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Metodologías
modernas de diseño
de pavimentos de
concreto
La construcción de Pavimentos Rígidos es
una tendencia creciente a nivel mundial
Cancún, México
2014
Robert Rodden, P.E.
www.robertrodden.com
Senior Director of
Pavement Technology
Executive Director
American Concrete
Pavement Association (ACPA)
International Society for
Concrete Pavements (ISCP)
www.acpa.org
@PaveConcrete
www.concretepavements.org
@ConcPaveSociety
Congreso Iberoamericano
de Pavimentos de Concreto
Founded in 1963, the American Concrete Pavement
Association (ACPA) is the world’s largest trade
association that exclusively represents the interests of
those involved with the design, construction, and
preservation of concrete pavements.
Main Website | acpa.org
Concrete Wiki | wiki.acpa.org
App Library | apps.acpa.org
Desktop Software | software.acpa.org
Resources | resources.acpa.org
On-Demand Training | ondemand.acpa.org
Live Online Training | webinars.acpa.org
Your Local Contact | local.acpa.org
apps.acpa.org | Used Worldwide
January 2010
-through-
April 2014
km of Paved Roadway by Country
5.000.000
4.500.000
4.000.000
3.500.000
3.000.000
2.500.000
2.000.000
1.500.000
1.000.000
500.000
-
kilometers
km of Paved Roadway per km2 AREA
2,84
3,00
kilometers
2,50
1,81
2,00
1,41
1,50
1,62
1,35
1,00
0,50
0,45 0,49
0,16
-
0,05
0,04 0,07
m of Paved Roadway per PERSON
16,0
14,0
12,0
10,0
8,0
6,0
4,0
2,0
-
15,0
14,0
14,8
meters
11,9
7,9
7,5
8,0
5,4
1,3
1,2
1,1
GDP per m of Paved Roadway
$16.000
$14.000
$12.000
$10.000
$8.000
$6.000
$4.000
$2.000
$-
$13.590
meter
$5.694
$5.092
$4.240$3.868
$3.765
$3.379
$2.626
$1.924$2.064
$1.064
AASHTO 93
• Variables for “optimization”:
– Thickness
– Drainage coefficient
– Modulus of subgrade reaction (k-value)
– Load transfer coefficient
– Concrete properties (flexural strength and modulus)
AASHTO 93 Has Limitations
We Were Tasked to Do Better!
“The current design guide and its predecessors were largely
based on design equations empirically derived from the
observations AASHTO’s predecessor made during road
performance tests completed in 1959-60. Several
transportation experts have criticized the empirical data thus
derived as outdated and inadequate for today’s highway
system. In addition, a March 1994 DOT Office of Inspector
General report concluded that the design guide was
outdated and that pavement design information it relied on
could not be supported and validated with systematic
comparisons to actual experience or research.”
Design…
for What?
Belgium
Chile
Bolivia
Peru
Guatemala
China Understands Heavy Traffic
• 640,000 km added in 4 years!?!?!?
70%+ is
Concrete
El Salvador
Spain
Mexico
USA
USA
South Africa
Chile
Kenya
USA
Chile
USA
Bolivia
Ecuador
Dominican
Republic
USA
Indonesia
35 km Built
Using this Method
Indonesia
(continued)
Must Consider Performance & Cost
Life cycle cost
analysis (LCCA) is a
simple, common
economic analysis
of alternatives to
determine the
design that is of
best value to the
owner/taxpayers!
Design Methods
Basis of the Design Method
• Mechanistic – Purely scientific and based on
measured, defendable scientific rules and laws
𝜖 = 𝜎/𝐸
∆L = α ∗ ∆𝑇 ∗ 𝐿𝑜
• Empirical – Based on observations or
experimentation and requires a lot of tests to
connect all the relationships
𝑪𝒓𝒂𝒄𝒌𝒊𝒏𝒈 = 𝒍𝒐𝒂𝒅𝒔 + 𝒆𝒏𝒗𝒊𝒓𝒐𝒏𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 + 𝒎𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒂𝒍
Countries with Concrete Pavements
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Argentina
• Guatemala
Australia
• Honduras
Austria
• India
Belgium
• Indonesia
Bolivia
• Iran
Brazil
• Italy
Canada
• Japan
Chile
• Kenya
China
• Kingdom of Bahrain
Colombia
• Mexico
Costa Rica
• Netherlands
Czech Republic
• New Zealand
Dominican Republic
• Nicaragua
Ecuador
• Norway
El Salvador
• Pakistan
France
• Peru
de Pavimentos
de Concreto
Germany
• Poland
Ghana
• Portugal
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Puerto Rico
Russia
South Africa
South Korea
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Taiwan
Thailand
Turkey
Uruguay
United Kingdom
USA
… ACPA’s apps.acpa.org has
been accessed in over 140
countries!
Certainly we have many design methods!!!
SOME of the Design Variety
AASHTOWare Pavement ME Design
USA, Canada
AASHTO 93 / ACPA WinPAS
USA, Canada, most of
South & Central America, etc.
TCPavement OptiPave
Chile, Guatemala, Peru
cncPave
South Africa
VENCON2.0
Belgium, Netherlands
Custom Catalog
Germany, India
ACPA StreetPave
(previously the PCA Method)
Australia, Portugal, USA
(“approved” in MN and VA),
Canada, Uruguay
CHAUSSEE2
HDM-4, FAARFIELD, AirPave, ACI
330, BCOA, custom method, etc.
Canada
…Varies Around World…
Application and Material Impact Design
Roller
Compacted
Concrete
Composite
Pavement
Industrial
Pervious
Concrete
2-Lift
Concrete
Common Road Methods in the U.S.
AASHTOWare Pavement ME
(previously known as
DARWin-ME and MEPDG)
AASHTO 93
(ACPA WinPAS)
ACPA
StreetPave
ACPA StreetPave | Developed by Industry
1
0.9
Fatigue Data
StreetPave R=95%
Stress Ratio
0.8
PCA
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
1.E+00 1.E+01 1.E+02 1.E+03 1.E+04 1.E+05 1.E+06 1.E+07 1.E+08 1.E+09 1.E+10
Repetitions
=
+
Mechanistic
Calculation of
Responses
Empirical Tie
to Ground
Pavement
Performance
Prediction
Pavement ME Changes the Game!
Wide range of structural and
rehabilitation designs
50+ million load reps
Limited structural sections
1.1 million load reps
AASHTO 93
AASHTO Pavement ME
1 climate/2 years
1 set of materials
All climates over 20-50 years
New and diverse materials
U.S. Practices are Changing
• Summary of State Agency practice in 2005:
Design Method Used
AASHTO 72/86/93
AASHTO MEPDG
PCA Method
State-Developed
Percent of Responding
Agencies
85%
4%
7%
11%
• At the end of 2013, 41 state agencies were
Congreso
Iberoamericano
moving towards
AASHTOWare
Pavement ME
Design, indicating a very quick transition
within the U.S. away from AASHTO 93
U.S. Roadway Network Ownership
Other; 1%
Most roads in the U.S. are
town/city or county roads
but research and literature
focuses on the 19% that are
state agency owned!
Federal; 3%
[CATEGO
RY
NAME],
[VALUE]
Source: HM-10,
2012 FHWA
Highway Statistics
[CATEGO
RY
NAME],
[VALUE]
[CATE
RY
NAM
[VAL
14
350
13
325
12
300
11
275
10
250
9
225
8
200
AASHTO 93 (ACPA WinPAS)
7
175
AASHTOWare Pavement ME @ ORD
6
AASHTOWare Pavement ME @ PHX
5
ACPA StreetPave
4
-
de Pavimentos
de Concreto30,000,000
10,000,000
20,000,000
Design Lane ESALs
AASHTO 93 test limit ≈ 8 mil ESALs
40,000,000
150
125
100
50,000,000
Required Thickness (mm)
Required Thickness (in.)
Example with “defaults” - DOWELED
We’re Relearning What Matters!
The 10 most sensitive inputs in Pavement ME:
1. Concrete Flexural Strength at 28-Days
2. Concrete Thickness
3. Surface Shortwave Absorptivity (SSA)
4. Joint Spacing
5. Concrete Modulus of Elasticity at 28-Days
6. Design Lane Width with a 14 ft (4.3 m)
Widened Slab
7. Edge Support via Widened Slab
8. Concrete Thermal Conductivity
9. Concrete Coefficient of Thermal
Expansion (CTE)
10. Concrete Unit Weight
Drainage in Pavement ME
“The current state of the art is such
that conclusive remarks regarding the
effectiveness of pavement subsurface
drainage or the need for subsurface
drainage are not possible.”
…Other Research Augments Understanding
•
•
Subbase stiffness matters more than
drainage for JPCP performance
Although excess moisture and poor
drainage was shown to be detrimental to
pavement performance in the past, current
designs are less susceptible to moisture
damage (thicker sections, improved
materials, widespread use of dowels, etc.)
Engineer Better Designs
• Modern design methods:
– Better model thickness requirements
– Consider specific failure modes
– Allow consideration and optimization
of impactful design variables
Thank you.
Questions? FEEDBACK!
Robert Rodden, P.E. | rrodden@acpa.org
Senior Director of Pavement Technology
American Concrete Pavement Association
Main Website | acpa.org
Concrete Wiki | wiki.acpa.org
App Library | apps.acpa.org
Desktop Software | software.acpa.org
Resources | resources.acpa.org
On-Demand Training | ondemand.acpa.org
Live Online Training | webinars.acpa.org

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