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SKYE
Introducing ‘movers’ into community reconstructions - linking civil registers of vital events to local and national census data: a Scottish experiment Alice Reid, University of Cambridge and Eilidh Garrett, University of St Andrews With thanks to Ros Davies and the General Register Office, Scotland (now NRS) for special permission to collect civil register data The Cambridge Group for the History of Population and Social Structure 1 Skye Skye 2 The number of demographic events and population counts: Skye 1861-1901 SKYE Population Census 1861 19,600 Population Census 1871 18,100 Population Census 1881 17,700 Population Census 1891 16,400 Population Census 1901 14,600 Births in civil registers 1861-1901 18,200 Marriages in civil registers 1861-1901 2,800 Deaths in civil registers 1861-1901 12,600 3 Groom’s father and mother Groom Date Bride Bride’s father and mother Note: Gaelic speaking population, yet ‘English’/Anglicised forenames 4 Person born Person dying Date & Place Name of father and maiden name of mother Date and place of parent’s marriage Whether parent deceased 5 Skye censuses, 1861-1881: the family of Alex and Johanna Beaton / Alexander and Hannah Bethune 1861 census Address upper halistra 1871 census stein village 1881 census stein forename surname relation to head alex johanna ann john donald head wife dau son son 26 tailor 26 6 scholar 3 1 Duirinish Harris Duirinish Duirinish Duirinish alexander bethune head 38 dealer Duirinish hanna ann john christy mary maggie dolina bethune bethune bethune bethune bethune bethune bethune wife dau son dau dau dau dau john alexander hannah christina mary maggie johanna dolina agnes bethune bethune bethune bethune bethune bethune bethune bethune bethune head father mother sister sister sister sister sister sister beaton beaton beaton beaton beaton age occupation 38 16 domestic serv 12 scholar 8 scholar 6 scholar 4 9mo 22 merchant 48 tailor 48 tailor's wife 20 general servant 16 general servant 14 scholar 11 scholar 9 scholar 7 scholar birth parish Harris Duirinish Duirinish Duirinish Duirinish Duirinish Duirinish Duirinish Duirinish Harris Duirinish Duirinish Duirinish Duirinish Duirinish Duirinish 6 Use of name ‘dictionaries’ Original Dictionary Standard Bethune Bethune Beaton Beaton Alex Alexander Sandy Alexander Hanna Hannah Joanna Johanna Johanne Hannah Christy Chirsty Christine Christina Christian Christine Maggie Margaret Peggy Margaret Alex Hanna Christy Maggie 7 Census data: Parent’s names: identified from relationships within a household + imputed date of birth household_id Person_id forname 1 1 1 1 2 3 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 5 6 7 8 9 john alexander hannah ann donald christina margaret mary margaret hannah dolina agnes relation to surname head age occupation fatherid imputed date motherid of birth beaton beaton beaton head father mother 22 48 48 merchant tailor tailor's wife 2 3 1858 beaton sister 20 general 2 3 1860 beaton beaton beaton beaton beaton sister sister sister sister sister 16 14 11 9 7 general scholar scholar scholar scholar 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 1864 1866 1869 1871 1873 8 The family of Alex and Johanna Beaton/Alexander and Hannah Bethune: censuses and civil registers, Skye 1861-1881 1861 census upper halistra alex johanna ann john donald beaton beaton beaton beaton beaton head wife dau son son 26 tailor 26 6 scholar 3 1 alexander hanna ann john donald christy margaret bethune bethune bethune bethune head wife dau son 38 merchant and dealer 38 16 domestic serv 12 scholar bethune dau 8 scholar mary maggie joanna dolina bethune bethune dau dau 6 scholar 4 bethune dau john alexander hannah ann donald christina margaret mary maggie johanna dolina agnes bethune bethune bethune head father mother 1871 census stein village 9mo died 30/04/1861 born 10/03/1862 born 09/08/1864 died 08/08/1865 born 09/08/1864 born 27/06/1866 ? born 19/07/1868 born 13/9/1870 1881 census stein 22 merchant 48 tailor 48 tailor's wife ? married Malcolm McLeod 20/04/1876 bethune sister 20 general servant bethune bethune bethune bethune bethune sister sister sister sister sister 16 general servant 14 scholar 11 scholar 9 scholar 7 scholar born 14/12/1872 9 Total births on Skye: 1861 census - 1881 census: 9778 observed Births 1861-1871 deaths on skye 1861-71 observed 1871 census on Skye deaths 1871-1881 observed 1881census on Skye 1861-71 births ''unaccounted for' in 1881 census 4906 Births 1871-1881 deaths 1871-1881 observed 1881census 1871-1881 births ''unaccounted for' in 1881 census 4872 3629 } 723 } ) 158 ) 2568 3834 Total births 1861-1881 "unaccounted for" in 1881 census expected 4183 3471 linkage rate birth1871 census difference } 554 } } } 4204 } 88.8% } } 903 1457 } 668 } linkage rate birth1881census 70.3% 92.6% 370 1827 80.4% 10 Following children from birth to the 1881 census of Skye, by date of birth and sex. Dates born (age in 1881 census) Sex N born N died on Skye N seen on Skye before 1881 in 1881 census 'Unaccounted for' in 1881 census N % 07/04/1861- 01/04/1866 (15-19 in 1881) f m 1226 1255 228 280 503 595 495 381 40.3 30.3 02/04/1866-01/04/1871 (10-14 in 1881) f m 1147 1250 154 212 705 762 283 273 24.7 21.9 02/04/1871 - 02/04/1876 (5-9 in 1881) f m 1114 1228 143 208 848 898 123 122 11.0 9.9 03/04/1876 - 02/04/1881 (0-4 in 1881) f m 1137 1281 84 114 978 1083 75 84 6.6 6.6 9638 ** 1423 6372 1836 19.0 ** in 140 cases the name and sex of the child were not given on the birth certificate 11 ‘Unaccounted for’ does not necessarily mean ‘not there’. Link made using ‘child name + father name + mother name’ If parents names not available ‘lack of link’ Could look at ‘child name +date of birth+ parish of birth’ But if 2+ competing possibilities: ‘lack of link’ Of those aged 15-19 in 1881 census reported to be born on Skye linked back to 1871; linked 1871-1881 not linked 1871-81 Relation to head in 1881 Son Daughter Servant Other 535 513 21 142 51 54 201’ 121 unaccounted for but still on Skye 12 Thus rather than 1836 individuals ‘lost’ from Skye there were approximately 1200 individuals who could not be traced on the island in 1881 – and could be assumed to be migrants. Could these individuals be traced elsewhere on the Scottish mainland using the ‘National 1881’ census? [Dataset SN 4178 ‘Census of Scotland 1881’ held at the UK Data Archive] United Kingdom and Ireland: censuses only asked for parish and county of birth if born in the country surveyed. Those born in other countries were only asked to report their ‘country of birth’. Focussed our study on Scotland. 13 The location of 4074 Skye born males and females (all ages) no longer on the island, by county, Scotland 1881 Total: 1954 Total: 2120 Key: number of Skye-born people per county <10 10<50 50 <100 100<200 200+ 14 The location of Skye born males and females (all ages) no longer on the island, by county, Scotland 1881 Inverness-shire 193 Lanarkshire 339 Govan 138 Barony 84 Glasgow 80 Key: number of Skye-born people per county <10 10<50 50 <100 100<200 200+ 15 The location of Skye born males and females (all ages) no longer on the island, by county, Scotland 1881 Inverness-shire 193 Inverness-shire 214 Lanarkshire 339 Lanarkshire 258 Govan 138 Govan 117 Barony 84 Barony 79 Glasgow 80 Glasgow 41 Key: number of Skye-born people per county <10 10<50 50 <100 100<200 200+ 16 N of individuals aged <20 stated to be born on Skye living elsewhere in Scotland, 1881 census: Males: 306 Females: 338 Total: 644 Can they be linked back to the relevant births allowing us to track individuals born on Skye as they move from the island to the mainland? 17 Constraints: Individuals within Scotland may not return a precise parish/place of birth (or spell it incorrectly) – therefore will not be recognised as ‘Skye-born’ We only have access to Skye’s birth registers from 1861-1901. If individual elsewhere in Scotland gave an inaccurate age in census may not observe their birth if it took place pre-1861 Illegitimate children may have been registered under their mother’s surname but give their father’s surname in the census If mother (re)marries children may be given their step-father’s surname in the census No access to marriages elsewhere in Scotland (£££): cannot see girls changing their surname on marriage No access to deaths elsewhere in Scotland (£££): some migrants may have died on the mainland/elsewhere Spelling/translation of forenames and surnames on mainland can be different from those in our name dictionaries - may not ‘recognise’ individual . 18 N of individuals aged <20 stated to be born on Skye living elsewhere in Scotland, 1881 census whose birth can be identified on Skye 1861-1881: Males: Females: Total: 306 338 644 237 234 471 77% 69% 73% Can we conclude that approximately half of those leaving Skye left Scotland? What proportion of those born on Skye 1861-1881 had left the island by 1881? History looks different from different sources and with different linkage strategies. 19 ‘Skye-born’ individuals on mainland Scotland 1881, traced back to births on Skye 1861-1881. Relation to head in 1881 Daughter Son Servant Other % of total Not linked to Skye birth 18 22 56 77 173 Linked to Skye birth 160 162 46 103 471 27 73 Total 178 184 91 180 644 % linked 90 88 51 57 20
