Total Sanitation and Sanitation Marketing Research Report

Transcription

Total Sanitation and Sanitation Marketing
Research Report
March 2009
Prepared for:
The World Bank Water and Sanitation Program
Prepared by:
Nielsen Indonesia
This report was produced by Nielsen Indonesia. Funding for the study was made available by The World Bank
Water and Sanitation Program (WSP). Any views expressed are those of the authors and not necessarily those
of Nielsen, WSP, or The World Bank
Total Sanitation and Sanitation Marketing Research Report • Confidential and
Proprietary • Copyright © 2008 The Nielsen Company. This document is
intended for THE WORLD BANK WATER AND SANITATION PROGRAM
internal use only.
Page 1 of 168
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.
Background ........................................................................................................................ 7
1.1
Introduction ................................................................................................................ 7
1.2
Study Objectives. ....................................................................................................... 8
1.2.1
Detailed Study Objectives – Demand Side ........................................................ 8
1.2.2
Detailed Study Objectives – Supply Side ......................................................... 9
1.3
Approach. ................................................................................................................... 9
1.3.1
Detailed Approach – Demand Side.................................................................. 10
1.3.2
Detailed Approach – Supply Side .................................................................... 14
1.4
Content of the remainder of the report. .................................................................... 16
2. Analysis and Result (Qualitative Demand-side) .............................................................. 17
2.1
Households Expenditure Management. ................................................................... 17
2.1.1
The decision making process on large expenditures in the family .................. 19
2.1.2
The decision making process with regards to sanitation facilities ................... 19
2.2
Common Practices of Open Defecation ................................................................... 20
2.3
Evaluation of Open Defecation ................................................................................ 21
2.4
Unimproved Sanitation. ........................................................................................... 23
2.5
Improved Sanitation. ................................................................................................ 27
2.6
Sanitation facility shopping process. ....................................................................... 30
2.6.1
Decision Making Process................................................................................. 30
2.6.2
Shopping Process ............................................................................................. 30
2.7
Additional analysis: Evaluation of Health Sanitation concept. ............................... 31
2.7.1
Concept 1: “Is Your Prayer ‘Valid/ Correct’ with Given Procedures?” .......... 32
2.7.2
Concept 2: “Don’t Be The Subject of Gossip” ................................................ 33
2.7.3
Concept 3 “Cak Kemplung – Stop ‘Plung” ..................................................... 34
2.7.4
Concept 4 “Jamat” – Jamban Sehat ................................................................. 35
3. Analysis and results: (Quantitative demand-side) ........................................................... 37
3.1
Demographic Profile ................................................................................................ 37
3.2
General Findings ...................................................................................................... 39
3.2.1
Hygiene Practises. ............................................................................................ 39
3.2.2
Source of water for daily activities. ................................................................. 40
3.2.3
Diarrhea............................................................................................................ 40
3.3
Sanitary Related Issue. ............................................................................................. 41
3.3.1
Open Defecation Habits ................................................................................... 41
3.3.2
Detailed Information Regarding Facility and their habit among Owner of
Toilet facility.................................................................................................................... 42
3.3.3
Detailed Information Regarding Facility and their habit among sharers. ........ 44
3.3.4
Detailed Information Regarding Facility and their habit among Open
Defecators. ....................................................................................................................... 45
3.4
Conjoint analysis on toilet facility options .............................................................. 46
3.4.1
Evaluation on 1st concept Combination .......................................................... 48
3.4.2
Evaluation on 2nd concept Combination ......................................................... 49
3.5
Segmentation Analysis............................................................................................. 50
3.5.1
Characteristic Differences between Open Defecator vs Non Open Defecator 51
3.5.2
Characteristic Differences between Improved Toilet Owner vs Unimproved
Toilet Owner .................................................................................................................... 52
3.5.3
Characteristic Differences between Open Defecator vs Sharer ....................... 53
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3.5.4
Characteristic Differences between Open Defecator vs Improved Toilet Owner
53
3.5.5
Characteristic Differences between Open Defecator vs Improved Toilet Owner
54
4. Analysis and results: (Supply-side) ................................................................................. 56
4.1
Terms Used in this Report ....................................................................................... 56
4.2
Introduction .............................................................................................................. 57
4.3
Latrine Market Overview ......................................................................................... 58
4.4
Supply Chain Market Players .................................................................................. 59
4.4.1
Distributors ...................................................................................................... 59
4.4.2
Sub-Distributors ............................................................................................... 59
4.4.3
Retailers ........................................................................................................... 60
4.4.4
Home Industry ................................................................................................. 61
4.4.5
End-Consumers ................................................................................................ 61
4.5
Current Latrines Supply Chain Situation ................................................................. 62
4.5.1
Foreign Brands ................................................................................................. 62
4.5.2
Local Brands .................................................................................................... 63
4.5.3
T4 Products / Unbranded ................................................................................. 65
4.5.4
Baliwerti Phenomena ....................................................................................... 65
4.5.5
Information Flow and Promotional Activities ................................................. 66
4.6
Sales Activity between Players ................................................................................ 67
4.6.1
Distribution Area ............................................................................................. 67
4.6.2
Selling Price and Profit Margin ....................................................................... 67
4.6.3
Sales Figure...................................................................................................... 69
4.6.4
Payment Term .................................................................................................. 69
4.7
Needs and Challenges .............................................................................................. 70
4.8
Masons: Roles and Involvement .............................................................................. 70
5. Conclusions and recommendations: demand-side ........................................................... 73
6. Conclusions and recommendations: supply-side. ............................................................ 78
6.1
Perceptions and Demand of Sanitation Facilities .................................................... 78
6.2
The “Real” Challenge .............................................................................................. 78
Appendices............................................................................................................................... 80
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Page 3 of 168
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: Structure of The FGD ................................................................................................ 11
Table 2: Quantitative Respondents Composition .................................................................... 13
Table 3: Interview Structure of Phase 1................................................................................... 15
Table 4: Interview Structure of Phase 2................................................................................... 15
Table 5: Respondent classification in detail ............................................................................ 38
Table 6: Washing hands habit .................................................................................................. 39
Table 7: Cause of Diarrhea ...................................................................................................... 41
Table 8: Pricing Options .......................................................................................................... 47
Table 9: Summary table of ORs and UNIANOVA for OD VS Non OD ................................ 51
Table 10: Summary Table of ORs and UNIANOVA for Improved VS Unimproved ............ 52
Table 11: Summary Table of ORs and UNIANOVA for Open Defecator VS Sharer ............ 53
Table 12: Summary Table of ORs and UNIANOVA for Sharer VS Improved Toilet Owner 54
Table 13: Summary Table of ORs and UNIANOVA for Open Defecator VS Improved Toilet
Owner ....................................................................................................................................... 54
Table 6: Indication of Selling Price to End-Consumers (in ‘000 Rupiahs) ............................. 68
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Page 4 of 168
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: Area Classification (Courtesy of Kompas) .............................................................. 12
Figure 2: Example of Kali/Kalen ............................................................................................. 20
Figure 3: Example of Unimproved sanitation facility ............................................................. 23
Figure 4: Toilet Facility of Unimproved sanitation users in Probolinggo ............................... 25
Figure 5: Toilet Facility of Improved sanitation users............................................................. 27
Figure 6: Environment characteristic ....................................................................................... 29
Figure 7: Concept Board 1 ....................................................................................................... 32
Figure 10: Concept Board 3 ..................................................................................................... 35
Figure 11: Demographic Profile of Respondents..................................................................... 37
Figure 12: Respondent Classification based on toilet ownership. ........................................... 38
Figure 13: Washing hand habit ................................................................................................ 39
Figure 16: Assessment toward building new toilet facility ..................................................... 43
Figure 16: Type of renovation ................................................................................................. 43
Figure 18: Type of renovation ................................................................................................. 44
Figure 19: Incidence of trying toilet ........................................................................................ 45
Figure 20: Latrine concepts ..................................................................................................... 46
Figure 21: Faeces Disposal concepts ...................................................................................... 46
Figure 22: Concepts Combination ........................................................................................... 48
Figure 23: Conjoint analysis result (Total for 1st Combination) ............................................. 49
Figure 24: Conjoint analysis result (Total for 2nd Combination) ............................................ 49
Figure 25: Segment characteristic............................................................................................ 50
Figure 11: Wet Latrine Types in East Java, Indonesia ............................................................ 56
Figure 12: Latrines Supply Chain Map – Foreigns Brands inside East Java ........................... 62
Figure 13: Latrines Supply Chain Map – Local Brands inside East Java................................ 63
Figure 14: Latrines Supply Chain Map – Local Brands outside East Java .............................. 64
Figure 4: Latrines Supply Chain Map – T4 Products .............................................................. 65
Figure 14: Latrines Supply Chain Map – T4 Products ............................................................ 65
Figure 18: Latrines Supply Chain Map – Ceramic Stores (Baliwerti)..................................... 66
Figure 27: Summary of barriers for adoption .......................................................................... 74
Figure 28: Summary of drivers of behavior change ................................................................ 77
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Page 5 of 168
LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendix 1: MAP OF INDONESIA ....................................................................................... 80
Appendix 2: MAP OF SURVEY AREA IN EAST JAVA...................................................... 80
Appendix 3: INTERVIEW GUIDE FOR STORES (Supply Side) ......................................... 82
Appendix 4: INTERVIEW GUIDE FOR MASONS (Supply Side) ....................................... 85
Appendix 5: INTERVIEW SCHEDULE AND EXECUTIVE IN CHARGE ......................... 87
Appendix 6: DISCUSSION GUIDE FOR DEMAND SIDE .................................................. 88
Appendix 7: IN DEPTH INTERVIEW GUIDE AMONG EXPERT. ..................................... 93
Appendix 8: QUANTITATIVE QUESTIONNAIRE – DEMAND SIDE .............................. 96
Appendix 9: BEHAVIOUR STATEMENT .......................................................................... 166
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Page 6 of 168
1. Background
1.1 Introduction
Rural markets of sanitation are underdeveloped. Sanitation options that target the poor need
to be priced low in order to sell. Most low-cost sanitation facilities are designed around
generic components and parts. Most of the time, individuals practicing unsafe disposal of
human excreta do not internalise the benefits of stopping open defecation. An external
catalyst is therefore required to fill the initial investment gap to develop sanitation markets,
provided on going profit margins are sufficient for local providers and retailers to operate in a
sustainable way.
The Government of Indonesia is introducing a national operational strategy for rural
sanitation and hygiene improvement. This strategy seeks to translate into practice national
policy for community –led water supply and environmental sanitation established in 2003.
The National Strategy is based on lessons learned from past sanitation and hygiene related
programs in the country, and consensus from sector experience analysis with a wide range of
sector stakeholders. Indonesia is a signatory country to the Millennium Development Goals
for sanitation and the government has adopted Total Sanitation as the objective of its rural
sanitation and hygiene strategy 1 . Reflecting on this commitment, the Indonesian
Government has recently requested the World Bank loan assistance to a total of US$137.5
million to implement the third water supply and sanitation for low income communities.
The Water and Sanitation Program (WSP) is an international partnership to help the poor gain
sustained access to water supply and sanitation services. Administered by the World Bank
with financial support from several bi- and multi-lateral and private donors, WSP is a
decentralized partnership and operates through offices in Africa, East Asia, Latin America
and South Asia. A major thrust of the programs is to help its clients prepare for and
implement actions towards meeting the water and sanitation Millennium Development Goals.
The results of the ‘Total Sanitation and Sanitation Marketing Project’ form part of this
program.
The strategy used in this program aims at generating consumer demand not just for sanitation
facilities but also for a set of improved sanitation behaviours that comprise total sanitation.
The aim of this strategy is to promote the development of a self-sustaining demand and
supply mechanism. i.e. a sustainable local market for sanitation and services.
As a part of this strategy the WSP team are engaged with the Nielsen Indonesia team to
conduct a series of marketing research studies in East Java.
1
Draft “National Operational Strategy for Rural Sanitation and Hygiene Improvement in Indonesia”
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The marketing research study covers both the supply and demand side within the sanitation
markets.
1.2 Study Objectives.
The overall objectives of this study are to fully understand the household behaviour and
attitudes, and to asses current products and service. The research findings for this project will
feed in the strategic planning of marketing activities. Key outputs will include market
diagnostics and assessment of constraining factors of sanitation markets, definition of
marketing goals, formulation of marketing strategies, development of plans, implementation
of program activities and monitoring and evaluation of program performance against the
goals.
1.2.1
Detailed Study Objectives – Demand Side
The consumer research among the end consumers (demand side) will help WSP and The
World Bank to understand the existing level of demand for sanitation in the project areas and
identify the major demand drivers that influence adoption of improved sanitation, and to
assess which demand creation strategies will best influence decisions to adopt improved
sanitation by the target group.
The ultimate goal of the marketing program is to drive segments of the population from no or
unimproved to improved adoption of sanitation. The collected data will allow for a
diagnosing constraining factors undermining demand for improved sanitation and whether
these constraints are addressable through targeted communication and promotion (i.e.
demand creation program). The consumer surveys will then be used to identify which
potential strategies can be used to reverse the existing situation.
The information collected will measure existing demand patterns and map population
segments into behavioural categories which then can be used to formulate and deliver
marketing strategies more effectively to the target group. Findings can be used as a baseline
to evaluate the potential effect of communication and promotion programs based in changes
in demand for sanitation improvements.
• Existing sanitation practices (and some key hygiene practices) e.g. Type of
sanitation facility, Current sanitation practices, consumer confidence in the quality of
their sanitation facility etc.
• Cognitive Drivers of Improved Sanitation: e.g. What illnesses are respondents most
concerned about? Do household members make an association between these illnesses
and their sanitation practices or other relevant hygiene behaviours? etc.
• Emotional Drivers of Improved Sanitation: e.g. What are the emotional responses
(desires and inspirational influences) of household members? What are the preferred
attributes of sanitation? Do these attributes belong to the improved category? etc.
• Social and Cultural Drivers of Improved Sanitation: e.g. What is the role of
gender related to household behaviours and decisions? What are community norms
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•
•
•
regarding sanitation? Who are the social influencers (i.e. peers, family members, etc.)
that impact sanitation decisions? etc.
Environmental Drivers of Improved Sanitation: e.g. What access do households
have to sanitation providers? What is the general state of community sanitation? etc.
Behavioural determinants of Improved Sanitation e.g. Adoption stage 2 of
sanitation (preference, intention and choice framework), motivating reasons for
sanitation (i.e. reasons for building a household toilet, constraining factors blocking
installation, attitude determinants towards improved sanitation and improved hygiene,
awareness and perceived benefits of benefits of sanitation upgrade, and availability of
options and masonry, installing and related services, awareness of the four key
features of improved sanitation, availability of Internal finance and willingness to
invest in sanitation.
Characteristics of household interviewed, including Socio-economics, demographic,
education parameters, media preferences
1.2.2
Detailed Study Objectives – Supply Side
The main objective of this study is to develop a model of the current supply chain for latrine
components and construction services in semi-urban and rural areas in East Java, with regards
to:
•
•
•
•
•
Market players and relationships between them (up and down the chain);
Market players' business situation (profits, costs, and payment terms);
Range of latrine components currently available;
Promotional strategies of sanitation products by market players; and
Scale of market activity
This study also investigates opportunities and constraints related to the sanitation business as
well as exploring potential access within the supply chain to improve distribution of products
for the people.
1.3 Approach.
To answer the objectives of this research program, Nielsen conducted a combination of
qualitative and quantitative surveys for this study.
The Quantitative study is originally designed as a verification tool for the previous
questionnaires, research instruments, and other references, which were planned to be used in
this specific study. But after some intensive discussions between Nielsen and the WSP team,
the Qualitative study results will also be used as initial feedback for WSP to design the
communication program.
2
Using Jenkins and Scott behavioral framework (2006)
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1.3.1
Detailed Approach – Demand Side
For the demand side, Nielsen combined the qualitative and quantitative studies to answer the
study objectives,
A. Qualitative Phase
Focus Group Discussions were conducted February 20 to 22, 2008 in


Pacitan at Desa Jatimalang, Kec. Arjosari, Kab. Pacitan (covering 3 villages in 2 subdistricts), and in
Probolinggo at Desa Curah Sawo, Kec. Gending, Kab. Probolinggo (covering 4
villages in 2 sub-districts).
The two districts were selected representing different ‘land types’ :


Pacitan for the hill area, as much of Pacitan consists of chalk hills, part of the Kidul
Mountain range. This makes the land unsuitable for paddy fields. As an alternative,
people in this area plant cassava, cloves, coconut or cocoa.
Probolinggo for the coastal area, as the larger part of Probolinggo is coastal, with
many small and big rivers running through the area. The majority of people in
Probolinggo are either Javanese or come from Madura.
The general criteria for respondents in the Focus Groups were :
 Married men and women
 Aged between 25 and 45 years
 With or without children
 Split into: open defecators, owners of unimproved (defecation) facilities, and owners
of improved (defecation) facilities. Those who own improved facilities should
understand the decision making process on current improved sanitation.
Detailed explanation the different ‘ownership’ segments are:
 Owners of Unimproved Facilities are people who own sanitation facilities which are:
o Above the surface where the smell contaminates the air, the facility is not
properly closed
o Below the surface where the waste is below the surface but still contaminates
the environment (water, ground) or is not properly stored
 Owners of Improved Facilities are people who own sanitation facilities that do not
contaminate the environment (air, water) or where the waste is properly stored.
 Open Defecators are people who defecate in the open, such as the riverside, paddy
field, forest, etc.
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The limitation within this study is that people who share sanitation facilities (sharers) are
excluded from the study based on the consideration that they do not have their own sanitation
yet (have not made any decision regarding sanitation).
In addition, these people might still practice open defecation when their access to the shared
sanitation facility is denied – whose habits can still be learned from the open defecators
segment.
The FGD discussion guide used in this phase can be found in Appendix A.
FGDs
Male heads of
households
Female heads of
households
Open Defecators
1 group
1 group
Owners of Unimproved Facilities
1 group
1 group
Owners of Improved Facilities
1 group
1 group
(n = 6 groups per city, total 12 groups)
Probolinggo & Pacitan
Table 1: Structure of The FGD
To confirm FGD findings and to give insights regarding people’s values and where sanitation
fits in people’s life (to gain a full idea regarding sanitation behavior in East Java), 2 (two) InDepth Interviews among experts (anthropologist / public health educator) were conducted
after the FGDs.
Two experts were recruited for the In-Depth Interviews:
• The 2 (two) experts are from Airlangga University :
– Professor Lorens Dyson P: senior lecturer at the Anthropology Department,
Faculty of Social and Political Studies, Airlangga University
– Dra. Shrimarti R. Devy, M.Kes: senior lecturer at the Behavior Science and
Health Promotion Department, Faculty of Public Health, Airlangga
University.
–
Both In-Depth Interviews were conducted on March 17 in Surabaya
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B. Quantitative Phase
The study was conducted in 29 Kabupaten/Kotamadyas in Rural East Java, for analysis
purposes the Region is divided into 6 Areas using Cultural Classification
 Mataraman: Magetan, Kediri, Tulungagung, Trenggalek, Ponorogo, Blitar, Nganjuk,
Madiun, Pacitan, Ngawi
 Mataraman Pesisir: Lamongan, Tuban, Bojonegoro
 Arek: Sidoarjo, Mojokerto, Gresik, Jombang, Malang,
 Pandalungan: Pasuruan, Probolinggo, Lumajang, Jember, Situbondo, Bondowoso
 Banyuwangi
 Madura: Bangkalan, Pamekasan, Sumenep, Sampang
The target population for the study is the Head of Household. These respondents act as the
breadwinners and come from the CD SEC. Interviews were conducted face-to-face at
respondents’ homes. The fieldwork period was in July – August 2008. Respondents were
selected using a stratified random sampling method.
The questionnaire that was used in the quantitative phase is attached in appendix B, which
can be found in the later part of this document.
Figure 1: Area Classification (Courtesy of Kompas)
The stratified random sampling method used in this research used a two stage process, where
the kelurahan/desa is the primary sampling unit (PSU) and the RT is the secondary sampling
unit (SSU). The respondents were randomly selected by stratifying the population in East
Java, calculating the probability Proportional to Population, with approximately ten (10)
interviews per PSU.
In total 2,008 respondents were interviewed. The detailed respondent distribution is shown in
the following table.
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No.
Kabupaten
Household
Population
Size
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
PACITAN
PONOROGO
TRENGGALEK
TULUNGAGUNG
KAB. BLITAR
KAB. KEDIRI
KAB. MALANG
LUMAJANG
JEMBER
BANYUWANGI
BONDOWOSO
SITUBONDO
KAB. PROBOLINGGO
KAB. PASURUAN
SIDOARJO
KAB. MOJOKERTO
JOMBANG
NGANJUK
KAB. MADIUN
MAGETAN
NGAWI
BOJONEGORO
TUBAN
LAMONGAN
GRESIK
BANGKALAN
SAMPANG
PAMEKASAN
SUMENEP
Total
136,546
208,214
170,097
200,347
284,982
303,620
475,856
224,725
525,166
351,274
210,469
160,690
249,026
282,144
128,123
205,133
209,513
222,252
168,323
141,370
227,735
290,379
251,985
269,990
186,721
187,873
195,724
166,158
296,167
6,930,602
Targeted
Respondents
Actual
Achieved
40
60
50
60
80
90
140
60
150
100
60
50
70
80
40
60
60
60
50
40
70
80
70
80
50
50
60
50
90
2,000
40
60
50
60
80
90
140
60
150
100
60
50
70
84
40
61
60
60
50
40
70
80
70
82
50
51
60
50
90
2,008
Number
Village
selected
(SSU)
4
6
5
6
8
9
14
6
15
10
6
5
7
8
4
6
6
6
5
4
7
8
7
8
5
5
6
5
9
200
of
Table 2: Quantitative Respondents Composition
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1.3.2
Detailed Approach – Supply Side
The sanitation habits exploratory study among consumers indicates that the main player in
the sanitation supply chain is the construction material store; which often acts as sole
provider of latrine pans/ bowls and other materials needed to build a sanitation facility. As
consumers buy sanitation supplies along with other building materials – such as cement,
sand, and bricks, they thus prefer to buy everything in a material store as it is more practical.
However, since latrines are also sold in ceramic stores, Nielsen decided to take such stores as
information samples.
While masons are unlikely to have any role within the supply chain, they sometimes function
as source of information for brands of latrine pans/ bowls to use and referrers of specific
stores. In addition, masons are responsible for installing the latrine pans/ bowls as well as
building the disposal system beneath the surface
Based on this premise, interviews regarding latrine pans/ bowls were conducted among
owners of construction material stores and among masons. Nielsen limits the topic to latrine
pans/ bowls because the product is considered as the main component of sanitation. As
discovered in the consumers’ study, most consumers do not care about what happens with the
disposal system underneath. It is not part of their main considerations when building a
sanitation facility. Sometimes, they are satisfied with a simple PVC pipe to dispose of the
waste.
Responses from stores are used to track down information of their suppliers and buyers, up
and down the supply chain. Responses from masons are used to identify perceptions of
latrine pans/ bowls quality and the costs of building a sanitation facility. Collected
information is expected to draw preliminary diagram that is closest to describe current
product distribution process and to give broader understanding on sanitary latrines business.
Nielsen developed an interview guideline based on discussions with the WSP team, to
facilitate interviews of supply chain players. The interviews were conducted by Nielsen
executives from the Qualitative Research division. Field work for the survey took a two week period, from April 7 to 19, 2008. There were two executives involved – each one
executive handling one designated area. All interviews were digitally recorded. The interview
guideline used for this stage can be found in appendix C (stores) and D (masons)
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The study was conducted in three main locations: Surabaya as urban center (East Java
capital), Gresik and Mojokerto to represent the upper part of East Java (closer access to
Surabaya) and Ponorogo and Pacitan to represent the lower part of East Java. These areas
closely matched the two areas selected for the other phases of the sanitation habits among
consumers, which were Probolinggo and Pacitan. They encompassed a range of socioeconomic, geographical, and environmental conditions that are broadly representative of
semi-urban and rural areas of East Java. Within each study area, three store locations were
targeted:\
•
•
•
Urban center (stores located in center of Surabaya)
Semi-urban (stores located at district or sub-district capital)
Rural (stores located at village or village cluster).
Recruitments were conducted in 2 (two) phases. In the first phase, a total of 21 construction
material stores and 4 (four) masons were randomly selected, using a recruitment
questionnaire. The following table shows the interview structure for the first phase:
Store
Mason
Surabaya
6
1
Gresik
3
1
Mojokerto
3
1
Pacitan
4
1
Ponorogo
5
Table 3: Interview Structure of Phase 1
In the first phase, stores were hypothetically assumed to function as retailers. They were
asked to identify their suppliers up the chain. This process provided information needed for
phase two: interviews among identified suppliers of the stores. Phase two was expected to
give broader insight of the supply chain relationship by tracking down distributors and
manufacturers, including T4 producers.
Based on given information in the first phase, additional interviews were conducted among 3
(three) distributors and 2 (two) T4 producers. The following table shows the interview
structure for the second phase:
Distributor
T4 Producers
Surabaya
2
Ponorogo
1
1
Pasuruan
1
Table 4: Interview Structure of Phase 2
Thus, the total respondents recruited for this phase of the study was 30 people.
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The methodology used for this study phase was designed for swift assessment of the
condition of the sanitation supply chain at one point in time. The emphasis of this study phase
was on developing a broad qualitative understanding of existing systems in the market. Small
sample sizes, limited geographic coverage, and total reliance on respondent information,
naturally lead to sacrificing accuracy. This study phase specifically focused on latrine pans/
bowls distribution. It did not cover the production and distribution of concrete rings/ slabs to
dislodge the waste.
There are also potential biases in the collected information, especially regarding percentages
such as profit margins. Although executives explained the purpose of the study and assured
respondents that all data will be treated anonymously, some respondents might still have
withheld or distorted their responses, for fear that the information will be used to their
disadvantage. Therefore, all percentages in this report should be considered as indicative.
1.4 Content of the remainder of the report.
The remainder of the report is structured as follows:

Section 2: Analysis and results: (Qualitative demand-side)

Section 3: Analysis and results: (Quantitative demand-side)

Section 4: Analysis and results: supply-side;

Section 5: Analysis and results: comparison of the supply and demand-sides;

Section 6: Conclusions and recommendations: demand-side;

Section 7: Conclusions and recommendations: supply-side.
Annexes are provided as a separate document.
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2. Analysis and Result (Qualitative Demand-side)
2.1
Household Expenditure Management.
The main income is with the husband as breadwinner earning a daily or monthly salary or
income. Occupations of main income earners include: farmers (own farming land); farm
laborers (do not own farming land); traders at traditional markets; carpenters; hawkers;
drivers of public transportation (including becak/ rickshaw); teachers; workers (in a factory
or others’ companies) - either in Pacitan, other island (Kalimantan) or overseas i.e. Malaysia,
Hong Kong, etc (especially in Pacitan).
Beside the main income, some respondents have additional income which is obtained during
harvest time (depending on type of crops and planting time) or when the husband ‘finishes’
his work in another island or overseas or when the wife earns a daily or monthly salary or
income (in few families only). Additional income is earned by those working as: farm
laborers (do not own farming land); traders at a traditional market; domestic workers (i.e.
servant, laundry woman, masseuse); part-time teachers (at a Kindergarten or Islamic
Informal School).
In terms of managing their expenditure most households tend to focus on short-term
expenses. They do not have long term savings for future expenses. Whether income is
received daily (for farmers and the self-employed) or monthly (for employees), this tends to
be dispensed immediately or used to pay debt. Therefore any big expenditure is regarded as a
burden, as most of the time they do not have money.
While reserved money is not common among them, respondents seem to be flexible for any
social/ community related expenditure (i.e. a relative’s/ neighbor’s marriage), for which, if
this kind of expenditure being considered is big, they do not mind to even sell their cattle or
borrow some money from their neighborhood. When there is a need for a big expenditure
(planned) such as buying durables or renovation of the house, this is postponed until they
receive a ‘big income’, such as at harvest time.
“It is very difficult to eat everyday, so it will be very difficult to have extra money for
anything else…” (Pacitan, male, unimproved sanitation owner)
“It will be embarrassing if I do not help my family. If others can help our family, why can’t
I?” (Pacitan, female, improved sanitation owner)
“Well, if the expense turns out to be bigger than we planned, usually my husband will be the
one who tries to find a solution. Maybe look for someone to lend us money.” (Probolinggo,
female, unimproved sanitation owner)
“I cannot think of any extra expenses to spend because we just don’t have the money for it.
Maybe if we have additional income, we can think of other things besides the important ones
like food or education…” (Probolinggo, male, open defecator).
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Loan or credit during financial troubles usually come from the following sources: relatives /
neighbors (depends on the closeness of relationship, usually for farm laborers, or traders),
company (through corporation plan), usually for employees.
Expenses can generally be grouped into:
 Routine expenditure i.e. monthly shopping, electricity, tuition fee, house rent, etc.
Both routine and accidental expenditures are money that they will spend, whether money
is available or not - dispensing available money or, when not available, borrowing money.
 Accidental expenditure i.e. gift or donation for others (marriage, sickness,
bereavement).
The accidental expenditure that is most prioritized is a gift or donation for others (for
sickness, marriage, bereavement), as it is an ‘unwritten social obligation’ to give a
donation or gift to others on ‘special’ occasions. Absence or insufficient value of the
expected donation will create a feeling of embarrassment or guilt. The need fulfilled in
this case is a social need.
Accidental expenditure also include school needs (building fee, picnic fee, etc) - for their
children’s education gets the next priority among other expenditures, as most regard
education as a ‘key’ to success. This fulfils a safety & security need for them.
Accidental expenditure on children or family needs (circumcision, wedding, toys, etc), is
treated as urgent and would be next in priority to be fulfilled, because the size or quality
of the event or toy would reflect family status. Here another social need would be
fulfilled.
The least, but still another prioritized expenditure is the budget for Lebaran (= Muslim’s
Holyday after the fasting month of Ramadhan) i.e. children clothing, food, home
decoration. This occasion is regarded very special, and as such special preparations are
made for it. They do not mind to sacrifice other needs for this occasion, even if they have
limited money. This also fulfils a social need.
 Expenditures that wait for extra money
Expenditures that wait for extra money to be available include buying livestock (goat,
cow), paying debt, and house renovation (which includes a latrine).
They will only spend when money is available (having extra money), i.e.:
at harvest time, or from husbands working on another island/ overseas, or donations from
family members.
Payment of debt has the highest priority when extra money is available as this is
considered as an obligation and fulfils a security need.
While extra money is treated as savings, most do not have the habit of saving money at a
bank. They tend to buy things that can be sold later when money is needed i.e. livestock
(goats, cows), gold, ‘gerobak’ (horse or ox-drawn cart), etc. This fulfils their safety &
security need.
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Extra money would also be spent on luxurious durables (in Pacitan: TV, cellular phone; in
Probolinggo: cellular phone, refrigerator). Ownership of electronics will ease and
entertain their lives because these also somehow reflect status of the family, and is part of
their social needs.
The least prioritized is Home Renovation (including latrine). For most, home renovation /
refurbishment is usually done in stages due to economical conditions. Having a latrine
however, is not considered ‘a must have’. The needs may arise later after other needs
above are fulfilled. This is part of their social needs and ego needs.
This means that having a latrine (included in house renovation) is only considered when
they have extra money, and is thus not prioritized.
2.1.1
The decision making process on large expenditures in the
family
Husband and wife usually discuss and decide which large expenditures need to be prioritized.
On matters of food, children’s needs, and some home renovations the discussion is usually
initiated by the wife, while on matters of electronics, durables, certain home renovations the
discussion is initiated by the husband. When an agreement can not be reached, the final
decision is based on the husband’s decision as the husband is regarded as head of the family.
In some cases however, the opinion of elders (parents, parents in law, older brother/sister)
may be asked.
2.1.2
The decision making process with regards to sanitation
facilities
There is an indication that it is usually the wife who initiates the idea of having a sanitation
facility. The final decision however must be made after discussing it with the husband, since
the husband is considered to be the breadwinner. This observation however needs to be
confirmed in the quantitative phase.
On the issue of having a sanitation facility, the wife initiates when …
⇨ She feels insecure to open defecate, because she might encounter difficulties or physical
/ natural harm.
⇨ She feels embarrassed with neighbours when having to borrow their sanitation facilities
(for example during the dry season or when suffering diarrhea).
⇨ She feels uncomfortable to open defecate / has previously used improved sanitation
facilities (before getting married).
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It may also be the husband who initiates when he
– wants to protect the family’s honor from physical / natural harm
– feels uncomfortable to open defecate / has previously used improved sanitation
facilities (before getting married).
2.2 Common Practices of Open Defecation
From the focus groups we found out that open defecation is usually done in several locations
A. By the riverside (Kali / Kalen), a practice common both in Pacitan and Probolinggo by
those who live near the riverside and/ or do not have sufficient land to build sanitation
facilities (“jumbleng” in Pacitan).
These people tend to go in the morning (when it is still dark) or at night, but it can be more
frequent if suffering from diarrhea. The place is about 10 m to 300 m from their homes.
Housewives would either go alone or with children, while husbands usually go alone, except
when asked by their wives to accompany them at night.
Some do it squatting on the river side so that their buttocks do not touch the water, while
some squat in the river with part of their buttocks touching the water.
Anal cleaning is done in the river, with water. While some clean again with water later on,
some do not. Waste is disposed of automatically in the water flow or eaten by fish.
Figure 2: Example of Kali/Kalen
B. In the bush/ forest - open defecation in the bush/ forest is a more common practice in
Pacitan, usually by males in emergency cases when they have to defecate when working in
the forest, or during the dry season when there is limited water in the river.
They tend to do this during daylight and it can be more frequent if suffering from diarrhea.
The location is quite far from home and from the river.
The ones practicing open defecation is usually the husbands, going alone.
Anal cleaning is done with stones or leaves, and cleaned with water later when they arrive at
home. The waste is buried in the ground.
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2.3 Evaluation of Open Defecation
Following is some thought about the open defecation habit:
Positive
 Some sees who do open defecation as an independent persons in a sense that they do
not have to use a neighbour’s toilet which might be annoying to the neighbour.
“Well, we don’t have to feel ashamed because we don’t use the toilet of others. It is
ok to use it once in a while but to do so every day will be improper… because we
throw our waste at their place” (Pacitan, male, open defecator)

Some believe that the human waste will be naturally processed, as in the case of those
who defecate in the river:
−
−

food for fish
“I don’t think it is a mistake as I often see that my waste is beneficial to feed
the fish in the river. They eat it directly while it is there” (Pacitan, male, open
defecator)
fertilizer to help growth in the paddy field.
“If the water goes to the paddy field, (my waste) can act as fertilizer, it will
help the paddy to grow, using organic fertilizer” (Probolinggo, male, open
defecator).
Some believe that Open Defecation will reduce the possibility of facing own bad
smell (few open defecators at riverside).
“If I defecate in the river, I feel more comfortable. I don’t have to smell my
own waste – unlike when I’m doing it in a (closed) toilet” (Probolinggo, male,
open defecator).
Negative
 Open Defecation will cause a difficulty in term of access from their home especially
on these occasion”
− When they are in a hurry to defecate.
“I have to run from home if I am really in a hurry to defecate…” (Pacitan,
female, open defecator)
“We have to control our defecation, so we do not easily defecate (as we wish),
for example defecating every morning…” (Pacitan, female, open defecator).
− When they have need to defecate at night, in rainy season or when they are sick
(i.e. suffer from diarrhea).
“It is very disturbing when we need to defecate at night or in the rainy season,
as we have to ask our husbands to accompany us” (Pacitan, female, open
defecator)
“I have to cross a big street to reach the river, sometimes it is scary”
(Probolinggo, female, open defecator).
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
Open Defecation considered as an activity with lack of safety, i.e.:
− When the river is flooded or the current is strong, especially for children (below 7
years old)
“Usually children like to play with water without knowing the danger. So we
have to pay attention especially when the river is quite flooded and the current
is strong” (Pacitan, female, open defecator)
− Possibility of meeting thugs or people who mean harm (especially among
women)
− Possible attack of animals: fish, eel, or even snakes
“Oh, yes, I encountered an alligator once, sometimes snakes. Since I’m
scared, I just defecate in a paddy field …” (Probolinggo, female, open
defecator)

Open Defecation is also seen as a source of embarrassment especially when other
people pass by and see. However, as this is common in their neighbourhood, this is
considered acceptable
“If anybody passes by, we have to manage so they won’t see our waste being
released. It is like cutting it… (Pacitan, male, open defecator)
“Yeah, I am embarrassed if people pass by, but I think everybody is used to it,
everybody also does that … (Pacitan, female, open defecator).

Open Defecation is also seen as a difficult task especially when:
− Limited water in the river (during the dry season) ◊ must go to another place
(neighbors, relatives)
“In the dry season it is a bit complicated, we cannot defecate in the river as
the waste will not drift away. So we are forced to defecate in my parents’
house, Their house is not far from mine” (Pacitan, female, open defecator)
− Long queuing; there are several occasion where they have to wait for their turn
because others were using the usual place by then (in Probolinggo, people have
specific place where they usually defecate, not move around from one place to
another).
“If there is someone else doing it at my usual place, I have to wait for my
turn” (Probolinggo, male, open defecator).

Interestingly, at the moment only a few that raised the concern on this habit which
related to the health issues, and it the relation is not the possibility of neighbourhood’s
health condition that might impacted by the open defecation habit but more toward
the current environmental condition which might impacted toward them.
− Water that is polluted from other waste (industrial, household) can result in
itchiness or other skin diseases.
“The river near my house carries disposal from kitchens as well, so sometimes
the water is sticky, not good for the skin” (Probolinggo, male, open defecator)
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−
Cold water can cause rash on feet
“The water is cold so sometimes I get rash on my feet” (Probolinggo, female,
open defecator.
2.4 Unimproved Sanitation.
The unimproved sanitation premises that usually found in Pacitan usually in the form of:
 A hole, dug 2 meters deep, used to keep the waste
 A piece of wood, cement or something more permanent as a place to step on.
 The hole can be open/ uncovered or half covered.
 No water needed to throw the waste away / dispose of the waste.
Most of the users of this facility are coming from the lower economic family, who cannot
afford to build/have proper sanitation facility but do not comfortable in doing Open
Defecation habit.
The advantage of using the unimproved sanitation in their perspective is they can do this
anytime, and do not have to go too far from their home – only about 10 to 30 meters from the
house, still within their own land, most of the time they go there alone, except children below
7 years old who are usually still accompanied / helped by their parents, once finished, they
clean their body with water brought from the bathroom. Some however, already have a
source of water near the hole. They do not feel the need to clean up the waste because it is
will be thrown (fall) into the hole.
Figure 3: Example of Unimproved sanitation facility
The rationale for using the unimproved sanitation facility are vary, and below are listed some
of the most mentioned reasons:

Geographical situation
o Not in close proximity with the river, they usually live on hills or slopes where
clean water is difficult to find, especially during the dry season, thus digging
holes as a way of having (unimproved) sanitation.
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
Social ego
o To present themselves as independent, Using other people’s toilet can create
embarrassment and considered bothering and impolite (because they “give”
waste to others).
The unimproved sanitation users are mainly happy with their current behaviour since they do
not have to use a neighbor’s sanitation, thus do not bother the neighbor – to look independent
“Well, at least we have our own defecation place, although it is still improper but
it is already accepted” (Pacitan, male, unimproved sanitation owner)
Beside that they feel good because the waste is kept in one place, does not pollute the
environment
“Well…. At least the waste does not get in direct contact with air…it is kept in
the hole, so does not easily pollute the air” (Pacitan, male, open defecator)
The users feel good because they will not affected by bad smell - i.e. while defecating- as the
hole is opened, the user will easily breathe in the bad smell but in the same time while not
defecating – if the users leave the hole open or not completely closed, the unpleasant odor
can still be smelled at home (reaches the house)
“What I don’t like is the bad odor… my husband smokes while defecating but as I
don’t smoke, I just close my nose like this…” (Pacitan, female, unimproved
sanitation owner)
The unpleasant odor is not the only disadvantage of this kind of facility, this facility is
actually is a burden to them since the hole will be full after 2 years and then they have to dig
another holes. Beside that some still have a non-permanent place to stand on (made from
wood), which will easily rot
“The wood rots easily because of rain, because mine does not have a permanent
roof, hence I once fell into the hole….hahaha” (Pacitan, male, unimproved
sanitation owner)
The fact that the facility is not located within their house is another disadvantage of this
facility since it is quite difficult to get there at night or when it rains.
While in Probolinggo the users of unimproved sanitation facility are usually have a toilet
construction including the latrine (The upper and middle structure) but do not have the faeces
disposal facility (or they called it “septic tank”). Human waste is disposed of in the river,
through a certain length of PVC pipe, without the use of a septic tank. Septic tank is a
common terminology that they used, but they perceived septic tank as a closed hole
underneath the surface for waste storage. It can be built-in product or build by masons, using
cement and bricks.
In Probolinggo, many houses are close to a river. It is common to find people who own
latrines (including modern sitting toilets) but do not have a septic tank to dispose the waste.
Instead, they dispose of human waste in the river using a PVC pipe.
Thus, these people may not consider themselves as owners of “unimproved” sanitation.
Instead the definition comes from World Bank.
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Figure 4: Toilet Facility of Unimproved sanitation users in Probolinggo
The septic tank is considered as the advanced (improved) type of sanitation facility in
Probolinggo. There are no other improved types that they know of.
The soil condition in the area is the main reason for these people for not having improved
sanitation (with a septic tank). According to them, water will easily seeps out from the soil,
thus, one must build a strong and thick septic tank to avoid the possibility of human waste
seeping through and polluting the source of clean water in the neighborhood. Land space in
their house is also a major concern for building a septic tank within their house. Some also
mentioned about the ground water surface which is not deep enough therefore it is become
their concern should they build a septic tank, it will pollute the water source.
The (perceived) environmental condition is not the only factors that affect their decision to
use the unimproved sanitation facility; the financial consequences of building an improved
sanitation facility are playing a key role for their decision, once they build it, they need to pay
for maintaining purposes of the faeces disposal facility
Considering the above mentioned factors, they felt that their decision in utilize the
unimproved sanitation facility is the best decision since their house is near the river stream,
therefore it is very practical because they just need a PVC pipe and dispose of the waste in
the river”. It is cheaper and at the same time it protects the clean water source in the area.
Among the current users, they mainly Triggered by the following factors:
1. Personal Ego
o To protect family well-being
– Mostly from a husband’s point of view, having a toilet means protecting the
family from harm (especially wives who are afraid of the dark, floods, snakes or
even criminals)
– Experience of discomfort when family members suffered from diarrhea (especially
among children) – and must frequently go to the river
– Experience of parents being old and sick; and cannot go to the river anymore
(few).
“My wife never goes to the river; she is not used to it. She feels embarrassed and
uncomfortable. So I thought I’d better build my own toilet …” (Probolinggo,
male, unimproved sanitation owner)
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“The river near my house sometimes floods, so I am afraid that when I go there I
might be carried by the water.. So I told my husband and we agreed that it would
be better if we have our own toilet …” (Probolinggo, female, unimproved
sanitation owner).
2. Social Ego
o Present themselves as modern and advanced
– Usually, visitors from out of town do not have the habit to defecate in a river. To
avoid feeling embarrassed, they prefer to build a toilet to address this matter
– A feeling that having a toilet is one step ahead in climbing the social ladder.
These consumers feel that they have moved one step away from the open defecating practice.
They have a similar assessment of their toilet as those who have a septic tank. Their current
facility were the answer of following factors:
1. Social advancement:
– Not to feel embarrassed when having visitors from out of town (especially from big
cities); if the visitors need to use a toilet. The visitors do not have to go to the river
“We get visitors from out of town sometimes, and they are not used to defecate in
the river” (Probolinggo, female, unimproved sanitation user).
2. Comfort:
– To be able to use the toilet anytime they want (day or night); do not have to wait
for their turn
– Easy access, especially for children or older people (their parents)
“If, for instance, in the middle of the night, we get a stomachache and need to go,
we can just go. We don’t have to be afraid of going to the river anymore”
(Probolinggo, female, unimproved sanitation owner).
3. Privacy
– Not to have to worry about, or be embarrassed by people seeing parts of their body
(especially for some husbands, who feel that they have to protect their wife’s
honor)
– Giving them a chance to be alone with their thoughts.
“We have to protect our body. If we have our own toilet, we can protect our body
parts, so nobody else can see them” (Probolinggo, male, unimproved sanitation
owner)
“I can use it as long as I want to, be alone with my thoughts” (Probolinggo, male,
unimproved sanitation owner).
4. Safety
– Reduces the possibility of being harmed, either by animals or other people.
Those who do not have their own septic tank see themselves as:
− Socially advanced, compared to open defecators
− Aware of the environment, because a septic tank is considered ‘dangerous’ as it
can pollute the source of (drinking) water if not carefully planned (only few)
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“If I build a septic tank, the cost will be very big. Plus I’m worried that it will
pollute the water source. If I dispose of it in the river, my environment will be free
from pollution” (Probolinggo, male, unimproved sanitation owner)
The disadvantages are not due to the fact that they do not have a septic tank. Instead, these
consumers look at it from the angle of “sharing the toilet” – as their toilet is sometimes used
by other people (family members or neighbors), and other might not have the same level of
hygiene à do not flush or clean the toilet after use.
2.5 Improved Sanitation.
Improved sanitation users are defined as a person who own a toilet facility which has a “A
permanent pit-toilet with goose neck”; “A sitting or squatting pit-toilet” “With a faeces
disposal facility or septic tank in their own word.”
Figure 5: Toilet Facility of Improved sanitation users
Owner of such facility sees themselves as a modern and advance people, It is considered as
another step up on the social ladder where a perception in the society is that households in the
higher economic class should have advanced housing, which includes toilets (meaning that
economically, they are more advanced). Some of the owner of this proper facility are coming
from a bigger city than Pacitan and Probolinggo they are accustomed to having improved
sanitation and thus are unwilling to ‘down grade’ their lifestyle and having their own toilet
improves their feeling of comfort while defecating.
From the breadwinner point of view, the facility will ensure the safety of their family. They
also have a positive evaluations on Improved Sanitation since the facility will ensure the level
of comfort and privacy since the facility is Easily access, therefore they can go anytime they
want. It also provide a sense of privacy (closed and private).
“It is close to my house and I don’t have to wait for my turn” (Probolinggo, female,
improved sanitation owner)
“If we suddenly get stomach ache, where can we run to if we do not have our own
toilet?” (Probolinggo, male, improved sanitation owner).
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In terms of social appearance, the facility conveys an independent, modern, and upscale
image.
“For arisan (social gathering of housewives in the same neighborhood which is
conducted routinely), people will choose a home with an integrated toilet. So it’s
like… upgrading the status” (Pacitan, female, improved sanitation owner).
And lastly the facility is seen as an environmental friendly things since waste is processed
properly; does not pollute the environment.
Aside the positive evaluation, users also share negative opinion toward the facility especially
on the supporting factors such as the water availability (in Pacitan), especially during the dry
season, and also the attitude of person who use the facility altogether with the owner.
Those who own (improved) sanitation see themselves as quite wealthy and well educated,
and are in a higher social status compared to those don’t have one. Others have a quite similar
view, perceiving those with healthy sanitation as quite wealthy, well educated, and of a
higher social status compared to those who don’t have. A few perceive them as those who
received a donation from the government to build improved sanitation. There is a high
satisfaction level with the current sanitation, which is already regarded as the best that they
can have.
The use of Improved Sanitation is looked at from different aspects.
⇨
The Physiological Aspect sees using improved sanitation as being more comfortable,
like having easy access, being clean and with no smell.
⇨
From the Psychological Aspect, using improved sanitation makes them more
independent because they have own sanitation at home. It also makes them more
modern and upscale and, consequently, more confident of themselves
⇨
From the Social Aspect a home with improved sanitation is regarded as an ideal
home, and is also more preferred as a place for gatherings.
Currently, triggers for having unimproved and improved sanitation are similar.
The difference of having unimproved and improved sanitation facilities mainly depend
on geographical area (near the water or not, have sufficient land size or not) and clean
water availability.
There is a feeling that clean water for anal cleansing is very important in a sanitation
facility and that water-flushed system is the only one they know of to get rid of the smell.
Thus, education regarding other type of sanitation system will be important to increase their
awareness, though may not enough to change their current behavior.
In short, environment characteristic of the three different segment can be summarized in the
following figure.We can conclude that ater availability and the condition of the soil impact
the sanitation ownership in an area, and improved sanitation must be supported with
availability of clean water so that the option will be relevant to be applied.
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Figure 6: Environment characteristic
Having a sanitation facility (of any kind) is related to ego and social needs fulfillment, thus
these will be drivers to change.
“WC” is a more common term used for toilet (only few familiar with term ‘jamban’), and
perceptions are that a toilet is:
• a room complete with “pit-toilet” and water to flush the waste
• a “Pit-toilet” can be one used while squatting or sitting
• a sitting model is considered as the “modern” type of pit-toilet (“just like in the big
cities”) while
• a squatting toilet can be cheap or expensive, depending on the materials (porcelain or
cement)
It is clear that there is a GAP in the understanding of the physical structure of a toilet and its
function. These people do not see the actual function of a toilet (of what is below the
surface). In their eyes, a toilet would consist of several elements (including the actual room
with cement, pit-toilet, and the water to flush).
Based on this perception of the physical set up, a reason for not having a toilet is the
‘price barrier’.
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2.6 Sanitation facility shopping process.
2.6.1
Decision Making Process
The decision making process may be initiated by either the husband or the wife.
⇨ Some husbands initiate having sanitation facilities, because they:
o are not used to defecate in the open,
o are worried about the safety of their family members,
o feel that they are already able to step up the “social class ladder” and have enough
money to own a sanitation facility,
o feel embarrassed of using someone else’s facility.
⇨
Wives initiate having sanitation facilities, for similar reasons, among others because
they:
o are worried with their safety if have to go to the river,
o feel embarrassed or uncomfortable for having their body part shown,
o are not used to defecate in the open,
o feel embarrassed of using someone else’s facility.
When they start feeling that “maybe we need to have our own sanitation facility”, they start
the discussion about
⇨ How their financial condition is? Whether they have enough money? (most important)
⇨ Where they will build the facility? Inside the house, outside the house?
⇨ What kind of facility they will have? Squatting or sitting toilet? How the waste will be
disposed?
2.6.2
Shopping Process
Consensus between husband and wife is the key important factors when a household about to
build a toilet facility, then it is husband’s role to find the mason. Mason and the husband will
have a consultation regarding the material that needed to build the toilet and the mason fee.
Sometimes they also get information about price estimation from neighbors who have built a
toilet facility. In most occasion, it is not the mason who conduct the actual material shopping,
it is the head of households who did it. And the mason will finish the facility in 1.5 week
time.
During the process, the home owners faces several issues, such as:
A. In Pacitan:
Materials
⇨ Since Pacitan is a hilly area, materials such as coarse-sand (pasir), stones, even wood can
easily be obtained. Thus, materials bought are mainly cement and pit-toilet unit.
Stores
⇨ In Pacitan, building-material stores can be found in the sub-district (kecamatan) but
usually limited to 1 – 2 stores only. Thus, most would buy everything needed in one place
(one stop shopping).
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B. In Probolinggo :
Materials
⇨ The area in Probolinggo included in this study is mainly coastal or near a river, thus most
materials are bought from stores.
Stores
⇨ In Probolinggo, there are sometimes more than two stores building-material stores at the
sub-district (kecamatan). Thus, some consumers prefer to buy materials from different
stores to get the cheapest prices.
Consumers do not feel that shopping for sanitation materials is a complex or complicated
process. Both materials and masons needed to build the toilet are available in their area.
Thus, the barrier to having a personal toilet is not due to lack of outlets or human resources
to build it. The main drawback is the funds to buy the materials or pay the masons.
The key learning from the above is that :
⇨ Since consumers do not have many ideas of toilet types (their knowledge of toilet type
is what they are aware of so far, i.e. : sitting or squatting pit toilet, with clean water to
flush) – discussions for decision making is not complicated. Sanitation facility is not
something that they pay big attention to – unlike durables, for instance, where their level
of involvement to such will be higher.
⇨ Thus, the discussion will mainly be about funds. They are not aware of, or do not care
about, for example, things like:
o What happens below the surface of a sanitation facility.
o Available features of sanitation facilities.
2.7 Additional analysis: Evaluation of Health Sanitation
concept.
In this study, we also evaluated some preliminary concepts of health sanitation which were
prepared for the actual implementation stage in the field. In total there were 4 concepts that
were being evaluated. Three are communication concepts while the other one is a concept of
the brand of a sanitation facility.
On communication concept all three concepts do not seem to be highly effective in making
people think twice about the consequences of open defecating. Most respondents from
Pacitan and Probolinggo did not quickly draw/ get the intended key messages in the concepts.
Only the concept of “possibility of having wife’s buttocks displayed” seems to be closer to
current reality – and may generate second thoughts among husbands.
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However, this also does not have an extremely strong pull. This situation is considered an
everyday fact among open defecators. They tackle this issue simply by observing
surroundings when defecating (avoid when there are many people around), building “semipermanent” toilet above the river to hide themselves from public eyes (as with several cases
in Probolinggo) or by going to the riverside early in the morning, when it is still dark (several
cases found in Pacitan).
Thus motivating people to change their open defecating habit may need to come from a
different angle.
2.7.1
Concept 1: “Is Your Prayer ‘Valid/ Correct’ with Given
Procedures?”
Figure 7: Concept Board 1
Verbatims:
“As long as the river flows, it is still correct according to given rituals. Even if the water is
contaminated …” (Probolinggo, female, unimproved sanitation owner)
“The river here is big and the water flows. So it is okay …” (Probolinggo, male, improved
sanitation owner)
“But here, people usually take water for wudhu’ at a well, not at the river. Even when we
take a bath, we take water from a well …” (Pacitan, female, open defecators)
“I think it is still correct because the water flows …” (Pacitan, female, improved sanitation
owner)
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Overall respondents found concept 1 is not appealing, and not too relevant to them.
Respondents cannot easily take out the key message of this concept as they somehow feel
that the situation is irrelevant to the actual procedure of praying because:
o Water that continuously flows is okay to use for wudhu’ even though it is
contaminated.
o In addition, most masjids (mosques) as shown in the concept will already provide
clean water for wudhu’; so people will not use water from the river
2.7.2
Concept 2: “Don’t Be The Subject of Gossip”
Verbatims:
“Exactly, the reason why we have a toilet is to cover our ‘aurat’ (Islam term: body parts that
must be hidden from non-member of family) …” (Probolinggo, male, unimproved sanitation
owner)
“Yes, that happens a lot, sometimes when we are defecating, there are men who are fishing
near us, we feel embarrassed…” (Probolinggo, female, open defecators)
“I think here, it is common. I mean, it is not a strange thing anymore …” (Pacitan, male,
unimproved sanitation owner)
“I don’t think there are people here who own DVD but do not have toilet …” (Pacitan, male,
open defecators).
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The part of “his wife’s buttocks” is considered funny and easily generates laughter. It is
relevant to the current situation – since it has a high possibility to occur among open
defecators.
The second part of “own DVD but do not yet have toilet” is not considered highly relevant. A
DVD is considered a luxury item in both areas. It will be more relevant if the concept talked
about is a more common household item, i.e.: TV.
Concept 2 generates some appeal, especially the part with “wife’s buttocks”. Some
respondents feel that this can make husbands consider having their own toilet to avoid
embarrassment of “displaying” his wife’s body.
However, among some open defecators, this situation is not considered unusual – they
accept it as it is.
2.7.3
Concept 3 “Cak Kemplung – Stop ‘Plung”
Verbatims:
“Well, it is true, usually Maduranese defecate at the river …” (Probolinggo, male, open
defecators).
“Even if we do not defecate in the river, it will not make any difference because of industrial
waste that is being thrown into the river …” (Probolinggo, male, unimproved sanitation
owner).
“I think here, this portrayal is not relevant. When we defecate, it will immediately be eaten
by fish (so it will not result in a pile of waste)…” (Pacitan, male, open defecators)
“I don’t think it is relevant because here only one or two people go to the river. It will not
create pollution …” (Pacitan, female, improved sanitation owner).
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This concept is relatively easier to comprehend. In terms of relevance however, some noted
that there are other factors that make rivers dirty or polluted aside from human waste, i.e.:
industrial waste from various factories in the area. Thus, cleaning the river cannot be done
only by making people stop defecating there.
In addition, in reality, they feel that human waste can easily be processed naturally (i.e. eaten
by fish) thus will not create ‘heavy pollution’ as portrayed by the concept. There is no strong
rejection of the “Cak Kemplung” portrayal because respondents only see him as a
spokesperson.
Concept 3 is moderately appealing – although it does not carry new information, but
only the idea of “cleaning the river”.
2.7.4
Concept 4 “Jamat” – Jamban Sehat
Respondent view the term Jamat as an uncommon. “Jamat” sounds like “Camat” (head of
sub-district) or even “Jumat” (Friday). Few in Probolinggo even think that “Jamat” is a
brand name for a pit-toilet product.
For some respondents in Probolinggo, “Jamban” is not associated with WC, but as “pittoilets” or public toilets provided by government.
“Jambanku sehat!” to them means:
⇨
⇨
⇨
⇨
⇨
A toilet that is clean.
A toilet that does not produce a bad smell (inviting flies).
A toilet that does not pollute the environment.
A toilet with a septic tank (among improved sanitation owners).
A “Modern” toilet - sitting toilet, complete with toilet-cover (few, Pacitan).
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“Beli Jamat enggak mahal-mahal amat” - This line means that one is expected to buy the
product ⇨ thus, “Jamat” is a built-in product (most likely the pit-toilet)
“PAJAMAT” to them means:
⇨ An officer from the Health Department or District government that gives counsel or
information regarding health and sanitation (Most).
⇨ People who know how to build a healthy toilet (few, Probolinggo)
“Kios Jamat Dapatkan Jamban Sehat di sini” - This line is linked to a place that sells pittoilet products. Some see that it only sells the pit-toilets without other needed materials.
This report documents the objectives, methodology, findings, and conclusions from
assessment study of sanitary latrines supply chains in semi-urban and rural areas of East Java,
Indonesia. The study was commissioned by The World Bank’s Water and Sanitation Program
(WSP) in Indonesia, and was conducted by Nielsen Indonesia in April 2008.
Consumers only see the “Jamat” concept as an advice or suggestion to purchase a pit-toilet.
It does not generate high appeal or a high level of comprehension. The majority only guess
what “Jamat” is all about – without actually understanding the idea of “Healthy (Improved)
Toilet”.
To some, the introduction of “PAJAMAT” is translated that this suggestion is coming from
the government or its agency. Thus, it opens possibility of getting financial aid to buy a
“Jamat” product.
Care must be exercised in introducing the “Jamat” concept as it may mislead people
into thinking that it is a campaign of “getting a free or cheap” pit-toilet product from
the government..
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3. Analysis and results: (Quantitative demand-side)
3.1 Demographic Profile
Most of the respondents come from the D Socio Economic Status (households with a monthly
routine expenditure of IDR 600,000 – IDR 900,000), with very small variations across the
different regions. In terms of age, only 10% is younger than 30 years.
Figure 11: Demographic Profile of Respondents
Overall, about one fifth of respondents are considered illiterate (?), and about half either
finished Junior (?) or (?) High school, a common picture of villages are in Java. They mostly
live in a house that belong to themselves (59%) or is owned under their parents name (23%);
and less than 15% live in a rented house.
Using the World Bank definition for sanitation facility, half of the respondents actually fall
into the “owner of improved sanitation facility” segment, while about a quarter (27%) are still
considered as open defecator. Please note that this classification was based on the
respondents’ claim and not on observation. We also can see that there are little variations
across the areas surveyed, with the “arek” area, which represents the big cities of East Java
(Surabaya and Malang), having more improved facilities compared to the other areas,
especially the remote ones.
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Figure 12: Respondent Classification based on toilet ownership.
Table 5: Respondent classification in detail
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3.2 General Findings
3.2.1
Hygiene Practises.
Washing hands is quite a common practice
among the respondents, especially before
and after meals, although the main reason
for doing so is to get the rid out, and is not
related to hygiene factors.
Washing hands after defecating is quite low
with only 66% of them doing this activity, a
figure which correlates to toilet facility
ownership, with owners of toilet facilities
(both unimproved and improved) being the
group that more regularly doing this.
On the other hand, washing hands after
urination is still uncommon for respondents
with only one fifth of respondents regularly
washing their hands after urination.
Bar soap is the most common product used
for washing hands, and only small
proportion do not use any product washing
their hands.
Figure 13: Washing hand habit
Table 6: Washing hands habit
When probed further, 79% of respondents claim that they are aware that there could actually
be an effect by improper hand washing habit, and the effect related most to this is diarrhea.
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3.2.2
Source of water for daily activities.
The majority (65%) of households surveyed in this study rely on a well to get the water for
drinking and cooking, while only about 7% depend on tap water provided by the local
Drinking water company (PDAM). Most water sources are located within their home
premises. The sources used are the main water sources for both the dry and rainy seasons.
Only a small proportion of respondents claimed find difficulties to obtain water during the
dry season. Going to another well is one option to get water then, aside from going to the
river to get it
3.2.3
Diarrhea
From the total respondents interviewed, one in five (21%) have a 5-year old or younger
child. And most of these children (41%) are already defecating in a toilet. A quarter (25%)
still do not defecate in a toilet, but their parents dispose the feces into the toilet. As for the
remaining group, most dispose the feces in various places such as the river, ground or a
gutter. The absence of a toilet facility within their house is the major reason for disposing of
it in these places. Only a small proportion (2%) of these children defecate in the river.
Diarrhea is not a very common symptom in their area, with only 10% of respondents
experienced their child or other children within their neighborhood experiencing it. And
most related this symptom with the children’s eating habit and not the environmental
condition or the open defecation habit that might still occur within their neighborhood.
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Diarrhea is seen as dangerous, especially to an infant. As many as 85% of respondents
claimed that diarrhea could cause death to the infant. Since most of the respondents think that
diarrhea is caused by food, the majority (64% ) think that diarrhea could be prevented if one
would cook their water before drinking and prepare well cooked food. Some respondents
however also do relate diarrhea with sanitation habits and conditions in their neighborhood,
and to prevent it one should wash their hands with soap (53%) and must clean their
neighborhood (46%).
Table 7: Causes of Diarrhea
3.3 Sanitary Related Issue.
3.3.1
Open Defecation Habits
Open Defecation is a habit that is hard to be changed among the majority of the respondents,
and even among those who own a toilet facility in their house, about 18% claimed that they
have defecated in the open air. Inability to hold the defecation any longer is the main reasons
for defecating in the open air for them, followed by the absence of a toilet facility within their
working place, and most claim that a river is the most convenient place to do so.
Most respondents (67%) think that defecating in the open will have an impact on the
surrounding environment, and clearly this understanding will vary across different types of
respondents with the “open defecators” segment having the lowest understanding toward it.
Nevertheless, the impact that these respondents thought of is not related to sanitation and
health issues, but more to the immediate impact that might be caused by feces such as an
unpleasant smell/ odor
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3.3.2
Detailed Information Regarding Facilities And Habits
Among Owners Of Toilet Facilities
Among owners, the motivation to build/ have a toilet facility is mainly driven by their desire
to make it easy for their family with relation to defecation, so it is more convenient for their
family and it will ensure their family’s privacy. Having a toilet also will increase their
credibility (?) within their neighborhood since they do not disturb their neighbors anymore.
Most of the current owners have built/ owned the facility for more than 1 year, while only
less than one in ten (7%) of the respondents built their facility just recently. Among the latter
group, the average spent for building the toilet is IDR 1.2 million, and they relied on local
masons both for the installation and the gathering of information about the toilet and its
facility.
Being the owners of a toilet facility in their households, the majority (63%) of this group say
that it was not difficult for them to build the toilet, having had most of the factors in their
favor. Interestingly though some (19%), even though they own a toilet facility, claimed that it
was actually not too easy for them to build one, which was due to their financial condition
and condition of the environment around their house (e.g. availability of water during the dry
season).
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Figure 16: Assessment toward building a new toilet facility
Under the current situation, toilet
renovation is not among the respondents’
list of priorities. Only 15% of
respondents plan to renovate their toilet.
Among this group, some plan to upgrade
the subsurface facility, i.e. close the hole
and dig a new one; or install a new feces
disposal storage. Most however are
planning to renovate or to upgrade the
physical condition of their toilet housing
facility.
When probed further and asked to
imagine whether money would not be a
problem for them, among those who
currently do not plan to renovate their
toilet, only about a quarter (27%) are
actually thinking about renovating their
toilet. And the type of renovation they
think about is more towards upgrading
the physical condition of their toilet
housing facility such as install a new
latrine (they used the “closet”
terminology to describe latrine) or put
new tiles for their toilet.
Figure 17: Type of renovation
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For those who planned to close the hole and dig a new one, this is a urgent condition since
most of the holes that they own are currently already full and it is cheaper for them to build a
new one instead emptying these holes. Please note that this is valid among those who belong
to the “improved sanitation facility” segment; but they do not necessary have a proper toilet
housing facility and only have fully closed holes which ensure no contact between air and the
feces.
3.3.3
Detailed Information Regarding Facility And Their Habit
Among Sharers.
The majority (77%) in this segment use the facility together with 1-5 other families. Some
9% of this segment share with more than 10 families. On average, families in the
Banyuwangi area share with more families compared to those in other areas. In this area, this
group share the toilet with 14 other families. Toilet sharers in the Madura area share least,
with only 4 families sharing one facility. Most of the respondents within this segment are
quite satisfied with their current habit in toilet usage (34% satisfied, 36% neutral 36%),
which is reflected in their plans to have their own improved toilet facility where around one
in ten (12%) are planning to build their own toilet. The main reasons for this reluctances are
caused by their financial condition.
Figure 18: Type of renovation
The remaining 88% claimed that they do plan to own a toilet in the future, and the major
driver for this aim is to make the defecation activity more convenient/ easier for their family.
Among those who have a plan to own a toilet, the majority could not give a definite time for
the actual development of the toilet. (7% plan to build a new toilet facility within the next
one year).
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3.3.4
Detailed Information Regarding Facilities And The Habit
Among Open Defecators.
Among the open defecators, about two out of three (60%) have never actually tried using a
toilet or latrine. Among those who have tried using a toilet or latrine, it was mostly in a
public toilet.
Rhe absence of a toilet facility in their
households and the old habit are the most
mentioned reasons for still practicing open
defecation.
Like the sharing facility users; most of the
open defecators claim that they have an
intention to build a toilet facility. The
reasons for their reluctance is, again, related
to their financial condition.
Figure 19: Incidence of trying a toilet
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3.4 Conjoint Analysis On Toilet Facility Options
In this survey, several concepts on latrine types, feces disposals, and total costs for the
installation of a latrine and a feces disposal were tested. In total there are 5 concepts of
latrine types and 5 concepts of feces disposal facilities with 7 price options.
Figure 20: Latrine concepts
Figure 21: Faeces Disposal concepts
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Level 1
Level 2
Level 3
Level 4
Level 5
Level 6
Level 7
Cost
IDR 177,500.00
IDR 234,000.00
IDR 291,000.00
IDR 347,000.00
IDR 825,000.00
IDR 1,045,000.00
IDR 1,270,000.00
Table 8: Pricing Options
In the study implementation, these option were grouped into two categories as follows :
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Figure 22: Concepts Combination
3.4.1
Evaluation Of The 1st Concept Combination
Conjoint analysis was used to find the consumers’ most favored combination.
Not
surprisingly in terms of price, consumers prefer the least expensive option while on the
latrine facility consumer demand is higher for the squad latrine which is made of concrete.
This confirms findings in the qualitative phase where consumers still consider a latrine from
its look rather than its function. There are therefore two options for the WSP team:
 to provide a nice looking latrine with very low price or
 try to shift the mindset that a proper/ improved sanitation facility is not defined by its
look but more by its function: “to ensure that the feces will not have direct contact
with the air”.
In a spirit of self empowerment, the 2nd option seems more sensible. These findings are
consistent across the different groups/ segments and geographic locations.
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Figure 23: Conjoint analysis result (Total for 1st Combination)
3.4.2
Evaluation on 2nd concept Combination
Figure 24: Conjoint analysis result (Total for 2nd Combination)
Like in the 1st combination; consumers prefer an advanced facility both for latrine and feces
disposal, while the acceptable price is around IDR 1 million (US$ 100.00). Again the
findings are consistent across different segments and geographic locations.
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3.5 Segmentation Analysis
Nielsen and the World Bank initially tried to segment the respondents based on the behavior
that they have. (The behavior statements used in this study can be found in appendix 9).
Based on factorial and cluster analysis, three (3) different segments were found existing in
the field, which are:
Segment 1:
Segment 2.
Segment 3:
People who tend to agree to have a toilet because of social purposes
People who tend to agree to have a toilet because of functional purposes and
they state to have access to make a new toilet or to empty their feces disposals
People who tend to agree with the defecating activity in the open.
The characteristic of these three segments are relatively the same as shown below:
Figure 25: Segment characteristics.
The result of this segmentation analysis has led to a decision to segment the respondents
based on ownership of toilet facility only and try to find a distinct characteristic within each
segment especially in their behavior, age and socio economic status.
The segmentation analysis developed by PSI 3 was applied, which helps us understand more
the differences between groups that are being compared. The steps of this segmentation
analysis: identifying highly correlated independent variables (multicollinearity) – logistic
regression analysis – UNIANOVA for adjusted proportions and means, led us to the
following results:
3
PSI Research Toolkit: Dashboard Analysis Series Three: Segmentation analysis.
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3.5.1
Characteristic Differences between Open Defecator vs
Non-Open Defecator
From the Summary Table, we could take some conclusions, based on the value for each
respondent type (Non-OD and OD) or based on the ORs value. Next are the detailed
information:
a.) The value in the age and SES rows shows the average number for each respondent
type (e.g. in the table below: the average age of a Non-OD is 46 years; the average
household expense for an OD is Rp. 810.752,51).
b.) The value in the factor row shows the factorial number for each respondent type. The
more positive the number means that the more the factor is describing the behavior of
the respondents. (e.g. for (B)F2 – Open Defecating Consent, as the OD has a more
positive number, it means that the OD people are more likely to agree with the “Open
Defecating Consent” statement)
c.) One could also take a conclusion from the Odd Ratio value,. If the ORs value is
greater than 1 (>1) than the factor is more descriptive of the behavior of the group (1)
or the OD people; and if the ORs value is smaller than 1 (<1) than the factor is more
describing the behavior of the group (0) or the Non-OD people. (e.g. for (S)F1 - It is
not acceptable for the person who defecates in the open, as the ORs value is 0.30 < 1
than the Non-OD people who are more likely to agree to this factor)
Based on the demographics of age and SEC, the results are:
- Non-Open Defecator people are more likely to be older than Open Defecator people,
- Non-Open Defecator people are more likely have a higher SEC than Open Defecator
people.
Non OD (0)
OD (1)
ORs
Sig.
27.10%
72.90%
AGE
45.67
43.10
0.99
0.00
SES
886912.49
810752.51
1.00
0.00
-0.05
0.16
1.44
0.00
0.28
-0.84
0.30
0.00
-0.15
0.44
2.52
0.00
-0.06
0.18
1.28
0.00
(B) F2
Open Defecating Consent
(S) F1
It is not acceptable for person who defecates in the open
(S) F2
It is a common thing to defecate in the open
(S) F3
Under some circumstances, defecating in the open is acceptable
Table 9: Summary table of ORs and UNIANOVA for OD VS Non OD
There are 4 factors that are significantly different between OD people and Non-OD people:
1. “Open Defecating Consent” – (B)F2
Naturally the OD people are more likely to agree to the factor than the Non-OD people.
2. “It is not acceptable for a person who defecates in the open”
This factor show a significant difference for OD and Non-OD: Non-OD people are more
likely to agree than the OD people.
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3. “It is a common thing to defecate in the open”
OD people are more likely to agree to the factor than the Non-OD people.
4. “Under some circumstances, defecating in the open is acceptable”
Although this factor shows some condition that describes exception excuses to defecate in
the open (limitation to toilet access and open defecation for young children), it has a
significant result showing that OD people are more likely to agree than the Non-OD
people.
3.5.2
Characteristic Differences Between Improved Toilet
Owner Vs Unimproved Toilet Owner
The results of the segmentation for Improved and Unimproved Toilet Owners are as
follows:
Unimproved
(0)
Improved
(1)
ORs
Sig.
80.90%
19.10%
798320.31
926983.89
1.00
0.00
(E) F2
Having toilet would raise the family’s status between the
communities
0.26
0.08
0.80
0.01
(S) F3
0.06
-0.12
0.85
0.02
0.00
0.15
1.22
0.01
SES
(SC) F1
Self Confidence Factors
Table 10: Summary Table of ORs and UNIANOVA for Improved VS Unimproved
The SEC standing between Improved and Unimproved Toilet Owners is significantly
different. People who own an improved toilet are more likely have a higher SEC than people
who have an unimproved toilet.
Among the behavior attributes, there are 3 factors that are significantly different between the
two types of respondents:
1. “Having a toilet would raise the family’s status between the communities”
People who have an improved toilet for their household are more likely to agree with this
particular factor than the unimproved toilet owner.
The results show that unimproved toilet owners are more likely to agree with this factor
than the improved toilet owners.
3. “I have access to build latrine/ emptying the septic tank”
It is with a significant difference that the improved toilet owners are more likely to agree
with this factor than the unimproved toilet owners.
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3.5.3
Characteristic Differences Between Open Defecator Vs
Sharer
Based on SEC, sharers are more likely to have a higher SEC than people who practice open
defecation.
Sharer (0)
(B) F2
OD (1)
ORs
Sig.
71.40%
28.60%
0.23
0.52
1.50
0.00
0.09
-0.76
0.35
0.00
0.08
0.55
1.93
0.00
-0.38
-0.15
1.24
0.02
42.78
43.40
1.01
0.00
Open defecating consent
(S) F1
(S) F2
(SC) F1
Self Confidence Factors
Age
Table 11: Summary Table of ORs and UNIANOVA for Open Defecator VS Sharer
Within these two types of respondents, the behavior attributes that show significant
differences are as follows:
1. “Open defecating consent”
It is clear that open defecators are more likely to agree with this factor than those who
share the use of a toilet.
The sharers are more likely to agree with this factor than the open defecators.
As it is their habit to defecate in the open, the open defecator group of people are more
likely to agree with the factor than the sharers.
4. “I have access to build a latrine/ emptying the septic tank”
Surprisingly, open defecators are more likely to agree with this factor than sharers.
3.5.4
Improved Toilet Owner
The summary table gives the following conclusions:

People who have an improved toilet are more likely to be older than sharers.
Improved toilet owners are around 46 years old, while sharers are about 43 years old.

The monthly household expenditure of an improved toilet owner is more likely to be
higher than that of a sharer. The monthly household expense of an improved toilet
owner is about Rp 900.000,- while the SEC level of a sharer is at about Rp 800.000,-
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Sharer (0)
17.78%
Improved
(1)
ORs
Sig.
82.22%
AGE
42.72
46.14
1.02
0.00
SES
799128.53
929404.74
1.00
0.00
0.09
0.29
1.31
0.00
-0.03
-0.24
0.78
0.00
(S) F1
(S) F2
Table 12: Summary Table of ORs and UNIANOVA for Sharer VS Improved Toilet Owner
The improved toilet owners are likely to agree more to this statement than the sharers.
The sharers are more likely to be more agreeable this statement than the improved toilet
owner.
3.5.5
Improved Toilet Owner
Improved toilet owners are more likely to have a higher SEC than open defecators. The
average household expense of an improved toilet owner is about Rp 900.000,- whilst that of
an open defecator is about Rp 800.000,OD (0)
SES
(B) F2
Improved
(1)
ORs
Sig.
35.09%
64.91%
818267.74
924299.68
1.00
0.00
0.21
-0.03
0.66
0.00
-0.85
0.32
3.68
0.00
0.47
-0.16
0.39
0.00
0.15
-0.09
0.76
0.00
Open Defecating Consent
(S) F1
(S) F2
(S) F3
Table 13: Summary Table of ORs and UNIANOVA for Open Defecator VS Improved Toilet
Owner
1. “Open Defecating Consent”
This being a habit of the open defecators, they would agree more to the statement than the
improved toilet owners.
The improved toilet owners are more likely to agree with the statement than the open
defecators.
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Open defecators who usually defecate in the open are indeed more likely to be more
agreeable toward this statement.
Improved toilet owners are still not quite agreeable towards this statement compared to
the open defecator people.
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4. Analysis And Results: (Supply-Side)
4.1 Terms Used in this Report
To be consistent with the similar study in Cambodia (WSP Cambodia Sanitation Supply
Study, International Development Enterprises/IDE, 2007), terms used throughout this
report use the exact explanation described in the Cambodia report.
Sanitation is defined narrowly as the disposal of human fecal waste, especially through the
use of latrines. Broader sanitation issues related to water supply, hygiene, and solid waste
disposal are not specifically addressed. “Improved sanitation” is defined as sanitation with
following technologies: "connection to a public sewer, connection to a septic system, pourflush latrine, simple pit latrine, and ventilated improved pit latrine" (WHO/UNICEF Joint
Monitoring Program, http://www.wssinfo.org/en/122_definitions.html)
Latrine components refer to hardware and materials typically associated with construction
of a sanitation structure (either part of bathroom or separated) for defecation. Moreover, it
focus mainly on latrine pans/bowls since other general building materials, such as cement,
PVC pipe, ceramic tiles, etc., are commonly used for other type of constructions, not solely
on sanitation.
Latrine types in this study are categorized based on the type of pan/bowl used (ceramic
squat pan, ceramic pour flush sitting bowl, ceramic sitting bowl with cistern/automatic
flushing system, and non-ceramic squat pan). Visual description is in the following table:
Type 1 (T1)
Ceramic pour
squat pan
Type 2 (T2)
flush
Ceramic pour flush
sitting bowl
Type 3 (T3)
Type 4 (T4)
Ceramic automatic flush
sitting bowl
Non-ceramic squat pan
PICTURE
NOT
AVAILABLE
Availability:
In all areas surveyed
(semi-urban and rural)
Availability:
Mainly semi-urban markets
and few rural stores
Availability:
Limited; mainly semiurban
Availability:
Mainly rural markets
and few semi-urban
stores
Figure 26: Wet Latrine Types in East Java, Indonesia
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Supply chain is a combination of organizations, people, activities, information, and
resources required to create a product or service and move it from supplier to customer.
Supply chain players typically include input suppliers, producers, transporters, wholesalers,
retailers, and consumers. At a minimum, commercial supply chains require a flow of
revenues up the chain which allows each player to make enough profit to justify their
participation.
Additional Terms (not used in the Cambodia Report)
•
Urban center refers to a provincial capital (Surabaya), administrative city (kota), or
district capital (ibukota kabupaten).
•
Semi-urban area refers to a sub-district capital (ibukota kecamatan) and the area in
the near vicinity
•
Rural area refers to a village (desa, kelurahan) or village cluster (dusun)
•
Store (or stores) refers to a construction material store. While store provides latrine
pans, the main products they carry are mostly generic construction materials, such as
cement, sand, tile and brick, stones, steels, and paint.
•
Septic tank system: The general term used by consumers and market players to
explain the waste storage system beneath the surface. The perception of septic tank in
this study is different with the actual definition. Here, septic tank is perceived as any
concrete hole underneath, which can be a built-in concrete slabs or manually build
using bricks and cement. It does not matter whether the septic tank is dry or wet as
long as it function is to store the waste. If the system underneath does not store the
waste, and instead immediately disposes it into the open, it is not considered as having
a septic tank.
4.2 Introduction
This section elaborates findings obtained from interviews with stores (may act as distributors
or retailers), producers of latrines, and masons. The results mainly focus on providing an
overview of the sanitation supply chain in East Java, particularly the distribution flow of
latrine pans/ bowls.
Latrine pans/ bowls are considered as the main component that is unique for a sanitation
facility construction. Other components, such as cement, sand, brick, ceramic, PVC pipe, etc.,
although also used, are not exclusive to sanitation facilities construction. In addition, the
system underneath (concrete rings, slabs) is not part of the main concern among consumers.
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4.3 Latrine Market Overview
In East Java, T1 latrine pans (ceramic pour flush squat pan) dominate market demand –
especially in rural areas. Strong preference over this type is mostly driven by the affordable
price. Depending on brands, the selling price of a T2 (ceramic pour flush sitting bowl) ranges
between 2.5 to 4 times higher, while a T3 (ceramic automatic flush sitting bowl) is sold at a 5
to 10 times higher price than a T1.
Consumers perceive brands available in the market to be in two categories: foreign and local.
Foreign brands are seen as the ceramic latrine brands that first entered the market (due to the
“more advanced” technology compared to local ones) or those that currently have a
relatively higher price. Interestingly, although considering those brands as foreign,
consumers or stores do not seem to have an exact idea of where the products are being
manufactured. It may also be due to the fact that most brands do not mention it on the
product. Local brands are seen as the ceramic latrine brands in the more affordable pricing
range.
In East Java, Ina is the most popular brand – long established in the East Java market, thus
seen as a foreign brand. It is considered a good quality brand that is most affordable and is
often regarded as the benchmark of standard quality for T1 latrine pans. According to store
owners, the manufacturers of Ina also provide a second-line brand, Lolo, which is lower both
in price and quality compared to Ina.
Another foreign brand that has visible demand in the market is Toto. However, as the selling
price is usually more expensive than that of Ina (ranges between 5% – 50% higher, depending
on pricing policy of individual stores), it is not as popular.
The high demand for T1 latrine pans generated the establishment of local T1 brands. These
brands are produced by local factories, mostly located in Java and sold at a competitive price
(lower than Ina/ at par with Lolo). These local brands are targeted to consumers that are not
brand-minded or those with slightly tighter budgets.
Local brands commonly found in this survey are Duty (high presence in the Surabaya/
Gresik/ Mojokerto/Ponorogo area) and Tata (moderate presence in the Ponorogo/ Pacitan
area). Duty also manufactures T2 latrines as well.
Some stores also provide T4 latrine pans (non-ceramic squat pans) which are mostly found in
rural areas. T4 latrines are manufactured locally by home industries in rural areas. It is the
lowest quality of latrine pans and is sold at half the price of a local T1 brand. While most T4
latrines are unbranded, some manufacturers are willing to put specific brand names upon
request of the users.
However, requests for T4 latrine pans are decreasing over the past few years. This is due to
perceptions of consumers that ceramic pans have better quality: easier to clean, look more
elegant, and are longer-lasting. Since latrine pans are considered a “one-time” purchase –
consumers rarely replace their latrine pans except if they have problems with it – consumers
prefer to buy latrine pans that last longer. Especially since currently, there are ceramic latrine
pans from local brands that offer relatively cheap prices.
Current T4 buyers come from a lower socio economic class or contractors for government’s
low-cost housing projects.
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4.4 Supply Chain Market Players
Physically, most market players in this study are (construction material) stores, unless stated
otherwise. Based on the store’s business scope, including type of consumers and selling
coverage area, stores may have different roles inside the supply chain. The following are
definitions of each market player and their roles, as observed:
4.4.1
Distributors
Definition: Distributors are large stores or office representatives that sell
latrine products mainly to retailers. Only a small proportion is sold to endconsumers.
Distributors usually are based in an urban center, such as Surabaya:
a. With regards to foreign brands, stores can send a formal request to the office
representative in the area to become a distributor. For this purpose, there are preconditions that must be fulfilled, such as minimum capital and a wide store network.
Once a store is accepted as distributor, there is a sales target that must be achieved to
be able to continue the role/ keep the position.
b. For local brands, distributors usually exist within the supply chain if the factory is
located outside East Java. In this case, distributors refer to the office representative.
Due to the very limited sample of distributors in this study, this information should be
considered as indicative only and may not cover the exact situation in the market.
4.4.2
Sub-Distributors
Definition: Sub-Distributors are stores, usually in an urban center or in
semi-urban areas, which sell latrine components to retailers and endconsumers. The business scope covers across provinces (or sometimes across
islands)
Sub-distributors exist inside the foreign and the local brand supply chain system.
Depending on their location, sub-distributors usually stock latrine pans based on popular
demand, which is dominated by T1 units. Sub-distributors in the urban center usually have
T2 and T3 units on ready-stock (either on store display or at storage). Sub-distributors in
semi-urban areas usually only have T2 units on ready-stock and provide T3 units based on
request only (due to rare demand for this type).
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4.4.3
Retailers
Retailers can be categorized into two types, based on the type of consumers that they serve:
Retailers Level 1 (R1) and Retailers Level 2 (R2).
Definition: Retailers Level 1 (R1) are stores, that sell latrine components to
smaller retailers and end-consumers.
Definition: Retailers Level 2 (R2) are stores that sell latrine components
solely to end-consumers. It spreads out in all areas, including urban centers.
The R2 do not necessarily get their supplies from an R1. It is possible for an R2 to get the
supplies straight from sub-distributors or even manufacturers (usually for local brands),
especially since manufacturers/ distributors/ sub-distributors continue to widen their market
and establish relationships with retailers in remote rural areas. Thus, as stores are more likely
to sell latrines solely to end-consumers, this naturally makes the R2 greater in numbers
compared to the R1.
Based on observation, R1s are commonly found in semi-urban areas and are located in the
middle between urban centers and relatively remote rural areas (in this study, i.e. Mojokerto
and Ponorogo). These shops will become suppliers for R2 stores in rural areas that haven’t
been reached by sales teams, where going straight to the urban center will be more costly for
the R2 stores.
T1 units, especially those of Ina, are must-have ready-stock products for all retailers. In
general, retailers provide at the minimum 2 – 3 T1 units on-stock before making another
purchase from suppliers. In some cases, some small R2s in rural areas provide T1 units upon
request only, due to limited display space in the store.
T2 units are also common among R1s as ready-stock products. While at the R2, availability
of T2 units depends on the R2 location. R2s within urban centers or semi-urban areas may
provide T2 units as ready-stock but those in rural areas generally provide T2 upon request
only, as a result of very low market demand.
T3 units, are normally provided upon request.
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4.4.4
Home Industry
Definition: Home Industry manufactures and sells T4 latrine pans (nonceramic squat pans)
T4 latrine pans that are produced by home industries use materials such as cement or (black)
stone. Unlike ceramic latrines that undergo an extreme heating process to make the latrines
scratch resistant, T4 latrines are only covered with ceramic paint. As a result, T4 latrines
may look like T1 products but are more fragile.
The quality of T4 products is highly variable, depending on the quality of the materials
(cement, terrazzo, stone, sand, gravel, paint) which differ between manufacturers. The price
of each component also varies across different (geographical) areas in which the
manufacturer is located. For example, some manufacturers may have direct access to natural
resources of stones and sand which can reduce purchase and transportation cost compared to
those who must buy the materials from specific suppliers.
4.4.5
End-Consumers
End-consumers are categorized into individual and collective buyers
Definition: Individual buyers are household owners who buy latrine pans in
small numbers (usually one) for personal use.
Definition: Collective buyers are contractors who buy latrine pans in larger
amounts for specific construction projects, i.e. schools, hospitals/ clinics,
office buildings, housings/ residences, or government public sanitation
projects.
Most individual buyers prefer the T1 or the T2 type, since these are more affordable. Those
who are observed buying a T3 type usually come from a higher socio economic class.
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Individual buyers from lower economy class might welcome alternatives in brand, as long as
they can find more affordable products. While those from middle-upper economy class,
usually already have one specific brand in mind. Collective buyers usually have a specific
brand that they request from Retailers.
4.5 Current Latrines Supply Chain Situation
The presence of foreign, local and unbranded latrines in the East Java market creates a
different supply chain diagram for each. This section summarizes the flow of latrine pans/
bowls from manufacturer to end-users.
4.5.1
Foreign Brands
Manufacturers usually have distributors (other term, “agent”) as their right hand channel,
which will circulate the products in the market. In addition, franchised material supermarkets
such as “Depo Bangunan” and “Mitra10” also function as distributors and provide the
products for stores or end-consumers.
Figure 27: Latrines Supply Chain Map – Foreigns Brands inside East Java
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Distributors and sub-distributors generally have sales teams that will act as a bridge between
them. The sales teams are responsible for handling orders, deliveries, as well as payment
collections. The sales teams also actively approach retailers and build working relationships.
4.5.2
Local Brands
There are two types of chain maps for local brands:
Manufacturers of local brands located in East Java usually do not have specific distributors.
Instead, manufacturers, through their sales person will directly approach stores and build a
working relationship. These stores will then function as sub-distributors or retailers according
to their business scope and consumer base.
Figure 28: Latrines Supply Chain Map – Local Brands inside East Java
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Figure 29: Latrines Supply Chain Map – Local Brands outside East Java
Manufacturers of local brands located outside East Java commonly have office
representatives who will act as distributors. These distributors are each responsible for
product distribution in the respective area as well as achieving targets set by their head office.
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4.5.3
T4 Products / Unbranded
Home industries that manufacture T4 latrine pans have limited or no sales team resources.
Their products are usually delivered directly to stores by their employees or freelance sales
persons.
Figure 30: Latrines Supply Chain Map – T4 Products
Figure 31: Latrines Supply Chain Map – T4 Products
4.5.4
The Baliwerti Phenomena
In Surabaya, “Baliwerti” is the market center for ceramic and sanitary products with tens of
ceramic stores available. Sales activities in “Baliwerti” are very high and often ceramic
stores in this area act as sub-distributors for ceramic latrine pans as well.
The supply chain for ceramic stores might slightly be different from construction material
stores. Focusing mainly on ceramic and sanitary products as the backbone of their business,
these stores have a relatively wider network than construction material stores. As a result,
suppliers for these stores may not be limited to manufacturers (or their representatives) in
Indonesia. Some manufacturers or importers from outside Indonesia use a “backstreet”
procedure to offer their products by directly visiting the ceramic stores.
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The following figure illustrates the complexity of the latrine supply chain system of a ceramic
store in Baliwerti:
Figure 32: Latrines Supply Chain Map – Ceramic Stores (Baliwerti)
4.5.5
Information Flow and Promotional Activities
Throughout the supply chain, information passed between players related to latrine products
is limited. Although stores sometimes will inform end-consumers about product quality, it
tends to be provided only when questions arise. However, this information is not based on
formal descriptions from manufacturers but rather on the stores’ own perceptions of product
quality.
Promotional activities – either by market players or manufacturers – that are specifically
designed for latrine products are also non-existent. As latrine products are not traffic
generator items, stores prefer to take a passive-selling action, even if that means storing the
products for a relatively longer time when there is no market demand.
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4.6 Sales Activity between Players
4.6.1
Distribution Area
In Surabaya, Gresik, and Mojokerto – representative of the upper north-eastern part of East
Java – brand availability is more varied. Surabaya, as the provincial capital, provides
complete types of stores from appointed distributors to R2. Stores from surrounding semiurban areas usually purchase their products from Surabaya. Activities of the sales persons
are more visible and frequent. T4 products however, which come from manufacturers in
Pasuruan, are more likely to be available in Gresik and Mojokerto – and not in Surabaya (the
urban center).
In Ponorogo and Pacitan – representative of the lower south-west part of East Java – players
are more limited. Stores are more likely to function as retailers (R1 or R2) rather than subdistributors. Due to geographical location (near the Central Java border) as well as road
conditions (less steep-hills), stores in Ponorogo (and Pacitan, for some cases) usually
purchase from suppliers at Central Java area (i.e. Semarang and Solo) through the sales
person who visit their stores. Sometimes they also purchase from stores in Madiun (+ 30 km
from Ponorogo)
From information gathered, activities of sales persons in Pacitan area tend to be limited.
Thus most stores prefer to visit suppliers / stores directly in Ponorogo to purchase products.
Except for T4 latrines, products are delivered to them by producers.
Local brands also have higher market demand in Ponorogo and Pacitan. Purchase power in
this area is relatively lower. Therefore foreign brands are considered too expensive. Ina is
the most common foreign brand available. Due to its very low price, T4 latrines have
moderate market potential here, especially in Pacitan. Interestingly, T4 products available in
Ponorogo and Pacitan majority come from Central Java, such as Solo, Klaten – though some
are also produced in East Java, such as Pasuruan or Tulungagung.
4.6.2
Selling Price and Profit Margin
The selling price to end-consumers vary depending on brand and store location. The price is
slightly more expensive in the urban center or in semi-urban areas, where people’s buying
power is relatively higher. Except for rural Pacitan, prices in rural areas covered in this
study, tend to be lower. In rural Pacitan, the price is slightly higher due to high transportation
costs. The number of competitive stores in each local market also influences selling price. In
markets where competitive stores are more crowded, the selling price between stores is likely
similar.
Retailers set different price schemes for different consumers. Based on purchase price from
sub-distributors or distributors, the average profit margin ranges between 5% - 10% from
individual buyers and between 2% - 5% from collective buyers. Profit is slightly less from
collective buyers since these buyers usually purchase products in large numbers. Thus,
retailers sometimes give discounted price to them.
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The profit margin is also lower for popular ‘foreign’ brands (Ina, Toto) because endconsumers are aware of the standard market price. In addition, high availability has created
high competition among stores. A higher profit margin is more possible for local brands,
especially those of new brands that are yet to have high penetration in the market.
Sub-distributors get a higher profit margin when selling to end-consumers. This is because
they get a cheaper price by purchasing products directly from distributors or manufacturers.
Compared to the purchase price that they get from distributors/manufacturers, the profit
margin from end-consumers ranges between 25% – 50%, while profit margins from retailers
range between 10% – 20%.
The above information is based on T1 latrines. There is insufficient T2 and T3 sales activity
from selected store samples to calculate average profit margins.
The average profit margin for T4 latrines is 15% – 25% (compared to purchase price from
manufacturers). Since stores act as R2 for T4 products – they sell directly to end-consumers
– this figure is relatively similar across all areas (urban, semi-urban, and rural).
The following table summarizes a range of selling prices collected from store samples.
Foreign brands
Ina
Lolo
Toto
T1
T2
T3
75 – 110
55 – 65
90 – 150
180 – 325
475 – 3000
165 – 250
No information
No information
No information
200 – 350
N/A
200 – 300
N/A
N/A
N/A
Local brands
Duty
50 – 70
Tata
45 – 55
Other
local 40 – 50
brands
Unbranded
Note:
1.
2.
T4
20 – 30
No information means that none of the selected samples carry the product in their stores.
Within one brand, price range of T1 and T2 latrines can vary based on the color of the pans. Usually,
pans with darker color scheme (maroon, dark blue) are more expensive than lighter. While for T3
latrines, price range within one brand is based on the complexity of cistern system
Table 14: Indication of Selling Price to End-Consumers (in ‘000 Rupiahs)
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4.6.2.1
Profit Margin for T4 Manufacturers
Currently, T4 manufacturers feel that their business is less profitable than before. They must
fight to survive with ceramic latrine pans which are more preferable among end-consumers.
Currently, selling price to stores/sales person is around Rp. 17.500 – Rp. 20.000. In average,
manufacturers might get profit between 20% – 25% from production cost.
4.6.3
Sales Figures
There are several factors that affect sales figures of latrine pans, among others:
•
•
•
Location of the store: urban, semi-urban, rural – and whether they are developing
housing projects / office projects in the area
The number of competing stores in the market area (near vicinity)
The size of the consumers’ database of each store.
On average, stores can sell between 3 – 5 T1 units in a month. This number is smaller among
stores located in areas where the majority of the people are from the lower economy class
(i.e. Pacitan). On the other hand, the number increases if the stores are located near
developing housing projects, or already have a big consumers database. A couple of R1
stores with regular collective buyers, for example, can sell up to 20 – 30 T1 units in a month.
T2 and T3 types have smaller sales figures and the sales timing cannot be predicted.
Sometimes it will take more than 3 months to sell one unit of T2 or T3, especially in rural
areas. Therefore, none of the stores in this study are able to give the exact sales figure
average in a month. The best average that they can give is 1 – 2 T2 units in 6 months and
even less frequent for T3 types.
4.6.4
Payment Term
Common payment term among stores (distributors to sub-distributors or distributors/subdistributors to retailers) is credit within one month period (from arrival date). Usually,
payment will be collected by sales person appointed to the stores.
The exception happens on two cases:
•
•
R2 stores that get supply from R1: prefer to pay cash to reduce overall expenses
(common among R2 stores in Pacitan to their R1 suppliers in Ponorogo)
All retailers to T4 manufacturers: T4 manufacturers do not except credit and always
except cash from retailers.
Retailers apply cash payment for individual buyers – except to those they consider long-time
and trusted regular customers, where they are willing to extend credit payment to one week.
However, this extended credit only happens if the customer buys a latrine pan with other
construction materials.
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For collective buyers, retailers apply two types of payment. For contractors that have
become trusted and regular clients, retailers extend credit payment up to one month. The
same treatment is applied to contractors of government projects since the one-month credit
payment term is commonly part of the administrative requirement of a government agent.
However, for other contractors, retailers prefer to receive cash to reduce the possibility of
contractors leaving the area before settling their expenses.
4.7 Needs and Challenges
In general, stores do not see any threatening challenges in the future related to latrine pans’
sales activity. As previously mentioned, latrine pans are neither profit or traffic generators for
their business. The needs of latrine pans in an overall construction building is very small,
compared to more important materials, such as cement, stones, bricks, sands, woods, etc. In
addition, latrine pans are perceived as “one-time” purchases. Once installed, people rarely
replace or renovate their latrine system.
Thus, latrine pans business is simply perceived as so. They are less motivated to do anything
to increase sales figure specific for latrine pans. As observed, the role of latrine pans is as
complement – part of store’s mission as one-stop shopping place, thus prevent customers
from going to competitors – rather than primary item.
Retailers, especially in urban center, see that competition might come from franchised
material supermarkets. These supermarkets offer more comfortable place as well as
competitive price. However, this challenge is not specifically related to sanitary products –
instead it is for overall construction material business.
4.8 Masons: Roles and Involvement
Definition: Masons are skilled construction workers. Specifically for this
study, they are required to have experience in building sanitary facility.
Due to the small sample size (n = 4), information gathered for this study is limited and may
not be able to fully describe the “world” of masons. Thus, following findings will be focused
on their involvement with regards to sanitary construction.
All masons interviewed have at least 15 years experience in construction and are currently
working on their own terms – not involved with any construction company. Based on their
responses, a construction worker usually starts the experience as laborer – unskilled worker
who performs simple manual tasks under the supervision of a skilled mason, who acts as
team leader. After considered to have had sufficient experience, he may start working on his
own to do construction projects in households and be seen as a “skilled mason”. Depending
on the scale of the projects, a skilled mason may use a number of laborers to help him.
Masons are typically approached and contracted by households for labor services based on
words-of-mouth recommendation. Usually, each mason will first take jobs from households
in their surrounding neighborhood. While the majority of households prefer to purchase
construction materials by themselves, there are also few cases where masons purchase
materials on behalf of the household.
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It usually takes 2 to 3 workers to build a household sanitation facility, consisting of one
mason as team leader one or two other(s) as his helper(s). The Mason has the bigger
responsibilities, from calculating expenses, designing on how sanitation facilities will be
built, up to the final installment of the latrine and the disposal or storage system (septic tank)
below the surface. His helpers take part in the so-called muscle work, such as digging,
mixing, and carrying materials.
Construction takes 10 to 14 days, depending on the complexity and size of the facility. Any
sanitation facility that does not require a storage (septic) tank system for instance, will take
less time to build. Sometimes, household owners wish to beautify their facility by covering
walls with ceramic tiles – which means additional working time.
The labor cost of a latrine construction depends on whether masons are responsible for the
purchase of materials or not. If household owners prefer to purchase materials by themselves
(to reduce any possibility that masons change the actual price for their own benefits), labor
cost is based on daily rate. Masons in semi-urban or rural areas usually charge Rp. 30.000 to
Rp. 50.000/day, while masons in urban centers charge between Rp. 75.000 to Rp. 80.000/day
depending on their perception of the household income.
On the other hand, if household owners completely trust masons to handle everything, from
purchasing materials to actual construction, masons usually give an all-in price (which
includes calculation of their daily/service rate). The all-in price ranges from Rp. 1.000.000 to
Rp. 1.500.000 (rural, low standard of living, i.e. Pacitan) up to Rp. 3 million to Rp. 5 million
(semi-urban, urban center), depending on the requirement of the facility, i.e. which type of
latrine pans used, whether the walls will be covered with ceramic, and so on.
The total cost needed for materials excluding labor cost ranges between Rp. 500.000 to Rp.
1.500.000, depending on area (rural vs. semi-urban vs. urban centers) and requirement of the
facility. Interestingly, amongst all 4 masons involved in this study, half do not have their
own sanitation facility, because “they cannot afford the material cost”.
All masons involved in this study do not have any formal education in latrine construction.
They are lacking in logic calculation behind any technical requirements, i.e. depth of hole
below the surface to store the waste or slope degree of PVC pipe to ensure smooth disposal.
Their knowledge is solely based on previous experience when working as laborers or helpers
in latrine construction. However, all believe that on-the-job training is sufficient to build
proper sanitation facilities because sometimes “experience speaks better than formal
education”.
Household owners rarely consult masons to gather information regarding latrine pans. They
usually have more concern or questions regarding other materials needed, i.e. amount needed
for cement, sands, ceramic, and so on. However, some owners may discuss with masons
about the most requested latrine pans (which conveys good quality) based on the masons’
experience. This supports the indications concluded in the sanitation habits study among
consumers (separated report “Sanitation Study in East Java”, Nielsen Indonesia © March
2008), where consumers claimed that discussions with masons involved materials, latrine
pans, and labor cost.
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Currently, masons have similar views regarding a “healthy” latrine concept with that of the
general population. In their point of view, a “healthy” latrine concept is a sanitation facility
using latrine pans and a storage system underneath (septic tank system). Meanwhile, a
“good” latrine concept is a “healthy” latrine that uses ceramic latrine pans. They do not
recommend using T4 types because they perceive the products as lacking in quality.
While masons are not a potential source of information about latrines, they still have a role
inside the supply chain, although less significant. All masons have specific store(s) as their
regular supplier(s). They build the relationship by advising household owners to purchase
materials in these stores. In return, store owners usually give masons incentives, in the form
of cash or construction tools.
Masons do not seem to be fairly interested with proposed trainings, specifically for latrine
construction. Aside from worrying about the cost of training and time they have to waste to
participate (which might lead to a loss of their daily salary), latrine construction is only part
of their overall job.
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5. Conclusions and Recommendations: Demand-Side
Sanitation is not a priority, mainly for 3 (three) reasons:

In general, the expert view is that sanitation is perceived as expensive (toilet, septic
tank), and people have other things to prioritize (food, education, clothing). In
addition, sanitation cannot be seen as directly improving their life (not value for
money).
“They are very poor, they cannot afford it. Even a facility from the government like
‘raskin’ (rice for the poor) is still too expensive. So, they prefer to defecate in the
open, dig hole then cover it. Besides, the habit of people in the city is weird for them
– “ why in the world should we keep our own waste” (in septic tank). “Why should
we pay for something to throw away our own waste?”

Health is considered “God’s given”, either by way of disease or good health. Thus,
disease prevention is not necessary as it does not impact the end result.
“Health is not important for rural people. It is more of an upper class concern.
Besides, for them, sanitation does not have any relation with disease”.
“They think that diseases come from God. If you live your life according to God’s
rules, you will not get sick”.

In some areas in East Java, clean water is difficult to get. Thus, it needs to be used
carefully – sanitation is seen as wasting that clean water.
“In areas like Pacitan, Sampang, clean water is difficult to get – so they think that it is
more important to minimize the use of clean water”.
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Following are barriers to adopting improved sanitation among open defecators and
unimproved sanitation users.
1. Economical:
Scarce living conditions, and sanitation being of low priority compared to other needs
(low income and lack access to cash).
2. Social:
Some consider open defecating as part of habit (socially accepted)
3. Geographical Conditions:
Pacitan: Home with limited water supply (i.e. on a slope area).
Probolinggo: River (or water stream) is in close proximity; it is seen as easy and cheap
access to dispose of waste compared to building septic tank.
Physiological:


Cannot defecate in a closed room; smell their own waste.
Cannot defecate if the buttocks do not touch water.
1
2
Economical:
•
Conditions:
Scarce living conditions - and sanitation is
of low priority compared to other needs
(low income and lack of access to cash)
Social:
•
•
•
Pacitan: Home with limited water supply
(i.e. on a slope area)
Probolinggo: River (or water stream) is in
close proximity; it is seen as an easy and
cheap access to dispose of waste compared to
building a septic tank
Physiological:
Some consider open defecating as part of
habit (socially accepted)
•
•
Cannot defecate in a closed room; smell their
own waste
Cannot defecate if the buttocks do not touch
water
3
4
Figure 33: Summary of barriers for adoption
Note:
barriers that need to be supported by external factors are in italics
barriers that still can be changed through communication  internal factors are in regular
font
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Sanitation is considered of low priority. It is not seen as either improving present life
conditions or as an investment for the future (i.e. not value for money; what are the benefits
that I can get from having sanitation?)
o Factors that are considered important factors at present are:
− Daily survival (meaning food or clothing)
− To be part of the society (giving a gift or donation to others)
o Important factor for the future are:
− To make sure my children get a better life (i.e. education)
Sanitation is not directly associated with health
o People do not understand the contamination of disease route
o Poor health conditions are seen as a consequence of a poor living situation and often
taken for granted
o Health is not a strong motivator to change behavior.
There is a lack of understanding about the function of toilets → the perception of sanitation is
skewed towards the physical structure (close cemented area with pit-toilet), which is
expensive to build.
Open defecation is a habit
Open defecation is seen as a habit that is still widely accepted by the society. Even if open
defecators have the knowledge of the health-concept in their mind, if nobody raises attention
to this problem, especially by those whom they look upon as “leaders” in the society, it will
not make them worry.
“Why should I care about changing my habit if others are still doing it anyway?”
So, having a sanitation facility also deals with a change in behavior as well as changing their
mindset → and this cannot be done on a short term basis.
Current drivers of behavior change are:
⇨ Social Needs
o Social status
− Do not want to be the subject of gossip
− One step up the social class ladder
− Seen as being more advanced, more independent, and modern
⇨ Ego Needs
o Self esteem
− Protect family honor and well-being
− Avoid being “looked-down” upon by outside visitors
− Have a more comfortable lifestyle
“I want to be better than the rest of the people in my society”
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Misconceptions that need to be cleared / clarified.
⇨ There are a number of misconceptions regarding sanitation (and sanitation facilities)
that will need to be clarified to help behavior change:
o
The pollution / disease path of human waste in the water
− There are also a few misconceptions regarding waste and its effect on the
environment. While it might be possible for human waste to be naturally
processed, the concept of human waste as source of pollution is not clearly
understood by people.
− Thus, it would be beneficial to raise this issue during health education or in the
communications for the product.
o
The function of a sanitation facility (or the criteria of improved/healthy sanitation),
including what is below the surface and the method to get rid of bad smell. So,
they can have options of sanitation facilities to consider (depending on budget and
geographical condition).
o
The concept of water-flushed toilet to dispose of human waste, as it is possible to
have an improved dry latrine (such as closed “jumbleng”)
⇨ Information regarding different types of pit-toilet / latrine needs to be shared with
consumers, so they are aware of options that they have when they want to purchase a
sanitation facility.
In addition, there is a missing link between what open defecating will do to them. They can
not see how open defecating can actually “harm” their life (carry disease, etc), especially
since health is seen as being God’s given.
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Figure 34: Summary of drivers of behavior change
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6. Conclusions and recommendations: supply-side.
6.1 Perceptions and Demand of Sanitation Facilities
While current Open Defecators (people who defecate in the open) expressed desire to have
their own sanitation facility, “expensive construction cost” is one of the main barriers
(separated report “Sanitation Study in East Java”, Nielsen Indonesia © March 2008). This
is based on calculation of materials needed to build what they perceive as an “ideal”
sanitation facility. Retailers and masons – as suppliers and engineers – also have similar
views over minimum requirements to build a proper sanitation facility.
Responses from retailers and masons alike, are that the minimum total cost to build a proper
sanitation facility is around Rp. 500.000. While there is an alternative for cheaper latrine
pans as one of the sanitation components – including T4 types – unfortunately, it is not so
significant to reduce the overall cost since a bigger proportion of construction comes from
other materials instead (cement, sand, bricks), including the cost to pay masons. Although,
based on the consumers study as well, another barrier that has an important impact is their
low priority for health in general, including sanitation. They are more willing to spend
money on activities that will get them included them in their society.
While latrine products may not be front-line items, basically stores do not have any problem
in providing or distributing them. Stores also claim to be making profit when selling latrine
products, although they may not be the most profitable due to low sales figures. Therefore,
the issue of sanitation facility ownership relies mostly on low consumer demand.
6.2 The “Real” Challenge
Both the consumer and the supply chain studies indicate that the “real” challenge regarding
sanitation habits is how to change the cultural perception of an “ideal” sanitation facility.
This is an essential foundation to gradually increase demand for sanitation facilities.
Whereas the process is mainly a long-term goal, since it involves change of social and
cultural values as well, there several options to explore a short-term purpose:
a. Innovation for Low-Cost Sanitation Facilities
As previously mentioned, the biggest proportion of construction cost is not the latrine pan
itself, but rather other materials needed in addition to labor cost. Thus, the introduction of
alternative low-cost designs/ structures of sanitation facilities that reduce the usage of said
materials will definitely be helpful. It will give people with lower income an opportunity to
explore affordable options that are better suited to their financial situation, while still
obtaining the main function of a sanitation facility.
Financial support by reducing labor cost is another option to explore. This way, people will
only have to be responsible for the cost of the latrine components, while the masons’ daily
expenses will be subsidized by funding programs.
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b. Support for Low Cost Latrine Manufacturers
T4 latrines have a potential to be an alternative low-cost option in the market. Current
concern regarding this type is the quality and more pricey maintenance. T4 latrines have a
shorter lifetime and are harder to clean compared to ceramic latrine pans.
Therefore, support for T4 manufactures may come from a production aspect. Introducing an
alternative technology or developing financial support to purchase required materials might
help T4 manufacturers produce better quality products without sacrificing the affordability
aspect of the price. Another option is to provide knowledge on how to manufacture T4
designs that are suitable for specific site conditions (e.g. flood risk, dry land on hill side, etc).
This is to give a competitive edge for T4 latrines when facing ceramic latrine pans.
c. Social Reinforcement
A more literal “push” such as a reward scheme for villages that manage to be free of the
Open Defection practice may motivate the society to self-financing themselves., as it may
strike their social ego to compete with surrounding neighborhoods.
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Appendices
Appendix 1: MAP OF INDONESIA
EAST JAVA
Appendix 2: MAP OF SURVEY AREA IN EAST JAVA
1
2
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AREA NUMBER 1
INFORMATION
Surabaya: East Java Capital
AREA NUMBER 2
•
Gresik: + 20 km from Surabaya
•
Mojokerto: + 55 km from Surabaya
INFORMATION
•
Ponorogo: + 200 km from Surabaya
•
Pacitan: + 280 km from Surabaya
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Appendix 3: INTERVIEW GUIDE FOR STORES (Supply Side)
I.
GENERAL INFORMATION
1. Name :
II.
UNDERSTANDING THEIR BUSINESS AND SANITATION MARKET
3.
4.
5.
6.
When was this store established? How did you get into your business?
How many employees / laborers work in this store?
What are the products available in the store? What are the best-selling products?
What are the products that you sell here for building toilet / bathroom purpose?
–
What is the most-sought after product for that purpose?
7. How many types of latrine pans do you provide in your store?
8. How is the sales volume for each type of latrine pan (in general, not based on brand)? How
many are sold per month?
–
In your experience, how do people buy latrine pans? When do you think people
decide to purchase latrine pans? Only when building new houses, renovating
houses, or something else?
III.
PURCHASING PROCESS
I would like to understand your relationship with your suppliers of latrine pans:
9. For each latrine pan type that you provide in your store: where do you purchase them?
Please probe name of provider and address if possible, to find distributor channel for
interview. If more than one provider:
–
Can you tell me the composition? Who is your preference?
–
How do you define this preference? What are your considerations?
–
How are these providers different from one another? Probe: Maybe one provider
for one specific brand, etc?
10. How did you establish the relationship with these suppliers? Probe: based on what,
relationship, commission?
11. What is the purchase term that you have with your supplier (s)? Do you get credit from input
providers? What are the terms of credits? Please explain?
12. So, if a manufacturer wants to sell latrine pans in your store, how can they do it?
IV.
MARKET ACCESS – LATRINE PANS
Now, I would like to understand your relationship with your consumers:
13. In general, to whom do you sell latrine pan products to? Check: retailers, constructors,
masons, end-consumers
–
How is the composition for each? Which is your main consumer for latrine pans?
–
What are the terms of sale / purchase for each? Do you treat them differently? If
yes, how? By price for example?
14. For each consumer type, what are the sales volumes per month?
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15. What are the differences between each consumer type, especially regarding the process of
buying latrine pans AND type of latrine pans that they purchase?
–
Do they know what they want or look for advice? What are the questions they are
usually asking about latrine pans? For example: end users only look for specific
brands, masons look for the cheapest products, etc?
16. For each consumer type, do you have regular customers that only come to your store? If yes:
–
How does this relationship work then? Probe: based on commission, product
discount?
–
How many regular customers do you have in your store?
–
Specifically for masons: do you have a preference for masons? Does it matter if
you have masons that only refer products to you? Why / Why not?
17. Are there any seasonal periods for latrine pans? In a calendar year, when do you sell more or
less of latrine pans? Why is that? How big is the difference in sales volumes during these
seasonal sales?
18. For each consumer type, what is the profit scheme that you charge on them? Who gives you
the most profit?
19. Do you purchase inputs / sell products on credit? (for craftsmen / masons)?
–
If yes, what are the terms?
–
If not, why?
20. Do you have promotional activities for latrine pans? If yes, what are they? If not, why?
21. What are the means of transportation/ delivery of latrine pans to each consumer type?
22. How about the means of communication to each consumer type, do they differ from one
another?
23. How many stores do you know of in this area (sub-district)
–
Who are your major competitors in this business (latrine pans)?
24. What do you see as your main needs / opportunities / constraints in selling latrine pans (in
general)? What about for different type of latrine pans?
V.
QUALITY STANDARD
Specifically for latrine pans:
25. For each type of latrine pans provided here, how many different quality product ranges are
available to customers that you actually sell and why?
26. Who determines the quality requirements and how do you identify the quality? Probe: If by
brands, for example, how different is the quality between one brand and the other?
27. Within one brand, is there a different range of qualities as well?
28. Please tell me the price range for each type of each brand available? How do you charge for
different qualities to consumers (based on price from suppliers).
29. What type of consumers are there for best quality products or for low quality of products?
POSSIBLE CURRENT ISSUES THEY ARE HAVING
30. Do you have any issues you would like to raise regarding latrine pans? Probe:
–
How about storage issues? Do you have your own storage?
–
If yes, any stock-out issues? What kind of products are usually out-of-stock?
–
If not, how do you store the latrine pans? What will you do if the stock is not
enough during high demand?
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31. Do you think training about latrine pans is necessary? If yes, what kind of knowledge would
you like to know about latrine pans?
VI.
CLOSURE
32. Regarding your business, how is the condition of business at the moment?
–
What do you see as the biggest opportunities?
–
And what do you see as the biggest challenges?
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Appendix 4: INTERVIEW GUIDE FOR MASONS (Supply Side)
I.
GENERAL INFORMATION
1. Name :
2. Age
:
II.
UNDERSTANDING THEIR WORK
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
III.
Do you come from East Java? If not: When do you usually go home?
How long have you been working as a mason? How did you get into your line of work?
Do you work by yourself or are you employed by certain contractors?
What type of jobs do you usually handle?
–
Can you rank by most common to least common?
–
Where do you usually get this job? Is it different for each job?
How do you get commissioned for jobs?
–
Based on relationship with neighbors; commissioned by certain stores, etc
–
Do you usually get hired for the entire job or just part of it?
–
Do you also get jobs from out of town? How do you get the jobs then?
How do you charge your service? By day, by size of job?
Do you charge differently between clients? If yes, based on what?
Do you charge in any other way? Does peak season matter, for example after harvest?
SANITATION PRODUCT KNOWLEDGE AND CONSTRUCTION
I would like to understand your knowledge specifically on sanitation products.
11. Talking about building sanitation facilities, based on your experience, what are the materials
needed? Please explain?
12. Do people come to you for information regarding materials for sanitation? Why / Why not?
13. Do you give advice to people regarding the materials or do people usually already have in
mind what they are going to make? Please explain …
14. In your experience, do people usually need help from masons to build a sanitation facility or
do they build it themselves?
–
Can you explain the characteristic difference between people who need your help
and those who don’t?
15. What kind of sanitation facilities do you know of? Probe : modern, traditional, dry-pit, etc
–
How many options regarding sanitation facilities do you know?
–
How do you get information regarding these options?
16. How would you describe a good sanitation facility?
17. How about a hygienic sanitation facility?
18. How did you learn to make / construct a sanitation facility?
–
When was your first construction and how did you get it?
19. Who do you usually build sanitation facilities for? What option do they usually ask?
20. Do you advice households about the type of sanitation facility to build? Why? / Why not?
–
If not giving advice: who do the people ask and how will they decide?
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21. What difficulties you encounter in building a sanitation facility (probe: technical problems,
materials, rocky soil, watery soil, etc)
22. How many orders for building sanitation facilities do you get, let’s say in a month, or a year?
–
Are there any seasonal variations, for example after harvest?
23. How long does it usually take to build a sanitation facility?
24. In your experience, how much does it usually cost for building a sanitation facility? Please
describe by elements: materials, your day service
–
What makes costing difference? What will make it cheaper / expensive?
–
How do you get profit for building a sanitation facility?
–
How do you know how much to charge when building a sanitation facility?
–
In recent years, has there been any change in rates for building a sanitation facility?
Why?
25. Why do you think that some people in your community have built a sanitation facility and not
others?
26. In your point of view, in general, what type of people are those who build a sanitation
facility? Probe: from higher social class, from higher education level?
27. Is it possible to earn your livelihood just by building sanitation facilities? Why / Why not?
IV.
MARKET ACCESS – SPECIFICALLY FOR SANITATION PRODUCTS
Now, I would like to understand your relationship with your providers, specifically for sanitation
facility products:
28. From whom do you usually get materials to build a sanitation facility?
–
If more than one provider, why? What are your reasons?
–
If more than one provider, how do you differentiate them? Probe: based on
products, for example cement, sand, pit-toilet, or something else?
29. How did you establish the relationship with these providers? How did the process start?
Probe: based on what, relationship, commission?
30. What is the purchase term that you have with your provider(s)? Do you get credit from input
providers? What are the terms of credits?
31. What are the advantages and disadvantages that you get from these providers?
32. Do you get special treatments from these providers? Please explain
33. Do you always advise your client to go to these providers or not? How does it work then?
V.
CLOSURE
34. Regarding your work : how is the condition of business at the moment?
–
What do you see as the biggest opportunities?
–
And what do you see as the biggest challenges?
Training Program:
35. Have you heard about a training program in your line of work?
36. Do you have any idea what a training program is?
37. What do you think if the program is made available by ITS?
38. What features of program do you think will interest you, help your business?
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Appendix 5: INTERVIEW SCHEDULE AND EXECUTIVE IN CHARGE
Executive In Charge: Dewi Utami Savitri. (Senior Client Solutions Executive, Qualitative
Research)
Area
Date
Phase
: Surabaya, Sidoarjo, Gresik, Mojokerto
: 7 – 11 April 2008
: 1 (using recruitment questionnaire)
2 (random, based on phase 1 result)
Date and Area
Players
7 April 2008
8 April 2008
9 April 2008
10 April 2008
11 April 2008
Surabaya
Greater
Surabaya
Gresik
Mojokerto
Surabaya
3
3
3
3
1
1
1
PHASE 1
Stores
Masons
PHASE 2
Suppliers
(of
stores in Phase 1)
TOTAL
1
3
4
4
4
1
16
Executive In Charge: Nurul Ayu Kesuma (Manager Client Solutions, Qualitative Research)
Dewi Utami Savitri. (Senior Client Solutions Executive, Qualitative
Research);
Pasuruan only
Area
Date
Phase
: Ponorogo, Pacitan, Surabaya, Pasuruan
: 16 – 19 April 2008
: 1 (using recruitment questionnaire)
2 (random, based on phase 1 result)
Date and Area
Players
16 April 2008
17 April 2008
17 April 2008
18 April 2008
19 April 2008
Ponorogo
Pacitan
Pasuruan
Ponorogo
Surabaya
3
4
PHASE 1
Stores
Masons
2
1
PHASE 2
Suppliers
(of
stores in Phase 1)
1
T4 manufacturers
TOTAL
3
5
1
1
1
4
1
1
14
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Appendix 6: DISCUSSION GUIDE FOR DEMAND SIDE
Discussion Guide for Group Discussions Session – To best capture the feeling and not lost
in translation, we used Bahasa since the beginning of discussions with WSP Team
1. Perkenalkan (10 menit)
♦ Perkenalkan Nielsen
♦ Jelaskan mengenai rekaman audio dan video – hanya untuk kepentingan riset
♦ Jelaskan peraturan diskusi: bebas berpendapat, tidak ada jawaban benar atau salah,
tetapi harus menghargai pendapat orang lain
♦ Minta responden memperkenalkan diri: nama, usia, pekerjaan, kegiatan sehari-hari
(khususnya untuk mengetahui sumber keuangan)
♦ Topik hari ini: Kegiatan sehari-hari, khususnya yang berkenaan dengan kesehatan
2. Pengambilan Keputusan Dalam Rumah Tangga (15 menit)
♦
♦
♦
♦
♦
Apa saja pengeluaran terbesar dalam rumah tangga Bapak/Ibu, selain kebutuhan seharihari / rutin bulanan? Probe: pembelian penting (misalkan cell-phone, TV) vs.
pengeluaran penting (misalkan pernikahan, sunatan)
Moderator: Cek pola pengeluaran tersebut, siapa yang umumnya menentukan
jumlahnya
Dari semua ini, bisakah Bapak/Ibu urutkan berdasarkan mana yang paling penting?
Misalkan, jika ada pendapatan tambahan, mana yang akan didahulukan?
Bagaimana dengan kesehatan (misalkan membangun kamar mandi, WC, dsb)? Apakah
termasuk pengeluaran besar dalam keluarga? Mengapa / Mengapa Tidak? Kira-kira
berada di posisi mana dari semua daftar ini?
UNTUK GRUP PEMILIK WC/JAMBAN SEHAT: Cek dimana mereka meletakkan
pembuatan WC/Jamban sehat dalam daftar pengeluaran besar lantas tanyakan,
mengapa Bapak/Ibu bersedia mengeluarkan uang untuk itu? Kalau ada pengeluaran
lain saat itu yang lebih besar (lihat daftar) mana yang lebih didahulukan?
3. Kebiasaan Mengenai Kesehatan Sehari-hari (25 menit)
♦
Bagaimana kebiasaan buang air besar besar Bapak/Ibu sekarang (bukan frekuensi,
tetapi lebih kepada tempat, ada waktu khusus atau tidak). Moderator: biarkan mereka
bercerita, cek apakah termasuk OD, memakai jamban/WC Pribadi, serta kebiasaankebiasaan lain –
o CEK ISTILAH: apakah menggunakan istilah WC, Jamban, atau kamar mandi?
Apa bedanya mata mereka (positif atau negatif)? Atau ada istilah lain yang biasa
dipergunakan
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♦
♦
♦
Apa keuntungan atau hal-hal yang Bapak/Ibu suka dari kondisi seperti itu?
Moderator: Gali lebih dalam, misalkan jika disebut privasi, apa yang dimaksud:
benar-benar tidak dilihat orang, bisa berlama-lama dengan pikiran, dan lain-lain.
Bagaimana dengan kenyamanan, fasilitas untuk cebok, dll
Lantas apa yang Bapak/Ibu tidak suka?
Bagaimana dengan kebiasaan untuk cebok?
o PROBE: Pakai tisu, daun, air, atau lainnya?
o Bagi yang menggunakan air, bagaimana cara Anda mendapatkan air bersih?
Apakah sulit atau tidak? Moderator: Bagi yang mudah mendapatkan air, apa
tipsnya?
♦
BAGI GRUP PEMILIK WC/JAMBAN SEHAT
o Mengapa Bapak/Ibu memutuskan untuk memiliki WC/Jamban sendiri? Apa yang
tidak Bapak/Ibu sukai dari kondisi sebelumnya?
o Bagaimana kondisi/tipe dari WC/Jamban Bapak/Ibu sekarang (tertutup, pakai
plengsengan, leher angsa)? Dan mengapa Bapak/Ibu memilih yang seperti itu?
o Bagaimana pengalaman Bapak/Ibu kalau dibandingkan dengan sebelum memiliki
WC/Jamban sendiriApa yang dulu tidak Bapak/Ibu sukai dan bagaimana
mengatasinya sekarang, setelah punya WC/Jamban (sehat) sendiri?
o Apakah Bapak/Ibu sudah puas dengan kondisi sekarang? Mengapa/Mengapa
Tidak?
♦
BAGI GRUP PEMILIK WC/JAMBAN TIDAK SEHAT
o Mengapa Bapak/Ibu memutuskan untuk memiliki WC/Jamban sendiri? Apa yang
tidak Bapak/Ibu sukai dari kondisi sebelumnya?
o Bagaimana kondisi/tipe dari WC/Jamban Bapak/Ibu sekarang? Dan mengapa
Bapak/Ibu memilih yang seperti itu?
o Apakah Bapak/Ibu sudah puas dengan kondisi sekarang? Mengapa/Mengapa
Tidak? Bagaimana mengatasi ketidakpuasan Bapak/Ibu?
o Apakah menurut Bapak/Ibu, kondisi sekarang masih bisa diperbaiki lagi?
Mengapa/ Mengapa Tidak?
♦
UNTUK GRUP OPEN DEFECATORS:
o Mengapa Bapak/Ibu belum memiliki WC/Jamban sendiri? (minta mereka
menjelaskan, apakah karena ada “kesenangan” sendiri dengan melakukan OD?)
o Kira-kira dalam kondisi seperti apa, Bapak/Ibu bersedia memiliki WC/Jamban
sendiri?
3. Identifikasi Nilai (30 menit)
Projection exercise: UNTUK SEMUA GRUP, MARI KITA BAYANGKAN:
♦ GRUP OD: Kira-kira, orang seperti apa di desa Bapak/Ibu yang memiliki WC/Jamban
sendiri?
internal use only.
Page 89 of 168
♦
♦
♦
GRUP PEMILIK WC/JAMBAN TIDAK SEHAT: Kira-kira, orang seperti apa di
desa Bapak/Ibu yang masih buang air besar di tempat terbuka, bukan di WC/Jamban
sendiri? Bagaimana dengan orang-orang yang WC/Jamban-nya sudah lebih bagus?
GRUP PEMILIK WC/JAMBAN SEHAT: Kira-kira, orang seperti apa di desa
Bapak/Ibu yang masih buang air besar di tempat terbuka, bukan di WC/Jamban
sendiri? Bagaimana dengan orang-orang yang WC/Jamban-nya masih belum bagus
(misalkan hanya ditutupi bambu)?
CEK:
o Apakah ada perbedaan social status (misalkan Pak Lurah, Pak RT, orang kaya –
adalah mereka2 yang memiliki WC/Jamban sendiri) vs. yang buang air besar di
tempat terbuka?
o Atau mungkin dengan agama atau pekerjaan (misalkan dokter, bidan) atau hal lain?
o Kira-kira apa yang orang-orang itu bayangkan mengenai WC/Jamban pribadi
(merasa lebih modern, lebih sehat, percaya diri, dll)
• Kira-kira apa yang harus mereka “korbankan” untuk memiliki WC/Jamban pribadi?
(misalkan harus khusus menabung) – Moderator: cek apakah memiliki WC/Jamban
sendiri memang berguna dan ada efek positifnya
VALUE EXERCISE: DILAKUKAN SEHARI SEBELUM GRUP –mereka diminta
mengisi lembar yang berisi pertanyaan, dalam situasi seperti apakah Bapak/Ibu merasa:
PRIBADI
o Bahagia / puas dengan diri sendiri / sukses
o Nyaman / Aman
o Tidak nyaman / kecewa / marah
o Sedih / tidak berguna
o Hal-hal yang saya idam2-kan di masa datang
SOSIAL
o Kegiatan lingkungan yang paling senang dilakukan
♦
MODERATOR: Dari lembar jawaban mereka:
o Mengapa merasa seperti itu? Apa alasannya?
o Kalau mengingat kondisi buang air besar Bapak/Ibu sekarang, kira-kira lebih sesuai
dengan situasi yang mana? Mengapa?
o Apakah ada kebiasaan ”sehat” lainnya yang Bapak/Ibu lakukan selain buang air
besar – misalkan mencuci tangan sebelum makan, dll? Bagaimana dengan
kebiasaan2 ini – masuk ke situasi yang mana?
♦
KHUSUS GRUP PEMILIK WC/JAMBAN: Apa hal-hal yang PALING Bapak/Ibu
nikmati dengan memiliki WC/Jamban sendiri? (cek: misalkan ada nilai-nilai ekonomi,
harga jual rumah menjadi lebih tinggi)
♦
KHUSUS GRUP OPEN DEFECATORS: Apa hal-hal yang AKAN PALING
Bapak/Ibu nikmati dengan memiliki WC/Jamban pribadi sendiri?
internal use only.
Page 90 of 168
5. Proses Berbelanja (25 menit)
MODERATOR: Tanyakan ke semua grup – bagi grup open defecators, minta
mereka membayangkan apabila mereka ingin memiliki WC/Jamban Sendiri:
UNTUK PEMILIK:
♦ Sekarang ingat-ingat ketika Bapak/Ibu memutuskan untuk memiliki WC/Jamban
sendiri? CEK:
o Apa yang Bapak/Ibu pikirkan saat itu, mengapa jadi ingin memiliki WC/Jamban
Sendiri?
o Kemana pertama kali Bapak/Ibu mencari informasi mengenai WC/Jamban ini?
o Apakah waktu itu ada pengeluaran2 lain yang harus ditunda karena memutuskan
memiliki WC/Jamban sendiri?
o Lantas apa saja yang Bapak/Ibu pertimbangkan saat memutuskan memiliki
WC/Jamban sendiri? Misalkan: tipe toilet, kondisi tempat menampung kotoran
(tanah di bawah) – apakah Bapak/Ibu perduli dengan hal-hal tersebut?
o Siapa atau tempat apa yang Bapak/Ibu hubungi pertama kali? Dimana (desa,
kecamatan, dll)? Berapa banyak tempat yang dihubungi sebelum akhirnya
memutuskan?
o Berapa lama prosesnya – mulai dari memutuskan untuk punya sampai benar-benar
punya (selesai dibangun)
o Apakah semua kebutuhan didapat di satu tempat atau beda kebutuhan, beda
tempat? Bagaimana pengalamannya?
o Bagaimana akhirnya Bapak/Ibu membangun WC/Jamban tersebut: sendiri, tukang?
Kalau tukang, cari dimana, siapa dia (professional sebagai tukang, kerja
sampingan, dll)
o Bagaimana pengalaman tersebut buat Bapak/Ibu (susah, menyenangkan, dsb)?
Mengapa? Jika ingin membangun lagi, apa yang menurut Bapak/Ibu bisa diperbaiki
– sehingga terasa lebih gampang?
o Bagaimana setelah pembelian – ada rasa kecewa atau tidak? Mengapa? Ataukah
ada hal-hal yang harus diperbaiki oleh tukang atau toko yang membantu
membuatkan?
UNTUK NON-PEMILIK
♦ Jika Bapak/Ibu ingin memiliki WC/Jamban sendiri, kira-kira bagaimana prosesnya?
CEK:
o Kemana pertama kali mencari informasi?
o Apa saja yang akan dipertimbangkan? Misalkan: tipe toilet, kondisi tempat
menampung kotoran (tanah di bawah) – apakah Bapak/Ibu perduli dengan hal-hal
tersebut?
o Siapa atau tempat apa yang Bapak/Ibu hubungi pertama kali? Dimana (desa,
kecamatan, dll)? Kira-kira siapa yang akan membangun – sendiri atau menyuruh
internal use only.
Page 91 of 168
o
orang lain? Kalau orang lain, siapa yang disuruh (tukang professional, lainnya)
Apa yang Bapak/Ibu harapkan dari proses “belanja” WC/Jamban ini?
6. Evaluasi Awal Terhadap Konsep Toilet (15 menit)
MODERATOR: Sekarang kita akan melihat sebuah papan yang berisi ide mengenai
WC/Jamban:
ROTASI:, untuk tiap-tiap ide tanyakan:
♦ Reaksi spontan: Apa kira-kira yang dimaksud dengan ide ini?
♦ Suka / Tidak Suka? Alasan
♦ Khusus konsep Cak Kemplung: bagaimana pendapat Bapak/Ibu dengan penggunaan
Cak Kemplung (orang Madura) ini?
Lantas pilih mana yang paling disukai (dari 3 konsep)
KONSEP JAMAT
♦ Reaksi spontan: Apa kira-kira yang dimaksud dengan ide ini?
♦ Apa kesan Bapak/Ibu dari istilah “Jamat”
♦ “Beli Jamat, enggak mahal-mahal amat!”  apa kesan Bapak/Ibu? Berapa kira2
harganya?
♦ “Jambanku Sehat”  apa kesan Bapak/Ibu terhadap kalimat ini?
♦ PAJAMAT  apa kesan Bapak/Ibu terhadap PAJAMAT? Siapa kira-kira mereka?
internal use only.
Page 92 of 168
Appendix 7: IN DEPTH INTERVIEW GUIDE AMONG EXPERT.
Discussion Guide for Expert Interview Session – To best capture the feeling and not be
lost in translation, we used Bahasa since the beginning of discussions with the WSP Team
1. Perkenalkan (10 menit)
♦ Perkenalkan Nielsen
♦ Jelaskan latar belakang dan tujuan penelitian (kerja sama dengan WSP)
♦ Gambaran singkat mengenai hasil FGD yang dilakukan di Probolinggo dan Pacitan.
2. Faktor-faktor yang berpengaruh dalam kebiasaan buang air (20 menit)
♦
Secara umum, bagaimana menurut Anda, pandangan masyarakat terhadap kegiatan
‘buang air’? Apa makna ‘buang air’ bagi mereka? Adakah nilai-nilai yang melekat
pada aktivitas tersebut? Probe: sesuatu yang ‘harus di belakang’, sesuatu yang tidak
penting, etc
♦
Khususnya di Jawa Timur, apakah ada perbedaan pandangan antar golongan
masyarakat mengenai makna ‘buang air’?
♦
Berdasarkan penelitian awal yang kami lakukan, kami melihat ada beberapa pola
kebiasaan dalam melakukan buang air besar di daerah Jawa Timur (Pacitan dan
Probolinggo), yaitu:
♦ Kebiasaan buang air di kali (baik terbuka maupun tertutup)
♦ Kebiasaan buang air di jumbleng (lubang sedalam 2-3 m yang ditutup/tidak
ditutup)
♦ Kebiasaan buang air di toilet/WC namun kotoran tetap dibuang di sungai (tidak ada
septic tank)
♦ Kebiasaan buang air di toilet/WC dan kotoran sudah dibuang ke septic tank
Apakah ada pola kebiasaan buang air lain lagi di daerah Jawa Timur, sepengetahuan
Anda? Seperti apa kebiasaan tersebut?
♦
Menurut Anda, faktor-faktor apa yang dapat mempengaruhi perbedaan kebiasaan
tersebut? Dapatkah Anda memberi gambaran? Misalkan: kelas ekonomi dan sosial,
kebiasaan turun temurun yang diterima masyarakat, kebiasaan yang terkait fisik ketika
buang air?
♦
Kami melihat ada indikasi bahwa kondisi geografis suatu desa/daerah juga dapat
mempengaruhi kebiasaan buang air besar (moderator jelaskan contoh daerah dekat kali
(Probolinggo) dengan daerah pegunungan (Pacitan)). Bagaimana pendapat Anda
mengenai hal ini? Benarkah kondisi geografis juga menjadi hal yang sangat
berpengaruh?
internal use only.
Page 93 of 168
♦
Kami juga melihat bahwa ada sebagian kecil masyarakat yang senang buang air di kali
karena faktor kebiasaan fisik (misal tidak bisa buang air jika pantat tidak menyentuh
air atau tidak bisa buang air kalau berada di ruang tertutup). Apakah ini benar?
Menurut Anda, mengapa ini bisa terjadi?
3. Faktor-faktor yang berpengaruh dalam kepemilikan WC (20 menit)
♦
Untuk kepemilikan WC sendiri, menurut Anda, apa yang mempengaruhi seseorang
untuk memilikinya?
♦
Sebenarnya apa arti dari memiliki WC untuk masyarakat? Mengapa memiliki WC
memiliki prioritas rendah dibandingkan pendidikan anak atau sumbangan tetangga
misalnya? Apa yang mendasari hal ini?
♦
Dari penelitian awal ini, kami mendapatkan ada anggapan bahwa “memiliki WC adalah
mahal” ... menurut Anda apa yang mendasari anggapan ini? Apakah mungkin ada gap
antara pemahaman fungsi dari WC dengan bentuk fisiknya (harus ada toilet, ruangan,
dll)?
♦
Dari penelitian kami, anggapan ini juga membentuk persepsi bahwa mereka yang
buang air sembarangan berasal dari kelas ekonomi bawah sedangkan yang buang air di
toilet berasal dari kelas sosial menengah ke atas. Lantas:
o Apa pendapat Anda jika ada rumah tangga yang secara sosial ekonomi “mampu”
tetapi belum memiliki WC? Fenomena apakah ini?
– Menurut Anda, mengapa mereka memprioritaskan kepemilikan lain daripada
WC?
– Menurut Anda, apa keuntungannya dan apa trade-off yang mereka dapat?
– Apa nilai-nilai yang mereka miliki? Moderator cek: apakah social value (tidak
ingin berbeda/ tidak ingin menjadi bahan gosip tetangga) masuk dalam nilai
o Lantas untuk mereka yang memang berasal dari kelas ekonomi bawah DAN tidak
memiliki WC:
– Menurut Anda, fenomena apa ini?
– Apakah hal tersebut merupakan cerminan bahwa mereka tidak bisa
memprioritaskan pengeluaran mereka / kurang bisa merencanakan pengeluaran
rumah tangga, misalnya?
– Menurut Anda, apa nilai yang mereka anut dalam hal ini?
♦
Kami melihat ada juga indikasi bahwa situasi masyarakat sekitar juga sangat
berpengaruh terhadap kebiasaan buang air. Suatu daerah yang menganggap buang air
di kali/jumbleng adalah hal yang lumrah, membuat masyarakatnya kurang berusaha
untuk membuat WC. Apakah ini sepenuhnya benar? Mengapa hal ini masih dianggap
lumrah?
internal use only.
Page 94 of 168
4. Mengubah Kebiasaan (30 menit)
♦
Menurut Anda, faktor-faktor apa yang dapat membuat mereka tergerak membuat WC
sehat sendiri? Bagaimana hal ini dapat berjalan? Moderator mencatat apakah
perubahan ini terkait pada internal atau eksternal. Probe ke masing-masing faktor di
atas:
o Kondisi Geografis
o Kondisi sosial ekonomi
o Sikap dan kebiasaan serta approval masyarakat
o Kebiasaan fisik
o Lainnya
♦
Apakah menurut Anda ada kendala dari sisi proses pembelian WC dan
infrakstrukturnya (semen, pasir, dll)? Bagaimana?
♦
Selama ini sudah ada upaya dari pemerintah daerah dan petugas jajaran kesehatan di
tiap daerah untuk menyadarkan/membantu masyarakat memiliki WC sendiri (contoh
penyuluhan kesehatan atau pemberian dana pembuatan WC), namun program
kepemilikan WC sehat di daerah Jatim belum sepenuhnya tuntas atau berjalan dengan
baik. Apa kendala yang terjadi selama ini? Mengapa bisa terjadi?
♦
Upaya apa yang menurut Anda akan efektif dilakukan untuk menyadarkan pembuatan
WC, selain pemberian bantuan dana? Sisi apa yang harus ditonjolkan dalam upaya
kepemilikan WC sehat? (sosial, religi, kesehatan?)
♦
Jika Bank Dunia (WSP) ingin membuat program untuk memudahkan pembelian WC
bagi masyarakat dengan menyediakan WC (dan infrastrukturnya) dengan harga
terjangkau disertai komunikasi mengenai pentingnya memiliki WC, bagaimana
tanggapan Anda?
o Apakah kelebihan dan kekurangan dari upaya ini?
o Sisi komunikasi seperti apa yang menurut Anda efektif untuk mengubah kebiasaan
masyarakat?
internal use only.
Page 95 of 168
Appendix 8: QUANTITATIVE QUESTIONNAIRE – DEMAND SIDE
Study ID
(101-108)
Resp. No.
(109-112)
Interviewer No.
(116-119)
Interview Length
(120-121)
No. Of Queries
(122-123)
Reference No.
(124-127)
81027-PVT
Nielsen Indonesia
15/F Mayapada Tower
Jl. Jenderal Sudirman Kav. 28
Jakarta 12920 Indonesia
Name of Respondent : ________________________
Address : __________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________
Phone # : __________________________________
Interviewer's Name : _________________________
Date of Interview : ______ - __________ - ________
Start : ________ Finish : ________
SCREENING
IF RESPONDENT IS NOT HEAD OF HOUSEHOLD WHO ACTS AS A BREADWINNER THEN ASK POLITELY
TO THE ELIGIBLE ONE
Q1
Code
JOB S C R E E N I N G
(128)
So we are sure that we are speaking to a broad cross section of the community, do you
or any one in your family or any of your close friends work in any of the following industry
sectors? [MA]
Route
Advertising Agency
1
CLOSE
Research Agency
2
CLOSE
Public Relations
3
CLOSE
Mass media
4
CLOSE
Manufacturer/distributor of toilets (WC)
5
CLOSE
Manufacturer/distributor of craft tools
6
CLOSE
Journalist
7
CLOSE
None of the above
8
internal use only.
Page 96 of 168
Q2
Code
(129)
Route
Yes
1
CLOSE
No
2
ASK ALL
Have you been interviewed like this in the past 6 months? [SA]
Q3a
SHOW CARD
Which of the following monthly household expenditure groups do you belong to? (That is : total daily
expenditure in a month on food, tuition, electricity, water, cigarettes, servants' salaries, gasoline, etc;
excluding major purchases). [SA]
Q3b
How much, approximately, is the monthly income of this household from all sources in the household? [SA]
Q3c
And how much is approximately your monthly personal income ? [SA]
Q3a
Household
Expenditure
(130)
Q3b
Household
Income
(133)
Q3c
Personal
Income
(136)
Less than Rp.50.000
01
01
01
Rp. 50.001 - 75.000
02
02
02
Rp. 75.001 - 100.000
03
03
03
Rp. 100.001 - 150.000
04
04
04
Rp. 150.001 - 200.000
05
05
05
Rp. 200.001 - 250.000
06
06
06
Rp. 250.001 - 300.000
07
07
07
Rp. 300.001 - 350.000
08
08
08
Rp. 350.001 - 400.000
09
09
09
Rp. 400.001 - 450.000
10
10
10
Rp. 450.001 - 500.000
11
11
11
Rp. 500.001 - 600.000
12
12
12
Rp. 600.001 - 700.000
13
13
13
Rp. 700.001 - 800.000
14
14
14
Rp. 800.001 - 900.000
15
15
15
Rp. 900.001 - 1.000.000
16
16
16
Rp. 1.000.001 - 1.250.000
17
17
17
Rp. 1.250.001 - 1.500.000
18
18
18
Rp. 1.500.001 - 1.750.000
19
19
19
Rp. 1.750.001 - 2.000.000
20
20
20
Rp. 2.000.001 - 2.250.000
21
21
21
internal use only.
Page 97 of 168
Q3a
Household
Expenditure
22
Rp. 2.250.001 - 2.500.000
Q4
Q3b
Household
Income
22
Q3c
Personal
Income
22
Rp. 2.500.001 - 3.500.000
23
23
23
Rp. 3.500.001 - 4.000.000
24
24
24
Rp. 4.000.001 - 5.000.000
25
25
25
Rp. 5.000.001 - 10.000.000
26
26
26
Above 10.000.000
27
27
27
Code
(139)
Route
A1 : More than Rp 3,500,000
1
CLOSE
A2 : Rp 2,500,001 - Rp 3,500,000
2
CLOSE
B : Rp 1,750,001 - Rp 2,500,000
3
CLOSE
C1 : Rp 1,250,001 - Rp 1,750,000
4
C2 : Rp 900,001 - Rp 1,250,000
5
D : Rp 600,001 - Rp 900,000
6
E : Less than Rp 600,000
7
TRANSFER FROM Q3
SEC classification [SA]
CLOSE
DEMOGRAPHICS
Q5
Q6
Who is the main income earner in this household? [SA]
Code
(140)
01
Husband
Wife
02
Daughter
03
Brother
04
Grandfather
05
Grandmother
06
Others (specify _________________________ )
07
None
98
Don't know
99
TANYAKAN KEPADA KEPALA RUMAH TANGGA YANG MENCARI NAFKAH
May I know how old you are?
RECORD: Date/Month/Year ____/____/____
internal use only.
Page 98 of 168
Route
TANYAKAN KEPADA KEPALA RUMAH TANGGA YANG MENCARI NAFKAH
May I know how old you are?
Q6
RECORD: Date/Month/Year ____/____/____
Exact Age
(R1)
Q7
Q8
(150-151)
Code
(152)
01
55 years old or above
TRANSFER FROM Q6
50 - 54 years old
02
45 - 49 years old
03
40 - 44 years old
04
35 - 39 years old
05
30 - 34 years old
06
25 - 29 years old
07
20 - 24 years old
08
18 - 19 years old
09
15 - 17 years old
10
Code
(153)
SHOW CARD
Can you read, write, or both?[SA]
Read fluently
1
Can read but having difficulty
2
Can not read
3
Q9a
SHOWCARD
What is the highest level of education you have completed ? [SA]
Q9b
Among all member of this household, what is the highest education that have completed?[SA]
Q9a
Head of HH
education
Route
Route
(154)
Q9b
Highest
education
among family
member
(155)
Doctoral (S3)
1
1
Post graduates (S2)
2
2
Bachelor (S1)
3
3
Academy/Diploma
4
4
Senior High
5
5
internal use only.
Page 99 of 168
Q9a
Head of HH
education
Q10
Q11
(R1)
Q12
Junior High
6
Q9b
Highest
education
among family
member
6
Elementary
7
7
Elementary not finished
8
8
No formal education
9
9
Code
(156)
ASK ALL
What is your main occupation? [SA]
Staff (administration, typist)
01
Skilled laborer (in the office)
02
Unskilled laborer (in the office)
03
Skilled laborer (in the factory/shop)
04
Unskilled laborer (in the factory/shop)
05
Farmer/fisherman
06
Student (college, high school)
07
Retiree
08
No job/looking for a job
09
Housewife
10
Refused to answer
11
Other specify _________
12
_____________________
13
_____________________
14
Route
Could you please tell me, how many hours you worked in the past 7 days. What we mean by working is
that you received some form of payment for what you did. it can be salary or wages or you could have
gained or exchanged from what you did (i.e.trading)
Total Hours
(166-167)
How many people live in your house? (Including those staying at least 3 months in the past 12 months
including children, adult relatives)
INTERVIEWER: READ OUT EACH AGE INTERVALS & RECORD EXACT NUMBER OF PEOPLE
(R1)
Number of people
internal use only.
(168-170)
Page 100 of 168
Q13a
Please mention the number of male and female for each age group living in your household including you,
other adults, children and infants but excluding helper or guests.
INTERVIEWER: READ OUT EACH AGE INTERVALS & RECORD EXACT NUMBER OF PEOPLE
a) MALE
Q13b
b) FEMALE
0-4
(R1)
5-9
(R2)
(R3)
(R4)
(R5)
(R6)
(R7)
(R8)
(R9)
(R10)
(R11)
(R12)
(R13)
10-14
15-19
20-24
25-29
30-34
35-39
40-44
45-49
50-54
55-59
60-64
internal use only.
Q13a
Q13b
Male
Female
(171-172)
(240-241)
__
__
(173-174)
(242-243)
__
__
(175-176)
(244-245)
__
__
(177-178)
(246-247)
__
__
(179-180)
(248-249)
__
__
(216-217)
(250-251)
__
__
(218-219)
(252-253)
__
__
(220-221)
(254-255)
__
__
(222-223)
(256-257)
__
__
(224-225)
(258-259)
__
__
(226-227)
(260-261)
__
__
(228-229)
(262-263)
__
__
(230-231)
(264-265)
__
__
Page 101 of 168
Q13b
Male
Female
(232-233)
(266-267)
__
__
(234-235)
(268-269)
__
__
(236-237)
(270-271)
__
__
(238-239)
(272-273)
__
__
65-69
(R14)
70-74
(R15)
75+
(R16)
Total
(R17)
Q14
Q13a
May I know your religion?[SA]
Code
(274)
1
Moslem
Christian
2
Catholic
3
Buddha
4
Hindu
5
Other _____________
6
Route
HOUSING INFORMATION
Q15
Q16
(R1)
Q17
Code
(275)
ASK ALL
Can you tell me the ownership status of the house you are living in right now?[SA]
Rent
1
Owned, with my name on the land certificate
2
Owned, with my parents name on the land certificate
3
Owned, with my family/ relative on the land certificate
4
Others, _____________________________
5
Route
ASK ALL
What is the land size of the house you are living in at the moment?
Land size of house (m2)
Does your house get some electricity supply?[SA]
(276-279)
Code
(280)
1
Yes
No
internal use only.
2
Page 102 of 168
Route
Q18
Q20
Q18
Q19
Code
(316)
ASK Q18AND Q19IF CODE 1 IS CIRCLED IN Q17
SHOWCARD
And from which source do you get electricity supply?[MA]
PLN
1
Genset
2
Other household
3
SHOWCARD
In past one month, which statement describe you the best about the electricity supply in
your house?[SA]
Code
(317)
I always get electricity supply
01
I get electricity supply only in certain time
02
I can not predict when my house get electricity supply
03
Other _________________________
04
Don't know
99
Route
Route
RESPONDENT CLASSIFICATION
Q20
Code
(327)
Route
Yes
1
Q22
No
2
Q21
ASK ALL
Does this house own a toilet/ water closet?
What we mean by toilet/ water closet is a place where you usually defecate. [SA]
internal use only.
Page 103 of 168
Q21
Q22
Q23
Q24
Q25
Code
(328)
Route
In the open
01
Q26
River
02
Q26
Wood
03
Q26
Bush
04
Q26
Other Open site (Please Mention
05
Public Place
41
Q26
Public Toilet
42
Q26
Toilet that belong to my neighbour/
43
Q26
Code
(333)
Route
Yes
1
Q26
No
2
Q23
Code
(334)
Route
to a digged hole
01
Q24
to the river
02
Q26
to the gutter
03
Q26
Others, _____________________
04
Q26
Code
(344)
Route
Yes
1
Q25
No
2
Q26
Code
(345)
Route
ASK IF RESPONDENT DON'T HAVE TOILET IN THEIR HOUSE (CODED 2 IN Q20 )
Where do you usually defecate? [SA]
ASK IF RESPONDENT HAVE THEIR OWN TOILET/WC (CODED 1 IN Q20 )
You mentioned earlier that you have a toilet/ water closet. Does your toilet/ water closet
have a septic-tank?
What we mean by septic-tank is a proper facility to store feces. [SA]
ASK IF CODED 2 IN Q22
Earlier you mentioned that the toilet/ water closet you own in your household do not
have a septic-tank as a basin to store feces. If so, then where does the disposal channel
lead to? [SA]
If you previously digged a hole, is the hole closed shut ? [SA]
ASK IF THE HOLE CLOSED SHUT (CODE 1 IN Q24)
What material do you use to shut the hole closed?[SA]
Leaves (Unimproved)
1
Wood slab (Unimproved)
2
Bricks (Improved)
3
internal use only.
Page 104 of 168
Q25
Q26
Code
(345)
ASK IF THE HOLE CLOSED SHUT (CODE 1 IN Q24)
What material do you use to shut the hole closed?[SA]
Rock Slab (Improved)
4
Cement Slab (Improved)
5
Classification using the Following procedure
Code
(346)
Route
Route
1. If Q20 Code 2 and Q21 Code 1 - 40; Classified as Open Defecator (CODE 1)
2. If Q20 Code 2 and Q21 Code 41 etc Classified as Sharer (CODE 2)
3. If Q20 Code 1 and Q22 Code 1; Classified as Owner Improved (CODE 3)
4. IfQ20 Code 1 and Q22 Code 2; and Q23 code 1; and Q24 Code 1; and Q25 Code 35; Classified as Owner Improved (CODE 3)
5. If Q20 Code1 and Q22 Code 2; and Q23 code 2 and up; Classified as Owner
Unimproved (CODE 4)
6. IfQ20 Code1 and Q22 Code 2; and Q23 Code 1; and Q24 Code 2; and Q25 Code 1-2;
Classified as Owner Unimproved (CODE 4) [SA]
Open Defecator
1
Sharer
2
Owner Improved
3
Owner Unimproved
4
Q27a
ASK ALL
I have a list of activities that someone might buy/ do whenever they have extra money. Should you have
extra money, what will you do first? [SA]
Q27b
And what next? what next?[MA]
Q27a
First Do
(347)
Q27b
Other
Priorities
(349)
Pay debt
01
01
Buy the necessity for my children
02
02
Buy the household appliances
03
03
Buy a Color TV
04
04
Buy a VCD/DVD player
05
05
Buy a Motorcycle
06
06
Buy a Computer
07
07
Buy a Mobile phone
08
08
Buy a Fixed-line telephone
09
09
Buy a Radio cassette
10
10
Renovate the House
11
11
internal use only.
Page 105 of 168
Q27a
First Do
Q28
Q29
Q30
Other Needs
12
Q27b
Other
Priorities
12
Build/ Renovate the Toilet/ Water Closet
13
13
Code
(351)
Route
Yes
1
Q29
No
2
Q32
Code
(352)
Route
ASK ALL
Had you or your family for any reasons, defecate and store the stools in a container
before throw it away?
[SA]
ASK IF RESPONDENT EVER DEFECATE USING FLYING TOILET (CODE 1 IN Q28)
When did the last time you/your family member do that?
[SA]
Today
1
Yesterday
2
Within this week
3
Within this month
4
A few months ago
5
Forgot
6
ASK IF RESPONDENT EVER DEFECATE USING FLYING TOILET (CODE 1 IN Q28)
Why did you/ your family do that?
[MA]
Code
(353)
It was in the middle of the night
01
I/ We were in the middle of a trip
02
It was rainy
03
Diarrhea
04
Afraid of the dark
05
Other (Specify ___________________________ )
06
_____________________________
07
_____________________________
08
_____________________________
09
internal use only.
Page 106 of 168
Route
Q31a
Who did it in the past 1 month?[MA]
Q31b
And who did it latest?[SA]
Q31a
Q31b
Head Husba Child Parent Other Head Husba Child Parent Others
of
nd/
s
of
nd/
s
House Wife
House Wife
hold
hold
(363)
(532)
(R1)
Adult Woman
1
2
3
4
5
(364)
(R2)
School Aged Female
1
Adult Man
1
2
3
4
5
School Aged Male
1
2
3
4
5
Pre School Child
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
Q32
1
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
2
3
4
5
2
3
4
5
(537)
2
3
4
5
(369)
(R7)
5
(536)
(368)
Other
________________________
(R6)
__
4
(535)
(367)
(R5)
3
(534)
(366)
(R4)
2
(533)
(365)
(R3)
1
1
(538)
2
3
4
5
1
ASK ALL
Speaking about your habit in defecate, where was the last time you defecate?[SA]
Code
(666)
At toilet/ water closet in my house
01
At toilet/ water closet in my neighbour
02
At public toilet/ water closet
03
In the river
04
In the bushes
05
In the woods
06
Other (Specify __________________________ )
07
Tidak ada
98
Tidak tahu
99
internal use only.
Page 107 of 168
Route
SECTION 1
ASK THIS SECTION TO THOSE WHO OWN IMPROVED/UNIMPROVED SANITATION (CODE 3-4 AT Q26 )
Q33
Q34
Q35
Very dissatisfied
1
Dissatisfied
2
Neither satisfied nor dissatisfied
3
Satisfied
4
Very satisfied
5
Do you share your toilet/ water closet (where you usually defecate) with your neighbor or
other families?[SA]
Code
(677)
Route
Yes
1
Q35
No
2
Q36
Number of Family
(678-679)
Within the past 1 year, Had you defecate in the open, such as in the river or woods? [SA] Code
(680)
1
Yes
No
Q37
Q38
Route
Earlier you mentioned that you share toilet/ water closet with your neighbor or other families. According to
you, how many families do you share that toilet/ water closet with?
(R1)
Q36
Code
(676)
SHOWCARD
How satisfied are you with your current habit in defecate? [SA]
Q37
2
Q43
Code
(716)
Route
Yes
1
Q38
No
2
Q39
ASK IF EVER DEFECATE IN THE OPEN (CODED 1 IN Q36)
Do you regularly defecate in the open?[SA]
ASK IF DEFECATE REGULARLY IN THE OPEN (CODED 1 IN Q37)
Why do you still defecate in the open regularly?
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
internal use only.
Route
Page 108 of 168
Q38
ASK IF DEFECATE REGULARLY IN THE OPEN (CODED 1 IN Q37)
Why do you still defecate in the open regularly?
(717-766)
Q39
Q40
Q41
Q42
Code
(767)
ASK IF RESPONDENT HAD DEFECATE IN THE OPEN (CODED 1 IN Q36 )
Where in the open do you usually defecate?[SA]
In the river
01
In the woods
02
In the bushes
03
Others, ________________________
04
Code
(777)
ASK IF RESPONDENT HAD DEFECATE IN THE OPEN (CODED 1 IN Q36)
Where was the last time you defecate in the open?[SA]
In the river
01
In the woods
02
In the bushes
03
Other (Specify ______________________________ )
04
Earlier you mentioned that you have defecated in the open, when was the last time you
defecated in the open?[SA]
Code
(822)
Today
1
Yesterday
2
Within this week
3
Within this month
4
A few months ago
5
Forgot
6
Code
(823)
Can you tell me your reasons for defecating in open air?[MA]
PROBE What other reason? What other reason?
There's no toilet in the place where I work
01
Can not hold any longer
02
As a social time
03
My own toilet is dirty
04
Others ___________________________________________
05
internal use only.
Page 109 of 168
Route
Route
Route
Route
Q43
Code
(833)
Route
1 month ago
01
Q44
2-3 months ago
02
Q44
4-5 months ago
03
Q44
6-12 months ago
04
Q44
The toilet/ water closet is already in the house when we moved in
05
Q50
Others, ______________________________
06
TANYAKAN SEMUA
Earlier you mentioned that you have your own toilet/ water closet in the house. When did
you build it?[SA]
Q44a
ASK THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS AMONG THOSE WHO JUST RECENTLY BUILT THEIR TOILET
(CODE 1-4 AT Q43 )
Can you tell me your main reason for building a toilet/ water closet for your house? [SA]
Q44b
What other reason? What other reason?[MA]
Q44a
Main Reason
(843)
Q44b
Other
Reasons
(853)
Privacy
01
01
Avoid sharing with others
02
02
Avoid disturbing neighbours
03
03
Avoid embarrasment/ humiliation
04
04
Higher pride and status for my family
05
05
Accepted as part of the community in my area
06
06
My family is thought to have more cultural values
07
07
Personal discretion
08
08
Safety
09
09
Satisfaction
10
10
Can become a good host when guests visit
11
11
Convenience
12
12
Easy to defecate more cleanly
13
13
Cleaner and healthier living
14
14
Avoid contaminating the environment
15
15
For good health/ Avoid disease
16
16
Other (Specify ________________________ )
17
17
________________________
18
18
________________________
19
19
internal use only.
Page 110 of 168
Q44a
Main Reason
Q45
(R1)
Q46
Q47
________________________
20
Q44b
Other
Reasons
20
None
98
98
Don't Know
99
99
How much does the construction cost you?
Cost (Record in Thousands)
(863-866)
Where did you know about different options for the toilet, such as the features, the types
and other information before you make your toilet?[MA]
Code
(867)
Neighbourhood
01
Friends
02
Mason/ Building coolie
03
Building supplier
04
Government
05
Environmental Health Officer
06
Mass Media : TV
07
Radio
08
Newspaper
09
Other (Mention ____________________________ )
10
Where did you know about different options for the toilet, such as the features, the types
and other information before you make your toilet?[MA]
Code
(877)
Neighbourhood
01
Friends
02
Mason/ Building coolie
03
Building supplier
04
Government
05
Environmental Health Officer
06
Mass Media : TV
07
Radio
08
Newspaper
09
Other (Mention ____________________________ )
10
internal use only.
Page 111 of 168
Route
Route
Q48
How easy or difficult was it to make a new latrine? [SA]
internal use only.
Code
(922)
1
Very easy
Easy
2
Neutral
3
Difficult
4
Very difficult
5
Page 112 of 168
Route
Q49
You said earlier that it is ____________________ [INTERVIEWER: MENTION THE ANSWER FROM Q48
] to build a latrine for your household. Why did you say it?
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
(923-972)
Q50
Code
(973)
Route
Yes
1
Q51
No
2
Q53
ASK TO THOSE WHO OWN IMPROVED/UNIMPROVED SANITATION (CODE 3-4 AT
Q26)
Had you renovate/ add something to your existing toilet/ build new facility?
[SA]
Q51a
ASK IF RESPONDENTS HAD RENOVATE/ BUILD NEW FACILITY FOR THEIR TOILET (CODE 1 IN
Q50)
What did you do to your toilet/ water closet?
[MA]
Q51b
ASK Q51b IF RESPONDENTS ANSWERS ARE MORE THAN 1 ANSWER
And which one is the latest?[SA]
Q51a
Things that
have been
done
(974)
Q51b
The latest
thing that has
been done
(1019)
Install a new closet
01
01
Install the new tile for the toilet
02
02
Put the roof for the toilet
03
03
Build a new wall for the toilet
04
04
Paint the wall
05
05
Install a lockable door
06
06
Build a new "stool" storage
07
07
Shut the hole and dig a new one
08
08
Others (Specify ____________________ )
09
09
____________________
10
10
internal use only.
Page 113 of 168
Q51a
Things that
have been
done
11
____________________
____________________
Q52
Q51b
The latest
thing that has
been done
11
12
12
ASK TO THOSE WHO HAD RENOVATE/ ADD NEW FACILITIES (OR OTHER) IN THEIR TOILET
(CODE 1 IN Q50)
Why do you _______________________ (Interviewer: Respondent answer in Q51) ?
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
(1029-1078)
Q53
Code
(1079)
Route
Yes
1
Q54
No
2
Q58
Code
(1080)
Route
ASK TO THOSE WHO OWN IMPROVED/UNIMPROVED SANITATION (CODE 3-4 AT
Q26)
Do you plan to renovate/build new facilities to your toilet/ water closet?[SA]
Q54
ASK IF RESPONDENTS PLAN TO RENOVATE/ BUILD NEW FACILITY FOR THEIR
TOILET (CODE 1 IN Q53)
What will you do to your toilet/ water closet?
[MA]
Install a new closet
01
Install the new tile for the toilet
02
Put the roof for the toilet
03
Build a new wall for the toilet
04
Paint the wall
05
Install a lockable door
06
Build a new "stool" storage
07
Shut the hole and dig a new one
08
Others (Specify ____________________ )
09
____________________
10
internal use only.
Page 114 of 168
Q54
ASK IF RESPONDENTS PLAN TO RENOVATE/ BUILD NEW FACILITY FOR THEIR
TOILET (CODE 1 IN Q53)
What will you do to your toilet/ water closet?
[MA]
Code
(1080)
____________________
11
____________________
12
internal use only.
Page 115 of 168
Route
Q55
ASK TO THOSE WHO PLAN TO RENOVATE/ ADD NEW FACILITIES (OR OTHER) IN THEIR TOILET
(CODE 1 IN Q53)
Why do you want to _______________________ (Interviewer: Respondent answer in Q54) ?
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
(1125-1174)
Q56
ASK TO THOSE WHO PLAN TO RENOVATE/ ADD NEW FACILITIES (OR OTHER) IN THEIR TOILET
(CODE 1 IN Q53)
How much money would you be willing to spare if you intend to do the renovation?
(Interviewer: record in thousands)
(R1)
Q57
Actual budget
(1175-1178)
ASK TO THOSE WHO PLAN TO RENOVATE/ ADD NEW FACILITIES (OR OTHER) IN Code
(1179)
THEIR TOILET (CODE 1 IN Q53)
Route
Earlier you had a plan to renovate for your toilet/ water closet? Approximately when do
you think that plan can be realized? [SA]
Q58
In 1 month ahead
1
In 2-3 months ahead
2
In 4-5 months ahead
3
In 6-12 months ahead
4
In more than 1 year ahead
5
Could not say the exact time
6
Earlier you mentioned that you own a toilet/ water closet in your household. How often
do you or your family members clean the toilet/ water closet?[SA]
Code
(1180)
Every time after using it
1
Everyday
2
4-5 times a week
3
2-3 times a week
4
Once a week
5
internal use only.
Page 116 of 168
Route
Q58
Q59
Q60
Q61
Earlier you mentioned that you own a toilet/ water closet in your household. How often
do you or your family members clean the toilet/ water closet?[SA]
Code
(1180)
2-3 times in a month
6
Once a month
7
Rarely, only on certain occasions
8
Code
(1216)
Route
Yes
1
Q60
No
2
Q61
Code
(1217)
Route
ASK TO THOSE WHO HAVE SEPTIC TANK FOR THEIR TOILET (CODE 3 IN Q26)
Have you ever emptying your septic tank/ feces storage?[SA]
ASK TO THOSE WHO HAVE EVER EMPTYING THEIR SEPTIC TANK (CODE 1 IN
Q59)
When was the last time you emptied your septic tank/ feces storage?[SA]
What is your opinion on people who still defecate in open air?[MA]
Within this week
1
Witihin this month
2
A month ago
3
2 months ago
4
3 months ago
5
6 months ago
6
1 year ago
7
More than 1 year ago
8
Code
(1218)
01
They are dirty
They are poor
02
They are Causing Disturbance - sometimes they use our latrine
03
They are uneducated
04
They are people that we should avoided
05
They are people that have a lower status than us
06
They are people that we feel sorry for
07
They are people that should be understand
08
They are like us
09
They do it because they accustomized to it
10
Nothing wrong with them
11
Other (Specify _____________________ )
12
internal use only.
Route
Page 117 of 168
Route
Q61
Code
(1218)
13
_________________________
_________________________
14
_________________________
15
None
98
Don't Know
99
internal use only.
Page 118 of 168
Route
SECTION 2
ASK THESE QUESTIONS TO THE SHARER (CODED 2 IN Q26)
Q62
Q63
(R1)
Q64
Code
(1228)
SHOWCARD
Very dissatisfied
1
Dissatisfied
2
3
Satisfied
4
Very satisfied
5
Earlier you mentioned that you/ your family member use the public toilet for defecate. May I know how
many family who use that public toilet?
Number of Family
(1229-1231)
In the last 1 year, had you defecate in the open, such as in the river or woods? [SA]
Code
(1232)
1
Yes
No
Q65
Q66
Route
ASK TO RESPONDENTS WHO EVER DEFECATE IN OPEN (CODED 1 IN Q64)
Where in the open do you usually defecate?[SA]
Q69
Code
(1233)
Route
01
In the woods
02
In the bushes
03
Others, ________________________
04
Code
(1243)
In the river
01
In the woods
02
In the bushes
03
Others, ________________________
04
internal use only.
Q65
2
In the river
ASK TO RESPONDENTS WHO EVER DEFECATE IN OPEN (CODED 1 IN Q64)
Where was the last time you defecate in the open?[SA]
Route
Page 119 of 168
Route
Q67
Q68
Q69
ASK TO RESPONDENT WHO EVER DEFECATE IN OPEN (CODE 1 IN Q64)
Earlier you mentioned that you have defecated in the open, when was the last time you
defecated in the open?[SA]
Code
(1253)
Today
1
Yesterday
2
Within this week
3
Within this month
4
A few months ago
5
Forgot
6
Can you tell me your reasons for defecating in open air?[MA]
Code
(1254)
There's no toilet in the place where I work
01
Can not hold any longer
02
As a social time
03
Others, ___________________________________________
04
Code
(1264)
01
They are dirty
They are poor
02
They are Causing Disturbance - sometimes they use our latrine
03
They are uneducated
04
They are people that we should avoided
05
They are people that have a lower status than us
06
They are people that we feel sorry for
07
They are people that should be understand
08
They are like us
09
They do it because they accustomed to it
10
Nothing wrong with them
11
Other (Specify _____________________ )
12
__________________________________
13
__________________________________
14
__________________________________
15
None
98
Don't Know
99
internal use only.
Page 120 of 168
Route
Route
Route
Q70
Q71
Q72
Code
(1274)
SHOWCARD
What is your opinion on people who have their own toilet? [MA]
They are clean
01
They are reach
02
They think we are causing disturbance (We sometimes/ always use their latrine)
03
They are educated
04
They would shun us
05
They would look down on us
06
They would feel sorry for us
07
Others (Specify ____________________ )
08
None
98
Don't know
99
Speaking of toilet/ water closet ownership in your household, can you tell me your
reasons for not having your own toilet? [MA]
Code
(1319)
Tenant
01
No space
02
Don't have money
03
Can use neighbours
04
Others (Specify __________________________ )
05
__________________________
06
__________________________
07
__________________________
08
None
98
Don't Know
99
Does your house have an adequate land size to build a toilet/ water closet?[SA]
Code
(1329)
1
Yes
No
Q73
Do you wish to own a place to defecate/ toilet/ water closet/ for your household? [SA]
internal use only.
Route
Route
2
Code
(1330)
1
Yes
No
Route
2
Page 121 of 168
Route
Q74
Q81
Q74a
ASK Q74- Q79 IF RESPONDENT WISH TO OWN THEIR OWN TOILET (CODED 1 IN Q73 )
Earlier you mentioned that you intend to own a place to defecate/ toilet/ water closet for your household.
Can you tell me your main reason? [SA]
Q74b
Q74a
Main Reason
Q75
(1331)
Q74b
Other
Reasons
(1341)
Privacy
01
01
02
02
03
03
04
04
05
05
06
06
07
07
Personal discretion
08
08
Safety
09
09
Satisfaction
10
10
11
11
Convenience
12
12
13
13
14
14
15
15
16
16
Other (Specify ________________________ )
17
17
___________________
18
18
________________
19
19
________________
20
20
None
98
98
Don't know
99
99
SHOWCARD
What kind of latrine do you want to build? [SA]
internal use only.
Code
(1351)
1
Type 1
Type 2
2
Type 3
3
Page 122 of 168
Route
Q75
Q76
Q77
(R1)
Q78
Q79
Code
(1351)
4
Type 4
SHOWCARD
Type 5
5
Type 6
6
Not yet decided
7
Code
(1352)
SHOWCARD
What kind of feces disposal that you wish to build?
[SA]
Type 1
1
Type 2
2
Type 3
3
Type 4
4
Type 5
5
Not yet decided
6
Route
How much money would you be willing to spare if you intend to build a toilet/ water closet for your
household?
Actual Budget
(1353-1356)
Earlier you had a plan to build a toilet/ water closet. Approximately when do you think
that plan can be realized?[SA]
Code
(1357)
In 1 month ahead
1
In 2-3 months ahead
2
In 4-5 months ahead
3
4
5
6
Will you borrow money to build this toilet/ water closet for your household?[SA]
Code
(1358)
1
Yes
No
Q80
Route
Earlier you mentioned that you will borrow money to build your toilet/ water closet, who
will you borrow the money from?[MA]
Neighbor
internal use only.
Route
Route
Q80
2
Q81
Code
(1359)
Route
01
Page 123 of 168
Q80
Q81
Q82
Q83
Q84
Code
(1359)
Relative
02
Bank
03
Cooperation
04
Others ______________________
05
________________________
06
Code
ASK ALL
Are you aware that there is a SAVING SYSTEM to provide financial assistance to build a (1369)
toilet/ water closet? [SA]
Route
Route
Yes
1
Q82
No
2
Q83
Code
(1370)
Route
Yes
1
Q83
No
2
Q83
ASK FOR THOSE WHO KNOW ABOUT THE SAVING SYSTEM (CODE 1 IN Q81)
Does the SAVING SYSTEM to provide financial assistance to build a toilet/ water closet
exist in your neighbourhood?[SA]
Code
ASK ALL
Would you be interested in using this SAVING SYSTEM that provide financial assistance (1371)
to build a toilet/ water closet? [SA]
Route
Yes
1
Q84
No
2
Q84
ASK FOR THOSE INTERESTED AND NOT INTERESTED
Earlier you mentioned that you are interested/ not interested (INTERVIEWER: REFER TO RESPONDENT
ANSWER IN Q83) in using this SAVING SYSTEM, can you tell me your reasons?
(R1) Reason of interest
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
(1372-1456)
(R2) Reason of not interested
________________________________________________________________________________
internal use only.
Page 124 of 168
Q84
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
(1457-1541)
Q85a
ASK ALL
Does your local government provide subsidies for building materials to build a toilet/ water closet for the
people in your area? [SA]
Q85b
Does your local government care about sanitation and environmental health problems in your area? [SA]
Q85a
Q85b
Subsidies
Care
(1542)
(1543)
Yes
1
1
No
2
2
Don't Know
3
3
(R1)
(R2)
(R3)
Q86
What might prevent you from building a toilet/ water closet in your house?
[MA]
Code
(1544)
Cost of the Latrine
01
Hard to Find a Mason
02
Hard to Find the Materials
03
Water Table/Soil Conditions
04
Don't Have the Money
05
Nothing
06
Don't Know
07
Other ( Specify _____________________ )
08
______________________________
09
______________________________
10
______________________________
11
internal use only.
Page 125 of 168
Route
Q87
ASK THIS QUESTION IF RESPONDENTS DO NOT WISH TO OWN THEIR OWN
TOILET (Q73 CODE 2)
Earlier you mentioned that you do not intend to own a toilet/ water closet for your
household, can you tell me the reason?[MA]
Code
(1554)
Tenant
01
No Space
02
Don't have money
03
Can use Neighbours
04
Others (Specify ___________________ )
05
internal use only.
Page 126 of 168
Route
SECTION 3
ASK THIS SECTION TO THE OPEN DEFECATOR (CODED 1 IN Q26)
Q88a
What is your main reason why do you still defecate in the open?[SA]
Q88b
What are the other reasons why do you still defecate in the open?[MA]
Q88a
Main Reason
Q89
(1564)
Q88b
Other
Reasons
(1574)
As a socialization time
01
01
Have become accustomed to defecate in the open
02
02
Never thought before to defecate in toilet/ water closet
03
03
I have no toilet/ water closet in my house
04
04
More practical
05
05
Still can use my neighbour's toilet
06
06
Other (Specify __________________ )
07
07
_______________________________
08
08
_______________________________
09
09
_______________________________
10
10
Code
(1619)
SHOWCARD
Very dissatisfied
1
Dissatisfied
2
3
Satisfied
4
Very satisfied
5
internal use only.
Page 127 of 168
Route
Q90
Q91
Q92
Code
(1620)
SHOWCARD
What is your opinion on people who have their own toilet?[MA]
They are clean
01
They are reach
02
They think we are causing disturbance (We sometimes/ always use their latrine)
03
They are educated
04
They would shun us
05
They would look down on us
06
They would feel sorry for us
07
Others (Specify ____________________ )
08
________________________
09
________________________
10
________________________
11
None
98
Don't Know
99
Have you tried to use a toilet before?
[SA]
Code
(1630)
Route
Yes
1
Q92
No
2
Q95
Code
(1631)
Route
ASK IF RESPONDENT HAD TRIED TO USE TOILET BEFORE (CODE 1 IN Q91)
When was the last time you used toilet? [SA]
Today
1
Within this week
2
Within this month
3
2-3 months ago
4
3-4 months ago
5
4-6 months ago
6
6 months ago or more
7
Forgot
8
internal use only.
Route
Page 128 of 168
Q93
Q94
Q95
Q96
Code
(1632)
Where the last time do you use the toilet?
[MA]
One of my neighbour
01
Public toilet
02
Toilet in my working place
03
Other (Specify _____________________ )
04
_______________________
05
_______________________
06
_______________________
07
Code
(1642)
SHOWCARD
In the last time you used a toilet, what kind of toilet do you use? [MA]
Type 1
1
Type 2
2
Type 3
3
Type 4
4
Type 5
5
Type 6
6
Code
(1643)
TANYAKAN SEMUA
Speaking of toilet/ water closet ownership in your household, can you tell me your
reasons for not having your own toilet?[MA]
Tenant
01
No space
02
Do not have enough money
03
Can use neighbours
04
Others (Specify _________________________ )
05
_____________________________
06
_____________________________
07
_____________________________
08
None
98
Don't Know
99
ASK ALL
internal use only.
Code
(1653)
Page 129 of 168
Route
Route
Route
Route
Q96
Q97
Code
(1653)
ASK ALL
Do you wish to own a toilet/ water closet for your household? [SA]
Yes
1
No
2
Code
(1654)
1
Yes
No
Route
Route
Q98
Q105
2
Q98a
ASK Q98 - Q103 IF RESPONDENT WISH TO OWN THEIR OWN TOILET (CODED 1 IN Q97 )
Earlier you mentioned that you intend to own a toilet/ water closet for your household. Can you tell me your
main reason? [SA]
Q98b
Q98a
Main Reason
(1655)
Q98b
Other
Reasons
(1665)
Privacy
01
01
02
02
03
03
04
04
05
05
06
06
07
07
Personal discretion
08
08
Safety
09
09
Satisfaction
10
10
11
11
Convenience
12
12
13
13
14
14
15
15
16
16
Other (Specify ________________________ )
17
17
________________________
18
18
________________________
19
19
internal use only.
Page 130 of 168
Q98a
Main Reason
Q99
Q100
Q101
________________________
20
Q98b
Other
Reasons
20
None
98
98
Don't Know
99
99
Code
(1675)
SHOWCARD
Type 1
1
Type 2
2
Type 3
3
Type 4
4
Type 5
5
Type 6
6
Not yet decided
7
Code
(1676)
SHOWCARD
What kind of feces disposal that you wish to build?
[SA]
Type 1
1
Type 2
2
Type 3
3
Type 4
4
Type 5
5
Not yet decided
6
Route
Route
How much money would you be willing to spare if you intend to build a toilet/ water closet for your
household?
(Interviewer: record in thousands)
(R1)
Q102
Actual budget
(1677-1680)
Code
(1716)
In 1 month ahead
1
In 2-3 months ahead
2
In 4-5 months ahead
3
internal use only.
Page 131 of 168
Route
Q102
Q103
Code
(1716)
4
5
6
Will you borrow money to build this toilet/ water closet for your household?[SA]
Code
(1717)
1
Yes
No
Q104
Q105
Q106
Route
Q104
2
Q105
Code
(1718)
Route
Neighbor
01
Relative
02
Bank
03
Cooperation
04
Others ______________________
05
_____________________
06
.
07
.
08
.
09
.
10
Code
ASK ALL
Are you aware that there is a SAVING SYSTEM to provide financial assistance to build a (1728)
toilet/ water closet? [SA]
Route
Yes
1
Q106
No
2
Q107
Code
(1729)
Route
Yes
1
Q107
No
2
Q107
ASK FOR THOSE WHO KNOW ABOUT THE SAVING SYSTEM (CODE 1 IN Q105)
Does the SAVING SYSTEM to provide financial assistance to build a toilet/ water closet
exist in your neighbourhood?[SA]
internal use only.
Route
Page 132 of 168
Q107
Q108
Code
ASK ALL
Would you be interested in using this SAVING SYSTEM that provide financial assistance (1730)
to build a toilet/ water closet? [SA]
Route
Yes
1
Q108
No
2
Q108
(R1) Reason of interest
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
(1731-1780)
(R2) Reason of not interested
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
(1816-1865)
Q109a ASK ALL
Does your local government provide subsidies for building materials to build a toilet/ water closet for the
people in your area? [SA]
Q109b Does your local government care about sanitation and environmental health problems in your area? [SA]
(R1)
Q109a
Q109b
Subsidies
Care
(1866)
(1867)
Yes
1
1
No
2
2
Don't Know
3
3
(R2)
(R3)
internal use only.
Page 133 of 168
Q110
Q111
What might prevent you from building a toilet/ water closet in your house?
[MA]
Code
(1868)
Cost of the Latrine
01
Hard to Find a Mason
02
Hard to Find the Materials
03
Water Table/Soil Conditions
04
No Access to Credit
05
Don't Have the Money
06
Nothing
07
Don't Know
08
Other ( Specify _____________________ )
09
____________________________
10
____________________________
11
____________________________
12
None
98
Don't Know
99
Code
(1878)
ASK THIS QUESTION IF RESPONDENTS DO NOT WISH TO OWN THEIR OWN
TOILET ( Q97CODE 2)
Earlier you mentioned that you do not intend to own a toilet/ water closet for your
household, can you tell me the reason?[SA]
Tenant
01
No Space
02
Don't have enough money
03
Can Use Neighbours
04
Others (Specify ____________________ )
05
________________________
06
________________________
07
________________________
08
________________________
09
None
98
Don't Know
99
internal use only.
Page 134 of 168
Route
Route
SECTION 4
HABIT, KNOWLEDGE, AND ATTITUDE
DAILY HABITS
Q112
Code
(1923)
ASK ALL
On what occasions do you usually wash your hands?[MA]
PROBE What other occasions? What other occasions?
After I urinate
01
After I defecate
02
Before eating
03
After eating
04
Before cooking
05
Others, _______________________________
06
_____________________________
07
Never
99
Route
Q113a ASK IF NOT CODED 99 IN Q112
RECORD FIRST MENTION AND OTHER MENTIONS SEPARATELY
Why do you wash your hands after these activities?
INTERVIEWER:
Write down separately between the first answer and other answer [SA]
Q113b What other reason? What other reason?
[MA]
Q113a
Q113b
1st Mention Other Mention
(1933)
(1943)
Want to get rid of the smell
01
01
Want to be cleaned from dirt
02
02
Want to get rid of germs/ bacteria
03
03
To be protected from disease
04
04
Others, ______________________________
05
05
________________________________
06
06
________________________________
07
07
internal use only.
Page 135 of 168
Q114
Q115
Q116
Do you usually use other substances when washing your hands? If yes, what is the
name of the substance you use?[SA]
Code
(1953)
Special soap to wash hand
01
Bath soap
02
"Sabun Colek"/ Cream soap
03
Others, _____________________________
04
None
98
Don't Know
99
Where do you usually wash your hands?[SA]
Code
(1963)
01
Lavatory
Kitchen
02
Premises
03
Other _________________
04
______________________
05
______________________
06
______________________
07
.
08
.
09
.
10
Where else do you usually wash your hands?[MA]
PROBE where else? where else?
Code
(1973)
Lavatory
01
Kitchen
02
Premises
03
Other __________________
04
_______________________
05
_______________________
06
_______________________
07
.
08
.
09
.
10
internal use only.
Page 136 of 168
Route
Route
Route
Q117
In those places that you usually wash your hands, do soap always available?[SA]
Code
(2018)
1
Yes
No
Q118
How do you clean yourself after you defecate? [MA]
Route
2
Code
(2019)
01
Wipe with leaves
Wipe with paper
02
Wipe with fiber
03
Rinse with water that is in a container
04
Rinse with water that flows
05
Rinse with soap and water
06
Others, _________________________
07
________________________________
08
.
09
.
10
Route
SOURCE OF WATER
Q119a ASK ALL
What is the source of water that your household use for cooking and for drinking water during the rainy
season? [MA]
Q119b What is the source of water that your household use for cooking and for drinking water during the dry
season? [MA]
Q119a
Rainy season
(2029)
Q119b
Dry season
(2039)
River
01
01
Well
02
02
Water pump
03
03
Dew
04
04
PAM, the municipal water supplier
05
05
Others, _____________________
06
06
.
07
07
.
08
08
.
09
09
.
10
10
internal use only.
Page 137 of 168
Q120
Does your source of water for cooking and drinking located around your house? [SA]
Code
(2049)
1
Yes
No
2
Route
Q125
Q121
ASK Q121 - Q124 IF RESPONDENTS' SOURCE OF WATER FOR DRINKING AND COOKING IS NOT IN
THEIR HOUSE/ PREMISES (CODED 1 IN Q120)
Q121
How long does it take from your house to reach the water supply, take the water and then go back to your
house?
Distance (in Minute)
(R1)
Q122
(R1)
(2050-2052)
And who usually get the water from the water supply for your household need?[SA]
Adult Woman
Head of
Household
(2053)
Spouse
Children
Parents
Other
1
2
3
4
5
2
3
4
5
2
3
4
5
2
3
4
5
2
3
4
5
2
3
4
5
2
3
4
5
2
3
4
5
2
3
4
5
2
3
4
5
(2054)
(R2)
School Aged Female
1
(2055)
(R3)
Adult Man
1
(2056)
(R4)
School Aged Male
1
(2057)
(R5)
Pre School Child
1
(2058)
(R6)
Other __________________________
1
(2059)
(R7)
1
(2060)
(R8)
1
(2061)
(R9)
1
(2062)
(R10)
Q123
1
In what type of container is the water carried from your main source?[MA]
internal use only.
Code
(2222)
01
Gallon
Page 138 of 168
Route
Q123
Q124
(R1)
Q125
Q126
Q127
Code
(2222)
02
Bucket
Drum
03
Other ______________________
04
___________________________
05
_________________________________
06
_________________________________
07
_________________________________
08
_________________________________
09
_________________________________
10
Route
How many times in a week do you go to get the water for cooking and drinking from the water source?
Times in week
(2232-2234)
Code
(2235)
Route
Yes
1
Q126
No
2
Q127
Code
(2236)
Route
ASK ALL
Do you have any difficulties to obtain clean water during the dry season?[SA]
Earlier you mentioned that have difficulties in obtaining clean water during the dry
season. What actions do you undertake to overcome the water crisis during dry
season?[MA]
Store water in a container during rainy season
01
Obtain water from dew
02
Use water from the river
03
Others, _____________________________
04
____________________________________
05
____________________________________
06
None
98
Don't know
99
Code
(2246)
Route
Yes
1
Q134
No
2
Q128
ASK ALL
Does your water supply that your household use for bathing and washing is the same
from your water supply for cooking and drinking? [SA]
internal use only.
Page 139 of 168
Q128a ASK IF CODED 2 IN Q127
What is the source of water that your household use for bathing and washing during the rainy season?
[MA]
Q128b What is the source of water that your household use for bathing and washing during the dry season?
[MA]
Q129
Q128a
Rainy season
(2247)
Q128b
Dry season
(2257)
River
01
01
Well
02
02
Water pump
03
03
Dew
04
04
PAM, the municipal water supplier
05
05
Others, _________________________
06
06
07
07
08
08
09
09
10
10
Code
(2267)
Route
Yes
1
Q134
No
2
Q130
Does your source of water that your household use for bathing and washing is in your
house/ premise? [SA]
ASK Q130 - Q133 IF SOURCE OF WATER FOR BATHING AND WASHING IS NOT IN THEIR HOUSE/
PREMISE (CODED 2 IN Q129 )
Q130
(R1)
How long does it take from your house to reach the water supply, take the water and then go back to your
house?
Distance (in Minute)
internal use only.
(2268-2270)
Page 140 of 168
Q131
(R1)
And who usually get the water from the water supply for your household need?[SA]
Adult Woman
Head of
Household
(2271)
Spouse
Children
Parents
Other
1
2
3
4
5
2
3
4
5
2
3
4
5
2
3
4
5
2
3
4
5
2
3
4
5
2
3
4
5
2
3
4
5
2
3
4
5
2
3
4
5
(2272)
(R2)
School Aged Female
1
(2273)
(R3)
Adult Man
1
(2274)
(R4)
School Aged Male
1
(2275)
(R5)
Pre School Child
1
(2276)
(R6)
Other __________________________
1
(2277)
(R7)
1
(2278)
(R8)
1
(2279)
(R9)
1
(2280)
(R10)
Q132
1
Code
(2440)
01
Gallon
Bucket
02
Drum
03
Other ______________________
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
internal use only.
Page 141 of 168
Route
Q133
(R1)
Q134
Q135
Q136
How many times in a week do you go to get the water for bathing and washing from the water source?
Times in a week
(2450-2452)
Code
(2453)
Route
Yes
1
Q135
No
2
Q137
Code
(2454)
Route
ASK ALL
Do you have any difficulties to obtain clean water for bathing and washing during the dry
season? [SA]
Earlier you mentioned that have difficulties in obtaining clean water during the dry
season. What actions do you undertake to overcome the water crisis during dry
season?[MA]
Store water in a container during rainy season
01
Obtain water from dew
02
Use water from the river
03
Others, _____________________________
04
____________________________________
05
____________________________________
06
____________________________________
07
____________________________________
08
____________________________________
09
____________________________________
10
When you experience water crisis during the dry season, does it affect any of your
routine activities? If yes, can you tell me what activities are affected by the water crisis?
[MA]
Code
(2464)
Take a bath less frequently
01
Do not take a bath during the water crisis
02
Defecate in the river or the woods
03
Wash clothes in the river
04
Do not wash clothes
05
Others, ________________________
06
____________________________________
07
____________________________________
08
None
98
internal use only.
Page 142 of 168
Route
Q136
When you experience water crisis during the dry season, does it affect any of your
routine activities? If yes, can you tell me what activities are affected by the water crisis?
[MA]
Don't Know
Q137
ASK ALL
Does your area have a water source that is enough to supply water for your toilet/ water
closet? [SA]
Code
(2464)
Route
99
Code
(2474)
Yes
1
No
2
Route
KNOWLEDGE ON HEALTH
Q138
Q139
Code
(2475)
Route
Yes
1
Q139
No
2
Q141
Code
(2476)
Route
ASK ALL
Do you have a child below 5 year old in your household?[SA]
ASK IF HAVE CHILD UNDER 5 YEARS OLD
The last time your youngest child defecate, how did you dispose your child's feces? [SA]
My child defecated in the toilet/ water closet
01
Dispose my child's feces in the toilet/ water closet
02
Dispose it into the gutter
03
Dispose it into the wastebasket
04
Bury it under ground
05
Dispose it outside the house
06
Others, _____________________________
07
98
99
Q140
Why do you do that, can you explain it to me? ( ___________________ INTERVIEWER: MENTION THE
ANSWER FROM Q139 )
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
internal use only.
Page 143 of 168
Q140
Why do you do that, can you explain it to me? ( ___________________ INTERVIEWER: MENTION THE
ANSWER FROM Q139 )
(2521-2570)
Q141a Does your under 5 y.o child got diarrhea within past 2 weeks? [SA]
Q141b Does any child within your neighbourhood got diarrhea?[SA]
Q141a
Q141b
Own children Neighbourhoo
(in the last 2
d children
weeks)
(2571)
(2572)
Q142
Yes
1
1
No
2
2
DK
3
3
ASK ALL
According to you, what causes diarrhea? Please explain.
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
(2573-2657)
Q143
In your opinion, how could you / someone prevented from diarrhea?
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
(2658-2742)
internal use only.
Page 144 of 168
Q144
Code
(2743)
Route
Yes
1
Q145
No
2
Q146
Don't Know
3
Q146
ASK ALL
INTERVIEWERS: ASK THIS QUESTION CAREFULLY REFER TO RESPONDENT
CATEGORY (CHECK Q26 )
(Ask if coded 1 in Q26) You mention earlier that you defecated in the open, do you
think the feces might have impact to people around you?
(Ask if coded 4 in Q26) You mention earlier that although you have toilet but the feces
will go to the open, do you think the feces might have impact to people around you?
(Ask if coded 2/3 in Q26) Some people still dispose in open, do you think the feces
might have impact to people around you? [SA]
Q145
ASK IF RESPONDENT THINK THAT FECES WILL IMPACT ENVIRONMENT (Q144 CODE 1)
What is the impact for people around you?
PROBE What else? What else?
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
(2744-2828)
Q146
Has anybody or any institution explained to you about sanitation issues, defecating in
open air, and habits of clean living?[SA]
Code
(2829)
Yes
1
No
2
Route
Q147a Where did you know/ get information about sanitation issues? [MA]
Q147b Where do you hope to get more information on sanitation issues? [MA]
Q147a
Source of
information
Husband
Wife
Child
Friend that visits house
Family that visits house
At school
internal use only.
(2830)
01
02
03
04
05
06
Q147b
Expected
source of
information
(2840)
01
02
03
04
05
06
Page 145 of 168
Q147a
Source of
information
At work
At RT/RW meeting
Through mass media (radio & TV)
From religious leader (ustad)
From village head
From heath officer
From construction coolie
Others, _____________________
__________________________________
__________________________________
Tidak ada
Tidak tahu
internal use only.
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
98
99
Q147b
Expected
source of
information
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
98
99
Page 146 of 168
ACCESS
Q148
Q149
If there's a plan to build toilet/ water closet for your household, Who will be the decision
maker for the building process ?[SA]
Code
(2850)
Myself
01
Spouse
02
My children
03
Me with my spouse
04
All of the family member
05
Other _______________________
06
If you decided to build a toilet for your household, who will build the toilet?[SA]
Code
(2860)
01
Myself
Spouse
02
My Children
03
Building Coolie
04
Other ___________________
05
Route
Route
Q150a Are there masons who specialized in building the whole component of the toilet within the neighborhood?
[SA]
Q150b Is there any building material shop within the neighborhood which provide the material for building the
toilet? [SA]
Q150a
Mason
availability
(2870)
Q150b
Material shop
availability
(2871)
Yes
1
1
No
2
2
Don't Know
3
3
Q151a Do you think you have adequate land within your household to build the toilet? [SA]
Q151b Do you think that the neighbourhood have an adequate water supply for any toilet related activity (anal
cleansing and pour flush) ? [SA]
Q151a
Adequate land
(2872)
internal use only.
Q151b
Adequate
water
(2873)
Page 147 of 168
Q151a
Adequate land
Yes
1
Q151b
Adequate
water
1
No
2
2
Q152a If you decide to build a toilet/ water closet, who will decide the type of the middle structure of the latrine
such as the type of the slab and the material of the slab? [MA]
Q152b And who will decide the type of the sub structure of the latrine such as the type of the hole, the wall for the
hole and others related to feces disposal? [MA]
Q153
Q154
(R1)
Q155
Q152a
Middle
Structure
(2874)
Q152b
Sub Structure
Myself
01
01
My spouse
02
02
My child
03
03
Both with my spouse
04
04
Building coolie
05
05
Others _____________________
06
06
(2919)
Code
SHOWCARD
How is the selling price given by the building material, spare part and toilet supply in your (2929)
area? [SA]
Very expensive
1
Expensive
2
Neither expensive nor reasonable
3
Reasonable
4
Very reasonable
5
Don't Know
6
Route
In your opinion, how much is the minimum total cost for building a latrine for your household in this
neighbourhood?
Minimum Cost
(2930-2933)
SHOWCARD
How is the product quality offered by the supplier for building material, spare part and
toilet in your area?[SA]
Unacceptable
internal use only.
Code
(2934)
1
Page 148 of 168
Route
Q155
Q156
Code
(2934)
SHOWCARD
How is the product quality offered by the supplier for building material, spare part and
toilet in your area?[SA]
Fair
2
Acceptable
3
Where do you know about the best type of toilet/ water closet for your household?[MA]
Code
(2935)
01
Neighbor
Relative
02
Building coolie
03
Health officer
04
Others, ______________________
05
__________________________
06
__________________________
07
None
98
Don't Know
99
Route
Route
HYGIENE PRACTICE
ASK THIS SECTION TO RESPONDENTS WHO HAVE UNDER 5 y.o CHILD
Q157
In your opinion, if your child get sick, could it be caused by the drinking water? [SA]
Code
(2945)
1
Yes
No
Q158
ASK IF CHILD ILLNESS COULD BE CAUSED BY DRINKING WATER (CODED IN
Q157 )
What illness/ disease that caused by the drinking water?
Q158
2
Q159
Code
(2946)
Route
INTERVIEWER: Do not read answers, circle all the respondents answer. [MA]
Diarrhea
01
Cholera
02
Thypoid
03
Influenza
04
Cough
05
Other (Specify ____________________ )
06
_________________________________
07
_________________________________
08
internal use only.
Route
Page 149 of 168
Q158
Code
(2946)
ASK IF CHILD ILLNESS COULD BE CAUSED BY DRINKING WATER (CODED IN
Q157 )
What illness/ disease that caused by the drinking water?
Route
INTERVIEWER: Do not read answers, circle all the respondents answer. [MA]
Q159
_________________________________
09
Tidak ada
98
Tidak tahu
99
In your opinion, if your child get sick, could it be caused by not washing hands?[SA]
Code
(2956)
1
Yes
No
Q160
ASK IF CHILD DISEASE CAUSED BY NOT WASHING HANDS (CODED 1 IN Q159 )
What illness/ disease that caused by not washing hands?
Route
Q160
2
Q161
Code
(2957)
Route
INTERVIEWER: Do not read answers, circle all respondent answers.[MA]
Q161
Diarrhea
01
Cholera
02
Thypoid
03
Influenza
04
Cough
05
Other (Specify ____________________ )
06
_________________________________
07
_________________________________
08
_________________________________
09
Tidak ada
98
Tidak tahu
99
What can you do to prevent your child from diarrhea?
Code
(2967)
INTERVIEWER: Do not read answers, circle all respondents answers.
[MA]
Cook the water first before drinking
01
Drink water containing chlorine
02
Use other way/ certain way to clean the water
03
Clean the house
04
internal use only.
Page 150 of 168
Route
Q161
What can you do to prevent your child from diarrhea?
Code
(2967)
Route
INTERVIEWER: Do not read answers, circle all respondents answers.
[MA]
Q162
Clean the neighbourhood
05
Defecating in toilet
06
Wash hands with soap
07
Wash the fruits/ vegetables
08
Prepare a well cooked food
09
Other (Specify ________________________ )
10
_____________________________________
11
_____________________________________
12
_____________________________________
13
Tidak ada
98
Tidak tahu
99
In your opinion, could diarrhea be the caused of under 5 y.o. child death?[SA]
Code
(2977)
1
Yes
No
Route
2
IMAGERY QUESTION
Q163a READ DAN ROTATE STATEMENT
I will read you several statements. Please give a value according to the best condition you know/ see in
your surroundings, where 1 means STRONGLY DISAGREE and a score of 5 means STRONGLY AGREE.
You are free to give an assessment, there is no right or wrong answer. [SA]
Disagree
Q163a
Neither
disagree
or agree
Agree
Strongly
Agree
(2978)
1
2
3
4
5
(2979)
1
2
3
4
5
(2980)
1
2
3
4
5
Strongly
Disagree
(R1)
(SC) It is very easy to get emptying service
within my neighbourhood
(R2)
(F) Having my own toilet/ water closet facility
will avoid my family as the subject of gossip
(R3)
(B) Those who defecate in the open have
certain disadvantages, such as parts of the
body can be seen by others
(3016)
internal use only.
Page 151 of 168
(R4)
(E) A toilet/ water closet facility will make a
village resident much better because they will
not pollute the environment
(R5)
(B) Those who defecate in the river becomes
vulnerable towards disease because of the
contaminated water in the river
(SC) I know a person who had a skill in deciding
(R6)
where to site a latrine
(S) Majority of those I know usually defecate in
(R7)
the toilet/ water closet
(B) Those who defecate in the open pollute the
(R8)
environment
(R9)
(R10)
(B) Those who defecate in the river can be in
danger, e.g. carried by the current
(E) Having a toilet/ water closet facility at homes
means giving the best for the family
(S) If our grandfathers/ parents/ ancestors
(R11) defecated in the open, then it is OK for us today
(SC) Most the emptying service that I am aware
of have an adequate facility and skill to do their
(R12)
job
(R13)
(E) Having a toilet/ water closet facility will raise
our status by being a modern family
(R14)
(B) River is an ideal location to defecate
because there is water current
(E) Having a toilet/ water closet facility will make
(R15)
defecating process more pleasant
(R16)
(S) Defecating in the river is common and
acceptable because feces will be eaten by the
fish
(R17)
will bring comfort to me/ my family
our status in the community by being an
(R18)
educated family
Strongly
Disagree
Disagree
1
2
Q163a
Neither
disagree
or agree
3
(3017)
1
2
(3018)
1
Agree
Strongly
Agree
4
5
3
4
5
2
3
4
5
(3019)
1
2
3
4
5
(3020)
1
2
3
4
5
(3021)
1
2
3
4
5
(3022)
1
2
3
4
5
(3023)
1
2
3
4
5
(3024)
1
2
3
4
5
(3025)
1
2
3
4
5
(3026)
1
2
3
4
5
(3027)
1
2
3
4
5
(3028)
1
2
3
4
5
(3029)
1
2
3
4
5
(3030)
1
2
3
4
5
(3031)
internal use only.
Page 152 of 168
(R19)
(S) It is not civilized to defecate in the open
(R20)
will add value to my house
(R21)
(SC) I know a person who is very good in
building a latrine sub-structure
(R22)
(S) Those who defecate in open air are very
dirty people
(R23)
(S) It is not acceptable to defecate in the open
(R24)
(SC) I control my own destiny (internal)
will prevent me/ my family from disease such as
(R25)
diarrhea
(R26)
(B) Water that flows in the river can clean dirt
after defecating in the river
(R27)
(S) Defecating in the river is common, and
everybody is doing so
(R28)
(S) Defecating in the open will not endanger
others
(R29)
(SC) One should not empty latrines into public
spaces
(R30)
will allow me to protect my family
(R31)
(S) It is acceptable for young children to
defecate in the open.
(R32)
(S) Those who defecate in open air will
endanger the community they live in
(R33)
will bring personal discretion to me/ my family
(R34)
(B) Defecating in the open is very
uncomfortable because you can catch the rain
(R35)
(S) It is acceptable to defecate in the open if
you can not access a toilet
(R36) (B) Open air (river/ bushes/ woods) is a place to
Strongly
Disagree
Disagree
1
(3032)
1
2
Q163a
Neither
disagree
or agree
3
2
(3033)
1
(3034)
1
Agree
Strongly
Agree
4
5
3
4
5
2
3
4
5
2
3
4
5
2
3
4
5
2
3
4
5
2
3
4
5
(3038)
1
2
3
4
5
(3039)
1
2
3
4
5
(3040)
1
2
3
4
5
(3041)
1
2
3
4
5
(3042)
1
2
3
4
5
(3043)
1
2
3
4
5
(3044)
1
2
3
4
5
(3045)
1
2
3
4
5
(3046)
1
2
3
4
5
(3047)
1
2
3
4
5
(3048)
1
2
3
4
5
(3035)
1
(3036)
1
(3037)
1
internal use only.
Page 153 of 168
Disagree
Q163a
Neither
disagree
or agree
Agree
Strongly
Agree
(3049)
1
2
3
4
5
(3050)
1
2
3
4
5
(3051)
1
2
3
4
5
(3052)
1
2
3
4
5
(3053)
1
2
3
4
5
(3054)
1
2
3
4
5
(3055)
1
2
3
4
5
Strongly
Disagree
comfortably defecate
(R37)
(F) Having my own toilet/ water closet allows
me to be a better host to guests
(R38) will make my house become more comfortable
(SC) It is very important that every house must
(R39)
have a latrine
(R40)
(R41)
(S) Those who defecate in open air will not be
accepted in the community they live in
(SC) A good latrine must have a hand washing
station nearby
(E) A toilet/ water closet facility will raise family's
(R42)
pride, e.g. when guests visit
(R43)
(B) Those who defecate in the open can be in
danger, e.g. attacked or bit by animals
internal use only.
Page 154 of 168
TANYAKAN KEPADA OPEN DEFECATOR, SHARER, OWNER UNIMPROVED (TERKODE 1 ATAU 2 ATAU 4
DI Q26)
INTERVIEWER: Berikan setiap PHOTOCARD beserta dengan SHOWCARD skala, beri nilai untuk setiap nilai
keinginan responden pada setiap kombinasi pada PHOTOCARD.
Q164a ASK TO OWNER UNIMPROVED AND OPEN DEFECATOR (OTHER THAN CODE 3 IN Q26)
SHOWCARD AND PHOTOCARD
Here I have several photocard describing about combinations of toilet and its septic tank. In every
Photocard, there's a price to buy the material and cost for the mason. Please give your score about how
much you want the toilet for your household, septic tank with the consideration about the price. You can
give your score in 1 to 5 scale where 1 is you don't want it at all and 5 is you really want it for your
household. [SA]
(R1)
Photocard 1
(R2)
Photocard 2
(R3)
Photocard 3
(R4)
Photocard 4
(R5)
Photocard 5
(R6)
Photocard 6
(R7)
Photocard 7
(R8)
Photocard 8
(R9)
Photocard 9
(R10)
Photocard 10
(R11)
Photocard 11
(R12)
Photocard 12
(R13)
Photocard 13
(R14)
Photocard 14
(R15)
Photocard 15
(R16)
Photocard 16
Don't
have
willing
ness
at all
(3056)
01
(3057)
01
(3058)
01
(3059)
01
(3060)
01
(3061)
01
(3062)
01
(3063)
01
(3064)
01
(3065)
01
(3066)
01
(3067)
01
(3068)
01
(3069)
01
(3070)
01
(3071)
01
2
3
4
5
Q164a
6
7
8
9
10 Really
have
willingne
ss
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
internal use only.
Page 155 of 168
Q165a ASK TO OWNER UNIMPROVED AND OPEN DEFECATOR (OTHER THAN CODE 3 IN Q26)
SHOWCARD AND PHOTOCARD
Here I have other several photocard describing about combinations of toilet and its septic tank. In every
Photocard, there's a price to buy the material and cost for the mason. Please give your score about how
much you want the toilet for your household, septic tank with the consideration about the price. You can
give your score in 1 to 5 scale where 1 is you don't want it at all and 5 is you really want it for your
household. [SA]
Q165a
(R1)
Photocard 1
1Don't
have
willing
ness
at all
(3072)
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10 Really
have
willingne
ss
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
(3073)
(R2)
Photocard 2
01
(3074)
(R3)
Photocard 3
01
(3075)
(R4)
Photocard 4
01
(3076)
(R5)
Photocard 5
01
(3077)
(R6)
Photocard 6
01
(3078)
(R7)
Photocard 7
01
(3079)
(R8)
Photocard 8
01
(3080)
(R9)
Photocard 9
01
internal use only.
Page 156 of 168
MEDIA EXPOSURE & COMMUNICATION CHANNEL
Q166
Q167
Code
(3116)
Route
Yes
1
Q167
No
2
Q169
Code
(3117)
Route
TANYAKAN SEMUA
Do you like to listen to Radio?[SA]
What time do you usually listen to the radio most often?[MA]
05.00 - 05.59 am
01
06.00 - 07.59 am
02
08.00 - 10.59 am
03
11.00 - 12.59 am
04
01.00 - 02.59 pm
05
03.00 - 04.59 pm
06
05.00 - 05.59 pm
07
06.00 - 06.59 pm
08
07.00 - 08.59 pm
09
09.00 - 09.59 pm
10
10.00 - 10.59 pm
11
11.00 - 11.59 pm
12
12.00 - 01.59 am
13
02.00 - 03.59 am
14
Q168a What is the name of the radio station you have ever listened to?[MA]
Q168b Name of radio station most often listened to?[SA]
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
internal use only.
Q168a
Q168b
Ever listened Most listened
to
to
(3119)
(3129)
01
01
02
02
03
03
04
04
05
05
06
06
07
07
08
08
Page 157 of 168
Q168a
Q168b
Ever listened Most listened
to
to
.
09
09
.
10
10
99
99
Q169
Do you like to watch Television? [SA]
Code
(3139)
1
Yes
No
Q170
What time do you usually watch TV most often? [MA]
05.00 - 05.59 am
06.00 - 07.59 am
08.00 - 10.59 am
11.00 - 12.59 am
01.00 - 02.59 pm
03.00 - 04.59 pm
05.00 - 05.59 pm
06.00 - 06.59 pm
07.00 - 08.59 pm
09.00 - 09.59 pm
10.00 - 10.59 pm
11.00 - 11.59 pm
12.00 - 01.59 am
02.00 - 03.59 am
Route
Q170
2
Q172
Code
(3140)
Route
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
Q171a What is the name of the TV station you have ever watched?[MA]
Q171b Name of TV station most often watched?[SA]
TVRI
RCTI
SCTV
TPI
Trans TV
Global TV
Trans 7
Indosiar
TV One
ANTV
Lativi
Metro TV
JTV
internal use only.
Q171a
Q171b
Ever watched Watched most
often
(3142)
(3152)
01
01
02
02
03
03
04
04
05
05
06
06
07
07
08
08
09
09
10
10
11
11
12
12
13
13
Page 158 of 168
Space Toon
Deli TV
TV Borobudur/ TV B
Makassar TV
O Channel
STV
Other, specify ____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
Tidak Ada
Tidak Tahu
Q171a
Q171b
Ever watched Watched most
often
14
14
15
15
16
16
17
17
18
18
19
19
20
20
21
21
22
22
98
98
99
99
Q172a What is the name of the newspaper you have ever read?[MA]
Q172b Name of newspaper that you read most often?[SA]
Q172a
Ever read
(3162)
Q172b
Most often
read
(3172)
Agrobur
01
01
Analisa
02
02
Banjarmasin Post
03
03
Berita Kota
04
04
Berita Kota Makasar ( BKM)
05
05
bina baru
06
06
Bisnis Indonesia
07
07
B'Post
08
08
Fajar
09
09
Galamedia
10
10
Jawa Pos
11
11
Kompas
12
12
Koran Pendidikan
13
13
Koran Tempo
14
14
Lampu Merah
15
15
Medan Pos
16
16
Media Indonesia
17
17
Merdeka
18
18
Meteor
19
19
internal use only.
Page 159 of 168
Q172a
Ever read
Metro Bandung
20
Q172b
Most often
read
20
Metro Banjar
21
21
Momerandum
22
22
Pedoman Rakyat
23
23
Pikiran Rakyat
24
24
Pos Kota
25
25
Pos Metro
26
26
Pos metro Medan
27
27
Radar Banjarmasin
28
28
Radar Surabaya
29
29
Republika
30
30
Seputar Indonesia
31
31
Serambi
32
32
Sinar Indonesia Baru
33
33
Suara Karya
34
34
Suara Merdeka
35
35
Suara Pembaruan
36
36
Sumut Pos
37
37
Surya
38
38
Terbit
39
39
Top Score
40
40
Tribun Jabar
41
41
Tribun Timur
42
42
Ujung Pandang Expres
43
43
Warta Kota
44
44
Waspada
45
45
Wawasan
46
46
Other, ___________________________
47
47
___________________________________
48
48
None
98
98
Don't Know
99
99
internal use only.
Page 160 of 168
PRODUCT RANGE ASSESSMENT
Q173
Code
(3217)
ASK ALL
SHOWCARD
Of all the durables listed below, which ones does your household own? [MA]
Black & White TV
01
Colour TV
02
Bicycle
03
Motorcycle
04
Car
05
Livestock
06
VCD/ DVD Player
07
Radio
08
Radio Cassette
09
AC
10
Camera
11
Video Camera
12
Washing Machine
13
Credit Card
14
Computer
15
Microwave/ Oven
16
Handphone
17
Home Phone
18
Internet
19
Electric Fan
20
Electric Water Pump
21
Mixer/ Blender
22
Rice Cooker
23
Magic Jar
24
Refrigerator
25
Gas Stove
26
Kerosene Stove
27
INTERVIEW FINISHED. SAY THANK YOU TO RESPONDENTS
internal use only.
Page 161 of 168
Route
Q174
Q175
Q176
Quality Control done by : [MA]
Team Leader
3
Quality Controller
4
Checker
5
Code
(3221)
Witnessed
1
Recalled
2
Slip collected
3
Checked on the spot
4
Telephone
5
Checked Questionnaire
6
Route
Start
(3222-3225)
Finish
(3226-3229)
DATE/MONTH
(3230-3233)
Finish
Date/month of interview
(R1)
Q179
2
Route
Start
(R1)
Q178
Supervisor
Quality Control, action taken :
[SA]
(R1)
Q177
Code
(3220)
1
Coordinator/RFM/FE
Day of interviewing [SA]
internal use only.
Code
(3234)
1
Monday
Tuesday
2
Wednesday
3
Thursday
4
Friday
5
Saturday
6
Sunday
7
Page 162 of 168
Route
Q180
Code
(3235)
INTERVIEWER :
Route
ASK YOUR SUPERVISOR TO FILL THIS CODE
PSU [SA]
ORIGINAL
1
SUBSTITUTE
2
ADDITIONAL
3
Q181a Filled by Supervisor/ Leader/ Quality Control
Witnessed/ Recalled [MA]
Q181b Spv/ Leader/ QC Number
Q181a
Q181b
QC that has
been done
(3236)
4 Digits
(3237-3240)
1
____
Witness
(R1)
(3241-3244)
Recall
(R2)
2
____
(3245-3248)
Slip
(R3)
3
____
(3249-3252)
On the spot
(R4)
4
____
(3253-3256)
Check
(R5)
Q182
5
____
FILLED IN BY CODERS/SPV/LEADER
TYPE OF MISTAKES [MA]
Type 1 Type 2 Type 3 Type 4 Type 5 Type 6 Type 7 Type 8 Type 9 Type
10
(3257)
Mistakes
(R1)
Q183
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
No PSU
No PSU
(R1)
Q184
01
Method[SA]
(3258-3263)
Code
(3264)
1
Random PSU
Substitute
internal use only.
2
Page 163 of 168
Route
Q185
Coders
(R1)
(R2)
R1
(3265-3267)
R2
(3268-3270)
Q186
Coder [SA]
Code
(3271)
1
.
Route
Q187
coders [MA]
Code
(3272)
1
.
Route
Q188
.
2
.
3
.
4
.
5
.
6
.
7
.
8
Interviewer Number
Interviewer No.
(R1)
(3277-3317)
"Herewith I declare that the interview done and recorded by me today, is correct and with accurate data, according
to survey methods, given instructions, and to ESOMAR standard."
Interviewer :
Date of interview :
time :
FIELD :
THIS PAGE SHOULD BE COPIED SEPARATELY
CODERS/DATA ENTRY :
AFTER FINISH CODED AND ENTRY, THIS PAGE SHOULD BE SEPARATED
Q189
Would you like to participate in our future survey?[SA]
Code
(3318)
1
Yes
No
Q190
Do you have a phone number?[SA]
internal use only.
2
Code
(3319)
1
Yes
Page 164 of 168
Route
Q190
CLOSE
Route
Q190
Code
(3319)
2
No
Do you have a phone number?[SA]
Route
Q192
Q191a Ingatkan Responden bahwa semua data akan digunakan secara rahasia dan bukan untuk komersil
RECORD : Respondent's Phone number
Area code
Q191b Phone no.
Q191a
Q191b
Area code
Phone no.
(3320-3323)
(3324-3333)
____
________
__
.
(R1)
Q192
Code
(3334)
1
Yes
Do you have a personal cell phone?[SA]
No
Q193
(R1)
(R2)
Q194
Q193
Q194
2
HP no.
Cellular Number
(3335-3346)
Cellular Number
(3347-3358)
Code
(3359)
1
Yes
Do you have a personal e-mail address?[MA]
No
Q195
Route
2
Route
Q195
Q196
Would you please tell me your personal email address that you access most often?
RECORD : Respondent's e-mail address (if any)
Only most often used address
(R1)
Q196
(R1)
Name
(3360-3363)
Name
(3419-3422)
What is your full name?
RECORD : Respondent's Name
internal use only.
Page 165 of 168
Appendix 9: BEHAVIOUR STATEMENTS
IMAGERY QUESTION
Q163a READ DAN ROTATE STATEMENT
I will read you several statements. Please give a value according to the best condition you know/ see in
your surroundings, where 1 means STRONGLY DISAGREE and a score of 5 means STRONGLY AGREE.
You are free to give an assessment, there is no right or wrong answer. [SA]
Disagree
Q163a
Neither
disagree
or agree
Agree
Strongly
Agree
(2978)
1
2
3
4
5
(2979)
1
2
3
4
5
(2980)
1
2
3
4
5
(3016)
1
2
3
4
5
(3017)
1
2
3
4
5
(3018)
1
2
3
4
5
(3019)
1
2
3
4
5
(3020)
1
2
3
4
5
(3021)
1
2
3
4
5
(3022)
1
2
3
4
5
Strongly
Disagree
(R1)
(SC) It is very easy to get emptying service
within my neighbourhood
(R2)
will avoid my family as the subject of gossip
(R3)
(B) Those who defecate in the open have
certain disadvantages, such as parts of the
body can be seen by others
(R4)
(E) A toilet/ water closet facility will make a
village resident much better because they will
not pollute the environment
(R5)
(B) Those who defecate in the river becomes
vulnerable towards disease because of the
contaminated water in the river
(R6)
(SC) I know a person who had a skill in deciding
where to site a latrine
(S) Majority of those I know usually defecate in
(R7)
the toilet/ water closet
(B) Those who defecate in the open pollute the
(R8)
environment
(R9)
(B) Those who defecate in the river can be in
danger, e.g. carried by the current
(E) Having a toilet/ water closet facility at homes
(R10)
means giving the best for the family
(3023)
internal use only.
Page 166 of 168
(S) If our grandfathers/ parents/ ancestors
(R11) defecated in the open, then it is OK for us today
(SC) Most the emptying service that I am aware
of have an adequate facility and skill to do their
(R12)
job
(R13)
our status by being a modern family
(R14)
(B) River is an ideal location to defecate
because there is water current
(E) Having a toilet/ water closet facility will make
(R15)
defecating process more pleasant
(R16)
(R17)
(S) Defecating in the river is common and
acceptable because feces will be eaten by the
fish
will bring comfort to me/ my family
our status in the community by being an
(R18)
educated family
(R19)
(S) It is not civilized to defecate in the open
(R20)
will add value to my house
(R21)
(SC) I know a person who is very good in
building a latrine sub-structure
(R22)
(S) Those who defecate in open air are very
dirty people
(R23)
(S) It is not acceptable to defecate in the open
(R24)
(SC) I control my own destiny (internal)
will prevent me/ my family from disease such as
(R25)
diarrhea
(R26)
(B) Water that flows in the river can clean dirt
after defecating in the river
(R27)
(S) Defecating in the river is common, and
Strongly
Disagree
Disagree
1
2
Q163a
Neither
disagree
or agree
3
(3024)
1
2
(3025)
1
Agree
Strongly
Agree
4
5
3
4
5
2
3
4
5
(3026)
1
2
3
4
5
(3027)
1
2
3
4
5
(3028)
1
2
3
4
5
(3029)
1
2
3
4
5
(3030)
1
2
3
4
5
2
3
4
5
2
3
4
5
(3033)
1
2
3
4
5
(3034)
1
2
3
4
5
2
3
4
5
2
3
4
5
2
3
4
5
(3038)
1
2
3
4
5
(3039)
1
2
3
4
5
(3031)
1
(3032)
1
(3035)
1
(3036)
1
(3037)
1
internal use only.
Page 167 of 168
Disagree
Q163a
Neither
disagree
or agree
Agree
Strongly
Agree
(3040)
1
2
3
4
5
(3041)
1
2
3
4
5
(3042)
1
2
3
4
5
(3043)
1
2
3
4
5
(3044)
1
2
3
4
5
(3045)
1
2
3
4
5
(3046)
1
2
3
4
5
(3047)
1
2
3
4
5
(3048)
1
2
3
4
5
(3049)
1
2
3
4
5
(3050)
1
2
3
4
5
(3051)
1
2
3
4
5
(3052)
1
2
3
4
5
(3053)
1
2
3
4
5
(3054)
1
2
3
4
5
(3055)
1
2
3
4
5
Strongly
Disagree
everybody is doing so
(R28)
(S) Defecating in the open will not endanger
others
(R29)
(SC) One should not empty latrines into public
spaces
(R30)
will allow me to protect my family
(R31)
(S) It is acceptable for young children to
defecate in the open.
(R32)
(S) Those who defecate in open air will
endanger the community they live in
(R33)
will bring personal discretion to me/ my family
(R34)
(B) Defecating in the open is very
uncomfortable because you can catch the rain
(R35)
(S) It is acceptable to defecate in the open if
you can not access a toilet
(B) Open air (river/ bushes/ woods) is a place to
(R36)
comfortably defecate
(R37)
(F) Having my own toilet/ water closet allows
me to be a better host to guests
(R38) will make my house become more comfortable
(SC) It is very important that every house must
(R39)
have a latrine
(R40)
(S) Those who defecate in open air will not be
accepted in the community they live in
(SC) A good latrine must have a hand washing
(R41)
station nearby
(E) A toilet/ water closet facility will raise family's
(R42)
pride, e.g. when guests visit
(R43)
(B) Those who defecate in the open can be in
danger, e.g. attacked or bit by animals
internal use only.
Page 168 of 168

Total Sanitation and Sanitation Marketing Research Report

Transcription

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