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NORTH-WESTERN JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY
International scientific research journal of zoology and animal ecology
of the Herpetological Club - Oradea
Univeristy of Oradea, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology
Univeristatii str. No.1, Oradea – 410087, Romania
Publisher: University of Oradea Publishing House
Contact e-mail: sas.steve@gmail.com
NORTH – WESTERN JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY
(International journal of zoology and animal ecology)
ACCEPTED PAPER
- Online until proofing -
Authors: Jane C. F. OLIVEIRA; Gisele R. WINCK; Juliane P. RIBEIRO; Carlos
Frederico Duarte ROCHA
Title: Antropogenic or niche preference: contributions on the knowledge of
Hemidactylus mabouia invasion in South America
Journal: North-Western Journal of Zoology
Article number: 152505
Status: awaiting English spelling editing
awaiting proofing
How to cite:
Oliveira J.C.F., Winck G.R., Ribeiro J.P., Rocha C.F.D. (in press): Antropogenic or
niche preference: contributions on the knowledge of Hemidactylus mabouia invasion
in South America. North-Western Journal of Zoology (online first): art.152505
Date published: <2015-11-13>
Citation as online first paper: North-western Journal of Zoology (on-first): art.152505
Antropogenic or niche preference: contributions on the knowledge of Hemidactylus
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mabouia invasion in South America
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Jane C. F. Oliveira1*, Gisele R. Winck1, Juliane P. Ribeiro1 and Carlos Frederico Duarte
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Rocha1
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Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rua São Francisco Xavier 524, Maracanã,
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20550-019, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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*corresponding author: janeherpeto@gmail.com , Jane de Oliveira
Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de Biologia Roberto de Alcantara Gomes,
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Abstract
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The African gecko, Hemidactylus mabouia, has been recorded from natural habitats in
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several Brazilian ecosystems. Its establishment seems to be in advanced stage in some
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regions of the country. Here we document previously unrecorded populations in sandy
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coastal plains from Atlantic Forest, associated to the intensity of habitat modification in
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the studied sites. Our results suggest that the species is usually associated with disturbed
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areas within larger natural habitats, especially those with some level of vegetation
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opening (e.g., trails, roads, streets).
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Key-words: Exotic gecko; gekkonid lizard; degradation; open habitat invasion.
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Running title: Exotic gecko in Brazilian natural habitats
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The African gekkonid lizard Hemidactylus mabouia (Moreau De Jonnès 1818) is a
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nonindigenous species widely distributed in Brazil and other areas of the Americas (e.g.
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Rocha et al. 2011, Fierro-Cabo & Rentfro 2014). It is usually associated to anthropic
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environments (Vanzolini et al. 1980), using areas closer to artificial lighting sources as
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hunting grounds (Daniells et al. 2008). In some cases, H. mabouia associates to the
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local native assemblage in several levels (Anjos et al. 2008, Rocha & Vrcibradic 1998,
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Hatano et al. 2001, Koski et al. 2013)
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The records of H. mabouia in Brazilian natural environments are increasing, and
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include most biomes (e.g. Vanzolini 1968, 1978; Telles et al. 2015) except Amazônia
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(Rocha et al. 2011). In this study, we conducted surveys to identify new occurrences of
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H. mabouia in natural environments along the coast of Espírito Santo state, southeastern
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Brazil. We also documented the vegetation types (mesohabitats) and microhabitats used
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by the species. Additionally, we evaluated if its presence is related to the intensity of
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habitat modification.
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Material and methods
Restingas are sandy coastal habitats characterized by sand dune formations, with
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relatively high temperatures and low availability of free water compared to other
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ecosystems within the Atlantic Rainforest biome (Rocha et al. 2003). The vegetation
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structure varies as the distance from the seashore increases, resulting in distinct
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mesohabitats or vegetation zones: herbaceous, sparse shrubs, closed post-beach, and
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restinga forest.
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We surveyed five sandy dune sites along the state of Espírito Santo (datum
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WGS84): Praia das Neves (21.14°N, 40.24°W), Paulo Cesar Vinha State Park (20.36°N,
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40.24°W), Comboios Biological Reserve (19.40°N, 39.54°W), Conceição da Barra
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Environmental Protection Area (18.35°N, 39.44°W) and Itaúnas State Park (18.20°N,
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39.41°). We conducted visual searches for H. mabouia during day (from 0800 to 1300
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h) and nighttime (from 1800 to 2300 h) along transections. We searched all potential
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shelters and microhabitats for adults of H. mabouia or eggs. Eggs were identified
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considering characteristics as size (approximately 8.5 x 10 mm), the number of eggs in
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the nest (two or more) (Anjos & Rocha 2008), color and texture/consistency (apud Rose
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1950). We measured the height from soil using a measuring tape when individuals were
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perched. Our sampling comprised 75 hours of search from February 2011 to December
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2013, totaling 15 hours in each vegetation zone in each restinga.
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We also estimated the occurrence of environmental modification factors in each
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site (Table 1, modified from Rocha et al. 2007). We considered as "invaders" only those
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individuals of H. mabouia found in natural environments. Therefore, all lizards
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documented here were located at least one kilometer away from any residence or urban
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area (following Cronk & Fuller 1995). We collected the individuals found in natural
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habitats whenever possible as voucher specimens (SISBIO permit N. 28276).
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Results
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We found 45 adult individuals in natural environments at three of the five study sites, all
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during nighttime search, and six eggs/hatched eggs (Table 2). Individuals were found in
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six different microhabitats, both horizontally (e.g., under bush, sand) and vertically (tree
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trunks), all of them associated to open vegetation areas (Table 2). Average (± 1SD)
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height above ground that individuals were found perched was 31 ± 13.8 cm (Ntotal = 45,
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0 – 75 cm), but most individuals were found perched at heights from ground level to 10
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cm (N = 41, 0 – 10 cm). Our results showed that H. mabouia was usually present in
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areas where human-mediated modifications in habitat were frequent (Figure 1).
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However, in all sites where we found H. mabouia, we observed trails, roads and/or
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streets.
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Discussion
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We provide further evidence that the invasion of H. mabouia in natural environments of
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Espírito Santo state in an advanced stage. Furthermore, two previously undocumented
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localities (see Rocha et al. 2011) for this species contribute to the knowledge on the
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invasion of H. mabouia in Brazil.
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The genus Hemidactylus has had great success in crossing the Atlantic Ocean,
naturally colonizing several ecosystems in the Americas (Carranza & Arnold 2006). In
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our study, we believe we found successful established populations of H. mabouia, due
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to the occurrence of reproductive events (adults and eggs). Other well-established
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populations were already documented in Brazilian coastal plains (e.g. Rocha et al.
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2011), and our data add more information to these observations. The greater number of
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invasions documented to sandy coastal plains regarding other Brazilian ecosystems may
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suggest that these areas provide appropriated environmental conditions within their
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ecological tolerance limits (Kluge 1969).
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Our results showed a frequent association of H. mabouia to human-modified
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habitats within larger natural environments, especially those with some degree of
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opening of vegetation (e.g., due to trails, roads or streets). Although there is still no
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conclusive evidence whether natural invaded environments have to present some
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modification level to allow invasion to occur (Silva et al. 2008, but see Gurevitch &
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Padilla 2004 to a review), our data suggests that H. mabouia may be benefiting by
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human alterations in sandy dune habitats of Brazil, especially by vegetation removal.
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Other evidence that reinforces this hypothesis is that two years after the end of our
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samples, using the same methods, we recorded three H. mabouia individuals in Paulo
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Cesar Vinha State Park. Although this restinga is one of the areas with the lowest
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frequency of human modification, there is a considerable number of trails for beach
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access. Some biological characteristics of the species favoring its successful
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establishment in Brazilian environments, may be the wide range of trophic resources
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and microhabitats used and its nighttime activity. These may facilitate its coexistence
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with both native diurnal and nocturnal lizards from the invaded communities (e.g.,
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Carranza et al., 2006). There is still no evidence of effects of H. mabouia on native
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communities (Winck et al. in press). However, we should focus in understanding how
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much the removal of vegetation is a main factor facilitating its invasion, considering the
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possibility of invasion by other exotic species. These data would supply the necessary
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support for the development of appropriated strategies difficulting new invasions of
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possible harmful species, if necessary.
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Acknowledgments
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This study was supported by grants from Conselho Nacional do Desenvolvimento
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Científico e Tecnológico – CNPq (processes Nos. 304791/2010-5 and 472287/2012-5)
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and from Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de
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Janeiro (FAPERJ) to CFDR (“Programa Cientistas do Nosso Estado” – Process No. E-
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26/102.765.2012). JCFO thanks the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de
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Nível Superior – CAPES for providing a Graduate fellowship. GRW thanks FAPERJ for
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postdoctoral grants (processes n. E-26/101.237/2013 and E-26/101.267/2013).
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References
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Anjos, L.A., Almeida, W.O., Vasconcelos, A., Freire, E.M.X., Rocha, C.F.D. (2007):
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The Alien and Native Pentastomids Fauna of an Exotic Lizard Population from
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Brazilian Northeast. Parasitology Research 101: 627-628.
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Anjos, L.A. & Rocha, C.F.D. (2008): Hemidactylus mabouia, a fixed clutch size invader
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species: how do this gekkonid maximize their reproductive success? Iheringia, Série
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Zoologia, 98: 1-5.
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Carranza, S., Arnold, E.N. (2006): Systematics, biogeography, and evolution of
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Hemidactylus geckos (Reptilia: Gekkonidae) elucidated using mitochondrial DNA
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Cronk, Q.C.B., Fuller, J.L. (1995): Plant invaders. Chapman and Hall, London.
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Daniells, E.A., Ackley, J.W., Carter, R.E., Muelleman, P.J., Rudman, S.M., Turk, P.A.,
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Vélez-Espinet, N.J., White, L.A., Wyszynski, N.N. (2008): An annotated checklist of
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the amphibians and reptiles of Dominica, West Indies. Iguana 15: 130-141.
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Fierro-Cabo, A., Rentfro, A. (2014): First record of tropical house gecko Hemidactylus
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mabouia (Moreau de Jonnès, 1818) in Texas. bioInvasions Records 3(4): 309-312.
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Gurevitch, J., Padilla, D.K. (2004): Are invasive species a major cause of extinctions?
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Trends in Ecology and Evolution 19: 470-474.
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Hatano, F.H., Vrcibradic, D., Galdino, C.A.B., Cunha-Barros, M., Rocha, C.F.D., Van
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Sluys, M. (2001): Thermal ecology and activity patterns of the lizard community of the
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restinga of Jurubatiba, Macaé, RJ. Revista Brasileira de Biologia 61: 287-294.
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Koski, D.A, Koski, A.P.V., Merçon, L, Messas, Y.F. (2013): Hemidactylus mabouia
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(Tropical House Gecko). Predation. Herpetological Review 44(3).
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Kluge, A.G. (1969): The evolution and geographical origin of the New World
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Hemidactylus
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Publications Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan 138: 1-78.
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Rocha, C.F.D.,Vrcibradic, D. (1998): Reptiles as predators and as preys in a restinga
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habitat of Southeastern Brazil. Ciência e Cultura 50: 364-368.
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Rocha, C.F.D., Bergallo, H.G., Alves, M.A.S., Van Sluys, M. (2003): A biodiversidade
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nos grandes remanescentes florestais do Estado do Rio de Janeiro e nas restingas dos
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corredores da Mata Atlântica. São Carlos: Rima Editora.
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Rocha, C.F.D., Anjos, L.A. (2007): Feeding ecology of a nocturnal invasive alien lizard
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species, Hemidactylus mabouia Moreau de Jonnès, 1818 (Gekkonidae), living in an
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outcrop rocky area in southeastern Brazil. Brazilian Journal of Biology 67: 485-491.
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Rocha, C.F.D., Anjos, L.A., Bergallo, H.G. (2011): Conquering Brazil: the invasion by
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the exotic gekkonid lizard Hemidactylus mabouia (Squamata) in Brazilian natural
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environments. Zoologia 28: 747-754.
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Rose,W.. (1950): The Reptiles and Amphibians of South Africa: General Characteristics
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of Reptiles. The Standard Press Ltd.
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Silva, L., Land, L., Luengo, L.J.L.R. (2008). Flora e Fauna Terrestre Invasora na
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Macaronésia. TOP 100 nos Açores, Madeira e Canárias. ARENA, Ponta Delgada, no
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âmbito do programa INTERREG III B – BIONATURA (2007-2008). Thesis..
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Telles, F.B.S., Militão, C.M., Bergallo, H. G. Rocha, C.F.D. (2015): Invasion of the alien
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gecko Hemidactylus mabouia (Moureau de Jonnès, 1818) in natural habitat at Praia do
complex
(Gekkonidae,
Sauria).
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mabouia-brookii
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Sul Biological Reserve, Ilha Grande, RL. Brazil. Brazilian Journal of Biology.
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Vanzolini, P.E. (1968): Lagartos Brasileiros da Familia Gekkonidae (Sauria). Arquivos
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de Zoologia 17: 1-84.
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Vanzolini, P.E. (1978): On South American Hemidactylus (Sauria, Gekkonidae). Papéis
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Avulsos de Zoologia 31: 307-343.
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Vanzolini, P.E., Ramos-Costa, A.M.M., Vitt, L.J. (1980). Répteis das Caatingas. Rio de
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Janeiro: Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências.
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Table and Figure captions
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Table 1. Categories of habitat degradation recorded in five restinga habitats along the
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Espírito Santo state in Souheastern Brazil.
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Table 2. Number of adult individuals of Hemidactylus mabouia and eggs recorded in
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five sandy coastal plains areas (Praia das Neves, Paulo Cesar Vinha State Park,
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Comboios Biological Reserve, Conceição da Barra Environmental Protection Area and
10
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Itaúnas State Park) along Southeastern of Espírito Santo State Brazil, including
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vegetation type and microhabitats used
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Figure 1. Frequency of disturbances recorded in each Restinga area studied in coastal
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Espírito Santo State. (A) Praia das Neves; (B) Paulo Cesar Vinha State Park; (C)
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Comboios Biological Reserve; (D) Conceição da Barra Environmental Protection Area;
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(E) Itaúnas State Park. Legend: (RV) Removing of vegetation; (TV) Trampling of
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vegetation; (ER) Establishment of residences; (VT) Vehicular traffic; (EV) Exotic
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vegetation; (RS) Replacement of substrate; (TD) Trash deposition; (BV) Burst
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vegetation; (TR) Trail/road/street.
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Table 1. Categories of habitat degradation recorded in five restinga habitats
along the Espírito Santo state in Souheastern Brazil.
Removal of vegetation
Trampling od vegetation for beach access
Establishment of residences
Vehicular traffic on the vegetation or dunes
Exotic vegetation (e.g. grass, Eucalyptus spp, among others)
Replacement of the original substrate by others (e.g. clay, gravel)
Trash deposition
Burnt of vegetation
Trail/road/street
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RV
TV
ER
VT
EV
RS
TD
BV
TR
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Table 2. Number of adult individuals of Hemidactylus mabouia and eggs recorded in
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five sandy coastal plains areas (Praia das Neves, Paulo Cesar Vinha State Park,
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Comboios Biological Reserve, Conceição da Barra Environmental Protection Area and
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Itaúnas State Park) along Southeastern of Espírito Santo State Brazil, including
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vegetation type and microhabitats used .
Number of individuals
Restinga
of Hemidactylus
Eggs/Hatched eggs
Vegetation Type Microhabitat
mabouia recorded
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4
HP/FR/CR/OS
PEPCV
0
0
-
-
Comboios
0
0
-
-
APA C. Barra
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2
OS
UT/UB/CT
Itaúnas
1
0
OS
UB
N
Praia das Neves
UT/SD/TT/UT/UF/BR
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Legend: (APA C. Barra) Conceição da Barra Environmental Protection Area; (PEPCV)
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Paulo Cesar Vinha State Park; [Vegatation type]: (HP) halophilous-psammofilous
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creeper vegetation (OS) open shrubby; (CR) closed rear; (FR) forest. [Microhabitats]:
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(UB); under bush (UT) under trash; (SD) sand; (TT) tree trunk; (UT) under fallen trunk;
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(UF) under leaf litter (BR) bromeliad (CT) cactaceae.
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