Sensory Characteristics of Chinese Traditional Paper

Sensory Characteristics of Chinese Traditional Paper “Senshi”
Chikara Koshiyama*, Sun Yiyin**, Mari Abe***, Terumi Shiraishi***
*GraduateSchool of Engineering, Takushoku University, Tokyo
z8m403@st.takushoku-u.ac.jp
**GK Design Shanghai Inc.
ivansun1981@yahoo.co.jp
*Department of Industrial Design,Faculty of Engineering,Takushoku University,Tokyo
m-abe@id. takushoku-u.ac.jp
tshirais@id. takushoku-u.ac.jp
Key words : Senshi, Sensory Evaluation, Paper, Interior material, China.
Abstract :In China, “Senshi” is traditionally used as calligraphy paper. And while Japanese, “Washi”
has been used as material for small interior items that is environmentally friendly, Senshi has
recently been used for lampshades, etc. This is due to an interior design boom occurring in
Shanghai, China. In this study, experiments to clearly identify the sensory characteristics of
Senshi with regard to its use as interior design material were conducted. Two kinds of sensory
experiments, utilizing the sense of sight and the sense of touch by hand, were conducted on
Senshi with Washi added, targeting foreign students from China. After the experiments, as
a result of factor analysis, five factors, such as volume and quality, and as a result of cluster
analysis, five groups, such as paper tinged a creamy color were extracted for the sense of sight.
For sense of touch by hand, five factors, such as volume and sophistication, and as a result
of cluster analysis, five groups, such as thick and hard paper, were extracted. By creating a
configuration map of the first factor (volume) and the second (quality) in sense of sight, it was
determined that yellow Washi and white Senshi have volume, while transparent Washi had less
volume. From the configuration map of the first factor (volume) and the second (sophistication),
thin and soft paper were considered to have less volume and be sophisticated. In Senshi, Lio
wen-Mian liau lei (Sheng xuan) was included. In these sensory experiments, Senshi Mian liau lei
was found to have a sense similar to that of Washi and can be used the same as Washi.
1. Introduction
Senshi is a traditional Chinese paper. It has been used for calligraphy from the ancient times down to
today[1]. Japan also has traditional paper, Washi. There are many kinds of Washi, which are used in various
ways in the daily Japanese life, such as in furniture fittings, etc[2]. In contrast, Senshi has been limited to
calligraphy up to now, but recently, although in small number, has been used as lampshade material. This
is due to the interior design boom in conjunction with city redevelopment in Shanghai, China, the city’s
awareness in environmental conservation as an international city, and the movement to use natural materials.
The purpose of this study is to identify the characteristics of Senshi, Chinese traditional paper, and to expand
its application. This paper identifies the sensory characteristics of Senshi and shows its potential use as
interior design material in comparison with Washi.
2. Senshi of Sensory Evaluation
2.1 Method of Sensory Evaluation Test
We conducted sensory experiments using the method of sensory evaluation comparing nine kinds of
commonly available Senshi with eight kinds of Washi, including 3 major Washi papers from Mino, Echizen,
3785
Table1 Factor Loading after Varimax-Method（Sense of Sight）
thin-thick
light-heavy
soft-hard
transparent-opaque
delicate-rough
slick-rough
coarse-fine
strong-poor
primitive-sophisticated
gloss-dull
modern-traditional
refined-unrefined
unsophisticated-quality
tough-tender
showy-quiet
new-old
Consyruction of Factors
Sum of Aquares
Contribution Rate(%)
Accumulation Contribution Rate(%)
Factor 1
0.8500
0.8147
0.7621
0.7199
0.6560
0.6384
0.6113
-0.7716
0.1227
0.1276
0.2935
-0.4226
-0.0674
-0.0971
0.0843
0.0987
Volume
Factor
4.62
28.87
28.87
Factor 2
0.2285
0.2357
-0.0175
0.3533
0.5097
0.1009
0.2114
-0.1814
0.6336
0.6115
0.6049
-0.6758
-0.1109
-0.2428
0.1660
0.1089
Quality
Factor
2.29
14.31
43.18
Factor 3
-0.1051
-0.1347
-0.1721
-0.0149
0.0674
-0.1378
0.0170
-0.0096
-0.3073
-0.4966
-0.1021
0.0498
0.8756
0.6879
-0.0996
-0.0654
Sophisticated
Factor
1.69
10.57
53.74
Factor 4
0.1197
0.0968
0.1419
-0.1050
0.1040
0.4296
0.3353
0.1443
0.0977
0.0014
0.3502
-0.0883
0.0486
-0.3176
0.8527
0.1307
Fresh
Factor
1.37
8.57
62.31
Factor 5
0.0276
0.0086
-0.1398
-0.2279
-0.1022
-0.1027
-0.2034
-0.1933
-0.1061
-0.1037
0.0698
0.0617
0.0954
-0.0736
-0.1227
-0.9402
Elasticity
Factor
1.12
6.98
69.29
Factor 4
0.0116
0.0932
0.2150
0.1007
0.0606
0.2137
-0.0867
0.3375
0.0992
0.2726
0.0349
-0.0164
-0.1919
0.8990
0.1315
0.1131
Elasticity
Factor
1.20
7.48
64.99
Factor 5
0.0049
0.0051
0.0149
0.1037
0.1375
0.1341
-0.1874
-0.1558
-0.2971
0.0905
0.0704
0.3616
0.0243
0.1170
0.8925
0.1057
Loud
Factor
1.16
7.26
72.25
Table2 Factor Loading after Varimax-Method（Sense of Touch）
thin-thick
light-heavy
soft-hard
transparent-opaque
delicate-rough
slick-rough
coarse-fine
strong-poor
primitive-sophisticated
gloss-dull
modern-traditional
refined-unrefined
unsophisticated-quality
tough-tender
showy-quiet
new-old
Consyruction of Factors
Sum of Aquares
Contribution Rate(%)
Accumulation Contribution Rate(%)
Factor 1
0.8575
0.8481
0.8094
0.7590
0.7079
0.6240
-0.6068
-0.7249
-0.0225
0.4400
0.1479
0.3789
-0.0384
0.1173
0.1168
0.4923
Volume
Factor
5.10
31.88
31.88
Factor 2
-0.1262
-0.1325
-0.0966
-0.2988
-0.3717
-0.5258
0.4296
-0.0542
0.6340
-0.6177
-0.7672
-0.1364
0.1772
-0.0866
-0.2583
-0.4824
Sophisticated
Factor
2.46
15.40
47.27
Factor 3
0.1657
0.1582
0.1662
-0.0613
0.2188
0.0396
-0.1616
0.0676
-0.3465
-0.0040
0.1084
0.6493
-0.8619
0.1519
0.1131
0.3767
Quality
Factor
1.64
10.24
57.51
non-quality
1.6
1.2
0.8
Yellow washi
Quality Factor
Paper Tinged with Creamy
0.4
⑤Hishi-Mino
⑨Kokushi-Tosa
⑩Mitsumata-Mino
①Dan Xuan-Mian Liau Lei(Shang Xuan)
⑥Yun Mu(Shu Xuan)
⑰Mitsumata-Tosa
④Chan Yi(Shu Xuan)
⑬Kokushi-Mino
②Triple Jia Xuan(Shang Xuan)
⑦Mitsumata-Echizen
Slightly Trasparent paper
0
③Lou Wen-Mian Liau Lei(Shang Xuan)
-0.4
⑭Jia Xuan-Mian Liau Lei(Shang Xuan)
⑫Dan Xuan-Jing Pi Lei(Shang Xuan)
⑪Mashi-Echizen
⑮Hishi-Tosa
⑯Double Jia Xuan-Mian Liau Lei
⑧Lou Wen-Jing Pi Lei(Shang Xuan)
Trasparent paper
White senshi
-0.8
quality
-1.2
-1.6
-1.2
non-volume
- 0.8
-0.4
0
0.4
0.8
1.2
Volume Factor
Factor1(Volume Fator)-Factor2(Quality Factor)
Fig.2 Configuration Map of Each Sample（Sense of Sight）
3786
1.6
volume
Xuan paper
Sheng xuan
Mian liau lei
Jing pi
Ban shu xuan
Shu xuan
Jian
Te jing pi
Gong pin
Jia xuan
Gong pin
Jia xuan
Gong pin
Jia xuan
Jing pi zhu xu zi
Yun mu
Yun mu
Zha hua
Double
jia xuan
Zha hua
Double
jia xuan
Zha hua
Double
jia xuan
Na zhu xu zi
Chan yi
Chan yi
Mian lian
Triple
jia xuan
Mian lian
Triple
jia xuan
Mian lian
Triple
jia xuan
Jing pi
dou fu xuan
Dan xuan
Luo wen
Dan xuan
Luo wen
Dan xuan
Luo wen
Zhong
dan xuan
Zhong
dan xuan
Zhong
dan xuan
Fig.1 Kind of Senshi(Italic type:Samples of Experiment Used)
Tosa. Figure 1 shows the categories of Senshi and the kinds used in the sensory experiments. SD evaluation
words used in the experiments were selected through questionnaires to professionals who deal with Washi
and Senshi. Sensory experiments sought to understand the sensation of Chinese people regarding the sense of
sight and sense of touch by hand. Subjects were 20 chinese students of the department of industrial design,
faculty of technology, Takushoku University.
2.2 Conclusion of Sensory Evaluation Experiment
From the results of the SD evaluation, factor analysis and cluster analysis were conducted[3]. First, in the
factor analysis for the sense of sight, samples with factor loading after varimax-method with an absolute value
of 0.5 or higher were set as the interpretation target and five factors were determined appropriate from the
number of factors and the degree of eigenvalue. Accumulation contribution rate was 69.29 % . Five factors
were named, from the first factor in order, volume, quality, sophistication, freshness and elasticity (Table 1).
In the cluster analysis, creation of tree diagram extracted five clusters as paper tinged creamy color, slightly
transparent paper, transparent paper, white Senshi, and yellow Washi. In the sense of touch by hand, samples
with factor loading after varimax-method with an absolute value of 0.5 or higher were set as the interpretation
target, similar to the case of sense of sight. Five factors were determined appropriate from the number of
factors and the degree of eigenvalue, and the accumulation contribution rate was 72.25% . Five factors were
named, from the first factor in order, volume, sophistication, quality, elasticity and showiness (Table 2). In
the cluster analysis, five clusters were extracted, namely soft Senshi, thin and soft paper, slightly thick paper,
mashi, and thick and hard paper. Next, configuration maps were created between factors based on their
results. Figure 2 shows the configuration map of the first factor (volume) and the second (quality) in sense
of sight, and Figure 3 is the configuration map of the first factor (volume) and the second (sophistication) in
sense of touch by hand. In both configuration maps, each cluster is obtained by cluster analysis and recorded
on the configuration maps. In the configuration maps between factors of the sense of sight, yellow Washi and
white Senshi had the most volume while transparent Washi and slightly transparent paper lacked volume.
Yellow Washi with volume included Kokushi paper of Tosa and Mitumata paper, and white Senshi included
Double and Triple Jia Xuan of Mian liau lei. As for quality, no major difference was seen between any of the
clusters. In the configuration map between the factors of the sense of touch by hand, thick and hard paper
was considered to have the most volume, and thin and soft paper had less volume but the most sophistication.
Thick and hard paper included Mitsumata paper and Kokushi paper of Mino in Washi, and Double and Triple
Jia Xuan of Mian liau lei in Senshi. Thin and soft paper consists of Hishi of Tosa and Mitsumata paper of
3787
sophsticated
1.6
Thin and Soft paper
1.2
⑮Hishi-Tosa
0.8
Sophsticated Focter
Slightly Thich paper
⑦Mitsumata-Echizen
0.4
⑤Hishi-Mino
③Lou Wen-Mian Liau Lei(Shang Xuan)
⑥Yun Mu(Shu Xuan)
⑭Jia Xuan-Mian Liau Lei(Shang Xuan)
④Chan Yi(Shu Xuan) ⑫Dan Xuan-Jing Pi Lei(Shang Xuan)
⑯Double Jia Xuan-Mian Liau Lei
⑧Lou Wen-Jing Pi Lei(Shang Xuan)
⑰Mitsumata-Tosa
⑩Mitsumata-Mino
①Dan Xuan-Mian Liau Lei(Shang Xuan)
②Triple Jia Xuan(Shang Xuan)
⑬Kokushi-Mino
0
Soft senshi
-0.4
Thich and Hard paper
⑨Kokushi-Tosa
Mashi
-0.8
unsophsticated
⑪Mashi-Echizen
-1.2
-1.6
-1.2
non-volume
-0.8
-0.4
0
0.4
0.8
1.2
Volume Factor
1.6
volume
Factor1(Volume Fator)-Factor2(Sophisticatsd Factor)
Fig.3 Configuration Map of Each Sample（Sense of Touch）
Jia Xuan of Mian liau lei in Senshi. Thin and soft paper consists of Hishi of Tosa and Mitsumata paper of
Echizen, and Lio wen-Mian liau lei(Sheng xuan). From the above results, it was determined that while color
and transparency in the sense of sight, and softness and thickness in the sense of touch, are elements that
consist of clusters, volume is an important sensory factor for both senses. It was also determined that Double
and Triple Jia Xuan of Mian liau lei in Senshi have a similar sensation to Mitsumata paper and Kokushi paper
of Mino Washi, while Lio wen-Mian liau lei(Sheng xuan) has a similar sensation to Hishi of Tosa Washi and
Mitsumata paper in Echizen.
3. Consideration
From the results of these sensory experiments, it was shown that some paper in Senshi has a similar sense
with Washi. Double and Triple Jia Xuan of Mian liau lei in Senshi look similar to Mitsumata paper and Kokushi
paper of Mino Washi. Mitsumata paper and Kokushi paper of Mino Washi are thick and hard Washi used as
FUSUMA paper, etc. Although there are no furniture fittings such as FUSUMA in China, such paper can be
used as interior design material, such as wallpaper, etc. Lio wen-Mian liau lei (Sheng xuan) has a similar touch
as Hishi of Tosa Washi and Mitsumata paper of Echizen. Hishi of Tosa Washi and Mitsumata paper of Echizen
are thin and soft Washi papers that are used for Shoji and lampshades. Since Senshi has been begun to be
used as lampshade material in China, it is thought that its use can be expanded. In the future, by identifying
the mechanical and optical properties and matching these to the sensory characteristics of Senshi, it is
thought that the application of Senshi as an interior design material can be promoted.
References
[1]T. Yamauchi, N. Usami : Characteristic Mechanical Properties of Washi Papers, Japan Tappi Journal vol.59 no.10,
Japan Tappi, pp.104-111,2005
[2]J. Kim, I. Naito, N. Suzuki, K. Kaneko : Evaluation of Texture on Traditional Paper in Japan and Korea,
Bulletin of Japanese Society for the Science of Design vol.46 no.3, Japanese Society or the Science of Design, pp.1-8,1999
[3]E.Masuyama:Kokoro ni ukabu image wo hakaru[The image which comes into its mind is measured.],ISS Industry Science
Systems, pp.1-11,1996
3788