Forks Township Comprehensive Plan

Transcription

Forks Township
Comprehensive Plan
Northampton County, Pennsylvania
As Adopted by the Forks Township
Board of Supervisors on February 18, 2010
This Plan was prepared under the direction of the Forks Township
Board of Supervisors, Planning Commission and Staff.
Community Planning Consultants
Urban Research and Development Corporation
Bethlehem, Pennsylvania
CONTENTS
Page
INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................. 1
Major Benefits of the Comprehensive Plan..................................................................... 2
Coordination With the Regional Comprehensive Plan ................................................... 2
Regional Location ........................................................................................................... 3
THE COMPREHENSIVE PLAN ........................................................................................... 5
Direction: The Major Goals of this Plan ..........................................................................5
Executive Summary...........................................................................................................8
Farmland Preservation.....................................................................................................11
Environmental Management ...........................................................................................18
Water Management .........................................................................................................25
Land Use..........................................................................................................................31
Town Center ....................................................................................................................46
Township Beautification .................................................................................................51
Economic Development ..................................................................................................53
Community Services .......................................................................................................56
Historic Preservation .......................................................................................................61
Public Utilities .................................................................................................................66
Parks and Recreation .......................................................................................................69
Transportation..................................................................................................................83
Energy Conservation .......................................................................................................94
Putting This Plan Into Action ........................................................................................100
Forks Township Comprehensive Plan - As Adopted February 18, 2010
CONTENTS (Cont.)
APPENDICES.............................................................................................................................A-1
Population and Housing of Forks .......................................................................................A-1
Major Sources of Community Development Funding .......................................................A-11
Historic Buildings ...............................................................................................................A-21
Compatibility With Adjacent Municipalities ......................................................................A-23
INDEX
List of Maps
Regional Location .......................................................................................................................... 4
Prime Agricultural Soils ............................................................................................................... 17
Steep Slopes .................................................................................................................................. 22
Natural Features ............................................................................................................................ 23
Soil Limitations for On-Lot Septic Systems ................................................................................. 24
Existing Land Uses ...................................................................................................................... 32
2007 Existing Zoning ................................................................................................................... 33
Land Use Plan .............................................................................................................................. 34
Town Center Area ........................................................................................................................ 46
Historic and Cultural Resources ................................................................................................... 65
Recreation Trails ........................................................................................................................... 78
Sidewalks and Pathways ............................................................................................................... 79
Estimated 2006 Traffic Volumes ................................................................................................. 85
Recommended Intersection Improvements ................................................................................... 86
Adjacent Zoning Map................................................................................................................A-24
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INTRODUCTION
The Forks Township Comprehensive Plan provides an overall set of policies for the future
development and conservation of Forks Township over the next 10 to 15 years. The plan itself is not
regulatory. However, under state law, any future change to the township's zoning ordinance is
required to be generally consistent with the plan unless the plan is amended before the zoning
change is enacted. The plan is intended to provide the policy direction for future changes to the
township’s development regulations.
The Forks Township Comprehensive Plan is comprised of the following major parts:
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The Overall Vision and Goals of the Plan
Natural Features
Environmental Management
Water Management
Land Use
Town Center
Township Beautification
Historic Preservation
Economic Development
Public Utilities
Community Services
Park and Recreation
Transportation
Energy Conservation
Putting this Plan into Action
Appendices, including information about current conditions and trends
The Forks Township Planning Commission prepared the plan with assistance from the Forks
Township Board of Supervisors, township staff, professional consultants and other citizens. The
policies of the plan were developed at monthly workshop meetings that were open to the public and
during discussions at legally advertised public meetings.
The first step in the process was to identify the major issues and concerns that needed to be
addressed. The next step was to analyze and map existing conditions and trends. A full set of
computerized maps was prepared.
An “overall vision” was prepared. Goals were written to provide overall direction for the plan. The
township asked residents to volunteer for four major committees: 1) Farmland Preservation/
Historic Preservation/Architecture, 2) Recreation, 3) Transportation and 4) Economic Development.
The four citizen committees held separate meetings, conducted field work and received input from
well-informed individuals.
The land use plan was prepared after input from the sources discussed above, followed by the
preparation of recommendations concerning community facilities, transportation, farmland
preservation, environmental management, economic development, historic preservation and natural
features. The township held required public meetings and made revisions in response to public
input, after which the elected Board of Supervisors considered the plan for adoption.
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Major Benefits of the Comprehensive Plan
The comprehensive plan provides many benefits for Forks Township. Specifically, the plan:
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Addresses land use issues in coordination with roads, in order to avoid future traffic problems.
Works to avoid conflicts between different types of development, including avoiding conflicts
across municipal borders. For example, the plan seeks to avoid the location of intense business
uses adjacent to a residential neighborhood.
Considers development policies in a comprehensive and coordinated manner, as opposed to
piecemeal review at various times of development proposals of individual lots.
Increases opportunities to obtain state grants. Overall, state agencies are more likely to fund
projects that are highlighted in a comprehensive plan because the plan is based upon a public
input process.
Highlights opportunities where the township could save money through shared services.
Coordination with the Regional Comprehensive Plan
The Forks Township Comprehensive Plan is coordinated with the policies of the Lehigh Valley
Planning Commission (LVPC). Under state law, a municipal comprehensive plan must be generally
consistent with the county comprehensive plan (Comprehensive Plan; The Lehigh Valley…2030,
LVPC, 2005). The LVPC is charged with coordinating development, preservation and transportation policies across municipal borders throughout Lehigh and Northampton Counties.
The future land use plan in the Lehigh Valley comprehensive plan recommends that most growth be
directed to areas of Forks that are currently zoned for intensive development. The vast majority of
the areas within Forks’ FP Farmland Protection zoning district are also recommended for “Farmland
Preservation” in the Lehigh Valley plan. The Lehigh Valley plan recommends greatly limiting the
number of homes that are allowed in Farmland Preservation areas in order to avoid conflicts with
agricultural activities. The Lehigh Valley plan recommends the Bushkill Creek and Delaware River
corridors serve as “Natural Feature Conservation” areas. Moreover, the Bushkill Creek and
Delaware River corridors are also highlighted in the Lehigh Valley Greenways Plan.
Discussions have occurred between Forks Township and LVPC about the possibility of adjusting
certain areas in the Lehigh Valley plan to be consistent with Forks Township’s planning and zoning.
For example, the LVPC has expressed in a letter to Forks officials a willingness to consider
changing certain areas in northern Forks Township that are adjacent to Plainfield Township west of
Kesslerville Road to Farmland Preservation. The change would be consistent with Forks Township’s zoning and would promote compatibility with the zoning that applies in adjacent areas of
Plainfield Township.
A few areas of the township are designated in the Lehigh Valley comprehensive plan as “Rural.“
Most of the designated rural areas in Forks are either developed, steeply sloped and/or have limited
road access, giving them little potential for new development. The LVPC designates areas as
“Rural” if the areas are not considered suitable for intensive “urban development” or agricultural
preservation. The LVPC recommends that rural areas mainly provide for housing at a density of one
acre per home. The Lehigh Valley plan recommends that municipalities allow flexibility in the
locations of home sites so that development can be located away from natural areas.
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Regional Location
The map on the following page illustrates the location of Forks Township within the surrounding
region. The eastern border of Forks is along the Delaware River, which is also the border with New
Jersey. The western border, in most cases, is the Bushkill Creek. To the south, Forks borders the
City of Easton. To the west, Route 33 provides access to the Poconos and I-80 to the north and to
Route 22 and I-78 to the south. To the south, interchanges with U.S. 22 provide connections to New
Jersey and Allentown. Some traffic travels through Easton to reach the interchange of I-78 that is
south of Easton in order to travel into New Jersey.
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Regional Location Map
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DIRECTION: THE MAJOR GOALS OF THIS PLAN
The following goals provide overall direction for the Forks Township Comprehensive Plan, and
relate to the following overall mission statement:
To continually strive to make Forks Township an even greater place in
which to live, work, learn, visit, shop and play, with a strong sense of community, scenic preserved open spaces, preserved agricultural areas, safe
neighborhoods, a vibrant economy, and an excellent quality of life.
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Make sure that new development respects the natural features of each site.
2.
Protect important natural features, with a special emphasis on the Delaware riverfront, the
Bushkill Creek valley, wetlands and steeply sloped woodlands.
Water Management
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Protect the amounts and quality of groundwater and creek waters.
Farmland Preservation
4.
Seek to maintain agricultural activities in large portions of northeastern Forks Township.
Land Use
5.
Provide for orderly patterns of development that offer compatibility between land uses, particularly to protect the livability of existing residential areas.
6. Maintain an attractive rural character in much of the region. Promote use of the “Open Space
Development”/Cluster Development concept to concentrate development on the most suitable
portions of a tract. Use clustering to permanently preserve important prime agricultural areas,
natural features and recreation areas.
7. Make sure that the overall amounts and rates of development do not overwhelm the capacity of
the road system, the school buildings and the natural features.
8. Provide areas for a range of housing types and densities. Work to meet obligations under state
law to provide opportunities for all types of housing and all legitimate types of land uses.
9. Strengthen older residential neighborhoods, with an emphasis on encouraging homeownership
and avoiding uses that are likely to create nuisances.
10. Direct most development to locations that can be efficiently served by public water and
sewage services in order to minimize the total amount of developed land and to direct most
housing away from prime agricultural areas.
11. Direct most development of uses that generate the highest amounts of traffic to locations that
are within a reasonable proximity to interchanges of PA Route 33 and U.S. Route 22.
12. Direct new commercial uses to existing commercial areas and other selected locations that
allow for safe and efficient traffic access. Avoid new strip commercial development with
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individual driveways along heavily traveled roads, which would interfere with the ability of
the roads to carry through-traffic.
Town Center
13. Improve the Town Center district as a pedestrian-friendly and transit-friendly area, with an
identifiable community character and a strong sense of place.
14. Further improve the visual attractiveness of Forks Township.
15. Encourage appropriate reuse and historic rehabilitation of older buildings.
Economic Development
16. Strengthen the township’s economy to increase diversification, expand tax revenues and widen
employment opportunities.
Community Services
17. Provide high quality and cost-efficient municipal and emergency services and schools.
Public Utilities
18. Provide for logical extensions of public water and sewage services to accommodate planned
growth areas while avoiding central sewage in areas planned for farmland preservation.
Parks and Recreation
19. Provide quality recreational opportunities and facilities to meet a wide variety of needs and
interests.
Transportation
20. Carefully plan road patterns and access from development according to the function of each
road within the overall road network.
21. Work to control heavy truck traffic, through-traffic and higher-speed traffic on residential
streets and roads.
22. Make well-targeted cost-effective improvements toward congested and accident-prone road
segments in cooperation with PennDOT and adjacent landowners/developers. Work to achieve
a minimum level of service of “D” for peak hour traffic, whenever possible, with a desirable
level of service of “C”.
23. Improve opportunities throughout the region for safe bicycle and pedestrian travel, carpooling
and public transit.
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Energy Conservation
24. Minimize energy consumption by promoting carpooling, transit use, walking and bicycling
and by promoting green building and site design.
Putting this Plan into Action
25. Promote substantial citizen input, keep residents well-informed about community issues, and
encourage volunteer efforts to improve the community.
26. Continually work to put the plan into action through a program of updated planning and shortterm actions that are carried out with a long-range perspective.
27. Update township development regulations to carry out the plan.
28. Periodically update the plan.
29. Maximize communications, coordination and cooperative efforts between the municipalities,
the school district, adjacent municipalities, the county and other agencies and organizations.
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Forks Township is located north of the City of Easton, west of the Delaware River and east of the
Bushkill Creek. Forks Township has experienced tremendous growth in recent years, with an
estimated population of 14,076 in 2007––a 67 percent increase since 2000. Residential growth has
been most prevalent. Most of the residential growth has been comprised of single family detached
houses and townhouses. Forks has also experienced recent commercial growth (mainly along
Sullivan Trail) and light industrial growth (mainly in the north-central part of the township). The
northeastern quadrant of the township is primarily maintained in agricultural uses.
The Forks Township Comprehensive Plan was developed by the Board of Supervisors, the Forks
Township Planning Commission and other interested citizens. Input was also provided through a set
of committees that provided recommendations regarding various subject areas.
Forks Township’s previous comprehensive plan was adopted in 1997. While this plan is not a
wholesale change from the 1997 plan, the new plan places a greater emphasis on recommendations
concerning economic development, traffic improvements and farmland preservation.
The following section summarizes many recommendations in the plan.
Farmland Preservation
The Forks Township Comprehensive Plan attempts to maintain agricultural activities in large
portions of northeastern Forks Township. The emphasis should be placed on preserving contiguous
productive agricultural farms, as opposed to simply providing open space. In the “FP” Farmland
Protection zoning district, the use of the Cluster Development Option should be promoted to
encourage permanent preservation of at least half of the land area within a development tract. The
township should encourage landowners to apply to the county for the purchase of “development
rights” so that the land is permanently preserved.
The plan recommends continuing to prohibit intense nonagricultural development within the Farmland Protection areas. Many types of uses, such as densely developed residences, could cause conflicts with agricultural areas or adjacent industrially zoned areas. Moreover, the plan promotes farmbased businesses in order to allow landowners to generate supplemental sources of income on
farms.
The township should work with land conservancies to distribute information to owners of
undeveloped land about available options to preserve most or all of the land.
The township should consider requiring a buffer around wetlands. In addition, the township should
encourage landowners to maintain trees and thick natural vegetation along creeks and the river and
replant areas along creeks where thick vegetation does not exist.
The township should also assist in carrying out the flood control recommendations of the 2009
Bushkill Stream Conservancy study.
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Town Center
The township should prepare and carry out a Town Center Improvement Plan to strengthen the
Town Center as a business and community center for Forks Township. The Town Center plan
should incorporate the most desirable characteristics of a village or downtown. The plan should
promote a true center of the community with pedestrian-friendly development, mixed uses, public
improvements and substantial landscaping. The Forks Township Comprehensive Plan recommends
an emphasis on opportunities for redevelopment, particularly along the Town Center portion of
Sullivan Trail.
In commercial areas, the township should encourage traditional styles of development, including
buildings placed relatively close to the street with most parking located to the rear or side of
buildings.
The township’s regulations should be strengthened regarding landscaping and tree preservation. In
addition, Also, donations should be sought to complete the arboretum and other tree plantings.
The township should enact zoning provisions to require township approval of any proposed
demolition of an important historic building. As a companion provision, the township should also
enact zoning incentives that promote historic rehabilitation by allowing additional types of uses in
historic buildings.
Public Utilities
Forks Township should not approve extensions of central sewage service into the FP Farmland Protection zoning district. The township should continue to extend public sewage service to clusters of
buildings that have malfunctioning septic systems along Delaware Avenue/PA Route 611.
Parks and Recreation
The parks and recreation section of the Forks Township Comprehensive Plan recommends
improving existing neighborhood parks that are well-distributed throughout the township. The plan
also recommends improving township-owned land at Richmond and Newlins Roads in phases as a
second major community-wide multi-use park, after completing a master plan for the site.
The plan includes recommendations to complete the trail links on the recreation trails map. The
township should also require sidewalks that link new developments into recreation trails.
The plan recommends offering an expanded variety of non-athletic recreation programs, as well as
programs targeted to older adults.
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Transportation
The plan emphasizes continued work with PennDOT and adjacent developers to complete the road
improvements that were recommended in the township’s traffic studies. The traffic studies need to
be regularly updated. Furthermore, individual improvements need More detailed engineering
studies in order to obtain PennDOT approval and possible PennDOT funding.
The plan recommends that Forks Township support the development of a new interchange onto PA
Route 33 in northern Palmer Township. The new interchange would reduce stress on existing interchanges and make business areas in northern Forks Township more attractive for new employers.
Many other road improvements are discussed in the plan, including:
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Construction of additional turn lanes along Sullivan Trail.
Cooperation with Lafayette College to realign the Newlins Road/Sullivan Trail intersection and
add traffic signals so that Newlins Road can better serve east-west traffic.
Energy Conservation
The plan encourages a greater emphasis on the use of renewable fuels, including solar energy and
wind energy. The township should encourage the development of solar farms and building layouts
that maximize solar heating during the winter.
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FARMLAND PRESERVATION
GOAL: Maintain agricultural activities in
large portions of northeastern Forks
Township.
Agricultural land has great importance in food
production for humans and animals. In addition,
agricultural land is important for groundwater
recharge and as wildlife habitat. Some of the most
productive agricultural soils in the region are
located in northeastern Forks Township.
The plan emphasizes preserving contiguous, productive agricultural farms, as opposed to simply
maintaining open space. The goal is to maintain an agricultural economy, instead of simply
avoiding the construction of housing. In order to continue, agriculture must be profitable. Therefore,
the township should support policies that reduce costs (such as minimizing property tax on farms to
the maximum amount allowed by state laws) and increase revenues (such as promoting retail sales
of products by farmers).
Agricultural Security Areas
Over 800 acres of farmland in the township has been designated as “Agricultural Security Areas”
(ASA). A farmer voluntarily asks the township supervisors to include their land as an ASA. An
ASA does not result in any additional regulations upon a private property owner, nor upon private
development. Once designated, the landowner becomes eligible to have the land preserved under an
Agricultural Easement (as described below). Moreover, an ASA provides a farmer with extra protection against nuisance lawsuits, municipal regulations of agriculture and government condemnation.
A Forks Township Agricultural Security Area Advisory Committee should be formed to encourage
additional landowners to join an ASA. However, if a particular strip of land may be needed for a
road improvement, the supervisors should consider excluding the land from a proposed ASA.
Methods to Preserve Farmland and Important Natural Areas
"Conservation easements" can be used to permanently preserve land without purchasing the land
outright. Land under a conservation easement remains privately-owned. The easement involves the
property owner voluntarily donating or selling the right to develop the land. The property owner
agrees to place a restriction in the deed of the property that becomes binding on all future owners of
the land. An easement is usually less expensive than outright purchase, and landowners are often
more willing to consider an easement than an outright sale.
The easement can be written in many different ways to restrict or encourage certain types of
activities, such as agricultural buildings or commercial outdoor recreational uses. Most conservation
easements prohibit the construction of new buildings and subdivision of the land. Conservation
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easements also may prohibit intensive forestry and regrading of the land. A conservancy or other
organization dedicated to land preservation is often paid to oversee the easement.
Conservancies can work with individual landowners to find ways to preserve land. For example, a
conservancy may work a landowner to find ways to sensitively develop some parts of the property
while permanently preserving other parts.
A property owner can receive federal income tax benefits from donating a conservation easement.
The arrangement could include a complete donation of the easement or a sale of the easement for a
price that is less than the market value of the easement. For example, if an area of land is worth $1
million, the development value might be $800,000. The remaining $200,000 would be the residual
value of the property after the easement. If the landowner donates a conservation easement, he or
she may be able to deduct $800,000 from their taxable income. If the landowner sells the easement
for $200,000, he or she may be able to deduct $600,000 from taxable income: $800,000 of value
minus the $200,000 purchase price––a process known as a “bargain sale.” The same type of
deduction could apply if the land is sold outright to a municipality or conservancy for less than its
market value. Northampton County operates a program to purchase conservation easements on
agricultural land, as described in the next section.
A variety of state funds also available through the Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and
Natural Resources for purchase of recreation land or conservation easements. The programs
typically require a 50-50 match with other sources of funding and are competitive. One portion of
the money is specifically set aside for applications sponsored by land conservation organizations.
The township has additional alternatives to raise money for purchase of recreation land and presservation of open space. A municipality is also allowed to use its own funds––including funds from
annual revenues or issuing a bond that is repaid over time––to buy easements that preserve
agricultural land or natural areas. Township-funded programs to preserve farmland are particularly
worthwhile to preserve farms that do not rank highly under the county's easement program. Township funds for open space are also valuable to provide dollars to match state and county grants.
If state agricultural preservation funds are used to buy an easement, the land can only be used for
agriculture and cannot be used for public recreation. Therefore, if the township believes that a
particular area of land would be desirable for recreation in the future, other funds should be used for
preservation of the land.
In accordance with the Pennsylvania Municipalities Planning Code, Forks Township currently
requires developers to provide recreation land within new developments. Alternatively, developers
may pay recreation fees in lieu of providing recreation land.
A Cluster Development Option is offered in the “FP” Farmland Protection zoning district that
results in permanent preservation of at least half of the land area in a development tract, as
described in the Land Use and Housing Plan section. A cluster development allows smaller housing
lots than are normally allowed in return for preservation of open space on the tract.
Another option for land preservation is to ask voters to permit the Township to issue a bond for land
purchase and preservation. The referendum may also involve asking voters to approve an additional
tax that would be dedicated to land purchase. A bond is typically issued, with the annual payments
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on the bond paid from the tax receipts. State law allows voters to approve an increase in the local
earned income tax (up to 0.25 percent) or an increase in local real estate tax millage (up to 2 mills).
The township might also consider asking the state legislature to amend state law to allow a 0.25
percent increase in the real estate transfer tax to be used for open space preservation, with the
approval of voters. A real estate transfer tax increase could be particularly attractive because the tax
only affects properties that are sold, including new construction and resales. If a municipality is
experiencing a high rate of construction, the tax increase can generate tremendous revenue without
affecting most existing residents.
As described in the Community Services Plan section, the plan recommends that public sewage
service not be extended into the Farmland Protection zoning district.
Agricultural Easements to Preserve Farmland
The most effective method to permanently preserve farmland is to purchase the “development
rights” of the land. The goal is to preserve large contiguous areas of farmland over time, as opposed
to smaller isolated farms. Agricultural easement programs use funds from the state and the county
to pay property owners for preserving the land. Property owners voluntarily apply to the county for
consideration. The farms are then ranked according to a set of standards, such as the quality of the
soils for crops and the proximity to other farms that have been preserved. Within the funds available
each year, the highest ranked farms are selected. Those farms are appraised, and offers are made to
the landowners. If the landowner agrees to the sale, he/she is paid the difference between the market
value of the land and the value as farmland.
A landowner can voluntarily agree to a payment that is less than the farmland value, particularly if
the county has insufficient funds for the full amount. In the case of a payment smaller than value,
the landowner can deduct the difference on their federal income tax as a charitable donation. A
permanent conservation easement is then placed on the land that permanently prevents any
nonagricultural uses. The land remains privately owned and can be sold to another farmer. The
easement does not require public access onto the land.
As of 2007, there were 27 farms on the waiting list of the county for easement purchases. Limited
funds are available each year to buy easements to preserve farmland, and many farmers must sit on
a waiting list for years. During the time it takes a farmer to rise up on the list, he/she may face pressure to sell for development. Also, some farms may not rank high enough according to the standards
to be funded. The state standards give the highest priority in funding to farms that have the highest
percent of prime soils for crops and that are adjacent to previously preserved farms. Therefore, after
one farm is preserved, funding becomes easier to obtain to preserve adjacent farms. The state’s goal
is to have large contiguous areas of preserved farmland instead of smaller, isolated pieces.
The state now allows the county to make installment purchases of farmland easements––a provision
that guarantees a farmer will receive certain payments in future years, which should increase
participation. Installments also help landowners spread income over time, which can reduce tax
rates. Installment sales are also valuable to get a property under contract as soon as possible, particularly if a large property is involved and sufficient funds are not available to preserve all of the land
in one year.
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One farm has been preserved on the north side of Klein Lane in the northeastern part of the
township, as seen on the comprehensive plan map. Unfortunately, only one other landowner has
applied for an agricultural easement in Forks, which has not yet been approved. The pending farm
includes 118 acres on the north side of Klein Lane, along the Plainfield Township border. Large
areas of farmland in Forks are currently controlled by speculators and developers. Large numbers of
farms have been preserved in Lower Mount Bethel and Plainfield Townships. Plainfield Township
is a particularly active location for new easements.
A landowner must often spend money to preserve land, such as the costs of an appraisal and legal
advice. As an incentive, the township could agree to reimburse a certain maximum amount of the
costs if the land becomes preserved.
Northampton County currently does not have a cap on the maximum easement payment. The
easement value must be based upon an appraisal. The county has paid up to $13,000 an acre.
However, by 2008, the county is likely to establish a cap on the price paid per acre. If a cap is
established, the county may require that the local township make up the difference if the landowner
is not willing to accept an offer less than the market value. For example, if the appraisal says the
easement is worth $13,000, and the county would only fund $10,000, the township might be asked
to fund the remaining $3,000. Since farmland in Forks is more valuable than farmland in many
other parts of the county, the issue of maximum county payment is more likely to arise in Forks.
The county agricultural preservation program is considering several alternatives to seek township
participation in funding agricultural easements. The issue has arisen because residents of Moore,
Bushkill, Williams and Lower Mt. Bethel Townships have each approved referendums to fund open
space preservation.
An attractive option would involve the county issuing a bond, with many townships agreeing to
fund a portion of the bond payments over the years. Each township would fund a proportionate
share based upon the acreage preserved within the township’s borders.
A less desirable option would be to have townships pool funds with county funds to seek larger
amounts of matching funds from the state. However, under current state regulations, the county
could not guarantee that the funds would be used in any one township.
Another option would be to encourage townships to use local funding to preserve farms that do not
rank highly under the state’s criteria. The state’s criteria place great emphasis upon prime agricultural soils and the proximity to other preserved farms. Therefore, a farm with only moderately good
soils that is not near other preserved farms may never rank highly enough to be eligible for the
county funds.
One additional option would involve asking townships to purchase easements with township funds
while the land is available. The county could buy the easements from the townships in the future,
after additional state and county funds are available. In effect, the townships would be “up-fronting”
the dollars and then be reimbursed. The reimbursement process would only work with farms that
rank highly under the state criteria.
Act 4 of 2006 is a state law that should be used to promote the preservation of additional land
through permanent easements. The township, school district and county can jointly agree to freeze
real estate taxes on preserved lands. A real estate tax freeze provides a strong incentive for
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landowners to seek to have easements purchased by the county and may even encourage some
landowners to voluntarily donate easements.
Prime Agricultural Soils in the FP Zoning District
A major intent of the Forks Township Comprehensive Plan is to strengthen, promote and protect
agriculture as an industry and as the preferred land use in Forks Township. Agricultural preservation is an important objective of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania and the comprehensive plan
for Lehigh and Northampton Counties. Pennsylvania is the nationwide leader in the acreage of
preserved farms. Agriculture is an important part of the local economy, and farm production close
to home is valuable for the benefit of future generations and to reduce transportation expenses. Over
the last two decades, hundreds of acres of prime agricultural soils in Forks were consumed by
development.
The Prime Agricultural Soils Map on a following page shows areas with the best soils for crops, as
estimated in the county soils survey. The very best agricultural soils are classified as Class I and II
and are concentrated in the northeast quadrant of the township. Class III soils are also considered
prime for agriculture, but are typically more sloped and less productive than Class I and II soils. The
vast majority of undeveloped land in the FP zoning district in the northeastern part of Forks
Township consist of prime agricultural soils (comprising Classes I through III).
In any new Cluster Development in the FP District, preserving productive agricultural land should
be the top priority. Other types of open space should only be allowed if agricultural preservation is
not feasible. Where agricultural preservation is not feasible, open space should be used as a buffer
between new homes and any actively farmed adjacent lands. The township should consider
amending the Cluster Development Option in the FP District to require that 50 percent of the prime
agricultural soils be maintained in one lot.
The densities in the Farmland Protection areas are relatively low because the areas are not planned
for central water and sewage services nor does the township have sufficient allocation of sewage
capacity to service the areas. Specifically, the policy of the Forks Township Comprehensive Plan is
to discourage the extension of public sewage services into the FP zoning district.
Intense development should be avoided within the Farmland Protection areas to minimize conflicts
with agricultural uses. Most of the land should be maintained in lots of sufficient size so that the
land can be productively farmed.
Setbacks should be required on residential subdivisions to separate new homes from active farms.
Trees should not be planted on the edge of residential tracts where they could obstruct farm equipment along a property line. A notice should be required on the deed of all new homes in the FP
district to warn of expected nuisances from farming and to inform buyers of Pennsylvania’s Rightto-Farm Act.
Farm-based Businesses
Many farmers cannot earn a full-time living through farm work. Instead, many farmers need supplemental jobs. To encourage the continuation of farming, the township’s zoning ordinance allows
additional types of small businesses on farms. The size and number of employees may be limited to
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prevent the business from becoming a major commercial enterprise. On-site activities can also be
useful to encourage the repair and reuse of old barns.
Farm-based tourism is also valuable to increase revenue to farmers and thereby help farmers afford
to farm. Tourism activities can include summer camps, Halloween events (such as haunted hayrides
and corn mazes), bed and breakfast guest rooms, and other activities.
Furthermore, the township allows farmers to conduct retail sales of agricultural products on their
property. Only a percentage of the products need to be produced on the premises. On-site sales
should be encouraged to help farmers capture a higher percentage of the retail value of farm
products.
Farm-based businesses can also be beneficial to support hobby farms, which are farms that provide
part-time income to the owner.
Community-Supported Agriculture and Community Gardens
Community supported agriculture involves a farmer selling various agricultural products to local
residents in advance. For a fee, a person reserves a right to a mix of different products after harvest.
The buyer receives fresh local produce, while the farmer receives the entire retail value of their
work.
Public or private land could also be leased for community gardens. Plots could be made available to
local residents, who would then grow produce for personal consumption. Portions of common open
space near to denser housing could be made available for community gardens.
Action Steps
•
Promote farm-based businesses to allow supplemental sources of income on farms.
•
Establish community-based agriculture to fund farms.
•
Develop community agricultural plots.
•
Expand land areas designated as Agricultural Security Areas.
•
Encourage additional landowners to apply for the purchase of agricultural easements.
•
Investigate additional funding sources to preserve agricultural land.
•
Avoid extensions of public sewage service into the Farmland Preservation zoning district.
16
Prime Agricultural Soils Map
17
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
GOAL: Protect important natural features,
with a special emphasis on the Delaware riverfront, the Bushkill Creek valley, wetlands and
steeply sloped woodlands.
GOAL: Make sure that new development
respects the natural features of each site.
Land in the township varies greatly in its suitability for different intensities of development. Some
areas, such as flood-prone creek valleys, very
steep sloped lands and wetlands, are not suitable
for any development. Other areas are only suitable
for very low-intensity development, such as moderately steep areas. Still other areas are appropriate
for intensive development.
Methods of preserving farmland are discussed in the Farmland Preservation section.
Green Policy for Forks Township
Forks Township should establish a set of green policies to guide actions by the township government. Green policies could promote energy-efficient forms of indoor and outdoor lighting,
recycling, and measures to minimize impacts upon climate change. For example, the township
could establish a goal of purchasing some hybrid vehicles or promoting additional bicycle patrols
by the police. The township could set a goal of seeking to achieve green certification for any new
building construction or renovation project of a township-owned building.
Measures to promote “green” technologies and greener buildings throughout the township are
addressed in the energy conservation section of the Forks Township Comprehensive Plan.
Recycling Programs
The township should review alternatives for expanding recycling to additional types of materials. In
particular, wider recycling of glass clippings and yard waste can greatly reduce the volume of
materials that are landfilled. Residents should be encouraged to use lawnmowers that allow clippings to be mulched on-site. Bulk composting of grass clippings requires a more complex operation
than for leaves and brush because of the greater potential for nuisances and water pollution.
Periodically, the township should partner with other entities (such as the county or private
companies) to collect electronics, old tires and household hazardous substances. Specialized
collection typically involves a fee per item.
18
Wetlands
Preserving wetlands is extremely important to protect water quality, control flooding, provide highquality aquatic habitats and recharge groundwater. Wetlands are defined based upon the soil types,
depth of the water table and types of vegetation. Wetlands not only include swamps, but also areas
that are typically wet during parts of the year. The township and local residents need to help state
and federal agencies make sure that there is compliance with wetland regulations. The natural
features map shows the locations of known wetlands. In addition, attention needs to be paid to areas
with “hydric soils” that are likely to include wetlands. Within areas that are suspected of being
wetlands, an applicant for development should be required to provide a study by a qualified
professional to confirm the presence of wetlands.
The township should consider requiring a setback of at least 20 feet between a designated wetland
and a proposed new building. The setback is valuable to help keep construction equipment out of
the wetlands and to avoid other alterations to wetlands after construction. A larger setback may be
suitable for larger and more ecologically important wetlands. An exception could be included for
wetlands that were man-made.
Steeply Sloped Lands
As seen on the steep slopes map, most steeply sloped lands are concentrated in the southeastern part
of the township and along the Bushkill Creek and the Delaware River. A 15 percent slope has a rise
of 15 feet for every 100 feet of horizontal distance. Moderately steeply sloped lands (15 to 25
percent) are generally only suitable for low intensity development. Very steep lands (over 25
percent) are generally not suitable for any development. Development should be limited or
prohibited on steeply sloped areas to avoid erosion problems, high speed storm water problems,
overly steep roads and driveways, excessive costs to construct and maintain roads/utilities, and
destruction of scenic natural resources.
The Township has regulations that limit the amount of steeply sloped areas that may be disturbed or
developed. Also, in many cases under the township zoning ordinance, most steeply sloped areas
cannot be used to meet the density requirements. Currently, on slopes of greater than 20 percent, no
more than 10 percent of such areas can be developed, graded or stripped of vegetation.
Environment for Wildlife
The Forks Township Comprehensive Plan seeks to maintain habitats for wildlife. Ideally, corridors
along steeply sloped areas and along waterways should be permanently preserved as interconnected
open space. In addition to the benefits of preserving natural features, interconnected corridors also
provide cover for wildlife to move throughout the region. Maintaining woodlands and other thick
natural vegetation is very important to connect larger preserved areas. Too often, land preservation
efforts result in fragmented areas that do not allow for wildlife travel.
Noise and Light Pollution
Forks Township has zoning regulations that limit the amount of noise and excessive lighting that
can be generated beyond a property line. The provisions are important to maintain livability for
residents. Moreover, excessive lighting spilling upwards inhibits stargazing. The township’s intent
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should be to maintain as much of a rural setting at night as is possible by minimizing excessive
noise and light.
An Environmental Advisory Council
The Forks Township Board of Supervisors should appoint a volunteer Environmental Advisory
Council (EAC). An EAC would bring persons with particular expertise or interests together to
address environmental issues. For example, the EAC could:
• Explore ways to expand recycling.
• Assist the planning commission in reviewing natural feature impacts on proposed development
sites.
• Lead public education efforts to encourage residents and businesses to minimize impacts upon
the environment.
• Encourage residents and businesses to fund tree plantings to reduce “carbon footprints” and
other impacts upon the environment.
Greenways as Part of a Regional System
In 2006, a greenways plan was completed for the Two Rivers Area, which was followed by a
implementation plan in 2009. Both plans address the Bushkill Creek corridor as well as the portion
of the Delaware River corridor in Forks Township and Easton. The greenways plan recommends
that various types of trails be developed in the corridor, including 10-feet-wide trails where bicycle
use is common, 4-feet-wide hiking rails and horseback riding trails with 8-feet of cleared width.
Over the long-term, the plan recommends creating a greenway along major drainage swales in the
township, including the drainage swale that runs roughly parallel to Kesslerville Road.
In 2007, the Lehigh Valley Planning Commission completed the Lehigh Valley Greenways Plan for
Lehigh and Northampton Counties. The plan analyzed many potential greenways, and concluded
that the Bushkill Creek Greenway should receive the highest priority. The second highest priority
was the Blue Mountain corridor. The plan recommends the “protection and acquisition of high
priority natural, recreational, cultural, historical and scenic lands” along the greenway corridors.
The plan emphasizes important habitat corridors and recommends maintaining a vegetated riparian
buffer width of 100 feet along rivers and major streams and 50 feet along other water bodies.
Along the Bushkill Creek corridor, the greenways plan recommends developing a recreational trail
from the new trail in Tatamy through Stockertown to connect with the Plainfield Trail. The plan
also endorses efforts to complete the trail along the Bushkill Creek in Easton.
Major forested areas are shown on the natural features map, on a following page. Most forested
areas are concentrated on steeply sloped areas in the southeastern part of the township, including
areas along Paxinosa Ridge/Chestnut Hill north of College Hill. The woodlands add character to the
landscape, help preserve the water quality of creeks and provide important wildlife habitats. Trees
also are important to purify the air and control erosion. Forestry must be allowed under state law.
The current zoning ordinance includes limitations on commercial forestry, particularly near creeks
and rivers and on steep slopes. The current zoning ordinance also states that no more than 50% of
woodlands can be removed. In some cases, the ordinance reduces density when woodlands are
present.
20
The township’s current subdivision ordinance includes provisions limiting the removal of trees as
part of new development and requires planting of new trees when existing mature trees are
removed. In development plans, developers should be required to show that woodland removal has
been minimized. Great care should be used during construction to minimize the number of trees that
are removed. Trees can add substantial value to a residential lot. During construction, temporary
wood fences should be placed around trees to prevent the compaction of root systems by equipment
and to prevent damage to tree trunks.
Encouraging Land Preservation
The township should distribute information to owners of undeveloped land about available tools to
preserve land. Options include a partnership with a conservancy, who could provide one-on-one
counseling about alternatives. For example, a landowner may be able to take advantage of a
combination of cluster zoning, tax deductions and other funding to result in most of the land being
preserved––a process known as “conservation development.” Land preservation alternatives may
allow a landowner to continue to own most of the land while also receiving a reasonable rate of
return on the value of the land.
Action Steps
•
Carefully regulate development on steeply sloped lands.
•
Consider requiring a buffer around wetlands.
•
Encourage open space that provides visual relief between developments.
•
Promote groundwater recharge.
•
Provide information to landowners regarding land preservation alternatives.
21
Steep Slopes Map
22
Natural Features Map
23
Soil Suitability for septic map
24
WATER MANAGEMENT
GOAL: Protect the amounts and quality of groundwater and creek waters.
Groundwaters and surface waters need to be protected to avoid water shortages, water pollution and
stormwater runoff problems. Baseline information on existing water levels, including groundwater
levels throughout the FP Farmland Protection areas in northeastern Forks and water levels in the
Bushkill Creek and Delaware River, is valuable to identify trends before problems arise. Water
management is particularly important in northern Forks because the inflow for the water supply of
the entire Easton area is along the Delaware River near the Easton/Forks border.
Creek/River Corridors
The Bushkill Creek and Delaware River corridors should serve as scenic, historic and outdoor
recreation corridors. Therefore, intensive development along both corridors should be prohibited.
The eastern 40 percent of Forks Township flows into the Delaware River, while the remainder of
the township flows to the Bushkill Creek. The Bushkill Creek is classified by the state as a “High
Quality” waterway, which provides a high level of protection when state permits are requested.
Land along creeks can be preserved in private ownership, in public ownership or by homeowner
associations. Creekside land is particularly valuable for public, passive recreation, such as hiking
trails and picnic areas. Passive recreation opportunities can build on the existing Palmer/Tatamy
trail system that is being completed along the west side of the Bushkill Creek.
The primary goal of creek/river corridor management is to maintain thick natural vegetation and to
replant areas where thick vegetation does not exist. Thick vegetation is essential to provide a high
quality habitat for fishing and to filter out eroded soil and pollutants from storm water runoff. At
best, mature canopy trees and thick underbrush should be provided to maintain the proper water
temperature and filter out pollutants.
To comply with state requirements, the township has regulations that limit buildings within floodprone areas. The regulations apply within the 100-year floodplain, which includes areas forecast to
be flooded during the worst flood expected in an average 100-year period. Based upon recent
experience––when three serious storms occurred in two years––the 100-year floodplain in Forks
Township may be understated. During and after severe storms, the township should monitor the
actual extent of flooded areas. On a periodic basis, the township should consider whether any
revisions to the federal floodplain maps should be requested. The township currently prohibits most
new principal buildings within the 100-year floodplain (except for one segment that is not along a
creek or river). In 2009, the Bushkill Stream Conservancy completed a study that recommended
ways to minimize flooding along the Bushkill Creek, including the segment in Forks Township.
The township should encourage the preservation and creation of vegetated drainage swales. Swales
slow runoff, allow recharge and filter out pollutants.
25
As part of a source water assessment and protection study, the locations of potential chemical
hazards to water supplies have been mapped. Local fire companies should be aware of the hazards
and be well-trained and prepared to quickly address any potential leaks, spills or other emergencies.
Continued efforts are needed to educate owners of properties with on-lot septic systems about the
need for proper operation and maintenance of the systems to avoid groundwater pollution. Malfunctioning systems are concentrated along PA Route 611 in Forks and Lower Mount Bethel Townships. Forks Township should continue working to identify malfunctioning septic systems and
inadequate cesspools and require necessary repair or replacement. The township should also make
information available to lower income homeowners about low interest loans from PennVEST to
help fund repairs.
State law requires the following statements to be included in the Forks Township Comprehensive
Plan under state law:
1. The Forks Township Comprehensive Plan is generally consistent with the state water plan and
water resources planning of the Delaware River Basin Commission.
2. Lawful activities, such as extraction of minerals, impact water supply sources. Such activities
are governed by statutes regulating mineral extraction that specify replacement and restoration
of water supplies affected by such activities.
3. Commercial agriculture production and livestock operations may impact water supply sources.
Protection of Water Supplies
The entire Easton area is dependent on the Delaware River for drinking water. Avoiding pollution
of the river and other important natural resources, such as the Bushkill Creek is a top priority of the
plan.
Underground geology has a great effect on the contamination of water supplies. Contamination can
be extremely expensive to clean up and may require that a well be abandoned. The following steps
are recommended to protect water supplies:
•
Uses that are most likely to cause contamination should be avoided near the Delaware River. If
a source of contamination cannot be avoided, structures and procedures should be in place to
contain and address any spills. Generally, industrial uses and uses of hazardous substances
should be avoided within areas that drain directly to the Delaware River. The uses with the
greatest hazards include underground injection wells, pesticide dealers and distributors, land
application of sewage sludge, mining and chemical manufacturers.
•
High intensity development should be prohibited in areas that are particularly important as
water recharge areas and areas that serve to filter runoff before it enters the Delaware River.
Instead, in the northeastern part of the township closer to the Delaware River, land uses with a
low percentage of the lot coverage should be encouraged.
•
The Easton Suburban Water Authority is presently expanding storage capacity. The amount of
storage is also critical to avoid shortages in case a short-term problem arises, such as a
mechanical problem. Emergency interconnections with other water systems are also important
to address contamination threats or times of drought. The Easton area system is interconnected
with the Bethlehem system.
26
•
Water systems and fire companies should update emergency response and emergency operations plans and complete related training. One of the most important training elements is the
response to a spill of a hazardous substance that could contaminate groundwater or a creek or
river, especially along the Delaware River. The most likely sources of potential water contamination should be identified so that proper measures can be instituted with the business owner
to avoid problems.
•
Require a hydrogeological study for uses that will involve a substantial use of groundwater,
such as water bottling that may involve a large withdrawl of water. The study should
demonstrate that sufficient water will be available without adverse impacts on wells or water
levels in waterways.
•
Stormwater runoff should be considered a resource instead of something for disposal. As a
resource, recharge of stormwater runoff into the groundwater should be maximized. However,
many infiltration methods require regular maintenance to properly function over time. Moreover, in Forks’ limestone geology, infiltration is more likely to cause sinkholes than with other
underlying geology.
•
Using state grant funds, the county should take the lead in collecting hazardous materials from
households to be sent for proper disposal. The township can play an important role in publiccizing the program.
•
Educational programs are needed to make homeowners aware of actions to avoid water contamination. Potential actions include minimizing the use of lawn chemicals and household
chemical products, recycling used motor oil, keeping animals away from stream banks, and
planting thick vegetation along creeks.
•
The Northampton County Conservation District should continue to work with farmers to institute proper conservation measures that avoid water pollution, particularly from pesticides and
manure.
•
The county conservation district and the township should continue to inspect land developments to make sure that proper soil erosion control measures are implemented.
•
Contamination of water by high levels nitrates is also a public health concern. The health risks
are particularly high for children and pregnant women. Nitrates are most commonly generated
from manure spread on fields or from runoff at livestock and poultry operations. In certain
cases where groundwater contains high nitrate levels, state environmental regulations have
required large lot sizes when new on-lot septic systems are proposed. High concentrations of
septic systems should be avoided to minimize increased nitrate levels.
•
The township should investigate alternatives to road salt that could be used for road deicing.
Road salt washes into creeks and affects fish habitats.
Large-scale Withdrawals of Groundwater and Spring Water
The township should consider regulations that require careful review of large groundwater and
water withdrawals from springs for off-site use. The applicant should be required to provide professional hydrological studies showing that the withdrawals will not harm the water supplies of
27
neighboring homes and farms, particularly during drought conditions. Water bottling operations that
remove large volumes of water from the area are a particular concern. Any proposed large water
withdrawal should be accompanied by permanent preservation of substantial amounts of surrounding land to allow sufficient groundwater recharge.
Some communities treat any water bottling activity as an industrial use that is limited to an
industrial district because the use involves large amounts of tractor-trailer trucks and loading/
unloading operations. Other communities allow water bottling uses with special exception approval
but require water studies and very large lot sizes.
Large lot size requirements are intended to make sure that land will be preserved to allow recharge.
However, municipalities need to recognize that Delaware River Basin Commission regulations and
state law may preempt the ability of a municipality to prohibit or severely regulate a large water
withdrawal.
The township should require natural springs to be identified in all development plans. Ideally, the
area with the greatest impact on a natural spring should be preserved in open space in a manner that
does not disrupt the hydrological system or create water pollution hazards.
Sinkhole Threats in Limestone Areas
Much of Forks Township has limestone-based (also known as “karst” or “carbonate”) geology that
is prone to sinkholes. Stormwater runoff has a major role in the creation of sinkholes and other subsidence. The most effective procedures to reduce sinkholes are to carefully design stormwater facilities, particularly around isolated low spots in the ground, which are known as topical depresssions.
Water line breaks also often result in very severe sinkholes.
The township subdivision and land development ordinance includes provisions requiring that a person with expertise in karst geology analyze the features of a development site and recommend
measures to reduce risks. The township may wish to engage an expert to review the adequacy of
plans proposed by the applicants. In addition, the township should consider requiring actual
underground testing by applicants, as opposed to simply providing a review of surface conditions
and information that is already available.
The township should require appropriate liners in all stormwater detention basins within limestonebased areas. Where development is proposed near a sinkhole, the developer should be required to
remediate the sinkhole, which often involves excavating the area and refilling with concrete or other
approved material. Sinkholes should be repaired as soon as possible to avoid expanding in an
uncontrolled manner. Stormwater should not be directed toward a sinkhole that has not been remediated.
Management of Stormwater
Too often, developments channel storm water runoff toward a creek without encouraging
groundwater recharge. Stormwater should be considered a resource to be managed rather than a
nuisance for disposal. Groundwater recharge can be encouraged through methods described in the
state’s “Best Management Practices” manual. For example, stormwater can be distributed over
larger open areas that allow some water to be absorbed into the ground. Depending on soil
conditions, infiltration trenches and French drains can be used to recharge some runoff into the
28
ground. However, caution around areas with limestone-based geology is needed to avoid sinkholes.
Natural drainageways should be left in place as much as possible, with wide swaths of green space
that allow stormwater to be absorbed.
The total percentage of a lot that is covered by buildings and paving should be limited to make sure
that there are areas available for groundwater absorption. For parking areas that are not used on a
daily basis, alternative surfaces and materials that encourage groundwater recharge, such as porous
paving, should be considered.
The township should review ordinance provisions to avoid unintentionally increasing the amount of
land covered by paving. For example:
• Sidewalks should only be required where truly needed.
• Front yard setbacks should be modest so that long driveways are not needed.
• Where cul-de-sac streets are used, a landscaped island should be considered in the middle of the
cul-de-sac.
• Excessive amounts of parking should be avoided.
• Where there is a question about the amount of parking that may be needed, a developer can be
allowed to reserve land for parking that would only be paved if the township identifies the need
after the use has been in operation.
• Adjacent businesses should be encouraged to share parking, which can reduce the total amount
of parking needed.
The Best Management Practices manual also includes recommendations on ways to control the
water quality by avoiding pollutants in runoff. For example, devices can be used to separate oils,
greases and sediment from runoff. A developer is required to prepare an erosion control plan that
meets the requirements of the county conservation district whenever major earthmoving is
proposed. Construction site inspection is extremely to insure that erosion control measures are
actually performed.
Water gardens may be an attractive feature in a development. However, water gardens should not be
counted towards the minimum required amount of recreation land.
Action Steps
•
Encourage the planting and maintenance of thick understory vegetation and trees along the
banks of creeks and the river.
•
Work with owners of malfunctioning septic systems to correct the problems and to avoid water
pollution and health hazards.
•
Work to carry out the flood control recommendations of the 2009 Bushkill Stream Conservancy Study.
•
Work with the fire department and hazardous materials response teams to prepare for possible
spills of contaminants to avoid pollution of waterways and groundwater.
•
Require and monitor development for careful engineering to avoid sinkholes.
29
•
Encourage new development to use a full set of Best Management Practices.
30
LAND USE
GOAL: Provide for orderly patterns
of development that provide compatibility between land uses, particularly to
protect the livability of existing residential areas.
The comprehensive plan map highlights
major land use recommendations in the
township. The comprehensive plan will
set overall land use and preservation
policies for the township. Any subsequent
changes to zoning must be generally
consistent with the plan but can vary from
the plan within reason.
The overall goals and objectives are
provided at the beginning of the Forks
Township Comprehensive Plan document. Moreover, the land use and housing plan is primarily
intended to:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
Protect existing residential neighborhoods.
Work to preserve contiguous areas of prime agricultural lands, particularly in the northeastern
part of the township.
Strongly encourage the permanent preservation of important open spaces within new development, and encourage the clustering of new homes on the most physically suitable portions of a
tract.
Coordinate development across municipal borders.
Avoid serious traffic congestion and safety problems. Avoid new commercial strip development
along major roads.
Promote business development and seek improved road access to PA Route 33, in partnership
with adjacent municipalities and PennDOT.
Promote new business development in appropriate locations, with careful attention to controlling
very intense new businesses allowed in areas near homes.
31
Existing Land Uses Map
32
2008 Existing Zoning Map
33
Land Use Plan Map
34
Land Use Categories
The following section summarizes the land use categories shown on the land use plan. In most cases,
the categories correspond to one or more zoning districts.
FP Farmland Protection
Farmland Protection areas deserve cover the majority of the undeveloped land in the township and
include large areas of prime farmland. The areas should continue to provide for a wide range of
agricultural uses. Landowners should be encouraged to apply to sell development rights to the county,
the township or a conservancy organization. When development rights are sold, the land continues to
be privately owned and can be resold but cannot be subdivided or developed for most types of development. The township should seek sources of funding that can supplement or partner with the county
agricultural easement program.
The FP district should continue to allow single family detached houses in a conventional (noncluster)
development on 3-acre minimum lots. However, the cluster option should still be preferred. In fact, if
FP lands are to be developed, a cluster option is strongly encouraged, such as allowing one-acre
minimum lots if 50% of the tract is preserved in agriculture or other approved forms of open space.
Open space not preserved as an agricultural use should be designed to provide convenient pedestrian
and bicycle access from streets and homes. The township has requirements in place to make sure that
the open space will be usable and will not be fragmented. The FP areas are not intended for central
sewage services. Open space can create a buffer between residential areas and adjacent agricultural
areas or form a buffer between homes and adjacent industrial areas.
Open Space Residential
Much of the land within the Open Space Residential district was developed under standards of the
previous zoning ordinance, with a mix of housing types around an 18-hole golf course.
For new single family detached homes, the average density should continue to be approximately two
homes per acre. Cluster options should continue to be allowed, such as: a) 12,500-square-foot lots with
40 percent open space, or b) 10,000-square-foot lots with 50 percent open space.
Country Residential
Country Residential areas should continue to provide for housing at approximately 2.5–3 homes per
acre. The cluster housing option should allow for smaller lots (such as ¼-acre lots) with at least 25
percent of the tract being permanently preserved.
The performance subdivision option should continue to allow approximately four homes per acre with
35 percent open space. Age-restricted housing should include a density bonus.
35
Suburban Residential
Suburban Residential areas should continue to provide for housing at approximately four homes per
acre. Smaller lots should be allowed under a cluster option with at least 30 percent of the tract
preserved in open space.
The performance subdivision option should provide for approximately five homes per acre with 25
percent open space. A density bonus should continue to be offered for age-restricted housing.
Portions of the Suburban Residential areas should continue to provide for manufactured/mobile home
parks at approximately 3.6 homes per acre, based upon the buildable acreage.
Town Center
The Town Center is intended to create a business center for the township that has some of the
characteristics of a village or a downtown. The Town Center is described in the Town Center section
of the Forks Township Comprehensive Plan.
EC Employment Center
The EC areas are primarily intended to provide for office and light industrial uses in a business park
setting. The areas should also provide for complementary types of commercial uses, particularly uses
such as banks, day care centers and restaurants that would mainly serve nearby residents and
employees of adjacent businesses. The goal of the EC areas is to avoid long drives for everyday needs
and to avoid increased congestion along the southern segment of Sullivan Trail.
Buildings should be encouraged to have a mix of uses, such as a medical office building with a pharmacy on the first floor, or a business office building with a day care center. Light types of manufacturing should be permitted by right, such as food manufacturing, packaging or assembly. The heavier
types of manufacturing, such as chemical or asphalt manufacture, should continue to need conditional
use approval. Large warehouses and trucking company terminals should need conditional use approval
so that the truck traffic impacts can be carefully considered.
Setbacks should vary based upon the proposed use of the property and the use of adjacent land. For
example, small setbacks should be allowed between two businesses. A larger setback should apply
between a new business and a residential district. The largest setbacks should be required between a
manufacturing or trucking use and adjacent homes. Where needed for compatibility, a landscaped earth
berm should be required adjacent to homes.
Areas zoned EC-2 should allow similar development to the EC district. In addition, EC-2 areas should
continue to be used to meet the township’s legal obligation for a location where solid waste uses are
allowed.
36
HC Heritage Corridor District
Heritage Corridor areas include the entire Bushkill Creek corridor. Lighter types of commercial uses
should continue to be allowed. However, heavier commercial uses (such as auto sales and auto repair)
are not appropriate.
Opportunities should be sought to acquire additional land along the Bushkill Creek corridor for public
recreation land and trails.
One of the challenges in any new development is to work closely with PennDOT to make sure that
adequate sight distance is available along Bushkill Drive.
RC Riverfront Conservation District
The Riverfront Conservation areas include lots abutting Route 611 and the Delaware River. Remaining
buildable land in the RC areas is very limited.
The southern portion of the corridor is intended to be served by a public sewage extension within the
next few years. A longer term goal is to provide public sewers to concentrations of buildings with
failing septic systems in the northern segment of PA Route 611 and adjacent areas of Lower Mt. Bethel
Township, but the project faces many physical, intergovernmental and financial difficulties.
The types of commercial uses in the RC areas should be carefully restricted because of the limited
sight distances, narrowness and curving nature of Route 611 and the steep slopes along both sides of
the road in many places.
Public/Semipublic Uses
Public and semipublic uses include schools, the township building and the township public works
complex.
Braden Airpark
The Braden Airpark is located on the west side of Sullivan Trail. Braden is a general aviation airport
operated by the Lehigh-Northampton Airport Authority. The airport is addressed further in the
transportation plan section.
Private Recreation Areas and Stormwater Basins
Private recreation areas and stormwater basins include Lafayette College's lands along Sullivan Trail, a
private golf course, open space owned by homeowner associations, and stormwater detention basins.
REM Recreation, Education and Municipal Areas
Most public parks and public schools are currently located within the Recreation/Education/Municipal
(REM) zoning district.
37
The REM zoning district includes public parks, public schools, the township municipal building
complex, lands owned by Lafayette College, and the Braden Airpark. Public recreation uses are
discussed in the parks and recreation section of the plan, and municipal buildings and public schools
are discussed in the community services section of the plan.
Public Works - Forks Township needs to periodically assess its needs for lands and buildings to
determine whether additional lands should be acquired. The main building need of the Forks Township
government involves public works facilities. The existing Public Works Facility on Frost Hollow Road
west of PA Route 611 is inadequate and is on a site that has no room for new construction. Equipment
storage is currently spread between five sites. There also is a need to improve the environmental
protection features, such as for salt storage and washing of trucks. The township intends to construct a
new public works complex at a different location in the township. Alternative locations should be
carefully examined, considering adjacent uses, acreage and road access. When a new complex is to be
built, the existing public works complex should be used for storage and recycling operations.
Schools - If any new public school is proposed in the future, Forks Township, the Easton Area School
District and other municipalities need to work cooperatively to find the best location within the region.
Any analysis needs to consider school busing and other traffic issues, as well as pedestrian and bicycle
access. Any school site would also need to address public water and sewage services, as well as many
other matters.
Any analysis of a new school site should consider sewage service availability, natural features, traffic
patterns, and consistency with the township’s agricultural preservation policies. Any cooperative consideration of alternative school sites should target the remaining large sites that are within or adjacent
to residential areas.
The Career Institute of Technology on Kesslerville Road has room on its existing property for future
expansions.
The Goddard School was recently opened east of Sullivan Trail. In the future, requests may be made
for new charter or private schools. Many of the same issues should be addressed in the location of
alternative schools, particularly if a school has plans for future expansions over time.
College-Owned Lands - Lafayette College owns a substantial area of land in northwestern Forks
Township, west of Sullivan Trail and east of Bushkill Drive. The bulk of the Lafayette land is
improved as the Metzger Athletic Fields. Areas around the existing athletic fields are currently undeveloped. The college is expected to improve the undeveloped land over time for indoor and outdoor
recreation. The timing of some desired facilities depends on the ability to attract future donations to the
college.
Continued discussions should occur between Forks Township officials and Lafayette College to
consider other reasonable alternative uses for portions of the undeveloped land. Forks Township
should work with Lafayette College to develop a master plan for the college’s lands. The master plan
should be the basis for possible future zoning changes and help determine the best points for traffic
access. The township wants to eventually realign the adjacent intersection of Sullivan Trail and Newlins Road and install a traffic signal. Cooperation with the college will be needed to complete the
realignment.
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Airport - The REM district also includes Braden Airpark, which is located west of Sullivan Trail and is
operated by the Lehigh-Northampton Airport Authority. The airport authority and Forks Township
should cooperate in seeking improvements to the airport that will improve safety and promote
economic activity. However, improvements should not result in the airport handling jet aircraft or
much larger aircraft. The length of the runway is constrained by roads and the township park to the
south. The airport issue is discussed further in the economic development section.
Cluster Residential Development
Cluster or Open Space Development involves allowing homes on smaller lots in return for permanent
preservation of a substantial percentage of the tract of land in some form of open space. The use of
cluster development should be strongly encouraged, including strong incentives in lot sizes and lot
widths to encourage developers to use the cluster option. Homes should be clustered on the most
suitable portions of a site, and important natural areas should be planned for preservation before any
lot lines are proposed. Narrow and unusable open areas should not count in the development’s open
space requirement. Conservation easements are a legal tool that should be used to make sure the open
space could never be subdivided or developed in buildings.
Example of Conventional Development
Example of Cluster Development
Many Cluster Developments are designed with 25 to 50 percent of the total land area of a development
preserved in some form of open space. Cluster Development––also known as Conservation Development––typically allows smaller lots and smaller setbacks than would be allowed under conventional
development without open space.
If a density incentive is not provided, developers may decide to propose conventional subdivisions
with little or no open space and with all lots being the same size and shape regardless of the features of
the land. The areas of the tract that are to be preserved as open space should be determined very early
in the site design process–not as an afterthought.
Advantages of Cluster Developments – Cluster developments offer the following major advantages:
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–
Agricultural lands can be preserved and/or buffered from new homes. Open space can also be
used to buffer new homes from intensive agricultural activities. Greater distance between new
homes and livestock/poultry operations reduces the potential for severe conflicts.
–
Important natural features can be preserved. Cluster developments should include standards that
direct buildings away from steep slopes, wetlands, waterways and other important natural
features. As a result, homes are placed on portions of the tract that are most environmentally
suitable for development (as opposed to being evenly spread across the land). Large contiguous
areas can remain in woods and other natural vegetation, which are important as wildlife corridors.
Thick natural vegetation can be preserved along creeks, which is essential to filter runoff before
eroded soil and other pollutants enter the creek. Creekside vegetation is also important to
maintain high quality fishing habitats.
–
In comparison, an entire tract divided into lots is likely to be primarily mowed grass, which
is a monoculture that does not have the same environmental benefits as more natural settings.
–
With open space preservation, stormwater runoff can be managed in a more natural manner
that encourages groundwater recharge.
–
Scenic features can be preserved. Cluster developments can place homes on less visible portions
of a tract while maintaining scenic views. For example, many open space subdivisions setback
homes from main through-roads and limit placement of homes on major ridgelines. As a result,
the main angle of vision along major roads involves green space.
–
Mature woods can be preserved in locations that hide views of development. Open space
preservation also provides visual relief from the developed landscape.
–
Stormwater runoff can also be managed in a more attractive manner, as opposed to using
deep, man-made channels and detention basins.
–
Recreational opportunities can be increased. Cluster developments typically include attractive
areas for walking, jogging, cross-country skiing and nature study––areas that can also increase
interaction among neighbors. In some cases, active recreation facilities can be included.
–
Developers can achieve lower costs for grading, lengths of roads, lengths of utilities and other
improvements.
–
–
–
Developers may also be able to save time and money by avoiding wetland alterations and
waterway crossings.
Cluster developments can provide the flexibility in layout to move homes off of steep
slopes, which are, at best, more expensive and, at worst, dangerous to build upon. Avoiding
steep slopes can also reduce the need for blasting.
Flexibility in building placement also allows more suitable sites for septic systems.
–
The township and utilities can save on maintenance costs. Shorter lengths of roads, utilities and
other improvements are less expensive to maintain. Maintain and plowing snow from steeply
sloped roads is also expensive. Cluster developments can result in roads being placed on more
modest slopes.
–
Developers can often achieve higher sales prices. More and more developments are promoting the
fact that homes are adjacent to preserved open spaces. Developers can often receive a premium
price for lots that are adjacent to or overlook preserved open space. The presence of trails and
40
other open space amenities can also spur sales. Studies have also shown that homes near
preserved open space are likely to increase in value faster than other homes.
–
Reliable central water and sewage services can be extended. Providing central water and sewage
services with lot sizes of two acres or larger is usually economically infeasible. However, central
water and sewer services are often possible and/or necessary if homes are clustered on a tract.
Public water and sewage services typically are more reliable than individual wells and septic systems.
–
–
Central sewage service avoids the threat of groundwater contamination from failing malfunctioning septic systems. Central water service avoids the risks of well water contamination from various sources.
Homes can be buffered from industrial uses and major roads. The open space can result in
larger setbacks between new homes and adjacent industrial uses or heavily traveled roads.
Proper standards are needed to make sure that the preserved open space is well-located and improved
to serve important public functions. In many cases, mature woods, steep slopes and creek valleys
should simply be preserved in a natural state. In other cases, the open spaces may be intended for
active recreation. In still other cases, trees should be planted in the open spaces and trails should be
installed. Designating open space simply because the land is left over after the most economical set of
lots and roads are laid out should be avoided in all cases. Narrow strips of open space should be
avoided unless a scenic tree line is preserved or an important trail link is provided.
Preservation of open space areas within development.
In addition to preserving agriculture, permanently preserving areas to create a true feeling of
open space is a major priority of the Forks Township Comprehensive Plan. Open space
should truly serve a public purpose and not be simply “leftover” after a developer’s
preferred pattern of roads and lots are laid out.
Valid public purposes for open space include:
-
To preserve land for agriculture, hayfields, orchards and tree farms.
To preserve environmentally sensitive areas, particularly creek valleys and concentrations
of mature woods.
To manage stormwater in a more attractive and naturalistic manner that protects water
quality, as opposed to engineered channels and traditional fenced-in detention basins.
To provide usable recreation areas and important links in a trail system.
To preserve large contiguous swaths of open space in visible locations that maintain a
feeling of open space and that provide visual relief between developments. At best,
some open space would be preserved along exterior roads.
In most cases, at least half of the required open space should be in one contiguous area. Isolated areas
(such as less than one acre) and narrow areas of land (such as less than 75 feet wide) should not be
counted as open space. However, more narrow stretches of open space may be suitable as part of a
regional trail system. Open space should not include detention basins unless the basins are designed as
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a major scenic asset (such as a natural appearing pond) or are clearly suitable for recreation. Roads and
parking should not count as open space, even if the parking is intended to serve recreation uses.
Narrow buffers should not count towards open space, but wider buffers may be appropriate. In some
cases, establishing a maximum percentage of open space that can be covered by impervious surfaces
may be appropriate.
To count toward the required open space, the township should require that land meet any or all of the
following characteristics:
-
Be landscaped in trees, shrubs and other attractive vegetation.
Be maintained in agricultural uses, which may include a tree farm.
Be preserved in woods or natural wetlands vegetation.
Not be used for commercial recreation, other than a golf course.
Be developed as recreational facilities, not including buildings (other than pavilions or a
community center).
Open space should be interconnected with common open space areas on abutting parcels where possible, including provisions for public trails to link trail systems. Where the adjacent lands are undeveloped, open space should be located toward the edge of the tract to facilitate consolidation with future
open space on the adjacent tract.
Recommended Process for Development that is Conservation-Oriented.
The plan encourages the following process in the design of new development to emphasize land
conservation principles. The township’s development regulations and procedures should require the
following process. The process should be accomplished at the sketch plan stage, before any detailed
engineering is completed.
1.
Identify lands that should be preserved.
The mapping should not only consider the area proposed for development, but also any future
phases of development, plus the areas that are immediately adjacent to the development site on
other lots.
First, the areas that are most worthy of preservation––known as Primary Conservation Areas––
should be mapped, including wetlands, flood-prone areas, creek valleys, and very steeply sloped
lands.
Second, other features that are important for conservation––known as Secondary Conservation
Areas––should be mapped, such as woodlands, tree lines, scenic views, historic buildings, and
prime farmland.
Third, the most important areas for preservation should be identified.
The areas with the fewest important natural, scenic and historic features should be considered the
“Potential Development Area.”
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2.
Locate home sites.
In the second step, the most appropriate locations for homes should be chosen. The zoning
ordinance should establish a maximum overall density for the site but should not include overly
strict lot requirements that would prevent reasonable flexibility in the site layout. Home sites
should be chosen to avoid the important features mapped in the first step. Home sites should also
work to take advantage of scenic views within the tract.
3.
Locate roads and trails.
After the home sites are selected, then a road system should be designed that serves those homes.
A trail system should also provide links between homes and from homes to destinations outside
of the tract.
4.
Draw in the lot lines.
The last sketch plan step is to draw in lot lines. In conventional development, with strict standardized minimum lot requirements, drawing lot lines is often the first step, before any consideration
of natural features of the site.
Performance Subdivisions
Apartments and townhouses are currently allowed, primarily as part of a "Performance Subdivision."
A Performance Subdivision requires preservation of open space while also allowing a mix of housing
types and small lot sizes. Performance Subdivisions are allowed in the higher density zoning districts
of the township, such as Suburban Residential.
Age-Restricted Housing
Age-restricted housing must have at least one head of household age 55 and older and no person age
18 or younger living in a dwelling for more than 30 days a year. Density bonuses can be justified
because, statistically, age-restricted housing generates less traffic, less need for parking, less water use,
less sewage use and less crime than other types of housing. A density incentive should continue to be
provided in several districts to develop age-restricted housing. Age-restricted housing should be
permanently restricted on each deed and by any lease.
Transfer of Development Rights (TDRs)
The TDR concept could be a voluntary option in the Zoning Ordinance. TDRs offer incentives for
private developers to pay for preserving land. If a developer of one tract pays an owner of another tract
to permanently preserve the other tract, then the developer could receive approval to build at a higher
density on the developer’s tract. The tract that receives the higher density would need to be in an area
that the township has designated as being suitable for a higher density. The tract to be permanently
preserved would need to be in an area that the township has targeted for preservation. The developer
and the owner of the open land would negotiate privately to determine how much the developer pays to
the other landowner for the preservation.
–
The TDR method allows development to be shifted from locations where preservation is desired
to allow a higher density on other tracts in a township that are well suited for development.
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–
The township would approve the development at a higher density at the same time as a conservation easement went into effect to preserve the other land. The preserved land would remain privately owned but could never be developed. The preserved land could be resold and could be
used for agriculture or certain open space uses.
–
As an example of TDR, the process might allow preservation of land in one portion of the
Farmland Protection District, in return for allowing a higher density in a portion of the Farmland
Protection District that is immediately adjacent to a residential district. In order for the TDR
option to work, the new development at the edge of the Farmland Protection District would need
to be served by public water and public sewage services.
–
The number of homes that could be transferred from one tract to another tract would be based on
a “Yield Plan”––a sketch plan that illustrates the number of homes that would have been permitted on the tract to be preserved. After the township accepts the Yield Plan, that number of
homes could be transferred from the preserved tract to the developed tract. However, the township should have limits in place to insure that the density of the tract being developed is not
excessive.
–
TDR can also be used in combination with business development. For example, an additional
amount of building coverage or impervious coverage could be allowed in the Employment Center
district for every housing unit that is transferred from another area of the township. Alternatively,
additional commercial uses might be allowed in the Employment Center district in return for preservation of land in the Farmland Protection District.
–
Moreover, TDR could be beneficial to allow intensified multi-use development in the Town
Center district along Sullivan Trail, in return for preservation of farmland or forested lands.
The process could result in a mix of light commercial and upper story residential uses, as
described in the Town Center section of the plan.
Traffic Access Control
If traffic access onto a major road is properly managed, the road will be able to safely handle large
volumes of traffic. However, if a road combines a large number of business driveways entering a road
at many locations (a pattern known as “strip” commercial development), right-hand and left-hand turns
will occur at many locations. The constant stopping and starting from turning movements greatly
affects the smooth flow of vehicles and creates significant safety hazards.
At best, intense business development should be concentrated in well-planned developments using
internal roads that access a major road with a traffic signal and turn lanes. Where a traffic signal is not
warranted at the present time, a plan for future traffic signals should be prepared. Good planning will
allow driveways and street intersections to be directed toward appropriate intersections so that traffic
signals will be well-placed in the future. Where traffic signals are not appropriate, adjacent commercial
uses should have shared driveways and interconnected parking lots. Interconnected parking lots are
particularly valuable for so that a person can visit more than one adjacent business without having to
enter and reenter a major road.
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Traffic Impacts of Various Types of Development
Various types of development generate differing amounts and types of development. For example, the
average apartment or townhouse generates less traffic than the average single family detached
dwelling. The average age-restricted housing unit generates less traffic than a home that is not agerestricted.
The amount of traffic generated from development is typically measured as peak hour traffic and total
average weekday traffic. Some uses, such as shopping centers and places of worship, may generate
their own peak traffic during weekends. Peak hour weekday traffic deserves the most attention.
Business offices typically have some of the highest peak hour traffic generation, while medical offices
often generate the most total weekday traffic. Some uses, such as convenience stores, have high
amounts of traffic, but much of the traffic is already on the road for another purpose. Such traffic is
known as “pass-by” traffic because the traffic does not generate new trips.
Industrial uses need to be carefully located. Most industrial uses generate tractor-trailer truck traffic,
which consumes a great amount of capacity on the road system, particularly because large trucks take
longer to start, stop and turn at intersections. Also, tractor-trailers need substantial maneuvering space
to turn at intersections.
Design of New Buildings
The township should promote the highest quality of architectural design, particularly along the
Bushkill Creek and Delaware River corridors and in business, apartment and townhouse developments.
The township should continue to require applicants for new subdivisions and land developments for
new principal nonresidential buildings, apartment buildings and townhouses to submit a preliminary
architectural sketch of the front of the building. The sketch should include a description of a range of
materials that will be used. For a project with multiple similar buildings (such as townhouses), a
typical sketch could be included. The sketch plan requirement should be considered a catalyst for some
public discussion about the proposed design and not a restriction on the architectural details in the preliminary sketch.
Along the Bushkill Creek and Delaware River corridors, applicants are encouraged to use earth-tone
colors, a more rustic or historic design, and materials that have a more natural appearance (such as
materials closely resembling stone).
The Town Center zoning district includes some design guidelines. The Historic Preservation Plan on
the following pages includes guidelines for historic buildings. Additional advisory design guidelines
should be prepared to provide guidance and recommendations to applicants.
Action Steps
•
•
•
•
Periodically update the township zoning ordinance and subdivision and land development
ordinance.
Promote clustering of new homes with permanent preservation of usable open space.
Work with Lafayette College to consider various uses and improvements on Metzger Fields land.
Consider a Transfer of Development Rights program.
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TOWN CENTER PLAN
GOAL: Improve the Town Center District as a pedestrian-friendly and transit-friendly area
with community character and a strong sense of place.
The Forks Township Comprehensive Plan encourages a strong Town Center as a business and
community center for Forks Township that incorporates some of the characteristics of a village or a
downtown.
The township should work with property-owners and businesses to improve the Town Center area as a
central focus for the community. The Township should consider allowing new housing to be integrated
with light commercial and office uses.
The following map illustrates the location of the Town Center along Sullivan Trail, and highlights
some of the major opportunity areas for new development and redevelopment. In addition, the Jackson
Farm on the east side of Sullivan Trail is currently maintained as a farm.
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Upper Story Housing
Currently, housing is not allowed in the Town Center. While the township does not wish to see prime
commercial ground consumed by housing, it may be appropriate for the Township to consider
allowing rental and condominium apartments if they are located above commercial development in the
same building. Allowing residential development close to businesses reduces the need to depend on a
car for every trip.
This concept could allow residents to live near their work. “Live-Work Units” could be permitted,
where a business owner lives above the business, office, store or arts studio, typically in a townhouse
type of arrangement.
In encouraging improvements to the Town Center, commercial uses should not comprise a substantial
portion of a new development. For example, x square feet of commercial space could be required for
every y square feet of residential space. The township should avoid development in which the commercial uses are only provided in one-story buildings in a narrow area along Sullivan Trail, with housing
only provided in separate buildings on the interior of a tract.
The Land Use and Housing Plan section describes the option of “Transfer of Development Rights”
(TDR). TDR could allow a developer in the Town Center area to develop residences that would
normally not be allowed or residences at a higher density than would normally be allowed if the
developer paid a landowner in the Farmland Protection zoning district to permanently preserve their
lands.
Need for a Town Center Improvement Plan
A more detailed plan should be prepared for the Town Center area in order to promote a true center of
the community with pedestrian-friendly development, mixed uses, public improvements and aesthetics.
Traditional styles of development should be encouraged, including buildings placed relatively close to
the street with most parking located to the rear or side of buildings.
The photo to the left is a building
in South Bethlehem that illustrates
new buildings recreating the best
features of older construction. The
building is placed close to the
street, with parking to the rear.
Traditional styles of architecture
have been used, but with modern
materials. Retail and service uses
are provided along sidewalks,
while offices or residential uses
are provided on upper stories. The
photo also shows how one large
building can have the appearance
of connected smaller buildings.
Parking standards could be relaxed
if adjacent businesses would commit to shared parking. Shared parking makes the most efficient use of
47
spaces because different businesses have different peak times of parking demand. In particular, parking
standards should be reviewed for the Giant Center commercial area to determine whether relaxed
standards could promote desired types of redevelopment. Flexibility could also be allowed in minimum
parking standards if certain uses are developed on the same lot. For example, movie theaters often
typically have peak parking demand later at night when most offices are not occupied.
Two of the greatest opportunities for redevelopment include portions of the Giant Center along Town
Center Boulevard/Old Mill Road and the Sullivan Trail Shopping Center (the former Laneco Plaza).
Both sites are on the west side of Sullivan Trail. The adjacent Hanson property on the west side of Sullivan Trail was also for sale as of 2009. Buildings of two to three stories should be encouraged. A
three-story building should be able to have a 40 feet maximum height. If a strong enough market
exists, a developer may wish to construct a two-level parking structure. A two-level parking structure
can be designed with separate vehicle entrances to each level, so that ramps are not needed. Therefore,
additional commercial uses not integrated with the surroundings are avoided. In particular, bland, new
“strip” commercial centers that have all parking in the front of the lot should be avoided.
The above sketch illustrates adjacent commercial uses designed with parking to the rear or side of
buildings, with rear access and shared use of a traffic signal. The rear access could be provided by a
street or by cross-easements across the rear of parking lots. Development similar to the above illustration can minimize the number of commercial driveways that enter Sullivan Trail.
Existing smaller lots along Sullivan Trail that are converted to businesses or redeveloped should
include coordinated traffic access. Coordinated access would allow customers from multiple
businesses to use the same traffic signal to make a left turn onto Sullivan Trail.
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Pedestrian-Friendly, Bicycle-Friendly and Transit-Friendly Improvements
The goal of alternative transportation is to improve pedestrian and bicycle connections between
adjacent neighborhoods and the Town Center and improve circulation within the Town Center.
New buildings should be required to include construction of sidewalks. Where sidewalks are needed
but do not exist, and new construction is unlikely to occur, the township could use provisions of the
Second Class Township Code to require sidewalk installation.
Pedestrian access should be improved between adjacent commercial uses, so that a person does not
need to drive from one adjacent business to another. The main vehicle accessway should be placed at a
location that does not conflict with the main pedestrian movements from parking areas to the front
entrance of a business. For example, most traffic within a lot could be directed to a driveway around
the edge of a lot in order to reach parking spaces, as opposed to most traffic driving directly in front of
the entrance to stores.
Pedestrian crossings should be improved, particularly to improve access from the east side of the
township to the main township park, community center and stores on the west side of Sullivan Trail.
Highly visible pedestrian crosswalks should be installed, using, for instance, patterned asphalt with
decorative colors and patterns. Businesses should be encouraged to install bicycle racks. Trail
connections are discussed in the parks and recreation section of the plan.
LANTA could be asked to consider extending bus service further north along Sullivan Trail, with bus
shelters installed. LANTA is currently preparing a new strategic plan that considers future extensions
of service. Residents should be encouraged to ride bicycles to reach bus stops because all LANTA
buses include bicycle racks.
New drive-through restaurants should be discouraged in locations where the traffic could obstruct
pedestrian connections. Where drive-through lanes are provided, safe pedestrian crossings must be
provided.
Physical attractiveness of
the Town Center
Sign regulations should be
reviewed to provide attractive
styles of signs that will also
provide sufficient visibility.
Signs could be allowed to
project perpendicular to a
building be more visible to
pedestrians.
The photo to the left shows a
modern building with a distinctive architectural style
along Sullivan Trail in Forks
Township.
The
building
includes a mix of a bank, retail space, office space and a day care center.
49
To the left is a photo of Buckingham Green in central Bucks
County showing a mix of
retail, restaurant, service and
office uses. The project was
designed to easily allow customers to walk from one business to another.
A set of design guidelines
could be prepared to assist
township officials in reviews
and to provide advice to
property owners.
The township could consider adding some decorative street lights, selecting a older style of decorative
light pole, and asking businesses to use the older style pole on business properties.
The Township could consider installing a decorative clock with benches and a small landscaped plaza
along Sullivan Trail to provide a stronger focal point.
Street trees and other landscaping would greatly improve the attractiveness of the corridor. Grants are
currently available for tree planting through the Tree-Vitalize Program. As part of Global Climate
Change initiatives, additional federal funds are likely to be available in the future for tree plantings.
Decorative banners that are hung from street lights can also provide a stronger identity for the corridor
at a low cost.
Action Steps
•
Revise the township’s development regulations to carry out the plan, such as possibly including
provisions allowing mixed light commercial-residential development in certain cases.
•
Prepare a more detailed Town Center Improvement Plan to recommend public and private
improvements.
•
Work to improve pedestrian, wheelchair and bicycle access throughout the Town Center.
•
Encourage LANTA Metro to extend bus service further north along Sullivan Trail.
•
Improve the physical attractiveness of the corridor, including the planting of additional landscaping.
50
TOWNSHIP BEAUTIFICATION
GOAL: Further improve the visual attractiveness of Forks Township.
Visual attractiveness should be achieved by emphasizing the most visible corridors and by promoting
street trees, landscaping and the preservation of the creek and river valleys. The Delaware River and
Bushkill Creek valleys and natural areas are discussed in the natural feature conservation section.
Beautification of the Town Center area along Sullivan Trail is also addressed in a separate section.
Township Landscaping and Tree Preservation Requirements
Forks Township already requires shade trees to be planted along streets and within parking lots. Shade
tree requirements should be reviewed for sufficiency. Landscaping is an area where the township can
have the greatest control over the attractiveness of development.
Evergreen buffer yards are now required between new or expanded businesses and existing homes.
Buffer provisions should be reviewed to determine whether the buffer yards could be designed in a
more natural manner, as opposed to being long, rigid rows of the same species.
Township ordinances currently limit the removal of woodlands. Woodlands are only present in a few
areas of the township, mainly along the creeks and steep slopes. Attention should also be paid during
plan reviews to old tree lines. However, the species of trees in old farm tree lines are sometimes not
worthy of preservation.
A Township Shade Tree Commission
A Forks Township Shade Tree Commission would oversee the planting and maintenance of street trees
within the township. The work could include maintaining a list of township-approved street trees, and
insuring that the right tree is planted in the right location. Utility companies provide excellent information on which species of trees are less likely to cause conflicts with overhead electrical lines. Certain
species and methods of planting can minimize damage to sidewalks, where the trees have more room
and are less likely to create problems. Species of trees could also be selected along Sullivan Trail that
would not obstruct the visibility of business signs.
A shade tree commission could identify trees within the public right-of-way that need to be trimmed
and require that the property owner complete the work.
A shade tree commission can also be involved in reviewing proposed developments to recommend
improvements in landscaping.
The commission should apply for grants for new trees along streets and in parks. The commission
could recruit property owners who would like to see street trees planted in front of their property. One
option would be for the township to engage one contractor to purchase and install street trees, planting
the trees where property owners have agreed to pay for the cost. A single contractor would simplify the
process and reduce costs for each individual property owner but not result in any costs to the township.
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Arboretum at the Community Park
A plan was prepared for a memorial arboretum at the community park, but little has been done to
implement the plan. The arboretum project should be reenergized, which could lead to additional
arboretums at other parks. The Memorial Arboretum involves an overall tree planting plan. A person
can then pay the cost to the township to buy and plant a tree, usually in memorial to a loved one. A
small plaque is placed at the base of the tree, listing the memorial and the species. The signs with the
species are also valuable for nature education programs, particularly for school students. Through a
similar process, the Allentown Parks Department has planted hundreds of trees at no cost to taxpayers.
A Property Maintenance Code
The International Property Maintenance Code is widely used by municipalities to ensure proper
maintenance of existing buildings. The code would need to be specifically adopted by the supervisors.
The township could adopt portions or all of the code. The code is nontechnical and is particularly
useful to provide a tool to address deteriorating parts of a building, the accumulation of unlicensed
vehicles and other nuisances. The township could also add new sections to the model code to address
common types of problems in the township, such as accumulation of outdoor junk. Forks Township
already has an ordinance that addresses trash collection and recycling issues.
Architecture of Proposed Businesses and Attached Housing
A township has limited ability to directly control architecture, but can work cooperatively with applicants. The township’s subdivision and land development ordinance requires an applicant to submit an
architectural sketch of a proposed new business building or new townhouses or apartments. The information should be reviewed to provide advice to applicants regarding ways to improve the appearance
of development. The process should also include asking applicants to include variety in the designs (to
reduce monotony) and to make large buildings appear to be a set of interconnected smaller buildings.
Enclosure of Dumpsters
Forks should strengthen its zoning regulations regarding enclosures that surround outdoor trash dumpsters. The enclosures should be on all sides of the dumpster, with a gate that is kept closed. Trash
should be required to be kept within the enclosure. The enclosure should involve architectural masonry
or attractive solid fencing.
Action Steps
•
•
•
•
Strengthen regulations requiring landscaping and tree preservation.
Establish a township shade tree commission.
Seek donations to complete the arboretum and other tree plantings.
Consider adopting a property maintenance code.
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ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
GOAL: Strengthen the township’s economy to increase diversification, expand tax revenues
and widen employment opportunities.
Attracting and Retaining Desirable
Types of Businesses.
It is important to encourage appropriate types of businesses to generate
additional tax revenue for the township and the school district. Business
development is particularly important
for the school district because businesses generate revenues without
generating any additional costs.
Business development is important to
offset the net costs of providing public education for residential development––particularly because most new
single family homes contain school
age children.
Business development is also valuable to provide wider choices in employment and to allow residents
to commute shorter distances to generate enough income and benefits to support a family. In addition
to attracting new business, helping existing businesses remain successful and expand is also important.
A well-diversified local economy is important to help weather recessions and global economic
changes.
The following section builds upon a set of findings and recommendations of a township economic
development committee. The committee recommended that a standing economic committee be
established to provide advice to the township. The standing committee could maintain regular contact
with area businesses
The township needs to maintain an attractive “business climate,” which should involve:
•
Building a reputation of being cooperative with desirable types of businesses, which would
include avoiding unnecessary delays in development approvals and needed inspections.
•
Making sure that tax rates and permit fees are competitive with other areas.
•
Making a special effort to inform local businesses of opportunities to bid on purchases of goods
and services from the township government.
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The township should maintain good communications with the regional Chamber of Commerce and the
Lehigh Valley Economic Development Corporation (LVEDC). LVEDC conducts national marketing
efforts, and is aware of many prospective employers. The township should appoint a business liaison to
work with prospective employers. For example, such a liaison may help an employer in dealing with a
utility company and may explain township permit and inspection processes. The township should also
publicize resources that are available to help businesses take advantage of advanced technologies, such
as the Ben Franklin Partnership based in Bethlehem.
•
Commercial businesses should be encouraged to cluster together so that a person can visit several
businesses in one trip. Ideally, adjacent commercial lots would be interconnected so that a person
could visit two or more sites without having to reenter and exit a major road. The township
relaxed some zoning requirements in the Employment Center zoning district to allow additional
commercial businesses that can serve persons working in adjacent businesses. The northern
segment of Sullivan Trail contains several opportunities for commercial redeveloment.
•
Some small businesses could build upon the natural assets along the Bushkill Creek and Delaware
River, such as outdoor recreation businesses and bait shops. Public access to waterways can also
entice persons attracted to the outdoors to spend money in the area.
•
Traffic improvements would increase the ability of the township to attract some types of
businesses. The recommendations in the transportation plan should be carried out to make Forks
more accessible to major highways and to reduce congestion. Moreover, expanded public transit
services could make a wider pool of workers available to businesses.
•
Community amenities, such as parks and the recreation trail system, can also help attract higher
wage jobs.
•
The township has purchased sewage capacity allocation for new development that should be
sufficient provided that the FP district is not developed with public sewage service. Expanding
the regional sewage plant would be a very expensive undertaking requiring years of work. The
township should periodically review sewage capacity to determine if sufficient capacity is
available, particularly to serve new business development. Accurately estimating sewage flow
needs in areas zoned Employment Center is particularly difficult because of the wide range of
possible uses.
•
Alternative sources of energy will become more popular in the coming years. The township
should review its ordinances to eliminate any inhibitions on wind power, solar power, and other
types of alternative energy. Electric rates are expected to greatly increase in upcoming years. If,
for example, a local business can build a small wind turbine, energy costs for the business will be
significantly reduced. A new solar collector farm is proposed next to the Crayola headquarters.
•
The township should regularly review ordinances to eliminate unnecessary expenses or delays.
For example, constructing concrete sidewalks along an industrial lot with long frontages along
streets, particularly at corner lots, can be expensive. An alternative could involve bituminous
recreation paths parallel to streets in industrial parks that have little pedestrian traffic––paths that
are also more conducive to bicyclists, in addition to pedestrians.
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•
Ordinances should be reviewed for clarity, to reduce uncertainty. Also, ordinances should be
written to reduce project delays through third-party challenges against township development
approvals. For example, some businesses will fund zoning challenges to prevent a competing
business from opening.
•
Some zoning variances may have to be denied under state law, even if the project would be a
positive business addition to the community. Therefore, zoning regulations should be reviewed to
avoid the need for unnecessary variances.
•
Parking requirements in the zoning ordinance should be reviewed for appropriateness. Parking is
expensive to build and can limit the size of a new employer’s building. Moreover, sign regulations should be reviewed to insure adequate visibility for businesses. In addition, township regulations should allow condominium forms of business ownership, such as office condominiums.
•
Opportunities for redevelopment should be emphasized. One of the most underused properties on
Sullivan Trail has been the former Laneco, which is now proposed for new redevelopment.
•
The township should encourage the availability of the most advanced high speed internet/telecommunications systems throughout the area. Competition among providers should also be
encouraged.
•
The Wall Street West initiative is a state project to encourage businesses based in New York City
and northern New Jersey to locate satellite, back office and back-up facilities in eastern Pennsylvania. Forks could be an attractive location for such development because the costs of doing
business in Forks are much lower and because of a large, reliable labor pool in the area.
•
To retain and attract industrial employers, continued freight railroad service to northern Forks is a
very valuable service. The existing rail line is a spur that ends in the center of Forks. The line
currently experiences limited usage at relatively low speeds. Therefore, an extension of Braden
Road across the railroad would be desirable. Norfolk Southern Railroad has indicated a desire to
close two railroad crossings in the vicinity before giving approval for a new crossing. An
alternative route across the railroad would reduce the congestion along Uhler Road, which is a
common source of complaints among employers and employees.
Action Steps
•
•
•
•
•
•
Promote redevelopment of underused business sites.
Update development regulations as needed to avoid provisions that may inhibit desirable business
development.
Prepare an information package that stresses the advantages of locating a business in Forks
Township. Such a package should stress the large number of upper middle income customers in
the township, which represent enormous purchasing power. The information should be posted on
the Internet (including video and photos) and also be able to be mailed.
Work with realtors and developers to make sure that LVEDC has an up-to-date inventory of
available business space and sites.
As described in the agricultural protection section of the plan, encourage retail sale of locally
grown agricultural products, including the possibility of a seasonal local farmers market.
Improve Braden Airpark to support air travel by local businesses. However, the plan is not
recommending that the airport have a longer runway or serve jet aircraft.
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COMMUNITY SERVICES
The community services section
addresses police protection, fire protection, emergency medical/ambulance
services, libraries and public schools.
GOAL: Emphasize high quality
and cost-efficient municipal and
emergency services and schools.
Fire, police and emergency medical
services should continue to be fully
coordinated across municipal borders.
Cooperation should include joint training, and coordinating the provision of
expensive specialized equipment and
apparatus.
Police Protection
The Forks Township Police Department headquarters is located on Sullivan Trail adjacent to the township building. The department includes a K-9 unit and a detective/investigative unit as well as the use
of motorcycles and bicycles. The department’s community policing efforts include bicycle safety
programs, a Youth Police Academy and a Citizen’s Police Academy. Continued public involvement,
public awareness programs and work with youth are critical to minimize crime. Dispatching is handled
by Northampton County’s 911 Center.
Forks Township has a relatively low crime rate. However, as traffic and population increases, the
township should annually evaluate the staffing level of the police department. The department’s
volume of calls has been rapidly increasing - from 3,400 in 1999 to 7,600 in 2007.
The police chief reports that the department will need additional building space if the department
expands beyond 25 officers. The building could be expanded to the northeast. If classroom facilities
would be moved to another site (such as the fire department’s training room), space would become
available within the existing police building. The police chief reports that there is excellent cooperation
with neighboring police departments.
The township has considered constructing a satellite emergency services facility in the northeastern
part of the township. A satellite facility might provide an opportunity to distribute some police officers,
fire apparatus and/or an emergency medical unit to serve parts of the township that are sometimes
difficult to reach during severe flooding conditions. A satellite site could also reduce response times as
business and residential developments are completed and traffic increases in the northern part of the
township.
56
New developments should be reviewed to consider ways the design could be improved to prevent
crime. For example, windows of retail businesses should not be covered with signs that obstruct visibiity of cash registers from the street. Dark isolated areas should be avoided, particularly behind businesses or at dead end streets. Street lighting, security lighting and high quality surveillance cameras are
also critical.
The police department has earned Pennsylvania PLEAC accreditation, which most police departments
have not achieved. It may also be appropriate to seek National accreditation.
Fire Protection Services
The Forks Township Fire Department includes well-trained and well-equipped volunteers serving as
firefighters, fire police and junior firefighters. Certain persons are also trained as paramedics and emergency medical technicians, who provide a quick response service to assist on medical emergencies. As
of 2009, the Forks Township Fire Department also serves Stockertown Borough under a contract.
As residential and business growth has occurred, calls for service have rapidly increased substantially
in recent years. The types of calls that consumed the largest number of hours were traffic accidents,
followed by automated alarms. The amount of industrial growth also creates a need for more
specialized equipment and training, particularly to handle hazardous substances.
The department is mainly funded by annual appropriations from the township and from development
fees. The department moved into a new building in 2006, which was designed to allow an expansion in
the future. Continued replacement of apparatus on a regular basis is important, particularly for the sake
of reliability.
Increased traffic congestion has reduced response times to some corners of the township, particularly
during peak traffic hours. Therefore, over the long-run, a second fire station should be considered in
the northern part of the township. In addition, preemption devices should be installed in traffic signals
so that emergency vehicles approaching a light can change the signal to green.
A fire training area is located west of Glover and Richmond Roads. Improvements are proposed to the
fire training facility so that more training can occur within the township, reducing the need to travel to
other locations. The facility might also serve neighboring fire companies on a cost-sharing basis.
Most fire companies are having difficulty attracting sufficient numbers of trained volunteer firefighters. The greatest shortage is during weekday mornings and afternoons, when many volunteers
work outside of the immediate area.
The township should investigate ways to attract and retain additional numbers of volunteer emergency
workers, such as encouraging township employees to serve as volunteer firefighters and ambulance
workers and allowing employees to leave work with a municipal vehicle when practical for emergency
calls. Also, financial incentives should be considered, such as a pension program for long-time volunteers.
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Emergency Medical Services
Basic and advanced (paramedic) life support emergency services are provided by the Suburban Emergency Medical Services (SEMS). The township should cooperate with SEMS to assist the development
of a station in Forks Township. Such a station could be coordinated with a satellite fire station,
fire/police training facility and/or a location where certain fire and police equipment could be based
when flooding is expected.
Library Service
The Easton Area Library is located in Downtown Easton, with a branch in Palmer Township on Newburg Road. The local library meets minimum state standards so that residents of the township are
allowed to check out books from other public libraries throughout the state. In addition to state funds,
the library depends on municipal contributions, fundraisers, fines and volunteer labor to balance the
budget.
A possible branch of the library in Forks Township has been discussed. The Palmer Township branch
was constructed with Palmer Township funds and donations from township residents. If a Forks
Township branch would be considered, the construction, staffing, acquisition, operation and maintenance costs would need to be carefully considered. One alternative would be to establish an informal
lending library in the community center that would allow residents to trade books for free.
Another alternative would be to develop a facility that emphasizes electronic resources on computers,
to supplement the existing libraries. The facility might be coordinated with school “homework help”
programs.
Easton Area School District
As of 2008, the Easton Area School District serves over 9,500 students. The enrollment has been
increasing rapidly from 8,120 in 2001-2 to 8,883 in 2005-6. The state projects that the enrollment will
reach 10,228 by 2010-11 and 11,009 by 2013-14. During the past six years, annual enrollment growth
rates have often been approximately four percent. Growth has helped cause significant increases in
school district real estate.
The following analysis was conducted in 2007 to compare enrollments with the rated capacities of the
schools. In most cases, school districts try to hold elementary school class sizes to 20 students per class
and secondary school class sizes to 25 students per class.
58
_______________________________________________________________________________
Building
Spring 2007
Capacity at 20
Capacity at 25
Enrollment
Students per Classroom Students per Classroom
_______________________________________________________________________________
- Forks Elementary
539
- Palmer Elementary
776
- Paxinosa Elementary **
573
- March Elementary
367
- Cheston Elementary
531
- Tracy Elementary
659
- Shawnee Middle (7 to 8) * 1,468
- Easton Area Middle (5 to 6) 1,305
- Easton Area High (9 to 12) 3,015
540
720
560
340
680
600
1,140
1,100
2,140
675
900
700
425
850
750
1,425
1,375
2,675
Total
9,233
7,820
9,775
_______________________________________________________________________________
Source - Easton Area School District.
*
**
Major expansion and renovation to be completed in 2008.
A major expansion and renovation is starting in mid-2008.
Most Forks Township residents attend Tracy, Paxinosa and Forks Elementary Schools and Shawnee
Middle School. The school buildings are currently at or close to capacity. A major expansion and renovation of the Shawnee Middle School is being completed in Forks Township. However, some capacity
will be needed to shift students during future school renovation projects. A major expansion of the
high school and a large athletic complex to the west were completed in recent years. In 2008, the
district announced plans to increase the size of Paxinosa Elementary School by 60 percent and to
renovate the building.
The district has been using temporary modular classrooms at Shawnee and Easton Area Middle
Schools for over 10 years. The school district has very little land available for building expansions.
Also, the optimum maximum size for elementary schools is reported to be generally 500 students.
Most of the elementary schools already exceed 500 students. The district may also start full-day
kindergarten, which would require many new classrooms. One option to increase space would be to
construct one or more buildings that are limited to kindergarden students because kindergarteners need
fewer support facilities, such as gyms.
The average cost to educate each student in the Easton Area School District was $11,980 as of the
spring of 2007. A portion of the cost is covered by state and federal funds. However, the percentage of
costs funded by the state and federal governments has been decreasing. Also, the level of state funding
is unpredictable each year. If a typical new home generates one new public school student, the
additional tax revenues from that household will typically fall several thousand dollars short of the
additional costs to the school district.
Approximately 70 percent of the costs of the school district are spent on wages and benefits. The
increases in benefit costs have been much greater than the inflation rate. State Act 1 has limited the
59
ability of the school district to increase annual real estate taxes unless the increase is approved by
referendum of the voters. The Pennsylvania Department of Education can also grant exceptions to the
real estate tax limitation for certain reasons.
Action Steps
•
Periodically review police staffing levels for adequacy as population and calls for service
increase.
•
Involve the public and review new development to prevent crime.
•
Provide incentives and recognition programs to attract and retain volunteer firefighters.
•
Continue a program to replace older fire apparatus on a regular schedule.
•
Cooperate with Suburban EMS to develop a station within Forks Township.
•
Over the long-term, investigate the development of a branch library in Forks Township.
•
Work with the school district and adjacent municipalities to determine suitable locations for any
new public school building that may be proposed in the future.
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HISTORIC PRESERVATION
GOAL: Encourage appropriate reuse and historic rehabilitation of older buildings.
Forks Township has a rich
heritage that was primarily
built upon agriculture.
Many of the oldest buildings in the township are
along Bushkill Drive and
PA Route 611/Delaware
Drive. The historic buildings are important artifacts
of the area’s history.
Promoting interest in the
township’s heritage
A Historic Building is typically defined as either:
1. A building listed on the National Register of Historic Places or determined to be eligible for such a
listing by the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission.
2. A building that is a minimum of 50 years old and meets one of the following standards:
a. Is associated with an event or person of historic importance.
b. Exhibits distinguishing characteristics of an architectural style or craftsmanship.
c. Is a noteworthy work of an important architect.
The Forks Township Historical Society should be asked to update the existing list of historic buildings.
A township committee, possibly with professional assistance, should then recommend old buildings
worthy of township attention for preservation. The Pennsylvania Municipalities Planning Code allows
each municipality to decide which buildings are important historic resources that deserve protection
through regulation.
The township could also form a volunteer township historical commission, which could recommend
ways to preserve important buildings. A local historical commission could provide advice to the planning commission and supervisors and could help in reviewing developments that could affect historic
buildings.
61
Increased public interest in historic buildings can help spur interest in buying and rehabilitating historic
properties. Efforts should be considered to list additional buildings on the National Register of Historic
Places. Listing on the register does not by itself involve any additional regulations upon a private
property owner. Listing does offer public recognition of the importance of a building and can provide
limited federal income tax benefits as part of a major historic rehabilitation of an investment property.
Listing on the National Register provides protection against actions involving federal or state funds in
ways that would adversely affect the building.
The Forks Township Historical Society provides leadership in recognizing the township’s history and
historic buildings. The Historical Society assembles and preserves historic documents, photographs,
artifacts and records. The Historical Society also leases a historic springhouse on Bushkill Drive from
Lafayette College and oversees a Log Cabin on township land. The springhouse is one of the oldest
buildings in the Lehigh Valley. The Victaulic Corporation maintains a historic building at the corner of
Uhler and Kesslerville Road. A veterans recognition program would also be desirable to collect oral
histories from veterans and to recognize individual service.
An educational center within the township would be desirable to display historical objects and to provide education about the township’s history. Students and professors from local colleges should be
encouraged to undertake projects concerning Forks’ history and historic buildings, including, for
example, students and professors from Lafayette College’s American Studies Program.
Historic Zoning Provisions
The township should approve a list of historic buildings in the township that are worthy of
preservation. Zoning provisions should then be considered to control the unnecessary demolition of
the important historic buildings on the list. Unlike a historic district ordinance, zoning regulations on
demolition would not regulate routine changes to buildings, such as window replacements or roofing
materials. Zoning provisions also would not regulate the architecture of new construction or building
additions. Instead, the historic zoning provisions could be limited to regulating only demolitions. For
example, the zoning ordinance could require that any demolition of a very significant historic building
obtain zoning approval from the Forks Township Board of Supervisors as a conditional use. The
demolition would only be allowed if the applicant proved that the building could not be economically
reused or that the demolition is necessary to allow a project of special public importance (such as an
intersection improvement needed to improve public safety). The prohibition on demolition would only
apply to buildings listed by the municipality as the most significant.
In addition, the township's ordinances could require that any application for a proposed subdivision,
land development, conditional use or special exception use must include a full description of any
historic building on the property and how the application may adversely affect the building. The
zoning hearing board could also be authorized to consider impacts upon historic buildings in determining whether to approve a special exception or variance use.
An alternative to regulating demolition could involve a simple delay of up to 90 days from the time a
person applied for a demolition permit until it could be approved. The delay would only apply to a list
of important historic buildings. The delay is intended to provide time for interested persons to convince
a property owner that demolition is not the only viable alternative for the building. For example, a new
buyer might be found who would be willing to restore the building, or the owner might be persuaded to
incorporate the building into other plans for the property.
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In any case, an exception should be allowed where township construction officials certify that a
building needs to be demolished because of an imminent public safety hazard.
Zoning Incentives for Rehabilitation of Historic Buildings
If a designated building is preserved and rehabilitated in a sensitive manner, the zoning ordinance
could allow the building to be used for certain additional uses beyond those uses that are normally
allowed under zoning. Therefore, for example, use of a historic building in a noncommercial zoning
district should be allowed as a bed and breakfast inn, office, day care center, antique store, funeral
home or similar light commercial use. Broad reuse allowances should help create a stronger market to
encourage investment in the restoration of historic buildings. The uses would only be allowed within
existing buildings, plus modest-sized building additions that are designed to be compatible with the
historic building as viewed from the road. The zoning provisions could require an applicant to submit
plans prepared by a registered architect showing that the important features of the building that are
visible from a public road will be preserved and rehabilitated. Modern features could be added in areas
that are not visible from a public road or street.
Township ordinances could also provide other incentives if a developer committed to preserve and
rehabilitate a historic building. For example, that building might not count towards the density of the
project, so there is no incentive to demolish an older building to build a profitable new house. The land
occupied by a preserved historic building could be counted towards the required open space for a
cluster development. The Board of Supervisors could also be open to the idea of waivers of
subdivision requirements in return for preservation of an important building.
Standards in Making Changes to Older Buildings
Property owners should be informed of appropriate ways that old buildings can be modernized or
rehabilitated in ways that retain a historic appearance as viewed from a road or street. The following
advisory guidelines (not regulations) are recommended for older buildings in the region:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Modern uses for historic buildings should require minimal changes to the exterior features of
the building that define the building's character.
Historic exterior materials and features should be preserved rather than removed or covered.
A new building in a historic area does not need to appear old but should include features that
respect nearby historic buildings, such as similar massing, materials, window openings and
scale.
Deteriorated historic features that cannot be repaired should be replaced with new features
having the same appearance.
Chemical or physical treatments, such as sandblasting, that cause damage to historic
materials should not be used. The surface cleaning of structures, if appropriate, shall be
undertaken using the gentlest means possible.
If doors or windows are replaced, the window and door openings should remain the same
size.
Materials such as brick, stone and older styles of siding should be similar in appearance to
authentic materials of surrounding buildings.
Roof shapes and roof lines should be maintained.
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The Historic Resources Map
The historic resources map on the following page shows the locations of important older buildings in
the township, based upon a study completed in 1995. A description of the buildings is included in the
appendix of the plan.
Action Steps
•
•
•
Prepare a list and map of historic buildings that are worthy of preservation.
Enact zoning regulations to control demolition of important historic buildings and to provide
incentives for reuse.
Seek space in the township to display additional historical objects and to provide educational
information about the region’s history.
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65
PUBLIC UTILITIES
GOAL: Provide for logical extensions of public water and sewage services to accommodate
planned growth areas while avoiding central sewage in areas planned for farmland
preservation.
Water supply and sewage collection services are major public utilities. In addition, electricity, natural
gas, telecommunications, fiber optics and cable television services are provided by various companies.
Wireless facilities, including cellular antennae and towers, are also important in providing telecommunications services, such as wireless Internet services.
In communications services, Forks Township should promote competition among various providers in
the township, to insure that township residents are able to receive the best values and the largest number of options.
Solar and wind energy are discussed in the energy conservation section of the plan. Individual septic
systems are addressed in the water management section of the plan.
GOAL: Provide high-quality water and sewage services in the most cost-efficient manner,
including addressing needs for future growth.
Issues involved with protecting water quality and water supplies are described in the water
management section of the plan.
Public Water Service
Developers will continue to be required to fund water system extensions as land is proposed for most
types of development. The land use plan concentrates most new intense development in areas that will
not require long, new, expensive extensions of water and sewage lines.
Extensions of a public water system are particularly valuable for firefighting. Where public water service is not available, the township should consider installing dry hydrants for fire protection. A dry
hydrant provides a connection from a water supply to a hydrant that can be accessed by a fire truck.
Dry hydrants are in use in some rural townships in areas where a pond or creek can provide a water
supply for firefighting. Dry hydrants are sometimes placed on a bridge and can reduce the need to
shuttle water in tanker trucks. However, the only large water supply in the northeastern part of the
township is the Delaware River, which is not centrally located or very accessible. Other alternatives
might be considered, such as a quarry hole.
Wastewater Service
Public sewage services need to be provided in the most cost-efficient manner, in logical phases,
following the land use and housing plan.
66
One of the policies of the Forks Township Comprehensive Plan is that central sewage service should
not be provided in the areas designated as Farmland Protection, which are located in the northeastern
part of the township. An exception may be appropriate at the border of a residential district with the
Farmland Protection district if the central sewage service could result in permanent preservation of a
substantial amount of land.
New private central sewage and water systems should be avoided because of concerns about long-term
financial viability and proper operations. Where a new private water or sewage system might be
allowed, the system should be designed to be easily incorporated into a larger public system in the
future, including suitable rights-of-ways and easements.
Almost all newer development in Forks is being served by public sewage service. The Easton
wastewater treatment plant serves the Easton region and has capacity for significant growth. The
treatment plant is permitted to treat 10 million gallons per day. Some shifts in the treatment allocations
held by each of the municipalities that use the plant have occurred, taking into account differing rates
of growth.
The Easton plant is southeast of Easton and discharges into the Delaware River. Pumping stations are
located on Frost Hollow Road and within Forks Industrial Park IV.
The main sewage facilities plan for Forks Township was prepared in 1993, with a 1995 amendment.
The 1993 study found that a significant number of properties along Delaware Drive/PA Route 611
along the Delaware River may have contaminated well water and malfunctioning septic systems.,
Many of the lots do not have room for a new drain field because of small lot sizes and/or physical
features. Many of the lots are served by systems that predate modern septic system standards.
The 1993 study recommended extending public water service as a first step along PA Route 611. The
1995 plan recommended delaying the installation of public sewage service because the cost was
considered excessive. The strategy of the plan was to build up a reserve of sewage fees that could be
used to subsidize the project in the future. The preferred alternative was to develop a low-pressure
sewage system stretching for 3 miles along the PA Route 611 corridor to connect into the existing
public sewage system. A traditional gravity system is impractical because of the amount of rock in the
area and the disruption that would occur along PA Route 611. Forks Township is still waiting for a
decision on whether Lower Mount Bethel Township wishes to jointly move forward on providing
public sewage service for properties that are adjacent to Forks Township. The possibility of a joint
venture is relevant because most of the buildings are on the Lower Mount Bethel side of the border.
However, Lower Mount Bethel is not actively moving forward on sewage for the area.
Primary locations of concern are four clusters of buildings along Route 611, including 23 properties
close to the City of Easton (two of which are restaurants), a cluster north of Frost Hollow Road, eight
properties further north, and 21 properties near the Lower Mt. Bethel border.
Plans to extend sewers along Delaware Drive have been delayed for many years because of difficulties
obtaining funding that would make the service affordable. Most available funding consists of lowinterest loans, as opposed to grants. However, a limited amount of grants may be available through the
Northampton County CDBG program to assist low-income homeowners.
67
On-lot Septic Systems
Most properties in the northeastern areas of the township rely upon on-lot septic systems. Public
education is important to inform residents about proper care of on-lot septic systems. Many residents
have moved from suburban areas where public sewers were available and do not understand septic
systems. Of most importance, property owners must understand the need to have septic systems
pumped regularly (typically at least once every three years). If a system is not pumped regularly, the
drain field eventually will need to be replaced.
In addition to education, enforcement insures that inadequate or failing on-lot septic systems are
repaired or replaced. Residents should be encouraged to have well water tested regularly and to report
any contamination to the township. Well water results can be used to identify areas of failing septic
systems.
Every new lot that will be served by an on-lot septic system should be required by the township to
have two separate locations that are tested and approved for a septic drain field. The second location is
important as a back-up drain field if the initial drain field malfunctions. The back-up location should
be required to be kept open and undisturbed.
Action Steps
•
•
Prohibit extensions of central sewage service into the FP Farmland Protection zoning district.
Work to extend public sewage service to clusters of buildings along Delaware Avenue / PA Route
611.
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PARKS AND RECREATION
GOAL: Provide quality recreational opportunities and facilities to meet a wide variety of needs
and interests.
Inventory of Existing Parks
The table on the following page is an inventory of existing parks, completed by a volunteer recreation
committee. The 52-acre Forks Township Community Park includes the community center and a wide
variety of heavily used recreation facilities. The main entrance to the park is from Zucksville Road.
The park includes playground equipment, four tennis courts, a basketball court, baseball/softball fields,
multi-purpose open space, soccer fields, a restored log cabin, and an arboretum with a variety of trees.
Gollub Park is a nature park and preserve above the Delaware River. The township also has a one-mile
scenic path located at the end of Newlins Road East that overlooks the Delaware River.
The township has eleven miles of bicycle/pedestrian trails.
Overall Parks Strategy
In 2009, a draft five-year plan was prepared for recreation in the township that recommended the construction of an additional indoor recreation building. The high rate of growth of the population, the
increased number of families with children, and the expanded number of residents who are 55 years
and older necessitate an expanded park system for Forks Township. One goal is to have places where
an entire family can enjoy various types of recreation at the same time, such as a teenager playing
baseball while a younger sibling plays on playground equipment, parents play tennis, and grandparents
walk around a trail.
For many years, Forks Township has emphasized the development of the central community park as a
multi-use facility. Centralization has worked well in providing organized recreation programs. The
community park has been expanded over the years and is anchored by the community center.
The township owns approximately 53 acres of land south of Newlins Road and east of Richmond
Road. A master plan should be developed for the site, to emphasize development in logical phases. The
land is also connected to the planned extension of the main township recreation trail. The area under
the power lines would likely be used for parking. The second new community park will serve similar
purposes to the existing Forks Community Park, particularly for residents in the eastern part of the
township. The second community park should emphasize athletic fields and be a multi-use facility. The
park would also be a logical location for an outdoor swimming pool. The new park should also provide
opportunities for passive recreation, including landscaped areas, benches and recreation paths.
The two larger centralized parks should be supplemented by well-distributed neighborhood parks.
Neighborhood parks are primarily designed for free play by children and activities other than
scheduled organized leagues. The neighborhood parks are intended to serve people in the immediate
neighborhood. When homes are nearby, neighborhood parks should be closed to the public after dark,
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as opposed to having lighted facilities. Neighborhood parks are particularly valuable to provide an
open grass field that is available for “pick-up” games by youth.
The second community park and the neighborhood parks will be important to relieve stress from
overuse on the existing community park. The neighborhood parks also serve as nodes of activity along
the recreation trail system. The neighborhood parks can provide parking, trash cans and water fountains for persons using the trails and eventually restrooms, where practical.
Neighborhood parks are currently proposed on land that the township already owns. Some of the lands
were set aside by the original developers for open space and recreational purposes. The neighborhood
parks will help to strengthen a sense of community among people in various parts of the township and
to create an atmosphere similar to a collection of adjacent small towns. Neighborhood recreation parks
will foster the socialization of neighbors and create a sense of pride in the community.
Neighborhood parks should emphasize serving children up to 12 years of age. Park enhancements
would also benefit parents, grandparents and child caregivers. In addition, neighborhood parks would
provide recreational opportunities convenient to home or a short distance via a recreation path. The
goal for access to neighborhood parks is to allow children to get to a neighborhood park without
having to cross a heavily traveled road. Primary features of the neighborhood parks should include
children’s play equipment, swings, benches, landscaped areas, picnic tables and possibly a volleyball
court.
The parks meet the vision and role of the township to provide a safe and healthy environment for
recreation for residents of all ages and to enhance the sense of community within Forks’
neighborhoods. Recreational fees paid by developers, which are required to be held in a separate
restricted account, should pay for the development costs of neighborhood parks.
The currently proposed Neighborhood Parks are:
•
•
•
•
Penn’s Ridge Neighborhood Park (W. Newlins Rd and at Penn’s Ridge Blvd.)
Vista Estates Neighborhood Park (Winchester and Upper Way near Baseball Diamond)
Braden Community Park (Sullivan Trail South of Airport)
Lafayette / Meco Community Park (Richmond near Meco)
Reportedly, demand is strong for additional picnic pavilions, picnic tables and park benches, which
could be located in various parks. Additional bathrooms have also been requested.
In addition, as part of new developments, the township should seek that land be provided for additional
close-to-home neighborhood parks. These new neighborhood parks should be primarily designed to
provide playground areas for small children and grass areas suitable for free play br youth. These
parks are intended to allow young persons to walk or bicycle to a recreation area. These new parks
may be owned and maintained by homeowner associations or the township.
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Inventory of Existing Parks
Working Name
Location
Existing Facilities
Comments
Airport Park
West of Sullivan
Trail south of
Braden Airpark
Sports field,
pavilion,
wrestling/multipurpose building.
Consideration should be given to
developing soccer and/or lacrosse fields,
restrooms, an additional pavilion, and
possibly an indoor recreation building.
Forks Twp.
Community Park
West of Sullivan
Trail adjacent to
the Twp. Building
Community
Center, sports
fields, restrooms,
pavilions, picnic
area, paths
Consideration should be given to
developing a bandshell, pavilion and
basketball court, as well as ballfields on
land that was recently added on west side
of the park.
Lion’s Park
West side of
Bushkill Dr., along
Bushkill Creek
north of Penn
Pump Park
Passive open space
and fishing access
along the Bushkill
Creek. Gazebo and
picnic tables.
George Gollub
Park
East end of
Paxinosa Rd.
overlooking the
Delaware River
Nature area, woods
Consideration should be given to a
possible pavilion.
Future Township
Park
East of Richmond
Rd, and south of
Newlins Rd.
Undeveloped
Planned to be developed as a multi-use
park.
Vista Estates Park
East of Richmond
Rd. near
Winchester Rd.
Baseball field
Consideration should be given to a
possible dog park in an area that is not
near homes.
Ramblewood Road
Park
Ramblewood Rd.
near Kirkland Rd.
Picnic area with
tables and benches
Penn Ridge
Recreation Area
Newlins Rd. near
Penns Ridge Blvd.
Tot lot, 3/4 size
basketball court,
picnic tables and
benches
A neighborhood park.
Tatamy Park
(owned by
Borough of Tatamy
but located within
Forks)
Bushkill Dr. at
Uhler Rd.
Sports fields and
fishing access
Listed for informational purposes only.
Meco Park
South of Appian
Way, west of
Richmond Road.
Soccer, lacrosse,
and baseball fields.
Connected to Township Recreation Trail.
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Recreation Survey
In 2006, the township conducted a recreation, parks and open space survey. A total of 1,078
responses were received.
The survey asked which recreation facilities were currently used by the person’s household. The
highest responses were for:
1) Walking/jogging paths.
2) The community center.
3) Playground equipment.
4) Tennis courts.
5) Passive recreation.
6) Baseball/softball fields.
7) Basketball courts.
Persons responding to the survey ranked the following as the most needed types of additional
recreation facilities, in order:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
10)
11)
Recreation walking/bicycle bridge over Sullivan Trail near Meco Road and Sullivan Trail
Outdoor swimming pool/water park
Summer movies
Dog park
Playground equipment
Band shell/pavilion
Ice skating area
Garden club
Basketball courts
Tennis courts
Volleyball courts
Persons were asked to list what types of additional recreation programs they would like to see. The
first response was a swimming pool with lessons and/or a swim team. The second most common
response was that additional programs were not needed. The third most common response was a
bandshell for concerts and movies. The fourth response was a senior citizen club/activities. Next
was roller/ice/inline skating and hockey. Sixth was adult recreation and sports programs, followed
by walking/jogging/bike paths.
One question was: “Would you be willing to see your taxes increase slightly to purchase open space
or conservation easements?” A total of 499 respondents said yes, and 532 respondents said no.
Greenways Along Waterways
Greenways are discussed in the natural features plan section. Greenways are important to enhance
the natural, historic, recreational and cultural assets of the township and to promote tourism.
Greenways can also be an important part of an environmental education program, in cooperation
with area schools.
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Land or Fee Requirements
The township has the authority to require that a developer provide recreation land in a new development. With mutual consent of the township and the developer, the township can require that fees
be paid by the developer instead of providing land. The fees can only be used to acquire or improve
recreation land. In most cases the township has been collecting fees.
In each development, the question of recreation land or fees should be carefully reviewed, with
input from the recreation commission. In some cases, requiring at least an informal grass field area
suitable for pickup games would be desirable. Other points to consider include:
• Local recreation land should be considered if a child would need to cross a busy road to reach
another park.
• However, small fragmented parks are expensive to maintain and have limited value.
Sources of Park and Open Space Funding
The Forks Township Board of Supervisors budgets funds each year for recreation. The supervisors
appoint the recreation board to administer the funds. Recreation fees paid by developers provide a
major source of money for recreation improvements.
The township should take full advantage of state and county grant funds that are available to acquire
and improve public recreation areas and trails. The state programs involve a 50 percent matching
grant and are competitive.
As described in the natural features plan section, the township has an option of placing a referendum on the ballot to ask for voter approval of a dedicated tax for open space. The funds could only
be used to purchase parkland or conservation easements. Under a conservation easement, the land
cannot be subdivided or developed, but remains privately owned and privately maintained.
Gifts Catalog and Naming Rights for Parks
A gifts catalog should be prepared to ask for donations for specific parks and recreation improvements and equipment. For example, many persons are willing to donate to install a park bench with
a memorial plaque. Similarly, donations are common to plant memorial trees with a small marker.
The township should also advertise that naming rights are available in return for donations. For
example, for a prescribed amount, a picnic pavilion could be named to honor the memory of a person or to recognize a club or business. For major contributions, naming rights to a park may be
appropriate.
Recreation Programs
The major youth recreation programs provided by the Forks Township Youth Sports Organization
include: soccer, boys’ baseball, girls’ softball, boys’ and girls’ basketball, football, flag football,
cheerleading, lacrosse and wrestling. Lacrosse is one of the newest sports and has been growing in
popularity. In addition to tax funds, the youth organization raises money through registration fees,
snack bar operations, fundraisers, youth dances and other projects.
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The Forks Township Community Center offers many programs, including music, dance, martial
arts, jazzercise, yoga/pilates, body toning, tennis, volleyball, youth sports and Boy Scouts. Many
groups also hold meetings at the community center, such as doll and card clubs. The fitness center
at the community center is important to provide health and wellness, particularly as the township’s
population ages.
The recreation committee that provided input to the Forks Township Comprehensive Plan
recommends that the township make a special effort to expand recreation program offerings,
including nonathletic programs for a wider range of interests and programs for older persons. For
example, the Northampton County Agency on Aging and a local senior center could be encouraged
to provide satellite programs at the Forks Community Center during certain days of the week.
A particular emphasis should be placed upon serving the needs and interests of Forks Township’s
growing number of senior citizens. Passive recreation (such as landscaped paths and benches)
should be accommodated within all parks. Moreover, a new amphitheater would provide opportunities for many types of programs, including musical programs that are targeted toward older persons.
Naming of Parks and Uniform Signage
Each public park should have a name and include an attractive sign following a unified design that
identifies the name.
Recreation Guide for Residents
The township should publish a recreation guide to make residents aware of facilities, programs and
bicycle routes. The township newsletter and website should also be used to publicize recreation
opportunities.
Lafayette College Lands
Lafayette College owns 240 acres of land in Forks between Sullivan Trail and Bushkill Drive,
which is known as Metzger Fields. The college staff reports that current master plan for the land
only proposes athletic uses of the land. Reportedly, the college has no plans to use the land for
housing or classroom facilities. The northeastern corner of the land (approximately 90 acres) is currently developed with athletic facilities, while the bulk of the land is farmed. As funds are provided
by donors in the future, the college plans to construct additional athletic facilities on the remainder
of the land. To completely improve the entire property for recreation could cost approximately $84
million.
The land also includes a cross-country course/trail. The college currently allows the public to use
the trail.
Facilities for Persons With Disabilities
Certain facilities should be designed to serve persons with disabilities. For example, some trails in
parks should have hard relatively level surfaces that are suitable for wheelchairs. Consideration
should be given to adding a fishing area for persons with disabilities along the Bushkill Creek or the
Delaware River, possibly in cooperation with the county or the Pennsylvania Fish and Boat
Commission. At least one playground should have apparatus designed for children with disabilities.
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Revitalization of Bushkill Park
Bushkill Park is a historic privately-owned amusement park along the Bushkill Creek. The park is
currently closed after repeated flooding of the amusement buildings and rides. The township hopes
the park owners will be able to repair the facilities and reopen. However, the township could consider some involvement, such as purchase of a trail easement or conservation easement on part of
the land.
Dog Park
A dog park allows dogs to run and socialize within a fenced area without leashes. A carefully
planned dog park should be installed in a location that is not near homes. Two fenced areas should
be used, one for smaller dogs and one for larger dogs. A full set of rules should be posted to minimize problems. Dog owners are required to clean up after his/her own dog(s). Some communities
require a permit to use the dog park. The permit includes a fee that covers some of the costs and
allows the permit to be revoked if a dog creates a problem or the owner is not responsible or does
not clean up after his/her pet. The permit process also can make sure that dogs are vaccinated.
Important Natural Areas
The township should work with owners of steeply sloped land or flood-prone land to encourage
land donations or low-cost sales to the township. In most cases, the lands have little value for development. Township ownership would simplify the completion of nature trail links and help to maintain woodlands and environmental features. For example, additional steep slopes could be added to
the township’s Golub Park.
Trail System Throughout the Township
The recreation trails map on the following page proposes a system of trails. Forks Township has an
extensive system of recreation trails and bike paths. Forks Township has been requiring developers
to complete trail links that are shown on township maps in order to have a system of trails that link
into the main trails to serve as spines through the township.
The main existing bike path is along a former railroad line extending from Frutchey Hill Road
above the Delaware River south of Newlins Road through land owned by Forks for a future park. A
segment of the former railroad is located where the tracks were removed, but the trail is not open.
The remainder of the rail line (including a portion through the industrial park) is an active rail line.
However, the township intends to use a sewage line right-of-way parallel to the railroad line for the
possible trail extension.
The second main bike path route is along a PPL power line right-of-way. As adjacent land has been
subdivided, the township has been requiring developers to provide land for the trail and/or construct
the trail with public access.
The proposed trails in the northern part of the township have not yet been refined. The proposed
trails pass along existing roads in agricultural areas and may rely upon travel into Lower Mount
Bethel Township to result in a loop. The plan recommends that a loop be designed parallel to land
that is more likely to be developed and that provides a loop within Forks.
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Palmer Township and Tatamy are completing the rails-to-trails project along the west bank of the
Bushkill Creek. A piece of the trail crosses into Forks Township north of Bushkill Park, with two
railroad bridges. The Palmer Trail links into Hackett Park and the trail system that Easton is
developing along the Bushkill Creek. The Palmer Trail also is intended to eventually extend along a
former railroad line through Wilson and West Easton to connect with the existing trail system along
the Lehigh River. After a few missing links are completed, the Lehigh River trail system will extend
from the Wilkes-Barre area through the Lehigh Gorge State Park, along the length of the Lehigh
River to Allentown, Bethlehem and Easton, and down to lands northeast of Philadelphia along the
Delaware Canal. To the north, the trail could extend through a former railroad right-of-way in
Stockertown to the existing Plainfield Trail to Wind Gap. Efforts are underway to seek a connection
from the Plainfield Trail to the Appalachian Trail along the Blue Mountain, which extends from
Maine to Georgia.
Many trail segments can be developed with an asphalt path parallel to a road that is separated from
the cartway by a green strip. The paths take the place of traditional sidewalks but are wider and
much less expensive to construct. The asphalt paths encourage use by bicyclists where sidewalks
typically are not bicycle-friendly.
The Forks Township Comprehensive Plan recommends that the township require developers to construct recreation trails BEFORE any adjacent homes are built. Constructing trails before homes will
avoid homebuyer claims of ignorance about the trail. In some cases in other municipalities, new
residents have tried to stop the construction of an important and previously approved trail segment
that passes through the development.
A uniform system of signs should be used to direct people along the trail system.
Some links may need cooperation from private gated communities and/or homeowner associations.
The township should publicize the fact that the Pennsylvania Trails Act provides substantial protecttion against lawsuits if a trail is allowed to cross private land for free.
As adjacent land is developed, trails should be considered along sanitary sewer lines, electric and
underground utility transmission lines and stormwater drainage swales.
At times, the township will need to spend public dollars to construct the missing links where trails
will not be built by new development.
At best, trails would form loops that would allow users to return to the starting point without
backtracking and would offer routes of varying lengths.
The township should ask PennDOT to improve the smoothness and widths of shoulders of key state
roads where alternative routes do not exist. For example, most of the length of Bushkill Drive has
wide shoulders that are too rough for bicyclists.
Trail/Street Crossings
Crossings of major roads, such as Sullivan Trail and Bushkill Drive, must be carefully designed. In
most cases, the crossings should occur at four-way stops or traffic signals with button-activated
pedestrian crossing signals. Optional routes should be provided so that bicyclists and pedestrians
76
have alternatives to traveling along Sullivan Trail and Bushkill Drive. Bicyclists and pedestrians
should be provided with safe crossings of:
1) Bushkill Drive to reach the recreation trail along the west side of the Bushkill Creek.
2) Sullivan Trail to reach the main township park/community center.
As described above, grant funding is being discussed to develop an overpass for the trail system
over Sullivan Trail north of Meco Road. However, PennDOT requirements may make the bridge
financially infeasible. At high traffic roads, above- or below-grade crossings are a way to minimize
conflicts between trail users and vehicles but can also be costly. Above-grade pedestrian overpasses
are perceived to be less threatening and safer by users than below-grade tunnels. However,
overpasses can require long access ramps in order to meet requirements of the Americans with
Disabilities Act (ADA). Overpasses are used typically where a trail is constructed at a higher
elevation than the road, and, therefore, do not require the use of many steps or a long ramp to reach
the overpass. The need for a bridge will be reduced by the proposed traffic signals at Meco Road
and Sullivan Trail with button activated pedestrian crossing signals.
A trail crossing of a street should include a crosswalk and a “Trail Crossing” sign. Bollards or gates
can be used to keep unauthorized vehicles off a trail. Bollards can be removable or hinged to allow
access for emergency and maintenance vehicles. Warning signs should be placed along the trail to
let users know of an approaching street crossing, particularly if a clear view of the approaching
intersection is not available. Stop signs should be placed back from the road to allow time for
cyclists to stop.
Bicycle racks should be placed at parks, schools and shopping areas to promote the use of bicycles
for travel. All LANTA buses also have front bicycle racks that promote bicycling to reach bus
stops.
Recreation Trail Design
Most trails should serve a variety of users. Paved, gently-graded, wide pathways will accommodate
joggers, bicycles, in-line skaters and strollers. Some trails should use crushed stone with moderate
width and slope. More natural, more narrow and sometimes rugged paths will allow for hiking and
potentially equestrian and mountain bike use.
With the exception of hiking trails, most trails should strive to be accessible to persons in
wheelchairs or other persons with limited mobility. The following criteria are typically used to
determine accessibility under the ADA:
–
–
–
–
–
–
Surface - the trail surface shall be firm, stable and slip resistant
Clear Tread Width - 36" minimum
Cross Slope - 5% maximum
Passing Space - provided at least every 1,000' where the trail width is less than 60" (5'-0")
Signs - shall be provided indicating the length of accessible trail segment
Running Slope (trail grade) shall meet one or more of the following:
5% or less for any distance
Up to 8.33% for 200' maximum with resting intervals no more than 200' apart
Up to 10% for 30' maximum with resting intervals no more than 30' apart
Up to 12.5% for 10' maximum with resting intervals no more than 10' apart.
No more than 30% of the total trail length may exceed a running slope of 8.33%
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Township Trail Map
78
Sidewalk Map
79
The following table provides guidelines for trail widths. If a trail receives very heavy use, wider
trails and paint lines to separate bicyclists from pedestrians and/or to separate directions of travel
may be required.
Standard Trail Width Recommendations
Recommended Trail Tread Widths for User-Specific Trails
Trail User Type
Recommended Tread Width
Bicyclist
10' (2-way travel)
Hiker/walker/jogger/runner
4' rural; 5' urban
Cross-country skier
8-10' for 2-track trail
Equestrian
4' tread; 8' cleared width
Minimum Recommended Tread Widths for Multiple Use Trails
Tread Type
Urban
Suburban
Rural
Pedestrian, bicycle, non-motorized
12'
10'
10'
Pedestrian, bicycle and equestrian
16'
12'
10'
For a highly-developed trail, a stable sub-grade, a sub-base and a trail surface are needed. The subgrade is usually compacted earth, while the sub-base is usually stone. The ability of the sub-grade
and sub-base to provide a good well-drained foundation for a trail affects the trail surface’s ability
to withstand the freeze and thaw cycle and heavy rains.
The surface of the trail can be constructed of earth, wood chips or hard materials. Hard materials
usually include crushed stone or bituminous asphalt. The type of trail surface installed can
encourage or discourage different types of use. Trails surfaced with soft materials are preferred by
equestrians because horses are less susceptible to injury on soft materials. Smooth bituminous
surfaces are preferred by inline skaters, persons in wheelchairs and many bicyclists. Compacted
crushed stone often is the most economical choice.
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Trail Surface Alternatives
Surface Material
(longevity)
Advantages
Disadvantages
Soil Cement, medium
Uses natural materials, more durable than
native soils, smoother surface, low cost,
accommodates multiple use
Surface wears unevenly, not a stable allweather surface, erodes, difficult to achieve the
correct mix
Granular Stone,
medium-long (7-10
years)
Soft but firm surface, natural material,
moderate cost, smooth surface, accommodates
multiple use
Surface can rut or erode with heavy rainfall,
regular maintenance needed to keep consistent
surface, replenishing stones may be a long-term
expense, not for areas prone to flooding or
steep slopes
Bituminous Concrete,
medium-long (7-15
years)
Hard surface, supports most types of use, allweather, accommodates most users
simultaneously, smooth surface to comply with
ADA guidelines, low maintenance
High installation cost, costly to repair, not a
natural surface, freeze/thaw an crack surface,
heavy construction vehicles need access
Concrete, long (20
years plus)
Hardest surface, easy to form to site conditions,
supports multiple use, lowest maintenance,
resists freeze/thaw, best cold weather surface,
most resistant to flooding
High installation cost, costly to repair, not a
natural-looking surface, construction vehicles
will need access to the trail corridor
Boardwalk, mediumlong
Necessary in wet or ecologically sensitive
areas, natural-looking surface, low
maintenance, supports multiple use
High installation cost, costly to repair, can be
slippery when wet
Resin-stabilized,
medium-long
depending on type of
application
Aesthetics, less environmental impact, possible
cost savings if soil can be used, can be applied
by volunteers
Need to determine site suitability and
durability, may be more costly in some cases
Native Soil, short to
long depending on local
use and conditions
Natural material, lowest cost, low maintenance,
can be altered for future improvements, easiest
for volunteers to build and maintain
Dusty, ruts when wet, not an all-weather
surface, can be uneven and bumpy, limited use,
possibly not accessible
Wood Chips, short (1-3
years)
Soft, spongy surface good for walking,
moderate cost, natural material
Decomposes under high temperature and
moisture, requires constant replenishment, not
typically accessible, limited availability, not
appropriate for flood prone areas
Good use of recyclable materials, surface can
vary depending on materials
Design appropriateness and availability varies.
Hard Materials
Soft Materials
Other
Recycled Materials,
varies
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Simple Hiking Trails
More rugged trails need not follow all of the above-mentioned design guidelines. Rugged trails,
intended for walking (and in some cases, equestrian and mountain bike use), would be kept in a
primitive state, with natural surfaces three to four feet wide. The trail surface may be completely
unimproved, consisting of native soil, grasses, forest litter and occasional bedrock. Muddy sections
may be treated with wood mulch or small, compacted logs. Hiking trails may include sections that
are much steeper than ADA-accessible grades.
Bicycle Alternatives
On-road bicycle routes generally fall into three types of facilities, depending on the volume and
width of each road segment: bicycle lanes, shared roadways, and sidepaths. In most cases, a wide
smooth shoulder along a road that is separated from vehicle traffic by a four-inch wide white line
would constitute an on-road bicycle lane. Defined bicycle lanes are not proposed along most roads
because of insufficient width and because bike lanes can create a false sense of security among
bicycle riders—particularly at intersections. Shared roadways, in which bicyclists ride in a travel
lane, will continue to be used, but only low volume roads with good sight distances function well as
shared roadways.
Sidepaths are asphalt pathways parallel to but separated from the cartway of a road, similar to a
sidewalk. Sidepaths are excellent for walking, jogging, and casual bicyclists. However, to safely
navigate a continuous sidepath, a bicyclist must stop or slow down at each driveway and cross
street, adding time and aggravation to a bike trip. Therefore, many serious bicyclists avoid sidepaths
with numerous street and driveway crossings.
A “Share the Road” public relations campaign should encourage bicyclists and motorists to safely
travel together. A wide white line is valuable to separate the shoulder from the cartway, to help keep
vehicles from intruding into bicycle and pedestrian areas.
Action Steps
•
Offer expanded non-athletic recreation programs, as well as programs targeted to older adults.
•
Prepare a master plan for improvements to the new community park on Newlins Road, to be
developed in logical phases.
•
Complete improvements to neighborhood parks, based upon a regularly updated five-year
recreation plan.
•
Seek state matching grants for improvements to parks.
•
Encourage landowners to donate important natural areas to the township.
•
Complete the remaining links in the recreation trail system, and develop new trails and
sidewalks that link into the main trails.
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TRANSPORTATION
GOAL: Carefully plan road patterns and access from development according to the function
each road serves within the overall road network.
GOAL: Work to control heavy truck traffic, through-traffic and higher speed traffic on residential streets/roads.
GOAL: Make well-targeted cost-effective improvements toward congested and accidentprone road segments, in cooperation with PennDOT and adjacent landowners/
developers. Work to achieve a minimum level of service of “D” for peak hour traffic
wherever possible, with a desirable level of service of “C”.
GOAL: Improve opportunities throughout the region for safe bicycle and pedestrian travel,
carpooling and public transit.
GOAL: Make well-targeted cost-effective improvements on congested and accident-prone
road segments.
The transportation goals must be achieved in cooperation with PennDOT and adjacent landowners /
developers. To achieve the goals, a minimum level of service of “D” for peak hour traffic is desired,
with a level of service of “C” or better whenever possible.
Establish a set of objectives
and priorities for road
improvements.
The list of intersections and
road segments in Forks that
need some improvement is
very long. A set of objectives
would assist in establishing
priorities for the projects, particularly
when
deciding
which projects should be
recommended for state funding and township funding.
The highest priority should
be placed on projects that are needed to reduce an existing safety hazard. Safety hazards for
motorists should be considered alongside safety hazards for pedestrians and bicyclists. State and
federal regulations typically require that a new set of traffic signals include signals for pedestrians.
Therefore, a new traffic signal can also make it safer for bicyclist and pedestrians to cross the street.
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Where an adjacent developer can reasonably be required to complete a road project, the improvement is likely to be constructed much sooner than if state and federal funding is used. The township
should work with PennDOT early in a development review to identify the improvements that should
be sought as part of a new development.
Cost-effectiveness of transportation improvements is very important because funding for projects is
limited. Projects should be identified that can be completed quickly, within the existing street rightof-way, with the greatest impacts in traffic safety and/or congestion reduction.
Projects should also be reviewed for economic development benefits.
Road Improvement Projects.
In 2007, the transportation subcommittee of township residents completed a report, with many
transportation recommendations, to provide input into the Forks Township Comprehensive Plan. In
addition to reviewing the township plans and studies, the committee also received input from the
police chief, fire chief, zoning officer, PennDOT and several township supervisors.
The subcommittee requested that the group be allowed to continue meeting and providing input to
the township on an on-going basis. The transportation subcommittee should prepare a five-year
transportation plan to be updated each year. The subcommittee’s recommended priorities are listed
under “Action Steps” below.
Carry Out Road Improvements Recommended in Traffic Studies
Regional cooperation is particularly important regarding road improvements because many of the
traffic bottlenecks are located in Stockertown and Easton, and solutions are likely to also involve
Tatamy and Palmer Township.
The township-wide traffic study should be periodically updated and implemented in phases. The
map of road improvement locations highlights major improvements proposed in the traffic study, as
of the 2007 update.
A traffic study considers “levels of service” from A to F. Level of service “A” is a free-flowing
condition with very few delays. Level of service “F” is a failing situation with very long delays, at
least during peak traffic hours. Generally, along a state road, PennDOT requires a major developer
to show that a development’s traffic impacts will be mitigated so that the development will not
lower the level of service. For example, a developer is often required to install a turn lane at an
intersection. However, when each developer mitigates the effects from a single development, the
cumulative impact of many developments can still worsen congestion.
PennDOT has greater authority to require a developer to make road improvements because the state
planning code stipulates that a municipality cannot require a developer to fund a road improvement
that is not immediately adjacent to the development. The only exception to the limitation would be
if Forks would reestablish a traffic impact fee system. Forks had a system of charging new developments a fee for each additional trip that was generated by the development. The fees were subsequently repealed. The state law that regulates municipal traffic impact fees is very difficult to use.
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Estimated Average Daily Traffic Map
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Map of Road Improvement Locations
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Making left-hand turns onto Sullivan Trail and onto Bushkill Drive are extremely difficult during
many hours of the day. Each new signal can create gaps in traffic that allow vehicles to enter onto
the road at other intersections. Traffic signals can also help to moderate speeding, which reduces the
severity of crashes.
Work With PennDOT and Developers to Complete Road Projects
There currently are no major road widening projects scheduled for funding within Forks Township
on PennDOT’s 12-Year Transportation Plan. The Lehigh Valley Transportation Plan proposes that
the following projects be funded:
•
•
•
2008–2010:
–– improvements or replacement of the bridge over the Bushkill Creek at the
Tatamy border
2011–2020: –– Improvements to the sight distance at Kesslerville Road north of Newlins
Road
–– Signalizing the intersection of Kesslerville and Newlins West
2021––2030: –– Improving the intersection of Uhler Road and Kesslerville Road
–– Signalizing and improving the intersection of Church Road and Sullivan
Trail.
The quickest way to complete a project is through a developer or the township. A developer can
often complete a project at much less expense that PennDOT, particularly if the developer already
has grading and paving equipment and workers completing other work in the vicinity.
Projects are more likely to receive priority for PennDOT funding if:
a) The township takes the initiative in hiring a traffic engineer to design the improvement and
develop a detailed cost estimate and then aggressively works to seek funding through the Lehigh
Valley Transportation Study (which is staffed by the Lehigh Valley Planning Commission)
b) The township makes sure that the right-of-way is available with no buildings in the way, and
c) The township, developers or adjacent landowners contribute a portion of the total cost of the
project (such as 20%).
PennDOT and the township should also cooperate on “SMART” initiatives that use technology to
manage traffic. For example, message boards can warn motorists of delays, sensors in roads can
report congested segments, emails can be sent automatically to people before leaving home and
traffic signals can automatically give preference to emergency vehicles.
Improve East-West Access Across the Township
The township has only a few good east-west roads and almost no opportunities to create new connections. Existing east-west roads are overburdened, such as Uhler Road, which would be difficult
to improve at Kesslerville Road because of the presence of a railroad and a historic building. The
extension of Kesslerville Rd. from Sullivan Trail to Bushkill Dr. will improve the situation. The
completion of Winchester Drive will result in improved east-west flow, and take some of the stress
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off of Newlins Road. Each road contains missing links that have not yet been completed by developers.
A straightening and signalization of the Newlins Rd./Sullivan Trail intersection would also help
provide an east-west link. Lafayette College’s latest master plan that was prepared approximately 3
years ago does not provide for a realignment of the Newlin Road intersections with Sullivan Trail,
although the improvement was proposed in the township’s transportation plan. However, college
representatives have expressed an interest in working with the township on plans for the area. The
land is presently open but includes a large drainageway on the college’s side.
The township attempted to complete Braden Boulevard as a new east-west road from Sullivan Trail
through the Forks Industrial Park to Kesslerville Road. Portions of Braden Boulevard run parallel to
Uhler Road. However, the township encountered much difficulty obtaining permission from
Norfolk-Southern for a new railroad crossing. The current intent is to seek an emergency vehicle
crossing at Braden Boulevard across the railroad tracks. Connecting Braden Boulevard across the
railroad tracks remains a long-term goal.
Establishing additional traffic signals on Bushkill Drive and Sullivan Trail would also open up
opportunities for east-west traffic because of the current difficulties in making left-hand turns at
unsignalized intersections. Any new traffic signal is required by state regulations to include
pedestrian crossing buttons, which will improve safety––an important part of the township’s goal of
improving pedestrians and bicycle access across Sullivan Trail, as described in the trails section of
the plan.
Address Flooding Problems that Limit Access
During periods of very heavy rain, almost all routes into and out of Forks Township have been
closed because of flooding. The flooding problem is not only inconvenient but also limits the ability
of emergency personnel and equipment to reach parts of the township and to transport sick and
injured persons to hospitals. Major flooding problems in Easton are located along the Bushkill
Creek, which affects access to U. S. Route 22. Flooding problems are also located along parts of
Route 611/Delaware Drive. In addition, portions of Bushkill Drive (such as at Zucksville Road),
Frost Hollow Road (west of Route 611), Sullivan Trail (such as at Newlins Road), Richmond Road
and Kesslerville Road are prone to flooding.
The planned extension of Kesslerville Road will provide an alternative route around one existing
problem. Current flooding problems cause the Penn’s Ridge development to become landlocked
during heavy rains.
Many of the flooding problems above have been identified as priority problem areas in the Lehigh
Valley Hazard Mitigation Plan. Some Federal funding may be available in the future to address the
flooding problems under the regional plan.
The township should place the highest priority on locations that restrict travel by emergency vehicles where there are no alternative routes. Adequate clearance for some emergency vehicles to cross
flooded roads is also an important issue. Some flooding problems can be reduced by regular
maintenance of stormwater channels, inlets and culverts to insure that obstructions are removed.
Other flooding problems may require much more expensive structural improvements, such as construction of a regional stormwater basin or storm sewers.
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The township should work with developers of upstream lands to investigate the possibility of
constructing new detention basins with a larger capacity than normally required in order to reduce
existing problems. The arrangement could involve offering an incentive to a developer, such as
increased density to offset for any reduction in buildable land areas. Constructing underground
detention facilities, such as under parking lots, may also be a solution. However, any additional
detention would also need approval under the Regional Stormwater Management Plan.
Improve Access to PA Route 33
Access to PA Route 33 should be improved to reduce congestion at the ramps to U.S. Rt. 22 and in
the Stockertown area. The problem arises especially because of the time required to drive from
Forks to the current PA Route 33 interchanges. Also, the interchanges of U.S. Rt. 22 in Easton are
overburdened and cannot be easily improved. The 13th Street and 4th Street/Center City interchanges
are very awkward. The 4th St. westbound on-ramp and eastbound off-ramps are very short. The
entire area of Easton near the U.S. Rt. 22 interchanges is flood-prone.
One proposal involves constructing a new interchange onto PA Rt. 33 between the PA Rt. 248 and
PA Rt. 191 interchanges. One option would be to construct the interchange along Main St., which
could overwhelm Tatamy with traffic. Other options would be to construct the interchange at the
end of Danforth Road (which runs through the Palmer Industrial Park) or at Newlins Road and PA
Rt. 33 in Palmer. The major landowner in the area has expressed an interest in a new interchange.
However, the cost of a new interchange typically exceeds $12 to 20 million, depending on the need
for a new bridge. No funds have been budgeted. In addition, state and federal regulations require
expensive and time-consuming studies for a new interchange.
Truck Routes
The township should attempt to limit truck routes through residential areas where an acceptable
alternative exists. Truck routing may involve posting signs prohibiting trucks over a certain weight
on certain streets.
Weight limits throughout the township could be enforced through the use of a portable truck scale,
if the township police complete the required certifications. The fines will often pay for the equipment and enforcement costs.
Parking Limitations on Roads
The township should examine the various locations where on-street parking should be restricted to
only one side of the street or prohibited on both sides. On-street parking can be difficult on narrow
streets but can also function to reduce speeding.
Snow Emergency Routes
The township should consider establishing snow emergency routes. Along the routes, on-street
parking would be prohibited along at least one side during declared snow emergencies. Signs must
be posted along the routes. The parking limitation simplifies the clearing of a sufficient width of
cartway along the routes that receive the most use by emergency vehicles.
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Braden Airpark
Under twnship zoning regulations, the airport is currently a nonconforming use. Therefore, any
proposed expansion of the airport needs approval by the Forks Township Zoning Hearing Board.
The board would have authority to limit the intensity of any changes to the airport. The land area of
the airport is constrained by roads and by township-owned recreation land to the south, which make
any runway extension unlikely.
Airports such as Braden are considered to serve a valuable purpose in separating small propeller
aircraft from the jet airliners that use LVIA. A local airport also provides economic development
advantages, such as allowing corporate aircraft to provide convenient visits to local businesses.
Public Transit
The township should continue to seek opportunities to expand bus service from major residential
centers to expanding employment centers. Transit service not only reduces traffic, but also increases
access to jobs. Public transit is particularly important for persons who cannot afford to maintain a
car (including families with more drivers than cars), for persons who are unable to drive (such as
persons with disabilities, persons with suspended licenses and some elderly persons), for young
people who have not yet learned to drive, and for people who prefer alternatives (such as bicyclists
who can now attach bikes to the front of a bus). Public transit is also important to serve residents of
the increasing number of nursing homes, assisted living centers and age-restricted housing developments in the region, as well as residents who have "aged in place." Public transit also reduces traffic
congestion, energy consumption, parking needs and air pollution.
Public transit services are provided by the Lehigh and Northampton Transportation Authority
(LANTA) system, mainly through Metro fixed-route bus service. In addition, flexible "para-transit"
service is available through LANTA’s Metro Plus service. Metro Plus is particularly valuable for
persons over age 65 and persons with disabilities that prohibit the use of regular bus routes.
Although there are no restrictions on the purposes of the trips, the Metro Plus system is particularly
valuable to help persons reach medical offices, human services and other necessary services. Doorto-door services are provided, although advance reservations are required.
Two fixed route bus lines serve Forks. The E Route extends to the Giant Shopping Center at Old
Mill Road. The route connects to Center Square in Easton using Cattell St. to Sullivan Trail in one
direction, and George and Lafayette Streets in the other direction. From Easton, the E Route
continues to center city Bethlehem and Allentown. Transfers to other routes are available in the
centers of the three cities. The E Route includes regularly scheduled service throughout the day.
Route 5 travels along Sullivan Trail to Kesslerville Road, to the Forks Industrial Park, to Tatamy
and the Palmer Industrial Park. Route 5 returns through Forks to connect to Center Square in Easton
and continues to Easton Hospital, Northampton Community College, Center City Bethlehem and
Allentown. LANTA only operates two trips in the morning rush hour and two trips in the evening
rush hour on Route 5.
Extending existing bus routes is difficult because the LANTA route system is designed to have
many routes meet at common points at certain times to facilitate transfers. However, one desirable
improvement would be having LANTA bus service further north along Sullivan Trail, which would
be within a reasonable walking and bicycling distance of many township residents.
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The Lehigh Valley Planning Commission’s report Community Planning and Transit includes
recommendations to promote use of public transit. Many of the recommendations can also promote
walking as an alternative to short vehicle trips. The recommendations include:
–
Encourage building placement relatively close to roads served by public transit, as opposed to:
– Forcing persons to walk long distances across parking lots to reach the building, or
– Trying to divert a bus through the middle of a large parking lot to reach a building entrance.
–
Improve pedestrian access so people can easily walk from homes, workplaces or other destinations to bus stops, including:
–
–
–
–
–
–
Provide well-maintained sidewalks or pathways, particularly to complete "missing links"
between existing safe pedestrian routes; or, at an absolute minimum, provide flat grass
areas for walking.
Avoid unsafe conditions in crossing roads (such as "walk" signals and well-marked
crosswalks).
Avoid excessively wide intersections that are difficult for pedestrians to cross and which
promote high speed turns by vehicles that are a hazard to pedestrians.
Consider raised islands in the middle of wide roads, which provide a safe refuge for
pedestrians crossing the road.
Provide safer conditions in crossing large parking lots, such as directing most traffic to
the edge of a site instead of having the heaviest traffic running in front of the main pedestrian entrance.
Minimize the number of cul-de-sac streets, and/or provide pedestrian connections at the
end of cul-de-sacs, to avoid long circuitous walks.
–
Provide pedestrian entrances to businesses and stores as close to transit stops as possible, and
require that safe pedestrian connections be provided between the business and the nearest bus
stops.
–
Insure that street corners of intersections that may be served by public buses have turning radii
that can accommodate buses.
–
Provide wheelchair accessible curb cuts.
–
Encourage the placement of transit shelters at transit stops, which are particularly important
during periods of snow, rain, high winds and extreme heat. At a minimum, shade trees should
be provided. Advertising revenue is typically sufficient to fund transit stop improvements.
–
Carefully locate transit stops as part of road improvements and major new developments, in
consultation with LANTA and in coordination with sidewalks.
–
Publicize state laws about motorists allowing pedestrians the right-of-way.
All LANTA buses have a bicycle rack. Therefore, the township should work to provide safe bicycle
routes to reach the LANTA stops within the township.
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Promote use of carpooling
Federal funds should be sought for additional park-and-ride lots. Park-and-ride lots are the easiest
way to encourage carpooling by workers. Park and ride lots are also valuable to promote use of the
public bus system. The need for park and ride lots is driven by the high numbers of local residents
who work outside of the region. The most appropriate places for park and ride lots are near ramps of
I-78, U.S. Route 22 and PA Route 33. PennDOT has plans to expand the overcrowded lot at PA
Route 33 and William Penn Highway, which is served by commercial bus service to New York.
Zoning incentives could be offered to developers of new commercial or industrial projects to
provide parking areas that could be used as park and ride lots. Joint use would be feasible because
the peak parking demand for a retail use is on weekends, not during weekday mornings and
afternoons when there would be the main demand for a park and ride lot.
Action Steps
•
The transportation subcommittee recommended that the following projects be given priority:
–
Improve Newlins Road, Broadway Road, and Winchester Drive to form a convenient
east-west corridor across the township.
The proposed route extends from the intersection of PA Route 611 at Frost Hollow Road,
along the eastern part of Winchester Drive, along Newlins Road East, across from a
proposed new signalized intersection at Sullivan Trail, along Newlins Road West to
Bushkill Drive. The subcommittee recommended widening Newlins Road to result in a
uniform width from Broadway Road to Bushkill Drive and repaving the segment. The
portion of Newlins Road east of the township parkland is already planned for widening
by the adjacent developer. The subcommittee also recommended striping the road to
clearly identify lanes of travel, which will help to separate the shoulder from the travel
lanes. The subcommittee recommended carrying out the traffic study recommendation to
construct a northbound right-turn lane at the Bushkill Drive intersection. The proposal
also involves prohibiting on-street parking on Newlins Road, Broadway Road, and Winchester Drive east of Broadway. Another alternative would be to limit on-street parking
to only one side of the road.
The realignment and signalization of Newlins Road at Sullivan Trail is a key part of the
recommendation and is further discussed later in the transportation section.
–
Upgrade Sullivan Trail to include a left-turn-only lane.
The subcommittee recommended an initial emphasis on providing a center left-turn lane
along Sullivan Trail where one does not already exist. The lane will improve traffic flow
at intersections by removing vehicles that are stopped for a left-turn from the travel lane.
The subcommittee reported that, in most cases, a center turn lane could be provided by
restriping the lanes on the road, without a major widening. The subcommittee recommended planning on moderate speeds of 35–45 miles per hour, with carefully coordinated
timing of traffic signals. As discussed below, traffic signals are planned at Meco Road
and would be desirable at Kesslerville and Newlins Road.
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The township has been obtaining additional right-of-way along Sullivan Trail whenever
feasible when adjacent lands are proposed for development. The traffic study (described
below) includes recommendations for additional widening of Sullivan Trail as a longerterm project.
–
Revise school bus routes at the middle school campus.
The subcommittee asked that the Easton Area School District change the routing of many
school bus routes that enter the middle school campus from Mitman Road and Wagener
Lane to Bushkill Drive and Arndt Road. The subcommittee believes that Mitman Road
and Wagener Lane are not suitable for the amount of bus traffic generated. The current
route is narrow, winding and hilly.
–
Improve the intersection of Northwood Ave. and Bushkill Drive.
The subcommittee recommended that traffic signals be added at Northwood/Bushkill and
that the northbound approach include an exclusive left turn lane. Currently, vehicles have
to wait long periods of time to turn on Bushkill Drive, which can cause motorists to take
excessive risks. The intersection is prone to accidents and handles school buses from
Tracy Elementary School.
•
The following shorter-term road improvements have been identified as high priority by the
township:
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–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Install traffic signals at the Church Lane/Sullivan Trail intersection (south of
Stockertown), add a southbound left-turn lane on Sullivan Trail, and provide exclusive
westbound right-turn and left-turn lanes on Church Lane.
Add traffic signals at the Sullivan Trail/Kesslerville Road intersection.
Widen Sullivan Trail at Uhler Road and update the traffic signal timing, as proposed as
part of the adjacent Weis Markets construction.
Widen the eastbound and westbound approaches of Uhler Road at Sullivan Trail to
provide left-turn lanes, and provide right turn lanes at each corner.
Realign the east and west legs of Newlins Road to form a four-way intersection that
should be signalized. Widen all approaches to the intersection to provide left-turn lanes.
The proposed improvements will need cooperation from Lafayette College, which owns
the west side of the intersection.
Signalize the intersection of Bushkill Drive and Uhler Road, and realign an adjacent
driveway. Add a left turn lane on westbound Uhler Road.
Widen Uhler Road at Kesslerville Road to provide left turn lanes. Update the traffic
signals at the intersection. The improvement is difficult because of the proximity of
buildings (including a historic building) and a railroad to the intersection. The study said
that right-turn lanes are also needed at the intersection but are not feasible because of the
physical limitations.
Add traffic signals at the Bushkill Drive/Mitman Road intersection.
Add left turn and right turn lanes on eastbound Church Road at Kesslerville Road.
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ENERGY CONSERVATION
GOAL: Minimize energy consumption by promoting carpooling, transit use, walking and
bicycling and by promoting green building and site design.
The increasing costs of energy, concerns about air pollution and global climate change, and the
desire to reduce American dependence on foreign fuel sources generate the need for energy conservation. Energy costs are also a major part of the township’s annual expenses, including heat for
buildings, electricity to light streets and fuel to operate vehicles.
Township officials should conduct a study of ways to reduce energy consumption in each townshipowned building. Improvements should be made that are shown to be cost-effective over the long
run. Any new building should be designed to minimize energy consumption, including the possible
use of passive solar technology and the maximum use of natural light.
The township should also evaluate current street lighting and other outdoor lighting to determine the
possibilities of using more energy-efficient methods. New street lights should only be installed
where a clear need has been identified. In some cases, reflective devices can be used to identify
hazards to motorists at a much lower cost than a street light.
The township should also promote land use patterns that are energy-efficient, such as opportunities
for close-to-home shopping, employment and recreation. Bicycling and walking opportunities
should be emphasized, as well as expanded public transit service to reduce dependence on individual motor vehicles. Carpooling should be promoted, particularly through the provision of park-andride lots, as described in the transportation plan section.
Attached housing (such as townhouses) typically require substantially less energy for heat than
single family detached houses because of less exposure to the elements on the sides of the units.
Similarly, buildings of two or more stories are often more energy efficient than single story
buildings. The township’s development regulations should also promote site layouts that allow
homes to be clustered on the most appropriate portions of a tract.
New buildings should be oriented to take maximum advantage of a southern orientation. Flexibility
in front setbacks could be allowed to take advantage of the best angles for solar energy, such as
allowing buildings to be angled along the street. The concept involves placing large number of
windows on the south side of a building to allow natural heating and lighting. Evergreen
landscaping should be emphasized to the north and west of buildings to provide protection against
winter winds. Deciduous landscaping should be planted to the south of buildings to allow the sun to
provide warmth during the winter, while providing shade during the summer.
What Can Developers and Builders Do?
Developers and builders should be encouraged to use the following principles and objectives that
provide examples of using natural elements to save on heating and cooling. The township’s construction code and accompanying state regulations already establish minimum insulation requirements for new homes.
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Public Awareness and Education
Township officials should work toward making residents, property owners, builders and developers
more aware of the need for energy conservation in Forks Township. The following sample techniques can be used to educate the public about the need for and value of energy conservation:
$
Provide all neighborhoods with a safe connection to the township trail system and to a park, to
promote bicycling and walking.
$
Provide information on energy conservation and water conservation methods using, among
other means, the township newsletter and website. Information should emphasize simple and
low-cost ways of conserving energy.
$
Encourage lower-income residents to take advantage of federal and state grant programs and
tax incentives to weatherize homes and reduce home heating costs.
Planning for Solar Access and Shading
The term “solar access,” refers to the availability of sunlight during the period of the day and year
when the sun’s energy can be most usefully employed by solar energy collection systems. Solar
access consists of two basic principles:
$
$
Proper orientation to the sun.
Freedom from shading by obstructions.
A general southern exposure is essential for solar systems to be effective, but the ideal orientation
will vary according to the nature of the solar application and microclimatic conditions. An exposure
within the range of 20 degrees east to 20 degrees west of south is generally acceptable for most
solar applications.
Solar orientation implies orienting streets in a general east-west direction. In areas already platted
in a manner detrimental to solar utilization, building additions, infill developments and redevelopments should be permitted to be solar-oriented.
The term “solar skyspace,” refers to the space that must be free of obstructions to protect a given
area from shading. Protection of the solar skyspace need not be absolute for solar energy systems to
be effective. If buildings in a development are constructed to actively use solar energy, deed
restrictions should be attached to lots within the subdivision to avoid future obstructions on adjacent
lots. However, the township may not be able to prevent routine obstructions, such as trees placed by
a neighbor that obstruct solar collectors from receiving full sunlight.
Green Buildings and Green Site Design
The “Green Building” concept involves construction designed to be environmentally friendly,
healthy for its occupants, and very energy-efficient. Green buildings often involve the use of solar
energy, which may simply involve “passive” solar heating and maximum use of natural sunlight for
internal lighting. Green buildings also minimize the amount of fossil fuels used for heating, air conditioning and ventilation.
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Green construction also seeks to promote recharge of stormwater into the ground. Recharge can be
achieved through rain gardens (landscaped depressions on a site), infiltration trenches (which are
filled with stones above a geotextile), long and wide vegetated swales, and other methods.
Stormwater directed to long, relatively flat swales or vegetated filter strips not only promotes
recharge but also filters out eroded soil and certain other pollutants before reaching waterways.
To reduce environmental impact, total land areas that are covered by surfaces impervious to water
should be minimized. For example, homes should be clustered on portions of a site, which reduces
the amount of pavement per home. Streets should not be excessively wide. Green construction practices should be used to promotes the use of pervious surfaces, such as porous concrete or pervious
asphalt. In both cases, the mix does not include small stones (called “fines”) so that some runoff can
pass through the pavement. Pervious surfaces use a stone base with a geotextile layer to filter the
runoff underground. Pervious pavement is particularly useful in pedestrian areas and in portions of
parking areas that are not used on a daily basis. Less used parking areas can also be constructed
with grass that is grown within a grid material.
Whenever practical, the turnaround of a cul-de-sac street should include a landscaped island. The
island improves appearance and reduces runoff. A snow storage easement can be placed at one end
to provide room for snow plowing.
Natural drainage flow paths should be maintained. Drainage from rooftops should be directed into
vegetated areas on each lot instead of being directed to large stormwater systems. The amount of
land area disturbed at various times during construction should be minimized. Plantings of open
The sketches above compare a lot that is mostly grass with stormwater directed into the
gutter of a street to a lot with fewer environmental impacts. The low-impact lot involves
directing some runoff into an area to recharge into the ground and using drainage swales
that filter out some pollutants before the water reaches a waterway. The low-impact lot
also maximizes the amount of the lot covered by trees.
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space areas should be encouraged to result in eventual reforestation. Mechanical sweeping of streets
and parking lots are important to collect pollutants before they reach waterways.
Infiltration measures need to be carefully designed and maintained in order to function properly and
avoid becoming clogged with sediment. Many measures are described in the Best Management
Practices manual, which is available for free on the PA Department of Environmental Protection
website.
Stormwater ponds ideally would be designed to hold water for several hours or more to allow
pollutants to separate from runoff. However, if the ponds retain water for more than 24 hours,
aeration is desirable to avoid breeding of mosquitos.
An example of a green roof, with vegetation over vehicle garages in an
apartment complex.
A “flag lot” is a lot with a narrow land area connecting the main part of the lot to a road. The narrow stretch includes the driveway. Flag lots should be controlled to avoid overuse. However, one
flag lot within a development can be beneficial at the end of a street to allow a reduced length of
street. A flag lot should only be allowed where an applicant proves that the flag lot will allow
reduced disturbance of natural features or agricultural land and will not result in additional density
on the site.
The Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) certification process is designed to
recognize buildings that best comply with principles that promote energy efficiency, interior air
quality, types of building materials, and minimization of construction waste. The LEED standards
can be viewed for free on the U.S. Green Building Council website. LEED certification was
originally designed for very large commercial and public buildings but has now been expanded to
other types of construction. Certification comes at various levels, with the most common level being
“Silver.” The National Association of Home Builders also have prepared a set of Green Building
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Principles. The Federal “Energy Star” program also recommends energy efficient products and
methods.
Green building construction often involves a higher initial cost, particularly for the design and
engineering. Costs are recovered through lower energy and utility charges. However, incentives are
useful to encourage builders to accept the initial costs.
The township’s development regulations should offer incentives for buildings that meet a national
certification process. For example, a green certified building could be allowed to have a higher
percentage of the lot covered by buildings and/or paving, a smaller lot size, or a taller height. Many
cities are now offering density bonuses for projects meeting LEED certification. Some township
permit fees could be rebated if a building is certified. Other cities promise an expedited review for
green buildings.
The township should also examine zoning requirements for wind turbines. Forks is not a suitable
location for a large wind turbine farm. However, smaller wind turbines could be suitable on many
residential, business and institutional lots. A wind turbine that is only 50 feet high can often provide
enough electricity to power a house and to sell excess power to the electric company. As electric
rates increase, there will be much more interest in household wind turbines.
Solar panels and skylights could be exempted from having to comply with the township’s maximum
height requirements. Most solar facilities are placed on roofs. However, one new “solar farm” is
proposed to involve the construction of over 100 solar collectors mounted on the ground on a field
next to the Crayola headquarters building.
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PUTTING THIS PLAN INTO ACTION
The following section describes methods that should be considered to implement the Forks Township Comprehensive Plan.
GOAL: Promote substantial citizen input, informing residents about community issues and
encouraging volunteer efforts to improve the community.
The volunteer efforts of neighborhood and civic organizations and individuals are essential to further improve the region and to carry out the plan. Volunteerism will strengthen community pride
and provide opportunities for residents and property-owners to improve their surroundings.
Use various materials to keep citizens informed and
provide opportunities for meaningful citizen input, while
making use of new technologies for communication.
The township’s website is valuable to spur public interest, enthusiasm and involvement. The website should include information on recreation programs and agendas for upcoming municipal meetings. Opportunities for citizen involvement should also be highlighted through the newspaper and
other media.
GOAL: Continually work to put the plan into action through a program of updated planning and many short-term actions within a long-range perspective.
Planning is an ongoing process. The comprehensive plan should be implemented through a
continuous process of follow-up planning and action. The most immediate action will be updating
each municipality’s development regulations, as needed.
Maximize communications, coordination and cooperative efforts
between the township, the school district, adjacent municipalities, the county, PennDOT and other agencies and organizations.
To be effective, community development efforts need wide participation. A close working relationship is needed with federal, state and county agencies and adjacent municipalities.
The Township cannot implement the comprehensive plan alone. Residents,
neighborhood organizations, civic groups, businesses, institutions, propertyowners and many other groups must be involved.
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The comprehensive plan should be consistently used as an overall guide for land use and transporttation decisions. In addition, the plan needs to be reviewed periodically and, if necessary, updated to
reflect changing trends.
Use a Full Set of Tools to Implement the Plan
The Forks Township Comprehensive Plan establishes overall policies for guiding the future development and conservation of the region. However, the plan is not a regulation. The following major
tools are available to help implement the plan:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
The Zoning Ordinance
The Subdivision and Land Development Ordinance
An Official Map
Computerized mapping
Capital Improvements Planning
The township’s annual spending
Potential federal, state and county grant funds to accomplish important projects.
Official Map
The Pennsylvania Municipalities Planning Code grants municipalities the authority to adopt an
“Official Map.” An official map can designate proposed locations of new streets, street widenings,
intersection improvements, municipal uses and parks. The map may cover an entire municipality or
only certain areas. The official map process may be particularly useful, for example, to reserve
right-of-way for a future street widening.
When an official map is adopted by the supervisors, the township is provided with a limited amount
of authority to reserve land for the projects on the map. If the land affected by a project on the
official map is proposed for development, Forks Township would have one year to either purchase
the land for its fair market value or decide not to pursue the project. The one-year period is intended
to provide time for the municipality to raise funds to acquire the land and to avoid lost opportunities. If the one year period is not in effect, a person could obtain a building permit almost immediately in many cases and construct a building that could obstruct an important project. An official
map also serves to provide notice to property owners about the township’s future plans.
Computerized Mapping
The county and Lehigh Valley Planning Commission operate a modern computerized mapping/
“Geographic Information System (“GIS”). The system has been used for the maps in the Forks
Township Comprehensive Plan. The GIS system should be fully integrated with operations of
municipal agencies. For example, regular mapping of traffic accident locations can be helpful to
identify hazardous conditions that need to be resolved, such as sight distance problems.
Capital Improvements Planning
The township should have a system in place to continually plan and budget for major capital expenditures. Capital improvements are projects involving a substantial expense for the construction or
improvement of major public facilities that have a long life span and are not considered annual
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operating expenses. Examples of capital projects include major street improvements, acquisition of
parkland, major storm sewer construction projects and new bridges.
A municipal Capital Improvements Program (CIP) can help identify projects that will be needed,
prioritize the projects, identify possible funding sources and budget for project completion. A
typical CIP looks five years in the future. A CIP should identify major street reconstruction projects
that will be needed over the next few years, which can help coordinate the reconstruction with
underground construction projects by various utilities. Coordination avoids the need to cut into a
street for utility improvements after the street has been recently repaved. Through a CIP, many
different projects can be combined into a single bond issue, which minimizes the high administrative costs of multiple bond issues. A CIP also can allow a municipality to carefully time any bond
issues to take advantage of the lowest interest rates.
Other Implementation Tools
Many other tools are available to carry out the comprehensive plan, including aggressively seeking
federal, state and county grants to reduce the burden upon local taxpayers.
GOAL: Update municipal development regulations to implement the Forks Township
Comprehensive Plan, and periodically update the plan and regulations, as needed.
Zoning Ordinance
The township zoning ordinance is the primary legal tool to regulate the uses of land and buildings.
The zoning ordinance includes a zoning map that divides the township into different zoning
districts. Each district permits a set of activities and establishes a maximum density of development.
Each zoning ordinance and map should be updated, as needed, to be generally consistent with the
Forks Township Comprehensive Plan, to modernize standards and to address local concerns.
In addition to regulating land uses and densities, zoning also controls the following:
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The heights of buildings
The percentage of a lot that may be covered by buildings and paving
The minimum distances that buildings may be placed from streets and property lines
The minimum size of lots
The maximum sizes and heights of signs
The protection of important natural features
Subdivision and Land Development Ordinance
The township also has an adopted subdivision and land development ordinance (SALDO). The
SALDO mainly regulates the creation of new lots, the construction of new streets by developers,
and the site engineering of new commercial, industrial and institutional buildings.
GOAL: Maximize communications, coordination and cooperative efforts between the township, the school district, adjacent municipalities, the county, PennDOT and other
agencies and organizations.
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The Forks Township Comprehensive Plan helps to establish a framework for further cooperative
ventures among the municipalities in the region, and between municipalities and the county. Intergovernmental cooperation decrease the costs of many services and also improve the quality of services. The Pennsylvania Intergovernmental Cooperation Act provides broad and flexible authority
to organize joint efforts as municipalities deem appropriate. In general, the act allows two or more
municipalities to jointly accomplish anything that an individual municipality is allowed to do. In
most cases, the act promotes the use of ordinances that are adopted by each municipality to
formalize an agreement. One option available for cooperation involves one municipality providing a
service to a second municipality through a contract.
The same concepts of cooperation can also apply between a municipality and a school district. For
example, a municipality may agree to plow snow from school parking lots and driveways in return
for free municipal use of some school facilities.
The following types of alternatives should be considered to promote intergovernmental cooperation:
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Shared Services and Shared Staff - Shared staff can be particular beneficial for
specialized staff, such as different types of construction inspectors or zoning officers.
Two or more municipalities could hire the same person to do the same job, with so many
hours assigned to each municipality. Therefore, each municipality can hire a highly qualIfied person who is working full-time, rather than each municipality trying to find a parttime person. Shared staff can reduce turnover, which reduces training costs and reduces
the potential for mistakes being made by inexperienced staff. In addition, sharing makes
staff persons available during more hours of the day, which is beneficial to residents and
businesspersons. Sharing also provides greater coverage during periods of illness or
vacation. Some municipalities also have a joint application and testing program for police
officer applicants, which reduces costs and results in a larger pool of applicants.
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Shared Consulting Staff - Great efficiencies can also result when adjacent municipalities choose the same consultants, such as municipal engineers, sewage engineers
or solicitors. Having the same consulting staff promotes good communications
between municipal governments. Common consulting staff also reduces the costs of
having different professionals become educated about complex issues and having to
spend time meeting with consultants of other municipalities to share information.
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Shared Recreation Programs - Shared and coordinated recreation programs greatly
increases the types of programs that can be offered. For example, one municipality
may offer a gymnastics program while another municipality offers basketball programs, with residents of each municipality being allowed to participate in each at
the same cost per person. Multimunicipal recreation programs have had great success throughout Pennsylvania, where each municipality contributes funds toward a
single set of programs that are often organized in partnership with a school district.
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Joint Yard Waste Collection and Composting - Multimunicipal cooperation is a
very cost-effective way of handling the disposal of yard waste, which requires significant land and expensive equipment.
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The toughest issue in joint municipal services is determining a fair allocation of
costs. The Pennsylvania Department of Community and Economic Development
has several publications that can assist municipalities with the issues involved in
cost-sharing.
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Snowplowing – In some cases, two municipalities must each send out a snowplow to
clear different segments of the same street. The municipalities may wish to trade responsibility for different street segments so that a single snowplow can be used to clear the
entire length of a street.
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Joint Purchasing - Joint purchasing can reduce the costs of preparing bid documents and
legal ads because multiple municipalities share the cost and because larger volumes are
being purchased. A joint purchasing process can be particularly useful for annual purchases of standardized materials, such as road salt. The state also has arrangements that
allow municipalities to "piggyback" on state purchases. State law allows a similar process
of "piggyback" bids between municipalities and a county. The state Intergovernmental
Cooperation Act includes rules for joint municipal purchasing. Under state law, one
municipality can be the lead municipality in purchases, without requiring multiple municipalities to seek bids. Municipalities can also join together to jointly purchase insurance,
to hire traffic signal maintenance services, or to jointly contract for solid waste collection.
Joint auctions can also be used to sell surplus vehicles and equipment.
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Sharing of Equipment - Sharing is most beneficial for expensive equipment that is needed
by each municipality for only portions of the year, such as paving, rolling or grading
equipment. The equipment could be jointly owned, or be owned by one municipality and
leased to other municipalities. An alternative arrangement could allow trading of
equipment.
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Joint Tax Collection - The Pennsylvania Local Tax Enabling Act allows municipalities
and to school districts to contract with each other to have one office jointly collect local
taxes.
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Councils of Governments (COGs) - A COG can provide municipal services, if authorized by municipalities. For example, some COGs take care of code enforcement. Other
COGs primarily serve to promote good communications between municipal officials, to
study issues, and to lobby for state or federal funding for projects.
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Joint Authorities - Municipalities can create formal joint municipal authorities to address
many types of matters.
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Joint Planning Commissions - Municipalities can appoint joint planning commissions.
Joint commissions could serve in place of or in addition to municipal planning commissions.
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Cooperation Between or Merger of Fire Companies - Consideration should be given to
promoting additional cooperation between or merger of fire companies. A merger or
cooperative arrangement is particularly beneficial to make the best use of extremely
expensive fire apparatus, such as rescue trucks, hazardous materials equipment, tanker
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trucks and aerial ladder trucks. Merger or cooperation is also important to make the best
use of the limited number of volunteers.
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Joint Police Forces - A joint police force has two or more municipalities establishing one
police force that is directed by commission members appointed by each municipality.
Another option involves one municipality contracting for police services from a second
municipality, which also manages the force. A joint police force allows easier 24-hour
service plus specialized services, such as investigations and youth services, to all
jurisdictions. A joint police force can result in increased training and professionalism,
which can reduce liability costs. A joint force also makes it easier to investigate crime
that crosses municipal borders.
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Incentives for Intergovernmental Cooperation in Grants - Many competitive state grant
programs offer preference to projects that involve cooperation between multiple municipalities. Therefore, if two similar projects are in competition for a grant and one involves
cooperation between two municipalities, the two-municipality project is more likely to be
funded than the project from a single municipality.
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Cooperative Construction of Facilities - The township might find opportunities to
cooperate with other entities in constructing facilities. For example, the transportation
plan section discusses possible construction of parking areas on land that could be usable
as parking and ride lots during weekdays and for special events on weekends. The township and School District may find ways to cooperate in the construction of an indoor
pool. For example, one entity may construct the pool and the other entity could agree to a
long-term lease of the pool during certain hours of the week that would cover a
significant percentage of the costs.
Roles of the Committees
Four Committees of township residents provided valuable input to the Forks Township
Comprehensive Plan; specifically, the committees addressing:
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Agricultural Preservation/Historic Preservation.
Economic Development.
Recreation/Trails.
Transportation.
The committees should continue to meet periodically to provide input to the township. The
committees can also help to spur implementation of the plan’s recommendations.
Role of the Planning Commission
Some of the greatest responsibilities of a planning commission include the preparation and implementation of the comprehensive plan and the preparation of zoning and subdivision ordinance
revisions. On a monthly basis, the planning commission also reviews and makes recommendations
to the supervisors regarding proposed developments. The planning commission also has a role in
reviewing proposals of other government agencies.
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Role of the Boards of Supervisors
The final decision on nearly all matters affecting the growth and preservation of the township rests
with the Forks Township Board of Supervisors. Therefore, close communications and cooperation
between the planning commission, the township staff, and the elected officials will be essential in
continuing to improve quality of life in Forks Township.
Updating The Plan
The Forks Township Comprehensive Plan should be reviewed and updated once every five years.
State law requires that a comprehensive plan be reviewed at least once every ten years.
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Forks Township Comprehensive Plan

Transcription

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