H:\NAWARAJ\sap-international\GUIDE TO OPEN CONTENT

Transcription

1
v'nf ljifoj:t' jfn] cg'1fkq
-cf]kg sG6]G6 nfO;]G;]hÞ_
sL ;xof]uL lbUblz{sf
;+:s/0f M !=@
2
æ;+F:s[lts ;[hgf s] kL5] nug] jfnL olb sf]O{ cb[Zo
zlSt x} tf] jx v'nf ljifoj:t' cg'1lKts/0f -cf]kg
sG6]G6 nfO;]lG;u+_ xL x} .Æ
– sfn{ dfS{; -l8lh6n o'u s] lnP kl/dflh{t_
n]vs
efiff+t/sf/
;Dkflbsf
tsgLsL ;Dkfbs
;fh;Hhf
M
M
M
M
M
nf‘/G] ; lncª
;f}/e /fh
8f= ;+hLtf jdf{
x]dkfn >]i7
gj/fh k'/L
ISBN
:
978-99946-918-3-8
O; k'l:tsf sf kxnf c+uh
]| L ;+:s/0f lk6 Hjf6{ OlG:6Ro"6,
OlG:6Ro"6 kmf‘/ k]f:6u]h
| P' 6 :6l8hÞ PG8 l/;r{, ljlnod 8]
s'lgu+, Ps]8d
] L xf]u] :s"n /f]6/8}d g] k|sflzt lsof yf .
O; lxGbL ;+:s/0f sf k|sfzg a]nfg]6 Plzof
(www.bellanet.org) cf}/ ;fk g]kfn (www.sapnepal.org.np)
s] ;xof]u ;] lsof uof x} .
d'b0| f
M ;fk–klAnlz· xfp;
;fk kmNrf, aa/dxn, sf7df08", g]kfn
kf]:6 af‘S; M #*@&, kmf]g M $@@#@#)
O; lstfj sf k"/f c+z xdf/] j]a;fO6 www.bellanet.org
cf}/ www.sapnepal.org.np d]+ pknJw x}+ .
O; lstfa s] c+uh
]| L ;+:s/0f sL k"0f{ k|ltlnlk
http://pzwart.wdka.hro.nl/mdr/research/lliang/open
_content_guide/ cf}/ http://media.opencultures.net/
open_content_guide/ d]+ pknJw x}+ .
3
v'nf ljifoj:t' jfn] cg'1fkq
-cf]kg sG6]G6 nfO;]G;]h_Þ sL
;xof]uL lbUblz{sf
;+:s/0fM !=@
nf‘/G] ; lncª
4
v'nf ljifoj:t' jfn] cg'1fkqf]+ -cf]kg sG6]G6 nfO;]G;]hÞ_
sL ;xof]uL lbUblz{sf ;f´f ;[hgf — >]o–u}/Jofkfl/s –
;dfg cg'1lKt k|lt - lqmPl6j sf‘dG; – Pl6«Ao'zg – gf‘g
sdlz{on – z]o/ cnfOs _ @=) cg'1fkq s] cg';f/
k|sflzt x} .
cfk sf] lgDglnlvt sfd s/g] sL :jtGqtf x} M
= s[lt sL k|lt lgsfng], ljt/0f, k|bz
{ gL cf}/ d~rg
s/g] sL .
= Jo'TkGgftds -8]l/j]l6j_ sfo{ s/g] sL .
n]lsg lgDglnlvt ztf]{+ s] cfwf/ k/ M
>]o -cl6«Ao'zg_ M d'Vo n]vs sf] >]o b]gf xf]uf .
u}/Jofkfl/s -gf‘g sdlz{on_ M cfk O; s[lt sf] Jofkfl/s
k|of]hg s] lnP k|of]u gxL+ s/ ;st] x}+ .
;dfg cg'1lKt k|lt -z]o/ cnfOs_ M olb cfk d'Vo k|lt
d]+ jbnfj nft] x},+ ?kfGt/ s/t] x}+ of O;d]+ s'5 gof
;dfj]z s/t] x}+ tf] /rgf sf] cfk s]jn O; k|sf/ s]
cg'1fkq s] cGb/ ljt/0f s/ ;st] x}+ .
= ls;L eL k'gM k|of]u cf}/ ljt/0f s] lnP cfk O;
s[lt of sfo{ s] ztf+{] sf] b";/f]+ s] ;fdg] :ki6 s/
;st] x}+ .
= olb k|ltlnlk clwsf/wf/L ;] cg'dlt ldnL tf]
ls;L eL zt{ sf] ghÞ/cGbfhÞ lsof hf ;stf x} .
pk/f]St bf] la+bc
' f]+ ;] cfks] Gofo;u+t k|of]u cf}/ cGo
clwsf/f]+ k/ ls;L eL k|sf/ sf k|efj gxL+ k8Þu] f .
k"/fcg'1fkqM
http://creativecommons.org/licence/by_nc_q/2.0/legalcode
© k|ltlnlk clwsf/ -@))$, nf‘/G] ; lncª, lk6 Hjf6{ OlG:6Ro"6_
5
ljifo – ;"rL
kl/ro
&
cWofo !
k|ltlnlk clwsf/ -sf‘kL/fO{6_ sf ZofdZj]t -cf}/ e"/f_ !#
cWofo @
k|ltlnlk clwsf/ ;femf x:tfGt/0f -sf‘kLn]km\6_ sL
;fGble{stf
@#
cWofo #
v'nf ljifoj:t' cg'1f kqf]+ sf ;fdfGo :jefj j rl/q $%
cWofo $
v'nf ljifoj:t' cg'1f kqf]+ s] If]qflwsf/ -8f]dg] _ sf
gSzf+sg
%&
cWofo %
d'Vo v'nf ljifoj:t' jfn] cg'1fkq sf t'ngfTds cWoog ^#
cf}/ clws cWoog
!)(
ZfAb ;+u|x
!!&
6
7
kl/ro
jt{dfg kl/j]z d]+ k|ltlnlk clwsf/ Ps k|fljlws sfg"gL
cf}/ sl7g ljifo ;] eL clws ;+uLtsf/, snfsf/,
ljBfyL{, n]vs, ;fdfGo pkef]Stf cf}/ vf; s/ hf] sf]O{
eL ;f+:s[lts pTkfbg ;] h'8f xf] sf]] k|efljt s/g] jfnf
;jfn ag uof x} . k|ltlnlk clwsf/ sf k|Zg xd]+
;dfrf/kqf],+ Od]n s] hl/P /f]hfÞ gf k/]zfg s/tf x} . cfg]
jfn] s'5 cf}/ ;fnf]+ d]+ ox xdf/] ;[hgfTds ;f]r k/
dxTjk"0f{ c;/ 8fn]uf, h};] ;Dklt s] cgGo :jfldTj sf
k|;u+ xf] of ;+oS' t :jfldTj sf . ox Ps P];f ;jfn x}
lh;d+] ;eL ;[hsf]+ sf dxTjk"0f{ lx:;f xf]tf x} . ox aft
ta cf}/ eL dxTjk"0f{ xf] hftL x} ls O;] s]jn jsLnf+] k/
5f]8 lbof hfP .
ox k':ts v'nf ljifoj:t' -c]fkg sG6]G6_ cg'1f kqf]+ sL
b'lgof sf kl/ro s/fg] d] ;xof]u s/tf x} cf}/ ox xfn
d]+ k|rlnt k|ltlnlk clwsf/ s] tf}/ tl/sf+] s] dxTjk"0f{
ljsNk s] :j?k d]]+ t]hL ;]] pe/tf hf /xf x}+ .
v'nf ljifoj:t' cg'1f kqf]+ -cf]kg sG6]G6 nfO;]G;]h_Þ s]
sfof]+{ ;] -lh;sf xd cfu] rns/ lj:tf/k"js
{ j0f{g s/+u] _]
ef/L hg;V+of sf] kmfobf xf] /xf x} . pbfx/0f:j?k M
• Ps j]a;fO6 ;[hs hf] ckgf ;fO6 cgGtsfn
ts :jt+q cf}/ ;fj{hlgs ;Dkbf agfgf rfxtf
x} . cfk ls;L s]f eL cg'dlt lnP au}/ ckgf
;fO6 ls;L cGo k|of]hg s] lnP b]vg] j ;dfGt/
k|lt agfg] cf}/ p;sf k|of]u s/g] b]gf rfx]u+ ] .
n]lsg ;[hs s] d[To' kZrft s]jn k|ltlnlk
8
clwsf/ s] lgodf]+ s] sf/0f ;fO6 sL lg/Gt/tf
tyf ;dfGt/ k|lt agfg] sf sfo{ &) jiff]+{ ts s]
lnP u}/sfg"gL gxL+ xf]gL rflxP .
• Ps ;+uLtsf/ of a}08 6f]nL hf] rfxtf x} ls
cfks] uLt ;+uLt ax';V+ os >f]tf ts kx'r
F ] cf}/
cfk lg0f{o s/t] x}+ ls cgnfOg k|:t'lt s/gf Ps
cR5L ;f]r
+ xf]uL . n]lsg lkm/ eL cfk rfx]u+ ] ls
cfks] uLt–;+uLt sf sf]O{ eL dg'io Jofkfl/s
k|of]u cfks] cg'dtL s] au}/ g s/] .
• Ps cfjlws kmf]6f]uf| km/ of l8hfOg/ lh;] ls;L
b";/] JolSt åf/f p;sL s[lt sf k|of]u lsP hfg]
k/ of cf}/f]+ s] ;fy cfbfg k|bfg lso] hfg] k/
sf]O{ ;d:of gxL+ xf]uL . k|of]ustf{ cfksf] ;[hs
sf >]o b]tf x} cf}/ x/]s k|of]u s] ;do cfksf]
oyf]lrt ;Ddfg b]tf x} .
• Ps j[Qlrq of k|of]ufTds lkmNd lgd{ftf cfks]
lrqf+z b";/f]+ s] ;fy cfbg k|bfg s/tf x} cf}/
lkmNd agfg] s] sfd d]+ pgs] c+zf] sf pkof]u
s/g] s] lnP eL cfksf] cg'dlt b]gf rfxtf x} .
• sf]O{ hf] xfn ljBdfg cfs[lt, ;+uLt, ljl8of] cflb
cGo ;[hgfTds ;fdu|L ;fy ldnfs/ gof ;+:s/0f
of k'gl{ d>0f s/gf rfxtf x}, n]lsg O;s] lnP jx
ef/L /fzL of pRr /f]oN6L b]g] d]+ c;Ifd x} of
sf]O{ cf}/ hf] rfxtf x} ls b";/] If]q sf JolSt
cfksL s[lt sf k|of]u s/] of ckg] s[ltof]+ s] ;fy
;dfj]z s/] .
kl/ro
9
• Ps snfsf/ lh;sf sfd cfwf/e"t :t/ k/
pknAw sfdf]+ sf gsn s/gf x}, h};] xf:ofg'sl[ t
-k}/f] 8L_ agfgf, gsn of pk;+:s/0f ;[hgf
s/gf .
• Ps 9fFrfsf/ -l8hfOg/_ hf] b";/] 9fFrfsf/ s] ;fy
ldns/ of ls;L b";/] If]q s] nf]uf]+ s] ghbLs
/xs/ pgs] sfo{ sf k|of]u s/s] of ckg] sfd d]+
;dfj]z s/s] ;+oS' t ;[hgf s/gf rfxtf x} .
• Ps cWofks hf] cfks] kf7\oqmd sf] b";/f]+ sf]
pknAw s/f s/, p;sL ;dLIff of ;dfnf]rgf
s/s] of p;d]+ s'5 sf6–5fF6 s/ p;d]+ ;'wf/
nfgf rfxtf x} .
• Ps ljåfg n]vs, cfnf]rs of lga+wsf/ hf] ox
rfxtf xf] ls p;s] n]v Pjd p;sL /rgfo]+
lzIffnof],+ k':tsfnof]+ of cfd nf]uf]+ ts kx'r
F
;s+,] gf ls jx sf]O{ k|fl1s k|sfzg of k':ts
k|sfzg u[x sf] k|ltlnlk clwsf/ b]s/ O;s] kx\r
F'
d] afwf 8fn] hf] /rgfsf/ sf] ;fdfGotM k};] eL
gxL+ b]g] k/ ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfcf]+ sf] clws ;]
clws e'UtfgL s/g] s] lnP afWo s/tf x} .
• Ps gf6s\sf/ hf] cf‘gnfOg tTjfjwfg d]+
k|of]UffTds gf6s lnvgf rfxtf x} cf}/ rfxtf x}
ls ;eL ;xefluof+] sf] ox pKfnAw xf] cf}/ b";/f
sf]O{ olb p; gf6s sf b";/f ;+:s/0f lgsfntf x}
tf] p;] eL jxL :jtGqtf cf}/f]+] sf] b]gf xf]uf .
10
• jx JolSt, hf] ljBdfg ;fdu|L s] k|of]u s] lnP
s[lt sf clws /f]oN6L gxL+ r'sf ;stf . vf; s/
ljsf;zLn b]zf]+ d]+ hxfF pRr d"No Ps ;Df:of x} .
P];L l:ylt d]+ v'nf ljifoj:t' cg'1fkqf+] s] txt
;fdlu|of]+ sf k|of]u lsof hfgf ;f+ble{s xf] hftf
x} . cfk eL ckgL s[lt of sfo{ b";/f]+ sf] eL
ptgL xL :jtGqtf s] ;fy v'nL ztf+{] d]+ pknAw
s/ft] x}+ .
• sf]O{ ;f:+sl[ ts ;[hs hf] k|ltlnlk clwsf/ sf]
Psflwsf/ Joj:yf d]+ hf]8 b]g] ;] t+u cf uof x}
cf}/ b";/f ljsNk 9"9+ /xf x} .
P];f x'cf tf] cg'1fkq sL b'lgof d]+ Sof unt x} < xd
p;s] ljleGg ljsNkf+] k/ rrf{ s/ /x] x}+ . cg'1fkq Sof
Ps k|0ffnL gxL+ x} lh;sf k|fylds p4]Zo ;[hsf]+ s] lxtf]+
sf] arfgf cf}/ ;[hgf s/g] s] lnP pT;flxt s/gf x} <
j};] tf] k|ltlnlk clwsf/ sf p2]Zo z'? ;] ;[hsf]+ sf]
pTk|l] /t s/gf yf n]lsg ca cfs/ k|ltlnlk clwsf/ sf
ox sfNklgs bfjf s/gf plrt gxL+ x} . lgDglnlvt
la+b'cf]+ sf dgg s/]+] M
• clwst/ ;[hs of n]vsf]+ d]+ ;] ax't xL sd s]
kf; ckgL s[lt sf k|ltlnlk clwsf/ x} . k|foM
/]sf‘l8{u+ sDkgL of k|sfzs of jx JolSt hf] O;
sfd sf 7]sf b]tf x} p;] xL ox x:tfGt/0f xf]
hftf x} . lh; b]z d]+ sfg"gL ?k d]+ k|ltlnlk
clwsf/ x:tfGt/0f gxL+ lsof hf xf] ;stf, jxfF
eL clwsf+z k|sfzs n]vsf]+ of ;+uLtsf/f]+ ;]]
kl/ro
11
;Demf}tf kq k/ x:tfIf/ s/f s] Psn ljt/0f
clwsf/ sf dflns ag hftf x} .
• ;+uLtsf/f]+ sf] ptgL clws cfo uLtf]+ sL /]sf‘8{
laqmL s] :jfldTjflwsf/ -/f]oN6L_ ;] gxL+ xf]tL x}
lhtgf ls v'nf k|bz{g of d+rg ;] . jf] nf]u eL
ckg] sfdf]+ sf] a]rt] x}+ h};f ls lgdf{tf of
l8hfOg/ s/t] x}+ .
• s]jn cfly{s pTk|/] 0ff xL ls;L dg'io s] ;f+:s[lts
lqmofsnfk sf sf/0f gxL+ xf] ;stf x} . O;s]
afjh"b eL v'nf ljifoj:t' ;fdu|L ckg] sfd ;]
cfly{s cfo cfh{g d]+ ls;L sf] afwf gxL+
kx'Frftf .
k|ltlnlk clwsf/ Ps ;+tl' nt k|0ffnL s] tf}/ k/ z'? x'cf
yf hf] ;[hsf] sf] xf};nf b]tf yf cf}/ rfxtf yf ls
;fj{hlgs clwsf/ -klAns 8f]dg] _ If]q d]+ eL p;sL s[lt
sf :jtGq ljt/0f xf] ;s] lh; k/ cf}/ ;[hs eL sfd
s/ ;s]+ . pbfx/0f s] tf}/ k/ k|ltlnlk clwsf/ :ki6 ?k
d]+ ;fj{hlgs k':tsfnof]+ sf] ;f+:s[lts lqmofsnfkf]+ sf
Ps j}slNks u}/Jofkfl/s ljt/0f dfu{ s] ?k d]+ cg'dlt
b]tf x} cf}/ b] /xf x} . ;do s] ;fy xL ox ;+tn
' g
ljifoj:t' s] :jfldTj wf/sf]+ s]] kIf d],+ h};] ls a8Þ]
k|sfzg u[x, cfd ;+rf/ k|lti7fg cflb sL cf]/ e'mstf hf
/xf x} . jf:tj d]+ k|ltlnlk clwsf/ sf] Ps cf}hf/ sL
t/x O:t]dfn lsof hf /xf x} hf] ;[hgzLntf sf]
lgolGqt s/ ;s] . k|ltlnlk clwsf/ ;] cnu of b"/ xf]g]
;] kxn] ;fdfGo JolSt, snfsf/ cf]/ ;[hsf]+ s] lxt sf]
b]vt] x'P k|ltlnlk clwsf/ sf] Ps af/ lkm/ ;] b]vgf
h?/L x} .
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13
k|ltlnlk clwsf/ -sf‘kL/fO{6_
sf ZofdZj]t cf}/ -e"/f_
P]ltxfl;s cf}/ ;f+:s[lts tf}/ k/ k|ltlnlk clwsf/ Ps
goL aft x} ,cf}/ ls;L eL t/Ls] ;] ox k/fk"j{ sfn sL
;fj{hlgs dfGotf gxL+ x} . k|ltlnlk clwsf/ sf sfg"g
klZrdL ;dfh d]+ !* jL+ ztfAbL d]+ z'? x'cf . o'/f]k d]+
k'gh{fu/0f sfn d]+ k|sfzs ls;L eL rlr{t k':tsf]+ sf]
k|sflzt s/t] ;do pgs] n]vsf]+ ;] Ohfht gxL+ n]t] y]
cf}/ gf xL p;s] abn] d]+ pGx]+ s'5 b]t] y] . oxL k|ltlnlk
clwsf/ s] hGd sf sf/0f agf hf] ls d'b0| f sDkgL sf]
Ps ;xL tf}/ t/Lsf l;vf ;s] . snfsfl/tf ;DAfGwL
k|ltef s] hGd s] ;fy k|ltlnlk clwsf/ ;[hgzLntf sf
;fdfGo ;f:+sl[ ts ;Demf}tf ag uof . Nf]vg cf}/
;[hgzLntf s] ljrf/f]+ sf] cf}krfl/s ?k d]+ ;:+yfut
s/g] ;] kxn]] k|ltlnlk s/gf dxTjk"0f{ dfgf hftf yf .
pbfx/0f s] tf}/ k/ sGkmo'l;; g] Ps k':ts lnvf cf}/
sxf, æd}g] cGt d]+ ckgL ;jf]R{ Rf s[lt t}of/ s/ nL x}
cf}/ d+} uj{ s] ;fy sxtf x"F ls O;s] eLt/ sf sf]O eL
ljrf/ d]/f gxL+ x} .Æ
ha ljZjJofkL k"h
F Ljfb -s}lk6lnHd_ sf la:tf/ x'cf,
k|ltlnlk clwsf/ n]vsf]+ cf}/ snfsf/f]+ s] xfyf]+ ;] lkm;n
s/ sDklgof]+ s] xfyf]+ d]+ hf kxFr
' L . OG6/g]6 cf}/ cfd
14
;+rf/ -l8lh6n ldl8of_ g] c;nL cf}/ gsnL sf‘kL s]
aLr sL leGgtf ld6fg] sL eL sf]lzz sL n]lsg abnt]
sfg"g d]+ O;] s[lqd t/Ls] ;] lg/Gt/tf bL uO{ x} .
kmn:j?k, k|ltlnlk clwsf/ ckgf d'Vo sfd hf] k|sfzs
;+:yf s]f sfg"g ;Ddt agfgf yf, jx 5f]8Þ bz{s,
snfsf/ cf}/ u|fxsf]+ sf] sfg"g;Ddt agfg] sL cf]/
kl/jlt{t xf] uof x} .
k/Dk/fut ?k d]+ k|ltlnlk clwsf/ sL ;fGble{stf
;+f:s[lt tyf snfsfl/tf d]+ sd yf Jofkfl/s d'b0| f
k|sfzg sL ljwf s] cnfjf . s'5 pbfx/0f M–
jf:tj d]+ k|ltlnlk clwsf/, ;+;f/ sL nf]slk|o ;f:+s[lt
s] k/Dk/fut ?kf]+ sL u|Gysfl/tf, df}lnstf cf}/ d]+ sf]O{
dfog] gxL+ /vtf x} . pbfx/0f s] lnP, nf]ssyf cf}/
nf]suLt, ;fj{hlgs clwsf/ -klAns 8f]d]g_ If]q d]+
ls;L sf eL gfd pNn]lvt lso] lagf ;du| d] :f[lht xf]t]
x+} . ;fy xL olb O; d]+ ?kfGt/0f, kl/jt{g of Ps efiff
;] b";/L efiff d]+ cg'jfb s/gf xf] tf] ox O;L t/Ls] ;]
a9Þfof hftf x} cf}/ O;] eL ;+:s[lt s] ljsf; sf Ps
lx:;f dfgf hftf x} .
jfN6 l8hÞgL sfkf]/{ z
] g g] ckgL clwsf+z cfo ;fj{hlgs
If]q sL nf]s syfP+ h};] :gf] x\jfO6 cf}/ l;Gbafb sf]
;fj{hlgs If]q ;] x6fs/ Psflwsf/ :jfldTj sL lkmNd]
sf k|ltlnlk clwsf/ o'St a]rg] jfnL rLh d]+ kl/0ft
s/ s] lsof x} . cfh jfN6 l8hÞgL Ps tfstj/ sDkgL
x} hf] l8lh6n cfd ;+rf/ s] r/d k|ltlnlk clwsf/ s]
/fhg}lts If]q s] k|fof]hsf]+ sf] a9fjf b]tL x} .
k|ltlnlk clwsf/ -sf‘kL/fO6_ sf ZofdZj]t cf}/ -e"/f_
pRr ;f:+s[lt cf}/ g}lts l;wfGt sL s[ltof]+ k/ eL oxL
aft nfu" xf]tL x} . O; d]+ eL ls;L sf gfd pNn]lvt x'P
lagf ;d"xut ?k ;] ckgf sf}zn k|:t't lsof hftf x} .
pbfx/0f s] tf}/ k/ xf]d/ sf dxfsfJo æPs xhf/ Ps
/ftf]+ sL bf:tfgÆ lh;] syf jStf g] xL km}nfof x}, O;sf
cflwsfl/s cf}/ d"n lnlvt ;+:s/0f sf seL sf]O
cl:tTj gxL+ /xf x} . cfw'lgs bz{gzf:qL ox dfgt] x} ls
ox syfP“ kmf/;L ;|f]tf ;] p4[t sL uO{ x} hf] O;;] kxn]
ef/tLo s[lt ;] ?kfGt/ lso] uP y] .
dWosfn cf}/ k'ghf{u/0f d]+ d"n u|Gysfl/tf sf] sd
pT;flxt xL gxL+ alNs cgfb/ xf]t] x'P eL kfof uof x} .
8f‘g lSjshf]6 s] k|:tfjgf d]+ ldu'Pn l8 ;/j]lG6; g]
ckg] pkGof; s] c/aL ;|f]tf]+ k/ cfwfl/t /xg] sf unt
bfjf lsof yf . ;flxlTos s[ltof]+ d]+ ox Ps k|rng yf
ls goL sxflgofF gf lnvs/ k"g{n]vg s/ p;] k|ltl:7t
;"rL d]+ zfldn sof hfo] . h};] ls lqm:6f]km/ df/nf] s]
kmf“:6; sf] hf]xfg j'Nkmu}u+ u]6,] kmgf{G8f]] k]:;f]cf, cNk|m] 8
h]/L, 6f}d; d}g ;] n]s/ lds]n a'6f]/ ts g] lsof .
@)jL+ ztfAbL ts cf}/ ha l/sf‘l8{ª pBf]u sf pbo xf]
/xf yf tj ts k|ltlnlk clwsf/ sf] ls;L g] dxTj s]
;fy gxL++ b]vf yf . cf}/ gf xL O;g] ;+uLt sDkf]lhzg
d]+ sf]O{ dxTjk"0f{ ;xof]u lsof . ;+uLt /rgfP“ ;xh ?k
d]+ Ps sDkf]h/ ;] b";/] sDkf]h/ ts sf‘kL sL hftL yL
of pGx]+ ckg] t/Ls] ;] k|:t't lsof hftf yf . pbfx/0f
s] ¿k d]+ M– af}z sf sg;6f]{ Og 8L d]h/ aL 8An" jL
(&@, ljjfN8L sf ln P:Tf|f] xfdf]l{ gsf s] uLt gfOGy
d'jd]G6 d]+ lkm/ ;] lsof uof j[Gbjfbg -l/cfs]{:6«]zg_
15
16
yf . ;fy xL !( jL+ ztfAbL ts aLyf]]j]g s] 8fPa]nL
e]l/Pzg hf] sL cl:6«og P+6f]g 8fOa]NnL bf/f lnlvt
jfNr sL *# lje]b -e]l/o]zg_ x} cf}/ An"h ;+uLt sf
;Dk"0f{ 9f“rf hf] sL j:t'tM Ps uLt 6\jN] y af/ xf/df]lgs
:sLd sf xL Ps lje]b -j]l/o]zg_ x} .
ceL ts b[Zo snf k|ltlnlk clwsf/ s] ljjfb sf ljifo
gxL+ agf yf . ax't xb ts /]g;] f“ -!$ ;] !^jL+ ztfAbL d]+
Snfl;s snf ;flxTo sf pTyfg_ cf}/ af/f]s (Baroque)
– !& ;] !*jL+ ztfAbL s] o'/f]kLo ejg lgdf{0fzf:q cf}/
lrqf]+ sf pTyfg— sL lrqsnf ;dli6ut ?k d]+ Ps pRr
:t/Lo ;fd'lxs sfo{zfnf sL pkh yL . hf] b[ZofTds
k|ltsfTds nIf0f s] ?k d]+ :yflkt xf]tL uO{ . ?a]g cf}/
/]Da|fG8f] O; sfo{zfnf k4lt s] ljlZfi6 cEof;stf{ y],
pgs] sfof]{ d] ceL ts ls;]] >]o lbof uof x} k|s6 gxL+ xf]
kfof x} . ;g\ !(@! d]+ s'Th{ l:Sj6]/; g] ckg] dfsf{ 8f8f
sf gfd ‘dh{’ /vf hf] hd{gL s] sf“d;{ a}s
+ s] lrGx ;]
ljsl;t yf cf}/ lh;] p;g] sf]nfh k]lG6+u d]+ k|of]u lsof
yf . n]lsg olb oxL sfd cfh s] snfsf/ OG6/g]6 d]+
s/t] x}+ tf] pg k/ k|ltlnlk clwsf/ cf}/ 6«8] dfs{ pNn3+g
s/g] sf d'sbdf rn ;stf x} .
ha ;] lghL sDKo'6/ cf]}/ OG6/g]6 g] cfd ;+rf/ s]
pkef]Stfcf]+ s]f cfd ;+rf/ sf lgdf{tf agg] s] lnP
tsgLsL b"l/of]+ sf] ld6f s/ k|fks tsgLs ;] k|]ifs
tsgLs agg] s] k|fcf}lusL ts kx'“rfof x} -!(#) s]
a]/tf]Nt a]/Gt cf}/ !(&) s] xG;dfUg; PGh]G;au{/ sL
;+rf/ ;dfnf]rgf sf pNn]v s/t] x'P_ k|ltlnlk clwsf/
g] ;[hgzLntf d]+ pT;fx k}bf s/g] ;] clws cj/f]w
v8Þf lsof x} .
17
u|flkms snfsf/ lsP/f]g 8\j]/ s] dfdn] ;] ox ktf
rntf x} ls s'Th{ l:Sj6]{; olb a}+s sf ‘nf]uf]’ ckg] lnP
pkof]u lsof xf]tf tf] p;sf Sof xfn xf]tf < 8\j/] g]
:j[f/jS; s] ‘nf]uf]’ sf] ckg] ;:+s/0f d]+ /vs/ ha
sf‘ldS; k':ts, l6z6{ cf}/ l:6s/ lgsfnf tf] p;s]
Ps jif{ s] afb sDkgL g] p; k/ d'sbdf s/ lbof .
d'sbd] s] lgA6f/f xf]g] k/ 8\j]/ sf] p; ‘nf]uf]’ k|bz{g
sL cg'dlt tf] ldnL n]lsg ;Lldt kl/l:ylt d]+ cf}/ p;
k/ sf‘ldS;, l6z6{ cf}/ l:6s/ lgsfn] k/ kfaGbL nuf
bL uO{ . pGx]+ pg t:jL/f]+ sf] j]a;fO6 d]+ /vg] sL
cg'dlt tf] ldnL n]lsg p;] ckg] j]a;fO6 d]+ /vg] k/
kfaGbL yL, ;fy xL jx ckg] j]a;fO6 d] p; ‘nf]uf]’j]a;fO6
sf] atf}/ ln+s eL gxL+ /v ;st] y] hf] p;] lbvf /xL x} .
;|ft] M www.illegal-art.org
Ps cZj]t cd]l/sL n]vs cln; /G8fn g] :sfn]6{ cf]xf/f
sL d'nf6f] xfkm l;:6/ -;f}tn
] L axg_ s] ;Gbe{ ;] uf]g
ljy b jLG8 gfds s[lt k/ k}/f]8L lnvL . æuf‘g ljy b
ljG8Æ sL /rgfsf/ df/u/]6 ldr]n sL cf]/ ;] O; k/
k|ltlnlk clwsf/ sf xgg xf]g] sL oflrsf bfo/ lsP
hfg] k/ k':ts k|sfzg k/ /f]s nuf bL uO{ . ;+of]ujz
sf]6{ g] O; d'sbd] d]+ k':ts k|sfzg k/ nuL /f]s sf]
vfl/h s/ lbof .
;g\ @))# s] lb;Da/ d]+ Ps o'jf snfsf/ 8L h] 8]Gh/
dfp; g] aL6\N; sL æx\jfO6Æ cf}/ lxk xk snfsf/ h]
h]8s] sL æAn}sÆ Pnad ;] ‘u|]’ gfds Pnad sf lgdf{0f
lsof . u|] Pnad sL #))) -tLg xhf/_ k|lt xL ceL
;fj{hlgs x'O{ yL cf}/ zfob jxL p;sf cGt eL xf]tf
18
n]lsg bf] dfx s] afb xL 8L h] 8]Gh/ dfp; sf] ;Lh PG8
8]l;:6 kq ldnf lh;d]+ OPdcfO{ g] ckg] :jfldTj d]+ /x]
aL6\N; s] x\jfO6 Pnad s] k|ltlnlk clwsf/ sf pNn+3g
lsP hfg] sf cf/f]k nufof cf}/ pTkfbg sf] AfGb s/g]
sf cfb]z lbof .
O; ;u+|x k/ nufP uP cgflwsfl/s k|ltaGw s] af/] d]+
ax't ;] nf]uf]+ g] sxf ls ox snfsf/ sL ;[hgf sf]
xtf]T;flxt s/g] jfnf c:jR5 pNn3+g x} cf}/ O;L sf]
n]s/ e"/f d+unjf/ -u|] 6\o'H8]_ gfd sf cleofg
www.downhillbattle.org g] rnfof . O; d]+ kL 6' kL
g]6js{ s] hl/o] Pnad sf] cgnfOg pknAw s/fof
uof . !&) ;] eL clws j]a;fO6f]+ g] O; Pnad sf]
cgnfOg 8fpgnf]8 pknAw s/fof lhgd]+ ;] Hofbft/
sf] OPdcfO (EMI) sDkgL ;] ljt/0f /f]sg] sf kq
ldnf . ceL ts ;f9] af/x nfv ;] eL clws nf]uf] g]
O; Pnad sf] 8fpgnf]8 lsof x} . O; t/x 8L h] 8]Gh/
dfp; ut jif{ gf]/fx hf]G; h};] bfj]bf/f] sf] kL5] 5f]8Þt]
x'P ;jf{clws Pnad a]rg] jfn] snfsf/ ag] .
k|ltlnlk clwsf/ sfg"g s] O; clts|d0f k/ ca ox
;jfn p7tf x} ls cflv/ O;sf ljsNk Sof xf] ;stf x}<
af]nL cf}/ cleJolSt sL :jtGqtf sf] 7f]s/ df/g] jfn]
Og lgod sfg"gf]+ sf] xd gxL+ eL dfg ;st] x}+, n]lsg
O; vrL{nL sfg"gL k|ls|of ;] ckg] cfk sf] arfgf
vrL{nf vt/f ;flat xf] ;stf x} .
O;s] afjh"b O;] d2]gh/ /v s/ Ps b";/f cleofg
t]hL s] ;fy nf]slk|o xf]tf hf /xf x}, n]lsg O;s] lnP
;ls|otf sL h?/t x} . O;s] c+tu{t ;fj{hlgs clwsf/
19
If]q d+] /v] ;fdlu|of]+ sf] k|ltlnlk clwsf/ dflns ;]
cg'dtL lnP au}/ eL O:t]dfn lsof hf ;stf x} cf}/
O;s] lnP df]6L /f]oN6L eL gxL+ b]gL k8Þu] L . k|ltlnlk
clwsf/ s] O; ck|ltalGwt lj:tf/ s] lj?4 cfu] a9g]
jfn] O; gP cleofg sf] …sf‘kLn]ˆ6Ú -k|ltlnlk clwsf/
;f´f x:tfGt/0f _ sxf hftf x} . O;sf hGd :jtGq
;f‘km\6j]o/ h};] …nLgS;Ú (linux) cf}/ …hLPgo"Ú (GNU) ;]
x'cf n]lsg lkmnxfn ox ckg] If]q sf] Jofks agfg] sL
sf]lzz d]+ nuf x'cf x} tfls ;eL k|sf/ s] dfWodf]+ d+]
:jtGq ljt/0f, k|of]u cf}/ ;fd'lxs ljsf; sf ljrf/ nfu'
xf] ;s] . O; s] ;fy–;fy u}/k|ltlnlk clwsf/ Pjd
k|ltlnlk clwsf/ lj/f]wL snfTds k/Dk/f eL df}hb" x} .
Kf|mfG; s] ?dfgL slj :juL{o nf}6«df]G6 g] ckgL rlr{t
k':ts kf]Pl;; -!*&)_ d]+ lnvf yf æls;L sf efj n]gf
h?/L x} . O; d]+ k|ult l5kL xf]tL x} . O; d+] /rgfsf/ s]
zAb cfTd;ft lsP xf]t] x}+ . p;sL cleJolSt /xtL x}
cf}/ ;sf/fTds ljrf/f]+ ;] gsf/fTds ljrf/f]+ ;] x6fof
hftf x} .Æ cfh oxL ljrf/ :jtGq ;f‘km\6j]o/ ljsf; s]
lnP Ps ;6Ls pbfx/0f ag uof x} .
slj nf}6«df]G6 Pjd lukm\6 Osf]gf]ldh s] af/] d]+ cWoog
s/g] jfn] k|mG] r dfgjzf:qL df;]n
{ df}; ;] k|efljt x]fs/
n]km\6lj+u snfsf/ ;f:s[lts l;4fGtsf/ cf}/ /fhlglts
sfo{stf{cf+] sf Ps ;d"x æb l;r'Pzlg:6 OG6/g]zgnÆ
g] !(%* ;] !(&) d]+ agfof yf . pGxf]g+ ] k|sfzg u}/k|ltlnlk
clwsf/o'St ;tf]{ d]+ k|sflzt s/ ls;L sf] eL lagf
cg'dlt lnP cg'jfb, k'gn]v
{ g j gsn k|lt agfg] ls
cg'dlt bL x} .
20
!(*) s] cGt d]+ cf}/ !(() s] z'? d]+ ;u+Ltsf/ hf]g
cf]:jfN8, g]ul] 6jn}08 cf}/ 6]k aL6\N; tyf cGo ;d"xf]+ g]
‘KnG8/kmf]lgS;’ sL jsfnt sL, O; u}/k|ltlnlk clwsf/
;+uLt d] d'VotM kk ;+uLt s] k|of]ufTds WjgL sf]nfh
Pjd k|;fl/t WjGofTds ;fdlu|of xf]tL yL .
;g\ !((( d]+ n'y/ lkN;]6 s] gfd ;] gfj]n So' (Q)
lgsnf hf] ;fd"lxs ?k d]+ kxn] ldl8of k|}Gs\:6/ k|f]h]S6
s] x+;L–dhfs sf O6flnog ?k yf . Ps P]ltxfl;s
ly|n/ s] ?k d]+ j0fL{t !^jL+ ztfAbL s] Ps ;d"xut
;:+s[lt sf ox So' pkGof; jxf“ sL /fi6«Lo s[lt agf cf}/
afb d]+ s|dzM k|mG] r, hd{g tyf c+uh
]| L d]+ cg'jflbt s[ltof“
eL k|sflzt x'O+{ . :ki6ut ?k d]+ O; s[lt sf cJoj;flos
k|fof]hg s] lnP sf]O{ eL k|lt agf ;stf yf O;;] s[lt
ls laqmL k/ sf]O{ c;/ gxL+ k8Þf . /f]rs aft ox yL ls
O; s[lt sf k|sfzg ls;L e"ldut k|sfzg ;:+yf g] gxL+
alNs rlr{t ;+:yfP“ h};] O6nL sL Ogfp8L (Enaudi),
k|mfG; sL Pl8zG; 8' l;pn (Editions du Seul), cf}/
hd{gL sL kfOk/ g] lsof yf . ox ;eL pGxL+ ;:+yfcf]+ d]
;]+ x}, lhGxf]g+ ] cfzfk|b k|sfzg s] lnP k/Dk/fut k|ltlnlk
clwsf/ sf] Tofu s/ ljt/0f k|0ffnL sf] c+lusf/
lsof x} .
ox kl/rofTds k'l:tsf pg ;+rf/, cfd l8hfOg/,
snfsf/ ;+uLtsf/ ljifoj:t' s] lgdf{tf tyf pTkfbs,
lj4t ju{ cf}/ cg';Gwfg stf{cf]+ s] lnP x} hf] ckgL
s[ltof]+ sf lagf ls;L zt{ s] ljt/0f s/g] sL dfGotf
/vt] x}+ . O; df}8n d]+ vf; s/ v'nf ljifo j:t'
cg'1fkq -cf]kg] sG6]G6 nfO;]G;_ s] b[li6sf]0f ;] ljrf/
21
lsof uof x}, n]lsg lagf zt{ ckgL ;[hgf /vg] sf
dtna ckgL s[lt s] k|ltlnlk clwsf/ sf Tofu s/gf
gxL+ x} . ox lgb]l{ zsf ckgL s[lt s] lnP s'5 clwsf/
to s/g] jfn] ljsNkf]+ sf] pknAw s/ftL x} . O;s] ;fy
xL ox lgb]l{ zsf /rgf of s[lt cfbg k|bfg, ljt/0f tyf
kl/jt{g s] lnP gP ;s/fTds clwsf/f]+ s] af/] d]+
k|ltlnlk clwsf/ ;o'S+ t x:tfGt/0f -sf‘kLn]ˆ6_ s] txt
ls; t/x sf ljsf; xf] /xf x} p;;] cjut s/ftL x} .
22
23
c W o fo @
k| ltlnlk clwsf/ ;femf x:tfGt/0f
-sf‘kLn] km\6_ sL ;fGble{stf
tf], ca sf‘kLn]ˆ6 -k|ltlnlk clwsf/ ;+oQ
' m x:tfGt/0f_ of
cf]kg sG6]G6 -v'nL ljifoj:t'_ df}8n cflv/ Sof x}< j};]
tf] k|ltlnlk clwsf/ lk5n] tLg ;f} jiff}+{ ;] rntf cf /xf
x}, k/ lk5n] s'5 lbgf]+ ;] ox lg/Gt/ rrf{ sf ljifo ag
/xf x} . ox kl/jt{g k|fylds ?k ;] OG6/g]6 of cf}/ sd
vrL{n] k'gMk|ltlnlks/0f sL k|ljlwof]+ h};] M ;L8L /fO6/
åf/f nfO{ x'O{ x}+ . g]K;\6/ dfdn] d]+ kmfOn z]ol/+u a6jf/]_ ;] z'? O; ljjfb g] jf:tljs ?k d]+ k|ltlnlk
clwsf/ sf] ;fwf/0f cfbdL sL aftrLt sf ljifo agf
lbof .
k|fljlws–sfg"gL If]q s] cfGbf]ng ;] xf]t] x'P k|ltlnlk
clwsf/ sf xdf/] b}lgs lqmofsnfk k/ a9Þt] x'P k|efj
sf] b]v ;"rgf ;DaGwL /fhgLlt, k|ltlnlk clwsf/ s]
lgoGq0f sf 9fFrf, agfj6 cf}/ k|ltlnlk clwsf/ s]
ljsNk sf] cu|el" d d]+ nfof uof x}+ . k|ltlnlk clwsf/ sf
ljsf; z'? d]+ /rgfsf/ of ;[hgzLnf]+ sf] pTk|l] /t s/g]
tyf a[xt\ ;fj{hlgs lxt s] lnP ;+oS' t clwsf/ If]q
-klAns 8f]dg] _ d]+ :jtGq ;"rgf sL k|flKt cf}/ p;s]
k|jfx s] lnP ;Gt'lnt k|0ffnL s] ?k d]+ lsof uof yf, k/
24
ca ljåfgf]+ g] ox cg'ej lsof ls ox ;fj{hlgs lxt ;]
Hofbf ljifoj:t' s] :jfldTj s] kIf d]+ hf /xf x}+ .
ca ;demg] sL aft ox x} ls k|ltlnlk clwsf/ k|foM
/rgfsf/f]+ s] :jfldTj d]+ gxL+ x} alNs a8Þ] ;+:yfg,
k|sfzs cf}/ /]sf‘8{ sDklgofF, hxfF a8Þ] :t/ k/ Jofkf/,
rfn' sDkgL s] lxt d]+ lsof hftf x},+ jxfF k|ltlnlk
clwsf/ sL Jofkstf ;'lglZrt sL uO{ x} . xdf/] ;fdg]
O;s] bf] kIf x}+ M k|ltlnlk clwsf/ sf ;do ;Ldf -z'? d]+
rf}bx jif{ ;] ceL gAa] jif{ ;] clws ts ;'/lIft_ cf}/
O;s] gP If]qf]+ d] a9Þt] Jofkstf h};] M O;s] cGt{ut
kxn] ;f‘km\6j]o/ zfldn gxL yf . ;fy xL ox k"j{ cg'dfg
;] clws clwsf/f]+ k/ lgoGq0f /vg] ls l:ylt d+] x} . hxfF
k|ltlnlk clwsf/ cfO{g sfg"g sf] k"0f{tf bL uO{ jxf+ eL
l8lh6n clwsf/ Joj:yfkg tsgLsf]+ åf/f kfalGbofF
nufO{ uoL x}+ cf}/ vt/f sfod x} . O; t/x k|ltlnlk
clwsf/, ljifoj:t' cf}/ ;[hgzLntf k/ tsgLsL
sl7gfOofF a9Þfg] d]+ dbb s/ /xf x}+ .
:jtGq -k|mL_ ;f‘km\6j]o/ M k|ltlnlk clwsf/ sL
k'g{JofVof
k|ltlnlk clwsf/ sL Jofkstf s] af/] d]+ oy]i6 ljåt
sfd aLt] jiff]+{ d]+ lsof uof x}+ tyf cf}/ cWoog s] lnP
Ps ;"rL O; k':ts s] cGt d]+ bL uoL x} . O; k':ts sf
b[li6sf]0f k|ltlnlk clwsf/ s] lj:tf/ ;] z'? xf]s/
k|ltlnlk clwsf/ ;+/If0f ;] ldn] :j?k s] lj?4 lbvfO{
k8Þg] jfnL k|ltlqmof x} :jtGq tyf v'nf ;|ft] ;f‘km\6j]o/M
ˆnf}; -k|mL lna|n P08 cf]kg ;f];{ df]8n : FLOSS_ jr{:j
sfod s/ /x] k|ltlnlk clwsf/ aftrLt s] If]q d]+ Ps
k|ltlnlk clwsf/ ;femf x:tfGt/0f -sf‘kLn]km\6_ sL ;fGble{stf
25
;zSt, lglZrt ljkIf ;f]r xf] ;stf x}+ cf}/ O;;] 1fg
sf pTkfbg tyf ljt/0f h};] ;jfnf]+ s] lnP ljsNk sf
/f:tf eL v'n ;stf x}+ .
:jtGq ;f‘ˆ6j]o/, sf‘kLn]ˆ6 h};] zAbf]+ ;] k|ltlnlk
clwsf/ s] ljsNk sf cfef; xf]tf x}+ . k/Gt' Wofg d]+
/vg] jfnL aft ox x}+ ls Og ljsNkf+] sf dtna k|ltlnlk
clwsf/ sf Tofu s/gf gxL+ x} . ;r tf] ox x} ls
k|ltlnlk clwsf/ sfg"g k/ cfwfl/t x} cf}/ ox
gsf/fTds ax; sL ck]Iff ;[hgzLntf s] ;fy
;sf/fTds JofVof clws s/tf x}+ . cyf{t, ox sxgf
rfxtf x} ls k|ltlnlk clwsf/ k/Dk/fut ?k d]+ k|fks sf]
ldnf Ps Jofks clwsf/ x} cf}/ O;] k|ltlnlk clwsf/
dflns ckg] :jfy{ s] lnP zf]if0f s/t] x+} . k|ltlnlk
clwsf/ sf] clwsf/f]+ s] k}s6] s] ?k d]+ ;f]rs/ O;d]+
cg]s If]qf]+ sf] ;d]6f uof x}
!_ k'gp{Tkfbg sf clwsf/ M s[lt of /rgf sf lkm/ ;]
pTkflbt s/g] sf clwsf/, h};] k|ltlnlk
lgsfngf .
@_ k'gk{o| f]u sf clwsf/ M k|ltlnlk clwsf/ k|fKt
s[lt s] cfwf/ k/ cGo k|of]u, h};] k':ts k/
cfwfl/t rnlrq sf lgdf{0f .
#_ ljt/0f sf clwsf/ M s[lt of /rgf sL k|ltlnlk
sf ljt/0f, h};] b'sfg ;] k':ts a]r] hft] x}+ .
$_ k|:t'tL -k/kmd{G] ;_ sf clwsf/ M k|ltlnlk clwsf/
k|fKt s[lt of /rgf sf] ;fj{hlgs ?k d]+ k|:t't
lsof hf ;stf x},+ h};] k':tsjfrg, gf6s d+rg .
%_ k|bz{g -l8:Kn]_ sf clwsf/ M /rgf sf] ;fj{hlgs
k|bz{g s/g] sf clwsf/ -l;g]df of snfs[lt sf
k|bz{g_
26
k|ltlnlk clwsf/ ;[hgf sL df}lns s[lt s] lnP xL lbof
hftf x}+ n]lsg ;flxTo d]+ df}lns sfo{ sf cy{
;[hgzLntf xf]g] k/ eL ;fdfGo cy{ d]+ O;d]+ cGt/ xf]tf
x}, cf}/ ox k|ltlnlk clwsf/ sfg"g s] lnP cnu cy{
/vtf x} . k|ltlnlk clwsf/ sfg"g d]+ df}lnstf sf dtna
s[lt sf b";/] ;] gsn gxL+ s/gf x}, ox s]jn df}lnstf
s] pb\ud sf] ;+st] s/tf x}+ . O; t/x hxfF ts ox
b";/f]+ sL s[lt of /rgf sf gsn gxL++ x}+ cf}/ olb O;s]
lnP d]xgt sL uoL x} tf] ox df}lns dfgf hfPuf Sof]l+ s
ox df}lnstf sL ztf]+{ sf] k"/f s/tf x} .
O;sf b";/f dxTjk"0f{ kIf ox x} ls k|ltlnlk clwsf/
k|fKt s/g] s] lnP ls;L vf; t/Ls] sL h?/t gxL+ x}
cf}/ :jfefljs ?k d]+ ;[hs sf] s[lt ;[hgf s] ;do xL
Ps 7f]; ?k k|bfg s/tf x} lh;s] sf/0f ox Ps uDeL/
;d:of ag ;stL x} . pbfx/0f:j?k, d+g} ] Ps u|flkms
kmfOn agfof cf}/ p;] OG6/g]6 d]+ 8fn lbof . b";/f
JolQm olb O; kmfOn sf] 8fpgnf]8 s/s] ls;L eL p2]Zo
;] O;sf k|of]u h};,] kf7\o ;fdu|L agfg] d+] of ckgf
xf]dk]h d+] s/tf x} tf] k|ltlnlk clwsf/ sfg"g s] cg';f/
p;g] cg'dlt s] lagf O;sf k|of]u s/s] d]/] clwsf/ sf
xgg lsof x} rfx] p;s] P];f s/g] k/ d'´] sf]O{ cfklt
g eL /xL xf] . p; k/ d'sbdf g s/g] k/ eL sfg"g s]
ckjh{g s] lgod ;] :jtM 5"6 gxL+ ldn ;stL . xd p;
;do ;] cfu] a9Þ r"s] x}+ ha ;eL ;[hgfPF ;fj{hlgs
clwsf/ If]q d]+ pknAw xf]t] y] olb p;d]+ clwsf/ s] af/]
d]+ s'5 gxL+ lnvf xf]tf yf . n]lsg ca ;eL ;[hgfPF
;+/lIft clwsf/ If]q d]+ :jtM ?kfGtl/t xf] hftL x}, olb
p; k/ ;fj{hlgs clwsf/ If]q s] eLt/ pknAw xf]g] sL
aft gxL+ eL lnvL x'O{ xf] tf] eL .
27
cg'1fkq cf}/ k|ltlnlk clwsf/ sf lgoGq0f
O; ;do k|ltlnlk clwsf/ lj:tf/ s] ljj/0f sL cf]/
nf}6 hfgf pkof]uL xf]uf . jf:tljstf s] cg';f/ k|ltlnlk
clwsf/ k|z:t clwsf/f]+ sf ;+of]hg x} cf}/ lagf ls;L
b";/] sL s[lt k/ æcfFr kx'r
F fPÆ sfd s/gf c;Dej xL
x} . O;lnP /rgf of s[lt s] ls;L eL c+z k/ sfd s/g]
s] lnP cg'1fkq n]g] sL cfjZostf k8ÞtL x}+ . O; t/x
k|ltlnlk clwsf/ s] :jfdL ;] cg'1fkq n]g] s] afb
cg'1fkq wf/L k|ltlnlk clwsf/ k|fKt s[lt k/ ckg]
clwsf/ sf k|of]u s/tf x}+ . O; cg'1fkq s] lagf
k|ltlnlk clwsf/ s] åf/f :jtM gxL+ lbP uP clwsf/ sf
k|of]u s/g] k/ jx pNnª\3g dfgf hfPuf .
n}l6g zAb ln;]/ (Licere) ;] ljsl;t ænfO;]G;Æ zAb
sf d"n cy{ xL …cg'dltÚ cg'1f x}+ . l;4fGt:j?k cg'1f
kq, k|ltlnlk clwsf/ d]+ /x] k|ltlnlk clwsf/ :jfdL s]
xs d]+ :jtM lqmofzLn xf]g] s] k|fjwfgf]+ sL xL cg'dlt
b]tf x}+ . O; t/x cg'1fkq l8kmfN6 -:jtM lqmofzLn xf]g]
jfn] k|fjwfgf]_+ , k|ltlnlk clwsf/ ;] sd gxL+ Hofbf xL
cg'dlt k|bfg s/tf x}+ . :jtGq ;f‘km\6j]o/ cf}/ v'nf
ljifoj:t' cg'1f kq, cg'1fkq zAb sf ;xL ljZn]if0f x}+ .
l8kmN6 k|ltlnlk clwsf/ lgodfjnL s] d'sfan] –
:jfdLut -k|fk] f| O6/L_ ;f‘km\6j]o/ cg'1fkq Hofbf zt{k0" f{
x}+ . pbfx/0f:j?k M dfOqmf];fkm\6 clGtd k|of]ustf{
cg'1fkq -P08 o'h/ nfO;]G; Plu|dG] 6 M EULA _ ;xdlt
cfksf] s]jn Ps ;LkLo" d]+ ;f‘km\6j]o/ hf]8gÞ ] sL cg'dlt
b]tf x} cf}/ ls;L b";/] sDKo'6/ d]+ eL O;] gxL++ n] hf
;st] x}+ cf}/ g xL ox hfg kfPu]+ ls O; sDKo'6/ k|fu] f| d
sf ;|ft] ;+st] -;f];{ sf]8_ ls; t/x sfd s/tf x}+ .
28
ljt/0f M ;f‘km\6j]o/ k|f8] S6 sL k|ltof“ cfk ls;L
tL;/] kIf d]+ ljt/0f gxL+ s/ ;st] . k|ofjlt{t
OlGhlgol/· M alxd'v
{ Ls/0f s/gf of Ow/ pw/
s/gf dgf x}+ . cfk ;f‘km\6j]o/ pTkfbg sf]
k|Tofjlt{t OlGhlgol/+u, pn6–kn6 of Ow/–pw/
gxL+ s/ ;st], n]lsg sfg"g ;] ldnL k|i6 cg'dlt
;] afx/ hfg] k/ xL P];f s/gf lgif]lwt dfgf
hfPuf . ls/fof M cfk ;f‘km\6j]o/ pTkfbg sf]
ls/fo] k/ gxL+ b] ;st] x}+ .
clGtd k|of]ustf{ cg'1fkq ;xdlt dfOqmf];f‘km\6 OG6/g]6
PS;Knf]// ;+:s/0f -jh{Þg_ %=@ cf}/ ;f‘km\6j]o/ ;DalGwt
cGo kIf
P};] cg'1fkq s};] cg'dltkq gxL++ xf] ;st] x+} cf}/ ox
ls; t/x Hofbf zt]{ nuft] x}+ < O; gfd k/ k|of]u x'P
zAb æcg'1fkq ;Demf}tfÆ åf/f O;] k|ltlnlk clwsf/
cfO{g ;] ;Demf}tf -s/f/gfdf_ cfO{g d]+ n] hfof uof x} .
nfO;]G; Plu|dG] 6 -c'g1fkq ;xdlt_ s] af‘s; d]+ hf s/
lSns s/g] k/ O; t/x s] ztf]+{ sf] :jLsf/gf, ;f‘ˆ6j]o/
j]G8/ åf/f k|of]u sf] ;Demf}tf agfgf cf}/ O; t/x ;] eL
gxL+ xf]g] k/ k|ltlnlk clwsf/ sfg"g sL dfGotfk|fKt
…km]o/ o"hÚÞ -Gofo;+ut k|of]u_ sL :jtGqtf sf] eL hfn d]+
3]/ n]tf x} . -h};,] k':tsfnof]+ d]+ /rgf of s[ltof]+ sf
;fj{hlgs k|of]u_
29
hf] eL xf], k|ltlnlk clwsf/ ;+oS' t x:tfGt/0f -sf‘kLn]ˆ6_
cf}/ v'nf ljifoj:t' cg'1fkq ;xL cy{ d]+ k|ltlnlk
clwsf/ sfg"g sf] hfn d]+ gxL+ km+;ftf, k/Gt' pmk/ sx]
cg';f/ sfg"gL k|f?k s] k|ltlnlk clwsf/ s] sfg"gL bfo/]
s] cGb/ /xtf x} . Jofjxfl/stf d]+ ox Sof x} < cR5f
:jtGq ;f‘ˆ6j]o/ cf}/ v'nf ljifoj:t' cg'1fkq eL cfk
sf] tL;/] kIf s] sfg"gL bfj] s] k|ltlnlk clwsf/,
;Demf}tf, 6«8] dfs{ cf}/ Psflwsf/ pNnª\3g sL aftf]+ ;]
gxL+ arf ;stf . b";/] zAbf]+ d,] olb s't{ l:jSj6;{ sL
;[hgf, hd{g sf‘d;{ a}s
+ s] lrGx ;] cfP snf cfGbf]ng
…dh{Ú sL t/x xL cfk g] eL ckg] åf/f agfo] uo] dh{
lrGx sf] eL v'nf ljifoj:t' cg'1fkq s] txt /v] hfg] s]
afjh"b sf‘d;{ a}s
+ cfk k/ 6«8] dfs{ ;DaGwL cf}/ ;DjtM
k|ltlnlk clwsf/ pNn3+g sf cf/f]k nufs/ d'sbdf s/
;stf x}+ . olb cfk ckg] /f]huf/bftf s] lnP ls;L sfd
sf lgdf{0f s/t] x}+ cf}/ p;] v'nf cg'1fkq s] txt
;Defljt kl/jt{g s] lnP /v b]t] x}+ tf] eL cfks]
/f]huf/bftf cfk k/ ;Demf}tf pNn3+g s/g] sf cf/f]k
nuf ;stf x}+ Sof]l+ s cfksf ;eL sfd …;Demf}tfÚ ;] a+wf
x'cf x}+ cf}/ cfk p;s] cwLg x}+ . cu/ cfkg] v'nf
ljifoj:t' -cf]kg sG6]G6_ j]a;fO6 agfof x} hf] cfks]
jg lSns -sDKo'6/ d]+ Ps af/ lSns s/gf_ s/g] ;]
cgnfOg cf8{/ n]tf x} tf] eL Pd]hgÞ 86 sf‘d
(amazon.com) jg lSns cf8{/ kmS+zg k]6]G6 s] pNn+3g
s] lj?4 d'sbdf bfo/ s/ ;stf x} . olb cfk
;dfnf]rs x}+ cf}/ l;g]df s] ljifo k/ s'5 lnv /x] x}+
lh;s] lnP cfksf] s'5 t:jL/]+ rflxP, tf] cfksf n]v
v'nf ljifo sf xf]g] k/ eL ;d:of ;] l3/ ;stf x} .
Sof]l+ s cfksf] t:jL/]+ k'gM pTkfbg sf clwsf/ kq rflxP,
30
-cu/ v'nf ljifoj:t' cg'1fkq d]+ Og t:jL/f]+ sf] /vf
uof x} tf] cnu aft x}_ . lkm/ kmf]6f] k'gM pTkfbg sf
clwsf/ ldng] k/ eL ;fdfGo ?k ;] cfksf n]v v'n]
ljifo d]+ k|sflzt gxL+ xf] ;stf x} Sof]l+ s O;;] kmf]6f]
cfs[ltof]+ s] k|ltlnlk clwsf/ sf pNn3+g xf]tf x}+ .
Og ;eL hl6n ;d:ofof]+ sf lgbfg l;km{ pRr :t/ k/
xL lsof hf ;stf x}+ cf}/ O;s] lnP l8lh6n b'lgof s]
cGt/f{li6«o k|ltlnlk clwsf/ :j?k d]+ Jofks kl/jt{g
s/s] ;fj{hlgs cf}/ ;xL k|of]uf]+ s] lnP cfwf/e"t
clwsf/ sL k'g:yf{kgf sL ;f]r agfgL xf]uL . jf:tj d]+
sfkLn]lkm\6u+ ;flas sf cfsf/ :jtGqtf /lxt ldl8of
;+:s[lt h};] a8Þ] ;d'b| d]+ Ps cnu 5f]6L ;+:s[lt jfn]
6fk" s] ;dfg x} hxfF :jtGq cf}/ ljt/0fof]Uo s[lt xf]
;stL x} . olb ls;L s[lt sf] sf‘kLn]km\6 sxs/ gxL+ /vf
uof x} tf] jx l8kmfN6 s] hl/P xL sf‘kL/fO6]8 lsof hftf
x} cf}/ p;d]+ s'5 eL gxL+ lsof hf ;stf x}+ . O;lnP O;
;jfn sf] s'5 g s/g] sL ck]Iff s'5 s/ s] xL ;Lldt
t/Ls] ;] ;'nemfof hf ;stf x}+ .
hLPgo" hLkLPn
cg'1fkq_
GNU GPL
-;fdfGo ;fj{hlgs
k|ltlnlk clwsf/ s] eLt/ s8ÞL k|lqmof s] /xt] xL :jtGq
;f‘ˆ6j]o/ cfGbf]ng g] O;d]+ x:tIf]k s/g] sL sf]lzz sL
lh;s] sf/0f ox ;+;f/ d]+ nf]slk|o xf]tf uof ;fy xL
;f‘km\6j]o/ b'lgof s] cg'1fkq kfg] jfnf]+ s] cnfjf p;;]
ldnt] h'nt] cGo cg'1f kqf]+ s] lnP eL jx k|/] 0ffbfos
ag uof . olb k/Dk/fut ;f‘ˆ6j]o/ nfO;]G; lglZrt
31
clwsf/ gxL+ b] ;stf x}+ tf] GNU GPL : ;fdfGo
;fj{hlgs cg'1fkq -hg/n klAns nfO;]G;_ g] lglZrt
cfwf/e"t :jtGqtf b]g] jfnf ?k k|bfg lsof .
o] cfwf/e"t :jtGqtf lgDg x} M
!_ k|of]ustf{ ls;L eL k|fof]hg s] lnP ;f‘ˆ6j]o/ sf
pkof]u s/ ;stf x} .
@_ k|of]ustf{ ;f‘ˆ6j]o/ s] ;f];{ sf]8 sf k/LIf0f s/
;stf x} cf}/ cfjZoStfg';f/ :jtGq ?k d]+ ;'wf/
eL s/ ;stf x} .
#_ k|of]ustf{ ;f‘ˆ6j]o/ sL k|ltofF cGo nf]uf]+ sf] eL
b] ;stf x} .
$_ k|of]ustf{ ;f‘ˆ6j]o/ d]+ lsP uP ;'wf/f]+ sf] :jtGq
xf]s/ Jofks ?k d]+ ;fj{hlgs s/ ;stf x} lh;;]
;eL sf] kmfobf ldn] .
O; t/x ;] ox ktf rntf x} :jtGq ;f‘km\6j]o/ sf
tf}/tl/sf Snf]H8 ;f];{ -aGb >f]t_ s] cg'1lKts/0f
l;4fGt ;] ax't cnu x} . P];f x} tf] GNU GPL ;+:s/0f sf]
xd Sof]+ k|ltlnlk clwsf/ s] Tofu ;] clws df}lns k|of]u
k/ cfwfl/t x} sx /x] x}+ < :jtGq ;f‘km\6j]o/ d] sf]O{ eL
;fj{hlgs clwsf/ If]q ;] cfwf/e"t :jtGqtf sf] gxL+
5Lgf uof x} of gxL+ x6fof uof x} O;lnP O;d+] ;+nUg
zt]{ xf]tL x+} .
32
!_ k|fKt k|f]u|fd s] >f]t ;+s]t -;f];{ sf]8_ sL x"ax"
k|ltof ls;L eL dfWod ;] agfs/ cfk ljt/0f
s/ ;st] x}+ olb cfk k|To]s k|lt k/ plrt
k|ltlnlk clwsf/ ;"rgf tyf ;'/If0f sf bfjf g
s/ :ki6 k|sfzg s/t] x+} . O; cg'1fkq ;]
;Da4 ;eL ;"rgfP+ tyf sf]O{ eL k|Tofe"t /xg] sf
cefj ;xL xf]gf rflxP cf}/ k|fu] f| d s] b";/]
k|fksf] sf] eL O; cg'1fkq sL Ps k|lt k|f]u|fd s]
;fy xL b]gL xf]uL . -===_
@_ cfk k|f]u|fd of O;s] k|lt s] ls;L eL c+z sf]
kl/dfh{g s/ ;st] x}+ . O; t/x k|fu] f| d s]
cfwf/ k/ ag] sfo{ sL k|ltoF agf s/ cf}/
p;sf ljt/0f s/s] P];] kl/dflh{t sfo{ sf]
pk/ pNn]lvt laGb' ! s] cfwf/ k/ ljtl/t s/
;st] x}+ .
hLPgo" hg/n klAns nfO;]G; ;+:s/0f @, h'g !((!
cfwf/e"t zt{ ox x} ls hf] JolQm O; :jtGq ;f‘km\6j]o/
sf k|of]u b";/L ;[hgf Jo'TkGgfTds sfo{ -8]/Lj]l6j js{_
s/g] d]+ s/tf x} p;] eL Og ztf]{ cf}/ l:yltof]+ sf pNn]v
s/t] x'P O; hLPgo" hLkLPn sf] pB[t s/gf k8Þu] f .
olb s[ltsf/ :jtGq ;f‘km\6j]o/ s] Ps c+z k/ k|ltlnlk
clwsf/ sf pNn]v s/gf gxL+ rfxtf x} tf] cGo sf]O{ eL
p;s] ;|ft] ;+st] sf k|of]u s/ p; k/ cfwfl/t b";/f
;f‘ˆ6j]o/ agf s/ :jfldut cg'1fkq –k|fk] f| O6/_ k|fKt
s/ b";/f] s] lgeL{s rng] d] afwf kx'rf ;stf x} .
cGt d]+ k|mL zAb ;] pnemg xf] ;stL x} Sof]l+ s k|foM
O;;] d"No sL cf]/ O+lut s/g] sf ktf rntf x} n]lsg
33
oxfF k|mL sf dtna d"No gxL+ alNs :jtGqtf of lgeL{stf
x} . O;lnP cfk :jtGq ;f‘km\6j]o/ s] lnP d"No sL df+u
s/ ;st] x}+ . h};] /]8x}6 åf/f ljtl/t nLgS; ;+:s/0f of
cfks] kf; eL j};f ;f‘km\6j]o/ xf] ;stf x}, hf] d"No s]
lagf pknAw x} n]lsg cfksf] sf]O{ :jtGqtf k|bfg gxL+
s/tf h};] OG6/g]6 PS;Knf]//
k|ltlnlk clwsf/ -sfkL/fO6_ sL r'gf}ltof“
Sof :jtGq ;f‘ˆ6j]o/ cleofg g] jf:tj d]+ k|ltlnlk
clwsf/ sf kl/dfh{g JolQm s] k|of]u s/g] sL Ifdtf ;]
clws ;[hgfTds cf}/ df}lns 9+u s] k|of]u, ljt/0f cf}/
;+st] f+] s] lnP lsof x}<
:jtGq ;f‘ˆ6j]o/ cleofg cGb/ ;] xL O;s] k|of]ustf{cf]+
s] ljifo d+] ;] O;sf kl/dfh{g s/g] sL cf]/ pGd'v x}} .
:jfdLut ;f‘ˆ6j]o/ sL b'lgof d]+ k|of]ustf{ sf] s]jn
lglZqmo u|fxs dfgf hf ;stf x} n]lsg :jtGq ;f‘ˆ6j]o/
s] :j?k d]+ p;] k|of]ustf{ Pjd pTkfbs sL >]0fL d]
;d]6f hf ;stf x} . hf] ;flas sL /rgf d]+ of]ubfg
kx'r
F f pTkfbs ts ;fy /xtf x} . k|ltlnlk agfgf
-sf‘lkO+u_, sf6gf -sl6+u_, hf]8gf -k]l:6+u_, kl/jt{g
-r]lGh+u_, 5fGgf -lkmN6l/+u_ sf k|of]u cflb l8lh6n
dfWod sL cfwf/e"t efiff x} . k|of]ustf{–pTkfbs Ps
cjwf/0ff x} tyf O;sf cg'ej l8lh6n :jtGqtf s] ;fy
xf]tf x} cf}/ ox l8lh6n ;+:s[lt ;fdfGo JolSt sf]
snfsf/ cf}/ lgdf{tf agg] sL :jLs[lt b]tf x} . O; :j?k
g] cfwf/e"t ?k d]+ k|ltlnlk clwsf/ sfg"g sL k/Dk/fut
dfGotfcf]+ sf] r'gf}tL bL x} . ox u|Gysfl/tf sL p;
?dfgL ;f]r l;4fGt ;] k/] xf]tf hf /xf x}, hf] dfgtf x}
34
ls u|Gysfl/tf cf}/ ;f+:s[lts ;[hgf k|ltefjfg JolStTj
ls k[ys ;[hgf x} hf] z"Go ;] sL hftL x} . O;s] abn] d]+
ox k|ltofF agfs/ ;fj{hlgs clwsf/ If]q d]+ k|fKt
;fdlu|of]+ ;] ;f+:s[lts ;[hgf s/g] sf ;'emfj b]tf x} .
ox kf}/fl0fs ufyf s] sfd d]+ df}lnstf ;] clws
kl/dfh{g tyf ;'wf/ s] of]ubfg sL cf]/ n] hftf x} O;
t/x goL ;[hgf ;] clws p;] dxTj b]tf x} .
O;sf dtna ;+oS' t pTkfbg -;[hgf_ Ps gof ljrf/ of
;f]r gxL+ x} . jf:tj d]+ ;f+:s[lts ;[hgf s] Oltxf; d]+
;+oS' t ;[hgf sf ax't a8Þf of]ubfg x} cf}/ ox dfgj
clh{t ;eL k|sf/ sL pknlAw lnP eL ;To x} . pbfx/0f
s] tf}/ k/ M–
• cf‘S;kmf]8{ c+uh
]| L zAbsf]z sf lgdf{0f b'lgof s]
;}s8Þf] nf]uf]+ sL ;fd'lxs d]xgt ;] xL ;Dej xf]
;sf x} . O;g] v'nL ;[hgf s] :j?k sf] gxL+ ;d]6f
Sof]l+ s O;sf lgdf{0f p; ;do x'cf ha k|ltlnlk
clwsf/ sL sxfgL hfgg] jfn] j[xt ljifoj:t'
-sG6]G6_ s] dflnsf]+ sf] pTkfbg sL sNkgf sL
Jofkstf s] af/] d]+ ktf xL gxL+ yf .
• JolQmut ?k d]+ s[ltsf/L sf >]o lbP hfg] s]
sf/0f p; s[lt s] lnP d]xgt s/g] jfn] cg]s
nf]uf]+ sL e"ldsf cf]emn xf] hftL x} . h};] M–
lkmNd sf] xL lnof hf ;stf x}, lh;d]+ s[ltsf/L sf
>]o lgb]z
{ s sf] lbof hftf x} n]lsg ;r tf] ox x}
O;d]+ ax't ;] nf]uf]+ sL ;[hgfTds d]xgt x} cf}/
;fd"lxs k|of; s] lagf O;sf lgdf{0f c;Dej x} .
35
• …lxkxf‘kÚ goL /rgf cf}/ rog ;fdYo{ s] ;fy
kxn] sL s[lt sf xL ljsl;t ?k x} .
• g[To sL b'lgof lg/Gt/ ?k ;] b";/f]+ ;] ;Lvg] s]
;+:sf/ cf}/ k"j{ k|oTgf]+ s] qmlds ;'wf/ ;] a;tf x} .
• jf:tj d]+ cfh xdf/] kf; hf] k|z:t ;f+:s[lts
;Dkbf x} jx k|lt/f]kg -sf‘kL s/g]_] sf kl/0ffd
x} . pbfx/0f:j?k, /]km]n sL æhhd]6+ cfkm k]l/;Æ
sf] o"/f]kLo snf s] Oltxf; d]+ ;a;] k|efjzfnL
s[lt s] ?k d]+ dfgf hftf x} . O;sf Psdfq sf/0f
hf] xd]+ 1ft x} ls /fd]Ggf g] æ/fOdf]G8LÆ lrq sL
bf;jt k|lt lgsfnL yL r"lF s O;sL d'Vo lrqsnf
ljn'Kt xf] uO{ x} . df]g]6 g] O; lrq s] Ps xL
c+z sf] ‘n] 8]hp] g/ ;/ Pn x]v’] d]+ ?kfGt/ lsof
cf}/ lksf;f] g] p;L df]g6] sL lrqsnf sf] b";/]
;+:s/0f sL ;[hgf s] lnP ?kfGt/ lsof .
• d"n cf}/ k|lt -sf‘kL_ s] aLr sf ;/ntLs[t
ljefhg ox x} ls k|ltlnlk, df}lns s[lt sL d"n
k|lt ;] s'5 n]tf x} cf}/ df}lns ;[hgf sf d"No jf
dxTj 36f b]tf x} . n]lsg xd+] k|ltlnlkof]+ sf] p;s]
abn] d]+ df}lns ;[hgf s] pk/ hf]8h
Þ f8 s] ?k d]+
b]vgf rflxP . O;s] lnP lxGbL l;g]df pBf]u sf]
Ps cR5] pbfx/0f s] tf}/ k/ n] ;st] x} hf]
xf‘lnj'8 s] gfdL lu/fdL cf}/ ;kmn lkmNdf] ls
;f+:s[lts ;'uGw sL k'g;+/rgf s/ v8Þf x'cf x} .
lxGbL l;g]df sf] gfOh]l/of ;] n]s/ g]kfn ts s]
ljleGg l;g]df pBf]u ;a k|ltlnlka4 s/ /xf x} .
36
• ;+rf/ dfWod sL ;+/rgf eL b";/f] sL /rgf jf
s[lt s] ;fy xL cIf/ sL agfj6, k'gM k|of]u,
cfn]v ;+ux| , ;fwg, efiff cf}/ b";/] j]a;fO6 s]
;fy cR5f tfnd]n agfg] jfnf ljsf;qmd x} .
-ˆnf‘;_ :j?k sL ljz]iftf ox yL, O;g] kxnL
af/ ;+oS' t k|of; s] ;fy pTkfbg -;[hgf_ sf] k|ltlnlk
clwsf/ ;fd|fHo ;] cleJoSt s/fof cf}/ ;fj{hlgs
clwsf/ If]q d]+ /x] ;xsfo{ s] pTkfbg sf] ;'/lIft t/Ls]
;] ;fj{hlgs clwsf/ If]q d]+ /xg] sL Joj:yf eL sL .
ca hals k|ltlnlk clwsf/ s] ldysf]+ s] ef/L af]em ;]
km\nf‘; sf] d'lSt ldn uoL x}, O;sL zt{ cf}/ l:ylt sf]
;f+:s[lts pTkfbg s] clwsf/ If]q sL cf]/ ls; t/x
pGd'v s/fof hfP ox r'gf}tL afsL x} . Ps cf]/ hLPgo"
hLkLPn sL kl/efiff sf] abnt] x'P ;[hgzLn cg'1f kqf]+
-nfO;]G;_ sL ;+/rgf t}of/ s/g] s] lnP ?kfGtl/t s/gf
x} lh;;] JolSt vfnL lglZSmo k|of]ustf{ ;] clws
;xefuL of pTkfbs–lgdf{tf ag] tf] b";/L cf]/ ls; t/x
JolStof]+ s] lnP Ps ;fdu|L ;DkGg ;fj{hlgs clwsf/
If]q ag ;s] cf}/ pgs] åf/f k|of]u lsP uP ljsf; of
kl/dfh{g s] eljio d]+ Jofks lj:tf/ ldn], ox k':ts
OGxL+ ;f/L aftf]+ ;] ;DalGwt x} .
FLOSS
;fj{hlgs clwsf/ If]q
xd ;a ;fj{hlgs clwsf/ If]q sL ;f]r sf k|of]u s/ /x]
x}+ . O;sf ;Lwf dtna x}, ;f+:s[lts pTkfbg of ;[hgf
;demg] s] lnP ox ;Demgf xf]uf ls ;fj{hlgs clwsf/
If]q /rgf of s[ltof]+ s] lnP Ps 9f+r] s] ;dfg x, hxfF ;]
xd goL s[ltof]+ sf lgdf{0f s/ ;st] x}+ . h};] z]S;lko/
37
Ps k|ltef ;DkGg gf6ssf/ y] tf] xd]+ ox dfggf xf]uf
ls pGxf]g+ ] gf6s lnvt] ;do cg]s >f]tf]+ sf] pB[t
lsof h};] M Oltxf;, k'/f0f of ;x–n]vs ls s[lt ;] k|/] 0ff
s] ?k d]+ cf}/ >f]t s] ?k d]+ p;sf kl/dfh{g lsof . O;L
t/x jfN6 l8:gL g] eL ckg] sf6"g{ ‘kmG6fl;of’, :6Ldaf]6
ljNnL, :gf] XjfO6 P08 b ;]jg] 8\jfkm{;\ cflb agfg] d]+ 9]/
;f/] >f]tf]+ sf k|of]u lsof . O; ;fj{hlgs clwsf/ If]q
sf] ;demg] s] lnP ?ks zAb -d]6f‘kmf]/_ sL ;xfotf nL
hf ;stL x}, hf] ;femf -sf‘dg_ x} . ;femf M jx ;DklQ
hf] ls;L Ps sL gxL+ x} cf}/ lh;s] 6's8Þ] gxL+ lsof hf
;st], n]lsg ;+oQ
' m ?k d]+ agfO{ uO{ O; ;DklQ sf sf]O{
eL ljz]if cg'dlt lnP au}/ k|of]u s/ ;stf x} .
;fj{hlgs ;8Þs, kfs{, hndfu{, v'nf d}bfg cf}/
;[hgfTds /rgfPF, ;fj{hlgs clwsf/ If]q d]+ k8Þtf x},
Ps zAb d]+ o] ;eL j:t'PF ;femf -sf‘dg_ x}+ .
v'nf÷;+o'Qm ;xeflutfTds pTkfbg
;fj{hlgs clwsf/ If]q s] ;+sl' rt xf]g] s] ;DaGw d]+ ox
Ps k|ltlqmof x} . k|ltlnlk clwsf/ sfg"g sf] s8ÞfO{ s]
;fy nfu" s/g] s] sf/0f v'nf >f]t -cf]kg ;f];_{ cfGbf]ng
cf}/ v'nf ljifj:t' cfGbf]ng sL z'?cft x'O{ . v'nf
ljifoj:t' kBlt ;] Sof–Sof kmfob] x+} cf}/ k/Dk/fut
k|ltlnlk clwsf/ kBlt k/ ljZjf; s/g] ;] clws JolSt
Sof]+ ckgL s[lt sf v'nf ljifoj:t' kBlt d]+ cg'1kqs/0f
s/fgf rfxtf x}, P];f s/g] ;] ax't' ;] sf/0f cf}/ kmfob]
xf] ;st] x} M–
38
• ax't ;f/] P];] snfsf/, n]vs, ;+uLtsf/ cf}/
l8hfOg/ hf] :yflkt gxL+ x} cf}/ pgsL s[ltof]+ s]
ax't ;f/] kf7s, >f]tf, bz{s agg] k/ pgs] gfdf]+
sf] cf;fgL ;] kxrfg ldn hftL x} cf}/ s[lt s]
nf]slk|o xf]g] s] ;fy xL pgsL OHht eL a9Þ
hftL x} . v'nf ljifoj:t' cg'1fkq cfks] s[lt s]
a[xt?k d] km}nfj sf] ;xof]u s/tf x} hf] cGoyf
;Dej gxL yf . d]+ s8ÞfO{ of ztf]{ s] abn] a[xt
?k d]+ cfksL s[ltof]+ sf] km}nftf x} . cfksL
kxrfg agfg] s] cnfjf O; k|sf/ s] ljt/0f d+]
cfksL cf}/ k|bz
{ gL of s[lt of k|fof]hg sf]
;xof]u ldntf x} .
• O; t/x ljt/0f sf tf}/ t/Lsf lk 6' lk k|0ffnL
k/ lge{/ xf]g] s] sf/0f cfbfg k|bfg s/g] d]+
cf;fgL xf]tL x} . ox aLr s] dfWoflTds JolSt
cf}/ ;+:yfcf}+ s] ;fy{s d"No sf] x6ftf x} – h};]
bnfn of u}n/L, hf] ljt/sf]+ s] ?k d]+ sfd s/t]
x+} . O; k|0ffnL d]+ JolSt ;Lw] lagf ;+:yf of
dfWod JolSt s] ljifoj:t' ;[hgfsf/ s]] kf; kx'r
F
;stf x} . O;;] jx ;[hgfsf/, hf] k|sfzs cf}/
/]s8{ sDklgof]+ s] ;fy df]n efj s/g] d]+ cIfd
cf}/ :jo+ sf] :yflkt s/g] s] lnP ;+3if{ s/ /x]
xf]t] x}+ cf}/ :jo+ ljt/0f s/g] sL x}l;ot gxL+
/vt], pgsf] nfe ldntf x} . O; t/x n]vs of
snfsf/ hf] a8Þ] Jofkfl/s k|lti7fg k/ lge{/ gxL+
/xt] x}+ pGx]+ :yflkt s/g] s] lnP OG6/g]6 sL
zlSt s] ;fy v'nL ljifoj:t' k|0ffnL, ax't a8Þf
dfu{ x} .
39
• ef/t d+] go] dfWod cf}/ ;~hfn sL Ps pe/tL
x'O{ goL snfsf/ ls/0f ;'ljof
g] sxf x} ls
ax't ;] P];] snfsf/ hf] ckg] sfdf]+ sf] k/Dk/fut
;km]b 3gfs/ -u}n/L_ h};L huxf+] d]+ k|bz{g gxL+
s/t], pgsL s[ltof]+ sf] v'nf ljifoj:t' s] cfwf/
k/ k|z:t nf]uf]+ s] aLr ;fj{hlgs cg'1lKts/0f
s/gf >]i7 pkfo xf]uf .
clwsf+z JolSt ljifoj:t' sL ;[hgf s]jn cfly{s
sf/0f ;] gxL+ s/t] x}+ . alNs j] nf]u cleJolSt s]
lnP, s[lt of /rgf s] sfdf]+ sf cfk; d]+ cfbfg–
k|bfg s/g] s] lnP cf}/ b";/f]+ ;] O; k/ k|ltlqmof
kfg] s] lnP /rgf of s[lt sL ;[hgf s/t] x}+ .
P];L kl/l:ylt d]+ v'nf ljifoj:t' cg'1fkq s] hl/P
cg'dlt n]s/ cfk a8Þ] ;d"x d]+ kx'Fr ;st] x}+,
hxfF nf]u cfksL -s[lt_ sf k|of]u :jtGqtf s]
;fy s/ ;st] x}+ cf}/ cfks] k|ltlnlk clwsf/ sf
pNn3+g eL gxL+ xf]uf . ox Ps P];f ;do x} hxfF
k|ltlnlk clwsf/ s] dfdn] d]+ cf};tg bf] nfv
krf; xhf/ 8fn/1 d"No r'sfgf k8Þtf x} . O;lnP
JolSt Sof]+ :jtGqtf s] ;fy k|fKt v'nf ljifoj:t'
sf clws k|of]u s/gf k;Gb s/tf x}, ox
cf;fgL ;] sNkgf sL hf ;stL x} .
(www.geocities.com/antikiran)
•
;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sf tyf cGo b]zf]+ d]+ O; k|sf/ s] d'2] sL ax; d]+
cf};t d"No cf}/ O; ;DaGwL d"No c+s c;dfg x}}+, Sof]+ls ljleGg huxf]+
d]+ ox d"No cnu cnu x} . klAns k]6]G6 kmfpG8];g s] 8fFg /lj;]/ sf
xjfnf b]g] k/ O;sf d"No b; nfv 8n/ ->f]tM /flag cfg{lkmN8, lng'S;
k]6]G6 Oglk|mhd]+6 y|]6 ;km]{;];, ;L cfO{ cf] 6'8], cu:t @, @))$
www.cio-today.com/story.xhtml?storyid=2619 k|mL sNr/ d]+
(pg51) nj/]G; n]l:;u s] cg';f/ k|ltlnlk clwsf/ d'sbd]+ d]+ ;f9] bf]
nfv 8n/ lgoldt d"No k8Þtf x} .
1
40
• lgM:jfy{ b";/] s] lxt s] ?dfgL efj sf] cnu
/vs/ olb cfk ckg] sfo{÷s[lt ;] cyf]k{ fh{g
s/gf rfxt] x}+ tf] :jtGq cf}/ v'nL ljifoj:t' d]+
cfk O; p2]Zo s] lnP k};] gxL+ n] ;st] P];f gxL+
x} . cfks] p; ;fdYo{ ;] ox cnu gxL+ x} . cfk
ckgL s[lt sf k|of]u ls; k|sf/ s/g] b]gf rfxt]
x}+ cg'1lKts/0f d]+ O;s] lnP sfkmL nrs ckgfoL
uoL x} . h};] – cfk k|fl1s k|of]u cf}/ d'gfkmf
/lxt k|of]uf]+ s] lnP :jLsf/ s/t] x'P eL -O;sf
eL z'Ns lnof hf ;stf x}_ Jofkfl/s k|of]u s]
lnP p;;] ;DalGwt clwsf/ sf] ;'/lIft of lglxt
lsof hf ;stf x} . sf]O eL JolQm olb cfksL
s[lt sf Jofkfl/s k|of]u -lstfa sL k|ltlnlk
k|sfzg, aglofg cf}/ l6z6{ d]+ j]a;fO6 s] 9fFr]
-l8hfOg_ sf k|of]u_ s/tf x} tf] cfk p;;] z'Ns
n] ;st] x}+ .
• P];] cf}/ eL ;Gbef]+{ d]+ c+zsflns ;+uLt lzlNkof]+
sf dfdnf eL x} . h};] – r]sf]:nf]jflsof s] c}ng
ljNxg, hf] sfuf]s
{ N6 s] gfd ;] sfd s/t] x}+ .
pgnf]uf]+ g] ckg] ;+uLt sf] cgnfOg d]+ lgMz'Ns
pknAw s/f O;sf] k;Gb s/g] jfn] nf]uf]+ ;] rGbf
k|fKt s/t]] x}+ -ox cf}/ P];] cg]s ljj/0f lqmPl6j
sf‘dG; j]a;fO6 http://creativecommons.org d]+
pknAw x}_ O;L t/x :jtGq ;f‘km\6j]o/
lgdf{0fstf{ hf]/f]ldn g] kmn:tLg d]+ lnP uP
t:jL/f]+ sf] cgnfOg pknAw s/jfof . nf]uf]+ g]
O;s] k|of]u s] lnP ;Dks{ lsof cf}/ d"No r'sfg]
sL OR5f JoSt sL . ljt/0f cf}/ cfbfg–k|bfg sL
O; OG6/g]6 k|0ffnL a8Þ] ljifoj:t' lgdf{tf,
•
•
41
sDkgL, :yflkt snfsf/f]+ s] lnP 3fts xf]
;stL x} . n]lsg gjf]lbt snfsf/ cf}/ ;[hs hf]
a8ÞL k"+hL gxL+ nuf ;st x}+], pgs] lnP sd d"No
d]+ a8Þ] ;d'bfo ts kx'Frg] d]+ OG6/g]6 j/bfg
;flat x'cf x} .
xfn s] s'5 cf}/ pbfx/0f x}+ lh;d]+ JolQm ckg]
sfo{ sf] lgz'Ns cgnfOg d]+ :jtGqfk"js
{ pknAw
s/fof x} lkm/ eL pgsL cf‘kmnfOg laqmL o/
k|lts"n c;/ gxL+ k8Þf x} . lj1fg lkmSZg n]vs
sf]/L 6f]S6f]/f] sf] ckgL k':ts æ8fpg P08 cfp6
Og b d}lhs ls+u8dÆ sf] Ps ;fy cfgnfOg cf}/
5fkf ;+:s/0f k|sflzt lsof . k|sflzt k':ts g]
ax't cR5f Jofkf/ lsof . pw/, cfgnfOg d]+
lgMz'Ns lbP hfg] s] sf/0f k|sflzt k':ts sL
hab{:t laqmL x'O{ . k':ts s] b'sfg k/ JolQm
k':ts v/Lbg] ;] kxn] lh; t/x p;] b]vtf x}
7Ls j};f xL O;] ;demf hf ;stf x} . v'nL
;+:s[lt s] Ps b";/] ljåfg nf]/G] ; n]l:;u g] eL
ckgL …k|mL sNr/Ú sf k|mL cgnfOg cf}/ 5fkf
;+:s/0f lsof . s'5 xL ;Ktfx d]+ p; k':ts s]
kf]:6/, >Jo k':ts s] ?k d]+ 9Þ/] ;f/] ljrf/ JoSt
lsP uP cf}/ ox 8fpgnf]8 s] lnP eL k|fKo yf .
clws ;] clws JolQm ;xeflutfTds ljifoj:t'
;[hgf s] dxTj sf] dx;'; s/ /x] x}+ .
k|of]ustf{cf]+ s] a8Þ] ;d'bfo d]+ xL s]jn s[ltof]+ sf]
pknAw s/fgf gxL+ alNs ;[hsf]+ sL b'lgof ts
eL O;] kx'r
F fs/ O;s] dxTj sf] cf}/ a9Þfg] sL eL
;f]r x} . cfdtf}/ k/ v'nf ljifoj:t' cg'1fkq ;]
u|Gysfl/tf sL lj:tfl/t qmda4 k|lqmof sf
clen]v eL /vg] s] ;fy xL p; s[lt s] k|To]s
42
•
•
k|of]u cf}/ p;L ;do sL u|Gysfl/tf s] clen]v
sL cfjZostf k8Þg] s] sf/0f df}lns cf}/ sf‘kL
-gsn_ s] aLr s] lj/f]wfef; ;] k'gld{>0f, hf]
gsn eL gxL+ x} cf}/ d"n ;] eL cnu x}, p;s]
lj?4 ;flas sL s[lt d]+ ljsl;t xf]t] x'P :jtGq
xf]g] sf Ps k|of; x} .
s'5 JolQm v'nf cg'1fkq gd"gf -cf]kg nfO;]G;
df}8n_ ckgL ljifoj:t' s] ljt/0f s] lnP eL
s/gf rfx]u+ ,] Sof]l+ s Jofkf/ cf}/ pBf]u d]+ /x]
Psflwsf/ tyf sfkL/fO6 k|0ffnL sL ;Ldf cf}/
afWotf ;] j] nf]u k/]zfg xf] uP x}+ . oBlk ;femf
-sf‘dG;_ af}l4s d]+ of]ubfg b]g] of]Uo xf]gf cfsif{s
aft x}, s'5 JolQm ckgL s[lt d]+ b";/f]+ s] åf/f
lsP uP sfd ;] cfslif{t x}+ cf}/ ;femf af}l4s
;DklQ d]+ of]ubfg b]g] k/ xf]g] jfn] kmfobf ;] eL
cfslif{t x}+ . O; cfbz{jfb g] s]jn gjf]lbt
snfsf/f]+ sf] xL cfslif{t gxL+ lsof x}, alNs hfh{
dfOsn h};] k|l;4 snfsf/ sf] eL ckgL cf]/
vL+rf x} . xfn d]+ xL pGxf]g+ ] 3f]if0ff sL ls ca j]
;+uLt ;[hgf Jofkf/ s] lnP gxL+ s/]u+ ] alNs j]
ckg] ;eL ;+uLt s[ltof]+ sf] OG6/g]6 d]+ lgMz'Ns
pknAw s/fP+u] .
xd k|foM ox e"n hft] x} clws ljifoj:t' s]
dflns hf] k|fl1s of snf If]q d]+ x}+ j] nf]u
;fj{hlgs lgsfo sL :jLs[t /flz ;] kmfobf lnP
xf]t] x} cf}/ p;] ckgL af}l4s ;DklQ atnft] x}+
hals jx ;fj{hlgs ;DklQ ;] k|fKt xf]tf x} .
O;lnP xd]+ ox ;f]rgf h?/L x} ls æ;fj{hlgs
/flz ;] pTkflbt af}l4s ;DklQ ;fj{hlgs af}l4s
;DklQ x}Æ .
43
d}+ v'nf ljifoj:t' sf] ckgfg] s] sf/0ff]+ sf] cfk k/ xL
5f]8] hftf x"F n]lsg olb cfk O;] ckgf r's] x}+ tf]
:jfefljs ?k ;] Ps ;jfn p7tf x} ls cfksf] ckgL
/rgf of s[lt s] lnP ls; k|sf/ s] cg'1fkq sf k|of]u
s/gf rflxP . ;+of]ujz, ox kl/l:ylt :jtGq ;f‘km\6j]o/
sL b'lgof sL t/x gxL+ x} hxfF rog s/g]+ s] lnP
cg'1fkqf]+ s] cg]s ljsNk xf]t] x}+ . v'nf ljifoj:t' sL
k|lqmof t'ngfTds ?k d]+ gof ljsf; x} . O;sf b";/f
;'of]u ox x} ls :jtGq ;f‘6‘ j]o/ k|lqmof ;] ox ax't s'5
l;vf ;stf x} . O;s] ;fy xL cg'1fkqf]+ sL >[v
+ nf eL
Joj:yflkt sL hf ;stL x} . P];f xf]g] s] afjh"b gP
;Lvg] jfnf]+ sf] Og cg'1fkqf]+ sf] cf}/ O;s] eLt/ s};]
hfof hfP O;s] af/] d]+ ;demgf yf]8fÞ sl7g xL xf]uf .
O; ;+lIfKt k':ts sL /rgf O;lnP sL uO{ x} ls v'nf
ljifoj:t' cg'1fkq s] hut s] af/] d]+ hfgg] cf}/ cGj]if0f
s/g] d]+ ox cfksL dbb s/] . n]lsg clGtd lg0f{o s/gf
cfks] xfy d]+ x} . xd]+ ljZjf; x} ls n3' k':ts ;] P];]
sfdf]+ s] ljsNk cf}/ kmfob] sf] ;demg] d]+ cfksf] dbb
ldn]uL .
44
45
c W o fo #
v'nf ljifoj:t' cg'1fkqf]+ sf
;fdfGo :jefj j rl/q
clwsf+z v'nf ljifoj:t' cg'1fkq s] u'0f k/Dk/fut
k|ltlnlk clwsf/ cg'1fkqf]+ s] u'0f]+ ;] leGg xf]t] x'P eL
s'5 s'5 ;dfg x+} . lO; aft sf] lgDg cfwf/f]+ k/ ;demf
hf ;stf x} M–
s_ cg'1fkq sf cfwf/ cf}/ dfGo ;dofjlw
v_ k|bfg lsP uP clwsf/
u_ Jo'TkGgfTds of kl/jlt{t sfd
3_ Jofkfl/s÷u}/Jofkfl/s k|of]u
ª_ sfo{ljlw cfjZostf sL zt{
r_ cfjZos oz
5_ O;;] Gofok"0f{ k|of]u s] clwsf/ k/ c;/ gxL+
k8Þtf
h_ jf/06L -;'/If0f_ sf cefj
em_ k|rlnt sfg"gL k|fjwfg
s_ cg'1fkqf]+ sf cfwf/ cf}/ dfGo ;dofjlw
clGtd k|of]ustf{ sL :jtGqtf ts sf]] ;d]6g] jfnf
cg'1fkq xf]g] s] sf/0f v'nf ljifoj:t' cg'1fkq eL b";/]
:jtGq ;f‘km\6j]o/ nfO;]G; sL t/x xL dfGo x}, cf}/ ox
46
s[ltsf/ s] k|ltlnlk clwsf/ k/ cfwfl/t x} . O;
k|ltlnlk clwsf/ cf}/ cgGo clwsf/f]+ s] sf/0f s[ltsf/
ckgL s[lt sf k|of]u s/g] s] abn] d]+ cg'1fkq k/
cfwfl/t clwsf/ cf}/ bfloTj ckgL cf]/ ;] to s/
;stf cf}/ s/jf ;stf x} . ctM k|To]s v'nf ljifoj:t'
cg'1fkq O; t/x s[ltsf/ s] k|ltlnlk clwsf/ s]f
;'lglZrt s/tf x} cf}/ s[lt s] cg'1fkq lagf p; s[lt
sf k|of]u s/gf k|ltlnlk clwsf/ sf pNn+3g dfgtf x} .
b";/] t/Ls] ;] k|ltlnlk clwsf/ sf pNn+3g s/g] s] lnP
P];] cg'1f kqf]+ sf k|of]u gxL+ lsof hf ;stf x} . O;lnP
s[lt sf k|of]u cg'1fkq åf/f nfu" sL uO{ ;eL ztf]+{ tyf
cj:yf s] lnP dfGo xf]uf . Og clwsf/f]+ sf k|of]u s/t]
x'P O; v'nf ljifoj:t' cg'1f kq åf/f cdfGo k|of]u cGo
;xfos cfwfl/t Jo'TkGgfTds s[lt -8]l/j]l6j js{_ sL
;[hgf d]+ lsof uof x} tf] p; k/ kfjGbL nufoL hf
;stL x}, lh;s] lnP k|fjwfg /vf hf ;stf x} . k|foM
v'nf ljifoj:t' cg'1fkqf]+ sL ;f]r o] dfGotf /vtL x} ls
cg'1fkq sf k|of]u s/g] sL zt]+{ cf}/ cj:yfcf]+ sf :ki6
cf}/ ;Lwf xf]gf h?/L gxL+ x} cf}/ ox k|of]ustf{ s]
Jojxf/ cf}/ k|of]u ;] h'8fÞ xf] ;stf x} . h};] Ps uLt sf]
n]+ . uLt sf] 8fpgnf]8 s/t] ;do ;] xL jx v'nf
ljifoj:t' cg'1fkq sL ztf{j:yf ;] hs8Þf /xtf x} . afb
d]+ k|of]ustf{ ox gxL+ sx ;stf ls p;] o] zt]+{ :jLsf/
gxL+ x+} .
v_ k|bfg lsP uP clwsf/
k|foM k|ltlnlk clwsf/ cg'1fkq hf] k|of]u s] lnP clt
lgo+lqt ztf]+{ k/ cfwfl/t xf]tf x} p;sL t'ngf d]+ v'nf
ljifoj:t' cg'1fkq g] k|of]ustf{ sf] lglZrt :jt+qtf sf
v'nf ljifoj:t' cg'1fkqf] sf ;fdfGo :jefj j rl/q
47
clwsf/ b]tf x} . Ogd]+ ;] s'5 clwsf/ k|foM ;eL v'nf
ljifoj:t' cg'1fkq d]+ ;dfg x},+ h};] s[lt sf‘kL s/g] sf
clwsf/, s[lt ljt/0f s/g] sf clwsf/, lglZrt
cg'1fkqf]+ d]+ seL k|of]ustf{ sf] s[lt k/ cBfjlws s/g]
sf clwsf/, Jo'TkGgfTds s[lt j0f{zs
+ / -kl/jt{g_
clwsf/, s[lt sf k|bz{g cf}/ kl/jlt{t s[lt sf k|bz{g
s/g] sf clwsf/ . cg'1fkq sf rog s/t] ;do cfk
ckgL s[ltk/ ls; xb ts clwsf/ k|bfg s/gf rfxt] x},+
lg0f{o n]gf xf]tf x} . h};] ls, cfk Ps kmf‘G6 sL ;[hgf
s/t] x}+ cf}/ rfxt] x}+ ls sf]O{ b";/f O;;] ;Da4 ;+:s/0f
sf ;[hgf s/] tf] cfk ;f/] clwsf/ k|bfg s/g]jfn]
cg'1fkq sf r'gfj s/ ;st] x}+ . n]lsg cu/ cfk ls;L
sf] kmf‘G6 sL sf‘kL s/g] cf}/ ljt/0f s/g] sf clwsf/
b]gf rfxt] x}+ k/ p;sf 6fOkkm]; abng] of ;+:s/0f
;[hgf s/g] sf clwsf/ gxL+ b]gf rfxt] tf] cfksf] s'5
kfaGbL s] ;fy cg'1fkq sf rog s/gf xf]uf lh;d]+
l;k{m kxn] s] bf] clwsf/ k|bfg lso] uo] xf]+ .
u_ Jo'TkGgfTds -8]l/j]l6j_ of kl/jlt{t sfd
df}lns s[lt s] cfwf/ k/ agfoL uO{ b";/L s[lt xL
Jo'TkGgfTdds s[lt x} . v'nf ljifoj:t' cg'1fkqf]+ s]
ljleGg ?kf]+ d]+ d'Vo cGt/ oxL x} ls P};L s[ltof]+ s]
Jo'TkGgfTdds sfo{ d]+ sf}g ;] t/Ls] sf k|of]u s/gf
rflxP . :jtGq ;f‘km\6j]o/ cfGbf]ng s] nfO;]G; s] ;do
;] xL ox ;jfn p7tf cfof x} . h};] lhPgo" hLkLPn g]
clgjfo{ lsof x} O;s] txt s] cg'1fkq ;] ;[lht
Jo'TkGgfTds s[lt sf] p;L s] cGtu{t s] cg'1fkq n]g]
xf]u+] . O;sf dtna ox x} sf]O{ eL :jtGq s[lt -k|mL js{_
sf kmfobf n]s/ b";/L goL s[lt sf lgdf{0f s/g] s] afb
48
/f]s nufg] jfnL ztf]{ jfnf cg'1fkq gxL+ n] ;st] x}+ .
b";/] zAbf]+ d],+ sf]O{ eL s[lt s] ;fj{hlgs clwsf/ If]q d]+
cf hfg] s] afb p;] ;fj{hlgs clwsf/ If]q ;] afx/ gxL+
lsof hf ;stf x} . b";/L cf]/, cfk BSD ;f‘ˆ6j]o/
nfO;]G;]h h};f cg'1fkq n] ;st] x}+ hf] Jo'TkGgfTds
s[lt agfg] jfn] JoStL sf] p;] k|fk] f| O6f]/L
-:jfldut_ of Snf]H8 ;f];{ cg'1fkq d]+ abng] sL cg'dlt
b]t] x}+ .
cg'1fkq s] dfkm{t Jo'TkGgfTds s[lt sf] lgolGqt s/g]
sf ;fdYo{ v'nf ljifoj:t' cg'1f kqf]+ sf dxTjk"0f{ kIf x}
cf}/ Ps cy{ d]+ ox lgoldttf sL k|Tofe"lt lbnftL x} .
cfksL :jLs[lt s] lagf sf]O{ b";/f JolQm kl/jlt{t s[lt
gxL+ agf ;stf O;lnP cfk p; :jtGqtf sf]
Jo'TkGgfTds sfo{ d]+ eL lg:tKt cj:yf d]+ :jLs[lt b]
;st] x+} .
v'nf ljifoj:t' cg'1fkq d]+ Jo'TkGgfTds s[lt lgdf{0f sf
clwsf/ ;fdfGotof ;eL dfWod d]+ O;s] lgdf{0f sf]
;d]6tf x} . h};,] d}g+ ] Ps sxfgL v'nf ljifoj:t' cg'1fkq
s] cGtu{t lbof, tf] O;sf dtna ls k|of]ustf{ sf] O;s]
>Jo ;+:s/0f sf eL clwsf/ d}g+ ] b] lbof x} .
bfloTj sf dtna v'nf ljifoj:t' cg'1fkq s] ;Gbe{ d]+
ox xf]tf x} ls olb Jo'TkGgfTds s[lt ;+ux| ;Dkfbg,
k2fjnL, ;+ux| u|y+ s] lnP x} tf] O;sL zt]+{ cf}/ kfalGbofF
O;k/ nfu" gxL+ xf]tL+ Sof]l+ s ;+ux| ;Dkfbg d]+ s]jn
Ow/pw/ hf]8gÞ f xL /xtf x} . pbfx/0f s] lnP, d}g+ ] PS;
gfd sf sflds lnvf hf] Ps ;fdfGo ;+ux| d]+ /vf x'cf
x} . P];L l:ylt d]+ ;+ux| s] cfd sldS;f]+ sf] b";/L zt{
49
cf}/ cj:yf sf cg'1fkq ldnf x'cf x} tf] p; sf‘ldS; s]
lnP v'nf ljifoj:t' cg'1fkq nfu" gxL+ xf]ufÙ s]jn p;
;+ux| d]+ zfldn d]/] sf‘ldS; PS; s] lnP xL ox nfu"
xf]uf .
3_ Jofkfl/s÷u}/Jofkfl/s k|of]u
v'nf ljifoj:t' cg'1fkq sf b";/f dxTjk"0f{ kIf
Jofkfl/s÷u}/Jofkfl/s k|of]u x} . h};] d}g+ ] Ps ljl8of]
c+z agfof cf}/ p;s]] ls;L c+z s] u}/Jofkfl/s t/Ls] ;]
k|of]u s/g] s] lnP b";/] nf]uf]+ cg'1fkq lbof . b";/L cf]/,
s'5 clws xL pbf/ cg'1fkq pGxL+ JolQmof]+ sf] ;eL
clwsf/ jfnf Jofkfl/s ?k d]+ p; c+z s] zf]if0ffTds
k|of]u sL cf1f eL b] ;stf x} .
v'nf ljifoj:t' cg'1fkq s] af/] d]+ nf]uf]+ s] dg d]+ Ps
z+sf ox eL kfoL hftL x} ls pGx+] P];] sfdf]+ s] sf/0f
ckgL s[lt ;] hLjgofkg s/g] k/ /f]s nu ;stL x} .
P];f xf], ox h?/L gxL+ x} . olb cfk ls;L s[lt s] lnP
u}/Jofkfl/s cg'1fkq n]t] x+} tf] eL sf]O{ k|sfzs of sf]O{
Jofkfl/s cl:tTj jfnf p;] k|sflzt s/ ;stf x} .
n]lsg P];f s/g] ;] kxn] pGx] cg'1fkqwf/L s] ;fy s'5
;xdlt s/gL xf]uL . b";/] zAbf] d],]+ u}/Jofkfl/s cfwf/ k/
s[lt of p;s] ls;L v08 sf k|sfzg s/g] s] afb eL
u|Gysf/ of s[ltsf/ gkmfd'vL cl:tTj s] lnP cg'1fkq
a]r ;st] x},+ n]lsg ha u}/Jofkfl/s k|of]u s] lnP
lg/Gt/tf sf] lgif]lwt gxL+ lsof uof xf] .
50
ª_ sfo{ljlw cfjZostf sL zt]{}
k|foM v'nf ljifoj:t' cg'1fkq s] ;Gbe{ d]+ ;eL
k|of]ustf{cf]+ -P]G8 o"h/\;_ hf] s[lt sf ljt/0f cf}/
Jo'TkGgfTds -kl/jlt{t_ s[lt rfxt] x}+ pGx]+ O{dfgbf/L s]
;fy sfo{ljlw sf kfng s/gf rflxP . Jo'TkGgfTds s[lt
s] af/] d]+ ox cf}/ clws h?/L x} . ;fdfGotM cg'1fkqf]+
åf/f s[lt s] ;fy xL cg'1fkq sL sf‘kL eL df+uL hftL x}
of sf]O{ lrGx of ;+st] sf ;dfj]z, lh;;] cg'1fkq sL
cj:yf sf ktf rn] ls O;] ls; cfwf/ k/ ljtl/t lsof
hf /xf x}, df+uf hftf x} . pbfx/0f s] tf}/ k/ © cf}/ ox
cg'1fkq sxfF ;] k|fKt xf]tf x} ox dfn"d xf] ;s] . ox
sfo{ljlw ax't xL dxTjk"0f{ x} Sof]l+ s O;;] cg'1fkq s]
;eL clwsf/ cf}/ bfloTj tL;/] kIf -hf] s[lt k|fKt s/tf
x}_ k/ eL nfu" xf]t] x+} cf}/ O;sL ;"rgf :ki6 ?k ;]] ldn
hftL x} .
r_ cfjZos oz
sfo{ljlw k"/f s/g] sL b";/L cfjZostf x} ls ls;L eL
xfnt d]+ s[ltsf/ sf] oyf]lrt >]o ldngf rflxP . ox
ljlw b"/ kl/b[Zo d]+ nfu' xf]tf x} . kxn] tf] P]G8 o'h/ ha
s[lt sf] tL;/] kIf sf] b]tf x} tf] p;L ;do p;] s[ltsf/
sf] k"/f >]o b]g] sf kSsf s/ n]gf rflxP . olb, clGtd
k|of]ustf{ g] p; s[lt sf kl/dfh{g lsof x} of
Jo'TkGgfTds s[lt sf lgdf{0f lsof x} ta eL ox nfu'
xf]uf . O; t/x Jo'TkGgfTds s[lt d]+ eL :ki6 ?k ;] d"n
s[ltsf/ cf}/ d"n k|lt sxfF ;] pknAw xf]tf x} O;sf
pNn]v s/gf rflxP .
51
cfk ls;L eL dfWod ;] b:tfj]h of sfuhft sL
k|lt lgsfn s/ ljt/0f, Jofkfl/s of u}/Jofkfl/s
?k d]+ k|of]u s/ ;st] x}+ . n]lsg cg'1fkq sf
k|ltlnlk clwsf/ ;"rgf, cg'1fkq ;"rgf k|To]s k|lt
d]+ lnvf xf]gf h?/L x} . ox eL pNn]v s/gf k8Þ]uf
ls cfk ls;L eL xfnt d]+ cg'1fkq ;] clws zt{
gxL+ /v ;st] . tsgLsL t/Ls] sf k|of]u s/ cf}/
skL agfg] sf sfd, ljt/0f tyf cWoog s/g] d]+
?sfj6 gxL+ kx'r
" gf rflxP .
lhPgo" k|mL 8s'dG] 6];g nfO;]G;,
;+:s/0f !=@, gjDa/ @))@
O; k|fjwfg sf dxTj O;lnP bzf{of uof x} ls v'nf
ljifoj:t' cg'1fkqf]+ g] cfbfg k|bfg cf}/ ;xeflutf s]
Ps j}slNks ;d'bfo sf] vf]hf x} . cf}/ ox s[ltsf/ sf]
>]o b]gf eL dxTjk"0f{ dfgtf x} . cfly{s ljsf; s] cefj
d]+ cf}/ pTk|/] s tTj h};] kl/ro, OHht, ;Ddfg cflb cf}/
clws dxTjk"0f{ xf] hftf x} . v'nf ljifoj:t' cg'1fkq
s[ltsf/ s] clwsf/f]+ sf] gh/ cGbfh gxL+ s/tf cf}/
p;s] clwsf/ s] ;Ddfg s] lnP ckg] lgodf]+ sf s8ÞfO{
s] ;fy kfng s/] O; k/ hf]/ b]tf x} .
52
cfk ;+uLt k|fKt s/g] s] afb p;] ls;L eL dfWod d]+
skL s/ ;st] x}+ cf}/ ljtl/t s/ ;st] x}+ n]lsg
cfksf] M
s_ ;eL k|ltof]+ d]+ :ki6 cf}/ ;d'lrt ?k d]+ ;xL
k|ltlnlk clwsf/ ;"rgf k|sflzt s/gf xf]uf .
v_ O; cg'1fkq ;] h'8ÞL ;eL ;"rgf sf] ;xL t/Ls] ;]
zfldn s/gf xf]uf .
u_ ;+uLt sL ;eL k|lt d]+ p;;] ;DalGwt ;eL
dxTjk"0f{ ;"rgf, hfgsf/L, lh;d]+ s[lt sf gfd
cf}/ >]o k|fKt JolQm sf gfd cf}/ e"ldsf eL
lnvL xf]gL rflxP .
3_ ;+uLt s] k|To]s k|fks sf] ;+uLt s] ;fy O;
cg'1fkq sL Ps k|lt of :ki6 (URL) o"cf/Pn
hxf ;] ox cg'1fkq OG6/g]6 d]+ s};] k|fKt lsof
hf ;stf ktf rn ;s] .
Plydf]lgS; k|mL Do'lhs nfO;]G;,
;+:s/0f !, cu:t @)))
5_ O;;] Gofok"0f{ k|of]u s] clwsf/ k/ c;/
gxL+ k8Þtf
k|ltlnlk clwsf/ sfg"g d]+ pNn3+g sf Ps ckjfb x},
Gofo;+ut k|of]u sf ckjfb . Gofok"0f{ k|of]u s] ckjfb d]+
;fdfGotof ;dfnf]rgf, ;dLIff cf}/ lglZrt u}/Jofkfl/s
tyf z}lIfs k|fl1s k|of]uf]+ sf c+zut k|of]u cftf x} .
v'nf ljifoj:t' cg'1fkq ;] eL O;sL cj:yf cf}/ zt{ s]
cfwf/ k/ cfks] Gofo;+ut k|of]u s] clwsf/ k/ k|lts"n
53
k|efj gxL+ k8Þtf x} . olb sf]O{ O;sL zt{ cf}/ cj:yf ;]
;xdt gxL+ x} cf}/ v'nf ljifoj:t' cg'1fkq sf] dfggf
gxL+ rfxt] tf] eL pg nf]uf]+ sf] Gofo;+ut k|of]u s]
clwsf/ s] l;4fGt ;] ldn] bfo/] s] eLt/ /xs/ k|of]u
s/g] sL :jtGqtf /x]uL .
v'nf ;+uLt -cf]k]g Do'lhs_ sL /rgfcf]+ sf] k"0f{ of
cf+lzs bf]gf]+ ?kf]+ d]+ k'gM pTkfbg cf}/ ljt/0f lsof
hf ;stf x} . ls;L eL ef}lts jf On]S6«fl] gs
-ljB'tLo_ dfWod d]+ O; cg'1fkq sL ztf{j:yf sf]
dfggf xf]uf . cf}/ cg'1fkq of O;;] ;DaGw
-h};] M /rgfsf/f]+ cf}/ p;s] k|sfzsf]+ åf/f r'g] uP
sf]O{ ljsNk_ lsP uP ;dfj]zLs/0f k'gM pTkfbg d]+
k|blz{t xf]gf rflxP .
nfOg]S; 6f“u lu|g cf]kg Do'lhs nfO;]G;
8«f?6 VI.I, 33 @@ ck|}n @))!
h_ jf/06L -;'/If0f_ sf cefj
df}lb|s d"No s] lagf xL k|foM s[ltofF pknAw s/fgf cf}/
k|of]ustf{ sf] eL Ps lglZrt :jtGqtf lbof hfgf v'nf
ljifoj:t' OhfhÞt kqf]+ d]+ Ps k|rlnt k|fjwfg x}, cf}/
O;d]+ ls;L eL jf/06L -;'/If0f_ s] lagf s[lt pknAw
s/fg] æhf] lh; ?k d]+ x}Æ s] cfwf/ sf pNn]v lsof
/xtf x} . cg'1fkq b]g]jfnf] s] lnP s[lt d]+ sf]O{ jf/06L
b]g] sL l:ylt gxL+ /xtL x}, n]lsg O;s] afah'b s'5
cg'1f kqf]+ åf/f lk5n] k|of]ustf{cf]+ sf] ;]jf k/ ;'/If0f
lbof hftf x} cyf{jf Jo'TkGgfTds s[lt hxfF jf/06L sf
dtna cg'1fkqwf/L cf}/ tL;/] kIf s] aLr sL aft
xf]tL x} .
54
v'nf ljifoj:t' -cf]kg sG6]G6_ lagf d"No s] Ohfht
k|bfg s/tf x} . O; sf/0f O;d] k|efjzfnL sfg"gL
bfo/] ;] clws sL jf/06L gxL+ xf]tf . lnv] ztf]+{ s]
cnfjf k|ltlnlk clwsf/ wf/L cf}/ b";/] ;Da4 kIff]+
åf/f k|:t't v'nf ljifoj:t' ‘oyfj:yf’ ls;L k|sf/
sL cleJoQm of ck|ToIf jf/06L s] lagf pknJw
x} . n]lsg ;Lldttf g /xg] sL l:ylt d]+ lglZrt
p2]Zo sL laqmL of of]Uotf k/ ;fdYo{ sf ck|ToIf
jf/06L s] cnfjf v'nf ljifoj:t' k|of]u s/t] ;do
O;sL ;eL ;d:ofof]+ sf lhDdf cfksf x} . v'nf
ljifoj:t' d]+ sf]O{ q'l6 /x hfg] of p;s] unt
k|sflzt xf]g] of ls;L sf/0fjz p;s] c:jLsf/ xf]g]
k/ p;s] ;'wf/ of z'\4 s/g] sf ;eL vr{ cfksf]
p7fgf xf]uf .
v'nf ljifoj:t' cg'1f k` -cf]kLPn,
;+:s/0f !=), h'nfO{ !$, !((*
OPL_
ox s[lt oyfj:yf d]+ k|efjzLn sfg"g ;] ldnL
cg'dlt s] bfo/] s] eLt/ ls;L eL cleJoQm of
ck|ToIf jf/06L s] lagf pknJw x} . n]lsg ;Lldt\tf
g /xg] sL l:ylt d]+ lglZrt p2]Zo sL laqmL of
of]Uotf k/ ;fdYo{ sf ck|ToIf jf/06L pknAw x} .
l8hfOg ;fOG; nfO;];+ !(((–@))!
55
em_ k|rlnt sfg"gL k|fjwfg
cg'1fkq n]t] ;do cfksf] sf]O{ ljz]if lrGtf gxL+ s/gL
x} lkm/ eL s'5 sfg"gL k|fjwfg]+ v'nf ljifoj:t' cg'1fkq
s] cGt d]+ k|foM lbvfO{ k8Þ hftL x} cf}/ O;] k|rlnt
sfg"gL k|fjwfg sxf hftf x}, h};] M
• ljR5]b of]Uo of ljeflht -;]j/Llaln6L_M oxfF
•
•
O;sf dtna cg'1fkq s] Ps efu of c+z s]
cdfGo -lgliqmo_ xf]g] k/ eL b";/f efu of c+z
;lqmo /xtf x} .
bfloTj -nfolaln6L_ sL ;LdfM cg'1fkqf]+ d]+ k|foM
ox pNn]v lsof /xtf x} cg'1fkq b]gj] fnf cyf{t\
k|bfos s[lt s] k|of]u ;] xf]g] jfn] ls;L eL rLh
sf lhDd]jf/ gxL+ xf]uf . h};, Ps k|of]ustf{ s[lt
s] sf/0f ;] lsGxL+ dfgl;s k/]zflgof]+ sf] ef]utf
x} tf] p;sf bfjf gxL+ s/ ;stf x} .
s[lt s] k'glj{t/0f s] lnP cg'1fkq d]+ x]/km]/ of
;'wf/ s/g] sL cg'dlt cg'1fkq gxL+ b]tf x} .
• lj;h{g -6ld{g]zg_M clwsf+z cg'1fkqf]+ d]+
cg'1fkqwf/L åf/f clwsf/f]+ s] bfloTj sf pNn3+g
lsP hfg] s] ;fy xL p;s] ;dfKt xf]g] sf pNn]v
/xtf x} .
56
57
c W o fo $
v'nf ljifoj:t' cg'1fkqf]+ s]
If]qflwsf/ -8f]dg] _ sf gSzf+sg
ljleGg k|sf/ s] v'nf ljifoj:t' cg'1fkqf]+ s] lnP
gSzf+sg s/g] sf t/Lsf cnu–cnu x}, hf] O; k|sf/ x}M
-s_ cg'1fkq åf/f ;Daf]lwt lsP uP dfWod s] cfwf/ k/
-v_ cg'1fkq sL k|sl[ t s] cfwf/ k/
-u_ cg'1fkq s] dfGo ;dofjlw s] cfwf/ k/
gSzf+sg s/g] sf cf}/ cGo k|of;f]+ s] ;dfg xL ox
gSzf+sg eL ck"0f{ xf] ;stf x} . k|of]ustf{ sf] cg'1f
agfs/ b]vg] d]+ cf;fgL xf] O;s] lnP a[xt gSzf pknAw
s/fg] s] l;nl;n] d]+ Og cg'1fkqf]+ sf k"/f 6]S;6
-zAbzM_ ?k d]+ cWoog s/g] s] lnP xd nf]u pT;flxt
s/t] x} . O;;] sfg"gL efiff sf 8/ wL/]–wL/] vTd xf] hftf
x} . cfksf] O;sf ljj/0ffTds :j?k :ki6 xf] hfPuf .
-s_ cg'1fkq åf/f ;Daf]lwt lsP uP dfWod
s] cfwf/ k/
O; cg'1fkq åf/f ;Daf]lwt lsP uP dfWod sf] b]vs/
v'nf ljifoj:t' cg'1fkqf]+ sf] ;d"xut lsof hf ;stf
x} . cg'1fkq rog s/t] ;do cfk sf]O{ eL ;fdfGo
58
cg'1fkq of ljz]if cg'1fkq sf rog s/ ;st] x}+ .
;fdfGo cg'1fkq sf] Ps xL cfsf/ s] eLt/ ;eL k|sf/
s] lno] plrt /xg]jfnf dfgf hf ;stf x}, hxfF
ljifoj:t' sL ljz]if k|sl[ t ;] sf]O{ kms{ gxL+ k8Þtf x} .
cfk O; ljz]if k|sf/ s] cg'1fkq sf r'gfj O;lnP gxL+
s/]u+ ] Sof]l+ s ox cfks] sfd s] cg'?k x}, h};] ;+uLt .
alNs, ox cg'1fkq s] ljifoj:t' s] lnP x} . clwst/
;femf ;[hgf cg'1fkq ;fdfGo ljifoj:t' cg'1fkq sf
pbfx/0f x} . b";/L cf]/, ljlzi6 cg'1fkq lglZrt dfWod
sf] ;f]rs/ agfof uof cg'1fkq x} . O; If]q d]+
cg'1fkqf]+ sL Ps nDaL >[v
+ nf gxL+ x} cf}/ clwsf+z
ljz]if cg'1fkqf]+ g] ;+uLt s] af/] sfd lsof x} . O; t/x
;+uLt s] If]q d]+ cfk s] kf; rog s/g] s] lno] O{
Pkm–Pkm k|mL cfl8of] cg'1fkq, Plydf]lgS; k|mL Do'lhs
cg'1fkq, cf]kg Do'lhs cg'1fkq, ;femf ;[hgf -lqmPl6j
sf‘dG;_, ;+uLt cg'1fkq cflb ljsNk x}}+ . ;fdfGo
cg'1fkq ;] clws cy{ k"0f{ ljz]if cg'1fkq sf rog
s/gf xf]tf x} Sof]l+ s ox cfksL ;"Id cfjZostfcf]+ sf]
clws ;dem ;stf x} . hf] Ps lglZrt dfWod ;+rf/ d]+
cfjZos k8Þ ;stf x} .
v_ cg'1fkq sL k|s[lt s] cfwf/ k/
cg'1fkq sf :jefj cf}/ k|sl[ t s] cg';f/ eL v'nf
ljifoj:t' cg'1f kqf]+ sf juL{s/0f lsof hf ;stf x} . s'5
cg'1fkq P];] x}+ hf] hLPgo" hLkLPn s] ghbLs xf] ;stf x}
cyf{t\ jx k"0f{ :jtGqtf d]+ ljZjf; /vtf x} cf}/ ax't xL
sd k|ltaGw s[lt of Jo'TkGgfTds s[lt k/ nuftf x} . O;L
t/x s'5 P];] cg'1fkq eL xf] ;st] x}+ hf] cfwf/e"t
:jtGqtf b]t] x} – Og cg'1lKt bftfcf]+ sf] ljz]if If]q
Jofkfl/s k|of]u, Jo'TkGgfTds s[lt sL ;[hgf h};] If]qf]+ d]+
k|ltaGw nufg] sL cg'dlt b]tf x} . cg'1fkqf]+ s] Ps ju{
v'nf ljifoj:t' cg'1fkqf]+ s] If]qflwsf/ -8f]dg] _ sf gSzf+sg
59
cf}/ ;d"x d]+ xf]g] s] afah"b eL O;s] eLt/ s] ljefhg
:ki6 gxL+ xf]t] x} . O;L t/x cfks] kf; ;femf ;[hgf CC
cg'1fkq s] eLt/ eL ;eL clwsf/f]+ ;] e/f v'nf cg'1fkq
eL xf] ;stf x} cf}/ s'5 xL clwsf/f]+ tyf clws k|ltaGw
jfnf eL cg'1fkq xf] ;stf x} .
-u_ cg'1fkq sL dfGo cjlw s] cfwf/ k/
hLPgo" hLkLPn d]+ k/]zfg s/g] jfnf ;jfn x} O;sL
dfGo ;dofjlw . cbfnt d]+ O;sf hjfj gxL lbP hfg]
s] sf/0f v'nf ljifoj:t' cg'1fkq hf/L s/t] ;do nf]uf]+
sf] ox Wofg d]+ /vgf k8Þtf x} . v'nf ljifoj:t' cg'1fkq
sL b'lgof d]+ cle?lrk"0f{ k|ult ox b]vg] sf] ldn /xL x}
ls sfnfg'qmd s] cfwf/ k/ ha O;sf juL{s/0f h};]
kxn] kL9L d]+ -k|mL cf6{, cf]kg sG6]G6, cf]kg cfl8of]_ cf}/
b";/] kL9L s] cg'1fkqf]+ d]+ ;femf ;[hgf -lqmPl6j sf‘dG;_
lsof hftf x} tf] OG6/g]6 ;dofjlw s] sd ;do sL
nDafO{ d]+ b";/] kL9L s] cg'1fkqf]+ sL z}nL d]+ pNn]v
kl/jt{g cf uof x} .
1fg cf}/ ;[hgf jx ;Dkbf x}, lh;] ;Rr] cy{ d]+ :jtGq
/xgf rflxP cf}/ O;] 7f]; k|of]u s] ;fy k|ToIf ?k ;]
;DalGwt g /xs/ vf]h sf ljifo aggf rflxP .
;[hgf s/g] sf dtna cgle1 aft]+ of goL jftf]+ sf
ktf nufgf cf}/ oyfy{ s] ;fjwfgL s] lagf xL ;To sf
ktf nufgf x} . n]lsg O;] xL snf sf p2]Zo, j:t' sf
?k of p;sf :j?k gxL+ dfg n]gf rflxP . oxL k|mL
cf6{ cg'1fkq sL cfwf/e"t ;f]r x} . cf}/ snfsf/Lo
cEof; sf] afhf/ s] cy{tGq s] lgod ;] :jtGq /vt]
x'P k|j4{g s/gf cf}/ arfgf x} .
k|mL cf6{ nfO;]G;, lk|cDan ;+:s/0f !=@
60
lk5n] r/0f of kL9ÞL s] cg'1fkqf]+ d]+ cg]s t/Lsf+] s] sfo{
;Dkfbg sL lglZrttf s] lnP s8ÞL ax;f]+ s] ;fy ljrf/
c+lst y] . O;s] sxg] sf dtna ox x} ls ha cfk z'?
s] v'nf ljifoj:t' cg'1f kqf]+ sf] k9Þt] x}+ tf] jx 3'dfjbf/
ts{ s] ;fy lnvf xf]tf x} cf}/ O;d]+ k|:tfjgf s] ;fy xL
k|ltlnlk clwsf/ s] lj?4 s] ljrf/f]+ sL lj1lKt sf
cfef; ldntf x} . k|foM sfg"gL efiff d]+ lnv] uP sfuhft
sL t/x cJoltms gxL+ xf]tL x} . ox Ps af]nL s] ?k d]+
xf]tL x} hf] ckg] cfk d]+ sf/0f tyf hux yf 1fg cfh{g
cf}/ p;s] ljt/0f sf sf/0f tyf hux yf . ct b";/L
kL9ÞL s] cg'1fkqf]+ ;] kxnL kL9ÞL s] cg'1fkq sfg"gL
sfuhft s] ?k d]+ zfob sd k|efjL x} cf}/ O;L jhx ;]
ox cle?lrk"0f{ eL x} Sof]l+ s cg'1fkq s] ?k d]+ ox clws
:ki6 gxL+ x}, lh;sf cefj sfg"gL ?k d]+ of]Uo b";/] r/0f
s] cg'1f kqf]+ d]+ x} .
clwst/ ;f‘ˆ6j]o/f]+ s] cg'1f kqf]+ sf l8hfOg O;
t/x sf agf xf]tf x} ls cfk p;] cfbfg k|bfg of
abng] s] lnP :jtGq gxL+ x} . leGgtf z'? d]+ xL x}
hLPgo" hg/n klAns nfO;];+ -;fdfGo ;fj{hlgs
cg'1f kq_ sf dtna :jtGq ;f‘ˆ6j]o/ sf cfbfg
k|bfg s/s] cf}/ abng] sL k|Tofe"lt cfks] kf; x} .
ox ;f‘ˆ6j]o/ s] ;eL k|of]ustf{ sf] :jtGq ?k ;]
k|fKt xf] ;s] P];L O;sL dfGotf x} .
hLPgo", hg/n klAns nfO;];+
-;fdfGo ;fj{hlgs cg'1f kq_
k|LcDan ;+:s/0f @, h'g !((!
v'nf ljifoj:t' cg'1fkqf]+ s] If]qflwsf/ -8f]dg] _ sf gSzf+sg
61
b";/L kL9ÞL s] cg'1f kqf]+ sf] Joj;foL ?k d]+ k]z lsof
uof x} . jx sfg"gL sfuhft s] ?k d]+ lbvfO{ k8Þtf x}+
cf}/ ;demf hftf x} . cg'1fkqf]+ s] cfbfg–k|bfg pGd'v
;[hgf d]+ ejg sL O{6+ sL t/x dfg] hfg] s] sf/0f sfg"gL
sfuhft s] ?k d]+ v/f xf]gf ax't dxTjk"0f{ x} . sfo{
;Dkfbg sL dfGotf k/ cg'1fkqf]+ sf kl/dfh{g tyf
;'wf/ lsof hftf x} cf}/ ljrf/ut dte]b cg'1fkq s]
j0f{gfTds jgfj6 s] afx/ xf]tf x} .
oxfF cg'1fkq s] efiff s] af/] d]+ Joy{ sL aft]+ of
cn+sfl/s jfSof]+ sL rrf{ s/g] sL sf]lzz gxL+ sL uO{
x} . ;a;] a8ÞL aft tf] ox ls O;d]+ b";/L kL9ÞL s]
cg'1fkqf]+ sf] cf}krfl/stf sL cf]/ n] hfg] s] qmd d]+ x'P
ljsf;qmd cf}/ cleofg sf] b]vt] x'P k|ltlnlk clwsf/ s]
j[xt ljrf/ ljdz{ sf gS;f+sg s/g] sf k|of; lsof uof
x} . ax'tf]+ s] lnP k|ltlnlk clwsf/ s] lj?4 sL n8ÞfO{
s]jn ;[hgzLntf sf eljio g xf]s/ k"h
F L s] j[xt
eljio ;] h'8fÞ xf]tf x}, hf] wg cfh{g s/g] sf gof dfu{
vf]ng] sf k|of; s/tf x} . O; t/x cg'1fkqf]+ sf
kl/dfh{g cf}/ ;fkm s/t] /xg] sL k|lqmof ;] eL sfg"g sL
b'lgof s] c+w/] ] kIf s] ;fy Jojxf/ s/g] sf kIf sdhf]/
lbvtf x} . v'nf ljifoj:t' cg'1fkq k|ltlnlk clwsf/ s]
jfbljjfb sf cvf8f gxL+ ag], O; cf]/ xd ;asf] hfgf
rflxP .
62
sfo{sl[ t -js{_ lgDgfg';f/ JofVof lso] x'P O; ;femf
;[hgf -lqmPl6j sf‘dG;_ klAns nfO;]G;
-;L;LkLPn jf nfO;]G;_ sf] lgDg zt{ k/ pknAw
s/fof uof x} . O; s[lt sf k|ltlnlk clwsf/ cf}/
cGo k|efjsf/L sfg"gL clwsf/ 4f/f ;'/l5t x} .
O;d]+ lbP uP clwsf/ s] cnfjf cltl/St clwsf/
sf k|of]u s/gf dgf x} . oxf+ pNn]lvt ls;L eL
clwsf/f]+ sf k|of]u s/ cfk O; cg'1fkqf]+ sL zt{ d]+
a‘w hfg] sL :jLs[lt b]t] x} . cg'1lKtbftf Og ztf]+{
sL :jLs[lt sf] Wofg d]+ /vt] x'P cfksf] O;d]+ /x]
clwsf/f]+ sf] lbof x} .
lqmPl6j sf‘dG; -;femf ;[hgf_ nfO;];+
k|LcDan ;+:s/0f @=)
63
c W o fo %
d'Vo v'nf ljifoj:t' jfn]
cg'1fkq sf
t'ngfTds cWoog
cg'1fkqf]+ sf] lgDg t/Ls] ;] juL{st[ lsof uof x} . kxn]
efu, kxn] r/0f of kxnL kL9ÞL s] cg'1fkqf]+ sf pNn]v
s/tf x} cf}/ b";/f efu b";/] r/0f of b";/L kL9ÞL s]
cg'1fkqf]+ sf pNn]v s/tf x} -lj:t[t tL;/] cWofo s]
efu …uÚ d]_+ z'? s] ax't cg'1fkq ca ;femf ;[hgf
-lqmPl6j sf‘dG; cg'1fkqf]_+ s] eLt/ zfldn xf] uof x}
cf}/ kl/lzi6 d]+ ;"rLs[t x} . ca p;sf k|of]u gxL+ lsP
hfg] k/ eL kxnL kL9ÞL s] cg'1fkqf] ;] b";/] kL9L s]
cg'1fkqf]+ ts s] ;do s] cGt/fn sf] ;demgf
?lrk"0f{ x} .
O;sf eL dgg s/t] /lxP ls b";/] cWofo d]+ ;d]6] uP
cg'1fkqf]+ sf k|of]u s/g] k/ p;sf kfng s/g] sL ljlw
cf}/ ljj/0f eL ;dflji6 x} hf] k|foM cg'1fkq s] cGt d]+
pNn]lvt /xtf x} .
64
:jtGq snf cg'1fkq -k|mL cf6{ nfO;]G;_
;+:s/0f !=!
http://artlibre.org/license.php/lalgb.html
zfob ;f‘km\6j]o/ clwsf/ If]q s] afx/ cf}/ snfclwsf/
If]q s] eLt/ :jtGq ;f‘km\6j]o/ tyf v'nf >f]t sf] ljrf/
d]+ kl/0ft s/fg] sf ox kxnf k|of; x} cf}/ ox cg'1fkq
k|ltlnlk clwsf/ ;femf x:tfGt/0f sf‘kLn]ˆ6 s] cfwf/ k/
ckgf pNn]v s/tf x} .
;g\ @))) d]+ k]l/; d]+ k|ltlnlk clwsf/ ;femf x:tfGt/0f
k|jl[ Q s] ljifo -sf‘kLn]ˆ6 Pl§Ro"8_ k/ x'O{ uf]i7L ;]
:jtGq snf -k|mL cf6{_ cg'1fkq sL z'?cft x'O{ . O;
a}7s g] kxnL af/ sDKo"6/ ljz]if1f]+ cf}/ ;f‘km\6j]o/s]
;lqmo nf]uf]+ sf] ;dsflns snfsdL{ cf}/ snfhut s]
;b:of]+ s] ;fy ;d]6f . O; cg'1fkq g] s'5 zt{ k"/f
s/g] k/ snfsf/ of ;[hsf]+ sf] ckgL s[ltofF :jtGq cf}/
lgle{s xf]s/ ;fj{hlgs ?k d]+ pknAw s/fg] cf}/ skL
s/g] sf clwsf/, s[lt sf ljt/0f cf}/ kl/dfh{g jf
cfw'lgsLs/0f s/g] sL cg'dlt bL .
bz{g M
k|:tfjgf d]+ pNn]v lsof uof x}, ærfn" ;flxlTos Pj+
snfk"0f{ ;DklQ -s[lt_ clwsf/ d]+ snfTds sfo{ sL
;fj{hlgs kx'r
F k/ k|ltaGw nufP hfg] s] sf/0f :jtGq
snf cg'1fkq -k|mL cf6{ nfO;]G;_ sf p2]Zo O; t/x sL
kx'r
F sf] pT;flxt s/gf x} .Æ
d'Vo v'nf ljifoj:t' jfn] cg'1fkq sf t'ngfTds cWoog
65
o; cg'1fkq sf l8hfOg O;lnP eL lsof uof x} tfls
cfd nf]u snfs[lt sf ;[hgzLn k|of]u s/ ;s+] cf}/
p;;] OG6/g]6 tyf cGo l8lh6n dfWod ldl8of s]
k|of]ustf{ of pTkfbs z}nL sf] dha"t agfof hf ;s] .
OG6/g]6 s] hGd s] ;fy xL ;xsfo{ cfk; d]+ af+6gf cf}/
pTkfbg sf ljt/0f s/gf cflb Jofks ;Defjgfcf]+ sf]
dfGotf b]tf x} hals k/Dk/fut k|ltlnlk clwsf/ ;xsfo{
s] ;xhLs/0f sf ;dy{g gxL+ s/tf . :jtGq snf
cg'1fkq -k|mL cf6{ nfO;]G;_ ax't ;f/] ;dsflns snfsf/f]+
åf/f lgjf{x sL uO{ k|of]u k|lqmof sf] lg/Gt/tf b]tf x} .
:jtGq snf cg'1fkq snf s] lnP plrt cy{tGq sf
jsfnt s/tf x} – lh;sf cfwf/ afF6gf, ljlgdo s/gf
cf}/ v'zL s] ;fy k|bfg s/gf x} . O;sf sxgf x} æsnf
d]+ Sof xf]gf rflxP jx tf] dxTjk"0f{ x} xL n]lsg dxTjk"0f{
gxL+ lbP hfg] jfn] kIf eL O;d]+ dxTjk"0f{ xf]t] x} .Æ
k|bQ clwsf/
:jtGq snf cg'1fkq k|of]u s/g] jfn] snfsf/ of ;[hs
ckg] k|of]ustf{ sf] cg]s :jtGqtf b]t] x}+ –
!_ s[lt sL k|ltlnlk agfg] sL :jtGqtf, hf] lghL
cf}/ b";/f]+ s] k|of]u s] lnP xf]tf x} .
@_ ls;L eL dfWod ;] s[lt sf ljt/0f s/g] sL
:jtGqtf . ox clwsf/ kl/dflh{t cf}/
ckl/dflh{t s[lt bf]gf]+ d]+ nfu' xf] ;stf x} .
ljt/0f s/g] jfnf JolQm O;] lgMz'Ns of p;sf
d"No n]s/ eL s/ ;stf x} .
#_ pk/ atfP uP kxn] sL cj:yfcf]+ sf] k"/f s/g]
k/ p;sf kl/dfh{g s/g] sf clwsf/ .
66
n]lsg ljt/0f s/g] sL :jtGqtf cf}/ kl/dfh{g s/g] sf
clwsf/ lgDg cj:yf d]+ ldntf x} M
ljtl/t s[lt d]+ cg'1fkq k"/L t/x ;] ;+nUg xf]gf rflxP
cf}/ ox sxfF ldn ;stf x} jx eL atfgf rflxP .
• df}lns s[lt s] /rgfsf/ sf gfd pNn]v xf]gf rflxP .
• k|fks df}lns s[lt sxfF ;] k|fKt s/ ;stf x} p;sf
pNn]v s/gf rflxP .
ox s};] sfd s/tf x}
snf sL lg/Gt/tf sL k|lqmof sf] ;Ifd agfgf cg'1fkq
sf ljrf/ x} . O; snf sf] Ps vfnL kl/0ffd s] cGb/
;dfKt xf]g] jfnf lqmofsnfk dfgg] s] ljrf/ s] lj?4 x} .
O;L ;] ox lgDg gd"g] :yflkt s/tf x} M
df}lns sfo{ -s[lt÷/rgf_ → pQ/sfnLg -kl/dflh{t_ /rgf
-df}lns k/ cfwfl/t_
→ ;fd'bflos -sfo{_ /rgf
O; cg'1fkq g] :jtGq snf cg'1fkq sL t/x ;dfg
cj:yf cf}/ zt{ g /x] ls;L eL s[lt ;] ;Da4 cg'1f kqf]+
s] ;fy ;+of]lht xf]g] k/ k|ltaGw nufof x} . O;lnP k|mL
cf6{ nfO;]G; s] txt k|of]u sL uO{ s[lt ;fj{hlgs If]q
;] afx/ gxL+ xf] ;stL x} . O;t/x sf]O{ eL df}lns s[lt
s] cfwf/ k/ lk5nL s[lt sf lgdf{0f s/ ;fj{hlgs
clwsf/ If]q ;] x6fg] sf k|of; gxL+ s/ ;stf x} . s[lt
sf] :jtGq snf cg'1fkq s] txt xL /vgf k8]uf .
:jtGq snf cg'1fkq åf/f ox k|ltaGw nufP hfg] sf
sf/0f, ls;L eL JolQm s] of]ubfg of u|Gysf/L clwsf/L
sf] OGsf/ s/gf gxL+, alNs snfs[lt s] ljsf;qmd d]+
of]ubfg s/g] sL ;f]r jfn] cg'1lKtwf/L of k|of]ustf{
åf/f cGo cg'1lKtwfl/of]+ sf] clwsf/ b]gf x} of b]gf
:jLsf/ s/ n]gf x} .
67
:jtGq snf cg'1fkq g] :ki6 pNn]v lsof x} ls
cg'1fkq sL zt{ tyf p2]Zo sf] :jLsf/ lsP lagf ls;L
sf] eL s[lt sf k|of]u s/g] sf clwsf/ gxL+ x} . ha ;] j]
nf]u :jLsf/t] x}+ p;L ;do ;] cg'1fkq sL cj:yf cf}/
zt{ ;] aFw hft] x}+ . :jLsf/ s/g] sL aft sf] :ki6 s/g]
sL h?/t gxL+ x} Psdfq lqmof, h};] sf‘kL s/g] sf sfo{,
ljt/0f cf}/ kl/dfh{g s/g] ;] xL ox ;d]6f hftf x} .
:jtGq snf cg'1fkq sf k|of]u Sof]+ <
:jtGq snf cg'1fkq O;s] b'?kof]u sf] /f]sg] s] lnP
sfg"gL ;"q k|bfg s/tf x} . O;;] cfksL s[lt of p;s]
ls;L efu sf] sf]O{ eL Ow/ pw/ s/ ;[hgzLn k|lqmof
sf] 5f]6f gxL+ s/ ;stf x} . ;dli6ut ?kd]+ ljsf;zLn
s[lt s] lnP dfu{ k|z:t s/t] x'P P];L s[lt sL ;[hgf ;]
s'5 sf] xL kmfobf ldng] s] dg;fo sf] sd s/tf x} .
O;] xL ;sf/fTds 9+u ;] cu/ sxf hfP tf] ;f+:s[lts
;fj{hlgs clwsf/ If]q d]+ of]ubfg s/g] s] lnP ox ;xL
cg'1fkq x} .
b:tfj]h s] lno] cg'1f kq
k|frLg ljrf/ ;] cnu ;f+:s[lts pTkfbg s] af/] d]+ v'nf
b:tfj]h t}of/ s/g] jfn] cg'1f kqf]+ s] af/] d]+ eL ;+lIfKt
hfgsf/L /vgf dxTjk"0f{ x} . hf] ;f‘km\6j]o/sf k|of]u
s/gf hfgtf x}, ;f‘km\6j]o/sf dxTjk"0f{ kIf p;s] lnP
pknAw lnlvt b:tfj]h d]+ /xtf x} . o] cg'1fkq dfWod
;] ;DaGw g xf]s/ eL O; k|sf/ s] k|sfzg s] lnP ;f]rf
uof x} n]lsg ox ;a ;f‘ˆ6j]o/ s] JofVofTds sfuhft
;] clws cGo kIff]+ s] sfuhÞft s] lnP eL pkof]uL
xf]uf .
68
hLPgo" :jtGq b:tfj]h cg'1f kq
-hLPgo" k|mL 8s'dG] 6];g nfO;]G;_
;+:s/0f !=@, gjDa/ @))@
http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html
hLPgo" :jtGq b:tfj]h cg'1fkq k|f/lDes ?k d]+ hLPgo"
hLkLPn sf k"/s cg'1fkq x} . cg]s cyf]+{ d]+ ;flxlTos
;fdu|L s] lnP ox sf‘kLn]ˆ6 k|ltlnlk clwsf/ ;femf
x:tfGt/0f -sf‘kLn]ˆ6_ s] a/fa/ x} . k|f/lDes ?k d]+
d]gc
' n -sfo{ k'l:tsf_ cf}/ lgb]z
{ gfTds sfuhft, lh;sL
Jojxfl/s pkof]lutf x}, p;L t/x s] ;f‘km\6j]o/ cf}/
lgb]z
{ gfTds ;fdu|L s] lnP ox t}of/ lsof uof x} .
jt{dfg d]+ ;+;f/ sf ;a;] a[xt cgnfOg ;+oS' tfTds
ljZjsf]if ljsLk]l8of g] O; cg'1fkq sf] tt\;DaGwL
ljifoj:t' s] lnP ckgfof x} . ckg] z'? s] ljifo ;fdu|L
s] sf/0f ox cg'1fkq, gP ;Lvg] jfnf]+ sf] b'ljwfu|:t
s/g] jfnf x} . olb cfksL ;flxlTos s[lt -sfd_ cnu
k|sf/ sL x} tf] j};L s[lt s] lnP ;femf ;[hgf -lqmPl6j
sf‘dG;_ s] cg'1fkqf]+ d]+ ;] Ps clws plrt xf]tf x},
O;s] afah"b ox cg'1fkq a[xt ;+oS' tfTds k|nv
] Lo
kl/of]hgf s] lnP pkof]uL xf] ;stf x} .
bz{g
:jtGq ;f‘km\6j]o/ s] lnP v'nf k|nv
] g rflxP . Ps k|mL
k|fu] f| d, P];L lgod k'l:tsf s] ;fy cfgL rflxP hf] ptgL
xL :jtGqtf k|bfg s/] lhtgf ;f‘km\6j]o/ k|bfg s/tf x} .
ox cg'1fkq lgod k'l:tsf, lgb]z
{ gfTds kf7, cGo
sfof{Tds tyf pkof]uL b:tfj]h sf] :jtGqtf s] dfdnf]+
d]+ d'St /vgf rfxtf x} .
69
k|bfg lsP uP clwsf/
O; cg'1fkq s] tLg ;}4flGts nIo x} .
!_ ox ;eL sf] sf‘kL s/g] cf}/ k'glj{t/0f s/g] sL
k|efjsf/L :jtGqtf k|bfg s/tf x}, Jofkfl/s of
u}/Jofkfl/s cf}/ kl/dfh{g s] lagf .
@_ ox cg'1fkq s[ltsf/ cf}/ k|sfzs s] >]o sf]
;'/l5t s/tf x} cf}/ cGo 4f/f lso] uo] kl/df{hg
s] lno] lhDd]jf/ gxL+ 7x/ftf .
#_ ox cg'1f kq, …sf‘kLn]ˆ6Ú cg'1fkq x} lh;sf cy{
O;s] lhtg] eL Jo'TkGgfTds sfo{ xf]u+] jf] O;L
cg'1fkq s] cGtu{t xf]u]+ .
ox s};] sfd s/tf x} <
hLPgo" :jtGq k|nv
] g cg'1fkq p;L t/x cfks] sfo{ d]+
k|of]u lsof hf ;stf x} lh; t/x hLPgo" hLkLPn
cfks] ;f‘km\6j]o/ k/ k|of]u xf]tf x}, lh;] cfk cg'1fkq
s] gLr] lbP uP lgb]z
{ gf]+ sf kfng s/ k|fKt s/ ;st]
x} . hf] eL xf] hLPgo" :jtGq k|nv
] g cg'1fkq sfo{ljlw
cfjZostf s] lx;fa ;] k|of]ustf{ s] lnP em+em6 jfnf x}
;fy xL gP nf]uf]+ sf] k9Þg] d]+ ox cg'1fkq sl7g eL x} .
ox k|nv
] g ;f‘km\6j]o/ s] ;a;] pko'St cg'1fkq d]+ ceL
eL ;]jf b] /xf x}, n]lsg cGo t/x s] lgb]{zgfTds
;flxTo h};] kf7\ok':ts s] lno] hLPgo" :jtGq cg'1fkq
sL t'ngf d]+ ;femf ;[hgf -lqmPl6j sf‘dG;_ cg'1fkq s]
k|of]u s] lnP l;kmfl/z s/tf x"F . O; cg'1fkq d]+ cg]s
k|fjwfgf]+ sf l8hfOg O; t/x lsof uof x} . ox
;f‘ˆ6j]o/ lgod k'l:tsf s] lnP ;f]r s/ agfof uof x}
70
cf}/ ox cGo lgb]z
{ gfTds lgod k'l:tsf s] lnP
dxTjk"0f{ gxL+ eL xf] ;stf x} . s[lt s] ljleGg If]qf]+ d]+
k8Þg] jfnL cfjZostf cf}/ p;sf kfng s/g] s] bf}/fg
ox ljz]if ?k ;] ;To ;flat xf]tf x} .
;Dk"0f{ ?k d]+ hLPgo" :jtGq k|nv
] hLPgo" hLkLPn sL
zt{ d]+ cg'1fkq k|fKt ;f‘km\6j]o/ s] lnP Ps k"/s
cg'1fkq s] ?k d]+ pkof]uL x} . P];L cfjZostf jfn]
k|of]ustf{ s] lnP cg'1fkq ;] ;LwL hfgsf/L n]gf
pkof]uL xf]uf .
;fdfGo k|nv
] g cg'1f kq
-sf‘dg 8f‘sd' G] 6]zg nfO;];+ _
;+:s/0f !=) km/a/L !^, @))!
http://www.opensource.apple.com/cdl
ox PKkn åf/f ;f‘km\6j]o/ cf}/ lgb]z
{ gfTds sfo{ k'l:tsf
s] lnP k|:t't lsP uP k|nv
] g t}of/L cg'1fkq x} .
hLPgo" s] :jtGq k|nv
] g cg'1fkq sL ck]Iff O;] clws
;/n cf}/ :ki6 lsof uof x} . O;g] ax't ;f/] k|fljlws
lj:tf/ sf] x6fof x}, hf] jxfF yf .
O; ;Lwf cu|ufdL k|nv
] g cg'1fkq sf sxgf x} –
æ;/ntf sL /Iff s/g] d]+ ox cg'1fkq ljz]if ?k ;]
la:tf/ d]+ atfgf gxL+ rfxtf s};] -pbfxf/0ffy{ kmf‘G6 sf
cfsf/_ cf}/ sxfF -pbfx/0ffy{ zLif{s, k[i7 cflb_ s[ltsf/
sf] >]o b]gf rflxPÆ .
71
O;sf k|of]u sxf“ lsof hftf x} <
sf]O{ eL k|nv
] g lgod k'l:tsf -8f‘sd
' G] 6zg d}gc
' n_ cf}/
cGo s[lt lh;sf ljifo k|ltlnlk clwsf/wf/L sL ;"rgf
d]+ ;d]6f xf]tf x} ls O;sL zt]+{ ;fdfGo k|nv
] g cg'1fkq
;] ;DalGwt xf]uf .
k|bfg lsP uP clwsf/
O; cg'1fkq g] cg]s clwsf/ lbP x} M b:tfj]h cf}/
;xfos -Jo'TkGgfTds_ s[lt sL sf‘kL s/g], kl/dflh{t
s/g], ;fj{hlgs k|bz{gL, ljt/0f cf}/ k|sfzg sf clwsf/
ls;L eL dfWod ef}lts of On]S6«fl] gs, Jofkfl/s of
u}/Jofkfl/s ?k d]+ s/g] sf . lh;sf cfwf/ M
• b:tfj]h d]+ /xL ;eL k|ltlnlk clwsf/ ;"rgfPF
;'/lIft /x]uL .
• cg'1fkq sL Ps k|lt of O;;] ;Da4 ld>0f sL
k|lt lglZrt ?k ;] k|To]s k|lt s] :ki6 :yfg k/
;+nUg xf] lh;] b:tfj]h kfg] jfnf cf;fgL ;] b]v
;s] cf}/
• O; cg'1fkq sL zt{ d]+ cfk cGo s'5 gxL+ hf]8Þ
;st]
;eL lk5nL ;xfos s[ltof]+ sf] O;L cg'1fkq sL cj:yf
cf}/ ztf]{ k/ cfwfl/t /xs/ k|sflzt s/gL rflxP cf}/
;eL cg'1fkq ;DaGwL pko'Qm ;"rgfPF tyf kl/jt{g
sfod /vgf rflxP .
72
s[lt cf}/ ;xfos pQ/ s[ltof]+ sf] ;+of]hg d]+ hf]8fÞ hf
;stf x} . ox olb dfq ;d'Rrog x} tf] ;+of]hg sL ox
s[lt cg'1fkq sL cj:yf cf}/ zt{ s] eLt/ gxL+ k8Þu] L
hals cGo ;eL s[lt, ;xfos s[lt s] cg'1fkq sL
k|efjsfl/tf ;DaGwL ;eL ;"rgfPF sfod xL /x]uL .
O; cg'1fkq sf ;+:s/0f @=) sf] ;femf ;[hgf >]o
;dfg k|lt -lqmPl6j sf‘dG; c}l6«Ao'zg z]o/ cnfOs_
cg'1fkq d]+ kl/jt{g lsof uof x} .
v'n] ;+uLt cg'1fkq
-cf]kg Do'lhs nfO;]G;]h_
http://openmusic.linuxtag.org/showitem.php?item=209
ox v'nf ;+uLt cg'1fkq -cf]kg Do'lhs nfO;];
+ _ hd{gL
;] z'? x'cf x} . O;g] hLPgo" hLkLPn sL k'g/fj[lQ s/g]
sf k|of; lsof x} cf}/ ox ;+uLt clwsf/ If]q d]+ k8Þtf x}
n]lsg O;g] gfd cg'?k clwsf/f]+ s] :jefj s] cfwf/ k/
;dfg ?k ;] t}of/ lsP uP ljleGg /+uf] -x/f, kLnf, nfn
cf}/ OGb|wg'if_ s] cg'1fkqf]+ sf] pknAw s/fof x} .
bz{g
;+uLtsld{of]+ sf] pgsL s[lt afF6g] of cfbfg–k|bfg s/g]
d]+ ;Ifd agfg], cfdnf]uf]+ sf] ;+uLt sf k|of]u s/g] sL
cg'dlt b]g] n]lsg ;+ultsld{of]+ sf] pgs] ;+uLt ;]
oyf;Dej sdfg] k/ lgoGq0f sfod s/gf x} .
73
v'nf ;+uLt cg'1fkq cg]s uLtsf/, ;+uLtsf/ cf}/
;f+uLlts ;d"xf]+ s] ;fy ;nfx dzlj/f s/g] s] afb t}of/
lsof uof x} . cg'1fkq sf ;f/ efu xL cfdnf]uf]+ s] lnP
v'nf ;+uLt sf k|of]u cf}/ ljt/0f s/g] s] lnP ;xdlt
xf]g] s] sf/0f cg'1fkqf]+ sf] tLg k|fylds /+uf]+ d]+ cnu
lsof uof x}, hf] 6«flkms ;+st] s nfO6 s] ts{ s] cfwf/
k/ x} .
• x/f cg'1fkq ls;L eL k|sf/ s] k|of]u sL cg'dlt
b]tf x} .
• kLnf cg'1fkq ;eL clwsf/ b]tf x} lsGt'
Jofkfl/s k|of]hg k/ k|ltaGw nuftf x} .
• nfn cg'1fkq JolQmut k|of]u cf}/ ljt/0f sL
s]jn cg'dlt b]tf x} .
rf}yf ljsNk ox x} ls ox sfd cfksf] v'b s/gf x},
ldns/ of ldnfs/ cg'1fkq sf] xL OGb|wg'if sxf hftf
x} . ha z'? s] cfwf/e"t tLg /+uf]+ ;] kl/lrt xf]t] x},+ ta
cfk ckgf OGb|wg'if cg'1fkq agf ;st] x}+ .
74
lbP hfg] jfn] clwsf/
x/f kLnf nfn
JolQmut k|of]u
JolQmut kl/dfh{g
JolQmut ;xfos -cfwfl/t_ s[lt
JolQmut ljt/0f
JolQmut k|;f/0f
Jofkfl/s k|of]u
Jofkfl/s kl/dfh{g
Jofkfl/s ;xfos s[lt
Jofkfl/s ljt/0f
Jofkfl/s k|;f/0f
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
ox sfd s};] s/tf x} <
;eL ;+:s/0ff]+ d]+ lgDglnlvt ;"rgfcf]+ sL h?/t k8ÞtL x} .
k|ltlnlk clwsf/ © <year>by<s[ltsf/ or l8hfOg/> ox
s[lt l;km{ k"j{ lgwf{l/t zt{ cf}/ cj:yf s] cfwf/ k/ afF6L
hfPuL . -pko'Qm /+u sf k|of]u s/gf rflxP_ v'nf ;+uLt
cg'1fkq -vx.y clGtd ;+:s/0f jt{dfg d]+
http://openmusic.linuxtag.org/ d]+ pknAw x} .
s[ltsf/ of k|sfzs åf/f r'g] uP dfWodf]+ s] ljsNk O;s]
afb t'/Gt cfgf rflxP .
75
x/f M v'nf ;+uLt cg'1f kq
-u|Lg cf]kg Do"lhs nfO;]G;_
k|f?k ;+:s/0f !=!, @@ ck|n
} @))!
;fdfGo ;fj{hlgs cg'1fkq -u|Lg Do"lhs nfO;];
+ _
hLPgo" hLkLPn k/ cfwfl/t x} cyf{t\ O;s] ax't xL
ghbLs dfgf hftf x} . O;lnP ox cg'1fkq :jtGqtf sL
clwstd ;Ldf k|bfg s/tf x} .
k|bQ clwsf/ M
olb sf]O{ eL ;+uLtsf/ ckgL s[lt sf] O; nfO;];
+ s]
cGt{ut /vtf x} tf] jf] lgDglnlvt clwsf/ b";/] sf] b]g]
sf ;fdYo{ /vtf x}+ .
!= k'g?Tkfbg M O; cg'1fkq s] ;fy h'8Þ hfg] s] afb
cg'1fkqwf/L åf/f O; k'g?Tkfbg sfo{ s] x/f
cg'1fkq -u|Lg nfO;];
+ _ sL zt{ cf}/ cj:yf s]
af/] d]+ hfgsf/L b]g] k/ s[lt sf k"0f{ of cf+lzs
?k d]+ ls;L eL dfWod ef}lts of On]S6«fl] gs ?k
;] k'g?Tkfbg s/g] sf clwsf/ .
@= Jofkfl/s k'glj{t/0f M k'glj{t/0f s/g] s] clwsf/
d]+ Jofkfl/s k'glj{t/0f sf] eL ;d]6f uof x} .
ef}lts :j?k s] sf]O{ eL k|sfzg -h};] ;L8L_ d]+ d"n
k|sfzs cf}/ s[ltsf/ sf gfd pNn]v s/gf rflxP .
k|sfzs cf}/ s[ltsf/ of u|Gysf/ sf gfd pTkfbg s]
76
cfj/0f k/ xf]gf rflxP . d"n k|sfzg sf gfd ;eL
pTkfbg s] cfj/0f k/ s[lt s] zLif{s sL t/x xL a8Þ]
cIf/ d]+ xf]gf rflxP cf}/ zLif{s s] ;DaGw d]+ p;sf
:jfldTj s] ?k d]+ pNn]v xf]gf rflxP .
lglZrt dfWod ;+uLtsf/ O; cg'1fkq s] txt s] s'5
lglZrt dfWod s] lnP s[lt sf clwsf/ cf}/ k|bQ
clwsf/ ckg] d]+ lglxt /vt] x} . jx b";/f]+ s] kmf/d]6
-jfXofs[lt_ s] lnP cnu ;] cg'1fkq /v ;stf x} . O;
t/x s] cg'1fkq OG6/g]6 d]+ l8lh6n ljt/0f s] lnP xL
s]jn /vf hf ;stf x} . P];L l:ylt d]+ cg'1lKtwf/L sf]
s};6] cf}/ ;L8L s] ;DaGw d]+ jxL clwsf/ gxL+ xf]uf lkm/
eL k|ltlnlk clwsf/ wf/L ;] cGo dfWodf]+ s] lnP cg'dlt
nL hf ;stL x} . O; ljsNk sf] …ldl8of nf}ls+u ljsNkÚ
sxf hftf x} .
P];f s/g] s] lnP s[lt s] ;fy xL cg'1fkq sf ljt/0f
s/g] k/ Ps jfSof+z hf]8Þ bLlhP M æs[lt of Jo'TkGgfTds
-;xfos_ s[lt s] ljt/0f k/ k|ltaGw x} . oxfF dfWod
e/gf x} hats k|ltlnlk clwsf/wf/L ;] k"j{ cg'dlt gxL+
nL hftL x}Æ .
sfo{If]q
olb cg'1lKt wf/L Ps v'nf ;+uLt s[lt of cGo s[lt sf
Ps c+z n]tf x} tf] ox cg'1fkq :jefjtM cGo s[lt s]
lnP k|efjsf/L gxL+ xf]uf . olb cfks] kf; !) uLtf]+ sL
;L8L x}, lh;d]+ ;] bf] v'nf ;+uLt sL ztf{j:yf sf x} tf]
ox h?/L gxL+ x} ls cGo cf7 uLtf]+ s]f eL] v'nf ;+uLt
cg'1fkq d]+ ;d]6f uof xf] . h};] eL xf] ox ;"rgf
k|jflxt xf]gL rflxP lh;;] nf]uf]+ sf] ox dfn"d xf] ;s]
ls ox sfd v'nf ;+uLt s[lt sf x} .
77
h};f ls k|foM v'nf ljifoj:t' cg'1fkqf]+ sL t/x s[ltof]+
sf] oyfl:ylt d]+ ;'/If0f gxL+ lbof hftf x} .
cu/ cg'1fkq d]+ sf]O{ kl/dfh{g lsof hftf x} tf] p;]
cg]s cfjZostfcf]+ sf] k"/f s/gf xf]uf .
•
s[lt s] cGo ;eL kl/dflh{t ;+:s/0f O; cg'1fkq
s] cGb/ cft] x}+ . ox goL s[lt, hf] v'nf ;+uLt
s[lt sf Ps efu eL ;d]6tf x} p;] eL ;dfj]z
s/tf x} .
•
kl/is[t ;+:s/0f h};f sxf uof x} j};f xL pNn]v
s/ lnvgf rflxP .
•
lh;g] kl/dfh{g lsof x} p;sf kl/ro cf}/ sfd
s/g] sL tf/Lv sf pNn]v lsof hfgf rflxP .
•
df}lns ckl/dflh{t s[lt sf kl/ro b]s/ s[lt
k|fKt s/g] s] :yfg s] af/] d]+ hfgsf/L b]gf
rflxP .
•
d'Vo /rgfsf/ sL cg'dlt s] lagf d'Vo
;+uLtsf/f]+ sf gfd kl/0ffdut s[lt sL l;kmfl/z
s] lnP jqmf]lStk"0f{ t/Lsf ;] k|of]u gxL+ s/gf
rflxP .
goL s[lt O;L cg'1fkq ;] ljNs'n d]n vft] x'P lgsfngL
rflxP, lh;;] nu] ls kl/dflh{t ;+:s/0f df}lns s[lt sL
e"ldsf lgjf{x s/ /xf x} . O; t/x sf kl/dflh{t ;+:s/0f
sf]O{ eL k|fKt s/] n]lsg ljt/0f cf}/ kl/dfh{g s] lnP
oxL cg'1fkq nfu" xf]uf .
78
cR5] cEof; s] lnP l;kmfl/z]+ M
cg'1fkq g] l;kmfl/z sL x} ls olb sf]O{ JolSt v'nf
;+uLt s[lt of sfo{ sf] ef}lts ?k d]+ ljt/0f s/tf x} tf]
p;] d"n ;+uLtsf/ of cg'1lKtbftf sf] #) lbg kxn]
;"rgf b]gL rflxP cf}/ lh;;] jx kl/dflh{t s[lt sL Ps
k|lt p;] pknAw s/f ;s], olb p;s] kf; x} tf] . ;"rgf
s] hl/P s[lt d]+ lsP uP kl/dfh{g sf] atnfgf xf]uf .
Ps ;nfx bL hftL x} ls ls;L eL ef}lts :j?k
cleJolStof]+ sL Ps lgMz'Ns k|lt, v'nf ;+uLt cg'1fkq
sL uO{ s[lt s] /rgfsf/ sf] ;dk{0f s/gf cR5L aft x} .
kLnf v'nf ;+uLt cg'1f kq
-onf] cf]kg Do'lhs nfO;];+ _
k|f?k ;+:s/0f !=!, @@ ck|n
} , @))!
Jofkfl/s k|of]uf]+ d]+ /+uLg v'nf ;+uLt cg'1f kqf]+ d]+ ;]
kLnf cg'1fkq d]+ x/f cg'1fkq sL ck]Iff clws k|ltaGw
x} . olb kl/dfh{g s] lnP xL cg'dlt b]gL x} tf] O;
cg'1fkq sf k|of]u s/ ;st] x}+ n]lsg ox cg'1fkq
;f+uLlts u}/Jofkfl/s k|of]u s] lnP xL dfGo x} . cGo
;eL aftf]+ d]+ ox x/f cg'1fkq s] h};f xL x}, n]lsg O;d]+
Ps P];f k|fjwfg x} ls k"j{ cg'dlt lnP au}/ sf]O{ eL
Jofkfl/s sfd gxL+ lsof hf ;stf x} .
O; s[lt of Jo'TkGgfTds s[lt sf k"/f of cf+lzs k|sfzs
k|rlnt ?k d]+ Jofkf/Ls k|of]hg s] lnP cg'1lKtwf/L sL
k"j{ cg'dlt s] lagf jlh{t x} . Jofkfl/s k|of]hgf]+ s]
eLt/ ls;L eL Jofkf/Ls ;+hfn s] dfkm{t k|;f/0f,
Jofkfl/s d"No, Jofkfl/s k|ltlnlk cf}/ pwf/ b]g] tyf
;fj{hlgs k|bz{g ;dfj]z x} .
79
nfn v'nf ;+uLt cg'1f kq
-/]8 cf]kg Do'lhs nfO;];+ _
v'nf ;+uLt cg'1fkqf]+ d]+ ;] O; k/ ;a;] clws k|ltaGw
x} cf}/ ox cg'1fkq s]jn tLg clwsf/f]+ sL cg'dlt
b]tf x} .
!= JolQmut k|of]u
@= JolQmut ljt/0f
#= JolQmut k|;f/0f
lh; t/x x/] cg'1fkq d]+ lbP uP clwsf/, h};] M
kl/dfh{g sf clwsf/, ljt/0f sf clwsf/ cf}/ ;xfos
s[ltof]+ sL ;[hgf sf clwsf/ O; cg'1fkq s] cGtu{t
gxL+ lbof uof x} . O;s] cnfjf s[lt sf ls;L k|sf/ sf
Jofkfl/s k|of]u s/g] sf eL clwsf/ gxL+ lbof uof x} .
O; t/x cfk b]v ;st] x}+ x/f ;] kLnf cf}/ nfn ts s]
ljsf;qmd d]+ clwsf/ b]g] ;] clws clwsf/ k/ k|ltaGw
nufg] sL l:ylt ts sf ox cleofg x} .
80
;femf ;[hgf cg'1f kq
-lqmPl6j sf‘dG; nfO;];+ _
;+:s/0f @=)
http://creativecommons.org
v'nf ljifoj:t' cg'1lKts/0f k|;u+ s] go] If]q d]+ ;femf
;[hgf -lqmPl6j sf‘dG;_ ;a;] clws ;f/k"0f{ kxn'cf]+ d]+
;] Ps x} . v'nf ljifo j:t' s] cfwf/ k/ ljleGg k|sf/ s]
cg'1lKts/0f s] If]q d]+ ?lr /vg] jfn] nf]uf]+ s] lnP
;femf ;[hgf -lqmPl6j sf‘dG;_ Ps pkof]uL ljsNk s]
?k d]+ x} . lqmPl6j sf‘dG; s] cg';f/ dfr{ @))% d]+
OG6/g]6 d]+ Ps s/f]8Þ ;] clws sfo{ ;femf ;[hgf lqmPl6j sf‘dG;_ cg'1fkq d]+ pknAw yf . j]a;fO6 d]+
cg]s k|sf/ s] k|of]ustf{cf]+ s] lnP sfkmL ;"rgfPF
pknAw x}, lh;d]+ kxnL af/ s] k|of]ustf{ ;] n]s/ k|fl1s
cf}/ cg';Gwfgstf{cf]+ ts s] lnP uxg cWoog s/g] sL
;fdlu|ofF x} . lqmPl6j sf‘dG; cGt/f{li6«o cg'1f kqf]+ s]
:t/ sL >[v
+ nf sL xL ;[hgf s/ /xf x} hf] ljleGg
sfo{If]qf]+ s] lnP to lsof uof x} . ox lnvt] ;do
hfkfg, lkmgn}08, a|flhn, hd{gL, gLb/n}08, k|mfG;,
cl:6«of, :k]g, tfOjfg, O+un}08, O6nL, a]lNhod,
c:6«l] nof, qmf]Plzof cf}/ sf]l/of d]+ :yfgLos/0f lsP uP
cg'1fkq pknAw x} .
;femf ;[hgf -lqmPl6j sf‘dG;_ sf bz{g
:jtGq ;f‘km\6j]o/ cleofg ;] k|l] /t xf]s/ lqmPl6j
sf‘dG; ljZjf; s/tf x} ls ;[hgzLntf sf] a/s/f/
81
/vg] s] lnP ljzfn cf}/ ;+uLt ;"rgf s] ;fj{hlgs
clwsf/ If]q sL cfjZostf xf]tL x} cf}/ O; ;fj{hlgs
clwsf/ If]q sf] k|v/ tf}/ k/ ;d[4 s/g] s] lnP Ps
;sf/fTds clwsf/ sL cfjZostf x} . lso]l6j sf‘dG;
s] cg'1fkqf]+ sf lgdf{0f s/ v'nf ljifoj:t' cf}/
;+oS' tLs/0f sL k|lqmof sf] cf;fg agftf x} cf}/ O;s]
;fy xL 8f6f a]; (Database) sL t/x sfd eL s/tf x} .
lqmPl6j sf‘dG; ;dfh sf] k|ltlnlk clwsf/, jfs\
:jtGqtf cf}/ cleJolQm tyf ;fj{hlgs clwsf/ If]q s]
af/] d]+ hfu?s agftf x} .
lqmPl6j sf‘dG; s] kf; cg'1f kqf]+ sf Ps ;d"x xf]tf x}
hf] ls Ps cg'1fkq ljhf8{ åf/f agfof uof xf]tf x} . lnP
;femf ;[hgf -lqmPl6j sf‘dG;_ s] cg'1fkq ;+:s/0f s] !=)
s] cg';f/ n]vs jf s[ltsf/ ckgL O{R5f s] cg';f/ >]o n]
;stf yf cf}/ gxL+ eL . k/ lnP ;femf ;[hgf -lqmPl6j
sf‘dG;_ s] cg'1fkq ;+:s/0f @=) s] cg';f/ s[lt s] n]vs
sf] >]o b]gf clgjfo{ x} Sof]l+ s (%Ü ;] clws lnP ;femf
;[hgf -lqmPl6j sf‘dG;_ cg'1fkqwf/sf]+ g] >]o n]g] sL aft
sf] ;xL 7x/fof yf . cg'1fk1 ljhf8{ clGtd pkof]ustf{cf]+
sf] bf] d'Vo cjwf/0ff]+ d] ;] ls;L Ps sf pkof]u s/g] sf
;fdYo{ b]tf x} . k|of]ustf{ åf/f r'g] uP ld>0f s] cfwf/ k/
clGtd cg'1fkq sf lgwf{/0f lsof hftf x} . j] bf] d'Vo
cjwf/0ffPF x}+ M
!= Jofkfl/s k|of]u M
cfwf/e"t ?k d]+ ox r'gfj ls;L eL JolSt sf] cfksL
s[lt sf Jofkfl/s pkof]u s/g] b]g] jf u}/Jofkfl/s
82
p2]Zo s] lnP dfq k|of]u s/g] b]g] s] af/] d]+ cg'dlt b]g]
sf lg0f{o s/tf x} . ca ha ls …u}/Jofkfl/s k|of]hgÚ sL
kl/efiff gxL+ bL uO{ x}, ta ox ;DejtM æcfdbgL s] lnP
gxL+Æ -lqmPl6j sf‘dG; cg'1f kqf]+ s] cg';f/_ ox aft
;demL hfgL rflxP gf ls k'gM pTkfbg cf}/ ljt/0f vr{
eL g n] ;sg] sL c;dy{tf . -Jofkfl/s tyf u}/Jofkfl/s
s] clek|t] fy{ k/ ljrf/ ljdz{ s] lnP v'nf ljifoj:t'
cg'1fkq sf ;fdfGo :jefj sf …3Ú v08 b]v+] ._
cg'1fkq s] v08 $ d]+ pNn]lvt x} M cfk v08 # d]+ k|bQ
clwsf/ sf ls;L eL P];] t/Ls] d]+ pkof]u gxL+ s/ ;st]
hf] k|f/lDes ?k d]+ k|ToIf Jofkfl/s kmfobf of lghL
ef}lts ;x"lnot sL cf]/ cfslif{t xf] .
@= Jo'TkGgfTds sfo{sl[ tof]+ sf kl/dfh{g cf}/ ;[hgf
ox b";/f r'gfj cfksL s[lt sf] b";/] s] åf/f
Jo'TkGgfTds s[lt agfO{ hf ;stL x} of gxL O;sf lg0f{o
s/tf x} . O;d]+ …gxL+Ú sf r'gfj s/g] k/ cfk ckgL s[lt
sf] nf]uf]+ ts ckg] c;nL ?k d]+ xL kx'r
F fg], k|ltlnlk
lgsfng] ljt/0f cf}/ k|bz{g s/g] sf clwsf/ b]t] x}+ k/
j] nf]u cfksL s[lt d]+ x]/km]/, abnfj of kl/dfh{g s/g]
sf clwsf/ gxL+ /vt] . -O; cg'1fkq ljsNk sf]
u}/Jo'TkGgfTds -gf] 8]l/E;_ sxt] x}+ . olb cfk xfF sf
r'gfj s/t] x}+ tf] eL cfk O; k/ s'5 zt]{+ /v ;st] x},+
lh;;] Jo'TkGgfTds s[ltofF eL cfksL sfo{sl[ t /vL uoL
;tf{j:yfcf]+ s] åf/f lgb]l{ zt xf]u+ L . -O; cg'1fkq ljsNk
sf] …z]o/ cnfOsÚ sxt] x}+ ._ b";/] zAbf]+ d]+ sx] tf] hf]
JolSt cfksL s[lt ;] Jo'TkGgfTds sfo{ lsof x},+ jf] ls;L
b";/] JolSt k/ -hf] cfksL s[lt ;] Jo'TkGgfTds sfo{ s/
/xf x}_ k/ ls;L eL t/x sf cltl/St k|ltaGw gxL+ nuf
;stf .
d'Vo v'nf ljifoj:t' cg'1fkqf] sf t'ngfTds cWoog
83
cfk k|fljlws tf}/ k/ ^ ljleGg cg'1fkq agf ;st] x}+
hf] Jo'TkGgfTds cf}/ Jofkfl/s k|of]uf]+ sf ;lDd>0f xf]
;stf x} . jx O; k|sf/ x} M
-s_ >]o -cg'dlt M Jofkfl/s k|of]u cf}/ Jo'TkGgfTds
sfo{_
-v_ >]o M u}/Jofkfl/s
-u_ >]o M u}/Jo'TkGgfTds
-3_ >]o M u}/Jofkfl/s – u}/Jo'TkGgfTds
-ª_ >]o M ;dfg -cg'1lKt_ k|lt
-r_ >]o M u}/Jofkfl/s ;dfg -cg'1lKt_ k|lt
lk5n] k|of]ustf{ sL cf;fgL s] lnP oxL cg'1fkq tLg
:j?k d]+ k|:t't lsof uof x} M–
•
•
•
;femf ljn]v -sf‘dG; 8L8_ M ox ;fbf ;/n Ps
k[i7 d]+ cg'1fkq sf ;f/f+z -hf] ljleGg efiffcf]+ d]+
pNn]v_ x} . hf] ;fGble{s k|tLsf]+ s] åf/f k"0f{ lsof
uof x} .
sfg"gL ;+lxtf -nLun sf]8_ M sfg"gL efiff d]+ lnvf
uof cf}krfl/s cg'1fkq x} .
c+sLo ;+lxtf -l8hL6n sf]8_ M ox cg'1fkq s]
d]6f8f6f s] cg';f/ x} hf] vf]h OlGhg cf}/ cGo
cg'ko| f]uf]+ sf] sfo{ s[lt zAb s] k|of]u ;] kxrfg
s/g] d]+ d2t s/tf x} .
Og cfwf/e"t cg'1fkq s]+ ;fy ;fy ;femf ;[hgf s'5
ljz]if cg'1fkq eL k|bfg s/tf x}, h};,]
84
;fj{hlgs clwsf/ If]q ;dk{0f -klAns 8f]d]g
8]l8s]zg_ .
ha cfk k|efjsf/L ?k d]+ ckg] k|ltlnlk clwsf/ sf]
Tofugf rfxt] x}+ cf}/ ls;L eL clwsf/ k/ lgo+q0f
s/gf gxL+ rfxt] x}+ tf] ox Ps …gf] /fO6\; l/HfÞj8{ Ú
lg0f{o x} .
;+:yfks sf k|ltlnlk clwsf/
k|ltlnlk s] O; t/Lsf s] hl/P cfk Ps n3' ;dofjlw
ckgf ;st] x}+ h};f ls !$ jif{, hf] ls b";/] !$ jif{ s]
lnP lj:tf/ lsof hf ;stf x} g ls cd]l/sL k|ltlnlk
clwsf/ hf] n]vs s] d/g] s] afb eL &) jif{ ts
p;sf clwsf/ ;'lglZrt s/tf x} .
k|lt?k -;}Dkln+u_ cg'1f kq
tLg cg'1fkq cfksL sfo{sl[ t sf k'gM k|of]u s/g] s]
lnP nf]uf]+ sf] ;dy{ agftf x} . Og cg'1fkqf]+ sf
l8hfOg ljz]if tf}/ k/ ;f+uLlts sfof]{ s] lnP lsof
uof x} . -cg'1fkqf]+ sf lj:t[t ljj/0f gLr] lbof
uof x} ._
;+uLlts cfbfg k|bfg -z]o8{ Do'lhs _
sf]O{ eL JolQm cfksL ;f+uLlts /rgf 8fpgnf]8, sf‘kL,
kmfOn z]o/, cfbfg k|bfg, ljt/0f cf}/ ;fj{hlgs d+rg
s/ ;stf x} n]lsg O;sf Jofkfl/s k|of]u cf}/ O; k/
cfwfl/t Jo'TkGg sfd s/g] k/ k|ltaGw nuf xf]tf x} .
ox u}/Jofkfl/s, u}/Jo'TkGgfTds cg'1fkq x}, n]lsg
ljz]if s/ ox ;+uLtsf/f]+ s] lnP agfof uof x} .
85
ljsf;zLn b]zf]+ s] lnP cg'1fkq
cg'1fkq d]+ sfo{sl[ t sL skL s/g] s] ;fy xL p;sf
ljt/0f, d+rg cf}/ Jo'TkGgfTds sfo{ s/g] sf clwsf/
…ljsf;zLn ;+;f/Ú s] k|of]ustf{cf]+ sf] lbof uof x} .
-h};] – >]o cg'1fkq åf/f k|bfg lsP uP clwsf/_
s[ltsf/ sf k"/f k|ltlnlk clwsf/ ljsl;t ;+;f/ d]+
lglxt xf]tf x} .
;eL cg'1fkqf]+ s] cfwf/e"t clwsf/ cf}/ k|ltaGw
;femf ;[hgf -lqmPl6j sf‘dG;_ cg'1fkqf]+ sL cg]s
ljz]iftfPF cfk; d]+ ldntL h'ntL -;dfg_ x}+ . ;eL
cg'1fkq M–
•
s[lt k/ cfks] k|ltlnlk clwsf/ sf] lglZrt
s/tf x} cf}/ cfksL s[lt s] lnP nf]uf]+ sf] sxfF
ts cf}/ s};f cg'1fkq lbof hfP, ox lg0f{o s/g]
sL cg'dlt b]tf x} .
•
s[lt s] ;Gbe{ d]+ Gofo;+ut k|df0f k/ O;;]
k|lts"n c;/ gxL+ k8Þtf ox :ki6 s/tf x} cf}/
kxnf laqmL l;4fGt -km:6{ ;]n 8f‘lS6«g_ of cfksL
cleJolSt :jtGqtf s] cfwf/ k/ cfks] clwsf/f]+
sf] ls;L eL t/Ls] ;] ;Lldt gxL+ s/tf .
l6Kk0fL M k|ltlnlk clwsf/ sf kxnf laqmL l;4fGt
clgjfo{ ?k ;] ox bzf{tf x} ls sf]O{ eL JolQm k|ltlnlk
clwsf/ s] ljifo sf j:t' v/Lbtf x} tf] jx p;sf
sf/f]af/ s/ ;stf x} h};] -d}+ sf]O{ lstfa v/Lbtf x"F tf]
p;] b";/] b'sfgbf/ sf] a]r ;stf x"F .
86
k|To]s cg'1fkq sf] cg'1lKtwf/L sL h?/t xf]tL x} M
• cfks] åf/f k|ltalGwt j:t' k/ sf]O{ eL sfd s/g]
s] lnP cfksL cg'dlt n]gL h?/L x} . h};] M
cfksf r'gfj cg'1fkq ts nf]uf]+ sL kx'r
F p;sL
sfkL cf}/ ljt/0f s/g] sf clwsf/ b]gf x}, tf] olb
j] nf]u s[lt sf Jofkfl/s k|of]u of Jo'TkGg sfo{
s/gf rfx]u+] tf] pGx]+ cfk;] :jLs[lt n]gL xf]uL .
• cu/ sf]O{ cfks] sfo{ sL sf‘lkof]+ sf ljt/0f s/t]
x}+ tf] p; k/ k|ltlnlk clwsf/ ;"rgf sL df]x/
nuL xf]gL rflxP .
• s[lt s] ;fy xL cg'1fkqf]+ sf k|sfzg s/gf of
s[lt sL sfkL s] hl/P eL cfks] cg'1fkq sf
;DaGw h'8fÞ xf]gf rflxP .
• cg'1fkq sL ztf{j:yf d]+ x]/km]/ gxL+ s/ ;st] x}+ .
• ls;L b";/] cg'1lKt wf/L sL s[lt s] sfg"g ;Ddt
k|of]uf]+ d]+ ?sfj6 8fng] sL tsgLs of sf]O{ cGo
sfd gxL+ s/ ;st] x}+ .
;eL cg'1fkq cg'1lKtwf/L sf] p;sL ztf{j:yf dfgg] k/
ljleGg cg'dlt b] /vL x}
• s[lt sL sf‘kL
• s[lt sf ljt/0f
• s[lt sf ;fj{hlgs k|bz{g cf}/ d+rg
• s[lt sf l8lh6n ;fj{hlgs k|bz{g -pbfx/0f,
j]asfl:6+u_
• s[lt sf] b";/] ?k d]+ cIf/zM ptf/gf
87
;eL cg'1fkqM
•
•
•
ljZjJofkL ?k d]+ nfu" xf]t] x}+ .
s[lt sf k|ltlnlk clwsf/ p;] ;do s] cGt ts
dfGo xf]t] x}+ .
O;] vfl/h -/2_ gxL+ lso hf ;st] .
o] k|rlnt ztf{j:yfPF ;eL cg'1fkqf]+ s] lnP nfu" xf]tL x}+
cf}/ ljleGg cg'1fkqf]+ sL ljljwtf s] If]qf]+ ;] kxn] sx]
uP cg';f/ ;xL ?k d]+ bf] k|f/lDes tTjf+] s] ;lDd>0f k/
lge{/ s/tL x+} . cfk Jofkfl/s k|of]u s/g] sL cg'dlt
b]t] x}+ of Jo'TkGg s[lt sL ;[hgf sL cg'dlt b]t] x}+ .
-olb b]t] x}+ tf] O;sL zt{ Sof x} <_
ca xd lkm/ pg 5x cfwf/e"t cg'1fkq hf] ;femf ;[hgf
cg'1fkq sf ljhf8{ k|fylds ?k d]+ lbvfO{ k8Þtf x} cf}/
p; cf]/ nf}6 ;st] x}+ .
-s_ >]o
ox ;femf ;[hgf >[vn
+ f s] cGtu{t pknAw ;a;] pbf/
cg'1fkq x}. lk5n] k|of]ustf{cf]+ sf] ox Jo'TkGg s[lt sL
;[hgf s/g] sf clwsf/ b]g] s] ;fy xL ;fy s[lt sf
Jofkfl/s zf]if0f s/g] sf eL clwsf/ b]tf x}. ox
cg'1fkq n]vs sf] >]o b]g] cf}/ k|lsofTds cfjZostfcf}+
sf kfng s/g] h};f s'5 k|ltaGw nuftf x} h};M] cg'1fkq
sL ;"rgf sf] lg/Gt/tf b]gf . O; cg'1fkq d]+ k|of]ustf{
sf] Jo'TkGg sfo{ lj/t0f s/g] s] bf}/fg ;femf ;[hgf
-lqmPl6j sf‘dG;_ cg'1fkq sL zt{fJf:Yff ts sf eL]
dfggf gxL+ k8]uf . p;] Jo'TkGg s[lt sfo{ d]+ k|ltaGw
nufg] s] lnP ;fdfGo k|ltlnkL clwsf/ zt{fj:yf nfu'
s/]g ts sL eL 5"6 x} .
88
-v_ >]o u}/Jofkfl/s
O; cg'1fkq d]+ lk5n] k|of]ustf{cf+} sf] ;eL clwsf/ lbP
uP x}+ jzt]{ sL jx cfksL cg'dlt s] au}/ cfksL s[lt
sf sf]O{ Jofkfl/s k|of]u g s/]+ . k|of]ustf{ Jo'TkGg sfd
s/ ;st] x}+ . ox aft Wofg b]g] sL x} ls cg'1fkq s]
p2]Zo s] lnP u}/df}lb|s k/ cfwfl/t kmfOn ;fem]bf/L cf}/
cGo k|sf/ s] sfdf]+ sL ;fem]bf/L sf] O;d]+ Jofkfl/s
k|of]u gxL+ dfgf uof x} .
-u_ >]o u}/Jo'TkGgfTds
ox cg'1fkq ax't t/Lsf]+ ;] kxn] sL t'ngf d]+ pN6f x} .
O; cg'1fkq s] txt cfk s[lt of sfo{sf Jofkfl/s
k|of]u s/ ;st] x}+ ,n]lsg d'Vo s[lt s] cwf/ k/
Jo'TkGgfTds sfo{ of s[lt cfk gxL+ agf ;st] x} .
-3_ >]o u}/Jofkfl/s u}/Jo'TkGgfTds
ox cg'1fkq xL zfob ;a;] clws k|ltaGw nuftf x}
Sof+l] s ox k|of]ustf{ sf] cfwf/e"t clwsf/ h};M] sf‘kL
s/g] cf}/ ljt/0f tyf s[lt k|bz{g s/g]] ;] clws
clwsf/ gxL+ b]tf x} . k|of]stf{sf] Jo'TkGgfTds s[lt t}of/
s/g] cf}/ Jofkfl/s k|of]u s/g] sf sf]O{ clwsf/ gxL+
xf]tf x} .
af‘sL bf] cg'1fkq hf] hLPgo" hLkLPn kl/jf/ s] lgs6
sf x} cf}/ k|of]ustf{ Jo"TkGgfTds sfd s] lnP ls; t/x
s] ljlwjt k|of]u s/ ;st] x+} < O; ;jfn k/ jx /f]s
nuftf x} . pg af‘sL cg'1fkqf]+ d]+ Ps vf; zAb sf
k|of]u lsof uof x} æz]o/ cnfOsÆ -;dfg cg'1lKt k|lt_
lh;sf cy{ ox x} ls k|of] ustf{ sf] JoTkGgfTds sfo{
89
;[hgf s/g] s] clwsf/ sf cEof; p;L cj:yf d]+ ldn
;stf x} hals jx eL b";/f]+ sf] jxL clwsf/ b]gf d+h/'
s/tf x} .
ª_ >]o– ;dfg cg'1lKt k|lt
O; cg'1fkq s] cg';f/ k|of]ustf{ sf] s[lt sf Jokfl/s
k|fof]u cf}/ Jo'TkGgTds s[lt lgdf{0f s/g] sL 5"6 xf]tL x} .
n]lsg p;s] lnP zt{ l;km{ oxL x} ls k|of]ustf{ sf] p;s]
JoTkGgfTds sfo{ d]+ jxL clwsf/ b';/f]+ sf] eL b]gf xf]uf .
O;L t/x ;femf ;[hgf -lqmPl6e sf‘dG;_ cg'1fkq sf
pbfx/0f n]g k/ eL Ps k|of]ustf{ hf] O;L cg'1fkq s]
cfwf/ k/ s[lt sf k|of]u s/tf x} tf] jx ckgL s[lt s]
lnP cGo sf]O{ u}/ Jo'TkGgfTds cg'1fkq s] cGut{t /xs/
cg'1fkq gxL+ b] ;stf x} . jx Jo'TkGgfTds sfo{ sL ;[hgf
s/g] s] clwsf/ k/ kfaGbL gxL+ nuf ;stf x} ox
cg'1fkq hLPgo" ;fdfGo ;fj{hlgs cg'1f kq -hLkLPn_
s] h};f xL cgGt tTjut JolQm ;] n]s/ JolQm ts kxrg]
s] qmd d]+ df}lns :jtGqtf sf] sd gxL+ s/g] jfnf x} .
-r_ >]o u}/Jofkfl/s – ;dfg cg'1lKt k|lt
lk5n] cg'1fkq ls t/x O;sL eL Ps xL zt{ x} ls s[lt
sf Jofkfl/s k|of]u gxL+ lsof hfPuf . ljz]if cg'1fkq d]+
;] -pk/ b]lvP_ tLg k|ltbzL{ -;}dlKn+u_ cg'1fkqf]+ sf
;a;] clws k|of]u lsof hftf x} Og cg'1fkqf]+ sf]
;+fuLlts sfo{ of snfs[lt s] c+z s] k'gM k|of]u s]
k|ltbzL{ s] lnP agfof uof x} . O;L t/x lj1fkgf]+ d]+
s[ltsf k|of]u, hf] ;f+uLlts sfo{ s] lnP ljz]ifs/
;fGble{s x}, p;s] lnP ljz]if lgod x} .
90
k|ltbzL{ -;}dlKn+u_
lj1fkg s] cnfjf cGo ;eL p2]Zof]+ sL lnP tL;/f kIf
snfs[lt s] c+z sf k|of]u cf}/ kl/jt{g s/ ;stf x} .
;Dk"0f{ s[lt sL sf‘kL s/g] cf}/ ljt/0f s/g] sL :jLs[lt
gxL+ x} . k|ltbzL{ cg'1fkq g] sfo{ of s[lt sL k|ltbzL{
s/g] sL cg'dtL bL x} . O; t/x Jofkfl/s k|of]u lglZrt
lsof uof x} . -O; t/x ;dflji6 uLt k|ltlnkL clwsf/
s] ;fdfGo k|ltaGw s] txt ljt/0f lsP hf ;st] x}+ ._
cGo ;eL ;femf ;[hgf lqmPl6j sf‘dG; cg'1fkqf]+ sL
t/x df}lns s[ltsf/ sf] >]o b]gf cfjZos x} .
k|ltbzL{ Kn; -;}dlKn+u Kn;_
ox cg'1fkq k|ltbzL{ cg'1fkq ls t/x xL jxL clwsf/
k|bfg s/tf x} . O;s] cltl/St ox ;d:t sfo{sl[ t sf
kmfOn z]ol/u+ cf}/ cGo dfWodf]+ ;] u}/Jofkfl/s k|ltlnkL
s/g], z]ol/u+ cf}/ ljt/0f s/g] sL cg'dlt b]tf x} .
u}/Jojkfl/s k|ltb{zL{ ;}dlKn+u Kn;
ox cg'1fkq gd"gf cg'dlt s] k|of]u k/ k|ltaGw nuftf
x} ;eL Jofkfl/s k|of]u -lj1fkg xL gxL+_ k/ /f]s nufof
x} . u}/Jofkfl/s t/Ls] ;] lsP uP ljt/0f s] lnP xL
gd"gf sf k|of]u lsof hf ;stf x} . ;}dlKn+u Kn;
cg'1fkq s] h};] xL u}/Jofkfl/s ljt/0f s] lnP ;d:t
sfo{sl[ t s] ljt/0f s/g] sL O;g] eL :jLs[lt bL x} .
91
cGo cg'1fkq
v'nf ljifoj:t' cf}/ v'nf k|sfzg cg'1fkq
-cf]kg] sG6]G6 P08 cf]kg klAns]zg nfO;]+;_
http://www.opencontent.org
v'nf ljifoj:t' cf}/ v'nf k|sfzg cg'1fkq sL ?k/]vf
o'6fx :6]6 ljZjljBfno s] k|lzIf0ffTds k|ljlw s]
;xfos k|Wofks 8fS6/ 8]lj8 lJfNn] g] t}of/ lsof yf .
km\nf; (FLOSS) df}8n -9fFrf_ sL ztf{j:yf sf]
u}/;fkm\6j]o/ 9fFrf d] ?kfGt/ s/g] sL ox kxnL sf]lzz
yL . ox aft]+ ca k|fl1s cf}/ P]ltxfl;s dxTj s] lnP
dfq /x uO{+ x+} Sof+]ls ;g\ @))$ d]+ xL ;femf ;[hgf
-lqmPl6j sf‘dG;_ g] O; cg'1fkq sf] lj:yflkt s/ lbof
yf . pGx+] zAbf]+ d]+ M–
v'nf ljifoj:t' cflwsfl/s ?k d]+ aGb xf] r'sf x} cf}/ jx
7Ls xL x} . ;g\ !((* s] j;Gt k'iksfn d]+ v'nf
ljifoj:t' s] cf/De g] d]/] lnP ;fdfu|L z]ol/ª sL ;f]r
d]+ Ps o'ufGtsf/L kl/jt{g nfof . jx eL vf;s/ lzIff
s] ;xof]u d]+ . O; kl/of]hgf s] k|ltj]bg sf ;lIf+Kt ?k
oxfF x}M– ;g\ !((* s] j;Gt k'iksfn d]+ d}g+ ] cf]kg
sG6]G6 zAb sf] kxrfg lbof cf}/ ;f]r d]+ kl/jt{g s/g]
sL cf}/ nu uof . u"un s] cg';f/ ceL ts Ps nfv
kRrL; xhf/ ;] eL clws d]+ cf]kg sG6]G6 zAb sf k|of]u
xf]] /xf x} . u"un cf}/ 8LPdcf]h8] (Dmoz) bf]gf+] d]+ xL
v'nf ljifoj:t' sL >]l0fofF x} . xfj{8 nf ox zAb k|of]u
92
s/tf x} . b Go"of]s{ 6fOD;, b Osf]gld:6, PdcfO{6L
6]Sgf]nf]hL, l/Eo" jfP8{, /f]P6;{ cf}/ b';/] nf]slk|o ;dfrf/
dfWod xdf/] af/] d]+ pNn]v s/ /x] x+} . :6}Gkmf]8{ d]+ ;femf
;[hgf -lqmPl6j sf‘dG;_ v'nf ljifoj:t' sf] Ps d'Vo
k]/| 0ff dfgf x} . PdcfO{6L g] O;s] ljifoj:t' sf] cf]kg
sf];{ j]o/ kxn s] ?k d]+ v'nf lsof x} . ;LPdo" sf v'nf
lzIf0f z'ef/De æcf]kg nlg{ª OlglzPl6jÆ x} cf}/ b';/]
:s"n eL O;] ckgf /x] x}+ . cf]kLPn P08 ;L s] cGtu{t
d'lb|t ax't ;L lstfa] k|sflzt xf] r'sL x+} . d]/] ljrf/ d]+
xdg] cR5L z"?cft sL yL . d}+ v'nf ljifoj:t' aGb s/
/xf x' Sof]l+ s ;femf ;[hgf -lqmPl6j sf‘dG;_
cg'1KtLs/0f s] ljsNkf+] sf] pknAw s/fs/ cf}/ eL
cR5f sfd s/f /xf x} . cf}/ o] cbfnt d]+ n8g] d]+
;Ifd x} .
v'nf ljifoj:t' cg'1fkq s] ljsf;qmd d]+ ljNn] s] v'n]
x[bokg sL k|z;
+ f s/gf dxTjk"0f{ x} . d]/] ljrf/ d]+
s[ltsf/L 9fFrf ;] ;xsfof{Tds 9fFrf d]+ kxFr
' gf Ps cR5f
;+st] x} . h};] eL xf], xd]+ o] bf]gf] cg'1fkqf+] sf] ;demgf
h?/L x} . kxnf, cg'1fkqf]+ s] cGtu{t k|sflzt s[lt
xd]zf xL k|efjsf/L x} cf}/ /x]u+] . b";/f v'nf ljifo j:t'
s] gd"g] d] kx'Fr g] s] lnP k|f/lDes k|oTgf] sf] ;Demgf
h?/L x} .
93
v'nf ljifoj:t' cg'1f kq
-cf]kg sG6]G6 nfO;]G;_
;+:s/0f !=), h'nfO{ !$, !((*
bz{g M
O; cg'1fkq g] ˆnf]; df]8n
] sf] ckgfof x} cf}/
ljifoj:t' s] a[xt ;+;f/ sf] ;d]6tf x} . sG6]G6 kl/eflift
gxL+ x} . O;LlnP ox cg'1fkq ls;L eL dfWod d]+
pkof]uL x} . O; cg'1fkq sL ?k/]vf k|fl1s cfjZostf
sf] Wofg d] /vs/ t}of/ sL uO{ x} tfls nf]uf+] sf] s[lt
cfbg k|bfg s/g] d]+ cf;fgL xf] .
k|bQ clwsf/ M
hLPgo" hLkLPn ;fdfGo ;jf{hlgs cg'1fkq s] kblrGxf+]
sf] cfTd;ft s/t] x'P v'nf ljifoj:t' cg'1fkq lk5n]
k|of]ustf{cf+] sL :jtGqf s] cfwf/ut If]q d]+ ;lqmo x} .
O; cj:yf d]+ tLg cfwf/ut :jtGqtf k|bfg sL uO{ x} .
!= k|lt lgsfNfg] sf clwsf/
@= ljifoj:t' sf] k'glj{t/0f s/g] sf clwsf/
#= ljifoj:t' sf] kl/dfh{g jf cBfjlws s/g] sf
clwsf/
ox cg'1fkq lgDg cg'dlt b]tf x} M
!= k|lt lgsfNfg] sf clwsf/
@= ljifoj:t' sf k'glj{t/0f s/g] sf clwsf/
94
ha cfk v'nf ljifoj:t' cg'1fkq cGtu{t Ps s[lt
cg'1lKts/0f s/t] x+} tf] cfk v'nf ljifoj:t' s] sf]O{ eL
dfWod d]+ x"ax" k|lt?k sf ljt/0f cf}/ k|lt lgsfng] sf
clwsf/ cg'1fkqwf/L sf] k|bfg s/t] x},+ n]lsg
cg'1fkqwf/L sf] lgDg lnlvt ztf]+{ sf eL kfng s/gf
xf]uf M
• p;] k|To]s k|ltlnkL d]+ plrt k|ltlnkL clwsf/
;"rgf cf}/ ;'/If0f sL gfdGh"/L :ki6 cf}/ ;d'lrt
9+u ;] k|sflzt s/gL xf]uL .
• ls;L eL k|sf/ s] ;'/If0f s] cefj cf}/ cg'1fkq
s] ;Gbe{ d]+ nfu" xf]g] jfnL ;eL ;"rgfPF ;xL 9+u
;] agfP /vgL xf]uf -gLr] b]v_+] cf}/ k|To]s v'nf
ljifoj:t' k|fks sf] O;L s] ;fy cg'1fkq sL Ps
k|lt eL b]gL xf]uL .
;'/If0f bkmf ;DaGwL l6Kk0fLM
hLPgo" hkLPn -;fdfGo ;fj{hlgs cg'1fkq_ ;] xL
nfO;]lG;u+ df]8n
] cg'1fkqf]+ sf Ps d'Vo efu ox x} ls
;fkm\6j]o/ ;+/If0f s] lagf cftf x} . ;eL v'nf ljifoj:t'
cg'1fkq hf] hLPgo" hLlkPn sL k/Dk/f sf] ckgftf x},
pg ;eL sf ;'/If0f lagf sL bkmf dxTjk"0f{ x} . ox
cfwf/ut ?k d]+ cg'1fkq hf/L s/g] jfnf ljifoj:t' s]
k|of]ustf{ sL cf}/f}+ ;] lsP hfg] jfn] sfg"gL bfaf]+ ;]
arftf x} Sof]l+ s cg'1fkq hf/L s/gf tf] s[lt sf] h; sf
t; pknAw s/gf dfq x} cf}/ O; k/ sf]O{ eL ;'/If0f
pknAw gxL+ xf]tf x}+ . v'nf ljifoj:t' cg'1fkq cGtu{t
cg'1fkqjfxs sf] dfWod s] lnP z'Ns n]g] sL cg'd
' lt
bL uO{ x} h};] -km\nf‘kL l8:s, ;L8L /f}d cflb_ cyjf sf]O{
95
cf}/ cfkmnfOg k|of]u s] lnP v'nf ljifo j:t' k|ltlnkL
;[hgf s/g] s] qmd d]+ ;d]6] uP cj:yf d]+ .
cg'1fkqjfxs v'nf ljifoj:t' d]+ lgb]z
{ gfTds ;xof]u s]
lnP z'Ns nuf ;stf x}, cfk ckg] thjLh d]+ z'Ns s]
abn] ;'/If0f eL k|bfg s/ ;st] x}+ . ljifoj:t'
;'/If0fo'Qm gf xf]g] s] sf/0f ox ;'/If0f sd cf}/
;]jfb:t"/ h};L aft Hofbf x} .
cg'1fkqjfxs O; t/x v'nf ljifoj:t' -cf]kg sG6]G6_ s]
lnP z'Ns gxL+ n] ;stf x} cyjf sf]O{ 7f]; dfWod sf]
;dfj]z gxL lsP x'P cj:yf d]+ ox pknAw s/f s] -h};]
M ls;L sf] OG6/]g6 jf Pkm6LkL dfkm{t e]h s/_ z'Ns
gxL+ n] ;stf .
#= cBjflws s/g] jfn] clwsf/
cg'1fkqjfxs s[lt sf ?kfGt/ jf kl/dfh{g s/ ;stf
x} . ox kl/dflh{t cf}/ ?kfGtl/t sG6]G6 -ljifoj:t'_ pk/
cfwfl/t s[lt xf]tL x}+ cf}/ v'nf ljifoj:t' cg'1fkq sL xL
;tf{j:yf d]+ ljtl/t xf] ;stL x} .
O;s] cltl/Qm cg'1fkq sf] lgDg 7x/ eL s/gf xf]uf M
• ?kfGtl/t ljifoj:t' s] ;fy d'Vo ;"rgf s]
sfuhft ;fy sf]O{ k]m/abn ls ;"rgf s] ;fy
p;sL ltly eL ;fy xf]gL rflxP .
• kl/dflh{t cf}/ ?kfGtl/t s[lt s] sfo{ cg'1fkq s]
zt{ cGtu{t ;eL tL;/] kIf sf] lagf z'Ns s]
OhfhtLs/0f s/gf xf]uf .
96
ox zt]+{ v'nf ljifoj:t' s] cfwf/ k/ v8L s[lt cf}/ jx
s[lt hf] b';/] cfwf/f+] k/ v8L x}, p; k/ leGgtf lgsfNfg]
s] ;Gbe{ k/ nfu" gxL+ xf]gL x} . pbfx/0f:j?k, cfk Ps
sljtf ;+u|x n] ;st] x}+, lh;d]+ s'5 sljtfPF v'nf
ljifoj:t' k/ cfwfl/t x+} tf] jxL+ afsL b";/L gxL+ x}+ . O;
cj:yf d]+ ox gxL+ ;demgf rflxP ls k"/L ;+ux| xL cf]kg
sG6]G6 nfO;]G; s] cGtu{t ;lqmo x} .
v'nf k|sfzg cg'1f kq
-cf]kg klAns]zg nfO;]G; _
;+:s/0f !=) h"g *, !(((
olb cfk sfO{ ;fdfGo lstfa vf]nu+] ] tf] kxn] xL kGg] d]+
s'5 O; t/x s] n]v kfP+u] æ;eL clwsf/ ;'/lIft . O;
lstfa sL sf]O{ eL efu k"/] jf cf+lZs ?k d]+ k|sfzsf]+ s]
cg'dlt lagf k'gp
{ Tkfbg jf lj/t0f gxL+ lsof hf
;stf x}+ .Æ
ox Ps gd"gf k|sfzg cg'1fkq x}, lh;sf cy{ ox x} ls
cfk lstfa sf k|of]u l;k{m k9g] d]+ xL s/ ;st] x} . olb
k|;u+ jz cfk ;+ul| xt s/ afx/ nfgf rfxt] x} tf] P];f
cfk gxL+ s/ ;st] x}+ Sof]s
+ L k"gp
{ Tkfbgs sf clwsf/
cfks] kf; gxL+ x} .
O;s] ljk/Lt v'nf k|sfzg cg'1fkqf]+ g] ;eL k|sfzgf+] sf]
k'gp{Tkfbg, ljt/0f cf}/ ?kfGt/0f s] lnP :jtGqtf
pknAw s/gf rfxf x} .
97
nfu" xf]g] jfn] dfWod
ca ox k|of]u d]+ gxL+ x} . ls;L eL ls:d s] b:tfj]h d]+
ox k|of]u lsof uof yf, tf] ox aft pNn]v s/g] of]Uo x}
ls ox cg'1fkq, v'nf ljifoj:t' cg'1fkq sL z'? s]
k':tf xf]g] s] sf/0f k|i6 gxL+ x} . olb k|sfzg s] p2]Zo
s] lnP x} tf] ;femf ;[hgf -lqmPl6j sf‘dG;_ cf}/ olb
cg'1fkq jf b:tfj]h s] p2]Zo s] lnP x} tf] hLPgo" lk|m
8s'dG] 6]zg nfO;]G; k|of]u s/gf plrt xf]uf .
cg'1fkq s] bkmf ^ d]+ k|i6tf sf cefj xf]gf xL k|fylds
sf/0f x} lh;;] sL Ps JolQm lglZrt cg'1fKtLs/0f
ljsNk jf alGbzf]+ sf] nuf ;stf x}, lh;;] cg'1fkq sf
:jefj abn hftf x} cf}/ v'nf cg'1fkq s] abn]
t'ngfTds ?kd]+ gg\ lk|m -aGb_ cg'1fkq d]+ abn
hftf x} .
cg'1fkq sL bkmf ^ g] cg'1fkq hf/L s/g] jfn] sf] Ps
b";/f bkmf hf]8g] sL ;fdYo{tf b]tf x'cf sxtf x} ls
æcg'1fkq jfxs sL cg'dtL s] lagf sf]O{ eL cl:tTjk"0f{
?kfGt/ cf}/ ljj/0f gxL+ lsof hf ;stf x} . p;L
cg'1fkq d]+ ox bf] ls:d s] cg'1fkq sf sfd ;DkGg
s/g] ls sf]lzz ls uO{ x} . oxfF cg'1fkqjfxs cf}/
k|of]Ufstf{ bf]gf+] sf] b'ljwf d] 8fn ;stf x} . ;femf ;[hgf
-lqmPl6j sf‘dG;_ g] O; ;d:of sf] ax't ljsNkf]]+ ;]
;'Nemfof x} tfls olb cfk nf]uf]+ sf] s[lt s] ?kfGtl/t
;+:s/0f s] ljt/0f ;] ;xdlt gxL x} tf] jx ;du| d]+ b';/]
cg'1fkq 8fn ;st] x} .
98
9f“rf lj1fg cg'1fkq
-l8hfOg ;fOG; nfO;]G;_
sf‘kL/fO6  !(((–@)))
http://www.rare-earth.magnets.com/magnet_
university/design_science_license.htm
9fFrf lj1fg cg'1fkq -l8hfOg ;fOG; nfO;]G;_ Ps
;fdfGo k|ltlnlk clwsf/ x:tfGt/0f cg'1fkq x} cf}/ ox
;a k|sf/ s] sfo{ jf s[lt sf] c6fg] d]+ k|of;/t x}
n]lsg lglZrt ?k d]+ ox ;~rf/ dfWod s] lnP Hofbf
dxTjk"0f{ x} .
9f“rf lj1fg cg'1fkq s] l;4fGt
O; cg'1fkq sf k|fSosyg ;fwf/0f jfSo ;] z'? xf]tf x}
hf] ox j0f{g s/tf x} ls k|ltlnkL clwsf/ x:tfGt/0f
Sof s/gf rfxtf x} . ox k|ltlnkL clwsf/ s] c;dfj]z
lso] hfg] sL cj:yf s] lj?4 d+] v8f kfof uof x} .
ox lj1fg cf}/ snf s] cEof; s] lnP …;fdflhs
;fGble{stfÚ s] eLt/ k|i6 ?k ;] sxtf x} ls …9fFrf
lj1fg cg'1fkqÚ jftfj/0f sf ;'wf/ -dg'io sf gxL+_ s/
;Dk"0f{ hLjg:t/ d]+ ;'wf/ nfg] x]t' lzNktYo s] ljsf;
sL /0fgLlt x} . ox 9fFrf lj1fg cg'1fkq jftfj/0f s]
;'wf/ åf/f lj1fg cf}/ snf s] k|ult k|j4{g s] lnP lnvf
x} tyf p;L s] lno] O;sL :Yffkgf sL uoL x} .
99
ox nfu" xf]g] jfnf dfWod
k|ltlnkL clwsf/ s] cGtu{t xf]g] jfn] ;eL sfo{ s[lt s]
lnP ox cg'1fkq ;fdfGotM k|of]u lsof hf ;stf x} .
O;d]+ æsfo{ jf s[ltÆ sL kl/efiff s] eLt/ sf]O{ eL
Jo'TkGgfTds sfo{sl[ t 9f+rf lj1fg cg'1fkq -8LP;Pn_ s]
cGtu{t ;[hgf lsof hf ;stf of ;d]6f hf ;stf x} .
dxTjk"0f{ aft ox x} ls 8LP;Pn d]+ bf]gf] j:t' :j?k
-cAh]S6 kmf‘d_{ , k|:t'lt kmf‘d6{} -9fFrf_ d]+ sfo{ s[ltofF h};]
kL8LPkm jf PdkL ly| kmfOn cf}/ ;|ft] tYof+s -;f];{ 8f6f_
j kmfOn, hxfF sfo{sl[ t sf pb\ud yf of x} p;] eL O;s]
;tf{Jf:yf d]+ ljt/0f s/gf xf]uf . cf}/ pg kmfOnf]+ sf] eL
s/gf xf]uf hf] kmfOn+] s[lt sf] hf]8g], ljGof;
-slGkmu/]zg_ cf}/ ;ª\ux| 0f s] lnP cfjZos xf]tL x} .
pbfx/0fM olb Ps s[lt hf] 6]S;6 kmf‘d6{} d]+ x} olb p;] nf
6]S; (LaTeX) kmd]6{ d]+ ;Dkflbt lsof uof x} tf] pb\ud
sf nf 6]S; kmfOn ;|ft] tYof+s x} cf}/ kL8LPkm b:tfj]h,
hf] O;s] cfwf/ k/ agtf x}, jx j:t':j?k x} cf}/ olb
s[lt PdkL ly| kmfOn x}, hf] l;Sj]G;/ k|fu] f| d ;] cfoft
lsof uof x} tf] z'? ls l;Sj]G;/ kmfOn cf]/ k|of]u xf]
r's] ;eL WjgL ;}Dkn ;|ft] tYof+s ag hftf x} .
k|bQ clwsf/
ox cg'1fkq k|of]ustf{ sf] s[lt sf k|ltlnlk lgsfng],
ljt/0f cf}/ ?kfGt/ s/g] sf clwsf/ b]tf x} .
100
!= k|lt lgsfng] sf clwsf/
ox cg'1fkq s[lt s] k|ltlnlkofF s] ;d:t ;|ft] tYof+s
sf] sf]O{ eL dfWod d]+ ljt/0f cf}/ k|sfzg s/g] sf
clwsf/ k|bfg s/tf x}, olb ;eL k|ltofF d]+ :ki6 k|ltlnkL
clwsf/ ;"rgf bL uoL x} cf}/ ;'/If0f bfaL lsof uof x}
cf}/ ;fy xL s[lt s] ;fy cg'1fkq sL Ps k|lt eL
ljtl/t sL uoL x} .
s[lt sfo{ s] j:t' :j?k sf] ljt/0f cf}/ k|sfzg s] xs
d]+ lgDg cj:yf dWo Ps sf] k"/f s/gf xf]uf M
•
•
•
ox cg'1fkq s] cj:yf cf}/ zt{ cGtu{t lj/t0f
s] ;fy :f|ft] tYofÍ -;f];{ 8f6f_ ;dfj]z xf]g]
rflxP .
ljt/0f s] ;fy lnlvt k|:tfj ;lDdlnt xf]gf
rflxP hf] sd ;] sd tLg jif{ of ha ts
ljt/0f 5fkf vfg] d]+ xf] s] lno] dfGo xf]} cf}/ ;fy
d]+ ;fj{hlgs kx'r
F of]Uo ktf xf]gf rflxP -h};,]
OG6/g]6 sf o'c
' f/Pn_ hxfF ;] oftfoft Pjd
dfWod s] vr{ ;] clws z'Ns lagf lbo] sf]O{ eL
;|ft] tYofs+ sf Ps k|lt k|fKt s/ ;stf x} .
lagf d'No ;f];{ 8f6f k|fKt s/g] s] lnP tL;/] kIf
sf lnlvt k|:tfj ljt/0f s] ;fy xf]gf rflxP x} .
ox ljsNk p; cj:yf d]+ dfq dfGo xf]uf ha
cg'1fkqjfxs u}/Jofkfl/s kf6L{ xf] cf}/ p;g]
s[lt sf ox j:t' :j?k O; k|:tfj s] ;fy k|fKt
lsof xf] .
101
cg'1fkqwf/s sfo{sl[ t sf] lgMz'Ns jf z'Ns ;lxt
k|ltlnkL ljt/0f s/ ;stf x} cf}/ olb cfjZos k8L tf]
;'/If0f eL k|bfg s/ ;stf x} .
@= s[lt jf sfo{ ?kfGt/, kl/dfh{g cf}/ cWofjlws s/g]
sf clwsf/
ox cg'1fkq sfo{sl[ t sf] ?kfGt/ kl/dfh{g tyf
cBfjlws s/g] cf}/ Jo'TkGgfTds sfo{ sL ;[hgf s/g]
sf clwsf/ pknAw s/tf x} . olb—
•
O; cg'1fkq cGtu{t gofF Jo'TkGgfTds sfo{sl[ t
sf k|sfzg x'cf xf] .
•
Jo'TkGgfTds sfo{ sf] gofF gfd lbof uof xf] tfls
O;s] gfd cf}/ zLif{s s] sf/0f O; sfo{ of O;s]
;+:s/0f s] ;fy sf]O{ b'ljwf g xf] .
•
s[lt cf}/ s[lt s] go] JoTkGgfTds sfo{ s] lnP
plrt s[ltsfl/tf sf >]o lbof uof xf] . /rgf sf
>]o cg'1fkqwf/L sf] b]gf rflxP cf}/ p2t ;fdu|L
sf >]o d"n /rgfsf/ sf] b]gf rflxP .
alGbz gxL+ x}+
cg'1fkqjfxs sf] s[lt s] pk/ cf}/ p; k/ cfwfl/t sf]O{
eL Jo'TkGgfTds cg'1fkq d] nufP x'P alGbzf]+ sf] 5f]8
sf]O{ cf}/ alGbz sf] hf]8g\ ] ls cg'dlt gxL+ x} .
102
OPkmPkm v'nf Wjlg cg'1fkq
OPkmPkm cf]kg cl8of] nfO;]G;
;+:s/0f !=)=! 6]S;6 ;+:s/0f
;+:s/0f !=) [.0] s] afb sf]O eL pNn]vgLo kl/jt{g gxL+
lsof uof x}, l;km{ s'5 d'b0| f ;DaGwL e"nf] sf] 7Ls lsof
uof x}.
http://www.eff.org/IP/Open_Licenses/eff_oal.php
OPkmPkm v'nf Wjlg cg'1fkq -cf]kg] cf‘l8of] nfO;]G;_
hLPgo" hLkLPn k/ cfwfl/t x} cf}/ ;+uLt Pjd cfl8of]
sfo{sl[ t s] lnP nfu' xf]tL x}+ .
OPkmPkm cyf{t On]S6«fl] gs lk|m8d kmf‘pG8]zg Ps
u}/d'gfkmf pGd'v sfo{sld{of+] sf ;ls|o ;d"x x} cf}/ ox
ljleGg On]S6«fl] gs clwsf/f],+ h};,] cfgnfOg k|fOj];L s]
;fy–;fy pTkfbg cf}/ ljt/0f s] ljleGg tf}/ t/Ls]f+ sL
jsfnt s/t] x}+ . cf}/ l8lh6n clwsf/ Joj:yfkg -P];f
k|fljlw hf] k|ltlnlk clwsf/ ;+/If0f sf] lgb|l] zt s/tf x}_
s] lj?4 x} .
O{PkmPkm cf]kg cl8of] nfO;]G; sf bz{g
k|:tfjgf d]+ k|ltlnkL clwsf/ ;femf x:tfGt/0f sf‘kLn]ˆ6
(Copyleft) s] ;fdfGo l;4fGtf+] sf] k|i6 ?k d]+ pNn]v
lsof x} cf}/ l8lh6n qmflGt s] ;Gbe{ d]+ df}lns cg'1fkq
k|lsof ;+oqf]+ ls jsfnt s/tf x} hf] nf]uf+] sf] pgs] s[lt
cfbg k|bfg s/g] sL cg'dlt b]t] x} . ox Ps ;hLj
;fj{hlgs If]qflwsf/ -8f]dg] _ sL ;[hgf d]+ ;xfotf s/s]
nf]uf+} sf] s[ltof+ pknAw s/fgf rfxtf x} lh;k/ jf] cfu]
sfd s/ ;s]+ .
103
ox cg'1fkq :jo+ sf] M
æsnfsf/f]+ s] lnP Ps :jtGqt ;fwg dfgtf x} lh;;] j]
ckg] df}lns s[lt Ps b';/] cf}/ ckg] k|z;
+ s s] kf;
kxFr
' fFg] ls OR5f sf] k"/f s/ ;st] x} . ox ;+uLtsld{of]+
sf] ;xeflutfTds ;[hgf s] lnP cg'dtL b]tf x} cf}/
v'nf cf‘l8of] sf Ps ;u|x -k'n_ lgdf{0f s/g] d]+ ;xof]u
s/tf x} hf} :jtGqk"js
{ kl/dfh{g, cfbg–k|bfg cf}/
;b'kof]u sL cg'dlt b]tf x} . snfsdL{ cg'1fkq s] k|of]u
;] k|j4{g cf}/ goL ;DeJotf sf kmfObf n]t] x'P
;zlQms/0f cf}/ :jtGqtf s] lnP cfu] a9 ;st] x}+ , hf]
k|ljlw b]tf x} .
ox ;j{;wf/0f sf] O; gP ;uL+t sf] cg'ej Pjd+ k|ToIf
snfsdL{ s] ;fy s] ;DaGw sL cg'dtL b]t] x} . cf}/
æeJo ljt/0fÆ d]+ ;Idf agftf x,} hxfF pGx]] /rgf sf]
sf‘kL cf}/ ljt/0f s/g] s] lnP a9fjf lbof hftf x} cf}/
kxn] ck|fKt gofF ;+uLt hut sf cg'ej s/t] x'P]
snfsdL{ s] k|lti7f d] j[l4 s/tf x} .
ox k|:tfjgf k|i6 s/tf x} ls O{PkmPkm laqmL s] ;fdfg
d]+ Ohfht b]g] s] qmd d]+ ;xhtf k|bfg gxL+ s/tf x} .
ox cg'1fkq k|rlnt k|ltlnlk clwsf/ cg'1fkq ;] leGg
x} cf}/ hf] s[ltof]+ s] clws kx'r
F of]Uo cf}/ kl/dfh{g s]
lnP pknAw s/fg] s] lbzf d]+ lgb]l{ Zt x} .
ox s};] sfd s/tf x}+ <
ox cg'1fkq O{PkmPkm cf]kg cf]l8of] nfO;]G; cGtu{t
sf]O{ eL s[lt s] lnP k|efjsf/L tyf pkof]uL x} cf}/ hf]
-Q_ lrGx ;] c+lst xf]tf x} . WjGofu+sg -/]sl8{ª_ s] lnP
104
ha k|of]u xf]tf x], ta ox cg'1fkq bf]gf] WjgL /]sl8{u+
cf}/ ;uL+t ;+/rgf s] cf}/ tTjf]+ -uLtsf/f]+ s] clwsf/_ sf]
eL ;d]6 n]tf x}+ .
k|bQ clwsf/ M
ox cg'1fkq lgDg clwsf/ k|bfg s/tf x}+ M
!= s[lt sL kx'r
F jf k|of]u sf clwsf/
@= s[lt sf‘kL cf}/ k'gp{Tkfbgsf clwsf/
#= s[lt ljt/0f sf clwsf/
$= s[lt s] kl/dfh{g cf}/ ;xfos s[lt sL ;[hgf sf
clwsf/
%= sf]O eL dfWod d+] s[lt s] ;fj{hlgs k|bz{gL sf
clwsf/ -ox Jo'tkGgfTds sfo{ s] lnP eL nfu'
xf]uf_
lgDg cj:yf d]+ dfq M
• d"n s[lt jf u|Gysf/ sf kl/ro pNn]v x]f cf}/
;eL j0f{g lj:tf/ ;] pNn]v xf]g] rflxP . ox
ef}lts dfWd h};] ;+ux| sL cfj/0f ;Hhf jf
-l8lh6n dfWod x} tf]_ kmfOn d] lj:tf/k"js
{
j0f{g s/g] ;] eL lsof hf ;stf x} .
• sf]O{ gof sfo{ hf] O; k/ ljsl;t lsof hftf xf]
jf ;d]6f uof xf] tf] goL s[lt cg'1fkq pGxL+ zt{
cf}/ cj:yf d+] cg'1fklqt s/fgL rflxP . -ox
of]uhGo cyjf hf]8hf8 ;+ul| xt s/g] s] dfdn] d]+
nfu" gxL+ xf]tf x}, -h};,] pbfx/0f s] lnP ;+sng
…Pgyf]nf]hLÚ_ .
105
Plydf]lgS; lk|m Do'lhs nfO;]G;
-Plydf]lgS; :jtGq ;+uLt cg'1f kq_
;+:s/0f !, cu:t @)))
http://www.ethymonics.co.uk /fmlinfo.html
Plydf]lgS; Ps 5f]6L ;+uLt sDkgL x} hf] v'nf ;+uLt
a]rtL x} . ;+uLt lk|m 8fpgnf]8 s/g] ;] ;+uLt pBf]u
Joj;fo sf] Iflt kx'r
F tL x}, O; cfd cg'dfg ljk/Lt
Plydf]lgS; nfO;]G; lk|m Do'lhs k|of]u s/g] s] 9fFrf ;]
cg'1fkq dfkm{t snfsdL{ sf] k|fT] ;fxg s/g] s] ;f]r x} .
pgnf]uf+] s] cg';f/, æ;+uLt sf k|lt cf}/f+] sf] agfg] ls
cg'dlt b]s/ cf}/ pg k|ltof+] sf] lalqm s] lnP eL b]gf ;+uLt
sf Jofks k|rf/ x}+ . olb cfk ;+uLt k;Gb s/t] x] tf] cfk
snfsdL{ sL ;L8L vl/b]u]+ jf cfk k|ToIf dGrg b]vgf k;Gb
s/]u]F . Plydf]lgS; Ps sDkgL x}+, hf] v'nf ;+uLt a]rtf x}+ .
xd snfsdL{ sf] /f]oN6L b]t] x++} . O;L lnP nf]u xdf/] kf; ;]
;L8L v/Lbt] x}+ lh;;] snfsf/f]+ sf] ;xof]u ldntf x}= ;fy
xL pRr :tl/o ;L8L eL k|fKt s/t] x}+ .
Plydf]lgS; :jtGq ;+uLt cg'1f kq
-Plydf]lgS; lk|m Do'lhs nfO;]G;_ bz{g
cg'1fkq ckg] d]+ k|:tfjgf hLPgo" hLkLPn s] l;4fGt
cf}/ :jt+q ;f‘ˆ6j]o/ v'nf cleofg sf] k'g?lSt s/tf
x} ls lk|m sf dtnj d"No;Dj4 gf xf]s/ :jtGqtf ;Dj4
x} . t;y{ ox Ps P];f cg'1fkq x} hf] hLPgo" hLkLPn
l;4fGt k/ cf;Lg x .} 6]S:6 sf k|f?k s] lnP b]v] M
http://www.ethymonics.co.uk /philos.html
106
ox k|efjsf/L xf]g] jfnf dfWod x} .
ox cg'1fkq ;fu+lts sfo{ s] lnP k|efjzfnL x} hf]
/]sl8{u,+ dGrg, ;fuL+lts k|ltlglwTj, cf}/ :j?kf+] jf sf]O
eL Jo'TkGgfTds sfo{ sf] ;fldn s/tf x} .
k|bQ clwsf/
s[lt k|fKtsQ{f sf] ox cg'1fkq lgDg clwsf/ k|bfg s/tf x}M
!= ;fu+lts sfo{ k|lt kx'“r sf clwsf/
@= ;fu+lts sfof]{+ sf k|lt lgsfng] Pjd ljt/0f sf clwsf/
cg'1fkqjfxs sf] lgDg k"jf{wf/f+] sf] k"/f s/g] s] cj:yf
d+] dfq M
• k|To]s k|lt d] :ki6 s] ;fy ;eL plrt ?k d]
k|ltlnlk clwsf/ ;"rgf k|sflzt s/gf,
• O; cg'1fkq d] p4|t ;eL ;"rgfcf]+ sf] ;xL 9+u
;] /vgf,
• ;+uLt s] k|To]s k|lt d] ;+uLt ;DjGwL ;eL
dxTjk"0f{ ;'rgfP s[lt sfo{ s] zLif{s, snfsf/f]+ s]
gfd cf}/ >]o lbP uP sd{rf/L s] gfd cf}/ cf]xb]
;dfj]z s/gf .
• ;+uLt k|fks sf] ;+uLt s] ;fy ox cg'1fkq sf
k|lt cf}/ j]a;fO6 sf ktf hxf+ ox cg'1fkq
pknAw x} . P];] cj:yf d] hxfF pk/ sxL uO{
ls;L eL ;"rgf sf c+z pknAw gxL+ xf] tf] h};]
d~rg, /]sl8{u+ -WjGofu+sg_ s/ ;+uLt k|fKt s/g]
sL cj:yf d] ox ;'rgf cnu ;] k|fKt s/gf
xf]uf, cf}/ ls;L eL k|lt d+] ox ;"rgf lagf /v]
ljt/0f gxL+ lsof hf ;stf x} .
107
#= ;fj{hlgs ?k d]+ ;+uLt k|:t'lt cf}/ d~rg s/g] sf
clwsf/M pbfx/0f s] lnP ox clwsf/ s] afb
cfk ;xefuL >f]tf sf] s[lt jf sfo{ cf}/ snfsf/
s] gfd pknAw s/ft] x}+ . olb P];f d~rg jf
;+uLt k|:t'lt cf}/ k/kmf‘/d]G; sL /]sl8{u eL lsof
uof xf] tf] eL ox cg'1fkq s] k|fjwfg s] eLt/
xL /x]uf .
$= /]sl8{u+ hf] ls ah /xf ;+uLt cf}/ d~rg sf
kl/0ffd x} jx eL O; cg'1fkq 4f/f ;d]6f hftf
x} . ha O;sf ljifoj:t' ;+uLt k/ cflwfl/t s[lt
sf ;+/rgf s/tf x},= ta >f]tf jf ;xefuL s]f
cg'1fkq pknAw s/gf x]fuf .
%= cg'1fkq pknAw s/g] s] cj:yf d]+ P];L /]sl8{u+
sL k|lt lgsfng] sf clwsf/ xf]tf x} .
alGbz gxL+ x}+
ox cg'1fkq cg'1fkqjfxs sf] gf xL vl08t cg'1fkq
lgsfng] cf}/ gf xL s[lt jf sfo{ sf Jo'TkGgfTds sfof]{+
d]+ sf]O{ alGbz nufg] sL cg'dlt b]tf x} .
108
109
cf}/ clws cWoog
cf]kg ;f];{ -v'nf ;|f]t_÷lk|m -:jtGq_ ;km\6j]o/
of]rfO{ a]Gsn/, sf]c;]h k]gu'Og jf nfOg]S; cG8 b
g]r/ ckm b kmd{, ofn Pn= hf}/, lb;]Da/ @))@,
#^(
dfUg'; j]ul{ Sj:6 PG8 hfg Nh'ªj]u{ . b kfj/ ckm
lukm\6;
\ M cu{gfOlhª ;f]l;cn l/n];gl;K; Og cf]kg
;f];{ sDo'lgl6h . OGkmd];
{ g l;:6d hg{n !!-$_ M
#)% #@) @))!
lgsf]cfO{ a]hf| s
] f]e . c ;]sG] 8 n's P6 b sy]8n
« PG8
ahf/ . km:6 dG8], $-!@_, l8;]Da/ !(((
O u|fljPnf sf]ndf]g PG8 a]Ghfldg lxn . b ;f]l;on
k|f8] S;g ckm PlyS; Og 8]laPg PG8 lk|m ;km\6j]o/
sDo'lgl6h M cGy|fk] f]nf]lhsn n];G; km/ ef]s;
] gn
Plys . Og :6]kmg sf]r, ;Dkfbs, cf]kg ;f];{
;km\6j]o/ 8]enkd]G6 kftfPF @#&–@(%, cfOl8of u|k'
klAnl;ª x];,{] kLP, @))$
lqm; 8L af]gf, ;fd cf]sdfg cf}/ dfs{ :6f]g, ;Dkfbs
d08n, cf]kg ;f];;
{] M ef]O;]; k|md b cf]kg ;f];{
/]en
' ;
' g . cf] /]ONnL PG8 P;f]l;P6\;, SoflDa|h,
df;fr';6] ;
\ , !(((
hf];k] m km]Nn]/ cf}/ afPg lkmTh]/fN8 . c08/:6}l08+u cf]kg
;f];{ ;km\6j]o/ 8]enkd]G6 Pl8;g – j]:n], nG8g,
@))@
110
/f]j6{ 8An" xfg -;Dkfbs_ ue/d]G6 kf]ln;L 6'c8{ cf]kg
;f];{ ;km\6j]o/, cO{cfO{–a'lsª\; HjfOG6 ;]G6/ km/
/]un
' 6] /L :6l8h, @))@
Cife cOP/ 3f]if cf}/ ljk'n j]b k|sfz b clj{6G] 6 lk|m
;km\6j]o/ . ;e]d
{ " km:6 dG8], %-&_, h'nfO{ @)))
Cife cOP/ 3f]if s'lsª sf]6{ dfs]6{ ;
\ M Pg Osf]gf]lds
df]8n km/ b 6«8] Og lk|m u'8;
\ PG8 ;le{;h
] cg b
OG6/g]6, km:6{ dG8] # -#_, dfr{ !((*
clG8«p; s'lNssf};s; PG8 8]lj8 Pln;g a] Pg
Osf]gf]dL cfkm luljª Plj|lyª cj]
http://www.ms.lt/en/workingopenly/givingaway.html
a|fog dfl6{g, cu]G:6 OG6]nS] r'cn k|fk] 6L{
http://www.danny.oz.au/freesoftware/advocacy/against_IP.html/
Pj]g df]Un]g cgfls{Hd l6«pDkmG6M lk|m ;km\6j]o/ PG8 b
8]y ckm sf‘kL/fO6, km:6{ dG8], $-*_, cu:6 !(((
hf]g s]N;] cf}/ a|'; :sg]O/ d" b l:6«6 kkm{d/ k|f]6f]sn
PG8 l8lh6n sf‘kL/fO6, km:6{ dG8] $-^_, h'g !(((
;GbLk s[i0fd"lt{ M s]e cf}/ sDo'lgl6 < Pg ODk]l/sn
OGe]l:6u];g ckm jg xG8«8] Dofrf]/ cf]kg ;f];{
k|f]h]S6\;, km:6 dG8], &-^_, h'g @))@
8]le8 nÍf;fO/ M sf]8, sNr/ PG8 Snf; M b km]l8ª
cN6'OHd ckm cf]kg ;f];{ 8]EnKd]G6, km:6{ dG8], ^
-!@_, l8;]Da/ @))!
nf‘/G] ; n]l:;u M sf‘dG; P08 sf]8, !((( kmf]8x{ d
}
OG6]nS] r'cn k|fk] 6L{, ldl8of PG8 OG6/6]Gd]G6 n
cf}/ clws cWoog
111
pm ldª M sn O6 Ph o' nfOs, O6\; lk|m8d, PG8 b\of6\;
Xjf6 sfpG6\;
http://www.wumingfoundation.com/italiano/
outtakes/note_on_copyleft.html/
hfg Go'dfr{ M n];G; k|mfd cf]kg ;f];{ M OG6]nS] r'cn
k|fk] 6L{ PG8 sf];j{ /, km:6{ dG8], ^-^_, h'g @))!
lg/fhg /~hgL M lk|m P]h Og Ph's];g
http://www.itu.int./wsis/docs/background/themes/
access/free_as_in_education_niranjan.pdf/
Pl/s P;= /]df]G8 M c la|km lx:6«L ckm x\ofs/8d, Og
lqm; l8af]gf, ;}d cf]sdg cf}/ dfs{ :6f]g, ;Dkfbs,
cf]kg ;f];h
{] M jf]O;]; k|mfd b cf]kg ;f];{ /]jn"zg,
cf] /]ONnL PG8 P;f]l;P6\;, SoflDa|h, df;fr';6] ;
\
!(((
Pl/s P; /]df]G8 M b sy]8n
« P08 b ahf/ M d'l;u+; cg
nfOg]S; PG8 cf]kg ;f];{ af]O{ Pg PlS;8]G6n
/]en
' ;
' g/L, cf] /]ONnL PG8 P;f]l;P6\;, ;]jf:6f]sf]n,
Soflnkmf]lg{of, !(((
hf]g ;f]8/] ju{ M sf‘kLn]ˆ6 e;];
{ skL/fO6 M P dflS;{:6
lqml6s, km:6{ dG8], & -#_, dfr{ @))#
l/r8{ Pd= :6ndg M lk|m ;km\6j]o/, lk|m ;f];fO6LM ;]nS] 6]8
P:;]h ckm l/rf8{ Pd= :6ndg, hLPgo" k|;
] , af]:6g,
df;fr';6] ;
\ , @))@
l/r8{ Pd= :6ndg M b hLPgo" ck/]l6ª l;:6d PG8 b
lk|m ;km\6j]o/ d'ed]G6 . Og lqm; l8af]gf, ;fd
cf]sdg cf}/ dfs{ :6f]g, ;Dkfbs, cf]kg ;f];;
{] M
EjfO;]; k|md b cf]kg ;f];{ /]jn"zg . cf] /]ONnL
PG8 P;f]l;P6\;, SoflDa|h, d};fr';6] ;
\ , !(((
112
/f]a6] oª . luleª O6 cj] M xfp /]8 x\of6 ;fkm\6j]o/
:6DaN8 cqm; P Go" Osf]gf]lds df}8n PG8 x]Nk\8
ODk|j" Pg OG8:6«L, Og lqm; l8af]gf, ;}d cf]sd}g
cf}/ dfs{ :6f]g, ;Dkfbs, cf]kg ;f];;
{] M j]fO;];
k|mfd b cf]kg ;f];{ /]jn"zg . cf]\ /fONnL PG8
P;f]l;P6\;, SoflDa|h, df;fr';6] ;
\ , !(((
8]le8 h]O6\lng . lukm\6 Osf]gf]ldh Og b 8]EnKd]G6 ckm
cf]kg ;f];{ ;km\6j]o/ M PGy|fk] f]nf]lhsn /]km\nS] ;G;,
l/;r{ kf]ln;L, #@-&_M !@*&–!@(!, @))#
;f+:s[lts ;Dkfbg÷k|ltlnlk clwsf/ cf}/ ;+:s[lt
of]rfO{ a]Gsn/, Pg cgxl/{8 Eo' ckm k|fOj]6 c8l/+u Og
OGkmd];
{ g 6«fG;h]S;g, efG8]/ ljN6 n l/Eo', @)^#
of]rfO{ a]Gsn/, lk|m P]h b Pc/ 6' sf‘dg o'h M km:6
cd]G8d]G6 sG;6«G] 6\; cg OGSnf]h/ ckm b klAns
8f]dg] , Go'of]s{ o'lgel;{6L n l/Eo', !(((, #%$
hf];l] kmg a]/L{, a]P/ sf]8 M g]6 cf6{ PG8 b lk|m ;km\6j]o/
d'ed]G6, http://netartcommons.walkerart.org/
article.pl?sid=02/05/0615215&mode=thread/
dfuf{/6] rf]g M Go' jfOg jl:6{u+ k|md jN8{ af]6N; M
sf]nfaf]/l6e OG6/g]6 cf6{, HjfOG6 jS;{, PG8
OG6«k] g]| /] l;k, cf]/u] g n l/Eo', l:kª !((^, @(&
laPNnf sf]ndf]g, b ;f]l;on lqmP;g ckm k|f8] lS6e
lk|m8d M lk|m ;km\6j]o/ x\oflsª PG8 b l/8]lkmlg;g
ckm n]a/, cy/l;k PG8 lqmPl6le6L,
http://www.healthhacker.com/biella/proposal.html
cf}/ clws cWoog
113
/f]rN] n s'k/ 8«k] m;, sf]Nnfaf]/l6e l/;r{ M slGkm\nS6\;
cg cy/l;k, cf]g/l;k PG8 csf}G6laln6L, %# efG8
Pn= /]e= !!^@
a|fPg 8«fl] Ags, xfp b u|6] km'n 8]8 6G8{ cN6/g]l6e
lahg]; PG8 lnun :6«f6]lhh OG6' c u|6] cd]l/sg
;S;]; :6f]/L, @ efG8= h]= PG6= Pn= PG8 k|fs= @$@
lqm:6f]km/ 8L= xG6/, sf‘kL/fO6 PG8 sNr/,
http://www.asc.upenn.edu/usr/chunter/
Cife cOP/ 3f]if, lk|m ;km\6j]o/ PG8 b 8]y ckm
sf‘kL/fO6 k|flKt M http://www.firstmonday.org/
hf]g OKkf]ln6f], jf8{ cf6{ ;'8 la lk|m,
http://www.culturekitchen.com/archives/000482.html
nf‘/G] ; n]l:;ª, lk|m sNr/ M k]Gu'Og, nG8g, @))$, k|flKtM
http://www.lessig.org
nf‘/G] ; lncª, sf‘kL/fO6, sNr/n k|f8] S;g Pg cf]kg
sG6]G6 nfO;]lG;ª, ldl8of l8hfOg l/;r{ lkP6 Hjf6{
OlG:6Ro'6, @))$
http:///www.pzwart.wdka.hro.nl/mdr/pubsfolder/
lingessay
;];/ g'G;, sf]Nofaf]/l6e sG6]G6 lqmP;g afO{ qm; n]en
:6'8]G6\;, http://www.thinkcycle.org/tcfilessystem/file?fild_id=37480
lgltg ;f}xgL, sf]ck/]l6e OGgf]e];g Og b sf‘dG;
http://web.media.mit.edu/~nitin/thesis
lk6/ ;G8, l;G; k|md b sf]nf]lgcn Sjf6jfs M sNr/n
Pk|fl] kP;g, OG6n]Sr'cn k|fk] 6L{ /fO6\; PG8 km];g
http://ist-socrates.berkeley.edu/~caforum/
voume3/pdf/shand.pdf/
114
?y 6f]p;, sf‘kL/fO6 kf]ln;L PG8 lqmPl6le6L Og b
sNr/n OG8li6«h, http://www.cost-a20.iscte.pt/
tromson/Copyright_Plolicy_and_Creativity.doc
/]oa' g] efg a]G8]n 8L h'8] P6 cn, k|f6] l] S6ª b er'c
{ n sf‘dG;,
http://www.websterdictionary.org/definition/
protecting%20the%20Virtual%20commons/
cf]kg ;f];{ -v'nf ;|f]t_÷cf]kg sG6]G6 -v'nf
ljifoj:t'_ cg'1lKts/0f s] sfg'gL kIf
;]el] /g 8':;f]lnP/, cf]kg ;f];{ PG8 sf‘kLn]ˆ6 M cy/l;k
l/slG;88{ < sf]nlDaof hg{n ckm n PG8 b cf6{;
\ ,
;d/ @))#, @*!
leG;]G6 eg 8]g POhG8], cp6]p/;|S] 6 e'/ cf]G6j]/k];,{
aLPgcf], cD;68{d, @))#
/f]af]6{ 8An" uf]d'lNsPljSh, xfp sf‘kLn]ˆ6 o'h]h nfO;]G;
/fO6;{ 6' ;lS;8 Og b cf]kg ;f];{ ;km\6j]o/
/]en
' ;
' g PG8 b OlDKns];g km/ cfl6{sn @ aL
/f]af]6{ 8An" uf]d'lNsPljSh, 8]aluª cf]kg ;f];{ ;km\6j]o/
nfO;]lG;ª, o'lgel;{6L ckm lk6;{au{ n . /]e= &%
8]le8 dsuf]jg, lnun OlDKns];g ckm cf]kg ;f];{
;km\6j]o/, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/
papers.cfm?abstract_id=243237, xf}:6g n /]e=,
l:kª !(((
O/f eL= x]km\kmfg, sf‘kLn]ˆ6 M nfO;]lG;ª sf]Nnfa/]l6e
jS;{ Og b l8lh6n Ph, $( :6fg= ne=/]e= !$*&
cf}/ clws cWoog
115
6]/;
] f lxn, k|mU} d]lG6ª b sf‘kLn]ˆ6 d'ed]G6 Mb klAns lan
g6 k|]e]n, !((( o'tfx Pn= /]e= &(&
gtfzf xf]g{, cf]kg ;f];{ ;km\6j]o/ nfO;]lG;ª M o'lhª
sf‘kL/fO6 n 6' OGs/]h lk|m o'h, !& hLP= P;6L= o"=
Pn= /]e= @^#
h]km| L nL, cf]kg ;f];{ ;km\6j]o/ nfO;]G;]; PG8 OGgf]e;
] g,
http://VirtualGoods.tu-ilmenau.de/2003/
licenses_innovation_leejz.pdf/
:6]km]g dshf]g, b kf/f8f]S;]; ckm lk|m ;km\6j]o/, (
hLcf] df;f]g Pn= /]e @%
lqml:6Pg gfbg, cf]kg ;f];{ nfO;]lG;ª M efO/; c/
elr{p < 6]S;f; OG6n]Sr'cn k|fk] 6L{ n hg{n, l:k|ª
@))@, #$(
;fpg kf]§/, cf]klgª ck 6' ;f];,{ ^ l/r= h]= Pn= PG8
6]s= @$
hf]; 6]g/{ PG8 lhg l6/f]n, :sf]k ckm cf]kg ;f];{
nfO;]lG;ª, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/
papers.cfm?abstract_id=359303
hf;f]g jrf, cf]kg ;f];,{ lk|m ;km\6j]o/ PG8 b h]g/n
klAns nfO;]G;, sDKo'6/, PG8 OG6/g]6 no/, dfr{
@))#, @)
116
117
zAb ;+u|x
P]l6«Ao'zg ->]o_
;fdfgotM P]l6«Ao'zg sf dtna sf]O{ eL ;+NfUg 6]S;6 jf
b";/f efu d]+ h};] lrqfs[tL WjGofu+sg d]+ sf]O{ eL /rgf,
s[lt jf u|Gysf/ sf] >]o b]gf jf p4t s/gf sf] ;dEfmf
hftf x} . dfWod s] ls:d s] cfwf/ k/ plrt :yfg j
rng cg';f/ P];f lsof hftf x} .
cf‘y/ -s[ltsf/,u|Gysf/ cf}/ /rgfsf/_
s[ltsf/, u|Gysf/ cf}/ /rgfsf/ sf dtna jx cfbdL,
sDkgL jf sf]O{ eL lgsfo x} hf] /rgfTds pTkfbg s/tf
x} . lstfa s] /rgfsf/ sf] n]vs sxf hftf x} tf] jxL++
Ps j]a;fO6 s] s[ltsf/ Ps ;] clws nf]u xf] ;st] x+} .
;Lh PG8 8]l;:6 n]6/
jlsn åf/f e]hf uoL Ps lr6\7L hf] k|ltlnlk clwsf/ s]
pN+n3g sf] aGb s/gf sf cg'/f]w of bjfa s/tf x} .
sf‘dG; -;femf_
sf‘dG; dtna jf] ;Dkbf of Jf:t' x}, lh;] ;femf dfgf
hftf x} cf}/ lh; k/ ;eL sf :jfldTj xf]tf x} . O;]
;DklQ jf 36 hfg] jfn]] j:t' s] ?k d]+ gxL+ lnof hf
;stf x} . xjf sf‘dG; sL Ps cR5f pbfx/0f x} .
sf‘kLn]km\6 -k|ltlnlk clwsf/ ;fEfmf x:tfGt/0f_
ox jfSofz+ cfs[ltof]+ s] ljleGGf dfWod cf}/ ;|f] t ;]
ldl>t s/ c:yfoL 9+u ;] pkxf/ cf}/ 8fs3/ cf6{ -d]n
118
cf6{_ dfkm{t pknAw s/fg] s] t/Ls] sf] aofg s/t] ;do
snfsf/ /] hf]G; g] kxnL af/ k|of]u lsof yf . ox
jfSoz+ p;s] afb :jtGq ;f‘km\6j]o/ ljsf;stf{ O;]
ckg] k|ltlnlk clwsf/ s] sfg"g kl/jt{g s/g] s] lnP
k|of]u s/ /x] x}+ .
sf‘kL/fO6 -k|ltlnlk clwsf/_
ox sfg"gf]+ sL Ps ;du|tf x} hf] z'? d]+ k|sfzg s]
Psflwsfl/tf sf] arfg] s] lnP agfof uof yf . ox
/rgf, s[lt, u|Gysf/ cf}/ n]vs ;] v/Lbf x'cf jf
cg'1fkq k|fKt s/g] s] afb pGx+] s[lt k|sfzg s/g] sf
clwsf/ b]tf x} .
lqmP6/
cf‘y/ - n]vs b]v]+ _
8]l/j]l6j js{ -Jo'TkGgfTds sfo{,s[lt of /rgf_
8]l/j]l6j js{ sf dtna ls;L s[lt jf /rgf s] k"/] of
ls;L cz+ s] k|of]u ;] b';/L ;+/rgf t}of/ s/gf x} .
pbfx/0f s] lnP, ls;L :f}Dkn k/ cfwfl/t ;+uLt
Jo'TkGgfTds sfo{ x]ftf x} . Jo'TkGg s] l;4fGt cg';f/
p;d]+ pbud sL l:y/ laGb' xf]gL rflxP . ;+:s[lt s] Ps
l;4fGt s] cg';f/ ox k|jfx, kl/jt{g cf}/ :k'ml/t ?k d]+
;xsfo{ x'P cfu] a9tf x} cf}/ kl/0ffdtM ;eL s[lt jf
/rgf JotKfGgfTds x]ftL x} .
km\nf];
lk|m÷nLa| PG8 cf]kg ;f];{ ;fˆ6j]o/ -cWofo @ b]v_]+
zAb ;+ux|
119
km]o/ o"h /fO{6 -Gofo ;u+t k|of]u_
km]o/ o"h clwsf/ sf dtna x} ls cfks]f k|fKt :jtGq
cg'dlt x} olb cfk k|fl1s zf]w s/ /x] x}+ jf lstfa of
j]a;fO6 sL ;dLIff s/ /x] x+} tf] cg'1fkqLt ;fdu|L] sf]
p4t s/ ;st] x} .
hLPgo" hLkLPn -;fdfGo ;fj{hlgs cg'1fkq_
hLPgo" hLkLPn
cgnfOg
;ˆ6j]o/f+] sL cg'1fkq x} hf] Og :jtGqtfcf]+ s] clwsf/f]+
sf] lg/Gt/tf b]tf x} .
(http://www.fsf.org/copyleft/gpl.html)
æsf]O{ eL p4]Zo s] lnP k|fu] f| d -sfo{qmd_ rnfg] sL
:jtGqtf -k|mL8d )_ . k|fu] f| d s};] sfd s/tf x}, jx
cWoog cf}/ cfks] cfjZostf cg';f/ p;] kl/jt{g s/g]
ls :jtGqtf - k|mL8d !_ . ;f]t| ;+st] -;f];{ sf]8_ ts sL
kx'r
F O;sL k"jf{j:yf x} . k|lto]f+ s] k'gl{ jt/0f sL
:jtGqtf lh;;] cfk b";/f]+ sf] ;xof]u b] ;st] x}+ -k|mL8d
@_ . k|fu] f| d ;'wf/g] sL :jtGqtf cf}/ p; ;'wf/ sf]
;fj{hlgs ?k d]+ lgisfzg of ljt/0f s/gf lh;s] sf/0f
;eL ;d'bfof]+ sf] kmfobf xf] ;s] -k|mL8d # _ . ;f];{ sf]8
ts sL kx'r
F O;sL k"jf{:yf -k"j{ cfjZostf_ x} .Æ
:jtGqtf sL ox kl/efiff :jtGq ;f‘km\6j]o/ kmfpG8]zg
sL j]a;fO6 www.fsf.org ;] nL uO{ x} .
u|l] 6; -lgz'Ns_
lagf ls;L z'Ns s]
120
Oglk|mGhd]G6 -pNn+3g_
k|ltlnlk clwsf/ s] ;Gbe{ d]+ pNn3+g dtna xd]zf
k|ltlnlk clwsf/ k|fKt ;fdu|L, u|Gyf]+ sf] p;s] n]vs
,s[ltsf/ jf :jfdL s] cg'dtL lagf k|of]u sL uO{
cj:yf x} .
nfolalnl6 -bfloTj_
sf]O{ eL lhDd]jf/L, hf] sfo{ kIf ;] ;DalGwt xf]tf x}.
nfO;]G; -cg'1fkq_
Ps b:tfj]h -sfuh_ hf] ;f‘km\6j]o/ s] 6's8|f+] sf] of
p;;] ;DalGwt cf}/ czf]+ s] k|of]u s] ;DaGw d]+ cj:yf
lgwf{/0f s/tf x} . k|of]ustf{ ;fdu|L k|of]u s] lnP
cg'1fkq sf lglZrt t/Ls] ;] k|of]u s/tf x} . ox k|ls|of
;fdfu|L dfq ls pkof]lutf sf] a9fg] s] ;f]r ;] cg'1fkq
sf] ;'rLs[t s/tf x} .
cf]kg sG6]G6 -v'nf ljifoj:t'_
oxfF O;] Jofks ?k d]+ lnof uof x} . sG6]G6 -ljifoj:t'_
dtna sf]O{ ;fdu|L 8f6f, kmfOn, cfs[lt of 6]S:6 hf]
;f‘km\6j]o/ sf c+u dfq g xf] s/ l8lh6n k|0fflnof+] ;]
rnfof hftf x} . v'nf ljifoj:t' -cf]kg sG6]G6_ O;
k|ls|of d]+ jl0f{t cg'1fkq dWo ls;L eL tl/]s] ;] pknAw
lsof uof sf]O eL ljifoj:t' x} . oxfF jl0f{t cg'1fkq
dWo Ps …cf]kg sG6]G6Ú -cWofo % b]v_]+ hf] ceL lqmPl6a
sf‘dG; k|fh
] S] 6 g] ju{ ;dfof]hg s/ oxL ZfAb -cf]kg
sG6]G6_ sf] k|of]u s/ r'sf x} .
zAb ;+ux|
lko/ 6' lko/
121
(Peer2Peer - P2P)
ox Ps g]6js{ -;Ghfn_ d]+ kmfOn z]o/ s/g] sL k|0ffnL
x} hf] k|foM OG6/g]6 k/ xf]tf x} . lko/ 6' lko/ k|0ffnL
ljtl/t ;Ghfn d]+ JoJfl:yt xf]tf x} cf}/ O;s] sf/0f
k|of]ustf{ s]Gb| -xa_ cf}/ gf]8 -zfvf_ bf]gf] ag hftf x} .
lko/ 6' lko/ s] ljleGg pbfx/0f x}+ lj6\6f] /]g6, hLPgo"
6]Nnf cf}/ shf .
lk|cDan -k|:tfjgf_
cg'1fkqf]+ s] z'?cftL jfSo lhgd]+ sfggL ?k ;]
k|efjzfnL efu s] zAb ;dfj]z xf]t] x}+ . k|:tfjgf sfg"gL
b:tfj]hf]+ sf] ;demg] s] lnP dxTjk"0f{ x} cf}/ ox
j0f{gfTds ?k d]+ xf]tf x} . O;d]+ s5 ;f]r cf}/ tf}/
t/Ls]f+ sf] Kf|:t't lsof uof xf]tf x} .
k|fk] f| O6/L -:jfldTj_
sDkgL s] :jfldTj d]+ /xg] jfn] j:t' , hf] P];] 9fFr] d]+
xf]tf x} lhgsf ;f|t] ;s]t+ -;f];{ sf]8_ ts kx'r
F g] ls
cg'dlt gxL+ xf]tL x} .
klAns 8f]dg] -;fj{hlgs clwsf/_
k|ltlnlk clwsf/ s] lagf xL sf]O{ eL k|fKt s/g] jfnL
;]jf of j:t' xL klAns 8f]dg] x} .
gg /Ljf]sa] n -ck|lt;+xfo{_
sf]O cg'1fkq ;fj{hlgs xf] hfg] s] afb olb p; sL
ztf{j:yf d]+ s5 abnfj nfof hf ;stf x} tf] p;]
/Ljf]sa] n sxf hftf x} . n]lsg k|foM cg'1fkq ck|lt;x+fo{
xf]tf x}}.
122
/f]oN6Lh -s[lt:j_
ox k|sfzs, ljt/s jf cGo ckgf d'gfkmf n]g] s] afb
s[ltsf/, /rgfsf/ jf u|Gysf/ sf] ;dfg'kflts ?k d]+ b]g]
jfnf k|ltzt d'gfkmf x} . -k|foM a8f k|ltzt k|sfzs j
ljt/s s] kf; hftf x} . _
;f];{ sf]8 -;|ft] ;s+t] _
k|fu] f| d/ bf/f k|fu] f| ldu+ n}u+ j]h d]+ s/g] jfnf sfd sf] ;f];{
sf]8 sxt] x+} . :jtGq ;fkm\6j]o/ s] lno] ;f];{ sf]8 d]+
kx'r, O;d]+ ;'wf/ s/g] sf k|fjwfg xf]gf rflxP .
ja{fl6d sfkL -zAbZfM,cIf/zM_
Ps k"/f cz+ lh;d]+ yf]8L ;L eL km]/abn g s/s] x"ax"
ptf/f uof xf] .
Jff/G6L -k|Tofe"tL of ;/If0f_
Jff/06L jf:tj d]+ Uof/]G6L h};L x]ftL x}, hf] j:t' jf
;]jfcf]+ sf lglZrt :t/ lgWf{f/0f s/tf x} . hf] O; aft
sf bfjf s/tf x} ls jx ;fdfGo kl/l:ylt d]+ cof]Uo gxL+
xf]tf x} cf}/ sfd s] lnP pkof]uL xf]tf x} . k|foM
;f‘km\6j]o/ jf/G6L lagf xL agfO{ hftL x} .
123
sf]nf]kmf]g
n]vs s] af/] d]+
nf‘/G] ; lnc+u a}u+ nf]/ l:yt cN6/g]l6j nf‘ kmf]/d
-PPnPkm_ s] sfg"gL cg';Gwfgstf{ x+} . goL lbNnL l:yt
;/fo s] ;fy Ps ;+oSt cg';Gwfg kl/of]hgf
OG6]nS] r'cn k|fk] 6L{ PG8 b gf‘nh
] ÷sNr/ sf‘dG; d]+
sfo{/t pgs] rf/ d'Vo If]q sfg"g, k|ljlw, ;:+sl[ t cf}/
k|ltlnlk clwsf/ sL /fhgLlt x} . ;f‘km\6j]o/ cf]kg ;f];{
-v'nf ;|ft] _ cleofg s] Jou| kIfkftL nf‘/]G; v'nf ;|f]t
;DaGwL ;f]r sf] ;f:+sl[ ts kx'r
F -sNr/n 8f]dg] _ d]+
?kfGt/ s/g] d]+ sfo{/t x+} . ;/fo s] ;fy ;xsfo{ d]+
pGxf+g] ] cf]k;, hf] snfsdL{ cf}/ cfd ;+rf/ dfWod
sfo{stf{ s] lnP Ps cgnfOg ;xsfo{fTds -sf]na} f]/l] 6j_
Kn}6kmfd{ x}, p;s] lnP cg'1fkq lnvf . pgs] k|ltlnlk
clwsf/ lk|m ;f‘km\6j]o/ cf}/ cfd dfWod sfo{ If]q ;DaGwL
ax't ;] n]v x}+ . ;g\ @))$ d]+ jf] /f]66\ /8}d sL lk6 Hjf6{
OlG;6Ro'6 s] ldl8of l8hfOg l/;r{ s] cg';Gwfg d]+
;xefuL x'P y] .
cN6/g]l6j nf‘ kmf]/d M http://www.altlawforum.org
;/fo M http://www.sarai.net
cf]k; M http://www.opuscommons.net
O; k'l:tsf s] ljifo d]+ cfk ckg] hjfa cf}/ l6Kk0fL
bellanet@sapnepal.org.np d]+ e]h ;st] x}+ .

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