphagnum mosses .
Landform
The Meelpaeg soils have developed on slope bogs, which occupy
lower slope positions and depressional areas in the landscape .
These slope bogs have mainly developed under forest vegetation and
are generally
small and confined to poorly drained slopes in contrast to slope
bogs which have developed more extensively over the terrain in nonforested regions . The slope bogs have slopes ranging from 0 .5 to
5% .
Soils
Terric Mesisols are the dominant soil of the Meelpaeg
association . They are usually less than 160 cm deep and consist of
a slightly decomposed 40 to 60 cm surface layer derived from
sphagnum mosses over moderately well decomposed sphagnum peat with
minor amounts of sedges .
A thin (30 to 50 cm) bottom layer
consisting of well humified sedge and woody peat often overlies the
mineral substrate .
Vectetation
The dominant vegetation of the Meelpaeg soils - consists of
sphagnum mosses (S . Magellanicum , S . rubellum , S . gapillosum ), with
deer grass ( Sciraus cespitosus ) throughout the moss carpet . This
vegetation has been described by Wells (1983) as the Scirpo Sphagnetum magellanici vegetation association . This association is
characteristic for the wet sphagnum carpets of slope bogs .
Use
Where the Meelpaeg soils are sufficiently deep and have good
drainage possibilities, they may have some potential for fuel peat
mining .
- 92 -
PIPERS HOLE ASSOCIATION
Description
The Pipers Hole association consists of moderately shallow to
shallow (50-160 cm), moderately decomposed peat derived mainly from
sedges, grasses and sphagnum mosses .
This association occurs as
Atlantic ribbed fens on the barrens of the north central part of
the mapsheet .
They collectively occupy more than 34000 ha
(slightly less than 4% of the mapped area) .
Landforms
The soils of the Pipers Hole Association have mainly developed
These shallow fens are
on nearly level Atlantic ribbed fens .
rarely deeper than 100 cm, although they may be as deep as 150 cm .
They are characterized by scattered erratics, surface patterning
and outcroppings of mineral soils . The surface patterning consists
of linear pools divided by often narrow ridges of peat material .
The linear pools are generally very shallow (25-50 cm deep) . This
surface patterning is very distinct and is oriented at right angles
The origin of patterned
to the slope of the peat complex .
It has been suggested that the
peatlands is not well understood .
patterning is either a phenomena of the general process of frost
action or these linear pools have developed as a
The lack of any
result of down-slope pressure of the peat .
significant gradient and the location of these patterned fens in
regions where rock barrens predominate, characterized by frost
polygons due to freeze-thaw cycles, high winds and absence of deep
snowcover, would suggest that the patterning is a result of frost
action (Wells 1976) .
Soils
Terric Fibric Mesisols and Terric Fibrisols .are the dominant
These soils consist of a
soils of the Pipers Hole association .
surface layer of weakly decomposed (fibric) sedge-sphagnum peat of
variable thickness (10-90 cm) underlain by moderately well
decomposed (mesic) sedge peat (10-15 cm) . Drainage of these soils
Ground water originating from the surrounding
is very poor .
mineral soils is generally nutrient poor due to the low nutrient
The following description is an
status of the mineral soils .
example of a Pipers Hole Terric Fibrisol . (Profile 84-0006) . This
profile is located on an Atlantic ribbed fen with a slope of 4%,
approximately 27 km north of Terrenceville, along Mary Anne Brook
(Military grid ref . 21TXD 691 090) :
Of
0-80cm, very dark brown (10 YR 2/2, moist) very matted,
weakly decomposed sedge peat with minor sphagnum residues ;
smooth, abrupt horizon boundary .
Om
80 to 90 cm, black (10 YR 2/1, moist) weakly to moderately
decomposed sedge peat ; smooth, abrupt horizon boundary .
- 93 -
Cg
9® cm plus ; dark gray loamy sand .
Vegetat ion
Vegetation of the Atlantic ribbed fens on the Burin Peninsula
has been described in detail by Wells (1976) .
He identified the
the
canadensis -Betula
michauxii
variant
of
Sanctuisorba
sci vegetation association as
Calamagrostio - Sphagnetum
This
dominantly occurring on the hummocks of these fens .
vegetation association is characterized by species such as sphagnum
mosses (S_ . fuscum , S_ . rubellum , S_ . papillosum ), reed-bentgrass
( Calamagrostis inexpansia ), deer grass ( scirpus cesp itosus ),
Canadian burnet ( Sanguisorba\canadensis ), sweet gale (Myrica gale ),
ground juniper (Juniperus communis ) and dwarf birch ( Betula
The vegetation of the fen matrix of the Atlantic
michauxii ) .
ribbed fens differs from the vegetation of the hummocks by the
prominence of Sphagnum strictum .
Use
The Pipers Hole organic soils have no potential for
agriculture or mining of horticultural and fuel peat, due to
shallowness of the deposits and amount of open water .
PIPERS HOLE
ASSOCIATION
(Atlantic ribbed fen)
06-1
FLASHETS
Unit
06-1
Soil
Classification
Landform
Atlantic
Level
ribbed
fen;
nearly
Terric Fibric Mesisol
Drainage
Comments
V e r y
Poor
S h a t t o w
deposits,
eratics
occur
- 94 -
ROCK LAND
Rock land consists of very shallow soil (less than 10 cm) and
exposed bedrock, enough to be dominant over the soils in the area .
Rock land occupies a very large proportion of the map sheet area .
Extensive rock outcrop areas occur on the central and northern
parts of the Burin Peninsula and on the central part of the
mapsheet extending from Terrenceville to Bay d'Espoir and beyond .
Most islands such as Merasheen Island, Long Island, Red Island and
Ragged Islands and others in Placentia Bay, as well as Chapel
Island and Burnette Island in Fortune Bay are covered by rock
Collectively rock land occupies approximately 500,000
outcrops .
ha, or 52% of the mapsheet area .
The rock formations of the central and northern part of the
Burin Peninsula and of the coastal area of the central part of the
mapsheet consist mainly of felsic to mafic volcanic rocks, slate,
siltstone, graywacke and conglomerates of precambrian age . In the
Bay d'Espoir area, the rock formations below the Dover fault
through Hermitage Bay, consist of felsic and mafic volcanic rocks,
granites and granodiorites with diorite and gabbro of Precambrian
age ; and granites, diorites, gabbro and sedimentary rocks such as
sandstone, siltstone, shale and
conglomerate of Devonian age .
North of the Dover fault, bedrock
outcrops mainly consist of granitic gneiss of Ordovician age and
earlier .
Rock outcrop is usually associated with the Toslow Association
on the Burin Peninsula, with the Hungry Grove Pond soil association
on the central part of the mapsheet and with the Garrison Hill soil
These associations occupy
association in the Bay d'Espoir area .
areas where the soil overlying the bedrock is more than 10 cm deep .
Where soil depths are 10 cm or less, they have been classed as
This land type usually consists of relatively thick
Rockland .
.layers over 10 cm or less leached
(more than 10 çm) organic surface
The following is a
mineral material overlying the bedrock .
This Hemic
description of such a profile (Profile 79-0025) .
Folisol has developed over conglomerate bedrock with a slope
ranging from 31 to 45% and is located approximately 1 .5 km west of
Pool's Cove (Military grid ref . 21TXC 146 812) :
F
11 to 0 cm, thickness range 10 to 13 cm, organic material
consisting of matted partly decomposed debris of sphagnum
mosses, needles and other plant remains ; plentiful, fine
oblique roots ; wavy abrupt horizon boundary .
Aeg
0 to 10 cm, pinkish gray (5 YR 6/2, matrix moist) gravelly
clay loam ; weak to moderate, fine to medium, platy
friable, slightly hard,
structure, slightly sticky,
slightly plastic consistence ; few, fine, oblique roots ;
moderately porous horizon ; 205 by volume gravelly coarse
fragments ; wavy, abrupt horizon boundary .
- 95 -
R
10 cm plus, conglomerate bedrock .
type
a
heath-barren
generally
support
rocklands
The
ericaceous
(Sphagnum
spp
.)
and
vegetation, which consists of mosses
On the Burin Peninsula the heath-barrens vegetation
shrubs .
consist of an ericaceous dwarf shrub vegetation dominated by sheep
Mountain alder (Alnus crispa) and
laurel (Ralmia angustifolia) .
Articshowy mountain ash (Sorbus decora) often form thickets .
lapponica),
alpine
alpine species such as diapensia (Diapensia
trifidus)
are
common
azalea (Loiseleuria pocumbens), rushes (Juncus
on higher elevations .
The vegetation occurring on the rock-heath barrens along the
west coast of the Burin Peninsula, the coastal area of the central
part of the mapsheet and the Bay d'Espoir - Hermitage Bay Connaigre Bay area is characterized by the dominance of black and
pink crowberry (Empetrum nigrum, E . eamessii) . These woody plants
form compressed vegetation cushions and only perennial grasses and
herbs project above the ground level (Meades, 1983) .
Rock land has no agricultural capability, although small
pockets of deeper soils that have some potential for agriculture
may be found .
SOIL CAPABILITY FOR AGRICULTURE
More than 85% of the Belleoram-St . Lawrence map area is not
suitable for agriculture because the soils are either too stony,
too shallow, too steep, or too wet for cultivation, or have a
Other limiting factors that
combination of these limitations .
occur in the area are adverse climate, low water-holding capacity,
low fertility, and undesirable soil structure such as coarse
textures and iron pans .
In the Canada Land Inventory System, soils are grouped into
seven classes on the basis of their suitability and limitations for
These classes have subclasses based on the kinds of
agriculture .
Classes 1 and 2, which have no
limitations for cultivation .
limitations or moderate limitations, are not found in Newfoundland .
The soils of Class 3 agricultural land have moderately severe
limitations for agriculture . However, no significantly large areas
with Class 3 soils have been identified in the Belleoram-St .
Lawrence mapsheet area .
A total of approximately 1200 ha of class 4 of soils have been
mapped, amounting to less than 0 .1% of the total land area . These
soils have severe limitations, restricting the range of crops that
can be grown, or they require special conservation practices, or
both .
The Class 4 soils occur mainly in the Bay d'Espoir area .
These are soils of the Berry Hill Pond association, developed on
These soils
glacial till derived from soft sedimentary bedrock .
stony
and occur
to
slightly
have loamy textures and are moderately
- 96 -
on gentle slopes . The dominant limitations for crop production on
the Class 4 soils are low fertility and occurrence of surface
stones .
Class 5 soils occupy approximately 6800 ha or 0 .6% of the
total area . Soils in this class have very severe limitations that
restrict their capability of producing perennial forage crops, but
improvement practices are feasible .
The dominantly occurring
limitations on these soils are a combination of excess water,
stoniness, low fertility, and undesirable soil structure such as
coarse texture and occurrence of ironpans . These limitations are
such that sustained production of native or tame species of annual
field crops is only feasible through improvement practices such as
cultivation, fertilizing and drainage . Class 5 soils occur in the
Bay d'Espoir area on Berry Hill Pond soils with gentle slopes .
Their dominant limitation is surface stoniness . Other areas with
Class 5 soils occur in the Winterland, Marystown, Burin and Fortune
area .
These soils belong to the Toslow and Jacques Fontaine
associations which have developed on . glacial till derived from
volcanic rocks .
These soils are generally coarse textured and
stony . Their dominant limitations are surface stoniness, wetness,
topography and undesirable soil structure . Class 5 soils are also
found on the Freshwater Pond association .
These soils have
developed on the coarse textured Glaciofluvial deposits .
The
limitations of these soils for agriculture is usually a combination
of undesirable soil structure, low fertility and low moisture
holding capacity .
Soils in Class 6 may have some natural sustained grazing
capacity for farm animals, but their limitations for cultivation
are so severe that improvement practices using farm machinery are
considered impractical . No extensive areas with Class 6 soils have
However, a number of small
been identified within the map area .
areas along the west coast of the Burin Peninsula occurring on the
marine Frenchman's Cove soils and the glaciofluvial Grand Beach
soils support Class 6 soils.
Class 7 soils have no potential for agriculture .
These
include rockland and land that is too steep, too stony, too wet or
too shallow for cultivation .
CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL SOIL ANALYSES
For the profiles described in the previous sections, certain
chemical and physical analyses are presented in Table 9 . Physical
and chemical analyses ensure a greater precision to soil properties
such as soil reaction and texture and give quantitative expression
The analyses also help to
to the nutrient status of the soil .
classify the soils according to the Canadian system of soil
classification .
- 97 -
SOIL REACTION
The reaction of soils is usually expressed as pH, which is
The pH measurements range
determined in a 0 .01 M CaC1 2 solution .
from a low of 3 .4 in an Ae horizon to a high of 5 .5 in a subsurface
In general, pH increases with depth due to greater
horizon .
Most agricultural crops grow
leaching in the surface horizons .
best within the pH range 5 .8 to 6 .1, indicating that the soils of
the Belleoram-St . Lawrence area are generally too acidic and need
amendment through addition of limestone . For organic soils, the pH
Bogs usually have the most acidic
ranges from about 3 .0 to 4 .0 .
have
a pH greater than 4 .2 .
.
Fen
peats
generally
peat
TOTAL CARBON
Total carbon in soils refers to the total of organic carbon
and inorganic carbon in the form of carbonate minerals . However,
in humid regions, such as Newfoundland, where the profile is
subject to leaching, total carbon consists predominantly or
entirely as organic carbon .
Organic matter content of a soil is related to organic carbon
content by a factor of 1 .724 (Organic Matter = % Org . C x 1 .724) .
Organic Matter consists of organic materials in various states of
decomposition .
The well decomposed, colloidal organic material
forms with the clay the colloidal complex, the site for most of the
chemical activity in the soil . Organic matter is usually highest
in the B horizon or the horizon of illuviation, and lowest in the
In general, the organic matter
C horizon or parent material .
contents in the soils of the Belleoram-St . Lawrence area can be
considered as relatively low .
TOTAL NITROGEN
The nitrogen in soils depends on organic matter content, its
rate of decomposition by microbial activity, and the conversion of
nitrogen into soluble forms that are used or lost from the soil .
The use of nitrogen depends on microbial activity, which in turn
depends on the organic matter content . Thus, the nitrogen content
of a soil is directly related to the organic carbon content and
Therefore, the carbon-tototal nitrogen status of the soil .
nitrogen ratio is often used to express the relationship between
the nitrogen status and the organic matter content in the soil .
C/N ratios between 10 and 15 for mineral surface horizons usually
The percentage of total
indicate a relative stable condition .
nitrogen being removed equals the percentage of total carbon being
lost . Ratios of 15 to 30 indicate that the microbial activity is
above normal and the organic matter content of the soil is
undergoing reduction . Ratios of more than 30 indicate a relatively
large supply of organic matter, intense microbial activity and
Ratios below 10
rapid reduction of the organic matter content .
indicate low organic matter contents and little microbial activity .
- 98 These ratios are normally found only in subsoils . For the soils of
the survey area, C/N ratios for most of the A and B horizons range
from 10 to 25, indicating stable conditions due to an annual
increase in organic matter from vegetation .
For organic surface
horizons and peat material the situation is different .
Organic
soils generally have a high carbon- nitrogen ratio .
AVAILABLE PHOSPHORUS
Phosphorus in soils occurs as organic phosphates and rock
phosphates .
Phosphate is very slowly* soluble, especially under
acid conditions, and only a small proportion of it is in a form
which is available to plants .
However, unlike other plant
nutrients, almost no phosphate is leached out of the soil .
With
the possible exception of nitrogen, phosphorus is the most
important element for plant growth . It regulates processes in the
plant such as flowering and fruiting, seed formation, crop
maturation and root development . The availability of phosphorus to
plants is determined by the pH .
For most soils, the availability
of phosphorus to plants is maximum at a pH of around 6 .
For
vegetable production, the optimal available phosphorus content is
considered to be in the range of 50 to 75 ppm .
Available
phosphorus contents in the survey area range between 20 and 30 ppm .
for most of the cultivated soils, and well below 20 ppm for soils
under forest vegetation .
High phosphate levels are found in
organic surface horizons .
PYROPHOSPHATE EXTRACTABLE IRON AND ALUMINUM
The pyrophosphate extractable iron and aluminum is used to
confirm the presence of podzolic B horizons in order to classify
the soils according to the CSSC, 1978 . A podzolic B horizon must
have an extractable Fe + Al value of 0 .6% or more for textures
finer than sand, and 0 .4$ for sands .
CATION EXCHANGE CAPACITY AND EXCHANGEABLE CATIONS
The cation exchange capacity (CEC) is a measure of the storage
capacity of the colloidal complex for exchangeable cations, or
simpler, how much nutrients the soil can hold in storage for plant
growth .
The cation exchange capacity of a soil varies with pH .
Therefore, the cation exchange capacity has been measured at the pH
of the soil (CEC Perm .) .
Besides being pH dependent, the cation
exchange capacity values increase with clay content and organic
matter content .
Consequently the coarser textured soils and the
horizons low in organic matter have the lowest exchange capacity .
Many of the B horizons have moderately high to high cation exchange
capacity values, while the overlying, leached out Ae horizons and
the underlying parent materials have low values .
Calcium and
aluminum are generally the dominant exchangeable bases . Potassium
and magnesium are present in smaller amounts .
A low cation
exchange capacity within the top 30 cm of the soil indicates a low
- 99 nutrient status and the soil fertility will have to be supplemented
to avoid reduced crop yields .
GRAVEL CONTENT AND PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION
Coarse fragments of 2 mm or greater in diameter are referred
to as gravel, cobbles or stones . Soil texture is determined by the
proportion of particles of different size grades over the soil
particles less than 2 mm effective spherical diameter . Three basic
size grades or fractions are used :
clay (less than 0 .002 mm
effective spherical diameter), silt (0 .002 0 .05 mm) and sand
The fraction sand has been subdivided into five
(0 .05 - 2 mm) .
sand fractions : very coarse sand (1 - 2 mm), coarse sand (0 .5 - 1
mm), sand (0 .25 - 0 .5 mm), fine sand (0 .1 - 0 .25 mm) and very fine
sand (0 .05 - 0 .1 mm) .
Figure 17 shows the soil textural names,
given to various combinations of the three basic fractions .
FIBER CONTENT
The fiber content of organic soils provides a measure of
Unrubbed fiber content is the
decomposition of the material .
volume of the material left behind after the material has been
washed through a 100 mesh sieve .
Rubbed fiber content is the
volume of material that remains after the material has been rubbed
about 10 times between the thumb and forefinger . Fiber content is
expressed as percentage by volume of the original volume of the
sample . A fibric soil (slightly decomposed) has 40% or more rubbed
fiber by volume ; A mesic soil (moderately decomposed) has a rubbed
fiber content between 10 and 40% by volume : a humic soil (very
decomposed) has a rubbed fiber content of less than 10% by volume .
- 10 0 -
METHODS OF SOIL ANALYSES
The following methods were used to analyse the soil samples :
Ph :
Soil pH was determined in a 1 :2 soil to
0 .01M CaC12 ratio with 10 grams of 2 mm
material .
The readings were taken at the
(Methods 3 .11) .
end of 30 minutes .
Total Carbon :
The percentage total carbon by weight was
determined using a LECO induction furnace
equipped with purifying train, and carbon
determinator .
(Method 3 .611 .) After 1984,
total carbon was determined by C-N Analyzer .
.*
Total Nitrogen
The semi-micro kjeldahl method, No t and Nos
(Method 3 .621 .) After 1984,
not included .
C/N
total
Nitrogen was determined by
Analyser .
Extractable
Iron
and Aluminum :
Extraction by sodium pyrophosphate
3 .53) .
Cation
Exchange :
and
Capacity
Exchangeable
Cations :
Exchangeable cations were extracted using
NaCl .
Amounts of Ca, Mg, K and A1 were
measured
using
an
Atomic
Absorption
Spectrophotometer
(Model
1200
Varian
Cation exchange
Techntron) (Method 3 .31) .
capacity (Permanent charge) is the sum of
the cations measured .
A v a i 1 a b l e
Phosphorus :
Phosphorus extracted by 0 .03 N NHF + 0 .025
Phosphorus extracted is measured
N HCL.
using an auto-analyzer (Method 4 .45) .
Particle
size
Distribution :
Particle size distribution is determined
using the pipet method on less than 2 mm
to
remove
material
with
pretreatments
carbonates, organic matter and soluble salts
(Method 2 .11) . Sieve analyses of particles
coarser than 2 mm for selected profiles used
2, 4, 8, 16 and 31 .5
the following sieves :
Mm .
(Method
Method numbers between brackets refer to methods in "Manual on
Soil Sampling and Methods of Analyses, McKeague, J .A . Ed ., 1976,
LRRI .
REFERENCES
Canada
Agriculture .
1977 .
Soils
of Canada,
Department of
Ottawa,
Supply
and
Services
Canada,
Volume 2 :
Inventory .
Ont . 239 pp .
Canada Land Inventory . Soil Capability for Agriculture Maps 1M, L .
Supply and Services Canada, Ottawa, Ont .
1978 .
The Canadian System of Soil
Canada Soil Survey Committee .
Classification . Agric . Can . Publ . 1646 . Suppl y and Services
Canada, Ottawa, Ont . 164 pp .
Damman, A .W .H . 1983 .
An Ecological Subdivision of the Island of
Newfoundland .
Pages 163-206 in Biogeography and Ecology of
the Island of Newfoundland, edited by G .R . South . Dr . W . Junk
Publishers, The Hague .
Map 8-1965, Geology Belleoram,
Geological Survey of Canada .
Newfoundland .
Canada Department of Mines and Technical
Surveys, Ottawa, Ont .
Prospecting in Newfoundland and the Theory of
Grant, D .R . 1974 .
Geol . Surv . Can ., Paper 74-1,
Multiple Shrinking Ice Caps .
Part B : 215-216 .
Grant,
of the Hermitage
- Burin
D .R . 1975 .
Glacial Features
Peninsula Area, Newfoundland . Geol . surv . Can ., Paper 75-1C
333-334 .
Guthrie, K .T .L . 1975 .
Agricultural Potential of the Big Meadow
Pond Area Near Lawn, Newfoundland . Newfoundland Department of
Rural, Agricultural and Northern Development, Soil and Land
6 pp .
Management Division, Open File 527 .2 .
Guthrie, K .T .L . 1980 .
Soil Survey of the Winterland Agricultural
Development Area, Newfoundland .
Newfoundland Department of
and
Northern
Development, Soil and Land
Rural, Agricultural
Division,
Open
File
525
.9 .
14 pp ., 3 maps .
Management
Hare,
A
F .K . 1952 .
The Climate of the Island of Newfoundland :
Dep
.
Geogr
.
Geographical Analysis .
Can .
Mines Tech . Surv .
Bull . 2 :26-88 .
Hemmerick, G .M . 1971 .
Mean Monthly
and Annual Days
with Fog
1941-1970 . Atmosph . Environm . Service, Can . Publ . CDS 9-71 .
5 pp .
Hender, F . Unpublished Manuscript 1984 .
Area, Newfoundland .
1 Map .
Soils of the
Gander Lake
- 102 O'Brien, S .J . ; O'Driscoll, C .F . 1981 .
Geology of the Southwestern
Avalon Zone :
1M, 1L and Parts of 11P .
Pages 43-48 in
Preliminary Project Reports for 1981, Mineral Development
Division, Newfoundland Department of Mines and Energy .
Rowe, J .S . 1959 . Forest Regions of Canada, Bull . 1R3 . Department
of Northern Affairs and Natural Resources, Ottawa, Ont . 71 pp .
Smallwood, J .R .,
Chief Ed .
and Labrador, Volume 1 .
Ltd .
1981 .
Encyclopedia of Newfoundland
Newfoundland Book Publishers (1967)
Twenhofel, W .H . ; MacClintock, P . 1940 .
Geol . Soc . Am . 51 :1665-1728 .
Surface
of Newfoundland .
Vanderveer, D . 1977 . Surficial and Glacial Geology, Gravel Resource
Inventory,
Burin
Peninsula,
Newfoundland,
Newfoundland
Department of Mines and Energy, Open File Newfoundland 958 .
9 pp ., 6 Maps Including NTS - mapsheets 1M3, 1M4, 1L13 and
1L14 .
Vanderveer, D . 1981 .
Preliminary Glacial
Mapping of the Ackly
Granite South Half .
Pages 109-110 in Preliminary Project
Reports for 1981, Mineral Development Division, Newfoundland
Department of Mines and Energy .
Webber, A . 1981 .
Preliminary Soil Survey of the Bay d'Espoir
Agricultural Development Area, Newfoundland .
Newfoundland
Department of Rural, Agricultural and Northern Development,
Soil and Land Management Division, Open File 527 .10 . 4 Maps,
including parts of NTS-mapsheets 1M13 and 2D4 .
Wells,
E .D . 1975 .
Newfoundland .
194 pp .
Wells,
E .D . ; Pollet, F .C . 1983 .
Peatlands .
Pages 207-265 in
Biogeography and Ecology of the Island of Newfoundland, edited
by G .R . South .
Dr . W . Junk Publishers, The Hague .
A Classification of
Peatlands in Eastern
M .Sc . Thesis Memorial Univ . Nfld . August 1975 .
Woodrow, E .F . Unpublished manuscript 1984 .
Lake Burgeo Area, Newfoundland .
Soils of the Red Indian
- 10 3 -
COMMON AND BOTANICAL NAMES OF PLANTS
Common Names
alder, mountain
alder, speckled
ash, showy mountain
aspen, trembling
azelea, alpine
billberry, tundra
birch, Newfoundland dwarf
birch, white
birch, yellow
blueberry
burnet, Canadian
cranberry, large
crowberry, black
crowberry, pink
diapensia
fern, spinulose wood
fir, balsam
goldenrod, bog
grass, curly
grass, deer
grass, reed-bent
holly, mountain
huckleberry, dwarf
indian pear
juniper, trailing
Labrador tea
larch
Laurel, bog
laurel, sheep
leatherleaf
lichen
lichen
liverwart
maple, mountain
maple, red
meadow rue, tall
moss, dicranum
moss, feather
moss, feather
moss, racomitrium
moss, reindeer
moss, sphagnum
moss, sphagnum
moss, sphagnum
moss, sphagnum
moss, sphagnum
moss, sphagnum
Latin Names
Alnus crispa (Ait .) Pursh
Alnus rugosa (Du Roi) K . Spreng .
Sorbus decora (Sarg .) Hyland
Populus tremuloides Michx .
Loiseleuria procumbens (L.) Desv .
Vaccinium ulïginosum L .
Betula michauxii spach
Betula papyrifera Marsh
Betula lutea Michx . f .
Vaccinium angustifolium Ait .
Sanguisorba canadensis L .
Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait .
Empetrum nigrum L .
Empetrum eamesii Fern . & Wieg .
Diapensia lapponica L .
Dryopteris spinulosa (O .F . Muell .) Watt
Abies balsamea (L .) Mill .
Solidago uliginosa Nutt .
Schizaea pusilla Pursh .
Scirpus cespitosus L.
Calamagrostis inexpansa Gray
Nemopanthus l.mucronata (L.) Trel .
Gaylussacia dumosa (Andr .) T . & G .
Pyrus floribunda Lindl .
Juniperus horizontalis Moench
Ledum groenlandicum Oeder
Larix laricina (Du Roi) K. Koch
Kalmia polifolia Wang .
Kalmia angustifolia L .
Chamaedaphne calyculata (L .)
Moench
Alectoria ochroleuca (Hoffm .) Massal .
Alectoria nigricâns (Ach .) Nyl .
Cephalozia connivens (Dicks) Spr .
Acer spicatum Lam .
Acer rubrum L .
Thalictrum polygamum Muhl .
Dicranum spp .
Hylocomium splendens (Hedw .) Fleisch
Pleurozium spp .
Racomitrium lanuginosum (Hedw .) Brid
Cladonia rangiferina Wigg .
Sphagnum fuscum (Schimp .) Klinggr .
Sphagnum imbricatum Russ ., Beitr .
Sphagnum magellanicum Brid .
Sphagnum papillosum Lindb .
Sphagnum pulchrum (Bracthw .) Warnst .
Sphagnum rubbellum Wils .
- 104 -
COMMON AND BOTANICAL NAMES OF PLANTS (CONTINUED)
Common Names
moss, sphagnum
moss, sphagnum
moss, sphagnum
orchis, round-leaved
orchis, white fringed
partridgeberry (cranberry,
northern mountain)
rhodora
rush, soldierly
rush, three-forked
sedge, beaked
sedge, few-seeded
sedge, follicle bearing
sedge, meagre
sedge, scantily flowered
spruce, black
sweetgale
wild raisin, northern
Latin Names
Sphagnum strictum . Sull .
Sphagnum subnitens Russow & Warnst .
Sphagnum tenellum (Brid .) Brid .
Habenaria orbiculata (Pursh) Torr .
Habenaria blephariglottis (Willd .) Hook
Vaccinium vitis-idaea L .
Rododendron canadense L . Torr .
Juncus militaris Bigel .
Juncus trifidus L .
Carex rostrata stokes
Carex oligosperma Michx .
Carex folliculata L .
Carex exilis Dew .
Carex rariflora (Wahl .) Smith
Picea mariana (Mill .) BSP
Myrica gale L .
Viburnum cassinoides L .
- 10 6 Chemical and Physical Analyses of the Berry Hill Pond, Gleyed Ferro-Humic Podzol (83-0009)
Horizon
Depth
cm
pH
1 :2
CaC12
Bhf
Bf
BCg
Cg
1-15
15-29
29-45
45-60
4 .0
4 .5
4 .7
4 .6
C
%
5 .99
2 .58
0 .31
0 .14
N
%
Exchangeable Cations
(meq/100g soil)
Ca
Mg
K
Al
P
-(ppm)
0 .29
0 .13
-
5
3
58
0 .30
0 .06
0 .01
-
0 .14
0 .04
0 .02
0 .02
0 .09
0 .04
0 .04
0 .05
2 .4
0 .4
0 .1
-
CEC Perm
(meq/100g
soil)
2 .93
0 .54
0 .17
0 .07
Pyrophosphate
Extractable (%)
Fe
Al
146 .5
0 .63
0 .05
0 .02
1 .39
0 .95
0 .17
0 .11
Particle Size Distribution
Sand/particle size in mm
Depth
Horizon -- cm
Bfh
Bf
BCg
Cg
1-15
15-29
29-45
45-60
% Gravel
Total
Sand
%
2-1
mm
1- .5
mm
.5- .25
mm
.25-1
mm
.1- .05
mm
Silt
Total
Clay
21
20
23
22
38 .9
44 .5
47 .3
48 .6
9 .1
9 .8
11 .3
13 .0
7 .1
9 .0
9 .9
9 .8
3 .7
5 .4
5 .4
5 .7
9 .0
9 .4
10 .3
10 .4
10 .0
10 .9
10 .3
9 .8
54 .9
49 .4
45 .1
43 .5
6 .2
6 .1
7 .6
7 .9
Chemical and Physical Analyses of the Berry Hill Pond, Orthic Ferro-Humic Podzol (83-0010)
Horizon
Depth
cm
pH
1 :2
CaC12
LF
FH
Ae
Bhf
Bf
8-4
4-0
0-2
2-19
19-47
3 .0
2 .8
3 .3
4 .1
4 .6
C
%
52 .1
52 .2
1 .42
6 .71
1 .95
N
%
1 .52
1 .36
0 .06
0 .28
0 .07
CEC Perm
(meq/100g
soil)
Exchangeable Cations
(meq/100g soil)
Ca
Mg
K
Al
P
(ppm)
342
198
2
2
34
8 .3 10 .8
2 .6 12 .9
0 .1
0 .5
0 .04 0 .1
0 .01 0 .06
1 .3
1 .5
0 .07
0 .07
0 .05
4 .4
5 .2
6 .3
2 .0
0 .3
24 .8
22 .2
6 .97
2 .21
0 .42
Pyrophosphate
Extractable (t)
Al
Fe
0 .01
0 .01
0 .35
109 .5
0 .22
0 .07
0 .09
0 .10
2 .22
0 .70
Particle Size Distribution
Sand/particle size in mm
Horizon
Depth
cm
LF
FH
Ae
Bhf
Bf
8-4
4-0
0-2
2-19
19-47
Gravel
6
29
53
Total
Sand
-%
2-1
mm
1- .5
mm
.5- .25
mm
11 .1
36 .4
49 .6
2 .0
14 .8
23 .4
1 .1
8 .0
12 .7
0 .7
2 .3
3 .4
.25-1
mm
2 .1
3 .9
4 .4
.1- .05
mm
Silt
Total
Clay
5 .2
7 .4
5 .8
82 .2
57 .3
46 .0
6 .7
6 .3
4 .4
- 108 Chemical and Physical Analyses of the Garrison Hill, Gleyed Ferro-Humic Podzol (83-0011)
Horizon
Depth
cm
pH
1 :2
CaC12
FH
Ae
Bhf
BCgl
BCg2
16-0
0-7
7-30
30-45
45-70
2 .9
3 .6
3 .9
4 .3
4 .4
C
%
50 .8
1 .0
9 .21
1 .06
0 .49
N
%
Exchangeable Cations
(meq/100g soil)
Ca
Mg
K
Al
P
(ppm)
1 .15
0 .03
0 .29
0 .02
0 .01
174
5
3
16 .7 12 .5
0 .1
0 .2
0 .2
0 .1
0 .02 0 .02
0 .02
0 .9
0 .08
0 .06
0 .03
0 .03
CEC Perm
(meq/100g
soil)
3 .3
1 .3
3 .3
0 .5
0 .2
33 .4
1 .68
3 .66
0 .57
0 .25
Pyrophosphate
Extractable (%)
Fe
Al
0 .01
0 .06
77 .5
0 .04
0 .02
0 .04
0 .03
1 .87
0 .28
0 .16
Particle Size Distribution
Sand/particle size in mm
Horizon
Depth
cm
FH
Ae
Bhf
BCgl
BCg2
16-0
0-7
7-30
30-45
45-70
% Gravel
Total
Sand
%
2-1
mm
1- .5
mm
.5- .25
mm
22
67
58
63
71 .0
90 :6
82 .1
66 .2
12 .8
26 .5
18 .1
16 .6
19 .1
22 .6
18 .1
16 .6
11 .1
13 .9
12 .1
8 .7
.25-1
mm
17
19
20
14
.5
.2
.5
.6
.1- .05
mm
Silt
Total
Clay
10 .5
8 .3
13 .3
14 .2
24 .0
6 .3
17 .1
31 .6
5 .0
3 .1
0 .8
2 .2
Chemical and Physical Analyses of the Hungry Grove Pond, Ortstein Ferro-Humic Podzol
(83-0015)
Horizon
Depth
cm
pH
1 :2
CaC12
LF
Ae
AB
Bhfc
Bf
BC
C
3-0
0-6
6-16
16-33
33-61
16-77
77-106
3 .4
3 .8
4 .0
4 .1
4 .5
4 .5
4 .6
C
~
N
-%
7 .80
0 .92
1 .24
5 .86
1 .36
0 .20
0 .21
0 .25
0 .03
0 .03
0 .13
0 .02
-
Exchangeable Cations
(meq/100g soil)
Ca
Mg
K
Al
P
(ppm)
20
8
5
3
1 .6
0 .2
0 .2
0 .3
0 .2
0 .2
0 .2
0 .5
0 .07
0 .03
0 .05
0 .03
0 .02
0 .02
0 .4
0 .04
0 .03
0 .03
0 .03
0 .04
0 .04
4 .8
0 .9
1 .4
1 .9
0 .1
-
CEC Perm
(meq/100g
soil)
7 .3
1 .21
1 .66
2 .28
0 .36
0 .26
0 .26
Pyrophosphate
Extractable
Al
Fe
0 .04
0 .02
0 .04
0 .14
0 .06
0 .02
0 .02
0 .22
0 .04
0 .28
1 .92
0 .54
0 .16
0 .14
Particle Size Distribution
Sand/particle size in mm
Horizon
Depth
cm
LF
Ae
AB
Bhfc
Bf
BC
C
3-0
0-6
6-16
16-33
33-61
16-77
77-106
Gravel
62
60
79
74
80
83
Total
Sand
86 .5
77 .1
81 .7
63 .8
66 .6
76 .6
2-1
mm
1- .5
mm
14 .0
19 .0
23 .7
14 .3
26 .8
25 .9
10 .5
9 .9
18 .2
7 .9
12 .3
13 .2
.5- .25
mm
8 .8
6 .9
9 .4
5 .3
4 .9
8 .0
.25-1
mm
31 .4
23 .1
17 .1
15 .8
11 .2
15 .6
.1- .05
mm
Silt
Total
Clay
21 .8
18 .2
13 .3
20 .4
11 .4
13 .9
12 .0
20 .0
15 .8
34 .3
31 .1
21 .8
1 .5
2 .8
2 .6
1 .9
2 .3
1 .6
Chemical and Physical Analyses of the Hungry Grove Pond, Gleyed Ferro-Humic Podzol (83-0026)
Horizon
Depth
cm
pH
1 :2
CaC12
Ah
Aeg
Bhfg
Bfgj
Bfg
0-22
22-27
27-40
40-48
48-60+
4 .6
4 .2,
4 .3
4 .5
4 .6
C
%
3 .75
2 .59
5 .27
4 .64
1 .69
N
%
Exchangeable Cations
(meq/100g soil)
Ca
Mg
K
Al
P
(ppm)
0 .17
0 .07
0 .19
0 .20
0 .05
0 .3
0 .2
0 .3
0 .2
0 .2
2
0 .06
0 .04
0 .05
0 .04
0 .02
0 .04
0 .03
0 .04
0 .03
0 .04
',CEC Perm
(meq/100g
soil)
0 .06
0 .9
0 .6
0 .1
-
0 .46
1 .17
0 .99
0 .37
0 .26
Pyrophosphate
Extractable (%)
Fe
Al
0 .41
0 .21
0 .51
0 .18
0 .06
2 .20
0 .50
1 .64
1 .08
0 .44
Particle Size Distribution
Sand/particle size in mm
Depth
cm
Horizon
Ah
Aeg
Bhfg
Bfgj
Bfg
0-22
22-27
27-40
40-48
48-60+
% Gravel
51
44
68
66
65
Total
Sand
%
64 .8
72 .7
66 .8
82 .3
84 .4
2-1
mm
1- .5
mm
.5- .25
mm
.25-1
mm
.1- .05
mm
14 .3
6 .4
13 .8
27 .4
28 .9
11 .0
6 .9
8 .9
23 .5
24 .0
7 .4
5 .6
5 .6
10 .9
10 .7
16 .6
26 .3
16 .3
12 .4
12 .0
15 .5
27 .5
22 .2
8 .0
8 .8
Silt
28 .5
25 .2
30 .5
14 .8
13 .3
Total
Clay
6 .7
2 .1
2 .7
2 .9
2 .3
Chemical and Physical Analyses of the Hungry Grove Pond, Ortstein Ferro-Humic Podzol
(84-0005)
Horizon
Depth
cm
pH
1 :2
CaC12
FH
Ae
Bfl
Bfc
BCc
BC
C
2-0
0-6
6-14
14-23
23-35
35-46
46-60+
3 .2
4 .0
4 .4
5 .0
4 .9
4 .6
4 .5
C
%
22 .77
1 .36
1 .44
2 .18
0 .64
0 .30
0 .60
N
%
Exchangeable Cations
(meq/100g soil)
Ca
Mg
K
Al
P
(ppm)
0 .90 56 .5
0 .08 107 .3
0 .15
1 .9
0 .18
0 .0
0 .04
0 .8
0 .02 29 .9
0 .02 10 .1
3 .90
0 .15
0 .07
0 .07
0 .09
0 .07
0 .12
2 .66
0 .07
0 .02
0 .03
0 .02
0 .02
0 .03
1 .02
0 .10
0 .03
0 .05
0 .05
0 .04
0 .06
3 .66
0 .70
0 .67
0 .06
0 .19
0 .11
0 .14
CEC Perm
(meq/100g
soil)
11 .24
1 .02
0 .79
0 .21
0 .35
0 .24
0 .35
Pyrophosphate
Extractable
Fe
Al
0 .02
0 .04
0 .17
0 .08
0 .02
0 .02
0 .14
0 .15
0 .08
0 .59
0 .64
0 .24
0 .12
0 .24
Particle Size Distribution
Sand/particle size in mm
Horizon
Depth
cm
FH
Ae
Bfl
Bfc
BCc
BC
C
2-0
0-6
6-14
14-23
23-35
35-46
46-60+
% Gravel
Total
Sand
%
2-1
mm
1- .5
mm
.5- .25
mm
.25-1
mm
.1- .05
mm
Silt
Total
Clay
14
20
33
40
31
43
80 .3
50 .3
94 .1
59 .8
59 .9
65 .0
15 .8
8 .3
33 .9
12 .6
8 .2
9 .8
20 .9
10 .7
29 .3
13 .9
12 .3
14 .2
12 .1
7 .0
13 .1
9 .6
9 .2
10 .4
18 .8
12 .5
11 .0
15 .8
15 .7
17 .3
12 .7
11 .8
6 .8
7 .8
14 .5
13 .2
19 .1
44 .0
0 .0
34 .6
35 .0
29 .8
0 .6
5 .7
5 .9
5 .6
5 .1
5 .2
Chemical and Physical Analyses of the Hungry Grove Pond, Gleyed Humo-Ferric Podzol (84-0002)
Horizon
Depth
cm
pH
1 :2
CaC12
FH
Ae
Bfl
Bf2
Bfg
BCg
C
20-0
0-6
6-21
21-32
32-43
43-56
56-70
3 .0
3 .7
4 .0
4 .4
4 .6
4 .5
4 .4
C
30 .39
0 .65
4 .83
2 .26
0 .98
0 .31
0 .25
N
Exchangeable Cations
(meq/100g soil)
Ca
Mg
K
Al
P
(ppm)
0 .66
0 .04
0 .19
0 .09
0 .05
0 .04
0 .03
9 .0
1 .9
0 .0
0 .0
3 .0
17 .7
22 .9
2 .04 13 .3
0 .14 0 .07
0 .33 0 .11
0 .18 0 .06
0 .09 0 .03
0 .07 0 .02
0 .09 0 .03
0 .04
0 .06
0 .06
0 .05
0 .04
0 .05
0 .04
1 .00
0 .61
3 .34
0 .97
0 .22
0 .08
0 .06
"CEC Perm
(meq/100g
soil)
16 .38
0 .88
3 .84
1 .26
0 .38
0 .22
0 .22
Pyrophosphate
Extractable
Fe
Al
0 .02
0 .01
0 .36
0 .42
0 .15
0 .04
0 .03
0 .10
0 .04
1 .16
0 .89
0 .37
0 .16
0 .14
Particle Size Distribution
Sand/particle size in mm
Horizon
Depth
Cm
% Gravel
FH
Ae
Bf 1
Bf2
Bfg
BCg
C
20-0
0-6
6-21
21-32
32-43
43-56
56-70
18
21
19
21
23
26
Total
Sand
%
72 .7
65 .0
60 .4
62 .8
71 .1
70 .3
2-1
mm
1- .5
mm
.5- .25
mm
.25-1
mm
.1- .05
mm
silt
Total
Clay
11 .9
13 .0
11 .0
10 .5
13 .3
13 .0
13 .7
12 .9
10 .3
11 .2
14 .3
13 .7
11 .2
8 .8
7 .8
9 .1
10 .6
9 .4
19 .4
16 .7
15 .5
17 .0
18 .5
18 .7
16 .4
13 .6
15 .7
15 .1
14 .4
15 .4
25 .2
32 .3
37 .1
35 .5
27 .0
27 .6
2 .1
2 .7
2 .5
1 .7
1 .9
2 .1
Chemical and Physical Analyses of the Jacques Fontaine, Orthic Ferro-Humic Podzol (83-0016)
Horizon
Of
Ae
Bhfcj
BCcj
BC
C
Depth
cm
pH
1 :2
CaC12
18-0
0-14
14-42
42-51
51-74
74-90+
3 .1
3 .7
4 .1
4 .3
4 .3
4 .3
C
%
31 .9
0 .98
4 .47
0 .95
0 .33
0 .32
N
%
Exchangeable Cations
(meq/100g soil)
K
Ca
Mg
Al
P
(ppm)
0 .76'
0 .05
0 .11
0 .03
0 .01
0 .01
78
3
3
-
8 .9
0 .2
0 .2
0 .2
0 .2
0 .2
11 .7
0 .1
0 .06
0 .03
0 .03
0 .03
0 .8
0 .06
0 .06
0 .04
0 .04
0 .04
2 .2
1 .6
1 .2
0 .4
0 .1
0 .1
CEC Perm
(meq/100g
soil)
23 .6
1 .96
1 .52
0 .67
0 .37
0 .37
Pyrophosphate
Extractable
Al
Fe
0 .01
0 .02
0 .23
0 .05
0 .03
0 .03
0 .12
0 .04
1 .17
0 .29
0 .12
0 .14
Particle Size Distribution
Sand/particle size in mm
Horizon
Of
Ae
Bhfcj
BCcj
BC
C
Depth
cm
18-0
0-14
14-42
42-51
51-74
74-90+
Gravel
66
65
56
55
65
Total
Sand
%
2-1
mm
1- .5
mm
.5- .25
mm
.25-1
mm
.1- .05
mm
Silt
Total
Clay
55 .2
87 .6
74 .2
87 .7
89 .4
23 .3
18 .4
13 .7
23 .5
28 .8
14 .3
21 .1
16 .1
21 .4
23 .6
5 .6
15 .6
12 .1
14 .6
13 .5
7 .2
22 .4
22 .5
19 .7
16 .5
4 .8
10 .1
9 .6
8 .6
7 .0
42 .0
10 .9
23 .9
10 .9
9 .8
2 .8
1 .5
2 .0
1 .4
0 .8
Chemical and Physical Analyses of the Jacques Fontaine, Gleyed Ferro-Humic Podzol (83-0018)
Horizon
Depth
cm
pH
1 :2
CaC12
Om
Bfg
Bfgj
BCgj
Cgj
8-0
0-26
26-44
44-66
66-90+
3
3
4
4
4
.2
.7
.1
.3
.2
C
%
44 .7
2 .60
2 .80
0 .87
0 .54
N
%
Exchangeable Cations
(meq/100g soil)
Ca
Mg
K
Al
P
(ppm)
1 .55.
0 .14
0 .06
0 .04.
0 .04
120
7
30
-
12 .1
0 .7
0 .6
0 .3
0 .2
14 .2
0 .5
0 .3
0 .07
0 .03
1 .4
0 .06
0 .04
0 .03
0 .03
1 .4
1 .5
1 .1
0 .3
0 .3
CEC Perm
(meq/100g
soil)
29 .1
2 .76
2 .04
0 .7
0 .56
Pyrophosphate
Extractable
Fe
Al
0 .02
0 .43
0 .45
0 .04
0 .03
0 .09
0 .20
0 .75
0 .34
0 .23
Particle Size Distribution
Sand/particle size in mm
Horizon
Depth
cm
Om
Bfg
Bfgj
BCgj
Cgj
8-0
0-26
26-44
44-66
66-90+
Gravel
51
32
38
45
Total
Sand
%
53 .9
78 .6
76 .1
71 .6
2-1
mm
13
18
18
18
.5
.7
.8
.4
1- .5
mm
.5- .25
mm
.25-1
mm
.1- .05
mm
Silt
Total
Clay
11 .2
18 .5
15 .7
15 .0
6 .5
10 .6
9 .9
9 .0
11 .5
17 .9
16 .6
15 .9
11 .2
13 .0
15 .2
13 .3
37 .2
18 .5
21 .9
26 .7
8 .9
2 .9
2 .0
1 .7
Chemical and Physical Analyses of the Lower Cove, Orthic Ferro-Humic Podzol (83-0013)
Horizon
Depth
cm
pH
1 :2
CaC12
LF
H
Ae
Bhf
Bf
BC
10-7
7-0
0-6
6-27
27-40
40-55+
3
3
3
4
4
4
.9
.0
.5
.6
.7
.6
C
%
41 .0
36 .1
0 .56
5 .88
0 .72
0 .26
N
%
Exchangeable Cations
(meq/100g soil)
Ca
Mg
K
Al
P
(ppm)
0 .80'
0 .78
0 .03
0 .25
0 .02
-
252
198
3
16
71
15 .9
8 .2
0 .1
0 .06
-
6 .9
8 .3
0 .2
0 .07
0 .01
0 .01
2 .2
1 .6
0 .06
0 .06
0 .04
0 .04
5 .2
2 .5
0 .1
-
CEC Perm
(meq/100g
soil)
25 .0
23 .3
2 .86
0 .29
0 .05
0 .05
Pyrophosphate
Extractable
Fe
Al
0 .11
0 .02
0 .04
0 .42
0 .02
0 .02
0 .18
0 .10
0 .03
1 .78
0 .27
0 .15
Particle Size Distribution
Sand/particle size in mm
Horizon
Depth
cm
LF
H
Ae
Bhf
Bf
BC
10-7
7-0
0-6
6-27
27-40
40-55+
% Gravel
Total
Sand
%
2-1
mm
1- .5
mm
.5- .25
mm
.25-1
mm
.1- .05
mm
Silt
Total
Clay
72
60
55
45
56 .4
62 .0
78 .8
66 .0
8 .8
12 .7
22 .0
20 .4
9 .4
12 .2
17 .7
9 .6
7 .6
8 .5
10 .8
9 .8
14 .6
14 .9
16 .7
15 .1
16 .0
13 .6
11 .6
11 .2
39 .1
29 .8
18 .2
31 .6
4 .5
8 .2
3 .0
2 .4
Chemical and Physical Analyses of the Salmon River, Gleyed Humo-Ferric Podzol (79-0023)
Horizon
Depth
cm
pH
1 :2
CaC12
Ae
Bhfg
Bf
BC
Cg
0-3
3-10
10-19
19-37
37+
3 .2
3 .5
4 .2
4 .5
4 .7
C
%
0 .65
5 .25
2 .48
0 .82
0 .13
N
%
Exchangeable Cations
(meq/100g soil)
Ca
Mg
K
Al
P
(ppm)
0 .02
0 .08
0 .12
0 .03
0 .02
0 .16
0 .25
0 .09
0 .08
0 .06
0 .25
0 .25
0 .05
0 .02
0 .02
0 .03
0 .03
0 .02
0 .02
0 .03
1 .75
5 .50
1 .51
0 .64
0 .53
CEC Perm
(meq/100g
soil)
2 .19
6 .03
1 .67
0 .76
0 .64
Pyrophosphate
Extractable (g)
Fe
Al
0 .03
1 .28
0 .85
0 .05
0 .02
0 .02
0 .51
0 .78
0 .28
0 .08
Particle Size Distribution
Sand/particle size in mm
Horizon
Depth
cm
% Gravel
Total
Sand
%
Ae
Bhfg
Bf
BC
Cg
0-3
3-10
10-19
19-37
37+
30
12
20
20
40
63 .5
73 .9
44 .9
79 .0
73 .6
2-1
mm
1- .5
mm
.5- .25
mm
.25- 1
mm
.1- .05
mm
Silt
Total
Clay
31 .7
19 .3
49 .1
29 .8
21 .5
4 .8
6 .8
6 .0
8 .2
4 .9
Chemical and Physical Analyses of Toslow, Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol (84-0003)
Horizon
Depth
cm
pH
1 :2
CaC12
Bfcj
BC1
BC2
IIC
2-20
20-36
36-56
56+
4 .6
4 .7
4 .6
4 .3
C
-%
N
%
P
(ppm)
1 .81
0 .27
0 .13
0 .05
0 .09
0 .02
0 .01
0 .00
1 .5
22 .6
24 .8
23 .3
Exchangeable Cations
(meq/100g soil)
Mg
K
Al
Ca
0 .11
0 .09
0 .08
0 .08
0 .03
0 .03
0 .03
0 .02
0 .04
0 .04
0 .04
0 .04
0 .33
0 .03
0 .06
0 .03
CEC Perm
(meq/100g
soil)
0 .51
0 .19
0 .21
0 .17
Pyrophosphate
Extractable (%*)
Fe
Al
0 .14
0 .02
0 .01
0 .01
0 .65
0 .14
0 .07
0 .05
Particle Size Distribution
Sand/particle size in mm
Horizon
Depth
cm
Bfcj
BC1
BC2
IIC
2-20
20-36
36-56
56+
Gravel
2
34
19
6
Total
Sand
%
2-1
mm
1- .5
mm
.5- .25
mm
.25-1
mm
.1- .05
mm
Silt
Total
Clay
63 .1
66 .8
71 .5
35 .3
6 .9
3 .7
12 .3
0 .8
9 .6
6 .4
16 .4
1 .9
9 .6
6 .8
12 .0
3 .9
19 .1
23 .9
16 .4
14 .6
17 .9
26 .0
14 .4
14 .2
34 .1
31 .0
27 .4
58 .4
2 .8
2 .2
1 .1
6 .3
Chemical and Physical Analyses of Toslow, Gleyed Humo-Ferric Podzol (83-0012)
Horizon
Depth
cm
Ah
Ae
Bf
Bfg
BC
C
0-7
7-10
10-22
22-45
45-80
80-100+
pH
1 :2
CaC12
N
Exchangeable Cations
(meq/100g soil)
Mg
K
Al
Ca
P
(ppm)
3 .8
2 .79
0 .11
5
4 .3
4 .4
4 .5
4 .6
3 .70
1 .24
0 .41
0 .32
0 .10
0 .02
---
2
16
---
CEC Perm
(meq/100g
soil)
Pyrophosphate
Extractable ($)
Fe
Al
0 .4
0 .2
0 .08
2 .3
2 .98
0 .49
0 .25
0 .2
0 .03
---
0 .06
0 .02
0 .01
0 .01
0 .04
0 .04
0 .03
0 .04
0 .7
0 .3
0 .03
--
1 .0
0 .39
0 .07
0 .05
0 .91
0 .16
0 .03
0 .04
1 .39
0 .45
0 .21
0 .16
Particle Size Distribution
Sand/particle size in mm
Horizon
Ah
Ae
Bf
Bfg
BC
C
Depth
cm
0-7
7-10
10-22
22-45
45-80
80-100+
Total
Sand
%
2-1
mm
1- .5
mm
.5- .25
mm
.25-1
mm
.1- .05
'±m
Silt
Total
Clay
61
48 .3
12 .2
10 .3
6 .0
10 .1
9 .7
42 .0
9 .7
51
57
47
56
53 .9
65 .6
67 .8
82 .7
10 .0
18 .1
17 .3
28 .4
10 .5
14 .3
15 .0
22 .5
6 .9
6 .7
9 .2
10 .7
12 .4
12 .7
13 .8
13 .5
14 .0
13 .8
12 .6
7 .7
39 .6
31 .8
28 .3
14 .9
6 .5
2 .6
3 .9
2 .4
Gravel
Chemical and Physical Analyses of Toslow, Gleyed Humo-Ferric Podzol (79-0026)
Horizon
Depth
cm
pH
1 :2
CaC12
Aeg
Bfg
Bf
BC
0-2
2-22
22-37
37+
3 .1
3 .9
4 .6
4 .6
C
%
5 .48
0 .71
1 .76
1 .06
N
%
Exchangeable Cations
(meq/100g soil)
Ca
Mg
K
Al
P
(ppm)
0 .12
0 .20
0 .09
0 .06
0 .67
0 .33
0 .13
0 .18
0 .66
0 .22
0 .04
0 .04
0 .09
0 .07
0 .03
0 .04
10 .79
2 .74
0 .28
0 .27
CEC Perm
(meq/100g
soil)
12 .21
3 .36
0 .48
0 .53
Pyrophosphate
Extractable
Fe
Al
0 .32
2 .67
0 .18
0 .09
0 .19
1 .65
0 .58
0 .35
Particle Size Distribution
Sand/particle size in mm
Horizon
Depth
cm
Aeg
Bfg
Bf
BC
0-2
2-22
22-37
37+
Gravel
49
65
65
79
Total
Sand
ô
22 .1
61 .4
57 .1
59 .6
2-1
mm
1- .5
mm
.5- .25
mm
.25-1
mm
.1- .05
mm
Silt
Total
Clay
45 .2
22 .9
32 .3
32 .9
32 .7
15 .7
10 .6
9 .5
- 12 0 -
Chemical and Physical Analyses of Freshwater Pond, Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol (79-0021)
Horizon
Depth
cm
pH
1 :2
CaC12
Bfl
Bf2
C
2-14
14-34
34+
4 .4
4 .6
4 .6
C
%
4 .61
2 .23
0 .91
N
%
Exchangeable Cations
(meq/100g soil)
Mg
K
Al
Ca
P
(ppm)
0 .28
0 .17
0 .05
0 .31
0 .21
0 .11
0 .14
0 .08
0 .04
0 .06
0 .04
0 .03
0 .41
-0 .22
CEC Perm
(meq/100g
soil)
0 .92
0 .33
0 .40
Pyrophosphate
Extractable
Fe
Al
2 .02
0 .90
0 .21
3 .11
1 .62
0 .49
Particle Size Distribution
Sand/particle size in mm
Depth
Horizon
cm
Bf1
Bf2
C
2-14
14-34
34+
% Gravel
52
77
65
Total
Sand
%
54 .9
72 .4
79 .6
2-1
mm
1- .5
mm
.5- .25
mm
.25-1
mm
.1- .0 5
mm
Silt
33 .4
18 .9
16 .3
Total
Clay
11 .7
8 .8
4 .1
Chemical and Physical Analyses of Grand Beach, Placic Ferro-Humic Podzol (83-0019)
Horizon
Of
Om
Ae
Bhf
Bfc
BC
C
IIC
IIIC
IVC
Depth
cm
60-30
30-0
0-13
13-49
49-54
54-67
67-93
93-100
100-104
104-117
pH
1 :2
CaC12
C
%
N
%
P
(ppm)
3 .0
3 .0
3 .4
3 .9
4 .5
4 .3
4 .2
4 .3
4 .3
4 .2
47 .7
43 .0
1 .64
7 .04
0 .83
0 .05
0 .01
0 .03
0 .02
0 .02
1 .09
1 .16
0 .09
0 .14
0 .03
------
96
48
10
47
-------
Exchangeable Cations
(meq/100g soil)
Ca
Mg
K
Al
5 .5
3 .9
0 .7
0 .5
0 .3
0 .3
0 .4
0 .6
0 .9
0 .7
18 .9
11 .3
0 .7
0 .2
0 .1
0 .2
0 .2
0 .3
0 .6
0 .5
0 .9
0 .3
0 .06
0 .07
0 .07
0 .07
0 .07
0 .08
0 .09
0 .07
3 .3
2 .8
3 .0
2 .3
-0 .1
0 .03
0 .08
0 .08
0 .03
CEC Perm
(meq/100g
soil)
28 .6
18 .3
4 .46
3 .07
0 .47
0 .67
0 .7
1 .06
1 .67
1 .30
Pyrophosphate
Extractable
Fe
Al
0 .06
0 .13
0 .08
0 .09
0 .48
0 .03
0 .01
0 .01
0 .01
0 .01
0 .07
0 .11
0 .06
1 .76
0 .33
0 .09
0 .04
0 .05
0 .05
0 .03
Particle Size Distribution
Sand/particle size in mm
Horizon
Of
Om
Ae
Bhf
Bfc
BC
C
IIC
IIIC
IVC
Depth
cm
60-30
30-0
0-13
13-49
45-54
54-67
67-93
93-100
100-104
104-117
Gravel
_56
74
68
56
71
20
36
53
Total
Sand
%
2-1
mm
1- .5
mm
.5- .25
mm
.25-1
mm
.1- .05
mm
Silt
Total
Clay
__
62 .8
91 .7
64 .9
88 .4
97 .1
95 .4
70 .6
96 .9
__
17 .8
42 .0
24 .3
32 .1
40 .4
18 .1
12 .3
20 .4
_18 .9
31 .4
17 .1
27 .4
45 .1
27 .6
17 .3
39 .4
-_
9 .2
9 .4
6 .2
14 .4
9 .4
25 .4
14 .2
27 .1
__
10 .1
6 .1
5 .8
10 .9
1 .9
20 .9
14 .3
18 .7
-_
6 .8
2 .7
11 .6
3 .7
0 .3
3 .4
12 .5
1 .3
__
29 .8
6 .1
32 .4
9 .6
1 .5
3 .4
26 .5
1 .7
___
7 .4
2 .2
2 .7
2 .0
1 .4
1 .2
2 .9
1 .4
- 12 2 Chemical and Physical Analyses of Swanger's, Orthic Ferro-Humic Podzol (79-0022)
Horizon
Depth
cm
pH
1 :2
CaC12
C
%
N
%
Ae
Bhfl
Bhf2
Bf
BC
IICg
IIIC
0-3
3-7
7-21
21-33
33-50
50-66
66+
3 .7
3 .5
4 .2
4 .8
4 .9
4 .8
4 .9
0 .48
12 .46
5 .13
2 .29
0 .65
0 .27
0 .15
0 .03
0 .05
0 .21
0 .18
0 .04
0 .02
0 .02
Exchangeable Cations
(meq/100g soil)
Ca
Mg
K
Al
P
(ppm)
0 .10
0 .35
0 .15
0 .08
0 .06
0 .06
0 .07
0 .07
0 .28
0 .07
0 .02
0 .01
0 .01
0 .03
0 .04
0 .11
0 .04
0 .02
0 .02
0 .03
0 .07
1 .93
6 .30
1 .69
0 .80
0 .56
0 .74
0 .81
CEC Perm
(meq/100g
soil)
2 .14
7 .04
1 .95
0 .92
0 .67
0 .84
0 .98
Pyrophosphate
Extractable (%)
Fe
Al
0 .02
5 .05
1 .50
0 .13
0 .03
0 .03
0 .03
0 .02
1 .07
1 .71
0 .61
0 .19
0 .12
0 .09
Particle Size Distribution
Sand/particle size in mm
Horizon
Depth
cm
Ae
Bhfl
Bhf2
Bf
BC
IICg
IIIC
0-3
3-7
7-21
21-33
33-50
50-66
66+
Gravel
31
47
19
41
22
9
78
Total
Sand
%
57 .6
47 .3
62 .7
69 .3
66 .6
51 .5
81 .9
2-1
mm
1- .5
mm
.5- .25
mm
.25-1
mm
.1- .05
mm
Silt
Total
Clay
36 .9
38 .2
29 .5
22 .0
25 .3
40 .9
12 .0
5 .5
14 .5
7 .8
8 .7
8 .1
7 .6
6 .1
- 12 3 Chemical and Physical Analyses of Frenchman's Cove, Ortstein Ferro-Humic Podzol (83-0014)
Horizon
Oh
Ae
Bf
Bfc
BC1
BC2
C
IIC
Depth
cm
0-24
24-31
31-63
63-65
65-83
83-131
131-142
142-200+
pH
1 :2
CaC12
C
%
3 .4
3 .9
4 .1
4 .4
4 .6
4 .4
4 .5
4 .3
41 .5
2 .32
3 .82
3 .39
0 .57
0 .28
0 .05
0 .24
P
(ppm)
N
%
0 .73
0 .05
0 .09
0 .09
0 .02
-
13
97
130
Exchangeable Cations
(meq/100g soil)
Mg
K
Al
Ca
2 .4
0 .2
0 .2
0 .2
0 .2
0 .2
0 .2
0 .2
4 .8
0 .3
0 .3
0 .2
0 .1
0 .09
0 .09
0 .2
0 .3
0 .08
0 .06
0 .05
0 .05
0 .05
0 .05
0 .05
12 .6
2 .2
2 .1
-
CEC Perm
(meq/100g
soil)
20 .1
2 .78
2 .66
0 .45
0 .35
0 .34
0 .34
0 .45
Pyrophosphate
Extractable ($)
Al
Fe
0 .07
0 .04
0 .12
0 .85
0 .07
0 .05
0 .02
0 .06
0 .81
0 .46
1 .01
0 .61
0 .24
0 .12
0 .09
0 .12
Particle Size Distribution
Sand/particle size in mm
Horizon
Oh
Ae
Bf
Bfc
BC1
BC2
C
IIC
Depth
cm
0-24
24-31
31-63
63-65
65-83
83-131
131-142
142-200+
% Gravel
Total
Sand
%
2-1
mm
1- .5
mm
.5- .25
mm
.25-1
mm
53
60
71
69
57
20
76
82 .4
88 .0
89 .6
90 .4
95 .4
96 .9
98 .7
34 .7
36 .3
37 .8
35 .8
39 .7
15 .0
70 .8
27 .1
32 .5
32 .1
41 .1
33 .5
25 .5
25 .0
11 .7
11 .8
11 .7
7 .9
15 .1
24 .1
2 .4
6 .1
5 .5
4 .8
2 .8
5 .6
27 .8
0 .4
.1- .05
mm
2 .8
1 .9
3 .1
2 .9
1 .6
4 .5
0 .1
Silt
Total
Clay
11 .4
7 .1
8 .3
8 .1
3 .6
2 .0
0 .5
6 .2
4 .9
2 .1
1 .5
1 .0
1 .1
0 .8
- 12 4 Chemical and Physical Analyses of Come By Chance, Terric Fibric Mesisol (83-0024)
Depth
Horizon (cm)
Ofl
Of2
On
0-10
10-45
45-95
pH
CaC12
3 .0
3 .0
3 .0
C
(-%)
43 .1
52 .3
27 .5
N
(~)
0 .71
1 .77
1 .66
P
(ppm)
60
60
48
Exchangeable Cations
(meq/100 g soil)
Ca
Mg
K
Al
5 .1
3 .8
3 .3
9 .4
5 .0
4 .0
0 .8
0 .5
0 .3
5 .5
2 .6
3 .3
CEC
Perm
(meq/100 g
soil)
20 .8
11 .9
10 .9
Fiber Content
unrubbed
100
100
88
rubbed
76
68
36
Chemical and Physical Analyses of Come By Chance, Terric Fibrisol (84-0004)
Horizon
Ofl
Of2
Of3
Of4
OM
Bhf
Depth
cm
pH
1 :2
CaC12
C
%
N
%
P
(ppm)
0-15
15-55
55-105
105-140
140-148
151-185
3 .3
3 .0
3 .0
2 .9
3 .0
4 .1
21 .10
22 .83
34 .90
46 .62
31 .98
5 .59
1 .33
1 .65
1 .71
1 .96
1 .56
0 .36
70 .7
59 .4
14 .6
15 .7
10 .1
0 .0
Exchangeable Cations
(meq/100g soil)
K
Al
Ca
Mg
CEC Perm
(meq/100g
soil)
5 .52
13 .82
0 .92
5 .66
25 .92
5 .94
4 .44
5 .40
0 .35
10 .86
4 .94
1 .47
0 .08
0 .49
0 .33
0 .33
0 .04
5 .66
3 .99
8 .32
2 .16
22 .95
13 .70
16 .52
2 .67
Pyrophosphate
Extractable (%)
Al
Fe
0 .06
1 .34
Particle Size Distribution
Sand/particle size in mm
Horizon
Ofl
Of2
Of3
Of 4
Om
Bhf
Depth
cm
0-15
15-55
55-105
105-140
140-148
151-185
% Gravel
Total
Sand
%
2-1
mm
1- .5
mm
.5- .25
mm
.25-1
mm
.1- .0 5
mm
Silt
Total
Clay
17
83 .2
11 .4
19 .3
11 .8
27 .1
13 .4
4 .2
12 .7
- 12 6 -
Chemical and Physical Analyses of Come By Chance, Terric Fibrisol (84-0004)
Horizon
Bfj
Bfc
IIBfc
IIBC
Depth
cm
pH
1 :2
CaC12
C
%
N
%
P
(ppm)
185-230
230-240
240-260
260+
4 .4
4 .8
5 .1
5 .1
1 .80
1 .17
1 .20
0 .66
0 .16
0 .14
0 .16
0 .06
9 .4
6 .7
9 .0
70 .7
Exchangeable Cations
(meq/100g soil)
Ca
Mg
K
Al
0 .12
0 .12
0 .09
0 .10
0 .04
0 .04
0 .03
0 .03
0 .04
0 .05
0 .03
0 .04
0 .39
0 .08
0 .0
0 .0
(Cont'd)
CEC Perm
(meq/100g
soil)
0 .59
0 .29
0 .15
0 .17
Pyrophosphate
Extractable (%)
Fe
Al
0 .02
0 .13
0 .05
0 .02
0 .39
0 .32
0 .40
0 .27
Particle Size Distribution
Sand/particle size in mm
Horizon
Bfj
Bfc
IIBfc
IIBC
Depth
cm
185-230
230-240
240-260
260+
Gravel
17
28
31
64
Total
Sand
%
2-1
mm
1- .5
mm
.5- .25
mm
.25-1
mm
.1- .05
mm
Silt
Total
Clay
72 .5
85 .6
91 .3
93 .0
7 .2
25 .4
36 .6
44 .6
9 .9
35 .5
31 .8
37 .8
9 .7
15 .4
15 .3
7 .5
24 .7
3 .8
6 .7
2 .4
21 .0
1 .6
0 .8
0 .7
26 .1
9 .4
5 .4
5 .1
1 .4
5 .0
3 .3
1 .9
- 12 7 -
Chemical and Physical Analyses of Dunn's Pond, Terric Fibric Mesisol (83-0025)
Horizon
Oft
Of2
Oml
Om2
Depth
(cm)
0-10
10-50
50-80
80-110
pH
CaC12
3 .4
3 .2
3 .3
3 .5
C
(-%)
42 .7
52 .5
54 .6
21 .3
N
(%)
P
(ppm)
1 .22
1 .85.
1 .49
0 .83.
48
39
Ca
Mg
K
Al
CEC
Perm
(meg/100 g
soil)
11 .9
2 .8
1 .7
0 .9
10 .5
3 .4
1 .3
0 .5
0 .8
0 .2
0 .2
0 .07
13 .6
3 .0
7 .1
4 .0
36 .8
9 .4
10 .3
5 .47
Exchangeable Cations
(meg/100 g soil)
Fiber Content
g
unrubbed
rubbed
100
100
100
76
72
44
32
20
Chemical and Physical Analyses of Lamaline, Terric Humic Mesisol (83-0021)
Horizon
Depth
(cm)
pH
CaC12
Ofl
Of2
Om
Oh
0-10
10-20
20-40
40-60
3 .2
3 .3
3 .4
3 .4
M
N
(&)
P
(ppm)
Ca
Mg
K
Al
CEC
Perm
(meq/100 g
soil)
46 .5
48 .7
51 .1
49 .6
0 .97
1 .52
2 .26
2 .04
13 .8
90
16
10 .9
8 .6
2 .6
2 .7
12 .9
11 .0
3 .1
2 .9
3 .3
2 .0
0 .3
0 .2
2 .3
10 .0
6 .5
5 .6
29 .4
31 .6
12 .5
11 .4
C
Exchangeable Cations
(meq/100 g soil)
Fiber Content
unrubbed
100
100
88
26
rubbed
90
90
8
16
Chemical and Physical Analyses of Pipers Hole, Terric Fibrisol (84-0006)
Horizon
Of
Depth
(cm)
pH
CaC12
M
C
0-80
80-90
4 .1
44 .77
Exchangeable Cations
(meq/100 g soil)
N
P
(ppm)
Ca
Mg
2 .2'4
1 .9
5 .64
1 .48
M
K
0 .35
Al
CEC
Perm
(meq/100 q
soil)
2 .33
9 .8
Fiber Content
$
unrubbed
rubbed
89
67
77
42
Chemical and Physical Analyses of Rockland, Hemic Folisol (79-0025)
Horizon
Aeg
Depth
cm
pH
1 :2
CaC12
0-10
3 .2
C
%
0 .58
N
%
Exchangeable Cations
(meq/100g soil)
Ca
Mg
K
Al
P
(ppm)
0 .04
0 .15
0 .19
0 .06
5 .96
CEC Perm
(meq/100g
soil)
6 .36
Pyrophosphate
Extractable (%)
Fe
Al
0 .05
0 .09
Particle Size Distribution
Sand/particle size in mm
Horizon
Aeg
Depth
cm
0-10
% Gravel
30
Total
Sand
%
54 .1
2-1
mm
1- .5
mm
.5- .25
mm
.25-1
mm
.1- .0 5
mm
Silt
Total
Clay
23 .4
22 .5
N
t
Appendix B
Extended soil legend
EXTENDED SOIL LEGEND
LANDFOBM
Map
Unit
Approx .
Component
%
Dominant
Soil
Association
Materials S
Surface Form
Slope X
Stoniness S
Rockiness X
Soil Parent Material
Dominant
Soil
Subgroup
SOILS DEVELOPED ON MORAINAL DEPOSITS
M17-1
M17-2
M17-3
M17-4
70
Berry Hill Pond
Morainal blanket
over
rolling bedrock
10-15
15-50
2-10
Medium to moderately coarse textured, light
olive brown glacial till derived from elate,
siltstone and sandstone with minor volcanic
rocks, schist and phyllites.
Orthic Ferro-Humic Podzol
30
Meelpaeg
Slope bog
0.5-2 .5
Dominantly meeic peat derived from sphagnum .
Terric Mesisol.
60
Berry Hill Pond
Rolling moraine
16-30
3-15
-
Medium to moderately coarse textured, light
olive brown glacial till derived from slate,
siltstone and sandstone with minor volcanic
rocks, schist and phyllites .
Gleyed Ferro-Humic Podzol
40
Meelpaeg
Slope bog
0 .5-2 .5
Dominantly meeic peat derived from sphagnum .
Terric Mesisol.
70
Berry Hill Pond
Hummocky moraine
2-5
3-15
-
Medium to moderately coarse textured, light
olive brown glacial till derived from elate,
eiltetone and sandstone with minor volcanic
rocks, schist and phyllites .
Orthic Ferro-Humic Podzol .
30
Meelpaeg
Slope bog
2-5
Dominantly meeic peat derived from sphagnum .
Terric Mesieol.
50
Berry Hill Pond
Morainal blanket
over
hummocky bedrock
6-9
15-50
10-25
Medium to moderately coarse textured, light
olive brown glacial till derived from slate,
siltstone and sandstone with minor volcanic
rocks, schist and phyllitee .
Gleyed Ferro-Humic Podzol .
50
Meelpaeg
Slope bog
0.5-2 .5
Dominantly meeic peat derived from sphagnum .
Terric Mesiaol.
31-45
0.1-3
2-10
Medium to moderately coarse textured, light
olive brown glacial till derived from slate,
siltstone and sandstone with minor volcanic
rocks, schist and phyll1tes.
Orthic Ferro-Humic Podzol .
6-9
3-15
-
Medium to moderately coarse textured, light
olive brown glacial till derived from slate,
siltstone and sandstone with minor volcanic
rocks, schist and phyllitee.
Orthic Ferro-Humic Podzol .
Medium to moderately coarse textured, light
olive brown glacial till derived from slate,
siltatone and sandstone with minor volcanic
rocks, schist and phyllitee.
Orthic Ferro-Humic Podzol .
- very shallow lithic .
M17-5
100
Berry Hill Pond
Morainal veneer
over
ridged bedrock
M17-6
100
Berry Hill Pond
Morainal blanket
over
hummocky bedrock
M17-7
70
Berry Hill Pond
Morainal veneer
over
ridged bedrock
16-30
0 .1-3
2-10
30
Rock outcrops
ridged bedrock
16-30
Berry Hill Pond
Morainal veneer
over
inclined bedrock
16-30
0.1-3
2-10
Medium to moderately coarse textured, light
olive brown glacial till derived from elate,
siltstone and sandstone with minor volcanic
rocks, schist and phyllites .
Gleyed Ferro-Humic Podzol .
M17-8
100
M18-1
70
Hungry Grove Pond
Hummocky moraine
6-9
15-50
-
Coarse to moderately coarse textured yellowish
brown glacial till derived from medium grained
pink to red granites .
Ortatefn Ferro-Humic Podzol .
30
Pipers Hole
Atlantic ribbed fen
0.5-2 .5
-
Dominantly meeic peat derived from sedges,
grasses and sphagnum mosses .
Terric Mesieol .
EXTENDED SOIL LEGEND
LANDFORM
Map
Unit
Approx.
Component
X
Dominant
Soil
Association
Materials S
Surface Form
Slope %
Stoniness X
Rockiness %
Soil Parent Material
Dominant
Soil
Subgroup
SOILS DEVELOPED ON MORAINAL DEPOSITS
M18-2
80
Hungry Grove Pond
Ridged moraine
10-15
15-50
-
Coarse to moderately coarse textured yellowish
brown glacial till derived from medium grained
pink to red granites .
Orthic Ferro-Humic Podzol .
20
Pipers Hole
Atlantic ribbed fen
0 .5-2 .5
-
Dominantly mesic peat derived from sedges,
grasses and sphagnum mosses .
Terric Mesisol .
M18-3
100
Hungry Grove Pond
Hummocky moraine
16-30
15-50
2-10
Coarse to moderately coarse textured yellowish
brown glacial till derived from medium grained
pink to red granites .
Orthic Ferro-Humic Podzol .
M18-4
100
Hungry Grove Pond
Hummocky moraine
6-9
3-15
-
Coarse to moderately coarse textured yellowish
brown glacial till derived from medium grained
pink to red granites .
Orthic Ferro-Humic Podzol .
M18-5
100
Hungry Grove Pond
Hummocky moraine
10-15
15-50
25-50
Coarse to moderately coarse textured yellowish
brown glacial till derived from medium grained
pink to red granites .
Orthic Ferro-Humic Podzol .
M18-6
70
Hungry Grove Pond
Rolling moraine
6-9
15-50
-
Coarse to moderately coarse textured yellowish
brown glacial till derived from medium grained
pink to red granites .
Gleyed Ferro-Humic Podzol .
30
Pipers Hole
Atlantic ribbed fen
Dominantly mesic peat derived from sedges,
grasses end sphagnum mosses .
Terric Mesisol .
60
Hungry Grove Pond
Morainal veneer
over
hummocky bedrock
10-15
50
25-50
Coarse to moderately coarse textured yellowish
brown glacial till derived from medium grained
pink to red granites .
Orthic Ferro-Humic Podzol .
40
Rock outcrop
Hummocky bedrock
16-30
70
Lower Cove
Hummocky moraine
6-9
15-50
-
Moderately coarse textured olive brown glacial
till derived from chlorite and sericite schist,
metamorphosed basic to acidic volcanic rocks,
sandstone and conglomerates .
Ortstein Ferro-Humic Podzol .
30
Pipers Hole
Atlantic ribbed fen
0 .5-2 .5
Dominantly mesic peat derived from sedges,
grasses and sphagnum mosses .
Terric Mesisol .
50
Lower Cove
Morainal veneer
over
ridged bedrock
10-15
15-50
2-10
Moderately coarse textured olive brown glacial
till derived from chlorite and sericite schist,
metamorphosed basic to acidic volcanic rocks,
sandstone and conglomerates .
Orthic Ferro-Humic Podzol .
- very shallow lithic
50
Pipers Hole
Atlantic ribbed fen
0 .5-2 .5
Dominantly mesic peat derived from sedges,
grasses and sphagnum mosses .
Terric Mesisol .
50
Lower Cove
Morainal veneer
over
hummocky bedrock
16-30
15-50
25-50
Moderately coarse textured olive brown glacial
till derived from chlorite and sericite schist,
metamorphosed basic to acidic volcanic rocks,
sandstone and conglomerates .
Orthic Ferro-Humic Podzol .
50
Rock outcrop
Hummocky bedrock
16-30
70
Salmon River
Morainal blanket
over
rolling bedrock
16-30
15-50
30-25
Medium textured glacial till derived mainly
from granites and granodiorites .
Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol .
30
Rock outcrop
Hummocky bedrock
16-30
Toslow
Morainal incline
6-9
15-50
-
Coarse textured olive brown glacial till
derived from red, yellow and green pyroclastic
rocks .
Gleyed Humo-Ferric Podzol .
M18-7
M19-1
M19-2
M19-3
M47-1
M52-1
100
2-5
-
EXTENDED SOIL LEGEND
LANDFORM
Map
Unit
Approx .
Component
%
Dominant
Soil
Association
Materials d
Surface Form
Slope S
Stoniness X
Rockiness x
Soil Parent Material
Dominant
Soil
Subgroup
SOILS DEVELOPED ON MORAINAL DEPOSITS
M52-2
100
Toslow
Hummocky moraine
10-15
3-15
2-10
Coarse textured olive brown glacial till
derived from red, yellow and green pyroclastic
rocks .
Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol .
M52-3
100
Toslow
Morainal veneer
over
inclined bedrock
16-45
15-50
-
Coarse textured olive brown glacial till
derived from red, yellow and green pyroclastic
rocks .
Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol .
M52-4
70
Toslow
Morainal blanket
over
hummocky bedrock
16-30
15-50
10-25
Coarse textured olive brown glacial till
derived from red, yellow and green pyroclastic
rocks .
Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol .
Hummocky bedrock
16-30
Coarse textured olive brown glacial till
derived from red, yellow and green pyroclastic
rocks .
Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol .
Coarse textured olive brown glacial till
derived from red, yellow and green pyroclastic
rocks .
Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol .
30
M52-5
M52-6
M52-7
M52-8
, Rock outcrop
60
Toslow
Morainal veneer
over
hummocky bedrock
16-30
15-50
2-10
40
Rock outcrop
Hummocky bedrock
16-30
70
Toslow
Hummocky moraine
6-9
3-15
-
30
Dunns Pond
Slope fen
0 .5-2 .5
-
Domina tly humic to mesic peat derived from
sedges, mosses, reeds and grasses .
Terric Mesisol
60
Toslow
Morainal veneer
over
hummocky bedrock
31-45
15-50
10-25
Coarse textured olive brown glacial till
derived from red, yellow and green pyroclastic
rocks .
Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol .
40
Rock outcrop
Hummocky bedrock
31-45
Toslow
Morainal veneer
over
hummocky bedrock
31-45
3-15
10-25
Coarse textured olive brown glacial till
derived from red, yellow and green pyroclastic
rocks .
Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol .
100
'
M52-9
100
Toslow
Hummocky moraine
10-15
15-50
-
Coarse textured olive brown glacial till
derived from red, yellow and green pyroclastic
rocks .
Gleyed Humo-Ferric Podzol .
M52-10
70
Toslow
Hummocky moraine
10-15
15-50
-
Coarse textured olive brown glacial till
derived from red, yellow and green pyroclastic
rocks .
Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol
30
Dunns Pond
Slope fen
0 .5-2 .5
tly humic to mesic peat derived from
Dominansedges, mosses, reeds and grasses .
Terric Mesisol
60
Jacques Fontaine
Morainal veneer
over
hummocky bedrock
16-30
15-50
10-25
Coarse textured olive brown glacial till
derived from red, yellow and green pyroclastic
rocks .
Orthic Ferro-Humic Podzol .
20
Lamaline
Blanket bog
0 .5-2 .5
Domina tly mesic peat derived from sphagnum .
Terric Humic Mesisol .
20
Rock outcrop
Hummocky bedrock
31-45
70
Jacques Fontaine
Moral nal veneer
over
hummocky bedrock
16-30
50
25-50
Coarse textured olive brown glacial till
derived from red, yellow and green pyroclastic
rocks .
Cleyed Ferro-Humic Podzol .
30
Lamaline
Blanket bog
0 .5-2 .5
Domina tly mesic peat derived from sphagnum .
Terric Humic Mesisol .
100
Jacques Fontaine
Hummocky moraine
10-15
15-50
10-25
Coarse textured olive brown glacial till
derived from red, yellow and green pyroclastic
rocks .
Orthic Ferro-Humic Podzol .
16-30
50
2-10
Coarse extured olive brown glacial till
derived from red, yellow and green pyroclastic
rocks .
Orthic Ferro-Humic Podzol .
M52-14
M52-15
M53-1
M53-2
100
Jacques Fontaine
Morainal blanket
over
hummocky bedrock
EXTENDED SOIL LEGEND
LANDFORM
Map
Unit
Approx .
Component
%
Dominant
Soil
Association
Materials &
Surface Form
Slope %
Stoniness %
Rockiness %
Dominant
Soil
Subgroup
Soil Parent Material
SOILS DEVELOPED ON MORAINAL DEPOSITS
M53-3
70
Jacques Fontaine
Hummocky moraine
30
Lamaline
Slope bog
Coarse textured olive brown glacial till
derived from red, yellow and green pyroclastic
rocks.
Orthic Ferro-Humic Podzol .
0.5-2 .5
Dominantly mesic peat derived from
Terric Mesisol.
6-9
-
sphagnum .
M53-4
100
Jacques Fontaine
Hummocky moraine
10-15
15-50
-
Coarse textured olive brown glacial till
derived from red, yellow and green pyroclastic
rocks.
Orthic Ferro-Humic Fbdzol .
M53-5
70
Jacques Fontaine
Hummocky moraine
6-9
15-50
-
Coarse textured olive brown glacial till
derived from red, yellow and green pyroclastic
rocks.
Orthic Ferra-Humic Podzol .
30
Lamaline
Blanket bog
0.5-2 .5
Dominantly mesic peat derived from sphagnum .
Terric Mesiso1.
80
Jacques Fontaine
Morainal blanket
over
inclined bedrock
6-9
15-50
-
Coarse textured olive brown glacial till
derived from red, yellow and green pyroclastic
rocks.
Gleyed Ferro-Humic Podzol .
20
Lamaline
Slope bog
0.5-2 .5
Dominantly mesic peat derived from sphagnum.
Terric Mesiso1.
80
Jacques Fontaine
Mo rainal inclineeroded
10-15
15-50
-
Coarse textured olive brown glacial till
derived from red, yellow and green pyroclastic
rocks.
Gleyed Ferro-Humic Podzol .
20
Lamaline
Slope bog
0.5-2 .5
Dominantly mesic peat derived from sphagnum .
Terric Mesisol.
80
Jacques Fontaine
Rolling moraine
10-15
15-50
-
coarse textured olive brown glacial till
derived from red, yellow and green pyroclastic
rocks.
Orthic Gleysol.
20
Lamaline
Slope bog
0.5-2 .5
Dominantly mesic peat derived from sphagnum .
Terric Mesisol.
70
Jacques Fontaine
Rolling moraine
6-9
15-50
-
Coarse textured olive brown glacial till
derived from red, yellow and green pyroclastic
rocks.
Orthic Gleysol.
30
Lamaline
Blanket bog
0.5-2 .5
Dominantly mesic peat derived from sphagnum.
Terric Mesiso1.
60
Jacques Fontaine
Undulating moraine
2-5
15-50
-
Coarse textured olive brown glacial till
derived from red, yellow and green pyroclastic
rocks .
Gleyed Hum-Ferric Podzol .
40
Lamaline
Blanket bog
0.5-2 .5
Dominantly mesic peat derived from sphagnum .
Terric Humic Mesisol.
60
Jacques Fontaine
Morainal veneer
over
hummocky bedrock
2-5
50
10-25
Coarse textured olive brown glacial till
derived from red, . yellow and green pyroclastic
rocks.
Gleyed Humo-Ferric Podzol .
40
Lamaline
Blanket bog
0.5-2 .5
Dominantly mesic peat derived from sphagnum .
Terric Humic Mesisol.
M53-6
M53-7
M53-8
M53-9
M53-10
M53-11
EXTENDED SOIL LEGEND
LANDFORM
Map
Unit
Approx .
Component
S
Dominant
Soil
Association
Materials 6
Surface Form
Slope f
Stoniness X
Rockiness i
Soil Parent Material
Dominant
Soil
Subgroup
SOILS DEVELOPED ON MORAINAL DEPOSITS
M53-12
M53-13
M53-16
50
Jacques Fontaine
Morainal blanket
over
rolling bedrock
10-15
15-50
-
50
Rock outcrop
Hummocky bedrock
46-70
60
Jacques Fontaine
Morainal veneer
over
hummocky bedrock
40
Lamaline
60
40
Coarse textured olive brown glacial till
derived from red, yellow and green pyroclastic
rocks.
Placic Ferro-Humic Podzol .
2-5
15-50
2-10
Coarse textured olive brown glacial till
derived from red, yellow and green pyroclastic
rocks.
Gleyed Ferro-Humic Podzol .
Blanket bog
0.5-2 .5
Domina tly mesic peat derived from sphagnum .
Terric Humic Mesisol .
Jacques Fontaine
Morainal blanket
over
hummocky bedrock
16-30
50
2-10
Coarse textured olive brown glacial till
derived from red, yellow and green pyroclastic
rocks .
Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol .
Grand Beach
Glaciofluvial veneer
over
hummocky bedrock
2-5
0.1-3
-
Coarse textured, well stratified glacfofluvial
deposi s derived from yellow and green pyroclastic rocks.
Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol .
EXTENDED SOIL LEGEND
LANDFORM
Map
Unit
Approx .
Component
X
Dominant
Soil
Association
Materials 6
Surface Form
Slope X
Stoniness X
Rockiness X
Soil Parent Material
Dominant
Soil
Subgroup
SOILS DEVELOPED ON GIACIOPLUVIAL AND FLUVIAL DEPOSITS
F7-1
80
Swanger's
Glaciofluvial
terrace-eroded
0 .5-2 .5
0 .1-3
Coarse textured to gravelly, stratified
glaciofluvial deposits of mixed origin.
Orthic Ferro-Humic Podzol .
20
Meelpaeg
Slope bog
0.5-2 .5
Dominantly mesic peat derived from sphagnum .
Typic Mesisol .
Coarse textured to gravelly, stratified
glaciofluvial deposits of mixed origin .
Orthic Ferro-Humic Podzol .
Coarse textured to gravelly, stratified
glaciofluvial deposits of mixed origin .
Gleyed Ortstein Ferro-Humic
Podzol .
Medium to coarse textured, well stratified
glaciofluvial and fluvial deposits of mixed
origin .
Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol .
Medium to coarse textured, well stratified
glaciofluvial and fluvial deposits of mixed
origin .
Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol .
2-5
3-15
F7-2
100
Swanger's
Glaciofluvial
terrace-eroded
F7-3
100
Swanger's
Glaciofluvial
terrace-eroded
F10-1
100
Freshwater Pond
Undulating glacioFluvial and fluvial
terrace-eroded
F10-2
60
Freshwater Pond
Glaciofluvial
veneer over
hummocky moraine
2-5
0.1-3
2-LO
40
Toslow
Morainal blanket
over
hummocky bedrock
16-03
15-50
2-LO
Coarse textured olive brown glacial till
derived from red, yellow and green pyroclastic
rocks .
Orthic Humo-Perric Podzol .
0.5-2 .5
0.1-3
2-5
-
Fll-1
100
Grand Beach
Glaciofluvial
terrace
2-5
-
Coarse textured, well stratified glaciofluvial
deposits derived from yellow and green pyroclastic rocks .
Placic Ferro-Humic Podzol .
F11-2
60
Grand Beach
Glaciofluvial
terrace
2-5
-
Coarse textured, well stratified glaciofluvial
deposits derived from yellow and green pyroclastic rocks .
Placic Ferro-Humic Podzol .
20
Jacques Fontaine
Morainal blanket
over
inclined bedrock
6-9
50
-
Coarse textured olive brown glacial till
derived from red, yellow and green pyroclastic
rocks.
Orthic Ferro-Humic Podzol.
20
Lamaline
Slope bog
Dominantly mesic peat derived from sphagnum .
Terric Mesisol.
60
Grand Beach
Glaciofluvial
terrace-eroded
2-5
-
Coarse textured, well stratified glaciofluvial
deposits derived from yellow and green pyroclastic rocks .
Placic Ferro-Humic Podzol .
40
Jacques Fontaine
Rolling moraine
6-9
15-50
-
Coarse textured olive brown glacial till
derived from red, yellow and green pyroclastic
rocks .
Orthic Gleysol .
60
Grand Beach
Glaciofluvial
terrace
2-5
-
Coarse textured, well stratified glaciofluvial
deposits derived from yellow and green pyroclastic rocks .
Placic Ferro-Humic Podzol .
40
Jacques Fontaine
Undulating moraine
2-5
15-50
-
Coarse textured olive brown glacial till
derived from red, yellow and green pyroclastic
rocks.
Gleyed Ferro-Humic Podzol .
Grand Beach
Glaciofluvial terrace
0.5-2 .5
-
Coarse textured, well stratified glaciofluvial
deposits derived from yellow and green pyroclastic rocks.
Gleyed Ferro-Humic Podzol .
F11-3
F11-4
F11-5
100
0.5-2 .5
EXTENDED SOIL LEGEND
LANDFORM
Map
unit
Approx .
Component
S
Dominant
Soil
Association
Materials S
Surface Form
Slope X
Stoniness %
Rockiness X
Dominant
Soil
Subgroup
Soil Parent Material
SOILS DEVELOPED ON MARINE DEPOSITS
W8-1
100
Frenchman's Cove
Marine terrace
0.5-2 .5
Sandy, marine deposits of mixed origin.
Ortstein Ferro-Humic Podzol .
WS-2
g0
Frenchman's Cove
Marine terrace
0.5-2 .5
Sandy, marine deposits of mixed origin .
Ortstein Ferro-Humic Podzol .
20
Grand Beach
Glaciofluvial
terrace
2-5
-
Coarse textured, well stratified glaciofluvial
deposits derived from yellow and green pyroclastic rocks .
Orthic Ferro-Humic Podzol .
60
Frenchman's Cove
Marine terrace
2-5
Sandy, marine deposits of mixed origin .
40
Dunns Pond
Slope fen
W8-3
0.5-2.5
-
Dominantly humic to mesic peat derived from
sedges, mosses, reeds and grasses .
-
Orthic Ferro-Humic Podzol .
Typic Mesisol.
EXTENDED SOIL LEGEND
1ANDFORM
Map
Unit
Approx .
Component
X
Dominant
Soil
Association
Materials 6
Surface Form
Slope X
Stoniness X
Rockiness X
Soil Parent Material
Dominant
Soil
Subgroup
SOILS DEVELOPED ON ORGANIC MATERIAL
06-1
011-1
012-1
Pipers Hole
Atlantic ribbed fen
60
Dunns Fond
Slope fen
40
Toslow
Morainal blanket
over
hummocky bedrock
Come By Chance
Basin bog
Toslow
Morainal veneer
over
hummocky bedrock
100
100
30
Dominantly mesic peat derived from sedges,
grasses and sphagnum mosses.
Terric Fibric Mesisol.
0.5-2 .5
-
Dominantly humic to mesic peat derived from
sedges, mosses, reeds and grasses.
Terric Mesic Humisol
6-9
50
10-25
Coarse textured olive brown glacial till
derived from red, yellow and green pyroclastic
rocks .
Gleyed Ferro-Humic Podzol.
Dominantly fibric peat derived from aphagnum,
sedges and grasses .
Terric Mesic Fibrisol
16-30
3-15
-
Coarse textured olive brown glacial till
derived from red, yellow and green pyroclastic
rocks.
Orthic Hum-Ferric Pedrol .
0-0.5
-
0-0.5
-
012-2
100
Come By Chance
Domed bog
0.5-2 .5
-
Dominantly fibric peat derived from aphagnum,
sedges and grasses.
Terric Fibrisol .
012-3
70
Come By Chance
Blanket bog
0.5-2.5
-
Dominantly fibric peat derived from sphagnum,
sedges and grasses.
Tactic Ftbric Meaisol
30
Toslow
Undulating moraine
2-5
0 .1-3
-
Coarse textured olive brown glacial till
derived from red, yellow and green pyroclastic
rocks .
Placic Hum-Ferric Podzol .
60
Come By Chance
Basin bog
Dominantly £ibric peat derived from sphagmwm,
sedges and grasses .
Terric Fibric Mesisol.
40
Cochrane
Morainal veneer
over
hummocky bedrock
16-30
3-15
-
Medium textured, dark olive gray glacial till
derived mainly from gay slate and siltatone.
Gleyed Humo-Ferric Fbdzol .
60
Lamaline
Blanket bog
0 .5-2 .5
-
Dominantly mesic peat derived from sphagnum,
with minor sedges .
Terric Humic Mesisol.
40
Jacques Fontaine
Morainal veneer
over
hummocky bedrock
2-5
50
10-25
Coarse textured olive brown glacial till
derived from red, yellow and green pyroclastic
rocks .
Gleyed Ferro-Humic Podzol .
80
Rock outcrop
Hummocky bedrock
31-45
20
Lower Cove
Morainal veneer
over
hummocky bedrock
16-30
50
10-25
Moderately coarse textured olive brown glacial
till derived from chlorite and sericite schist,
metamorphosed basic to acidic volcanic rocks,
samdatone and conglomerates .
Orthic Hum-Ferric Podeol .
- very shall lithic .
Coarse to moderately coarse textured yellowish
brown glacial till derived from medium grained
pink to red granites .
Orthic Hum-Ferric Podzol .
- very shallow lithic .
Coarse textured olive brown glacial till
derived from red, yellow and green pyroclastic
rocks.
Gleyed Humo-Ferric Podzol .
012-4
014-1
R1
0-0.5
R2
100
Rock outcrop
Ridged bedrock
31-100
R3
60
Rock outcrop
Hummocky bedrock
31-45
40
Hungry Grove Pond
Morainal veneer
over
hummocky bedrock
16-30
15-50
10-25
70
Rock outcrop
Hummocky bedrock
46-70
30
Toslow
Morainal blanket
over
ridged bedrock
31-45
15-50
-
R4
EXTENDED SOIL LEGEND
LANDFORM
Map
Unit
Approx .
Component
X
Dominant
Soil
Association
Materials S
Surface Form
Slope X
Stoniness S
Rockiness X
Soil Parent Material
Dominant
Soil
Subgroup
SOILS DEVELOPED ON ORGANIC MATERIAL
R5
R6
R7
70
Rock outcrop
Hummocky bedrock
31-45
30
Come By Chance
Basin bog
0.5-2 .5
-
80
Rock outcrop
Hu®ocky bedrock
31-45
20
Toalow
Morainal veneer
over
ridged bedrock
16-30
15-50
10-25
60
Rock outcrop
Hummocky bedrock
31-45
40
Berry Hill Pond
Morainal veneer
over
inclined bedrock
10-15
0.01-0 .1
-
RB
100
Rock outcrop
Hummocky bedrock
31-100
R9
70
Rock outcrop
Ridged bedrock
31-45
30
Hungry Grove Pond
Hummocky moraine
10-15
15-50
-
60
Rock outcrop
Hummocky bedrock
16-30
40
Toslow
Morainal veneer
over
hummocky bedrock
10-15
50
10-25
60
Rock outcrop
Hummocky bedrock
16-30
40
Toslow
Morainal veneer
over
hummocky bedrock
16-30
50
10-25
Rock outcrop
Hummocky bedrock
6-9
RIO
R11
R12
100
Dominantly fibric peat derived from sphagnum,
sedges and grasses .
Terric Mesic Fibrisol .
Coarse textured olive brown glacial till
derived from red, yellow and green pyroclaetic
Gleyed Humo-Ferric Podzol .
- very shallow lithic .
Medium to moderaely coarse textured, light
olive brown glacial till derived from elate,
siltstone and sandstone with minor volcanic
rocks, schist and phyllites .
Ortatein Humo-Ferric Podzol .
Coarse to moderately coarse textured yellowish
brown glacial till derived from medium grained
pink to red granites .
Orthic Ferro-Humic Podzol .
Coarse textured olive brown glacial till
derived from red, yellow and green pyroclastic
rocks .
Orthic Ferro-Humic Podzol .
Coarse textured olive brown glacial till
derived from red, yellow and green pyroclaetic
rocks .
Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol .
EXTENDED SOIL LEGEND
LANDFORM
Map
Unit
Approx .
Component
%
Dominant
Soil
Association
Materials 6
Surface Form
Slope %
Stoniness %
Rockiness %
Soil Parent Material
Dominant
Soil
Subgroup
SOILS DEVELOPED ON ORGANIC MATERIAL
60
Rock outcrop
Hummocky bedrock
46-70
40
Garrison Hill
Morainal veneer
over
ridged bedrock
16-30
15-50
-
60
Rock outcrop
Ridged bedrock
31-45
40
Garrison Hill
Morainal veneer
over
inclined bedrock
10-15
15-50
-
60
Rock outcrop
Hummocky bedrock
31-70
40
Toslow
Morainal veneer
over
hummocky bedrock
16-30
15-50
10-25
70
Rock outcrop
Hummocky bedrock
31-45
30
Jacques Fontaine
Morainal veneer
over
h.mmocky bedrock
16-30
15-50
10-25
60
Rock outcrop
Hummocky bedrock
31-45
40
Lamaline
Blanket bog
over
marine deposits
0.5-2 .5
-
80
Rock outcrop
Ridged bedrock
31-70
20
Garrison Hill
Hummocky bedrock
16-30
3-15
R19
100
Rock outcrop
Hummocky bedrock
16-30
R20
70
Rock outcrop
Hummocky bedrock
10-15
30
Jacques Fontaine
Morainal veneer
over
hummocky bedrock
10-15
50
2-10
60
Rock outcrop
Hummocky bedrock
10-15
40
Jacques Fontaine
Morainal veneer
over
hummocky bedrock
10-15
50
25-50
R13
R14
R15
R16
R17
R18
R21
medium textured glacial till derived mainly
from granites and granodioritea .
Gleyed Ferro-Humic Podzol
- shallow lithic .
Medium textured glacial till derived mainly
from granites and granodioritea .
Gleyed Ortstein Ferro-Humic
Podzol .
Coarse textured olive brown glacial till
derived from red, yellow and green pyroclastic
rocks .
Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol .
Coarse textured olive brown glacial till
derived from red, yellow and green pyroclastic
rocks.
Orthic Ferro-Humic Podzol .
Dominantly mesic peat derived from sphagnum .
Terric Mesisol.
Medium textured glacial till derived mainly
from granites and granodiorites .
Orthic Humo-Ferric
Coarse textured olive brown glacial till
derived from red, yellow and green pyroclastic
rocks.
Gleyed Placic Ferro-Humic
Podzol .
Coarse textured olive brown glacial till
derived from red, yellow and green pyroclastic
rocks .
Orthic Ferro-Humic Podzol .