A Replication and Analysis of the Militarized

A Replication and Analysis of the
Militarized Interstate Dispute (MID) Dataset, 1816-2001∗
Douglas M. Gibler†
Steven V. Miller
‡
Erin K. Little†
December 17, 2014
Abstract
We conducted a five-year study that attempted to replicate the original coding work of the
Militarized Interstate Dispute (MID) project. After strictly applying MID coding rules, we
recommend dropping 240 cases from the dataset as we were either unable to find a militarized
incident in the historical record or the dispute was already coded elsewhere in the data. We
found evidence linking 72 disputes to other dataset cases, and we could not identify 19 cases in
the historical record. Among the remaining disputes, we recommend major changes (changes in
dispute year, fatality level, and participants) in 234 disputes and minor changes in 1,009 disputes.
We use this paper to describe several issues we encountered when replicating the original data,
and we also examine the potential impact of our suggestions on existing studies. Though we
are able to identify several systematic problems with the original coding effort, we find that
these problems should not affect current understandings of the predictors of interstate conflict.
Our discussion introduces our dataset that includes several new variables, a comprehensive
bibliography of all dispute cases, and short narratives of all problem cases.
Keywords
Militarized Interstate Disputes, Correlates of War, Conflict, Data Replication
∗
Our thanks to Zeev Maoz, Glenn Palmer, Scott Bennett, Faten Ghosn, Vito D’Orazio, Michael Kenwick, Matthew
Lane, Aaron Shreve, Shareefa Al-Adwani, Tracy Quo Lin, and participants at a MID conference hosted by UC-Davis,
January 24-25, 2014; Matthew Lane and Glenn Palmer also provided excellent feedback on an earlier version of this
paper. We thank Paul Hensel for additional help locating South American disputes. Finally, Doug Gibler thanks
the National Science Foundation for their generous support of this project (Awards #0923406 and #1260492). For
questions and comments, please send an email to dmgibler@ua.edu.
†
Department of Political Science, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL;
‡
Department of Political Science, Clemson University, Clemson, SC
The Correlates of War (CoW) Militarized Interstate Dispute (MID) data set provides scholars
with some of the best available data on international conflict between states. Its value to scholars
of interstate conflict has been immeasurable since its first release by Gochman and Maoz (1984).
The most influential arguments about the relationships between joint democracy, territorial issues,
alliances, arms races, rivalry and interstate conflict have been advanced using this important data
set. Expanded and updated further by Jones, Bremer and Singer (1996), Ghosn, Palmer and
Bremer (2004), and Palmer et al. (Forthcoming), no other interstate conflict data set available to
conflict scholars featured MID’s temporal reach, regional inclusiveness, or consideration of interstate
disputes at lower levels of hostility. No other conflict data set allowed for thorough comparisons of
which disputes escalate toward war and which do not. The quality and scope of MID made it the
standard data set for evaluating important claims of war and peace in the international system.
MID has advanced in scope and sophistication since its first release by Gochman and Maoz
(1984). Original codings of militarized incidents have been either aggregated or disaggregated over
subsequent versions of the data set. In order to remain current with changing patterns of conflict
in the international system, new categories and new variables have been added as well. The datagenerating process has also changed. The first release of the data set relied on graduate students
in political science and history at the University of Michigan reading historical monographs and
diplomatic histories from the university’s library. The second and third releases of MID expanded
on this by using researchers at multiple institutions, microfiche of newspapers and other periodicals,
and electronic sources provided by LexisNexis. While these changes reflect advances in international
conflict and technology, it is unclear how different data-generating procedures and data availability
would affect coding decisions about earlier data points. Even reevaluating previous data points
with more sources and newer sources may lead to different decisions about prior coding decisions.
Older data points still constitute much of the data set, and these changes may substantially affect
the coding of the data set and the inferences drawn from it.
We recently concluded a five-year study that attempted to replicate the original coding work of
MID for the entirety of the data set through version 3.1 (disputes from 1816 to 2001). After using a
strict reading of MID’s coding rules, we find that approximately 68% of the data set needs revision.
We recommend dropping 240 cases from the data set for not meeting rules for inclusion and also
recommend merging 72 other MIDs with disputes that are connected by militarized incidents in
the same area over the same issue. We could not identify 19 MIDs using the sources MID says
the project used and after our own searches of the historical record. Of the remaining disputes, we
recommend major changes to 234 disputes (e.g. change of participants, start and end year, fatalities)
and minor changes to 1,009 disputes (e.g. change of start and end days). We identify systematic
problems with the original coding effort but also find that these problems do not necessarily lead
to systematic biases in many of the core inferences that have been drawn from analyses of the data.
We detail our findings in the following sections. First, we start with a summary of our findings
regarding the dispute data and break down our findings by temporal domain and region. We
then document several issues related to the sources the original coders used and how they led to
systematic problems in the data set. Next, we discuss how our recommended changes may affect
studies of interstate conflict. We conclude with a summary of our contribution to this important
data set for conflict scholars. While we laud the original coders for their work in compiling this
important data set, we believe our findings and our cleaned data increase faith in analyses of
interstate conflict.
Procedures for Confirming Original MID Data
CoW defines a militarized incident as, “a single military action involving an explicit threat, display,
or use of force by one system member state towards another system member state” (Jones, Bremer
and Singer 1996, 169). A MID or dispute is the aggregation of these incidents over time, space,
and issue; or, more formally: “Militarized interstate disputes are united historical cases of conflict
in which the threat, display or use of military force short of war by one member state is explicitly
directed towards the government, official representatives, official forces, property, or territory of
another state.”
Incident coding rules are extensively discussed in the data codebooks and also the published
articles releasing the several iterations of the dataset. Similarly, each publication discusses how
these incidents are aggregated into a dispute. For example, in Jones, Bremer and Singer (1996,
174-177), these aggregation rules stipulate that incidents that form a dispute must (1) involve the
same or overlapping parties, (2) involve the same issue(s), and (3) have identifiable start and end
dates. The coding rules also provide information for how wars, civil wars, and other concerns
2
are treated. Together, these rules describe how the dataset is based first on the identification of
militarized incidents between and among states in the CoW international system and then on the
method of aggregation of these incidents into unified conflicts over time.
CoW provides incidents for all disputes between 1993 and 2010, but the incident data for
disputes prior to 1993 has never been available. CoW also provides a list of sources for all MID
data, available at: http://www.correlatesofwar.org/. The source data for MID3 (covering the
years 1993 to 2001) and MID4 (2002-2010) are much more extensive than the original MID2 data;
nevertheless, the source information for the cases between 1816 and 1992 was very helpful in
assessing the majority of the cases during that time period.
We began the recreation of the more than two thousand cases of disputes between 1816 and 1992
by first finding the source information in the MID bibliography. In most cases this information was
not enough to completely code the dispute, and, in a substantial number of cases, we were not able to
confirm the existence of a dispute based on the source. For all cases we conducted extensive internet,
newspaper, and scholarly literature searches for information on any and all conflicts related to the
participant and dispute data provided by CoW, and we have compiled an extensive bibliography of
that source information, disaggregated by dispute number. This bibliography is contained in the
final Appendix to this manuscript.
Our recreation of the dataset can be subdivided among five types of cases—disputes that we
could not find in the historical record, cases that were found but for which information suggests
no militarized dispute occurred, disputes for which major changes need to be made to the original
codings, minor-change cases, and, finally, disputes for which the historical record matches the
original coding from MID2. We focus first on the cases that were most difficult to validate.
There were a very small minority of disputes—19 in all—for which neither the original source
nor our extensive searches provided information on any type of conflict between the states listed
in the MID data on the dates provided or anytime temporally proximate to those dates.1 We
recommend excluding these cases and provide short narratives of the events in the dyad-dates
listed by the MID project for these cases and include these as Appendix A to this manuscript.
After our review, we also recommend dropping from the dataset approximately ten percent of
1
We consulted the CoW-provided sources for each dispute, and, in many cases, these provided help identifying
the likely conflict. Still, there is no mention of a dispute in the labeled sources for these 19 cases.
3
the original cases. For each of these 240 cases, we first established the historical event identified
by the original coders, and we then applied the MID3 coding rules to the source information
we found. We were incredibly conservative in our recreation efforts and accepted existing data
whenever possible. However, we believe that the cases we list as drop recommendations cannot
be substantiated as MIDs using the CoW coding rules for militarized incidents, and we provide
descriptions for our reasoning for each of these cases in Appendix B of this manuscript.2
There are also numerous cases in which we discovered new information that linked previously
separate disputes. The MID coding rules stipulate that six months of continued inaction ends
a dispute, with the last recorded militarized incident coded as the end date (Jones, Bremer and
Singer 1996, 175-176). We purposely searched all same-dyad disputes to determine whether there
were militarized incidents that were missed by the original coders. In all, we found 72 disputes that
should be merged with existing disputes and dropped from the dataset. These cases are described
in Appendix C of the manuscript.
Of the 1,238 cases for which we recommend changes, 234 involve major changes to the data.
We define “major change” according to whether we believe the change may influence inferences
in a substantial number of studies. These major changes include corrections to the number of
participants in a dispute, the actual parties to the dispute, the dispute start year, or a change
in fatalities from zero to one or more, from a fatal to a non-fatal dispute, or from missing data
to fatal dispute. Many disputes had multiple major change recommendations. All other change
recommendations were, we believe, relatively minor in comparison and include such things as
day/month changes, end year changes, highest action, hostility level, outcome, and/or settlement
changes. We found minor changes needed for 1009 of the disputes cases we examined. Finally, we
were able to recreate the original dispute coding perfectly in 758 cases of disputes, or approximately
32% of the cases between 1816 and 2001.
Summarizing Our Change Recommendations
Table 1 describes our review recommendations by region and time period and shows that we
actually find no clear spatial or temporal pattern in these changes. The could-not-find cases were
2
We should note that we have had several discussions with MID personnel regarding our drop recommendations.
They do not agree with all of our recommendations, and we provide an overview of the discussion we have had
regarding these disagreements in Appendix E of this paper.
4
most numerous among European dyads, so these missing cases are probably not due to the scarcity
of information. The post-World War II time period is most numerous in the drop and merge
categories, but this time period also has the highest number of disputes. Overall, there seems to
be no clear area or time-period prediction for when we had difficulty recreating the original data,
and this lack of systematic bias may be good news for existing studies.
A few patterns do emerge when we divide our general recommendations according to the highest
action level in the dispute, as we provide in Table 2. We found several issues related to disputes
classified as seizures in the dataset, and these cases represent a substantial number of each category.
Among other categories, we recommended drops of 35 cases that were originally coded as threats;
in most of these cases, the threat was too vague to constitute a militarized incident. Finally, a
majority of our merge and major change recommendations concerned cases of attacks and clashes.
These were cases in which the original coders found good information about the occurrence of
militarized incidents, at intense levels of contestation, but our additional searches provided new
information that more properly described the militarized dispute.
Appendix D provides information about the types of changes we recommend for every dispute
in the MID dataset. Our replication data for this manuscript also provides a clean set of confirmed
disputes and dyad-years in dispute for the years 1816 to 2001.3
Notes on Original MID Data Collection
Before proceeding to a discussion of the potential impact of our recommended changes. we use
this section to briefly discuss some of the issues we encountered when replicating the original MID
data. We first discuss issues related to source information and then turn to several issues related to
implementation of the MID coding rules. In each section we highlight how these issues may affect
various uses of the final dataset.
Reliance on Introductory Texts
MIDs that occurred later in the 20th century were typically coded with the assistance of the
New York Times, Keesings or resources like Lexis-Nexis in MID3. Earlier cases often relied on
3
This data is available at the following Dataverse page: xxxx.
5
6
1816-1899
1900-1945
1946-1992
1993-2001
1816-1899
1900-1945
1946-1992
1993-2001
1816-1899
1900-1945
1946-1992
1993-2001
Drop
Merge
Major change
Total by region
1816-1899
1900-1945
1946-1992
1993-
Could not find
52
5
7
16
2
2
2
10
3
5
North America
76
7
3
3
4
2
1
1
7
19
25
2
1
1
South America
134
7
22
19
2
3
4
40
25
1
3
6
2
Europe
63
25
4
4
1
23
3
3
1
Africa
115
4
7
39
7
20
2
3
29
2
2
Middle East
124
2
5
41
4
5
24
2
2
9
24
6
Asia
Table 1: Significant Changes Recommended, by Region and Time Period
25
44
143
17
4
12
51
5
25
75
130
14
4
10
5
Total by period
229
72
245
19
Total by Type
Table 2: Significant Changes Recommended, by Highest Action Level
Could not find
Drop
Merge
Major change
Threats
Shows/
Alerts
Seizures
Attacks/
Clashes
Declare/
Join War
Other
Total
3
35
2
6
2
28
5
24
6
53
11
19
6
85
44
143
1
8
2
16
1
36
8
21
19
245
72
229
single sources—mostly introductory history books. After looking through the Correlates of War
Militarized Interstate Dispute data set for some time, it becomes fairly easy to predict which sources
were used, given the MID participants and the time frame.
For example, if a MID involved borders in a South American state in the 19th century, it was
very likely covered exclusively by Gordon Ireland (1938).4 Brazil and Great Britain had several
disputes through the 19th century over the slave trade. Alan Manchester (1964) covered all those
cases. If the unification of Italy was the broader topic, Bolton King (1934) is the source. Disputes
related to the Ottoman Empire’s status as “the sick man of Europe” in the 19th century were
almost always covered by William Miller (1913, later recompiled in 1966). This source is used to
code most of the MIDs in the Greece-Turkey dyad. Langer’s famous encyclopedia (1972) is cited for
a variety of disputes, often becoming a very important source for affairs involving European powers
in the Middle East and Central Asia. Chilean disputes, especially those leading to, and including,
the War of the Pacific, are covered by Robert Burr (1965). Likewise, Munro (1964, usually) is the
source of interest for the litany of disputes involving debt obligations in the Caribbean.
Beyond these general historical summaries, there are plenty of citations to what appear to be
introductory history books. Several MIDs involving Japan are sourced with Akagi’s (1936) “short
history” of Japanese foreign relations from 1542 to 1936. Munro (1960) has a brief history of
the Latin American states that is cited by the MID project. Venezuelan disputes, typically not
involving the Aves Island (see: Ireland 1938), are cited using Guillermo Moron’s (1964) brief book
simply titled A History of Venezuela.
That is not to say that these sources are useless. To the contrary, scholars like Gordon Ireland
have been indispensable to our project. However, overuse of specific sources can be problematic.
4
The same author was likely the exclusive source for similar disputes in Central America (Ireland 1941).
7
Gordon Ireland is useful for detail in cases involving borders in Central and South America. Yet,
as rich in detail as Ireland is, he lacks scope and makes little progress toward synthesizing the
wealth of information he has.5 Using sources like Ireland (1938) or MacKerras’s (1982) chronology
of Chinese history comes at the expense of scope. The exclusive use of a source that is little more
than a deluge of dates and facts may leave a coder unable to see the larger context of interstate
relations, including the duration of the dispute, its outcome and settlement, and the issue(s) under
contention. These sources also tend to provide broad historical trends, jumping around the timeline
of the events, rather than focusing on specific information about the conflicts themselves.
This is especially for true several cases that use the New York Times exclusively to code a
dispute. The New York Times is fantastic for pinpointing specific dates. However, the more
protracted and complicated the dispute is, the less useful the New York Times is. This is the case
of MID#1262. The MID data says MID#1262 is a Serbian/Greek/Italian occupation of Albania
near the end of World War I. However, this was part of the broader World War I effort, for which
several of the occupying powers already had a presence in Albania. Coding it as a yield in one
month by Albania ignores how the topic of Albania was important at the Paris Peace Conference
and how the United States played an important role in saving Albania. The only winner from this
was Serbia, which began a colonization of Kosovo. France eventually left and the Italians were
forcibly expelled by the Albanians by 1920. This broader context is difficult to discern when using
the New York Times.
The case of Roy Akagi’s (1936) book on Japanese foreign relations provides another illustration
of the problem that comes from using a single source to code a dispute or a series of disputes in a
dyad. Akagi is cited 24 times for MIDs involving Japan in verison 2.1 of the MID data set.6 Akagi
makes very little reference to the 1872 “Maria Luz incident”. Herein, Japan impounded a Peruvian
slaveship that docked in Yokohama following a storm. Additional sources consulted corroborated
our idea that this is a MID, and one involving a politically irrelevant dyad. Japan detained the ship
after discovering it was engaging in the slave trade, reasoning that it fell under their jurisdiction
by docking in Yokohama. Peru later responded with a threat to back up their claims for indemnity
5
This same comment also holds for some cases involving William Langer’s encyclopedia. Such condensed information can be misleading in a case like MID#0163.
6
These cases are often listed as being complemented by other sources. However, our review suggests that, while
multiple sources can be listed as supportive information, usually only one source was used for coding the dispute.
8
with force, but ultimately backed off when the British informed the Peruvians that they were in
the area and would be waiting for their warships. Peru yielded, choosing a diplomatic option that
ultimately made Peru the first South American state to open relations with Japan (Ward, Prothero
and Leathes 1910, Gardiner 1975, Edstrom 2002, Meagher 2008). Akagi (1936, 74-77) also mentions
this incident, but spares the necessary details that would make this incident constitute a MID. This
demonstrates the pitfalls of relying on a single source, often introductory history books, for coding
disputes for a state system member. If an incident is not omitted outright, it may not be given
the appropriate treatment in a single book and can lead us to make an incorrect decision regarding
data points.
Heterogeneity of Source Information; or, Trusting the China-Russia Dyad
Several dyads in the MID data set are complicated. Many of these, such as the Poland-Lithuania
and Poland-Russia dyads in the wake of World War I, had coding decisions that did not withstand
further scrutiny. The Italy-Ethiopia dyad tends to lack quality information, even when it is fairly
obvious what both sides are disputing. Nevertheless, one dyad was conspicuous from beginning to
end: the China-Russia dyad. Simply put, this dyad had far more bizarre coding decisions than any
other dyad in the data set.
Unlike several other countries and dyads, disputes involving China featured quality scholarship
from multiple sources on the history of China vis-a-vis Japan and the European powers. However,
two books in particular were cited indiscriminately in coding Chinese relations with Russia and
create multiple problems when evaluating the conflict data for that particular dyad. Both are
books written in Chinese and are rare finds in libraries across the United States. They are given in
the MID2.1 SpecificSources.csv file as Fu Sunming’s A Brief History of Russian Aggression of
China (1982) and Guo Tingyi’s A Outline History of the Russian Imperialist Aggression of China
(1955).7 Again, despite the plethora of other books used to code other disputes involving China,
these two books were often exclusive sources for much of the Sino-Russian dyad.
Our translations of these texts revealed several peculiarities. First, disputes that listed these
books just did not have the available information to corroborate the details of the corollary data
that has been made available to the public. In several cases we recommended dropping entire
7
This also serves as more examples of the previous point about use of introductory history books.
9
disputes or merging them with other related MIDs that are coded as separate but occurring at the
same time and over the same issue. Second, both sources were politically charged. The Fu Sunming
source, which was published after the Sino-Soviet split, was particularly egregious in its treatment
of events, but both sources had strong pro-Chinese biases which the coders did not seem to balance
with available Russian or Soviet sources. Regardless, the first problem was more extensive since
even much of the biased historical accounts contained little corroboration of the events that had
been coded for the dyad.
The difficulty in the China-Russia dyad is the variety of issues contested by both sides. Disputes
erupted between China and Russia over the area of the Ili Valley in Xinjiang in the latter parts
of the nineteenth century. Likewise, China’s northern hinterland (areas like Mongolia and Tuva)
became important around the time the Qing Dynasty collapsed. Russia gradually encroached
in Manchuria, establishing the Chinese Eastern Railway. This issue in Manchuria led to several
peculiar coding decisions. For example, it was difficult to dissociate MID#1142 from MID#1143.
Both are apparently over issues in Manchuria and occur when China had used the aftermath of the
Russian Revolution to expel the Russians from its northeastern territories and from the railway
zone. However, MID#1142 had the effect of demilitarizing the Russian presence and evicting them
from the important city of Harbin. MID#1143, which follows it, appears to be China seizing the
assets of the Chinese Eastern Railway. Thankfully, these are two disputes that cite additional
sources, but both books cited by the MID project for these two disputes (Pollard 1970, Leong
1976) do not support the coding of an independent MID between China and Russia on this issue
after the conclusion of MID#1142.
While the lack of quality information in the more remote conflicts in Sino-Russian relations is
a problem for the MID data, the prevalence of quality information in some of the more prominent
MIDs led to a new problem. Consider again MID#1142 and also MID#2182. MID#1142 cites
Pollard (1970) and Leong (1976) while MID#2182 cites Akagi (1936), MacKerras (1982) and the
New York Times.8 They have no overlapping sources even though the time period, issues, and
events likely overlap. Upon further inspection, MID#1142 and MID#2182 are most likely the same
dispute: the Harbin Crisis of 1917. Here, the Chinese used the pretext of the Russian Revolution
a month preceding the dispute to force the Russian military out of Harbin. The only difference in
8
Akagi does not actually reference this dispute at all.
10
these two disputes is that MID#2182 does not have exact dates and codes the dispute as a clash,
whereas MID#1142 assumes it is a one-sided attack. In this case, using multiple sources led to a
different problem: coding the same dispute twice.9
Overall, we believe there is substantial spatial and temporal clustering in the quality of coding
decisions in the original data. These are not necessarily determined by time period, Western versus
non-Western states, or any other predictor besides information consulted. When the original coders
had several quality sources available, the original dataset was easily replicated.
Six-Month Counts and Information-Poor MIDs
Jones, Bremer and Singer (1996) detail several coding rules for determining the end dates of disputes. Some of these coding rules give rise to the prominence of what we refer to here as the
“six-month count”. These disputes stand out as having a duration equal to six-months, as outlined
in Jones, Bremer and Singer’s (1996) coding procedures. These six-month counts do not always
have unknown start and end dates, but in many cases they do. Our experience is that these sixmonth counts are typically lacking in available information or are questionable cases for inclusion
in the MID data set.
We provide MID#1597 as a case in point. MID#1597 is a Peruvian invasion of Colombian-held
Tarapaca, lasting from an unknown date in April, 1899 to an unknown date in October of that
same year. Amidst growing unrest in Bogota, the Colombian troops in Tarapaca (in Colombia’s
Amazonian region) were recalled and redirected to Bogota. With the Colombian garrison gone,
Peru occupied the disputed territory. Given the area, the time frame, and the events in Bogota,
it is highly unlikely the Colombians even knew about this when it happened. The fact that MID
cites Galvez (1920, 82-83) exclusively for this MID makes it all the more problematic. Galvez does
not provide a single date in his three sentences on the dispute. Since the civil conflict referenced is
the “Thousand Days War”, the more likely start date is sometime in October 1899. The incident
is decidedly obscure, minor, in a forlorn part of the globe and with only three sentences available
to describe it.10 Thus, it becomes a six-month count, albeit one with possibly flipped start/end
9
We actually found quite a few cases of the same dispute being counted two or even three times. This may happen
when different sources are used or when regions and dyads are divided among coders.
10
The quality of the MID data deteriorates appreciably when the conflict is in a more remote part of the globe.
MID#1128 involving the expanding Saudi state and North Yemen is a perfect example of this.
11
dates and no specific days.
On a related point, disputes with unknown start/end dates tend to be information-poor even
if the dispute is not coded as a six-month count. Consider MID#1162, another Colombia-Peru
MID that again relies on a few sentences from Galvez (1920, 75) as the sole source for the dispute.
This is a two month dispute in 1913 with unknown days, where a retreat of Peruvian troops from
settlements in the Putumayo region seems to constitute a Colombian victory in a MID. However,
Galvez’ wording is vague and again scarce with details. His account could not be corroborated
elsewhere. A reading into the broader situation at the time leaves open the possibility that Peru
recalled its garrison there as part of ongoing diplomatic efforts with Colombia (De La Pedraja 2006,
89-92). This is not just a problem for MIDs citing such an obscure source originally published in
Spanish. Disputes with no given start/end dates tend to lack quality information. It is difficult to
correct even with the information glut we have now.
Coding Criteria for Seizures and State Self-Selection from Disputes
Coding seizures is largely an application of the sixth incident-coding rule provided in Jones, Bremer
and Singer (1996, 169-170). Careful to isolate militarized incidents involving official forces of at
least two state system members (the first incident-coding rule), incidents that solely concern private
property are generally not included in the data set. Exceptions are made, however, for seizures in
disputed territory or when the “targeted” state responds to the seizure with its own militarized
incident or files a diplomatic protest. Table 3 in Jones et al. (1996) introduces another coding
rule for seizures that was not elaborated in the rest of their article: seizures must last at least
twenty-four hours in order to be included in the data set.11
There are 305 disputes in the MID dataset for which the highest action coded is a seizure—
that is over 13% of the entire dataset from 1816 to 2001. Our review encountered several issues
surrounding these cases, and we recommend that 53 of them be dropped from the data set for not
meeting MID criteria for militarized incidents. Six of the twenty cases we could not find were also
11
An additional coding rule concerns the overall length of the dispute. Seizures are understood by Jones et al.
Jones, Bremer and Singer (1996, 175-176) to be “continuous actions” subject to a six-month count from the date of
the incident if the seizure lasts longer than six months. If, for example, a ship from State B was seized by State A
and held for a year, the MID between State A and State B lasts six months from the date of the seizure. Ghosn,
Palmer and Bremer (2004, 148) change this duration to three days when no further information about the seizure is
available.
12
seizures. In total, then, we believe that approximately 20% of the seizures should not be in the
dataset according to the MID coding rules.12
The likely goal of the original coders was to include seizures that become militarized interstate disputes—the seizures of the USS Pueblo (MID#0347) and the HMS Trent (MID#0225),
for example—with other, similar cases of international, militarized conflict. Not included in the
concept are those many seizures that are never an issue between the involved states. A recent impounding of over 300 American and Canadian ships by the Mexican government on November 26,
2013, provides a nice example of these cases. These seizures by the Mexican Hacienda (its version
of the American Internal Revenue Service) were of boats that largely belonged to retirees and boating enthusiasts who did not have proper identification numbers on their vessels. The boat owners
protested for being held in a state of limbo for several months, but the United States and Canada
never protested these seizures as violations of any treaty or law. The MID data does not include
these cases because they are a domestic, civil matter in Mexico and not a form of international
conflict.
In our review we found several cases that resemble the recent boating seizures in Mexico, rather
than the seizure of the HMS Trent that almost brought the United Kingdom to war with the United
States. For example, MID#0601 was a case in which an American fishing boat accidentally drifted
into Peruvian territorial waters. It was escorted into Talara by two Peruvian gunboats but released
without fines and without protest from the United States government. Similarly, MID#1164 was
a case in which a ship of Catholic missionaries from Brazil was detained by Peru for five days. We
found no evidence of diplomatic protest by Brazil, and our analysis of the historical record of the
case suggested a protest over such a minor issue by Brazil would have been unlikely. MID#2813
codes an Argentinian seizure of a Japanese fishing boat proximate to the Falklands in 1987. Japan’s
government took the position that it was wrong to have been in Argentina’s economic zone without
permission and apologized for the illegal fishing. Without protest by Side B, disputes like these are
not codeable incidents and entail no foreign policy implications for either state. These were not
seizures that merit inclusion according to MID coding rules.
12
We also recommend that analyses of international conflict should still include controls for the presence of a seizure
in the dispute. The original coders were obviously correct that many of these are similar to the vast majority of
militarized disputes, but there are also a large number of seizures that are qualitatively different from the rest of the
dataset.
13
With advances in technology since the original coding decisions were made, we were also often
better able to determine the total duration of a seizure. For example, we recommend dropping
MID#1417 because Togo’s arrest of two Ghanaian police officers did not last twenty-four hours,
nor was Ghana’s response (a border-closing) a blockade as originally coded. We were able to
determine that a Guinean seizure of a U.S. diplomat (Robinson McIlvaine) in 1966 lasted less
than 24 hours and recommended dropping the case from the data set. The 1959 Danish boarding
of the Red Crusader (MID#2883) did not last twenty-four hours, and several disputes coded as
Israeli seizures of materiel or citizens reported en route to Palestine or otherwise entering airspace
during tense relations with Egypt (e.g. MID#2327, MID#2831, MID#2917) did not last twentyfour hours, nor were they protested or reciprocated by target governments like Turkey, Cyprus, or
Spain.
One final issue with seizures involves state self-selection out of disputes. The Russia-Japan dyad
from 1952 to 1967 offers a prime example of this as we recommend dropping four disputes involving
Russian seizures of Japanese fishing vessels (MID#2882, MID#2893, MID#2903, MID#2911).
The issue was the same across all four cases: territorial control of the Kuril Islands that Japan lost
to Russia at the end of World War II. In each case, Russia impounded one or more Japanese fishing
boats caught fishing in what was previously Japanese territory, and Japan offered no militarized
response and gave no diplomatic protest of these seizures.
Though Japan has long held that the interpretations of the post-war order drawn at Yalta and
San Francisco did not apply to Japanese sovereignty over this chain of islands, it also was aware
of its military weaknesses. Hamstrung by American diplomatic pressure, a U.S. military presence
remaining in Japan, and the terms of the 1947 constitution imposed on it by the United States,
Japan had few resources to revise the status quo or even militarize these incidents. Under these
circumstances, it should not be surprising that Japan would not militarize minor incidents. By not
protesting or even responding to these, Japan self-selected themselves out of militarized disputes.
These examples are just several of the many cases in which seizures were never officially protested,
and we recommend dropping these cases to ensure consistency with the MID coding rules.
14
Submarine Attack MIDs and World War II
We noticed a pattern emerge among MIDs involving Germany and, to a lesser extent, Italy during
World War II. These MIDs, approximately 34 total, were characterized by submarine attacks by the
two Axis powers against anglophilic shipping interests in the Mediterranean off Italy, off Palestine,
and, especially, the Atlantic Ocean off the coast of the United States. There were several curiosities
evident in our evaluation of the source material used by the MID project and the coding decisions
that followed.
First, in a manner similar to disputes involving seizures, we rarely observed evidence of protest.
There were a few reasons for this. For one, these MIDs were coded almost exclusively using the
New York Times, with coverage that mentioned these incidents only in passing. The news reports
documenting these incidents were confined to a few sentences, leaving open the important question
of whether Side B in the incident protested Germany or Italy’s actions. Per the sixth incident coding
rule in Jones, Bremer and Singer (1996), this is a necessary condition for attacks on international
shipping. It was difficult to find evidence of diplomatic protest outside the sources the MID project
used. The New York Times almost always was light on detail.
Another reason for the rare observation of militarized response or diplomatic protest by Side B
concerns the decision-making calculus for Side B. Like the curious case of ship seizures involving
Russia and Japan in the Kuriles shortly after Japan’s re-entry into the international system in
1952, we suspect that Side B in these disputes are making conscious decisions to select itself f rom
a militarized confrontation with the Axis powers. Consider the case of Portugal, which was most
frequently coded as the target of the submarine attacks during World War II. Portugal was crosspressured at the time. The Estado Novo regime governing Portugal at the time was pro-fascist but
also a long-standing strategic ally of Britain. As a result, Portugal vowed neutrality during the
conduct of World War II to the point of shipping resources to both its ally and Nazi Germany. The
submarine attacks by Germany that followed against Portuguese shipments to the United Kingdom
put Salazar in the difficult spot of having to make a diplomatic issue of a series of attacks intended
to coerce more pro-Nazi behavior from his regime. That, or Salazar could have turned to the
waiting hands of the United Kingdom at the risk of inviting a German invasion. If he protested,
or responded militarily, he could expect a further escalation of these incidents from Hitler. As a
15
result, Portugal took no action each time in order to avoid a militarized dispute.
This same decision-making process can be inferred in Panama, itself a frequent target of these
submarine attacks ostensibly because of how valuable the Panama Canal was to international
commerce for the Allied states. If Panama made an issue of these incidents, it could only expect
more of them. In every application, we could not find evidence of a militarized response if it was
not coded as such in the data set. Only Brazil seemed to make an issue of these submarine attacks
on its international shipping interests, which precipitated its foray into active combat in World War
II. Other states seemed too reluctant to follow Brazil’s lead.
Another issue we observed with this class of MIDs raised further questions about accepting
a source like the New York Times at face value in coding MIDs. Our other reservations about
newspaper sources concern how light newspapers are on details and how they make us unable to
see the forest for the trees, no matter how objective and politically neutral newspaper sources are.
In this case, we do question the objectivity and political neutrality of the New York Times. Consider
the case of MID#3837 as an illustration. MID#3837 is coded as an Italian submarine attack on the
Spanish ship Monte Moncayo on October 1, 1940. The British source used in the New York Times
report, which spoke “authoritatively” of this Italian attack, was doing so during a time when the
Axis states were trying to negotiate Spanish entry into World War II on their side. We also now
know that there were no Allied or Axis submarines in the vicinity of the Monte Moncayo when it
was sunk and that it is much more likely the ship was sunk by a mine. In this case, the Allies were
using newspapers as a form of propaganda to make Franco reconsider Spanish entry into World
War II. We recommend dropping this particular MID. We also recommend dropping all attacks
on shipping that were not protested, which is consistent with the coding rules described by Jones,
Bremer and Singer (1996) (again, see Appendix B for a discussion of our drop recommendations).
Joins Ongoing War and War Declaration MIDs
Another interesting class of MIDs are those for which the highest level of action coded was joined
an ongoing war or declared war. There were 86 of these in the dataset, almost all of them coinciding
with World War II. Our comment about these MIDs is not that they were incorrectly coded, per
the terms of Jones, Bremer and Singer’s (1996) article. Rather, many of these disputes do not seem
to be MIDs as we would consider them when conceptualizing militarized interstate conflict short
16
of war. Most of these disputes, definitely the “declaration of war” MIDs largely associated with
World War II, do little to capture the concept of active belligerence and are instead more akin to
broken diplomatic relations.
These disputes follow deliberate coding rules given in Jones, Bremer and Singer (1996). The
fourth dispute coding rule given by the authors treats the aggregation of incidents into disputes
differently for disputes that end in war. This allows for “joins ongoing war” to be the highest
level of action for dispute participants. Thus, a dispute like MID#0339 ends in “joins ongoing
war” because an American-Japanese dispute over Japanese incursions into Thailand, then the last
independent country in Southeast Asia, was followed over a year and a half later by the Japanese
attack on Pearl Harbor.
The presence of “declaration of war” MIDs associated with World War II, and World War I
to a lesser extent, appear to follow a very particular wording of part of this same dispute coding
rule.13
In cases when war intervention occurs six months or more after the start of the war, a
separate militarized interstate dispute exists between the war belligerent and the other
state up to its official entry in the ongoing war; thereafter, all actions are coded as part
of the ongoing war (p. 176).
This coding rule could be interpreted in multiple ways, but MID’s intent can be inferred from
an evaluation of the data set. MID understands a declaration of war from a country like Panama
against Germany, Italy, and Japan (MID#3525) as starting a separate dispute and not as Panama
joining the ongoing MID (MID#0258) with a token declaration of war. In reality, a host of Latin
American countries “joined” World War II in the immediate wake of the Japanese attack on the
Pearl Harbor naval base but took no militarized action against the Axis thereafter and did not
actively participate in the war. We would not interpret these countries as each, individually, starting
new disputes with the Axis Powers (or even separate disputes with each Axis Power in some cases).
Nonetheless, this coding rule creates the interesting case of multiple disputes surrounding decisions
to enter World War II, even if entering the war meant diplomatic shows of support.
13
It is not clear from our reading of Jones, Bremer, and Singer’s article why a declaration of war should be
understood as a “continuous action”. Much of these war-declaration disputes are six-month counts that follow the
observation of a “continuous action”, or are disputes that would be six-month counts if not for the conclusion of the
war in 1945.
17
Finally, these war-declaration disputes feature other characteristics that make them less a militarized interstate dispute as we would understand it. For example, a country like Liberia was not
actually at war with Germany, let alone Japan, in 1944 (which is coded as MID#3526). With no
material issue between Liberia and these two Axis countries, or experiencing any direct threat to
its sovereignty from Germany or Japan, Liberia instead positioned itself as a waiting recipient of
American aid and the development of Liberian naval ports if it made a token declaration of war.
Almost all of the declarations of war from the Latin American states against the Axis came the
day after the attack on Pearl Harbor. Rather than actively signaling an intent to join the war
against the Axis, the Latin American states appear to be following the lead of the United States so
as to not provoke the American government. The nine declarations of war in 1945 from countries
in other regions came on the heels of communication from the United States, United Kingdom,
and Soviet Union, that only those countries actively “at war” with the remnants of the Axis would
be allowed to participate in the United Nations Conference on International Organization in San
Francisco, which chartered the United Nations in April 1945. Based on our review of the data, we
believe that dataset users should conduct robustness checks of their analyses by either omitting
cases that are coded as ‘joins ongoing war” or “declaration of war”, or by included dummies for
each category in the analysis.
The Iran-Iraq Tanker War
We should highlight one last set of peculiar cases in the dataset—those cases involving Iranian or
Iraqi attacks on oil tankers during their war in the 1980s. We identified 90 disputes that involved
Iraq or Iran firing on suspected oil shipments, and almost two-thirds of these cases (59 in all) last
only for the day of attack. Side B of the disputes were coded based on the registries of these ships,
so countries such as Liberia, India, Norway, Cyprus, the Bahamas, Panama, etc, are all coded as
actively engaged in conflict with either Iraq or Iran.
In most cases these disputes were coded properly according to Jones, Bremer and Singer (1996)
rules: there was an attack on shipping that was protested by Side B. Nevertheless, the sheer number
of Tanker-War cases—4.4% of disputes in the pre-1993 data are Iraqi or Iranian tanker attacks—
may introduce certain pathologies into the data. We strove to be consistent with the original
coding rules, and we, therefore, recommend keeping these cases in the dataset. However, we have
18
also added a dummy variable to our own dataset that is coded positively when Iraq or Iran attacks
an oil tanker registered to a non-participant during their bilateral war. We believe users of the
data should control for these peculiar cases.
An Analysis of Recommended Changes
Thus far we have described our review of the MID project and several issues we found with the data.
The important point of this review, though, is determining whether the changes we recommend
for the dataset are systematic enough to change existing conclusions on the causes of conflict. We
do this in two parts. First, in this section we provide an analysis of several predictors of our
categories—could not finds, drops, merges, and major and minor change recommendations—in
order to determine the circumstances under which various studies will be affected. For example, if
we find that a particular time period, region, or type of dispute was prone to being poorly coded
and should be dropped from the data, then researchers whose work has focused on these cases may
want to re-examine their previous studies.
Table 3 presents the results of five logistic regressions in which we used the issues we found as
predictors of the various categories. Each of the models uses the entire dataset of dispute cases we
analyzed, 2,330 in all, and each predictor was included in each of the models analyzed. Table 3
provides a + sign when the predictor is a positive predictor of the category and a − sign when the
variable predictors fewer of the category; only predictors that are statistically significant from zero
at p < 0.05 are included.
Several interesting patterns emerge from this analysis. In the first column, Table 3 shows that
only seizures and disputes that were coded as lasting for only one day were difficult for us to find.
Eleven of the 19 cases in this category were coded as lasting one day, and there six seizures, two
of which lasted longer than one day. Again, we consulted the original sources from the CoW and
conducted extensive searches of the historical record, but we still found no information regarding
these events.
The second column suggests that there are systematic patterns in the cases we recommend
dropping. Seizures and threats to use force are highest action levels that suggest a drop recommendation was more likely; disputes coded as clashes were unlikely to be dropped. Among the
19
clustering variables, those cases that were related to the Tanker War and during the 1900 to 1945
time period were more likely to be dropped, and, regionally, cases in the Middle East had a higher
drop rate. The original source information was also a consistent predictor for this category. Cases
using Langer (1972), Facts on File, or Keesings, were much less likely to be dropped.
We found only positive predictors of the cases that should be merged. Attacks and clashes
were likely separated by the six-month rule in the original data, but, even controlling for those
cases, we were able to find continuous action in many instances. Our searches were also more likely
to find information that merge disputes in Asia and the Middle East as well as events that were
sourced using newspapers or daily and weekly bulletins. We believe this last finding underscores
our argument that there caution should be used when aggregating incidents based solely on news
reports.
Table 3: Predictors of Recommended Changes
Could Not Find
Dispute Characteristics
Seizure
+
Threat
Attack
Clash
Join ongoing war
One-day dispute
+
Six-month rule
All democracies
Temporal and/or Spatial Clustering
Tanker War
1816 to 1899
1900 to 1945
1946 to 1992
Africa (sub-Saharan)
Asia
Middle East
North America
South America
World War I
World War II
Source Information
Dupuy and Dupuy
Langer
New York Times
Facts on File
Keesings
Number of sources
Drop
Merge
+
+
-
Major Change
Minor Change
-
No Change
-
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
-
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
-
+
+
+
+
+
20
-
The predictors of major and minor changes were quite different, as would be expected. We
found major changes necessary in attacks, clashes, and joins ongoing war cases, and the Middle
East proved to be difficult to recreate without substantial coding changes. Cases coded using
Kessings or Dupuy and Dupuy (1986) also were likely to need major recoding. The pattern for
seizures is striking here when compared to the other categories: these cases are less likely to be
found and more likely to be dropped but, if found and correctly coded, no major changes are likely.
Minor changes were likely in all time periods except those cases covered by MID3, the base
category, which again makes sense considering the data and funding available to the project coding
1993 to 2001. Minor changes were also less likely for threats and clashes and for cases in Africa,
but changes were more likely for disputes sourced with only the New York Times. Very strangely,
we found that the number of sources given by the CoW project for the 1816 to 1992 disputes
were a predictor of minor changes needed. Perhaps this results from the tendency to name several
standard sources when a certain region or time period is coded.
Overall, this analysis suggests that there are potentially substantial biases with how the MID
dataset was originally coded. In the next section we use this information to analyze a basic model
of dispute onset to help determine how these biases may affect our conclusions about what causes
conflict between states in the system.
When Our Recommended Changes May Affect Conflict Studies
We use this section to assess the effects of our recommended changes on several relationships that
have been identified using the MID data. We first examine a large-sample model of dispute onset
and compare results between the current CoW coding rules and our recommendations. We then
move to a dispute-only model of dispute reciprocation. In neither case do we find substantial
differences across models.
Dangerous Dyads and Dispute Onset
We use several known predictors of interstate conflict in our analyses. First, the presence of land
contiguity in the dyad signals an opportunity for conflict, increased interactions, or the presence of
territorial issues. We use the Stinnett et al. (2002) data for this measure. We measure parity as
21
the smaller CINC score divided by the total CINC scores in the dyad, using (Singer, Bremer and
Stuckey 1972) data. We include a measure for the presence of a major state in the dyad, and we
code whether the states were in a formal alliance (Gibler and Sarkees 2004). Joint democracy is
included in the models, with democracy defined as a Polity IV score between 6 and 10 (Marshall
and Jaggers 2002). Each of these independent variables is lagged by one year from the dyad-year
observation. Finally, we estimate each model using general estimation equations (GEE) with a
binomial distribution and a one-year time lag to control for autocorrelation, and we use all nondirected dyad-years for which independent variable data was available for the years 1816 to 2001.14
Table 4 presents the results of these analyses. The dependent variable of dispute onset in each
analysis is the presence of two dispute originators in the first year of conflict, with all subsequent
years of conflict set to zero. The first column uses the currently available MID data from the CoW
project.15 This estimation demonstrates that our basic model of conflict conforms well to general
expectations from the literature. Contiguity, parity, and the presence of a major state is each
associated with an increased likelihood of dispute onset; joint democracy and the presence of an
alliance in the dyad decreases the risk of dispute onset, though the presence of an alliance is not
statistically significant.
Columns two and three introduce our recommended changes to the data. Column two applies
the corrected dispute years to the CoW MID onsets, and column three applies our drop recommendations. The fourth column applies all changes and treats as peaceful the dyad-years that had a
seizure, joined an ongoing war, or had a dispute related to the Tanker War between Iraq and Iran.
Evident across these models is that our suggested changes make little difference in the estimation
of conflict. There are no changes in the direction of relationships, there are no other changes
in statistical significance, and there is very little change in the relative strength of relationships
between the independent variables and dispute onset. Not even the omission of several large groups
of dispute cases affect these findings. Seizures and war joins are in many ways dissimilar to the rest
of the dataset, even though they conform to the operational definition of a militarized incident,
and the often unreciprocated shipping strikes of the Tanker War are so numerous and strongly
clustered they could bias several relationships. Nevertheless, these omissions produce estimates
14
The most recent iteration of the MID dataset, from 2002 to 2010, was released as we were finishing our review.
We have not yet examined this data.
15
Downloaded on October 28, 2014, from http://www.correlatesofwar.org/COW2%20Data/MIDs/MID40.html.
22
Table 4: Analysis of MID predictors following dispute sample changes, 1816-1992
Current
CoW MID
3.073∗∗∗
(0.168)
After Year
Corrections
3.069∗∗∗
(0.167)
After Drop
Recommendations
3.130∗∗∗
(0.168)
Omissions for
Robustness†
3.339∗∗∗
(0.171)
Joint Democracy
-0.861∗∗∗
(0.147)
-0.862∗∗∗
(0.147)
-0.919∗∗∗
(0.158)
-0.888∗∗∗
(0.169)
Capability Ratio
1.891∗∗∗
(0.406)
1.867∗∗∗
(0.403)
1.866∗∗∗
(0.409)
1.742∗∗∗
(0.413)
Allied
-0.189
(0.141)
-0.180
(0.141)
-0.203
(0.144)
-0.234
(0.146)
Major State Present
1.763∗∗∗
(0.175)
1.760∗∗∗
(0.174)
1.727∗∗∗
(0.176)
1.640∗∗∗
(0.181)
Constant
-6.794∗∗∗
(0.105)
654,513
-6.795∗∗∗
(0.105)
654,513
-6.941∗∗∗
(0.106)
654,513
-7.157∗∗∗
(0.108)
654,513
Contiguity
N
† This model excludes cases of seizures, joins ongoing war, and disputes
related to the Tanker War. Standard errors in parentheses;
∗
p < 0.05, ∗∗ p < 0.01, ∗∗∗ p < 0.001
that are quite similar to the other models.
The lack of change across models is most likely due to the large number of dyad-years in the
analysis and the large number of event observations (over 650,000 and over 2,000, respectively).
These sample and event sizes make it difficult for any of our recommended changes to substantially
alter found relationships in the data. That may change, however, when analyses are restricted to
dispute cases only. To provide an example of this, we provide a model of dispute reciprocation in
our final set of analyses.
Dispute Reciprocation
The reciprocation variable in the MID dataset is defined as any case that includes a codeable action
from at least one state in both Side A and Side B of a dispute (Jones, Bremer and Singer 1996, 186).
Most notably, this variable has been used to measure the ability of democracies (Schultz 2001) and
other types of regimes (Weeks 2008) to signal their intentions. Our model of dispute reciprocation
is the same as the one used in the last section, but our sample now narrows to disputes only. This
makes the number of observations for these analyses are less than 2,500 rather than the 650,000+
23
cases in the last set of analyses.
Our recommended changes to the reciprocation variable are not large in number. We believe
that MID has miscoded 132 cases of reciprocation in the dispute sample from 1816 to 2001. Fiftynine cases are coded as reciprocated by MID when they were not, in fact, reciprocated, and 73
cases were reciprocated even though MID codes them as unreciprocated. The correlation between
original and corrected measures is .89.
Table 5 provides logistic analyses of the dyadic dispute reciprocations. We again estimate first
the current MID sample, which produces predictions of dispute reciprocation for contiguous dyads
and dyads at parity. When we remove the cases that we could not find, the suggested drops, and
the cases that should be merged, there is one substantive change—parity is no longer a predictor
of dispute reciprocation at p < 0.05 but has instead a p-value less than 0.08. Contiguity remains
statistically significant.
The final column demonstrates well the unique nature of certain dispute types. While the
heterogeneity of dispute types is washed away by the sheer number of observations in a large-N
study of conflict onset, type differences matter much more when examining disputes only. War joins
are, by definition, excellent predictors of reciprocation, while shipping attacks during the Tanker
War were unlikely to be reciprocated by the states that flagged the ships. Seizures were also not
likely to be reciprocated. We should also note that clashes are a perfect predictor of reciprocation
since the coding rule states that the initiator of the dispute could not be determined.
These reciprocation models again suggest that our recommended changes, though substantial
in number, will often not have an effect on key relationships analyzed with the data. Of much
more importance is the different types of disputes that meet the definition of militarized incident.
These different types should be understood well before the dataset is used for any substantive
interpretation of interstate militarized behavior.
Summary and Additions
We remain amazed that the original coders were able to develop such an incredibly useful dataset of
interstate conflict in an era without access to internet searches, electronic newspaper databases, or
24
Table 5: Analysis of dispute reciprocation following dispute sample changes, 1816-1992
Current
CoW MID
-0.249
(0.157)
After Change
Recommendations
-0.100
(0.165)
Controls for
Dispute Type
-0.165
(0.317)
Allied
-0.117
(0.113)
-0.131
(0.122)
-0.161
(0.123)
Capability Ratio
0.748∗∗
(0.292)
0.483
(0.313)
0.528
(0.319)
Contiguity
1.057∗∗∗
(0.099)
0.995∗∗∗
(0.106)
0.774∗∗∗
(0.111)
Major State Present
0.071
(0.098)
-0.055
(0.105)
-0.258∗∗
(0.109)
Joint Democracy
Seizure
-0.507∗∗∗
(0.150)
Joins ongoing war
2.459∗∗∗
(0.747)
Tanker War
-2.122∗∗∗
(0.386)
Constant
N
-0.784∗∗∗
(0.109)
2,425
Standard errors in parentheses;
∗
-0.482∗∗∗
(0.115)
2,106
p < 0.05,
∗∗
p < 0.01,
-0.185∗∗∗
(0.123)
2,106
∗∗∗
p < 0.001
powerful personal computers. The original coders systematically captured over 2,000 instances of
militarized conflict since 1816, most often providing enough detailed and extensive information for
us to deconstruct their coding decisions. Nevertheless, this replication process has revealed several
noteworthy issues with the dataset.
We have identified systematic patterns in many of these issues, particularly concerning sixmonth counts, seizures, war declaration MIDs, and attacks on shipping during both WWII and
the Tanker War. Our replication attempts have also forced us to recommend coding changes to
a large majority of the dispute cases in the dataset, approximately a fifth of which require major
changes to the data. For the sake of transparency, we summarize all recommended changes and
disaggregate the most severe changes concerning conflict intensity and dispute ending measures in
Appendix D to this article. We provide detailed narratives for all cases we could not be found
(Appendix A), cases we recommend to drop (Appendix B), and cases for which new information
substantiated a merge of two or more disputes (Appendix C). The new dataset incorporating all of
25
these changes is available from the authors.
In addition to the recommended changes, we are providing several new variables for interested
users to more easily account for potentially problematic groups of disputes in the data and to
gain more utility from the dataset. We include whether the dispute involved a seizure, had a sixmonth count to end the dispute, or involved the Tanker War. Our data also disaggregates each
dispute according to which states were actively fighting each other. Finally, we have compiled a
comprehensive bibliography for the dataset, with entries for each dispute case. We provide this
data with the hope that scholars will carefully use the dataset and consider the different types of
cases that meet the definition of militarized incidents according to CoW coding rules.
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26
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27
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28
Appendix A—Cases that could not be found
Report on Correlates of War Militarized Interstate Disputes (MID) that could not be replicated.
In most cases, we provide a short narrative as it relates to the countries and dates described in the
MID data.
MID#1058
There is no record of a seizure by Thailand against Italy. Italy withdrew from the Axis powers in
early September of 1943, and it is possible that Thai forces responded with some sort of seizure of
Italian property or personnel. However, there is no historical evidence of this available.
MID#1684
This case grew out of Italy’s concern, beginning in early August of 1939, about the growing German
and Russian influence in the Balkan states, as well as Hungary and Danzig, at the beginning of
the Second World War. Concerns appeared to be quelled in February 1940, when cultural accords
were signed between the two countries, and the accords were “couched in the warmest tones heard
since the war apparently caused some discord in the Axis.” There is no evidence of a show of force
by Italy targeting Germany during the period of this case, August 1939 to February 1940. The two
states were allied and fighting together.
MID#1726
Moreno (listed COW source) does not mention this dispute. There actually does not seem to be
any reference to Argentina at all (since the book covers Central America). This is the only CoW
source for this dispute, and there is no other evidence of a dispute in 1916 between France and
Argentina.
If the dispute is anything, it is a momentary seizure of Argentinean cargo en route to Germany
during World War I. Argentina was an important player in the world market for some grains and
beef and was a trading partner of Germany in particular. However, it is unclear how France could
be in a position to detain Argentinean cargo en route for Germany unless the detention occurred
in Morocco. A search for that did not produce results. CoW’s source citation did not apply to this
dispute. Finally, even if there is evidence of a detention, additional coding rules about seizures still
apply (24 hour rule, protest, et cetera).
MID#1735
CoW’s source, the annual register, provides no information on this dispute. There are hostilities
in Greece during this time, and Canning comes to Greece to discuss the conflict in September.
However, there is no information about a possible dispute between the Ottomans and any of the
Italian territories during this period.
A–1
MID#1900
The details of this case mirror those of the Red Crusader seizure (MID#2883), except the month
is listed as March instead of May. No information could be found regarding any Danish seizures
of British shipping on or around this date. Too, the reports of the Red Crusader incident do not
mention a previous seizure anytime near this date.
MID#2012
MID#2012 is a bilateral dispute between Argentina and Paraguay from unknown days in December
1850 to January 1851. It is coded as a blockade by Argentina (Side A), reciprocated with an
occupation of territory by Argentina. It ends in a yield by Paraguay. It is coded using Gilbert
Phelps’ (1975) Tragedy of Paraguay and Harris G. Warren’s (1949) Paraguay: An Informal History.
However, there is no discernible evidence to corroborate the coding of this dispute as originally
presented. Though Warren (1949) is listed as a source, the passage in question comes from Phelps
(1975, 44).
The Paraguayan President, desperate to break the blockade, again sent an army under
his eldest son’s command, temporarily to occupy the left bank of the Parana, in the
hope of bringing pressure to bear on Rosas. On Christmas Day, 1850, he also entered
into an alliance with Brazil, whereby both countries promised to help each other if either
was attacked by the Argentine Confederation.
The problems with the coding of this dispute are multiple. First, we cannot corroborate a start
date of December 1850. Though Phelps says this is the date when Brazil and Paraguay entered into
a defensive alliance against Argentina, it does not mean this is the date of the incident. As a lot of
these “informal” or “introductory” history books are wont to do, the narrative skips across years
and actors without adequately situating proposed militarized incidents within a specific window of
time.
Second, we question the coding of Argentina as Side A in this militarized incident. The blockade
described as a militarized incident is actually a blockade started several years earlier. This is
MID#1586, not a new militarized incident.
Third, Argentina had multiple blockades in effect against both Paraguay and Uruguay. This
led to reprisals from both the United Kingdom and France (MID#0123). Adequately isolating
militarized incidents described in these sources and distinguishing them from other militarized
disputes (with CoW’s coding rules) are difficult. Information is scarce and overlapping.
Fourth, we are unsure if Phelps is actually describing a show of force according to CoW’s coding
rules.
Fifth, we find the outcome of a yield by Paraguay to be questionable. If anything, Argentina’s
fortunes sink shortly after this proposed MID. Urquiza (Rosas’ top general) turns on him (Rosas)
during the intermittent civil wars in Argentina in the 19th century. This happens days after that
Paraguayan show of force. Brazil signs an anti-Rosas alliance with Paraguay and Rosas is gone
from Argentina in a year after this incident.
All told, we have very little to no codeable evidence of this MID independent of other MIDs
currently in the data set. We moved it to the ”could not find” category as a result.
A–2
MID#2056
There is no evidence of an attack by the Soviets on Germany on November 12, 1936. The Soviets did
round up several German citizens in Soviet Russia for trials of espionage, from November 10th to
November 16th. There is also some tension regarding shipping lanes near Spain during the Spanish
Civil War. However, there is no evidence of a militarized dispute on this date, in November of
1936, or even the surrounding months.
MID#2078
Specific sources listed as the London Times, New York Times, and Moraga. The only mentions of
an event in July of 1909 in the London Times and the New York Times involving both Argentina
and Chile, is a conference in which Argentina was chosen to arbitrate and award the disputed area
of Acre to either Bolivia or Peru. Argentina awarded the land to Peru, at which point Bolivia
severed diplomatic ties with Argentina. Chile was on the side of Bolivia in this dispute and advised
them to mobilize troops.
While Chile advised Bolivia to mobilize troops they wanted to make sure that Argentina was
not part of the dispute. Another source states that says the accusations of Chile sending arms, etc.
to Bolivia is false (even if true, this would not necessarily be a militarized dispute). The main issue
here is between Bolivia and Peru/Argentina. Chile while having sympathies for Bolivia, remained
neutral. Chile denies any claims that they were going to war and/or taking Bolivia‘s side militarily.
MID#2148
This case is coded as a clash between South Africa and Zaire on April 26, 1977. The specific CoW
source suggests Facts on File was used to code this incident. However, we can find no evidence for
a clash between these two countries in that source or in any others.
Zaire was battling Shaba rebels at this time according to Facts on File. The conflict was
internal. Adamson Mushala, the leader of the rebels, had been given asylum in South Africa in
1975, but he was kicked out of the country in December of that year. Newspaper sources speculate
that Zambian villages might have been sympathetic to Mushala, but, again, there were no clashes.
MID#2368
In January of 1887, both France and Germany were building and fortifying barracks and garrisons.
With rumors of possible war, the German prince asserted that statements made in January regarding the build up of French armaments was intended as a warning, one that, though mild, would
be enforced with greater strength if necessary (St. Louis Post). However, this was not a threat to
declare war.
MID#2702
MID#2702 is a bilateral dispute between Russia and Japan. It is coded as occurring between
August 1919, and October 25, 1919. It consists of one militarized incident, which was a Japanese
seizure that was unrequited by Russia.
A–3
There is no real historical record for what this incident actually is. It is worth noting that the
two sources cited for this MID are Leong (1976) and Pollard (1970), who are authors of works on
Chinese foreign relations. These sources are very useful for MIDs involving China since the fall of
the Qing Dynasty (and to the 1930s or so), but these books have never documented a MID for
which China is not a participant. Regardless, there is no description of these disputes in either
source. Nothing was found in Fischer (1951) or Unterberger (1956) that documented this incident
either.
MID#2722
MID#2722 is a bilateral dispute between Russia and Japan. It is coded as occurring between the
dates of April 28, 1920, and September 23, 1921. It is coded as a Japanese occupation of territory
that was unrequited by Russia. It ends in a negotiated stalemate.
This dispute is likely connected to MID#0510 in some way and probably concerns the continued
intervention by the Japanese in Siberia after the World War I Allies conceded defeat on the issue.
However, there is no record of any incidents separate from that dispute.
MID#3116
This case is listed as a threat to use force by Yugoslavia against Soviet Russia, one day after the
death of Tito. There is no evidence of such a threat. Yugoslavia pledged to continue non-alignment,
and the Soviets gave many reassuring messages that it would respect Yugoslav policies. This is not
a militarized incident.
MID#3321
There were two circumstances heightening tensions between Russia and Turkey during this time
period, resulting in speculations of possible war in the future (though no such incident ultimately
ensued.) The first is a territorial dispute between Russia and Turkey, particularly over the city
of Parga. The dispute dates back to two treaties from 1800 and 1815, respectively. The Treaty
of 1800 between Turkey and Russia, in part, left Parga to the Turks, though its people resisted,
keeping Turkish attempts to occupy the territory at bay. The Allied Powers in the Treaty of
1815 reexamined the circumstance, placing Parga and a few other territories in the protection of
England, who in May 1817 consented to hand the territory over to Turkey. However, a clause
stated that every inhabitant of Parga could elect to quit their territory and Turkey would be have
to pay them the value of the land in order to attain and occupy it. All of the population chose
this option. The value of the land came to far greater than what Turkey was willing to pay for
it. Russia agreed to the conditions of the dispute arranged between Turkey and England and no
directly-related militarized incidents occurred. The second was another territorial dispute over the
demarcation line between Russia and Turkey, which was resolved diplomatically.
There were reports from August 6, 1817, which is probably what the original coders must have
been referring to. They state that Russia had united its sixth and seventh corps and was reinforcing
its troops in Volhynia, and also that Turkey was at the same time fortifying key posts along its
border frontier with Russia. It is unclear whether these actions were explicitly directed towards
the other state. There is no sign of protest from either state regarding these actions, and one
A–4
source affirmed that the states had agreed to amicably resolve their discord and that the actions
had nothing to do with preexisting tensions (Morning Post 8/6). Another source, also from August
6th, stated that the disputes between Turkey and Russia were terminated with no threat of war on
the horizon (Caledonian Mercury). Even the source that described the militarized actions spoke of
Turkey’s fortifications saying that it was “taking advantage of the present state of peace” (Morning
Post 8/6).
MID#3420
MID#3420 describes an Israeli seizure against Egypt/Syria/UAR beginning on September 14, 1958
and released on September 18, 1958. The specific sources list Haaretz and the New York Times
as sources, but no evidence of this seizure could be found in either source. If there is an incident
here, it also occurred less than two months prior to a 2-year dispute between Israel and Syria/UAR
(MID#3419) and in the middle of a 4-year dispute between the same states, Israel and Egypt/UAR
(MID#3375).
MID#3434
This case is coded as a border violation by Syria and a show of force by Israel on September 27,
1961, one day after the leader of Syria resigned from the UAR and one day before a group of
officers took control of the country. There are reports that the Israelis quite purposefully avoided
antagonizing Syria at all costs because the UAR split was such a beneficial outcome for them.
Further, Syria did not have control over its military, especially to the point of having a border
violation over Israeli territory. Thus, the coded actions seem extraordinary events for both sides,
and there is no historical evidence that suggests this case occurred.
MID#3716
On September 3rd 1943, Canadian and British troops crossed the Strait of Messina and landed
on the Italian mainland. That same day Italy and the Allies signed an armistice, which was an
unconditional surrender. It was not announced until September 8th when the Allies deemed it was
a better time to publicize it. A threat to use force seems unlikely, and, regardless, this case officially
occurs during World War II and should be subsumed by it.
MID#3810
MID#3810 is coded as a one-day attack by Spain on France on January 10, 1940. No evidence of
this attack can be found in the New York Times, which is the specific source listed by CoW for
this dispute. Further, we have reason to doubt this attack occurred given that both countries were
in the midst of finalizing a trade pact (on January 14th) that took three months to negotiate.
MID#3862
This case is coded as an attack by Germany fours days after the Hungarians joined the Tripartite
Pact (they joined on 11/20/1940, and the incident is coded as 11/24/1940). There is simply no
evidence of this attack.
A–5
MID#3867
MID#3867 is coded as a one-day British seizure against Greece on January 31, 1941. New York
Times is listed as the source, but no information is available for this event in that paper or any of
the other sources we searched. Further, the British and Greeks were actively cooperating during
this time against the Italians in World War II, which makes the likelihood of this event occurring
doubtful, at least as it is currently coded.
A–6
Appendix B—Cases that should be dropped
MID#0072
An Italian fleet visited Durazzo, but it was not a display of force. According to Keesing’s, it was
typical for the Italian fleet to make cruises in the Adriatic during this time and the visit to Durazzo
on June 23, 1934 was normal and routine. Furthermore, an article from the Winnipeg Press from
June 27, 1934 notes that Italian authorities on Tuesday, June 26 announced that a delayed telegraph
accounted for the unexpected visit of the Italian fleet.
MID#0216
MID#0216 is the Vixen Affair between Britain and Russia. Following successful Russian campaigns
against the Ottoman Empire, Lord Ponsonby (the British Ambassador to Constantinople) and
David Urquhart (First Secretary of the British Embassy at Constantinople) became alarmed by
Russian occupation of Circassia and, thus, suspicious of Russia. Together, the two persuaded
George Bell & Co, a British shipping company, to send a schooner (the Vixen) to trade on the
Circassian port at Sudjuk-Kale. It was intercepted on November 26, 1836, and held on the ground
that it had violated customs regulations by selling salt without passing through customs. Ponsonby
and Urquhart felt this would be enough to get the UK to wage war with Russia.
However, Lord Palmerston was unwilling to press the issue. When Palmerston made a formal
inquiry to the nature of the seizure (on May 6), Russian diplomat Nesselrode replied that the
Vixen was confiscated for carrying illegal cargo into territory given to Russia following the Treaty
of Adrianople. On May 23, Palmerston deemed the confiscation of the private vessel to be just and
asked for no compensation.
Absent formal protest or militarized response, this is not a MID. We recommended dropping it
from the data set.
MID#0217
France disagreed with the other European powers over how to handle the dispute between the
Porte and Mohammed Ali of Egypt. There is no evidence in Langer or Anderson’s “The Eastern
Question” of any codeable action by France.
MID#0239
A combined British, French, American, and Dutch naval force bombarded Chosu positionsin Shimonoseki. The Chosu were an anti-foreigner faction that had tried to seize control of the government
and failed. The government at Edo did not protest and, in fact, paid an indemnity to the coalition.
MID#0406
The Italians had built fortified positions at Welwel in 1930, staffing the outpost with Somalis and
Italian commanders. There was no protest from either Ethiopia or the international community.
Ethiopia did not contest the Italian garrison until 1934.
B–1
MID#0508
France said that it would not interfere in the war between Austria and Italy as long as Austria did
not advance farther than Milan. France offered to arbitrate in Austria’s favor if Austria agreed to
this. There was no militarized incident.
MID#0601
This was a one-day seizure. There was no protest from the US. From the New York Times: “Peru
released without fines two U.S. tuna boats which gunboats seized Thursday about 30 miles from
the South American coast, the manager of the boats said Friday. The boats, the Mary Elizabeth,
and the Anna Maria, were taken to the Peruvian port Talara. Art Sousa said Peruvian authorities
agreed the vessels apparently had drifted into their claimed waters and weren’t fishing.”
MID#1022
MID#1022 is a double-count of MID#1021—it is within the same temporal domain of MID#1021
and also concerns the same issue and location, namely control of Netherlands’ colony of New Guinea.
MID#1028
MID#1028, is coded (inexplicably) as a one-day clash between the two countries. We found the
original New York Times article (10/6/1936) used to code this incident. The text states:
President Toro’s announcement said the continuance of the Paraguayan occupation of
the Villa Monies-Santa Cruz road might easily lead to armed clashes between between
Bolivian and Paraguayan troops and thus endanger peace. Certain diplomatic observers
interpreted this statement as a threat to renew hostilities unless Paraguay accedes to
the Bolivian demand and withdraws from the road.
This is a vague threat at best and is not a militarized incident per Correlates of War coding
rules.
MID#1042
The original coding of MID#1042 describes a clash between Jordanian and Egyptian forces as they
were getting routed by Israel in June of the 1948 war. The coding is based on the following source
(translated): “These conflicts and moreover, the defeat in Eretz Israel, led to armed incidents
between the armies of Egypt and Jordan in the areas of Hebron and Bethlehem during the war,
1948, and a mutual defamation sequence where both sides accused each other for the joint defeat
in Eretz Israel and even betrayal defamations that escalated to the level of a very severe cold war
for many weeks.”
There are several problems with this coding. First, it would have been impossible for these
forces to come in contact with each other in June. Jordanian forces were not in the area. So, the
incidents must have occurred around October, when Jordanian forces (Arab Legion) under Major
Geoffrey Lockett went in to Bethlehem and Hebron with about 300 men to aid Egyptian forces. The
cease fire took hold, and Israel did not continue an attack against the Egyptians as they withdrew.
B–2
Jordan’s King Abdullah wanted to represent the PLO following the war, and the Arab Legion’s
movements were an attempt at a land grab, which the Egyptians were aware of. However, there’s
no indication of any type of clash between the two forces.
MID#1082
With MID#2135 and MID#1082, the original MID coders are referencing a dispute between Bolivia
and Paraguay over a road between Villa Montes and Boyuibe (or Santa Cruz – sources suggest they
may be the same thing). It occurs in the aftermath of the Chaco War between these two states
(MID#1027), which left Paraguay as the clear winner of a war that Bolivia initiated. Paraguay
occupied the road as a result of the war that concluded two years earlier, which was a source of
frustration for the Bolivians. The road was Bolivia’s main source for communication with the
outside world, making Paraguay’s occupation of that road problematic. However, coding this
dispute as a Paraguayan occupation of territory (in a 6-month count) is incorrect. Paraguay had
occupied this territory since the end of the war. The peace talks aimed at settling the war before
this point did little more than affirm the new status quo that Bolivia, not surprisingly, wanted to
rectify.
So, the current coding suggests that Paraguay occupied this road in this region in the month
of May 1937. This is not what happened. MID coders most likely used a New York Times article
dated on June 10, 1937 to start this as a six-month count. This article talks about “last month’s
agreement by which control of Bolivia’s main-line road between Villa Montes and Boyuibe was
taken from Paraguay and put in control of the International Police under the supervision of the
neutral military officers representing the authority of the Chaco Peace Conference at Buenos Aires.”
It mentions this in the context of Paraguay discussing the terms of the agreement publicly, which
defied the obligations of the participants of the conference and started a diplomatic row. This
prompted Bolivia to abort the restoration of relations with Paraguay and led to Paraguay to cite
the armistice that ended the conflict. This armistice affirmed the new status quo.
Even then, it is technically incorrect to say this agreement was made in May. The agreement
was signed on January 9, 1937. The terms of implementation were signed in an undated day
in May 1937 (Zook 1960, 249) but not ratified by Paraguay. The army would not allow it, and
popular opinion was decidedly against it. From here, domestic turmoil in both countries intervened,
stopping this issue from spiraling out of control. In Paraguay, the army toppled the provisional
government of Rafael Franco in order to prevent the terms of the Chaco Peace Conference (signed
on June 12, 1935) from coming into effect. In Bolivia, German Busch finally overthrew his friend
and confidante David Toro in July 1937. The status quo remained until 1938.
In March 1938, Argentina again forced the issue of settling the Chaco War. In fact, it was
Argentina’s determination to end this issue that got Paraguay, who enjoyed the favorable status
quo, to begin the peace process in earnest. On May 27, 1938, a proposal was finalized that redrew
the border in the Chaco (Zook 1960, 250, is used for these details). Paraguay got most of what
it wanted, reflecting their victory in war. Herein, a line was drawn from Esmeralda on the Rio
Pilcomayo, northeast to a point called ‘27 November’, southwest of Ingavi. From there, the line
passed between Ravelo and Ingavi to Rio Paraguay, 7500 meters north of Bahia Negra. In the
understanding of the conference participants, the desert region between 61 degrees and 63 degrees
was a natural border between Paraguay and Bolivia. Bolivia was also obliged to pay 200,000 pounds
B–3
in war indemnity. Bolivia accepted on May 31st; Paraguay was reticent.
Though Bolivia genuinely wanted peace, German Busch mobilized troops (MID#1029) as a response to Paraguay’s refusal (sometime before June 24th, 1938). Paraguay gave a counterproposal,
resulting in more negotiations. A draft treaty was reached on July 9, 1938, and a peace treaty was
signed on July 21st, 1938, that ultimately concludes the war. It outlines an arbitration process to
be followed, resulting in an award later in October.
MID#1130
MID#1130 is the Iranian recapture of the Persian Socialist Soviet Republic, in the Gilan province.
The ephemeral republic in the north of Iran had fallen under Soviet influence and, after a successful
revolt in 1920 with Soviet assistance, declared independence from Iran and allegiance to the Soviet
Union. However, a February 1921 friendship pact signed between Persia and Soviet Russia turned
the tide against the Socialist Republic of Gilan. The Soviets promised to withdraw its troops from
the area. Combined with British preferences for the Soviets to stop supporting the republic, they
withdrew moral support as well. Reza Khan, with Soviet blessing, reclaimed the area and defeated
the movement responsible for the republic by the end of October, 1921. The Persian Socialist Soviet
Republic, beset with problems from its inception, dies here. The leader responsible, Kuchek Khan,
was eventually caught and decapitated in December.
There’s no MID here. Gilan does not appear to be in the COW state system as a nominally
independent state and, further, the Soviets abandoned the republic, declared its leader Kuchek
Khan (of the Jangali movement) an “outlaw... [who] raided the most fertile part of Persia, the
Gilan province, and caused misery, lamentable events and tragedies in order to establish his rule”
(Chaqueri 1995, 360), and otherwise assisted Persia in retaking it. This follows from agreements
signed with Britain, and later Persia, that was vital to the survival of the new Soviet state in Russia
(Afary 1995, 20-21). There is no conflict between the Persians and the Soviets here, just a conflict
between Tehran and a renegade northern province.
MID#1143
Pollard (1933) is cited by the MID project, though his book contains no information to corroborate
the dispute coding. Leong (1976) provides the most information, but his research does not support
the coding as it is. The coding and the resources available strongly suggest this is a dispute in
Harbin, Manchuria and very likely indicates the seizure of the Chinese Eastern Railway by the
Chinese. The most support for this account comes from Leong (1976, 100-102). He talks of a
dispute through February 1920, where the Chinese disbanded the local police force and gradually
supplanted more and more CER Administration institutions with Chinese institutions. However,
MID#1142 concludes with the abandonment of the Russian military forces in Harbin. The Chinese
appear to be disputing with a company. Leong (1976, 107-109) talks about the process being
basically complete by February 1921. Beyond that, it is not clear there is a dispute here. The
Russians did not have a military personnel in Harbin to support CER, and there is no evidence of
a show of force. This is a coding error based off reading the Leong (1976, 26-27) passage about
MID#1142.
B–4
MID#1149
The original code sheet lists Zook (presumably Zook, 1964) as the source for this bilateral MID
between Ecuador and Peru from November (-9), 1914 to January (-9), 1916. Peru is coded as
engaging in a border violation, which was unreciprocated by Ecuador. The MID ends in a nonnegotiated stalemate.
The closest description of anything involving an Ecuador/Peru dispute in Zook (1964) concerns
this passage on p. 110. This is from Chapter 4, which details the period after Spanish attempts at
arbitration.
The irreconcilable character of the positions, especially after the fall of the conciliatory
Billinghurst government, brought to a standstill any progress toward a solution. The
succeeding years were marked by Peru’s continued advance and development in her
area of jurisdiction, invariably with impotent objections from Quito. Ecuador protested
violations of the status quo—a status quo whose very existence Valverde had denied a
decade before. Lima continually replied with denials and assertions of her respect for
the status quo, which she interpreted as within the limits of her possessions. While
Ecuador thus relied upon languid diplomacy, Peru trusted in aggressive action. All the
while, each voiced good intentions and paid lip service to the need for a final solution.
This paragraph concludes with the 32nd footnote to Chapter 4, which seems to source everything
mentioned in this paragraph to “Memorias y documentos” of Peru. The next few paragraphs
discuss Ecuador and Colombia, not Ecuador and Peru, and does not return to the Ecuador-Peru
story in Zook’s narrative until the year is 1917.
Since we have found the original codesheet, and the source listed for the case does not include
a dispute, our recommendation is to drop this MID.
MID#1150
The original code sheet lists Zook (presumably Zook, 1964) as the source for this bilateral MID
between Ecuador and Peru from February (-9), 1917 to May (-9), 1918. Peru is coded as engaging
in a border violation, which was unreciprocated by Ecuador. The MID ends in a non-negotiated
stalemate.
There is just nothing in Zook to corroborate there being a dispute here. Zook’s discussion of
Ecuador and Peru’s dispute on p. 110 (see: MID#1149), proximate to this time, pauses while Zook
describes relations between Ecuador and Colombia. Zook then starts the bottom paragraph of p.
111 with the following.
In an interesting note, Ecuadorian Minister to Peru Jose Peralta charged 6 December
1917 that while no one denied that the first evidence of territorial dominion was occupation, it lacked value when it was arbitrary, unjust, and founded upon conquest
and usurpation [ed. huh?]. The reply agreed but pointed out that the allegations
were inapplicable to Peru, who proceeded in accordance with her own valid titles. The
Ecuadorian scorned these views, incisively attributing Peruvian enterprise to the cloak
of armed force and military rule.
The next date is April 22, 1919, in which Peralta “lamented Ecuador’s timid, weak, shameful
diplomacy of ‘protests for the usurpation of our territories.’ ”
B–5
Since we have found the original codesheet, and the source listed for the case does not include
a dispute, our recommendation is to drop this case.
MID#1157
Ecuador accused Peru of massing 20,000-30,000 troops on the border. However, aerial reconnaissance proved the allegations to be baseless.
MID#1162
There is little evidence of a meaningful dispute here, but the sources consulted suggest that Colombia likely evicted Peru from the contested Putumayo region during this time. This followed from
an October 23, 1911 agreement whereby Peru signaled its willingness to relinquish claims to Putumayo. On the Peruvian side, the territory was clearly distant from Lima and required great effort
to control against competing claims from Colombia. The area was rich in rubber, which initially
provided opportunity. However, a rubber bust brought down the value of the territory (De La
Pedraja 2006, 89).
Galvez (1920, 58-75) mentions that Colombia discovered a persistent Peruvian presence in
Puerto Pizarro and Las Delicias, establishments in the contested territory that Colombia claimed.
Their presence was discovered in 1913, as can be seen by the communications of the Colombian
Minister in Lima during the year 1913 (Galvez 1920, 75). Galvez then mentions that the Peruvian
troops, who arrived in order to re-establish claims to the area, were recalled. This does not really
say whether they were forcibly evicted or Peru had to reiterate its orders to relevant soldiers that
they were pursuing a diplomatic option to this issue. Making matters worse, Galvez (1920) is
the only source cited for this. A fairly thorough search reveals nothing of interest regarding Las
Delicias, Puerto Pizarro or the broader Putumayo region in 1913.
MID#1164
This is a seizure of a Brazilian ship—the Yaquirana—with Catholic missionaries that was seized by
a Peruvian gunboat on some day in August of 1918. It was held for five days. This is all according
to a 1919 source (Galvez) that does not mention a protest by the Brazilian government, though it
does mention protests by the ship’s captain. We can find no mention of a government protest in
other sources, and, given the nature of the missionaries trip, it is unlikely that Brazil would have
protested on their behalf. Therefore, our recommendation is that this seizure be dropped.
MID#1176
This case describes actions by El Salvador against Salvadoran revolutionaries who had invaded
from Honduras. There is no evidence that Honduras was supporting the revolutionaries.
MID#1177
Siberian partisans wiped out a Japanese unit that was part of the Allied intervention in Siberia.
Japanese troops destroyed a village in response. The Russian government was cooperating with
B–6
Japan, and the partisans were rebelling against local, repressive policies.
MID#1183
The construction of the fortines, including Fortin Saavedra, occurred two years later, from August
to December 1924. This is according to Rout (1970: 13) and Zook (1960: 37-38). That fortification
is already a dispute (MID#2131). Our recommendation is to drop this double count.
MID#1187
The NYT describes this event: “Bolivia broke off diplomatic relations with Chile on April 16
following a dispute between the two countries over the waters of the Lauca River, which flows from
Chile into Bolivia. Negotiations had been in progress for several months on the use of the Lauca
River waters, which had been the subject of dispute for many years. On March 22 Bolivia had
warned Chile that she would regard the diversion of water as an act of aggression, on the ground
that this could not be done without the agreement of both countries. President Alessandri of Chile,
however, ordered on April 14 that the sluice-gates of a new dam should be opened to supply an
irrigation scheme and a hydroelectric project, thus, according to the Bolivian contention, reducing
the flow of Lauca River waters into Bolivia. On April 20 the Bolivian Government requested a
meeting of the Organization of American States to consider her complaint against Chile.” The
threat was vague, and there was no response by Chile.
MID#1255
MID#1255 is coded as clashes between Serbia and Albania that lasted from June 12, 1915 to
sometime in February of 1916. However, there is no evidence of a dispute between Albania and
Serbia during this period. Montenegro (not a CoW state until 2006) invaded Albania on June 11,
1915. Serbia responded on June 12th by helping the Albanians drive out the Montenegrins and
routing Albanian rebels (not Albanian government forces).
Albania was in a state of civil war by July of 1914. Austro-Hungary asked the Albanian
monarch, Prince William, for Albanian troops, but he refused due to the unrest. William finally
fled Albania on September 3, 1914. Essad Pasha, an officer who had plotted with the Greeks to
allow them to annex southern Albania, was arrested by Prince William in May of 1914 and fled the
country with Greek help. He was invited to return by the Albanian Senate and signed an alliance
with Serbia prior to his return. The secret Serbo-Albanian alliance (The Treaty of Nish), signed
on September 17, 1914, allowed a close friendship and defensive alliance between the two countries.
With help from the Serbians, in the form of troops and a subsidy, Pasha was able to capture much
of the renegade territories in central Albania.
Later in the year, Serbia retreated from Bulgarian and Austro-Hungarian forces, with strategic
aid from both France and Italy, and the Serbs were severely harassed by Albanian tribesmen. However, there does not seem to be a dispute between any official Albanian entity and the Serbs during
this retreat. The rebels were instead successfully harassing Serbian troops during the withdrawal.
B–7
The New York Times—the only source listed by the Correlates of Wardoes not provide information regarding any codeable incidents.
At a January 2014 workshop at UCDavis, CoW found the following newspaper article in the
Atlanta Journal Constitution (6/12/1915):
INVASION OF ALBANIA DEFENDED’ BY SERBIA Nish. Serbia June 12 Via London
The Serbian press bureau issued a statement today defending the incursion of Serbian
troops into Albania and concluding as follows. Serbia realizes the Albanian question
will be definitely settled by Europe but, she also is conscious of the fact that measures
such as she is now taking are as much in the interest of the great powers as her own.
The reasons for the present expedition the statement says are that Albania has been
a hotbed of Austro-Turkish intrigue, resulting in Albanian raids in Serbia, and that
Serbia realized long since that Its fighting front against Austria would include the entire
Albanian frontier. The statement recites that Serbia, during the Balkan war, reached
the open sea through Albania only to be forced to relinquish this territory through
Austrian Influence.
Rome. June 12 Via Chlue and Paris. It Is understood that Italy Is, In accord with the
allies upon the friendly representations from Belgrade concerning the Serbian advance
into Albania, expressing the desire that the question be left for solution by the peace
conference after the war. It Is stated that neither Italy nor the allies oppose the Serbian
military advance toward the Adriatia across Albania but prefer that Serbia should not
divert part of her forces from the main objective of the campaign, namely to fight
Austria.
CoW concludes:
Serbias incursion into Albania is documented (see supplemental pdfs: ”Invasion of Albania Defended by Serbia” The Atlanta Constitution June 13, 1915). The dates are
likely incorrect, and we recommend a change based on this document, but the actors
and action (clash) seem reasonable. This MID should be kept.
However, this article does not support the coding of a dispute—far from it. The Serbians were
defending themselves to their allies in World War I; their aid of Albania against rebels would not
divert their attention from fighting Austro-Hungary. The Serbians were in Albania at the request
of their central government to put down rebels in the civil war, and the Serbians were justifying
this aid because the Albanian rebels were harassing Serbian troops.
MID#1278
Rioting Turkish Cypriots clashed with British troops on the island. The Turkish press responded
by putting pressure on the many Greeks living in Istanbul. Plans were discussed by the Greeks,
Turks, and even the United States, about what to do with the 30,000 Greeks in the Turkish capital,
but no direct threats to use force were ever made. There is no militarized incident here.
MID#1309
This dispute is coded as a threat to use force directed towards Pakistan. However, the threat is
too vague to be considered a militarized incident. India states that a fresh attack on Kashmir “will
B–8
not be tolerated,” but there is no mention of force.
MID#1329
This dispute is coded as the Democratic Republic of Congo’s (DRC) threat to use force against the
Congo on August 15, 1963. The DRC stated it would take “measures of extreme necessity,” but
no identification of an explicit use of force was made.
MID#1332
A white mercenary force invaded the southern part of the Congo from Portuguese Angola. Portugal
denied the reports. The US protested to Portugal, but the group was comprised of mercenaries
and was not directed by Lisbon. This is not a militarized incident by Portugal.
MID#1335
Botswana placed an embargo on trade between itself and Rhodesia. This was not a blockade of
Rhodesia and, therefore, not a militarized incident.
MID#1388
Senegal accused Portugal of bombing a border village. Portugal denied the charge and asked that
the UN Security Council investigate the charge. There is no independent evidence of the bombing
besides Senegal’s claim.
MID#1398
The South African Prime Minister, Vorster, made the following statement: “No country can allow
Communist-trained terrorists to violate its territory without being punished or to injure or kill its
citizens in such a cowardly manner. This is therefore being done in this case and, if the pursuers are
attacked, they will defend themselves. The responsibility in this case rests squarely on tile shoulders
of the country making available its territory for this sort of aggression.” Local newspapers reported
the statement as a threat against Zambia. However, Vorster later stated that the newspapers
were highly irresponsible and overreached by claiming there was a threat against Zambia. Without
explicit mention of Zambia in the threat, and given Vorster’s claims that the threat was not directed
at Zambia, this does not qualify as a militarized incident.
MID#1409
The Guinean president provided a villa to the ousted Ghanian president. On March 13, 1966, the
new Ghanian leader asserted that the Guinean president had boasted to the former Ghanian leader
that “Guineas army would invade Ghana and restore Mr. Nkrumah to power.” This was a private
statement and, even if it were public, would not be specific enough to be considered a militarized
incident.
B–9
MID#1415
A South African airliner was struck by gunfire while landing in Angola. It was unclear who the
attacker was. Further, it was suspected that the plane was accidentally hit, with the attackers
mistaking the aircraft for the private plane of a President Neto, head of Angola’s Popular Movement.
The attacker was unknown, the attack was likely a mistake, and no protest was cited.
MID#1417
When Togo declared its independence from France in 1956, a campaign was undertaken by Ghana
(previously British Togoland), to unite the two former colonies under one flag. This quickly began
a point of contention between the two nations. In November 1961 Ghana President Nkrumah felt
that public opinion was on his side, and he stepped up efforts for reunification. Relations quickly
deteriorated between the states, however. In the same month, Togo police held two Ghanaian police
officers briefly when they went to secure the release of a fellow officer who had been arrested in
Lome. The Ghanaian government responded by closing the Ghana-Togo border. The seizure was
less than 24 hours, and the closing of the border did not constitute a blockade.
MID#1446
From Keesing’s: In an interview with Le Monde published in its issue of Feb. 3-4, 1974, President
Mohammed Daud declared that “we support in every way the right of our brothers in Pakhtoonistan
to self-determination”, and when asked whether the phrase ”in every way” covered military support
replied : “I cannot answer precisely, but I can tell you that when bombs are falling on our brothers,
when they are being murdered, if they ask for our aid we shall not remain indifferent.” After
expressing the hope that the problem would be settled “In a friendly and peaceful way”, he claimed
that the N.W.F.P. and Baluchistan had “always formed an Integral part of Afghanistan”, from
which they had been separated by “unequal and unjust trestles”. He also alleged that the recent
plot against the republican regime [in September 1973, see 26217 B] had been “financed by certain
foreign countries”, apparently alluding to Pakistan. There was no specific threat to use force against
Pakistan.
MID#1449
Nepal demanded the withdrawal of Indian military liaisons and wireless operators from posts on
Nepal’s Chinese border. India threatened to close the border in response. Nepal never threatened
India‘s military, and India’s threat was economic, not military. This is not a MID.
MID#1496
MID#1496 is another diplomatic incident between the United States and Chile involving the seizure
of a ship. The American vessel Sportsman was docked in Santa Maria and was offloading copper
there. The Chilean ship Esmeralda noticed it and ordered the Sportsman to cease operations until it
got a license from Chile. The commander of the Esmeralda then ordered the Sportsman to proceed
to Caldera to obtain a license. The crew of the Sportsman refused and the ship was promptly
boarded and taken to Caldera.
B–10
The American crew was allowed to leave over a week later under the provision that the ship
not enter a Chilean port, but this was protested by the captain of the Sportsman. He filed a
protest with the U.S. Minister in Chile, though no official action by the U.S. could be taken for
the meantime. Diplomatic maneuvering was further complicated because the port at Santa Maria
lay within a gray area delineating Bolivia and Chile. The Sportsman was also loading ore, which
was a violation of Chilean customs laws but not a violation of Bolivian customs laws. The captain
confessed to loading ore but thought he was in Bolivia.
On December 7th, the captain of the Sportsman filed a grievance seeking reparations of USD
35,593.75 with six-percent interest. The captain’s claim was the seizure did not occur with Chilean
jurisdiction and the seizure occurred with no justification or warrant. However, the United States
and Chilean Claims Commission ruled in favor of dismissing the case several years later, arguing
that A) the port was within Chilean territory in a manner consistent with international law of
the day and B) the confiscation was legal. Because there was no fiscal penalty imposed on the
Sportsman (only a dismissal and an admonition), no indemnity was necessary. With no protest
and acknowledgement of the U.S. that the seizure was legal, this is not a MID.
MID#1501
The original coders misinterpreted their Spanish source for this case (Barros, 1970, follow this link
to pages 261-262). The coders believed that Bolivian troops were sent to Cobija to dismantle the
Chilean guano processing plant there in 1861 and that Chile responded with a warship (show of
force) followed by a request from the Bolivian president of his congress to declare war if necessary. In actuality, these events happened in 1863 and are already captured in MID#1502. Our
recommendation is to drop this double count.
MID#1509
The original Correlates of War codesheet suggests an Argentine show of troops in September of
1877 and a Chilean threat to use force in December 1877. Neither event qualifies as a militarized
incident. First, Argentines prevented an American ship, the “Thomas Hunt”, from loading salt.
Note that the original coding translates Encina (1959, 187) as the ship being licensed to Chile; in
actuality, the schooner was American flagged with license to load salt by Chile. In either case there
was no seizure or show of force, and there was also no protest by the United States.
The second event in December codes Chilean orders to fire on any Argentine sailors that tried
to detain them during transit. We could find no mention of this event in Encina (1959, 190).
Barros, (1970: 316) describes relations between Chile and Bolivia, not Chile and Argentina, and
no such order is discussed. Moreno (1961, 224) is also silent on this event. Finally, even if we could
substantiate that these orders were given, it is unclear that giving orders to your own military
personnel to fire if provoked constitutes a threat to use force against Argentina.
Our recommendation is to drop this case.
B–11
MID#1525
The American warship the Wasp was dispatched to retrieve the US ambassador in Paraguay during
the War of the Triple Alliance. The Wasp was delayed when Brazil refused to allow the ship to
proceed up the Parana River to Asuncion. Brazil eventually agreed that it would let the ship pass
once all other options were exhausted. This was not a show of force by the United States and not
a dispute.
MID#1526
This is a bilateral dispute between Argentina and Brazil from 9/29/1873 to 4/23/1874. The original
coders argued that Argentine occupation of Villa Occidental (in Paraguay) during peace talks after
the War of the Triple Alliance created a dispute with Brazil. The quote from Burr (1965: 127) is:
But in the midst of the final Asuncion peace talks Buenos Aires changed its mind,
ordering Mitre to insist upon Villa Occidental. Argentine armed forces invaded and
occupied the area. Peace negotiations collapsed, and Argentina and Brazil were again
on the point of an open break.
Paraguay was not a system member at this time, and Brazil was in no position to protest on behalf
of Paraguayan interests. Regardless, we found no evidence of Brazilian protest or show of force
(their coded highest action). Further, in October of 1873, again according to Burr (1965: 128),
Brazil asked for and received assurances from Argentina. See also Peterson (1964) for a discussion
of American mediation during the dispute, with a good review of the overall events. The Warren
(1978, 207ff) source provides no mention of a militarized incident and instead focuses on the armed
revolt in the area.
Argentina was aiding Paraguayan rebels throughout this time period, but the actual occupation
of Paraguayan land does not seem to be a militarized incident according to Jones, Bremer, and
Singer (1996) coding rules. Both countries were occupying Paraguayan lands at the time and were
trying to decide peace terms. Our recommendation is to drop this case.
MID#1558
The US Senate began debating a resolution condemning Spanish rule in Cuba. There was no
explicit threat to use force.
MID#1559
From Clarke (2013): President Grant, accepting his explanations, declared (Dec. 7, 1875) that
“he failed to find in the insurrection conditions that would take it out of the category of mere
rebellion... To accord belligerent rights would therefore be unwise, premature and indefensible as
a matter of right.” The end of his message, however, contained a definite threat: “I shall feel
it my duty, should the hope of a satisfactory adjustment, an early restoration of peace, and the
removal of further causes of complaint be disappointed, to recommend to Congress at some not
remote period during the present session what may then seem necessary.” Grant‘s statement to
Cuba about telling Congress to “take whatever steps it deemed necessary” is not a threat to use
force.
B–12
MID#1604
MID#1604 codes an Indonesia protest over a Dutch move to send reinforcements to Netherlands
New Guinea. Dutch forces captured several Indonesian infiltrators who staged a raid on the territory.
These incidents should already be included in MID#1021, which codes conflict over the same
issue, between the same participants, and fought over the same location, lasting from two weeks
prior to this set of incidents and lasting two years after the end date of these incidents. MID#1604
should be dropped.
MID#1611
There was a warning by Rhodesia toward Zambia against harboring Rhodesian rebels. However,
the warning likely concerned economic sanctions. There was definitely no threat to use force.
MID#1641
This was a threat by the Italian Prime Minister (Crispi) to bomb Benghazi for “some imagined
slight,” according to Lowe and Marzari. It is not a dispute, though, because this threat was made
in private correspondence to the British Prime Minister (Salisbury). The Ottomans never knew
of the threat, and Salisbury took great pains to remind Crispi that the goal of the powers was to
maintain the Ottoman Empire.
MID#1652
The US threatened to intervene if Cuba did not heed American advice on granting a concession to
reclaim the Zapata Swamp. The exact phrasing of the threat is that US Secretary of State Knox
would assert the right of the US to take measures “peaceful or otherwise”. The threat is too vague
to be considered a militarized incident.
MID#1655
Denmark’s troop mobilization was specifically not directed toward any state in particular and was
instead meant to guard against use of its territory by belligerents. This is not a dispute.
MID#1659
MID#1659 is a multilateral MID during World War I pitting Sweden against five of the World
War I participants on Side B (United Kingdom, France, Austria-Hungary, Russia, Germany). It is
coded with a HIACT of a Swedish threat to use force that was not reciprocated by any member
of Side B. The MID lasts from November 6, 1915 to an unknown day in July 1916. It ends in a
non-negotiated stalemate.
Specific Sources says this MID was coded using New York Times.
B–13
Our review of New York Times sources involving Sweden, as well as additional reports from
other newspapers and various books and academic articles covering Sweden during World War
I, does not lend support to having this MID in the data set. The start date corresponds with
an announcement from Sweden to hold a peace conference done in part to address the ongoing
naval pressure from Great Britain. This conference was eventually held in January of the next
year. At that conference, Sweden announced that it was prepared to use force during the war if its
territory were violated. This was followed by an announcement by Sweden of a substantial increase
in military spending.
However, it would be a mistake to interpret this as a Swedish threat to use force against all
the primary World War I participants (minus Italy). These measures, more a tacit threat against
the United Kingdom if anyone, are vague by CoW’s understanding and do not constitute codeable
incidents.
We recommend dropping this MID.
MID#1687
MID#1687 is a bilateral dispute between Thailand and Japan. Japan is Side A. The MID begins
on July 29, 1940 and ends on August 7, 1940 in a non-negotiated stalemate. Japan is coded as
engaging in a border violation against Thailand. Thailand responds with a threat to use force.
CoW-MID’s Specific Sources file says this was coded using the New York Times.
Our review used every search term imaginable from a week before the start date to the week after
it and found no evidence for a dispute between Thailand (Siam) and Japan in the New York Times.
We did find a New York Times report on the start date of MID#1687 that mentioned that Japan’s
advances against China in the Second Sino-Japanese War and the developments of World War II
in Europe put Thailand in a position where it could not defend itself. The report corresponds to
the start date of MID#1687 but it is not specifically about Thailand. It’s about Japan’s “Greater
East Asia” aspirations in light of recent developments in the Second Sino-Japanese War and France
and Great Britain’s weakened state in Southeast Asia. The comment about Thailand reads more
like foreshadowing the events of next year given Thailand’s status as the lone independent country
in Southeast Asia.
Japan violating Thailand’s border is not inconceivable in the context of a lower-level incident.
It is inconceivable that a border violation would be the correct coding, though. Japan had yet
to acquire territory in French Indochina that would make it land-contiguous with Thailand. That
would come shortly in September of 1940. For both Thailand and Japan, France, or Vichy France,
was the bigger issue for the time being. A war between France and Thailand (MID#0613), and
a conflict between Japan and French Indochina, followed in the fall of 1940 that ultimately made
Thailand and Japan land-contiguous.
Thailand threatening to use force against Japan is also not inconceivable, but it would be
particularly foolish for Thailand to provoke Japan. Theoretically, if Japan violated Thailand’s
border because of what would eventually follow in 1941, a threat to use force to defend itself is
B–14
inconsistent with CoW’s understanding of a “threat to use force”. That would also be mostly
inconsistent with Thai foreign policy at the time.
If we adjust the search terms to 1941, the dispute makes more sense. More New York Times
reports are available that would underscore ongoing issues between Japan and Thailand that both
precipitated Thailand falling under Japanese domain and the Pacific Theater of World War II.
However, this bilateral Thailand-Japan dispute would be captured in MID#1785. Nothing else
between both sides would be independent of that.
MID#1696
Portugal had tried to remain neutral during World War II, but was supplying wolfram to Germany.
In Spring 1944, the Allies pressured Portugal to end this supply. In an effort to dissuade Portugal
from buckling under Allied pressure, Germany sent a signal of its own, seizing the Portuguese
refugee ship Serpa Pinto, and threatening attack on May 26, 1944. No attack occurred, and the
ship was released. The entire incident lasted only 12 hours. The threat to use force was not
targeting armed forces, and, since the incident lasted less than 24 hours, it should be dropped.
MID#1705
A US fishing boat, the Substreak, had engine problems, and the boat drifted into Ecuadorian
waters. The engine was fixed, and the boat attempted to flee but could not do so before being
seized by an Ecuadorian navy patrol. The US never protested the incident.
MID#1725
German U-boats attacked at least three Argentine ships and probably four. However, there was no
protest by Argentina, and Argentina remained neutral. Argentine President Hipolyto Irigoyen was
sympathetic to Germany, and Argentina was profiting from selling war materials. They demurred
when the US asked all Western Hemisphere states to declare war on Germany. When the U-boats
attacked German shipping, domestic protests increased, but Germany offered to apologize, salute
the Argentine flag at sea, and launch an investigation. There was no protest of the sinkings and
no militarized response by Argentina.
MID#1728
A North Vietnamese Army journal published an article on the need to defend North Vietnam’s
claim to the Spratly and Paracel Islands. A Chinese paper printed an article detailing China’s
claim to the islands in response. No threats were made in this event and neither actor was an
official representative of their government.
MID#1734
All USA/UKG actions were directed against rebels who never took the capital. There was a nonspecific warning by the United States against Guatemala, but it did not meet the criteria for a
threat.
B–15
MID#1742
Fidel Castro threatened that if the US landed troops in Cuba then there would be “200,000 dead
gringos.” Castro recanted on the broad threat the next day.
MID#1745
Bands of Tibetans had been carrying out attacks on Nepal. The Nepalese government dispatched
officers to investigate. The forces were not official Chinese troops but were instead insurgents.
MID#1761
The American secretary of state informed the Spanish minister in Washington that the US would
resist any Spanish attempts to increase its influence in Central or South America. Specifically,
Seward stated the US President would be, “obliged to regard them as manifesting an unfriendly
spirit toward the United States, and to meet the further prosecution of enterprises of that kind
in regard to either the Dominican republic or any other part of the American continent or islands
with a prompt, persistent, and if possible, effective resistance.” The U.S. attitude toward Spanish
attempts to increase influence in South America does not qualify as a specific threat or militarized
incident.
MID#1767
The United States’ “Great White Fleet” arrived in Yokohama, Japan on its circumnavigation tour.
The fleet was most definitely a statement regarding the strength of the US navy and came amid
assurances to Roosevelt that the Japanese were drained from war with Russia and could offer no
resistance. However, the fleet itself was not necessarily a direct threat to Japan – it was more a
statement to the world – and Japanese ships were friendly to the fleet and offered escort to their
harbor. This is not a militarized incident as CoW would code it.
MID#1769
The German fleet was ordered to assemble off the coast of Norway at the start of WWI in order
to transport the German Emperor who was visiting there. There was no evidence of a Norwegian
protest. Norway also partly mobilized its military during the outbreak of the war, but this mobilization was not directed at Germany as it had declared itself neutral. This is not a militarized
incident.
MID#1786
This one-day dispute is when Britain declared war on Finland after Finland did not comply with
British demands to cease hostilities against the Soviet Union. Finland and Britain are already
taking part in MID#0258, World War II, with Finland fighting for the Axis powers and Britain
coordinating with the Soviets. This is not a separate dispute but is part of the larger war.
B–16
MID#1787
This declaration of war—Brazil against Germany—is already part of MID#3503, and this dispute
should be dropped from the dataset.
MID#1790
The Soviet Union established a new provisional government that would be cooperative with the
Allied forces in Hungary on December 23rd 1944. On December 30th 1944 this government declared
war on Germany. However, the Hungarian army ignored this and continued to fight along with
the Germans against the Soviets. The remaining German and Hungarian units surrendered in
Budapest on February 13, 1945. From March to mid-April, 1945, Bulgarian and Soviet units were
conducting mop up operations of the last Hungarian units. The last Germans were finally expelled
from Hungary on April 4, 1945.
This dispute is supposed to be a clash between Germany and Hungary from December of 1944
to July 1945 (the end of the war). The Hungarian army was fighting with the Germans until they
were unable to fight anymore.
MID#2003
In 1866, the American Secretary of State issued a statement staying that the US attitude would not
remain neutral if Spain occupied Peruvian territory. The Secretary of State’s statement is much
too vague to qualify as a threat to use force. This is not a dispute.
MID#2015
MID#2015 suggests an attack by Thailand on Laos on June 12, 1966. No primary sources suggest
any such action and instead point to an unstable peace in Laos. The United States, at the invitation
of Laos, did bomb insurgents in Laotian territory on this date.
MID#2016
In response to increasing numbers of communist insurgents in territory controlled by the Laotian
government, the Thai army increased patrols on its border with Laos. The Thai government border
buildup was an effort to protect itself from insurgents. There is no evidence in the source to suggest
that the Laotian government protested against this buildup or that the buildup was intended as a
show of force directed at the Laotian government itself.
MID#2019
Indonesia warned of possible “irresponsible acts” against Dutch nationals in Indonesia unless the
Netherlands resolved the dispute over Dutch New Guinea. The threat was not specific and also not
directed at the Netherlands or the Dutch government.
B–17
MID#2027
On 26 November 1961 the Philippines detained two Taiwanese fishing vessels and their seventeen
crew members in the Sulu Sea. However, there is no evidence of an official Taiwanese protest.
MID#2048
Both Chile and Peru, the only combatants in this case, denied that an attack, clash, or other action
occurred. Both countries stated that reports from Bolivia were false.
MID#2051
Ecuador told the US State Department in a memorandum that it would go to war to “protect her
Amazonian rights in the pending conflict between Colombia and Peru.” There is no indication that
Ecuador was targeting any one country, and they were certainly not targeting both Colombia and
Peru in tandem.
MID#2076
This case involves the coding of two incursions by Chilean forces into Argentine territory in 1891.
As per Moreno (1961: 195-196), which is the source cited by the original codesheets, these were
de-armed rebels from the Chilean civil war that were fleeing the conflict, being rounded up by
Argentine forces, and then returned to Chile. Chilean officials thanked the Argentines for returning
the prisoners to Chile. Our recommendation is to drop this case.
MID#2077
The original coders suggests a show of ships by Argentina in March of 1905 that was not reciprocated
by Chile. Specifically, a navigational buoy was placed on or near Navarino Island. Moraga (1969,
192) details the incident in which the Argentine navy secretly dispatched a group of sailors to
replace the “Spar Buey” near Puerto Williams, on Navarino, with their own marker. The Argentines
then used it as evidence of ownership for a map of the area. The Director of the Hydrographic
Office of the Chilean Navy reported the situation to superiors in July, and Argentina argued that
the buoy was placed to aid navigation. Chile reviewed the situation in December, argued that the
Argentine position was absurd, but agreed to negotiate a solution.
The placement of the buoy was obviously not a show of force since it was done secretly, and no
land was seized. There was outrage by Chilean citizens at the printing of the map, but there was
no protest by the government, which did not even act within six months following the discovery
of the marker. In short, there is no militarized incident here. Our recommendation is to drop this
case.
MID#2091
On April 28, 1956, 12 Chinese soldiers equipped with tommy guns and telescopes crossed the
border into India east of Nilang at the area right up to Chang Chokla pass within Indian Territory.
B–18
In response, the Indian government instructed its officer commanding its border security force to
instruct the Chinese forces to leave Indian Territory immediately. India noted that they assumed
that the crossing was due to ignorance and not a border violation. There was no protest for this
incident; both sides considered it a misunderstanding.
MID#2093
MID#2093 is a border dispute between India and China in August and September of 1958. It
wholly overlaps the larger border dispute coded in MID#1707. The location of conflict, the issues,
and the participants are the same in these two disputes, and, thus, MID#2093 should be dropped.
MID#2104
Iran protested to Iraq that Iraqi tribesmen (“bandits” according to the Iranians) killed an Iranian
tribesman and stole 500 sheep and cattle in the Kermanshah area on February 6tth. The protest
occurred on February 10th. There is no indication that the Iraqi government sponsored these
actions or even had control over the tribesmen. This is not a dispute.
MID#2105
Shatt al-Arab connects the Iraqi port of Basra and the Iranian ports of Khorramshahr and Abadan
to the Persian Gulf. Under a 1936 agreement Iraq was responsible for piloting tankers in the
river and Iran was responsible for assigning berths, but for several years Iraqis had also handled
the berthing assignments. On 16 February Iran announced that its nationals would once again
handle berthing arrangements, but the Iraqi pilots opposed the decision. They refused to pilot the
tankers, stranding several in the water. By the end of the month the oil refinery at Abadan had to
slow production because it had no way to move the oil, and by early March the refinery stopped
production altogether. “Intense diplomatic activity” (Middle East Record, 1961, 293) took place
between Iraq and Iran in March. On 27 March Iraq announced construction of a new port at Umm
Qasr to reduce its dependence on the Shatt al-Arab. On 8 April Iran agreed to send any unresolved
issues to the ICJ. On 23 April Iraqi leader General Kassim and Iranian ambassador to Baghdad
Gholam Abbas Aram agreed that tanker traffic would resume with Iraqi pilots and that an Iraqi
mission would visit Tehran the following month to continue discussions. The talks did not take
place. There was no actual militarized incident during this impasse; the refusal to pilot tankers is
not a show of force. This a diplomatic dispute but not a MID.
MID#2108
This case is based on a report by Baghdad Radio that a clash between Iraqi and Iranian army units
killed 30 Iranians soldiers and captured 14. There was no information about Iraqi casualties. Iran
denied the event, and there are simply no other reports that the event occurred. Baghdad radio
was an arm of the Iraqi regime and often engaged in propaganda and incitement of the public. Iran
had denounced a 33-year old agreement between the two states over navigation of the estuary of the
Tigris and Euphrates (the Shatt al Arab). Further, the Iraqis were smarting from their recent swift
defeat by the Israelis. Without corroboration from another source, there is not enough evidence
that this event occurred.
B–19
MID#2134
The original coders considered this an 8-month-long bilateral dispute between Paraguay and Bolivia,
starting on March 1, 1936. In the timeline we were given there were two possible militarized
incidents: the Paraguayan harassment of truck convoys on the international road (Villa MontesBoyuibe road) in March of 1936 and the “thinly veiled threat” by Bolivia on October 1936. The
dispute was coded as ending on January 9, 1937, with the signing of an agreement.
The harassment of trucks on the international road took place in territory by the Paraguayan
military following the Chaco War. Both countries were in negotiations over several issues, and
the Paraguayans were using the harassment as leverage in the disputes. They also did not allow
the Bolivians to repair the road. Since the Paraguay military, though behaving badly, had some
authorization to be on that road, it is not a militarized incident. A later agreement (in August)
between the two countries outlined proper behavior for the military forces in the region and curtailed
the harrasment. This is all contained in Rout (1970: 158-159), which is the original source for the
incident.
The second incident is already included in the dataset as MID#1028, which is coded (inexplicably) as a one-day clash between the two countries. We found the original New York Times article
(10/6/1936) used to code this incident. The text states:
President Toro’s announcement said the continuance of the Paraguayan occupation of
the Villa Monies-Santa Cruz road might easily lead to armed clashes between between
Bolivian and Paraguayan troops and thus endanger peace. Certain diplomatic observers
interpreted this statement as a threat to renew hostilities unless Paraguay accedes to
the Bolivian demand and withdraws from the road.
This is a vague threat at best and is not a militarized incident per Correlates of War coding rules,
and Paraguay did not respond. Since there are no militarized incidents during this time period, our
recommendation is to drop this case and MID#1028, which was also previously listed as a dispute
we could not find.
MID#2135
With MID#2135 and MID#1082, the original MID coders are referencing a dispute between Bolivia
and Paraguay over a road between Villa Montes and Boyuibe (or Santa Cruz – sources suggest they
may be the same thing). It occurs in the aftermath of the Chaco War between these two states
(MID#1027), which left Paraguay as the clear winner of a war that Bolivia initiated. Paraguay
occupied the road as a result of the war that concluded two years earlier, which was a source of
frustration for the Bolivians. The road was Bolivia’s main source for communication with the
outside world, making Paraguay’s occupation of that road problematic. However, coding this
dispute as a Paraguayan occupation of territory (in a 6-month count) is incorrect. Paraguay had
occupied this territory since the end of the war. The peace talks aimed at settling the war before
this point did little more than affirm the new status quo that Bolivia, not surprisingly, wanted to
rectify.
So, the current coding suggests that Paraguay occupied this road in this region in the month
of May 1937. This is not what happened. MID coders most likely used a New York Times article
B–20
dated on June 10, 1937 to start this as a six-month count. This article talks about “last month’s
agreement by which control of Bolivia’s main-line road between Villa Montes and Boyuibe was
taken from Paraguay and put in control of the International Police under the supervision of the
neutral military officers representing the authority of the Chaco Peace Conference at Buenos Aires.”
It mentions this in the context of Paraguay discussing the terms of the agreement publicly, which
defied the obligations of the participants of the conference and started a diplomatic row. This
prompted Bolivia to abort the restoration of relations with Paraguay and led to Paraguay to cite
the armistice that ended the conflict. This armistice affirmed the new status quo.
Even then, it is technically incorrect to say this agreement was made in May. The agreement
was signed on January 9, 1937. The terms of implementation were signed in an undated day
in May 1937 (Zook 1960, 249) but not ratified by Paraguay. The army would not allow it, and
popular opinion was decidedly against it. From here, domestic turmoil in both countries intervened,
stopping this issue from spiraling out of control. In Paraguay, the army toppled the provisional
government of Rafael Franco in order to prevent the terms of the Chaco Peace Conference (signed
on June 12, 1935) from coming into effect. In Bolivia, German Busch finally overthrew his friend
and confidante David Toro in July 1937. The status quo remained until 1938.
In March 1938, Argentina again forced the issue of settling the Chaco War. In fact, it was
Argentina’s determination to end this issue that got Paraguay, who enjoyed the favorable status
quo, to begin the peace process in earnest. On May 27, 1938, a proposal was finalized that redrew
the border in the Chaco (Zook 1960, 250, is used for these details). Paraguay got most of what
it wanted, reflecting their victory in war. Herein, a line was drawn from Esmeralda on the Rio
Pilcomayo, northeast to a point called ‘27 November’, southwest of Ingavi. From there, the line
passed between Ravelo and Ingavi to Rio Paraguay, 7500 meters north of Bahia Negra. In the
understanding of the conference participants, the desert region between 61 degrees and 63 degrees
was a natural border between Paraguay and Bolivia. Bolivia was also obliged to pay 200,000 pounds
in war indemnity. Bolivia accepted on May 31st; Paraguay was reticent.
Though Bolivia genuinely wanted peace, German Busch mobilized troops (MID#1029) as a response to Paraguay’s refusal (sometime before June 24th, 1938). Paraguay gave a counterproposal,
resulting in more negotiations. A draft treaty was reached on July 9, 1938, and a peace treaty was
signed on July 21st, 1938, that ultimately concludes the war. It outlines an arbitration process to
be followed, resulting in an award later in October.
MID#2137
Between March and June 1975, Ethiopian troops were battling the Eritrean secessionist movement.
This case is coded as an attack by Ethiopia on Sudan sometime in March of 1975. However, the
only attack by Ethiopian troops during this month or the next concerned the Eritrean town of
Umm Hagar, which Eritrean guerrillas had occupied in the previous week. There is also an Umm
Hagar in Sudan, and this confusion probably accounts for the mistaken attack coding. Eritrea was
not a member of the state system until 1993, so this is a domestic dispute and not a MID.
B–21
MID#2145
This was part of MID#1026 between Paraguay and Bolivia. Forces from both countries fought
each other, but the battle took place on Brazilian territory. However, Brazil never protested the
incursion, and Brazil was definitely not the target of either state. The original CoW coding was
two separate incursions into Brazilian territory (MID#2145 and MID#2146), but both of these
should be dropped.
MID#2146
This was part of MID#1026 between Paraguay and Bolivia. Forces from both countries fought
each other, but the battle took place on Brazilian territory. However, Brazil never protested the
incursion, and Brazil was definitely not the target of either state. The original CoW coding was
two separate incursions into Brazilian territory (MID#2145 and MID#2146), but both of these
should be dropped.
MID#2147
As Bolivia and Paraguay prepared to go to war due to a border dispute, the Argentinean president
was rumored to have told both governments that he would not permit the war to happen. Unofficial
observers were the source for the Argentine statement, and the actual statement does not constitute
a threat that would comprise a militarized incident.
MID#2172
During the first week of November 1965, violence erupted between the Greek Cypriots and the
Turkish Cypriots. On the evening of November 5, when the Security Council called for a halt in
the violence, a member of Turkey’s delegation suggested that, if the Cyprus government was not
able to prevent further attacks on Turkish Cypriots in the Famagusta area, the Turkish military
may retaliate against the Greek Cypriots. This was not an explicit threat directed towards Cyprus
and does not specify a use of force.
MID#2182
This is a double count of MID#1142, the Harbin Crisis between Russia and China in December of
1917.
MID#2217
MID#2217 is a duplicate of MID#0027—the Berlin Crisis between the United States and the Soviet
Union. It has the same start dates, but the end date is one month prior to the end date listed in
MID#0027. MID#0027 also has West Germany as a participant, but MID#2217 does not.
B–22
MID#2227
Upon Tito’s death, U.S. President Jimmy Carter stated, “I reaffirm today that America will continue its long-standing policy of support for Yugoslavia and do what it must to provide that support.” CoW coded this as a threat to use force against the Soviet Union, but it really is too vague
to be considered such a threat.
MID#2309
French and Spanish troops quartered in the port of Casablanca exchanged fire. The Spanish
troops supposedly fired first and the French troops responded. 1 Spanish soldier was killed. 2
French soldiers were injured. The Spanish Minister of Foreign Affairs and Minister of War said the
incident would not affect relations between the countries and the Spanish War Minister described
the incident as a “drunken brawl”. French officials similarly agreed that the incident would not affect
relations between the countries. Spanish soldiers were beating an unarmed Algerian sharpshooter.
The sergeant in charge of the city gate and a French subaltern who were both unarmed tried
to intervene. Then, Spanish forces opened fire and French soldiers fired back. This was clearly
not authorized from the state-level down and does not seem to be taken at least by the Spanish
government as a clash. 5 of the soldiers involved in the exchange of fire were arrested and handed
over to French officials. Therefore, I do not think this is a dispute.
MID#2314
MID#2314 is coded as a joint, German-Russian dispute with a highest action of clash against China
in 1900. It is coded as separate from the Boxer Rebellion (MID#0031), with the rebellion-coded
dispute ending when the Dowager Empress fled Beijing on August 15, 1900.
There are several problems with this interpretation. First, Germany and Russia were not
coordinating together against China, and separately from the other Allied partners, though both
states were actively raiding Boxers after the fall of Beijing. (MID#3250 codes the Manchurian war
between Russia and China during this time.)
Second, the troops and navies of the Allied forces remained in China well past the August 16,
1900 end date of MID#0031, which is the beginning date for this dispute. In short, there is no
reason to think that the Allied intervention in China during the Boxer Rebellion should be two
separate disputes.
MID#0031 should be recoded as follows:
• End date changed to 9/07/1901, with the signing of the protocol ending the conflict
• Settlement changed to negotiation
MID#2327
MID#2327 is a bilateral MID between Israel and Turkey occurring on one day on August 10, 1976.
Israel is Side A, coded as having seized something from Turkey. Turkey did not reciprocate. The
MID ends in a non-negotiated released.
B–23
Specific Sources says this MID is coded using Facts on File and New York Times.
This MID refers to an Israeli seizure of a 700-ton Turkish freighter called Caferokam. The boat
and crew of seven were seized after leaving the Lebanese port of Tyre. Reports differed on whether
the boat was in international or Israeli waters. The former is more likely the case.
A follow-up report says the Turkish freighter was carrying a large cargo of arms destined for
Palestinians in Lebanon.
We were not able to prove the seizure lasted more than 24 hours. More importantly, we did not
find evidence of a protest by the Turkish government.
MID#2356
On June 5, 1986, the Venezuelan foreign minister stated that “as long as Venezuela exists as a
state” it would continue to exercise rights over the islands within its gulf and the gulf up to the
north of the Guajira Peninsula. He labeled as “absurd” a ”draft amendment on the status of the
islands” devised by a Colombian magistrate. There was no explicit mention of any specific threat
to use force directed towards Colombia.
MID#2365
MID#2365 is most likely the Allied intervention in Southern Russia and Ukraine. It has a start
date of November 23, 1918 and an end date of April 6, 1919. The United Kingdom, France, and
Russia are originators. Romania and Greece join on December 17, 1918. The United Kingdom
had a HIACT of 7. The other members of Side A had a HIACT of 14. Russia has a HIACT of
16. The MID ends in a non-negotiated victory for Side B. The start date is not entirely clear.
Coincidentally, it does happen to be a year to the day after the Russian Civil War MID (#0197)
originally started in November 23, 1917, with the threat from the Allies over Bolshevik attempts
to pursue a separate peace with Germany. This campaign in Southern Russia is actually connected
to other interventions by the Allies in Siberia and North Russia. The end date coincides with the
French retreat from Odessa (Fischer 1951, 180-182). France’s goal was to occupy Odessa, and its
hinterlands, in order to provide food and ammunition to the anti-Bolshevik Whites in the vicinity.
France never entertained the idea of combat in this capacity.
When, in March 1919, the Red Army was advancing on Odessa, the original cause for France
was lost. Parliament in France ordered the evacuation on April 2, 1919. The French had vacated
the area on April 6, 1919. Fischer says that, from that point forward, French involvement in the
Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War took on a strictly non-combat role. Effectively, France
exits the Russian Civil War MID (#0197) on this date. The Allied campaign in Southern Russia
represents one part of a multifaceted Allied campaign to prevent the Russians from making peace
with Germany during the end of World War I, and to overthrow the Bolshevik government. Per
the terms of a December 23, 1917 agreement between the two, leading the effort against Russia in
North Russia, the Baltic and the Caucasus was the responsibility of the United Kingdom. France,
in exchange, would be able to lead the charge in Ukraine and Crimea (Fischer 1951, 154-155, 836).
B–24
In short, this was France’s ”domain” during the Allied intervention, whereas Great Britain took
the lead on North Russia.
MID#2366
MID#2366 is the Allied intervention in Murmansk and Arkhangelsk, for which the start date is
the landing at Murmansk on June 28, 1918 (Strakhovsky 1944, 43-44). The United States, France,
Italy, and Serbia are on Side A. Russia is on Side B. HIACT for all is 14, excluding Russia, for which
the HIACT is 16. End date is October 12, 1919. The end date coincides with the Anglo-British
retreat from Murmansk (Arnot 1967, 158). The campaign in Murmansk and Arkhangelsk was a
core theater of the Allied intervention in Russia, which is already captured in MID#0197. It is not
a stand-alone MID, per the Correlates of War’s understanding of what is a ”militarized interstate
dispute”, or dispute coding rule #2 (Jones, Bremer and Singer 1996, 169, 175). See: Fischer 1951,
143-144.
MID#2542
Irish fishing patrol boats fired on a Spanish trawler that had entered Irish waters. However, Spanish
ambassador ordered the captain of the Spanish trawler to surrender to the Irish before the Irish
ever opened fire on the Spanish trawler. The Spanish also sided with the Irish authorities against
the fishing boats illegally fishing in Irish waters.
MID#2558
This case is coded as an attack by Iran on an Italian tanker on September 7, 1985. However, no
shots were fired, and the seizure or “inspection” of the cargo lasted only five hours. This is not a
militarized incident since seizures must last at least twenty-four hours.
MID#2567
Two Southern Yemeni jets forced an Air Djibouti (airline owned by the Djibouti government) plane
to land in Southern Lebanon. The plane was kept in Southern Lebanon for 4 hours while officials
searched for opponents of the Southern Yemeni government. The seizure did not meet the 24-hour
rule.
MID#2606
Given the participants, the start date, and the sources used, MID#2606 is a double count of
MID#0197. MID#0197 already captures all the participants and first and last militarized incidents.
This is not a separate dispute.
MID#2608
MID#2608 refers to the house arrest of Robinson McIlvaine, a US diplomat in Guinea, on 30
October 1966. The Guinean government believed that the US was responsible for a series of
Guinean arrests by Ghana earlier in the week. When it was proven that the US had no hand in
B–25
the arrests, McIlvaine was released on 31 October 1966. One-day seizure. Less than 24 hours.
(see MID#2608.source1.pdf - “Mr. McIlvaine was ordered held under house arrest for almost 24
hours...”)
MID#2620
MID#2620 is coded as a Zairean seizure of Congolese property, which was requited with a threat
to use force. The MID occurs between August 21, 1971 and August 19, 1972. The MID ends in a
negotiated compromise.
Specific Sources says this MID is coded using the Africa Research Bulletin and the African
Contemporary Record.
Our review of these sources do not support coding a MID here. We found no evidence of a
Congolese threat to use force. Further, Zaire did not seize Congolese diplomats but rather declared
them persona non grata and asked them to leave. It appears as if the original MID coders misread
the ongoing trial of these diplomats as a seizure when these diplomats were being tried in abstentia
for allegedly aiding a coup plot orchestrated by students of a university in Kinshasa.
We recommend dropping this MID.
MID#2621
On July 7, 1971, Idi Amin ordered the border with Tanzania and Rwanda closed and any aircraft
violating Ugandan airspace shot down. Amin said that guerrillas from Zambia were entering Uganda
through Rwanda. Rwanda’s minister of Commerce, Mines, and Industry, Anastase Makusa, was in
Kampala when Amin gave the order and protested vigorously. Rwanda’s major export agricultural
product, coffee, was in season, and most of Rwanda’s trade passed through Kampala. But Amin
kept the border closed.
Amin met Rwanda’s ambassador in Kampala, Alphonse-Marie Kagenza. Soon after, on 4
August, Amin reopened the border with Rwanda, but he made three demands: “(i) The Rwandan
Government must stop immediately activities by anti-Ugandan guerrillas in its country. (ii) It
should prevent Tanzania carrying out any anti-Ugandan military activities through Rwanda. (iii)
It should prevent any subversive activities in Rwanda against Uganda” (Africa Research Bulletin,
1971, 2193).
The closing of the border was directed at guerillas, not the Rwandan government. A border
closing is also not a show of force.
MID#2637
MID#2637 is a bilateral MID between India and Pakistan occurring on July 15, 1970. It is coded
as one-day threat to use force from India against Pakistan, which was unreciprocated. The MID
ends in a non-negotiated stalemate.
B–26
Specific Sources says this MID was coded using Facts on File and New York Times.
This dispute is about Kashmir. Indira Gandhi was quoted as saying the following:
“We shall deal with them with a strong hand.”
She later followed that with this statement in the same public meeting.
“I am not saying this as a threat to anyone. I am not in the habit of giving threats; you
all know what great responsibility devolves on us. We have to maintain the territorial
integrity of Jammu and Kashmir and the rest of the country, and work for their economic
development.”
This is not specific enough to count as a threat to use force.
MID#2701
With the Allied intervention in Russia, China seized the opportunity to recover the right of navigation through the Amur. The Russians threatened the Chinese with violence but on August
20th four Chinese vessels followed by Japanese torpedo boats sailed north toward the Amur. On
September 17th the Russians allowed the ships to take shelter at Nikolaevsk but warned not to go
further. The Chinese decided to go against the Russian request and sailed north on October 18th.
They were fired upon on October 25th by one of Kalmykov’s Ussuri Cossack units and had to go
back to Nikolaevsk. This is another MID that has to do with the Allied Intervention in Russia,
but the MID is not between Japan and China. Due to Japanese intervention, the Chinese seize
an opportunity to go North. The dispute occurs between the Russians and the Chinese (which is
MID#2700). The Japanese are really just bystanders.
MID#2726
The Soviet Union engaged in global naval exercises in April 1975. There was no specific target, and
other states did not allege they were being targeted but cautiously acknowledged that the Soviet
Union was presenting its capabilities to the world.
The original end date of this case, in June 1975, corresponds to a note the Soviet Union gave
Japan cautioning them not to sign a treaty with China. The note did not threaten any particular
type of action if Japan did sign the treaty. There is no militarized incident here.
MID#2703
After signing a Sino-Soviet Alliance Treaty in August, China demanded that the Soviet union
had to hand Manchuria over to the KMT government to keep the peace and its obligations under
the treaty. On September 14th 1945, Soviet military commanders landed in a military aircraft
in Yenan, China to discuss future actions in Manchuria with the communist party. This was the
first official visit of a representative of the USSR government to the headquarters of the CCP. On
September 16th 1945, the Soviet-Mongolian headquarters of the Transbikal Military Region which
was responsible for Manchuria, informed the CCP that ‘the main forces of the Eighth Route Army
B–27
should be urgently ordered to move northward immediately.’ This was to ensure the take over of
the regions that the Soviet Union occupied in Inner Mongolia and Manchuria. The goal was to
maintain the connection to Outer Mongolia and the Soviet Union. The Soviet Union believed that
it could establish better relations with with Chinese communists than the KMT government. There
was no show of force on either side of this diplomatic dispute.
MID#2706
There is no evidence of this dispute between China and Russia in 1962, especially a clash. There
is nothing in Day, Tsien-hua, or Clubb. ProQuest, Google Scholar, Google Books, etc. There is
instead two different sources that suggest “a significant detente in the Sino-Soviet dispute appeared
to develop” during spring through September of 1962.
MID#2712
The Soviets charged that China had engaged in several border violations across the Mongolian
border. However, China vehemently denied these accusations, and contemporary analysts suggested
they were fabricated by the Soviets. The violations themselves also did not make sense strategically
for the Chinese. Without additional evidence, this seems nothing more than Soviet propaganda.
MID#2756
An Angolan jet mistook a plane carrying the Botswanan president for an enemy aircraft and fired
on it. The plane was able to land, and there were only a few minor injuries. The firing was
accidental, and there was no protest.
MID#2761
A Turkish soldier shot two Greek Cypriot national guardsmen, wounding one and killing the other.
He then broke into the home of a Greek Cypriot woman and attempted to rape her. Greek Cypriot
policemen arrived and killed the soldier. This was not sanctioned by Turkey. The soldier was not
representing official Turkish policy. This is not a militarized dispute.
MID#2787
After an attack on a Turkish village near the Syrian border by Kurdish rebels, the Turkish Foreign
Ministry told Syria to tighten border security. Turkey said it may retaliate against the Kurdish
rebels next time. This was not a threat to use force against Syria, and any threat made was not
specific.
MID#2795
A United Arab Emirates flagged tanker, the Anita, struck what was likely an Iranian mine in the
Gulf of Oman and sunk with only a handful of crew member surviving. There is no way of proving
that Iran placed the mine or deliberately aimed to attack the UAE, and, as such, this is not a
militarized incident.
B–28
MID#2813
The waters around the Falkland Islands were in dispute between Argentina and Britain. A Japanese
fishing vessel was seized by the Argentinian coast guard on February 13th 1987. The Japanese
admitted that they had been in the economic zone without permission. On March 24th another
Japanese fishing boat was seized in the same waters for illegal fishing. There was no protest from
Japan.
MID#2814
The Dutch and Belgians sent mine sweeping vessels as a part of a coalition of countries clearing the
Persian Gulf of mines. This was not a show of force against Iran and not a militarized incident.
MID#2829
This is coded as a threat to use force by Turkey against Bulgaria on October 3, 1987. The event
is coded based on a summary New York Times report from October, but the coding references a
statement by the Turkish Prime Minister in August. His statement: “we shall not abandon the
case of ’Turks’ in Bulgaria. We shall settle it as we did in Cyprus. After the operation in Cyprus
there is no trace of Greek Cypriots and Greeks.” This statement is obviously too vague to justify
a threat to use force according to CoW’s coding rules.
MID#2830
Bulgaria claimed a Turkish fishing boat sunk when it collided with a Bulgarian patrol boat inside
Bulgarian waters. Turkey disputed the claim, and there is no other evidence of the incident.
MID#2831
The Israeli navy intercepted a Cypriot ferry and told it to return to Cyprus. It was suspected of
ferrying Palestinian guerillas. There was no seizure, and, regardless, the incident lasted less than
24 hours.
MID#2837
This case is coded as a show of force by Britain, France, Austria-Hungary, Italy, Germany, and
Russia, on May 18, 1896, against Greece, and lasting until July 6, 1896. However, the Great Powers
sent a contingent of 450 troops and ships in February of 1897 (not 1896) and eventually launched a
blockade until Crete was pacified. This show of force is described in MID#0056. This case probably
refers to the increasing pressure placed on the Sultan to resolve the Cretan Crisis in 1896 – the
Great Powers had fleets in the Mediterranean. However, that pressure never constituted a codeable
militarized incident.
B–29
MID#2842
India accused Portugal of violating Indian airspace multiple times during the year by aircraft flying
to Goa and stated that “actions would be taken” if the practice continued. Portugal denied all
accusations, and the threat by India was not specific and did not necessarily imply militarized
actions.
MID#2843
A DC-3 transport plane was forced to land in the Suez Canal Zone by an Egyptian military plane.
It may have been off course. Regardless, it was on the ground for forty-five minutes according to
reports. The plane was not attacked, and the seizure was less than 24 hours, with no protest of a
border violation by Egypt. This is not a militarized incident.
MID#2846
Albania machine gunned an Italian fishing boat that had drifted into its waters. One fisherman
died. However, there was no protest from the Italians.
MID#2848
The Norwegian navy seized a Soviet trawler fishing within Norwegian territorial waters. There is
no evidence of protest from the Soviets.
MID#2856
Syrian anti-aircraft guns fired on four Italian and three French private planes that were flying from
Lebanon to Turkey to help fight locust swarms. None were damaged, and there was no protest
from Italy or France. Without protest, this attack on private planes is not a militarized incident.
MID#2864
The Soviet Navy seized two Danish salmon fishing cutters and took them to the port of Liepaja.
There was no protest from Denmark.
MID#2866
Israeli policemen seized a Lebanese fishing boat and arrested five crew members for illegal fishing.
Lebanon did not protest.
MID#2867
The Dominican Republic forced down a US C-47 transport carrying a military attache. The US
asked for an explanation, and the Dominican Air Force commander apologized. This is not a
militarized incident.
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MID#2882
On June 11, 1961, a Soviet patrol vessel seized and detained several Japanese fishing vessels off
Hokkaido, Northern Japan, alleging that the fishermen had violated Soviet territorial waters. On
July 15, the Soviet government announced that the vessels would be released. There is no evidence
of any protest by Japan.
MID#2883
The British and Danish governments had signed an agreement in 1959 that granted British fishing
rights off the Faroe islands but reserved the six miles of water that surround the Faroe islands for
local fishermen. This dispute began on 29 May when the Danish frigate Niels Ebbesen allegedly
found the Red Crusader, a British fishing trawler, within six miles of the Faroe islands. The Niels
Ebbesen stopped the Red Crusader and sent an unarmed boarding party to the British fishing ship,
but once the Danish party had come aboard the Red Crusader raced for Scotland with the Niels
Ebbesen in chase. A Royal Navy frigate, HMS Troubridge, and a British fishing-protection vessel,
Wotton, met the Red Crusader on its way. On 30 May officers from the Wotton met with the
commanding officer of the Niels Ebbesen at sea and negotiated the release of the boarding party.
The boarding by the Danes was less than 24 hours long. The Red Crusader was a private boat,
and so its actions did not constitute the acts of the British government. The British and Danish
military forces negotiated the release of the boarding party. This is not a militarized incident. The
British foreign secretary explicitly stated that this was a private incident with diplomatic overtones
and not a militarized incident.
MID#2893
Soviet authorities seized a Japanese fishing boat for violating Soviet territorial waters. Three of
the sailors were eventually released, but there was no protest by Japan.
MID#2896
The Soviets seized two Finnish trawlers and a speedboat. Finland did not protest but “awaited
explanation” for the Soviet actions. One of the trawlers confirmed to the Finnish coast guard that
it had found a place for alcohol smugglers on the boat. This is not a militarized incident without
a protest.
MID#2900
A British cutter strayed into Chinese waters and was seized. The boat and the crew were released
the next day unharmed, and the British stated that the crew was well treated. Britain made no
protest. This is not a militarized incident.
MID#2902
The Polish navy seized eight Danish and two West German fishing vessels within Polish territorial
waters. There were no protests of the incident, but the Danish embassy in Poland was asked by
B–31
their government to provide assistance. This is not a militarized incident without a protest.
MID#2903
A Soviet patrol boat seized a Japanese fishing boat in disputed waters. There was no protest by
Japan.
MID#2909
This case is a duplicate of MID#2220 in which Soviet fighters shot down an American training jet
after it strayed over the East German border, killing 3 American officers. Another American plane
was shot down over East Germany by Soviet fighters, and its two crew were detained. They were
released 17 days later. The dates overlap, and the issue is the same in both cases.
MID#2910
The official Soviet press agency claimed US military planes buzzed a Soviet tourist ship in the
Mediterranean. This was not a show of force against a tourist ship, and there was no formal
protest.
MID#2911
A six-ton Japanese fishing boat was seized by a Soviet patrol boat in disputed waters. There was
no protest by Japan.
MID#2912
South Vietnam seized two Taiwanese fishing boats and their 40 crew for violating Vietnamese
waters. There was no protest.
MID#2917
This case refers to the interception of a Spanish passenger plane over Israeli airspace on 4 April
1965. After ignoring orders to land, an Israeli Air Force jet fired warning shots and forced a Spanish
passenger plane to land. The crew was questioned and released on 5 April 1965, less than 24 hours
from the first interception by the Israelis. The pilot apologized for the incursion, and there was no
protest on either side of the incident.
MID#2939
Norway seized trawlers from the Soviet Union, Denmark, and East Germany after they entered
restricted waters near a Norwegian military base. Several other boats escaped. There were no
protests.
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MID#2945
The South Vietnamese Navy detained and released Taiwanese fishermen after they landed on one
of the Paracels. Both South Vietnam and Taiwan claim the islands. The fishermen were only
detained for about two hours, and, hence, this does not qualify as a militarized incident.
MID#2952
The US Coast Guard seized 5 Canadian trawlers for illegally fishing within US territorial waters
off of Washington. There was no protest from the Canadian government.
MID#2953
This refers to an American seizures of a Canadian fishing vessel near Seattle. There was no evidence
of protest by the Canadian government.
MID#2954
This case refers to the US seizure of a Cuban fishing boat near Cape Cod on 17 August 1975.
The boat was found in violation of the Coastal Fisheries Act but was released without fines on 22
August 1975. Cuba did not protest.
MID#2957
This case refers to the Panamian seizure of two U.S. tuna boats on 26 April 1976 in the Canal Zone
waters. The boats were released on 6 May 1976. There is no indication of a formal protest. The
US was said to be studying the note given by Panama.
MID#2966
Thirty-eight Chinese boats, many of them armed, anchored around the Senkaku Islands and began
shouting pro-China slogans about how the islands belonged to China. These boats were not official
Chinese forces and were not representing the Chinese government. This is not a militarized incident.
MID#2970
The Norwegian navy boarded 6 Danish fishing boats and told them to leave an area in the North
Sea claimed by both countries. The boardings lasted less than 24 hours.
MID#2978
Libya accused two American fighters of buzzing a Libyan jetliner. This was not a show of force by
the United States government.
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MID#2983
Argentina stopped a Brazilian research vessel in the disputed Beagle Channel. A reporter for Jornal
do Brasil actually spoke by telephone with the commander of the Brazilian ship, and quotes him
as saying (a) that the Argentines demanded that he wait 13 hours for an Argentine pilot to arrive,
which he refused to do, and (b) that he tried negotiating with the Argentines for 15 minutes, at
which point he shifted his course (the Argentine ship had stopped in front of the Brazilian one’s
prow and refused to budge) and left the scene.
MID#2985
On June 1, 1954, the Chinese government seized a British naval vessel passing by the Sanman
Island in border to “conduct an inquiry into what the craft was doing.” The vessel and crew were
released on July 10, 1954. There is no evidence of any protest by Britain.
MID#2990
Three Chinese Nationalist junks fired upon one British freighter and stripped two others of their
cargo. There was no formal protest from the British.
MID#2994
The Soviets seized four Japanese schooners for poaching in Soviet waters. There was no formal
protest by Japan.
MID#3008
The Soviet Union forced a South Korean airliner to land after it entered Soviet airspace. There
was no hostile action against the plane and no protest from the South Koreans.
MID#3012
A Moroccan expeditionary force with French logistical support assisted Zairean troops in fighting
rebels attacking from Angola. These were not Angolan forces.
MID#3023
On October 26, 1979, Burma seized four Thai fishing trawlers along with 10 Thai fishermen for
violating Burmese territorial waters in the districts of Polbia and Kawthaung in the Andaman Sea.
There is no evidence of an official protest from Thailand.
MID#3039
MID#3039 codes a one-day attack on a Liberian tanker by Iraq during the Iran-Iraq War. The
October 9, 1984, attack is consistent in location and issue with all the other Iraqi attacks on
Liberian tankers during 1984 and 1985; these are coded in MID#3046. The only difference in the
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October 9th incident is that British military personnel were on board, and two British officers died
in this attack.
Rather than having separate disputes, we recommend dropping MID#3039 since the incident
is consistent with all other Iraqi activity against Liberian ships. Britain should be a joiner to
MID#3046 for one day since they protested that attack.
MID#3060
On September 21st,1983 Zairean “bandits” ambushed and attacked near the border town of Mufulira. Two Zambian workers were killed, and two more were injured. Following this incident,
Zambian troops were deployed along the border with Zaire. This movement of troops was announced by Zambia’s President Kaunda on September 26th at a provincial conference. The troops
were said to be stationed there until the situation was under control. Talks were held on the border
disputes on January 16th 1984 and both sides decided to talk about the issue more often. In no instance was Zaire targeted by Zambian actions, and news reports suggest that Zaire was cooperative
in trying to limit the bandit incursions.
MID#3077
Three Argentinean fishing vessels were intercepted by British warships near the Falkland Islands
and told to leave the area. The fishing vessels complied and there was no violence. Argentina
protested, but the interception lasted less than 24 hours. There was no attack on the boats.
MID#3081
The speaker of Iran’s parliament said they would take action against any Gulf state supplying
arms to Iraq: “if truckloads of arms continued to go to Iraq then Iran will have the right to an
appropriate response.” The article makes reference to past incidents between Kuwait and Iran. In
this particular case the threat is vague and does not constitute a militarized incident.
MID#3084
The Prime Minister of the Philippines stated that they would not allow encroachment on the
Spratly Islands by China. Specifically, the PM was quoted as saying, “the Philippines would
defend these strategically important places with their rich underground resources and would not
allow encroachment by China or any other countries.” This is not a specific threat.
MID#3087
Pakistani military sources claimed that Soviet and Afghan troops had destroyed Iranian border
posts. However, the Iranian military denied the claims. There is no militarized incident if all the
participants deny the event occurred.
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MID#3094
Moroccan jets pursued guerrillas into Mauritania. There was no protest from the Mauritanian
government.
MID#3115
From Keesing’s: “In addition to aircraft, which had been based in South Yemen for some time,
the Soviet Union was understood to have installed surface-to-air missiles in South Yemen and to
have a number of T-72 medium tanks based there, some of which, according to Western analysts,
had been moved towards the borders with Oman and North Yemen. Soviet naval activity was
increasing and according to some sources included the construction of submarine pens; the Soviet
warships were largely at bases developed on South Yemen’s Socotra Island, some 250 miles southeast of its coastline. (A subsequent report in the Daily Telegraph of Nov. 17, quoting sources from
Oman, stated that residents on Socotra were being moved away because the Soviet Union wished
to develop a new naval base on the island.)”These were Soviet actions, and they were not directed
at Oman. This is not a militarized incident.
MID#3121
From Keesing’s: “President Mobutu announced on Feb. 4, 1980, that Zairean troops were being
sent to guard the border with the Congo, where it was claimed that a camp had been identified in
which were said to be 800 Cuban forces and nearly 3,000 Zairean dissidents. Subsequent reports
alleged that the Congolese Government (which denied the presence of Zairean dissidents in the
country) had put a stop to preparations by such groups for an attack on Zaire.” The show of force
targeted non-state actors, and there is decent evidence that the Congolese were acting to put down
the insurgents targeting Zaire. This is not a militarized incident.
MID#3123
Argentina’s navy opened fire on two Bulgarian trawlers illegally fishing in Argentinean waters who
resisted detention. There is no indication of a formal protest from Bulgaria about the action.
MID#3125
This case is coded as two Ghanaian threats to use force directed towards Togo. The first, in August
of 1977, codes a statement that “Ghana has no territorial ambitions on any country but will never
permit an inch of her territory to be encroached on by any country.” The second, in November,
followed a statement that Ghana “is prepared to shed blood to the last drop to defend the territorial
integrity of the nation.” Neither incident specifies an explicit target or a specific use of force; there
is no dispute here.
MID#3136
This dispute is a duplicate of MID#2683.
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MID#3153
Jordan accused Saudi Arabia (and also Egypt) of inciting unrest after Jordan signed the Baghdad
Pact. Neither state denied these claims, as riots went on for four days in Jordan. However, there
is no evidence for a show of force from Saudia Arabia during this time.
MID#3164
This case duplicates MID#1123. Iraq accidently bombed a Turkish village while pursuing Kurdish
rebels. Later, Iraqi war planes attacked the border area, killing two Turkish soldiers. Turkish
fighters also shot down an Iraqi jet. Iraq claimed that the fighter had been shot down in Iraq, while
Turkey claimed it was shot down for violating Turkish air space. The issue for both cases was the
same, and the dates overlap. This is not a separate set of militarized incidents.
MID#3177
Israel seized a Greek freighter that had been towed into port after engine problems. It was carrying
arms to Palestinian fighters in Lebanon, and there was no protest from the Greek government.
MID#3194
Iceland seized four Soviet fishing vessels for illegally fishing in Icelandic waters. The captains were
fined and released. There was no formal protest from the USSR.
MID#3198
This case refers to the detainment by Indonesia of four British ships and two Panamanian ships on
3 September 1951. Singapore’s embassy in Jakarta negotiated the release the following week, but
there was no protest from either Britain or Panama.
MID#3201
This case refers to the Soviet seizure of several British fishing boats in 1952 and January of 1953.
The Valafell was seized on 21 May 1952. Another British fishing boat, the Equerry, was seized on
21 September 1952. Another seizure occurred 17 December 1952. This boat was fined and released
on 30 December 1952. More seizures occurred in January. In each case the boats were detained for
a short time, and in many cases the boats were asked to pay fines. There was no British protest of
the seizures.
MID#3204
Chinese Nationalists seized and later released a Danish-flagged freighter operating out of Hong
Kong. The boat was released on August 28th, and three or four of the Chinese crew were to be
tried for being Communist agents. Denmark did not protest.
B–37
MID#3212
Chinese Nationalists seized a Japanese freighter off of Formosa. There was no protest from the
Japanese government.
MID#3222
An American shrimper was accidentally shot by the Mexican Coast Guard when confronted for
illegally fishing in Mexican waters. This was actually one seizure out of about 25 by the Mexicans.
The United States asked for an explanation of the shooting, but there was never a formal protest.
Mexico instead asked the UN General Assembly for confirmation of a 9-mile limit to territorial
waters versus the 3-mile limit argued by the United States.
MID#3223
A Norwegian patrol ship fired shots to scare off Soviet trawlers illegally fishing in Norwegian waters.
There was no protest.
MID#3224
Yugoslav patrols seized 22 Italian fishing boats in the Adriatic, six miles off its coast. There is no
evidence of a formal protest by Italy. However, this incident and several others led both countries
to adopt a treaty in 1958 that details the procedures for seizure and detention of boats illegally
fishing in territorial waters.
MID#3226
Communist guerillas raided a Thai training camp for defense volunteers. These were guerillas, not
Laotian troops.
MID#3228
MID#3228 is a duplicate of MID#1685, concerning the seizure and escape of a Polish submarine
from Talinn, Estonia.
MID#3233
In March 1825, American and British forces landed at Sagua La Grande, Cuba, in pursuit of pirates.
Pirates do not constitute a militarized force, and there was no protest from Spain.
MID#3234
In November 1824, Commodore David Porter landed with a party of 200 men in the town of Fajardo
(Puerto Rico) which had sheltered pirates, thus insulting American naval officers, and forced an
apology. Pirates do not constitute a militarized force, and there was no protest from Spain.
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MID#3235
In October 1824, the U.S.S. Porpoise landed bluejackets near Matanzas, Cuba in pursuit of pirates.
Pirates do not constitute a militarized force, and there was no protest from Spain.
MID#3236
On April 8th 1823, the United States landed forces in pursuit of pirates near Escondido, Cuba.
They also landed near Cayo Blanco on April 16th. On July 11th U.S. forces landed at Siquapa Bay
and on July 21st at Cape Cruz. They also landed at Camrioca on October 23rd. Pirates do not
constitute a militarized force, and there was no protest from Spain.
MID#3237
In 1822, the United States landed naval forces on the northwest coast of Cuba to suppress piracy.
The forces burned a pirate station on the island. Pirates do not constitute a militarized force, and
there was no protest from Spain.
MID#3238
“An erratic Scotchman” named Sir Gregor McGregor recruited a force of 50 men in Baltimore,
sailed them to Amelia Island off Spanish Florida, and demanded and received the surrender of the
Spanish garrison there. These were not official US forces.
MID#3255
MID#3255 is coded using a Chinese source that roughly translates, “A Brief History of the Russian
Aggression of China,” written by Fu Summing. The timing of the events described in this dispute—
a highest action of attack by Russia, with no militarized response by China—corresponds well with
events taking place in Mongolia. China controlled Mongolia, but the Khalkha Mongols declared
their independence from the Qing Dynasty of China in 1911. In 1912 Russia sent a small military
mission to Yihe Huree (modern day Ulaanbaatar) to train the fledgling Mongolian army. This army
attacked Chinese forces beginning on June 1st and and forced the surrender of a Chinese garrison
at Hovd in Western Mongolia at the end of August. There is no evidence that Russian forces did
more than train the Mongolian troops, and, since Mongolia is not an independent system member
until 1921, this is not a dispute.
MID#3256
Russian Cossacks attacked and killed 200-400 Chinese Mohammedans in Sinkiang province in
November 1916. Negotiations continued into January with no resolution. Russia wanted to use this
incident to get China to oust the Germans and join the Allies in World War I, saying Germans had
antagonized the Cossacks and instigated the riot. The attacks were not carried out by an official
militarized force. They were carried out by Russian nomads (Cossacks) who happen to join the
military at various points in history.In this case the Cossacks were acting independently.
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MID#3266
There is no militarized incident here. Mao had asked the USSR for military aid, equipment and
Soviet personnel. Stalin declined any direct military assistance but sent a dispatch of advisors from
the Soviet General Staff. This seemed to be in fear of sparking a war with the U.S., which seemed
determined to defend Taiwan.Mao repeatedly asked the Soviet Union for military assistance for the
conquest of Taiwan. His vice chairman, Liu Shaoqi, brought the issue to his talks with Stalin from
July 1949 through August 1949. On July 11th, Stalin outright rejected the request stating that
the assistance could cause a world war. On July 25th, Mao sent a telegram to Liu that urged him
to again ask Stalin for military assistance; a topic which Stalin avoided during the talks. On July
27th, he repeated that he did not want to risk war with the United States, and Liu withdrew his
request for support and closed the issue.
MID#3268
A Botswana police station took damage during an exchange of fire between South African and
Zambian forces in Rhodesia. Botswana was not the target.
MID#3270
Portuguese commandos raided a PAICG [African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape
Verde] guerilla base in Senegal. These were not Senegalese troops or representatives, and Senegal
did not protest.
MID#3271
Portugal warned the Congo and Zambia that their economies would be damaged if they did not
stop terrorists based in their countries from attacking the Benguela Railway. There was no threat to
use force.From Keesing’s: All traffic fromZambiaon the Benguela Railway to Lobito was suspended
by thePortuguese authorities onMarch 20, 1967, because of rebel attacks, but was resumed onApril
6.A statement issued jointly by thePortuguese Ministers of Defence, Foreign Affairs, and Overseas
Territories on April 8 warned bothZambiaand theCongo(Kinshasa) that their economies would be
seriously damaged unless they took steps to prevent terrorists allegedly based in their countries
from making further attacks on the railway.The statement said that saboteurs in the earlier attacks
had come fromZambiaand theCongo, “where they have been welcomed and helped,” and went on:
If these countries do not want to co-operate, or are not interested, or do not possess the means
to put an end to terrorist activities, the PortugueseGovernment declines any responsibility for the
situation which may be created, and does not consider that it has the duty to sacrifice itself for the
interests of the landlocked countries when these very countries do not protect their own interests.”
MID#3320
The Times of London reported twice in the month of April, 1817, commenting specifically on an
article put out by the Brussels Oracle on April 4. The Oracle article concerned Turkey putting
itself on the “war establishment,” seeking redress for past unfortunate arrangements and highlighted the fact that Russia had not yet completely demobilized its military from the past war,
B–40
specifically citing bases and Russian troop movement in Poland. Both Times articles denounced
these troop movements and reports of war establishment in Turkey as mere rumor, one going so
far as to denounce them as an “unprincipled attempt to agitate the feelings of Europe.” There is
no corroboration that the Ottomans engaged in any show of force in April of 1817.
MID#3324
This case is a British show of force in late January of 1878 against Russia during the Russo-Ottoman
War of 1877-8 (MID#0187). The militarized incident concerns the same issue, participants, and
actions as MID#0307 and should be dropped as a duplicate case.
MID#3342
This is a mobilization of the civilian guard in Switzerland to protect property near the start of
World War I. The “alert” does not involve military personnel and is not directed at any other
states.
MID#3350
The British seized a Norwegian trawler for laying mines off the English coast. The action was not
protested by Norway.
MID#3363
MID#3363 concerns the German capture of a Somoan leader. The Germans sent four warships
to Somoa after the breakup of the Tripartite Washington Conference of 1887, captured Malietoa
and carried him off into exile. Somoa is not in the state system in 1887, and the United States’
representative had explicitly stated that its flag did not protect Somoa. There were no warships or
American or British troops in the area, and, hence, there was no show of force by the Germans.
MID#3376
In September 1962, Israel and Egypt began accusing the other of having kidnapped a West German
rocket expert, Dr. Heinz Krug. Krugs Intra Trading Company supplied Egypt with rocket parts.
On July 21st 1962, Egypt’s secret rocket center launched its first rocket. Israel charged that Egypt
had kidnapped Krug in order to halt a deal between him and an Israeli firm. Egypt charged that
Israel had planned to kidnap all scientists working on rockets, automatic weapons, aircraft, or other
such projects.
On November 30th 1962, Israeli Premier David Ben-Gurion warned that Israel could not remain
passive in the case that the United Arab Republic intervened in a country closer to Israel like it
had in Yemen.
The kidnapping, if confirmed, could possibly be a dispute with West Germany, if West Germany
protested. The threat by Ben-Gurion was too vague to constitute a threat to use force.
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MID#3385
MID#3385 continues to describe the dispute over the town of Taba in the disputed area of the
Sinai. MID#3384 was originally coded as ending on January 21, 1983, less than seven months
prior to this dispute. However, we found evidence that Israel admitted to several border incursions,
and Egypt protested border postings in Taba and other areas in June of 1983. With no six-month
gap, this should be coded as one long dispute. Therefore, we recommend dropping MID#3385 and
extending MID#3384 to July 5, 1985.
MID#3429
This is the same dispute as MID#3405, which was a series of clashes and seizures between Israel
and Egypt and Syria. There seems to be no justification for the earlier start date in this case (July
1954 versus October 1955 in MID#3405). This case should be dropped.
MID#3505
MID#3505 is coded as a 184-day declaration of war by Bulgaria against Hungary in 1941. This
makes no sense as Hungary and Bulgaria would soon be allied later in the same year.
Instead, the date (April 24, 1941) corresponds with a Bulgarian decision to declare war in those
areas of Greece and Serbia occupied by Bulgarian troops. Since Greece and Serbia were knocked
out of the state system by German occupation, there is no dispute here.
MID#3517
MID#3517 is a double count of MID#1789 which codes a German attack on a Colombian vessel
in 1943 and Colombia’s entry into WWII. This case is actually counted three times in the dataset
(see also, MID#3886). Both MID#3517 and MID#3886 should be dropped.
MID#3524
MID#3524 is a double-count of MID#3877, in which Mexican ships are attacked by German
submarines and Mexico declares war on Germany, Italy, and Japan.
MID#3553
Swiss recruits accidently crossed the border into Liechtenstein during an exercise. Switzerland
apologized to Liechtenstein, who accepted the apology.
MID#3571
This was not a dispute between Sri Lanka and India. It was a seven-day offensive by Sri Lanka
against Tamil Tiger rebels within Sri Lanka. India had had peacekeepers in the area from 1987 to
1990, and the Tamils used the peacekeeping force as motive for their assassination of Indian Prime
Minister Ghandi in June of 1992. There was no attack of India by Sri Lankan forces.
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MID#3609
This was the seizure of a Spanish vessel and crew. Spain had originally blamed Morocco, but the
Polisario Front claimed responsibility and held the crew of 15 fisherman. There are not two state
actors in this incident.
MID#3640
Guinean exiles and mercenaries launched a failed invasion from Portuguese Guinea into neighboring
Guinea. Portugal denied any involvement though Guniean protests argued that a Portuguese
general had given instructions to the mercenaries. Even if this was the case, the forces were
irregulars.
MID#3646
This case concerns the Russian ultimatum given to the Chinese in March of 1911, which is actually
MID#3647. The dates of this case are earlier to note the tension between the two countries and
the increasing belligerence of Russia. The case codes a border fortification by Russia that lasts for
almost one year.The original source for the case is in Chinese, and a translation suggests that there
was no separate militarized incidents besides the threat by Russia in MID#3647. Searches of other
sources confirmed this, and this case should be dropped.
MID#3655
This is a conflict between rival Chinese warlords in the Battle of Urumqi (1933). Sheng Shicai,
the warlord in Xinjiang, appealed to the Soviets for aid in the fight. Chiang Kai-shek, the head
of the Chinese state, considered sending official Chinese forces to the area, but backed off the idea
when he heard the Soviets were involved. The Soviets were invited into the conflict between rival
warlords, fighting for the Chinese governor, and the Chinese state did not protest. Unless there is
evidence of protest from Chiang Kai-shek, which there is not, this becomes a first incident coding
rule issue (JBS, p. 169). With no protest, there is no militarized incident.
MID#3710
A German U-Boat stopped an American ship en route from Bordeaux to Ireland. The German
commander had thought it was a Greek ship he had ordered to turn back the previous day, and he
allowed the American ship to proceed when he realized his mistake. The incident lasted less than
24 hours and was never protested.
MID#3711
MID#3711 is a one-day dispute in which Rumania declared war on the United States in support of
Germany. However, the originally coded date was off by one year (1940 instead of the correct year of
1941). With the correct date, both states are involved in the World War II conflict (MID#0258).
Per JBS (1996: 170): “5) Military interactions between two states are not coded as separate
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militarized incidents if they are at war. A state at war may, however, be involved in one or more
incidents of military confrontation with a state that is not involved in that war.”
MID#3712
The US froze Hungarian assets in March of 1941 since Hungary was dominated by Germany.
Hungary protested and said that it would “see to it that Hungarian interests were taken care of.”
This is hardly a threat to use force.
MID#3803
A Soviet patrol accidentally crossed the Turkish border and surrendered when they realized their
mistake. Both countries withdrew troops from the border to avoid further incidents. This is not a
militarized incident by Russia and was not interpreted as such by Turkey. Consult JBS qualifications
#3, #4 (p. 169-170) News reports do suggest increased troops and military preparedness by both
states, but these reports are not enough to constitute coding a show of force incident for either
side.
MID#3821
This case duplicates MID#3542.
MID#3828
Turkey broke diplomatic relations with Germany on this date, and sources confirmed that there
was no Bulgarian reaction to the move. Sofia had actually been establishing closer relations with
Russia as well as distancing themselves from Germany. There is no evidence of a clash between
Turkey and Bulgaria on this date.
MID#3829
MID#3829 is a double count of MID#3719, the German seizure of Finnish vessels in 1939 and
1940.
MID#3830
On December 10th 1939, the Soviets rebuked Germany for supplying Finland with arms against the
Soviets and allowing them to fly over, land, and refuel on German territory. This was a diplomatic
dispute and not a military one. On December 14th, the USSR and Germany signed two treaties in
response to reports of a rift between the two states.
MID#3831
Mexico asked the Allies on December 20th 1939 to allow the shipment of German manufactured
goods to Mexico. Germany and Mexico had contracted oil for manufactured goods at the outbreak
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of the war. Mexico asked Germany for the goods to repay the debt of the oil and Germany stated
that the goods were ready but could not make it to Mexico because of the blockade. Mexico told
the allies that the goods had already been paid for prior to the war, and to allow the passage of the
ships.There was also an incident on December 19th 1939 in which a German freighter on a voyage
from Mexico to Germany was fired upon by a British cruiser. The freighter fled to Fort Lauderdale,
Florida. Since Germany and Britain were already at war, this militarized incident is part of the
larger MID/war.
MID#3833
British warships forced a German battleship into a Uruguayan port after a running battle. There
was no indication that the British violated Uruguayan waters, and Uruguay issued no protest.
Without a protest in this situation, there is no militarized incident between Britain and Uruguay.
MID#3837
A British source said (“authoritatively”) that an Italian submarine sank a Spanish ship, which
might serve British interests if it meant altering the bargaining going on between the Axis and
Franco regarding Spanish admission into World War II on behalf of the Axis. However, Rohwer
(1997, 127) argues that the Monte Moncayo was probably sunk by a mine in the Mediterranean as
there were no Allied or Italian submarines in the vicinity.
MID#3857
This case codes one incident—the Bulgarian reinforcement of its frontier with Turkey—that is part
of the larger dispute between Germany and Bulgaria against Turkey. It should be merged with
MID#3850.
MID#3858
This case is a policy dispute pitting Bulgaria against Germany and Rumania. Germany received
large amounts of food and oil from the Balkans, so Hitler attempted to keep peace in the region.
He variously tried to check Italy’s aggressive policy there, satisfy Hungarian and Bulgarian claims
to Romanian territory peacefully, and to avoid Great Britain’s intervention in Greece (Center of
Military History, 1986, 1). Bulgaria wanted to avoid conflict too. The Bulgarian leader, Tsar Boris,
declared neutrality in September 1939, and he declined Soviet and Balkan requests for alliance in
late 1939 and early 1940. However, Bulgaria also had unfulfilled territorial ambitions. With pressure
from Germany, Bulgaria and Romania signed the Craiova Agreement on 7 September 1940, which
granted all of Southern Dobruja to Bulgaria and led to a population exchange between Northern
and Southern Dobruja. The Bulgarians were ecstatic.
However, in October Rumania accepted 20000 German troops, prompting worry in Bulgaria that
it was next. The Germans took over Rumanian sea assets; constructed large airports in Rumania;
sent Rumanians for pilot training in Germany; and, most importantly, seized Rumanian oil fields.
In mid-October Germany turned the pressure on Bulgaria to align with the Nazi regime. Germany
pressured Bulgaria to mobilize 300,000 to 400,000 men “as a gesture against Turkey and Greece”
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(“Denial in Moscow”). Bulgaria resisted that pressure, but it did implement several Nazi-friendly
policies: a new economic agreement with Berlin that fixed the currency exchange rate, anti-Semitic
policies, and dissolution of the social clubs Bulgarian politicians often joined. Turkey worried that
Germany would occupy Bulgaria.
On 23 October Turkey announced its intention to invade Bulgaria if Bulgaria permitted a Nazi
occupation. On 6 November the media reported that Bulgaria had aligned with Germany and Italy
in exchange for territory. Bulgaria signed the Tripartite Pact on 1 March 1941. There was no show
of force by Germany and no border fortification by Bulgaria against Germany. A new dispute was
created for the Turkish threat to Bulgaria, however.
MID#3859
Turkey warned Bulgaria not to join Italy against Greece. Russia was being wooed by the Axis
powers not to stand with Turkey. Russia told Germany in early November 1940 that it had offered
Bulgaria a guarantee similar to that of Germany. There was no threat to use force against Bulgaria
by the Soviets.
MID#3866
A submarine sank a Brazilian freighter. Survivors suspected that it was Italian (based on the
stature and “swarthiness” of four of its crew, but there was no proof and the sub had no markings).
Reports of the incident phrase the attack as “possibly by an Italian submarine.” Brazil launched
an inquiry but did not protest.
MID#3870
Hungary placed special Iron Guard controllers in charge of units along its border with Rumania
in January of 1941. While border fortification is not routine, and the action was governmentauthorized, this action was not necessarily an explicit threat toward Romania. Romania was
neutral and Hungary was an Axis state. It is possible that the fortification actions were general in
nature, and more likely in response to moves beginning in the Eastern front of the war.
MID#3874
MID#3874 describes one incident—the sinking of a Portuguese ship by a German Uboat in October
of 1941—of the larger dispute described by MID#0421. MID#3874 is a double count and should
be dropped.
MID#3879
The Cuban Navy Department received a report that a ship was torpedoed off the Cuban coast.
However, they were unable to find any supporting confirmation or even identify the ship by the
name given. The NYT dismissed the authenticity of the original report.
B–46
MID#3880
MID#3880 is a declaration of war by Cuba against Germany. This declaration is already part of
MID#3519.
MID#3886
MID#3886 is a double count of MID#1789 which codes a German attack on a Colombian vessel
in 1943 and Colombia’s entry into WWII. This case is actually counted three times in the dataset
(see also, MID#3517). Both MID#3517 and MID#3886 should be dropped.
MID#3903
The US warned Iran that it bore some responsibility for the fate of American hostages in Lebanon
in 1989. There was not a specific threat of military action, and Iran did not respond.
MID#3918
A Sri Lankan soldier accidently fired upon 20-30 Indian “peacekeepers” who were invited into the
country. At least two Sri Lankan and two Indian soldiers were killed in the attack. Because the
firing was accidental, and Indian soldiers were invited into the country, this incident is not a dispute.
From the LA Times:
“A soldier in Sri Lanka mistook Indian peacekeeping troops for rebels and opened
fire, sparking a gun battle that left at least two Sri Lankan soldiers and two Indian
soldiers dead and wounded at least five others, an Indian government spokesman said
Saturday.The clash, which occurred early Friday, was the first of its kind since Indian
troops were sent to Sri Lanka nearly two years ago, but the spokesman called the
incident a mistake and said both countries consider the matter closed.The Sri Lankan
soldier fired on an Indian patrol of between 20 and 30 soldiers passing a remote jungle
camp, setting off a brief fire fight, said the spokesman, who requested anonymity. The
shooting occurred near Vavuniya, about 140 miles northeast of the capital.The exchange
of fire between the two sides “lasted for a short while. It was stopped when the mistake
was realized,” the New Delhi spokesman said. “It was decided to treat the matter as
closed and not to publicize it.”
MID#3951
A French warship fired shots to halt a North Korean freighter, the Sam Il Po, as part of the trade
embargo against Iraq. The ship was eventually boarded and its cargo verified before being allowed
to proceed. There was no protest from North Korea, and the incident lasted less than 24 hours.
MID#4017
This dispute describes a conflict between Italy and Slovenia. Italian officials sent troops to its
border with Slovenia. The Italian government claimed that troops were assembled because of
Serbian threats to retaliate against nations involved in a NATO operation in Bosnia, as well as to
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prevent weapons from being transported from the former Yugoslavia into Italy. This dispute did
not escalate past the fortification of the Italian border and was not directed against Slovenia. The
border fortifications also seem directed at intervention rather than a display of force against Serbia.
MID#4023
The MID narrative for this dispute describes the incident:
“This dispute consists of one incident in which China placed its forces on alert in response to its concern that Taiwan was beginning to increase moves toward independence.
China placed its air, naval, and land forces on alert. This dispute consists of one incident in which China placed its forces on alert in response to its concern that Taiwan
was beginning to increase moves toward independence. China placed its air, naval, and
land forces on alert.”
However, neither the CoW listed sources, nor any other newspaper sources, describe an alert in
January 1993. Relations were tense, and China’s desire to enforce reunification high, but China
was still solidly taking the policy of not striking until Taiwan acted first. Taiwan also arranged to
purchase 150 American F-16 Fighting Falcons and 60 French Mirage 2000-5 fighter planes, but this
was not explicitly directed at China.
MID#4025
According to the Deutsche Presse-Agentur:
“Taiwan admitted Wednesday that one of its coastal police vessels intruded in Japanese
waters on January 8 while pursuing a smuggling vessel. The National Police Administration made the statement in response to the Japanese Maritime Police Agency’s
accusationthat a Taiwanese police vessel invaded Japanese territorial waters and fled
after taking photos of five Japanese fishing boats. ‘The coastal police vessel was chasing
the smuggling vessel in Taiwan waters, then crossed into Japanese waters,’ the statement
said, promising to further investigate the incident.”
There was no Japanese protest of this incident which would be required in this case of an accidental
crossing.
MID#4026
From UPI:
“A Taiwanese lawmaker who was sailing toward a disputed islet in the East China Sea
Friday was turned back byJapanese patrol ships, prompting calls in Taipei for a military
solution to the dispute. Taipei County Council member Chin Chieh-shou and his 18member party were sailing to one of the Diayu islands just 200 kilometers northeast
of Taiwan and 300 kilometers southwest of Okinawa when they were stopped by three
Japanese patrol boats, statetelevision reported. After unfurling Taiwan’s national flag
and burning the flag of the Japanese navy, Chin’s group aboard the Yi Long No. 6
fishing boat was forced to return to Taiwan. The incident was the latest in a string of
failed attempts by Taiwanese civilians to destroy a lighthouse built by the right-wing
Japan Youth Federation on the main islet of Diayu, or Senkaku.”
B–48
The lawmaker was acting as a private citizen and did not represent Taiwan in the incident. This is
not a militarized dispute.
MID#4032
This case began with riots over shops and markets not wanting to accept soldier’s wages paid in new
banknotes. When the violence erupted on January 28, troops were sent immediately on January
29 and 30 to evaluate foreign citizens who were in danger as violence grew. There were deaths in
the dispute, but an official death count of citizens or troops were never confirmed. This dispute
was in the capital of the Republic of Congo, Kinshasa and Zaire. The Republic of Congo allowed a
limited number of French and Belgian troops in to evacuate their citizens. Belgium stated that it
500 paratroopers on standby to help an evacuation, but this was not a threat to use force against
the DRC. Even if a clear threat was ever made, it would not be against the DRC but, rather,
against the rioting soldiers.
MID#4153
This case describes the detention of a Nicaraguan boat by the Salvadoran navy. The lone source
for this possible seizure in Xinhua:
“the bodies of two Nicaraguan naval servicemen who had disappeared in the Pacific
Ocean on March 7 were spotted Friday, one week after the shipwreck, military sources
said today. The other four bodies, already located in the sea, are expected to be
recovered today. The six crew members of the Nicaraguan navy’s rapid boat no. 004
disappeared when they were ordered to assist a Nicaraguan boat. The Nicaraguan boat
was detained by the Salvadoran naval force in the Gulf of Fonseca shared by Nicaragua,
Honduras, and El Salvador. Naval investigations indicated that the incident was caused
by boat engine problems and high waves.”
According to the story, any detention would have had to occur in February, not March. Further,
there is no indication that the detention lasted more than 24 hours. That and the lack of additional
evidence documenting a seizure recommends that this case be dropped.
MID#4163
MID#4163 is a double count of MID#4116. Both involve Togo’s claims of guerilla activity along
its border with Ghana in 1994 and Togo’s subsequent closure of the border.
MID#4178
The CoW narrative provides this description: ”This dispute consists of one incident in which
Chinese border forces shot a Mongolian national that crossed the border into China. Mongolia
protested the incident.”
It is based on one BBC report, which cannot now be found. No other news sources are available
for this incident.
B–49
Subsequent research by CoW found the following:
“MID#4178 is coded as an attack by China against Mongolia, October 10 to October 13,
1999. Source document in Mandarin confirms that Chinese soldiers shot at Mongolians
on Chinese land crossing into Mongolia.” (link)
There are problems with this interpretation. The Mongolians were not official forces—they were
alcohol runners—and were shot on Chinese soil. It cannot be a Chinese attack if the forces were
on Chinese soil. Border violations only involve official forces, too.
MID#4264
An Australian peacekeeping force was sent to East Timor by the UN and was immediately harassed,
and Australian warships and jets were placed on alert. On September 13th 1999, Indonesia said
that they would not allow Australian forces to have a role in the peacekeeping operations in East
Timor. On September 22nd, President Habibie of Indonesia gave a speech to Parliament expressing
that it was necessary to allow foreign troops into East Timor. He added that the government
had no choice, but also that Australia had ‘overreacted and had breached the terms of a defense
agreement.’ Indonesia and Australia were working together, albeit reluctantly on the part of
Indonesia, on peacekeeping operations in East Timor. This is not a militarized dispute. It is a
diplomatic dispute, if anything.
MID#4274
MID#4274 and MID#4215 code two troop alerts by Kuwait in response to Iraqi moves in 1999. The
alerts are ten days apart (in January) and concern the same border issue. These incidents should
be aggregated. We recommend dropping MID#4274 and extending the end date of MID#4215 to
January 21, 1999.
MID#4265
On July 28th 2001, New Zealand peacekeepers exchanged gunfire with suspected militiamen in West
Timor. An Indonesian soldier was shot four times in West Timor, 65 feet from the border with
East Timor. The soldier had fired, was carrying a weapon, and was in civilian clothing not uniform.
The peacekeepers returned the fire and the soldier was killed. The soldier did not represent the
Indonesian government. New Zealand was not attacking Indonesia or its representative.
MID#4270
This MID is the boarding of two Iraqi ships, a tanker and a tug boat, which were suspected of
trying to violated the UN imposed embargo and smuggle oil from the country by the United States
Navy in the Persian Gulf. The Iraqi boats refused to be boarded and navy commandos and Marines
took the boats by force. No shots were fired, although one crew member was hit by a rifle butt
as he resisted the boarding party and three other Iraqis were temporarily handcuffed when they
put up a fight. After it was determined that the boats were not operating in violation of any UN
sanctions because the tanker was carrying water, not oil, they were released. The incident did not
last more than the required 24 hours.
B–50
MID#4311
The Tanzanian military was strengthening its presence along the border but to control the refugee
situation in Burundi. There was also no protest from Burundi’s government. In fact, the Burundian
defense minister commended Tanzania’s actions along the border. This is not a dispute between
the two countries.
MID#4327
This dispute is a double count of MID#4259. The participants, issues, and location of conflict
all overlap, and even the incident data uses much of the same set of incidents to aggregate into a
dispute. MID#4327 should be dropped.
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Appendix C—Cases that should be merged with other disputes
MID#0251
MID#0251 describes an incident on April 9, 1965, in which American and Chinese jet fighters
clashed near Hainan Island, China. One American fighter crashed after accidentally being hit by a
missile from another American plane.
Fighter clashes continued between the two countries but were coded as a separate dispute for
some reason: MID#2929 starts with the shooting down, on October 5, 1965, of an American plane
by Chinese fighters. The participants are the same, the issues are the same, and the location is
consistently near the Vietnamese border. These disputes should be merged. We recommend keeping
MID#2929 because it contains other incidents as well; its beginning date should be changed to April
9, 1965.
MID#0266
MID#0266 should be merged with MID#1706. Both concern a series of border incidents between
France and Tunisia following the latter’s independence and French refusal to abandon its base at
Bizerte. The issues in all incidents are the same, involving the same participants, and fought in
the same general location. CoW source listings confirm this.
MID#1008
Based on JBS coding guidelines and the occurrence of border incidents between Jordan and Israel,
it appears that this MID should be combined with MID#1006 that ends on August 4, 1955. The
end of MID#1006 appears to be a ceasefire agreement, not a formalized end to hostilities (NY
Times, Love 8/5/55). The article reports that Jordan was technically still at war with Israel,
and that a liaison pact had been established to help communication along the border and prevent
clashes along the truce line. MID#1008 is coded to begin on October 17, 1955, but this is less than
three months after the August 5th date. Even if a cease-fire was not established in MID#1006,
Israeli-Jordanian border incidents occurred on 6/23/55 and in mid-September 1955.
This dispute involves a string of hostile border incidents between Israeli and Jordanian forces,
and it also involves diplomatic protests to the Mixed Armistice Commission regarding sabotage
activities from both sides on civilians living near the Israel-Jordan border. On October 17, 1955, a
small border incident was reported in which an Israeli patrol was fired on from Jordanian positions.
Jordan and Israel reportedly negotiated a settlement of their complaints related to this issue, but
in November, Israel issued a strong warning to Jordan over incidents in which Israeli homes were
dynamited by Jordanian infiltrators. Israel said Jordan would face severe repercussions if these
attacks continued. More severe border clashes began to be reported in March 1956, with one on
March 13, 1956 lasting six hours between Israeli and Jordanian forces.
Other fatal clashes and incursions were reported with frequency in April and into August. In
September 1956, Israel staged a raid on a Jordanian border post and killed 19. Other reprisal raids
in October led to 66 deaths, and on October 12, Britain warned Israel that it would honor its
defense pact with Jordan if raids continued. On October 26, 1956, Israel announced that it did not
C–1
want war with Jordan, but that it would do whatever was necessary to defend itself if attacked.
Israel reported border raids from the Jordanian side in mid-November, but news reports indicate
that the Israeli government believed these to be staged by Egypt in an attempt to get Israel to
attack Jordan (essentially they believed it was a passive-aggressive attempt by Egypt to get back
at Jordan for not lending more support during British invasion).
MID#1020
MID#1020 should be merged with MID#1019. Both disputes concern exchanges of fire on the
Israeli-Jordanian border near Jerusalem from August 1963 to September 1965. The last incident
in MID#1019 on 29 October, in which two Israelis were injured after shots by Jordanian forces
across the border, occurs less than three months before the the start of MID#1020. No ceasefire,
withdrawal, or agreement exists in these three months to justify separating these disputes. Since
these disputes are united by participants, issue, and location, we recommend merging MID#1020
with MID#1019 and dropping MID#1020. CoW source listings confirm this assessment.
MID#1134
MID#2112 concerns a series of militarized incidents between Iran and Iraq over the Shatt-al-Arab
waterway. An agreed withdrawal from the disputed territory on 21 May 1974 originally separated these disputes. However, MID#1134 begins less than three months after the withdrawal,
with clashes occurring in the first two weeks of August 1974. Therefore, we recommend folding
MID#1134 into MID#2112 and dropping MID#1134. CoW’s source listings confirm this assessment.
MID#1204
On June 11, 1907, a Nicaraguan warship attacked and captured the Salvadorian port of Acajutla.
Martin contends that it was a few months after this that Honduras joined in the dispute on the
side of Nicaragua. It was then announced on September 24, that Guatemala would support an
uprising in Honduras, and the ouster of puppet President Davila, effectively taking sides with El
Salvador. This is actually an extension of MID#1202. The same issues and participants are involved
(with Guatemala joining in September of 1907), and there is only a two-month gap between the
disputes, with no formal agreement ending the first dispute. This MID#1204 should be dropped
and MID#1202 should be extended.
MID#1211
Bolivia and Paraguay signed a ceasefire on 12 June 1935. The peace talks were scheduled to begin
in August, with both countries ready to compromise. However, cross-border recriminations began
in earnest during this month, culminating in Bolivia threatening to stop demobilization if it didn’t
get its way at the peace conference and Paraguay responding by threatening to militarily help two
Bolivian-controlled territories secede. [Note that the original coding of MIDs had MID#1027 and
MID#1211 as separate disputes because there was thought to be a three-month period of inactivity
following the June 12th cease-fire, with the new dispute beginning three days after the 3-month rule
came into effect. However, Bolivia’s threat to use force and especially Paraguay’s open threat to use
C–2
military force against Bolivian territory, both in August, extend the original dispute (MID#1027)
and force the deletion of the separate incident (MID#1211).]
The peace talks included agreements for a prisoner release and both countries demobilizing
their militaries to a population of 5,000 each. Paraguay held 17,000 Bolivian POWs to the 2,500
Paraguayans held by Bolivia. Paraguay announced that it would release a certain number of
prisoners as a quid pro quo with Bolivia and then release the rest once the peace agreement had
been signed by Bolivia. Also, Paraguay refused to put the issue of a claim of ownership by Bolivia
of a port on the River Paraguay on the table during the talks. Outraged, Bolivia threatened
to suspend its demobilization efforts unless Paraguay released the Bolivian POWs immediately.
Paraguay refused and in response actually mobilized its 18-21 year olds on September 15, 1935.
[This was originally the start of MID#1211.]
On October 5, Bolivian officers were returned by Paraguay, and October 7, 1935, the neutral
military mission returned from the Chaco to announce that both countries militaries had been
successfully demilitarized down to 5,000 each. [The original coding had an end date of October -9,
1935.]
MID#1216
We recommend merging MID#1216 with MID#1213 and dropping MID#1216. CoW’s source listings confirm this assessment. Both disputes concern allied United States and South Vietnamese
attacks and incursions into Cambodian territory during the backdrop of the Vietnam War. Originally, these disputes, as well as MID#1217, were separated by 6-month counts. MID#1216 also
added the participants of China and Thailand. However, both China and Thailand should be
dropped as participants from the incidents in MID#1216. China’s coded threat to use force was
too vague to be considered a militarized action. People’s Daily made a more aggressive statement:
“the Chinese people will firmly support the Cambodian people to utterly defeat the U.S. aggressors.” The actual Chinese government’s statement read, “The Chinese Government and people
resolutely support this solemn stand [of the Royal Government of Cambodia against the United
States].” There is no evidence that Thailand was working with the U.S. and South Vietnam at this
time, though Cambodia accused the U.S. of provoking Thai incursions. Incidents between Thailand
and Cambodia are actually part of MID#1229.
MID#1213 ends on 24 October 1964 with Cambodia alleging and attack by U.S. and South
Vietnamese forces on Anlong Kres. On 25 December 1964, Cambodia protested a South Vietnamese
attack (including the participation of one American soldier) on Sctaum. On 9 August 1965, Cambodia issued a clear threat to use force in response to vague threats by South Vietnam. MID#1216,
as originally coded, lasts from 12/26/1965 to 2/18/1966. On 1 May 1966, the U.S. pursued and
attacked Viet Cong forces in Cambodia territory. Cambodia protested. On 20 September 1966,
Cambodia accused the U.S. of another attack on Cambodian territory. MID#1217 begins on 1
February 1967 when Cambodia alleged an attack by 100 U.S. and South Vietnamese troops. These
incidents connect disputes MID#1213, MID#1216, and MID#1217.
C–3
MID#1217
We recommend merging MID#1217 with MID#1213 and dropping MID#1217. CoW’s source listings confirm this assessment. Both disputes concern allied United States and South Vietnamese
attacks and incursions into Cambodian territory during the backdrop of the Vietnam War. Originally, these disputes, as well as MID#1216, were separated by 6-month counts. MID#1217 also
added South Korea as a participant. However, South Korea should be dropped from the incidents
in MID#1217. There is no evidence the South Korea carried out an attack against Cambodia in
February 1967, much less in an allied action with the U.S. and South Vietnam.
MID#1213 ends on 24 October 1964 with Cambodia alleging and attack by U.S. and South
Vietnamese forces on Anlong Kres. On 25 December 1964, Cambodia protested a South Vietnamese
attack (including the participation of one American soldier) on Sctaum. On 9 August 1965, Cambodia issued a clear threat to use force in response to vague threats by South Vietnam. MID#1216,
as originally coded, lasts from 12/26/1965 to 2/18/1966. On 1 May 1966, the U.S. pursued and
attacked Viet Cong forces in Cambodia territory. Cambodia protested. On 20 September 1966,
Cambodia accused the U.S. of another attack on Cambodian territory. MID#1217 begins on 1
February 1967 when Cambodia alleged an attack by 100 U.S. and South Vietnamese troops. These
incidents connect disputes MID#1213, MID#1216, and MID#1217.
MID#1315
There are three disputes between India and Pakistan in 1964 and 1965 that need to be combined
into one larger dispute. The issues are the same (Kashmir), the actors are the same (India and
Pakistan), no formal agreements were respected for enough time to warrant different disputes,
and continuous militarized incidents occurred, obviating the need for a six-month rule delimiter of
dispute ending. This narrative keeps MID#1312 since it is most likely the Second Kashmiri War,
and the two other MIDs (MID#1315 and MID#1316) should be dropped. Note that MID#1317
overlaps temporally, with the same actors, but the dispute concerns the Indian/East Pakistani
border and is, therefore, a separate dispute.
In January 1964, Pakistan brought the unsettled Kashmir question before the UN Security
Council again. Pakistan wanted to have Kashmiris vote to resolve the issue of state allegiance (as
had been put forth by the UN several times), but which India had rejected saying that Kashmir had
acceded to Indian control in 1947. Various clashes began on February 21 (MID#1316). Pakistan
wanted to mediate the dispute, but India rejected the idea and called for negotiations without
third-party intervention. The UN Council called for more Pakistani and Indian talks on the issue
in May 1964. Shortly after this announcement, on May 19, 1964, Indian troops reportedly killed
four civilians across the Pakistani border. Pakistan appealed this incident before the UN. Top state
leaders were scheduled to meet in late May 1964, but these talks were cancelled upon the death
of Prime Minister Nehru of India. Indian troops were reported to have killed numerous civilians
during June of 1964, and Pakistan officially denounced India on these border violations in late July
1964 (Pakistan Scores India, 7/29/64). Deadly clashes took place from the summer of 1964 through
the summer of 1965.
MID#1312 is the Second Kashmir War. On 30 June 1965 India and Pakistan signed a ceasefire in
the Rann of Kutch dispute, after which Pakistani President Ayub Khan warned India that another
C–4
MID would escalate to total war. Indian Prime Minister Shastri encountered some resistance to
this agreement in the parliament, with some members calling for a similar warning for Pakistan.
Moreover, the ceasefire reminded many Indians, including Cabinet ministers, of their 1962 border
conflict with China, which dented Indian prestige (Lamb, 1967, 117-118). On 31 March 1965 Sheik
Abdullah, a Kashmiri political leader, met with Chinese Premier Chou Enlai. They discussed
the Kashmir question, then Abdullah accepted an invitation to visit China in the future. Indian
authorities arrested Abdullah upon his return on 8 May. Riots and non-violent protests broke
out in Indian Kashmir. Mujahedin began to cross the ceasefire line from Azad Kashmir. On 19
May Indian and Pakistani troops clashed at the border. Meanwhile, the mujahedin engaged in
sabotage and hit-and-run attacks in Indian Kashmir. The leaders of both countries appeared to
have little latitude in dealing with the crisis. Pakistanis wanted to support the rebels in Indian
Kashmir, especially in light of the progress the mujahedin had seemingly made since 1947, and
Shastri already smarted from the lashing he took from the ceasefire agreement for the Rann of
Kutch. Then it comes as no surprise that the dispute escalated. On 25 August thousands of Indian
troops crossed the ceasefire line to cut the infiltration of mujahedin.
On 4 September the UN passed Resolution 209, which called for a ceasefire, but India declined.
Also, the Soviets offered to mediate the dispute, but both disputants declined. On 6 September
Indian forces launched an offensive toward Lahore, and the UN once again called on both parties
to cease fire in Resolution 210. On 8 September the US announced it would stop supplying India
and Pakistan with military equipment, which burdened Pakistan more because the US was its
sole supplier. On 20 September the UN Security Council demanded a ceasefire and a return to
pre-war positions (Resolution 211). Pakistan was running out of ammunition, and India agreed
when China made a threat over the India-China border dispute. The two sides stopped firing on 23
September, but they did not fully implement the ceasefire (which is listed as MID#1315). Troops
from both sides remained in the other’s territory and continued to clash. In addition, Pakistan
threatened to leave the UN unless the fundamental issue of sovereignty in Kashmir was addressed.
In January 1966 Indian Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri and Pakistani President Ayub Khan
met at Tashkent for mediation from Soviet Premier Alexei Kosygin. On 10 January the participants
signed the Declaration of Tashkent. On 22 January 1966 their army chiefs met at New Delhi and
agreed to begin a 1000-yard withdrawal.
MID#1315 should merge with MID#1312, Ceasefire Violations. Although India and Pakistan
signed a ceasefire on 23 September, “the ceasefire line separating the two armies continued for
several months more to be the scene of continual incidents which served to keep alive the tensions
which had resulted in the September crisis” (Lamb, 1967, 130; also see Keesings 1965, 21103).
Because some of these incidents occurred within thirty days of the ceasefire agreement – which the
MID data seem to recognize because MID#1315 begins the same day MID#1312 ends – and the
same issue (Kashmir) was at the heart of both, one MID did not end and another begin; rather,
the same MID continued.
MID#1316
See drop narrative for MID#1315.
C–5
MID#1349
Continuous action and the same issue links a series of seizures and conflicts between Japan and
South Korea (MID#1347, MID#1349, MID#2839, MID#2874, MID#2889, MID#2895, MID#2905,
and MID#3310). MID#1347 is recoded, and the remaining disputes should be dropped. Note that
the following is an abridged list of incidents:
• On January 1, 1958 (MID#1347): South Korea seized Japanese fishing boats through February 12, 1959.
• On February 14, 1959 (MID#2838): South Korea was greatly angered by Japans plan to
repatriate Koreans in Japan to North Korea. The South Korean government hinted that it
might intercept the transport ships. No specific threat was made, and there is no evidence
that the South Koreans put their military on alert.
• On June 11, 1959 (MID#1349), South Korea warned Japan that it had suspended permits
between the two countries due to a Japanese agreement with North Korea.
• On November 15, 1959 (MID#2839), a Japanese fishing boat inside of the disputed waters
claimed by South Korea, was fired upon by a South Korean patrol boat.
• On February 12, 1960, a Japanese fishing boat was sunk, and its crew was seized. On March
7th, Japan lodged its second protest, demanded an apology, the return of the captured crew,
and compensation for the damage.
• On May 8, 1960 (MID#2874), A South Korean patrol boat fired on two Japanese fishing
boats.
• On November 2, 1960, there was a small arms attack on a Japanese boat.
• On August 22, 1961, a 99 ton Japanese fishing boat and its crew of 14 were seized by a South
Korean patrol boat in the Japan Sea near the Rhe line. South Korea claims this to be the
limit of their territorial waters and Japan does not recognize this line. This was the 7th
seizure of this kind since January.
• On October 29, 1961 (MID#3310), a South Korean patrol boat fired on and captured a
Japanese fishing boat within Japanese territorial waters. This was reported to have been the
twelfth South Korean seizure of a Japanese fishing boat since January.
• On January 15, 1962, a South Korean patrol boat fired on a Japanese patrol boat. The Korea
boat chased the Japanese boat for an hour and a half, but there were no casualties.
• On May 13, 1962 (MID#2889), The South Korean Navy seized three Japanese fishing boats
for violating territorial waters.
• On October 15, 1962, two South Korean patrol boats seized a Japanese fishing vessel, the
Shotoku Maru.
• In January, 1962, several Japanese fishing boats seized by South Korean patrols.
• On June 19, 1963, South Korea released 42 captured Japanese fishermen and five detained
vessels. All had recently been seized for trespassing South Koreas fishing demarcation line.
South Korea hoped this would normalize relations between the two countries.
C–6
• On September 27, 1963 (MID#2895), Japan protested the South Korean seizure of the
Japanese fishing boat, Number One Fukuho Maru, and its 34 crew members which occurred
that same morning.
• On January 29, 1964 (MID#2905): A South Korean patrol boat attacked and seized a
Japanese fishing boat.
MID#1379
MID#1379 and MID#2189 should be merged with MID#2188. MID#2188 documents a continuous series of incidents violating the 1953 armistice agreement between North and South Korea.
The conflict includes attacks, border violations, and airspace violations across the demilitarizarized
zone involving North Korea, South Korea, and US-led troops as part of the UN command. Originally, these disputes were separated by 6-month counts. However, the dates for MID#2188 and
MID#2189 are connected by less than 6 months, and two North Korean-alleged airspace violations by the UN command in the few weeks leading up to 12 May 1964 connect MID#2189 and
MID#1379 by less than 6 months. Therefore, we recommend merging MID#2189 and MID#1379
with MID#2188. CoW’s source listings confirm this assessment.
MID#1421
MID#1421 should be merged with MID#1423. Both disputes concern militarized incidents along
the Ethiopia-Somalia border following British Somaliland’s independence and unification with Somalia in June 1960. MID#1423 is an Ethiopian attack on a Somali patrol along the border, and
Somalia’s subsequent border reinforcements. Less than 6 months later, a series of incidents along
the border continued the conflict (originally, MID#1421). As these disputes are connected by participants, issue, and location, we recommend merging MID#1421 with MID#1423 and dropping
MID#1421. CoW’s source listings confirm this assessment
MID#1467
This MID covers the same issue and has the same disputants as MID#1316. These clashes are part
of the longer dispute between Pakistan and India.
MID#1523
MID#1523 is connected to MID#1506 and should be considered an extension of it. The issues
are the same—how to deal with the overthrown Ecuadorian president, Juan Jose Flores, and the
effects the regime change and Flores had on the region. The actors are the same, with Venzuela, a
joiner in MID#1506 with a show of force, remaining a joiner to the overall dispute of Peru versus
Colombia and Chile, and the location of the disputes are the same. (Note that the originally coding
of MID#1523 also incorrectly labeled the dispute as Peru versus Chile and Colombia. Chile was
suspicious of Peru’s support of Flores, but Colombia was declaring war on the other two countries
and Chile backed Peru.)
C–7
MID#1506 should have the following two changes:
• New start date for Peru, Colombia, and Chile is 4/13/1852.
• The end date should correspond with the negotiated settlement (3/16/1853)
MID#1617
MID#1617 should be merged with MID#1360. Both disputes concern Cambodian protests of incursions, clashes, and occupations of Cambodian territory led by North Vietnamese forces. The
initiating incident of MID#1617 (a clash on 3/15/1970) occurs less than 6 months from the last
incident of MID#1360 on 10/16/1970, with no agreement in between these dates. As these disputes are connection by participants, issue, and location, we recommend merging MID#1617 with
MID#1360 and dropping MID#1617. CoW’s source listings confirm this assessment.
MID#1624
This dispute occurred on February 14, 1842. The incidents within this dispute are within the
six-month window of the prior dispute between Britain and Brazil, which was originally coded as
ending on August 29, 1841. All incidents concern attempts by both states to occupy the Pirara
region between British Guiana and Brazil.
MID#2004
We recommend connecting MID#2004 with MID#1764. Both are over the same issue of Italian
national Ernesto Cerruti’s arrest in Colombia. The earlier justification for separating MID#1764
from MID#2004 hinges on a negotiated settlement concluding MID#1764 being separated from
the onset of MID#2004 by more than one month. This does not hold upon further review.
MID#1764 ends with an agreement that Colombia would allow Cerruti to board the Flavio
Gioia (an Italian warship dispatched to the area) and communicate his full story to the Italian commander on the condition that the Italian commander would return Cerruti to mainland
Colombia. Colombia, in turn, would further permit Cerruti to wander the streets peacefully while
his conspiracy case was ongoing. Cerruti was to not break any additional laws. In short, Italy
guaranteed him bail. This was accepted July 8th.
August 5th, Cerruti is arrested again and Italy renews its show of force with the Flavio Gioia.
The negotiated bail did not end MID#1764. This information was gathered from Paul Bureau’s
(1896, 23-24) book that was available to us but apparently unknown to CoW. MID#2004 should
be connected with MID#1764.
MID#2028
MID#2028 is actually part of MID#2030. MID#2028 codes a Laotian attack on two patrol boats
on the Thai side of the Mekong River, as well as the seizure of two patrol guards near the Mekong
River. The incidents were a response to a blockade issued by Thailand to protest the new Laotian
government, put in place from a coup on August 9, 1960. This is also the issue surrounding
C–8
MID#2030, which concludes with the announcement that Thailand would end its blockade. Since
the same participants were involved in the incidents of both disputes, and both concerned the Thai
blockade following Laos’ coup, MID#2028 should be dropped.
MID#2073
MID#2073 refers to several Ethiopian air raids on Somalian towns, beginning on 30 January 1984.
There was an ongoing dispute between Somalia and Ethiopia over the Ogaden region. The final raid
occurred on 25 May 1984. This dispute is really an extension of MID#2072, which was originally
coded as ending on August 13, 1983. The six-month rule requires that this dispute be dropped and
the termination date of MID#2072 be amended to include these actions.
MID#2084
MID#2084 refers to the Chilean arrest of two Argentine officers on suspicion of actions “against
national security” on 25 April 1981. They were released in June, 1981.
This event occurs less than five months prior to MID#2085, over the same disputed issues—the
borders between Chile and Argentina. MID#2085 also details several border violations and arrests
by both sides. We see no rationale supporting a separate dispute here and suggest merging this
dispute with MID#2085 and changing the start date of that dispute to incorporate this case.
MID#2094
MID#2094 should be merged with MID#0199 (the Sino-Indian War). The Sino-Indian War is
coded as ending with a ceasefire on 21 November 1962, providing also the end date for MID#0199.
However, there was no formal agreement, and incidents concerning the same Himalayan border
dispute driving the war occurred within 3 months (MID#2094). Since these disputes are connected
by participants, location, and issue, and the incidents occurred within three months of the ceasefire,
we recommend merging MID#2094 with MID#0199 and dropping MID#2094. CoW’s source
listings confirm this assessment.
MID#2114
This dispute should be combined with MID#2115, the Iran-Iraq War. Escalaiton to war occurred
less than six months after this dispute, there was no formal settlement, and the border issues
were the same between these two countries. Abdulghani reports that Iran and Iraq returned to
cold war relations after the fall of the Shah in Iran. While Iraq initially tried to make friendly
diplomatic gestures towards the new regime, relations between the two states quickly deteriorated
in the spring of 1979. Abdulghani reports that both governments accused the other of 500-600
territorial violations between February 1979 and September 1980 (p. 200-201), and he notes that
“a war of inflammatory words” erupted between both sides shortly after the establishment of the
Islamic Republic in Iran. While no reports by the NY Times or London Times were found related
to militarized incidents between Iran and Iraq from Feb. 1979 to June 1979, Keesing’s (June 1980)
notes that it was widely believed that Iraq was providing substantial arms to Arab rebels inside
C–9
Iran who were fighting the Revolutionary Guard. Keesing’s goes on to state that this support led
to border clashes in early 1980.
Keesings’ (August 1981) also reports that as early as February 1979, Iraq had been voicing
discontent with the Algiers Accord signed by both countries in 1975 (defining the countries’ borders
along the Shatt al-Arab waterway), and that the country’s dissatisfaction with Iran was aggravated
by the latter’s internal upheaval. It seems that Iraq wanted to address the issue immediately,
but Iran was concerned more with quelling domestic unrest and establishing the Islamic Republic.
The New York Times reports that in June 1979, Iran charged that Iraq had conducted an air
attack on its territory twice that month and warned that it would take necessary measures to
prevent other attacks. The NY Times also reports other border clashes beginning in October 1979
and lasting through April 1980. In February 1980, Iraq called for border revisions again, although
Hussein maintained that he did not have territorial ambitions inside Iran. He wanted Iranian forces
to withdraw from three disputed islands in the Shatt al-Arab waters. In March 1980, diplomatic
relations between the two sides were reported to have deteriorated significantly. Abdulghani reports
that June-September 1980 saw intensified and more frequent border clashes with heavy artillery
and a reported 14 repelled Iranian attacks into Iraqi border towns. He goes on to report that a
full-scale war had begun between the two sides on September 22, 1980 (p. 204), and it appears that
this escalation to war ends the dispute on this date. The original CoW coding for MID#2115 lists
the beginning of the 8-year Iran-Iraq war to begin on August 27, 1980, but most sources indicate
that fighting escalated to war in mid-September.
The War (MID#2115) was fought over contested territory, specifically the Shatt al-Arab and
Khuzestan bounded by the Khorramshahr-Ahvaz-Susangerd-Messian line. On 22 September 1980
Iraq invaded Iran, and on 23 September Iran bombed Iraqi air bases. The UN offered its first
resolution calling for a ceasefire on 28 September 1980 (479). Iraq gained momentum, driving
Iran toward the border. Iraq fortified the Iranian city of Khorramshahr, but on 9 June 1982 Iran
seized control; Iraq subsequently implemented a unilateral ceasefire and withdrew from 5500 square
kilometers of Iranian territory. Iran wanted to see Saddam Hussein gone, so it continued the fight.
However, it got bogged down trying to cut Basra off. In 1983 Iran began to use human waves to
attack Iraq, and Iraq used mustard gas against Iranian troops. In 1984 ships, including oil tankers,
were attacked in the Gulf. In February 1986 Iran captured al-Faw and held it for two years. Iran
lost the territory it had gained by the summer. On 20 July Iran and Iraq accepted a ceasefire as
demanded by UN Resolution 598. The ceasefire went into effect on 20 August 1988.
MID#2183
MID#2183 should be merged with MID#0136. The issue in both disputes concerns tensions between the United States and Mexico after General Huerta seized power in a coup d’etat in February
1913. Temporally, MID#0136 overlaps with the end of MID#2183. Therefore, we recommend
merging MID#2183 with MID#0136 and dropping MID#2183. CoW’s source listings confirm this
assessment.
MID#2189
MID#2189 should be merged with MID#2188. Originally, these disputes seem to have been separated by a 6-month count. However, the actual dates connect these disputes by just under 6 months,
C–10
with MID#2188 ending on 11/20/1962 and MID#2189 beginning on 5/17/1963. As both disputes
concern incidents of clashes between the U.S. (and South Korea) and North Korea related to the
demilitarized zone following the Korean War, we recommend merging MID#2189 with MID#2188
and dropping MID#2189. CoW’s source listings confirm this assessment.
MID#2190
MID#2190 should actually be incorporated into MID#1379, which was originally coded as ending
on October 19, 1969. The start of this incident, over the same issue as MID#1379, is March 13,
1970, less than six months later. The United States joins MID#1379 on 11/25/1964.
MID#2210
MID#2210 is an extension of MID#2209 and should be dropped. MID#2210 begins on May 5,
1927), less than two months after the end date of MID#2209 (April 3, 1927). The incidents involve
the same participants (China and Japan), and all incidents concern Japanese involvement in the
Shandong province of China following Chinese targeting of Japanese nationals.
MID#2209 should be changed to have an end date of August 30, 1927. Its outcome should be
stalemate, and its settlement should be none.
MID#2213
MID#2213 is a bilateral dispute between China and Russia in June of 1935. It is actually an
extension of MID#2212, which is coded as ending three days prior to the start of this dispute.
We recommend dropping this case because the original coders likely separated the militarized incidents following an agreement to end the dispute that was made on June 9, 1935. MID#2212
is coded as ending June 10th, and MID#2213 is coded as beginning on June 13th. In actuality, the agreement was signed by Chinese authorities on July 6th, which should mark the end of
MID#2212. MID#2213 concerns the same participants, issues, and location (control of Manchuria)
as MID#2212 and, therefore, should be dropped.
A separate dispute between Japan and China follows in November (MID#0616), after the
signing of the agreement to Japan’s demands.
MID#2243
We argue MID#2243 is actually part of MID#1623 and that MID#1623 was erroneously coded as
ending with a negotiated settlement because the MID in the data set that followed it was concluded
with negotiation.
MID#2243 is actually part of MID#1623. Joseph Russell, the British proconsul to Panama, was
attacked in a crowded city street by a local named Justo Paredes, apparently following a dispute.
To defend himself, Mr. Russell unsheathed his concealed sword-cane and began to repel Paredes.
He succeeded in his defense but was badly wounded himself. He was taken, under military guard,
to a hospital. However, Russell was arrested and imprisoned under a charge of “premeditated
C–11
assassination” brought forward by Paredes (MID#1623). Since the charge of assassination lacked
credibility, the local court instead convicted him of violating an archaic 1761 Spanish conceal-carry
statute and sentenced Russell to six years in jail. On August 31 (and again on November 28) Lord
Palmerston threatened Colombia, demanding immediate release of Russell, the sacking of all local
authorities involved with his trial and imprisonment, an apology and 1000 pound sterling. The
Granadians (Colombians) refused and Cartagena was blockaded on January 10, 1837 as a result
(it was declared official 10 days later) (MID#2243). On January 4th, 1837, Russell was released
after the Granadian Supreme Court referred the case back to the Court of First Instance, which
found that the consul could not be tried. The 1000 pounds sterling was also paid. Britain ended
its blockade on January 31 and released all ships it had detained in the process.
Justification for separating MID#2243 from MID#1623 hinges on a negotiated settlement in
MID#1623. This did not happen. Our review of the British Foreign Office papers allowed for a
more comprehensive timeline on this issue than one would gather from using just the one source
that CoW says it used.
• 01/20/1836: Russell and Paredes get into that fight, badly injuring both men.
• 01/31/1836: Russell tells Palmerston of his ordeal. Palmerston sends a new consul, Thomas
Turner, to Panama while Russell recovers.
• 03/01/1836: Turner arrives in Panama and sees that a Colombian military force had occupied
the consulate.
• 03/03/1836: An alcalde (or “mayor” in this context) seizes the consulate outright, seals it
up, and removes the British seal. A Panamanian judge upheld it and the regional governor
affirmed it as well.
• 05/20/1836: Russell loses his court case on that aforementioned technicality.
• 08/31/1836: Palmerston threatens Colombia.
The dispute continues from there, though this timeline underscores our argument that MID#1623
and MID#2243 are not separate disputes. There was no negotiation to conclude MID#1623.
MID#2340
MID#2340 was originally coded as Nicaraguan troops moving into Costa Rican territory and taking
“strategic frontier positions” to prevent the civil war from spilling over into Nicaragua. Costa
Rica later reinforced its troops on the border after a Nicaraguan National Guard plane entered
Costa Rican airspace (on 5/31). Border events continued over the summer of 1948 as Nicaragua
seized (and released) Costa Rican planes and both states fortified their border (in October). The
original six-month count that ended on May 31, 1948, should be extended past October. Since
MID#2339 was originally coded as beginning on December 11, 1948, when Nicaraguan troops and
Nicaraguan-backed insurgents invaded Costa Rica, the two disputes should be merged into one
dispute. Therefore, we extended MID#2339’s start date to 4/19/1948 and coded its end date as
2/21/1949, when both states signed the Pact of Amity in Washington, DC.
C–12
MID#2362
MID#1109 concerns a series of militarized incidents including Egyptian attacks into Saudi Arabian
territory surrounding Najran on the Yemeni-Saudi border. Amid civil unrest in Yemen, Egypt
supported the Republican forces in Yemen, while Saudi Arabia supported the Royalists. Originally,
these disputes were separated by participants, with MID#2362 only involving Egypt and Saudi
Arabia. (MID#1109 also includes Yemen.) However, both disputes concern the same issue, and
the incident that coincides with the end date of MID#1109 on 14 May 1967 duplicates the incident
for MID#2362. As these dispute are connected by participants, issue, and location, we recommend
folding MID#2362 into MID#1109 and dropping MID#2362. CoW’s source listings confirm this
assessment. Yemen remains a joiner to MID#1109.
MID#2595
MID#2595 should be merged with MID#2584. Both disputes concern Iraqi attacks on Cypriot
shipping vessels during the Tanker War. Originally, these disputes were separated by a 6-month gap.
However, an incident on 6 May 1986 in which Iraqi forces attacked the Cypriot tanker, the Superior,
connects these disputes by less than 6 months. Therefore, we recommend merging MID#2595 with
MID#2584 and dropping MID#2595. CoW’s source listings confirm this assessment.
MID#2617
MID#2617 should be merged with MID#1362, which is coded as ending fourteen days earlier. Both
cases concern a rivalry between the minority-led Tutsi government of Burundi and Hutu rebels and
refugees, allegedly acting with the support of the Tanzanian and Rwandan governments. Between
15 March and 22 July 1973, several confirmed reports of clashes between Burundi and Tanzanian
troops occurred along the border. In May 1973, according to the Africa Contemporary Record,
Burundi also alleged that Rwanda had directly provoked Hutu rebels by amassing troops along the
border and was working in concert with Tanzania. However, Rwanda had no additional militarized
incidents in the conflict. The dispute ended on 22 July 1973. when Burundi and Tanzania issued
a joint communiqu. Burundi accepted responsibility for an incident on 29 June 1973 and agreed
to pay indemnities, while Tanzania withdrew its protest against Rwanda and agreed to re-open its
borders. Since these disputes are connected by participants, location, and issue, we recommend
merging these two and dropping MID#2617.
MID#2624
MID#2624 should be folded into MID#1229, as the same participants, locations, and issues are
driving both disputes. MID#2624 concerns allegations that Cambodia had attacked and seized
a fishing boat in Thai territorial waters in the Gulf of Siam. While on the surface this could
be considered an isolated incident, Cambodia responded directly to Thailand’s allegations with
its own accusations that Thai forces had attacked border guards in Siemreap Province. Given
the contemporary border dispute between the two states captured in MID#1229, coupled with
the Cambodian government’s counter-allegations regarding incidents described in MID#1229, the
incidents of MID#2624 seem directly related to the ongoing dispute. A review of CoW’s listed
sources corroborates this assessment.
C–13
MID#2628
MID#2628 should be merged with MID#1302. All incidents concern the disputed borders between
India and East/West Pakistan. The first set of incidents in MID#1302 concludes with a ceasefire
on August 26, 1958, followed by a formal agreement on September 11th that resolved 8 of the 15
disputed territories. Some conditions of the agreement regarded the Bengali region of Assam on
the East Pakistani border, though this portion of the dispute was not entirely resolved. Less than 3
months after the ceasefire and subsequent agreement, the Bengali-East Pakistan border became the
site of the Pakistani raid into Indian territory on November 10th which begin MID#2628. Subsequent incidents took place in other locations along the disputed border discussed in the September
11th agreement. As these disputes are connected by participants, location, and common territorial
issue, and MID#2628 begins less than three months after the ceasefire which ends MID#1302, we
recommend merging these disputes.
MID#2709
MID#0343 concerns militarized incidents between the Soviet Union and China during China’s Cultural Revolution. Incidents include border fortifications, shows of force, and clashes. MID#2709,
from 1/26/1967 - 2/12/1967, also applies to the ongoing issues in MID#343 and occurs within its
temporal domain. As these disputes are connected by participants, location, and issue, we recommend folding MID#2709 into MID#0343 and dropping MID#2709. CoW’s source listings confirm
this assessment.
MID#2766
MID#2766 should be merged with MID#2823. Though MID#2766 concerns more specifically a
French threat to use force against Iran, rather than the explicit Iranian attack on French tankers
during the Tanker War, the threat clearly followed Iran’s attacks on merchant vessels during the
Tanker War. The threat comes five months after the last incident of Iranian attacks on Frenchflagged merchant vessels during the Tanker War, and thus may be considered a response to the
same issue. As these disputes are united by participants, issue, and location in the Persian Gulf, we
recommend merging MID#2766 with MID#2823 and dropping MID#2766. CoW source listings
confirm this assessment.
MID#2797
MID#2797 should be merged with MID#2594. Both disputes concern militarized incidents between
Iran and Kuwait regarding Iranian attacks on Kuwaiti oil fleets. Originally, these disputes were
separated by a 6-month count. However, the attack on a Kuwaiti oil tanker on 22 October 1986
in MID#2594 occurs less than 6 months before the start of MID#2797. MID#2797 begins on 11
May 1987, with another Iranian attack on Kuwaiti oil tanker, and continues with Iran’s militarized
responses to Kuwait seeking US and Soviet protections of its oil fleets. Since these disputes are
connected by participants, issue, and location, we recommend merging MID#2797 with MID#2594
and dropping MID#2797. CoW’s source listings confirm this assessment.
C–14
MID#2839
Continuous action and the same issue links a series of seizures and conflicts between Japan and
South Korea (MID#1347, MID#1349, MID#2839, MID#2874, MID#2889, MID#2895, MID#2905,
and MID#3310). MID#1347 is recoded, and the remaining disputes should be dropped. See the
drop recommendation for MID#1349 for an abridged list of incidents linking each of the MIDs into
one, longer dispute.
MID#2844
MID#2844 should be merged with MID#3218. Both disputes concern British violations of Saudi
Arabian airspace during the same three-month period. As the same participants, issue, and location
are present, we recommend merging MID#2844 with MID#3218 and dropping MID#2844. CoW’s
source listings confirm this assessment.
MID#2874
Continuous action and the same issue links a series of seizures and conflicts between Japan and
South Korea (MID#1347, MID#1349, MID#2839, MID#2874, MID#2889, MID#2895, MID#2905,
and MID#3310). MID#1347 is recoded, and the remaining disputes should be dropped. See the
drop recommendation for MID#1349 for an abridged list of incidents linking each of the MIDs into
one, longer dispute.
MID#2889
Continuous action and the same issue links a series of seizures and conflicts between Japan and
South Korea (MID#1347, MID#1349, MID#2839, MID#2874, MID#2889, MID#2895, MID#2905,
and MID#3310). MID#1347 is recoded, and the remaining disputes should be dropped. See the
drop recommendation for MID#1349 for an abridged list of incidents linking each of the MIDs into
one, longer dispute.
MID#2895
Continuous action and the same issue links a series of seizures and conflicts between Japan and
South Korea (MID#1347, MID#1349, MID#2839, MID#2874, MID#2889, MID#2895, MID#2905,
and MID#3310). MID#1347 is recoded, and the remaining disputes should be dropped. See the
drop recommendation for MID#1349 for an abridged list of incidents linking each of the MIDs into
one, longer dispute.
MID#2905
Continuous action and the same issue links a series of seizures and conflicts between Japan and
South Korea (MID#1347, MID#1349, MID#2839, MID#2874, MID#2889, MID#2895, MID#2905,
and MID#3310). MID#1347 is recoded, and the remaining disputes should be dropped. See the
drop recommendation for MID#1349 for an abridged list of incidents linking each of the MIDs into
one, longer dispute.
C–15
MID#2941
MID#2941 overlaps temporally, and both concern clashes and border incursions between the U.S.
(and South Korea) and North Korea in the demilitarized zone following the Korean War. Therefore,
we recommend merging MID#2941 with MID#1379 and dropping MID#2941. CoW’s source
listings confirm this assessment.
MID#2943
MID#2943 refers to the detainment of two US ships by Cuba beginning 5 December 1971 near the
Bahamas. Castro claimed the captains of these ships were participants in counter-revolutionary
activities. The ships were held, but the crew was released 27 December 1971.
This dispute occurs five months after the US seizure of Cuban fishing vessels and represents
a response to that dispute (MID#2946). The participants and issues are the same, and the two
disputes should be combined. We recommend dropping MID#2943 and extending the end date of
MID#2946 to December 27, 1971.
MID#2979
MID#2979 should be merged with MID#2971. Both disputes concern North Korean-alleged
airspace violations by U.S. reconnaissance planes and are connected by less than 6 months, with
MID#2971 ending on 8/14/1981 and MID#2979 beginning on 1/9/1982.Therefore, we recommend
merging MID#2979 with MID#2971 and dropping MID#2979. CoW’s source listings confirm this
assessment.
MID#2993
MID#2993 is a continuation of MID#0409, both of which describe (maritime) territorial divisions
between Japan and the Soviet Union. MID#0409 codes Soviet harassment of Manchurian and
Japanese boats on the Amur River that escalated to clashes between the two militaries after the
Soviets occupied two islands on the river. After the USSR withdrew its troops, Japan withdrew
its own. These incidents were followed by the Soviets seizing ships at the mouth of the same river.
The last seizure in this dispute took place on September 11, 1937.
MID#2993 should be dropped, and MID#0409 should end on September 11, 1937, with an
outcome of stalemate.
MID#3124
MID#1333 concerns ongoing incursions and attacks by the Rhodesian (Zimbabwean) government
into Botswana amid civil conflict in Rhodesia. Rhodesia alleged that Botswana had housed and
supported Rhodesian nationalist forces fighting against white minority rule. MID#3124 is an incident in September 1977, within the temporal domain of MID#1333, in which Rhodesian forces
attacked a village in Botswana’s Pandamatenga territory on the Rhodesia-Botswana border regarded by Rhodesia as a central infiltration point for nationalist insurgents. As these disputes are
connected by participants, issue, and location, we recommend folding MID#3124 into MID#1333
and dropping MID#3124. CoW’s source listings confirm this assessment.
C–16
MID#3310
Continuous action and the same issue links a series of seizures and conflicts between Japan and
South Korea (MID#1347, MID#1349, MID#2839, MID#2874, MID#2889, MID#2895, MID#2905,
and MID#3310). MID#1347 is recoded, and the remaining disputes should be dropped. See the
drop recommendation for MID#1349 for an abridged list of incidents linking each of the MIDs into
one, longer dispute.
MID#3407
MID#3407 is a series of militarized incidents in the month of August 1962 between the two regarding
Israel’s Kinneret-Negev water diversion project. Overlapping issues and connecting incidents will
merge MID#3407, MID#3408, MID#3423 and MID#3424 into MID#3434. Our summary of
MID#3434 follows.
MID#3434 (11/1/61 - 4/19/64) documents a series of militarized incidents between Syria and
Israel in the aftermath of the war in 1956. There is no 6-month gap in the series from November
1, 1961, until February 13, 1966. However, per Zeev Maoz’s analysis of the issues at work during
this time period, we argue to form three MIDs regarding each of the principle issues driving these
incidents. The first issue, encompassed in MID#3434, concerns Israel’s water diversion project (the
Kinneret-Negev project), which served not only to draw from scarce water resources, but also to
increase the margin of superiority in material capabilities which became apparent after the 1956
war. It begins with the first incident following a regime change in Syria on September 28, 1961,
and ends with the last incident prior to the successful conclusion of Israel’s Kinneret-Negev project
in June 1964.
CoW’s Specific Sources documention supports merging MIDs between Israel and Syria during
this time period, as they do not clearly reveal a new issue at work other than what we argue
is driving the incidents, and because no 6-month gap exists to justify keeping them separate.
Therefore, MID#3407, MID#3408, MID#3423, and MID#3424 should be merged with MID#3434.
An abridged incident history for MID#3434 is included below:
MID#3434 is coded as a border violation by Syria and a show of force by Israel on September
27, 1961, one day after the leader of Syria resigned from the UAR and one day before a group of
officers took control of the country. There are reports that the Israelis quite purposefully avoided
antagonizing Syria at all costs because the UAR split was such a beneficial outcome for them.
Further, Syria did not have control over its military, especially to the point of having a border
violation over Israeli territory. Thus, the coded actions seem extraordinary events for both sides,
and there is no historical evidence that suggests this incident occurred.
The border along the Sea of Galilee was calm for a few months thereafter, but on November 1,
1961, Israel reported that Syrian forces had fired on a tractor plowing on Israel’s side of the border.
Israeli and Syrian forces exchanged fire in the incident, and Israel also reported the incident to the
MAC in protest of the firing. A number of other incidents were reported in March 1962, including
an Israeli reprisal raid on Syrian villages that was condemned by the UN Security Council. A
cease-fire was brokered on March 17, only to be broken by firing between the two sides on March
18. Shootings between the two sides were also reported on June 15 and June 26. Another clash was
C–17
reported in August 1962 (MID#3407), after which the Israeli government asked the UN for help
with the Syrian aggression. A cease-fire was also brokered after this incident on August 29, but it too
was broken on September 11, 1962 when Syrian forces fired on Israeli tractor crews that it claimed
were planning aggressive action and had made territorial violations. Israel protested this incident to
the MAC. 12/4/62: Fire was exchanged between Israeli and Syrian forces in the demilitarized zone
along the southeastern shore of the Sea of Galilee. This began with Israeli tractors moving into the
disputed area with the support of armed Israeli police (MID#3423). Syria’s government assured
Israel that a similar incident would not happen again. 12/16/62: Syria mobilized troops along the
Israeli line. 3/15/63: Israel diplomatically protests against alleged Syrian aggression against Israeli
fishermen in the Sea of Galilee, as well as harassment of other Israelis; Syria denied this charge and
accused Israel of harassing Syrian citizens. 6/9/63: Syria accuses Israel of jet attacks on villages
near the Sea of Galilee and lodges a complaint with both the Palestinian Truce Commission and
the UN Security Council. 7/13/63: Syria captured a man and two women whose motorboat was
blown against the north eastern shore of the Sea of Galilee. 7/15/63: Israel complained to the UN
Truce Supervisory Organization about the seizure of six people from a boat on the Sea of Galilee
by Syrian authorities; the complaint claimed that Syrian boats had crossed the sea border and
abducted the three Israelis and three Belgians from Israeli territory (MID#3424) 8/11/63: Israel
expressed concern over ‘Syrias aggression’ which included incidents of fire along the border, and
the refusal to release the captured man and women. 8/19/63: Israeli and Syrian forces clashed
both in the air and on land, and both charged the other with aggression. 8/18/63: Syria accused
Israel of building up its troops along the Israeli-Syrian border; Syria warned major powers that it
would use aggression to counter any Israeli aggression. 8/20/63: Israel and Syria clash in air and
land battles despite UN cease-fire attempts. 8/24/63: Israel and Syria agree to a UN cease-fire, but
Israel issues a warning three days later that it will take whatever measures it needs to secure its
northeastern border along the Sea of Galilee (this warning occurred after Israeli youth were killed
in a Syrian ambush). 8/21/63: Israeli and Syrian forces clashed in both the air and on land. Both
sides reported aggression by the other side, there were no reported Syrian casualties but there were
said to most likely to have been Israeli deaths. Israel charged that on 8/29/63: the Syrians once
again violated the U.N. truce by ring on Israeli farms.
Israeli forces did not return the fire. 9/3/63: the Soviet Union vetoed a resolution condemning
Syria for the ‘wanton murder’ of two Israeli farmers at the Sea of Galilee, which had occurred
on August 19th. Late October/early November 1963: Israel holds Syrians hostage to put added
pressure on the release of the Israelis held by Syria 11/6/63: there was a clash between Israeli border
patrol and three Syrians. Israeli forces shot and killed one Syrian, and the other two escaped. Israel
led a complaint for the border violations by Syrian citizens (MID#3408). 11/11/63: Israeli Army
reports shooting across the Syrian-Israeli border, in which two Israelis were wounded. 2/10/64: an
Israeli plane was red upon by Syrian forces but was not hit. According to Israeli sources, the plane
was flying over Israeli territory. 4/17-19/64: six seamen aboard Lebanese vessels were seized by
Israeli forces, two were Egyptian and four were Syrian. Israel had been asking both countries for
the return of twenty of its citizens, and the capture of the seamen was supposed to add to Israels
bargaining power.
MID#3408
MID#3434 (11/1/61 - 4/19/64) documents a series of militarized incidents between Syria and Israel
in the aftermath of the war in 1956. CoW’s Specific Sources documention supports merging MIDs
C–18
between Israel and Syria during this time period, as they do not clearly reveal a new issue at work
other than what we argue is driving the incidents, and because no 6-month gap exists to justify
keeping them separate. Therefore, MID#3407, MID#3408, MID#3423, and MID#3424 should be
merged with MID#3434. See the drop recommendation for MID#3407 for an abridged incident
history.
MID#3409
MID#3425 (7/2/64 - 2/13/66) documents a series of militarized incidents between Syria and Israel
in the aftermath of the war in 1956. CoW’s Specific Sources documention supports merging MIDs
between Israel and Syria during this time period, as they do not clearly reveal a new issue at work
other than what we argue is driving the incidents, and because no 6-month gap exists to justify
keeping them separate. Therefore, MID#3409, MID#3410, and MID#3435 should be merged with
MID#3425. Our summary of MID#3425 follows.
MID#3425 (7/2/64 - 2/13/66) documents a series of militarized incidents between Syria and
Israel in the aftermath of the war in 1956. There is no 6-month gap in the series from November
1, 1961 until February 13, 1966. However, per Zeev Maoz’s analysis of the issues at work during
this time period, we argue to form two MIDs regarding each of the principle issues driving these
incidents. The second issue, encompassed in MID#3425, regards a counter-water diversion project
Syria instituted, the Headwater Diversion Plan, which was approved by the Arab League in 1964.
Understanding the Israel’s military capabilities were superior and apparent following the 1956 war
and concerned with the implications of this arrangement, Syria attempted to upset the status
quo by thwarting Israel’s acquistion of another material resource, water, recently ensured with
the conclusion of the Kinneret-Negev project. MID# begins with the first incident following the
conclusion of the Kinneret-Negev project and ends with the another regime change in Syria to
government control by the military junta in February 1966.
CoW’s Specific Sources documention supports merging MIDs between Israel and Syria during
this time period, as they do not clearly reveal a new issue at work other than what we argue is driving
the incidents, and because no 6-month gap exists to justify keeping them separate. Therefore,
MID#3409, MID#3410, and MID#3435 should be merged with MID#3425. An abridged incident
history for MID#3425 is included below:
7/2/1964: A clash broke out between Israeli and Syrian forces after Syria attacked a motorized
patrol near Ashmora. 8/6/64: Israel accused Syria of carrying out a night raid in Israeli territory.
(MID#3425) 11/3/64: Fighting broke out along the Israeli-Syrian border. In one clash, five Israeli
soldiers and seven Syrian soldiers were killed. (MID#3409) 11/13/64: Israeli and Syrian forces
engaged in a two hour battle that resulted in casualties. It began when Israeli jet fighters attacked
Syrian positions along the northeastern frontier. 5/14/65: Israeli and Syrian forces exchanged
heavy gun fire for 45 minutes in the Jordan Valley after Syrian positions had opened fire at a
motorized Israeli patrol. The patrol reciprocated and added to by Israeli tanks. 9/11/65: Syria
called for the creation of a joint Arab liberation army to crush Israel, at a conference of the Arab
League states. During this time there was immense tension over water, specifically the diversion
of the Jordan River. Israel had proposed to pump water from the Sea of Galilee into the Jordan
to irrigate the Nagev desert. (MID#3435) 12/2/65: Syrian posts opened fire on Israeli soldiers
that were guarding a tractor in northeast Israel. (MID#3410) 12/16/65: Egypt, Syria, Jordan,
C–19
and Lebanon approved a plan to divert the water of the Jordan River before it reached Israel.
2/13/66: Israeli and Syrian forces clashed for an hour and a half along the border in the Huleh
Valley demilitarized zone. Both sides said the other had started the fighting, and their forces had
just returned fire. Israel stated that the Israelis had been given the right to cultivate in that area,
and Syrian forces shelled the Israeli tractors. Syria said that the tractors entered a prohibited area
and were escorted by tanks, artillery and automatic weapons which began ring at Syrian positions
and villages. There were injuries on both sides, but no report of casualties.
MID#3410
MID#3425 (7/2/64 - 2/13/66) documents a series of militarized incidents between Syria and Israel
in the aftermath of the war in 1956. CoW’s Specific Sources documention supports merging MIDs
between Israel and Syria during this time period, as they do not clearly reveal a new issue at work
other than what we argue is driving the incidents, and because no 6-month gap exists to justify
keeping them separate. Therefore, MID#3409, MID#3410, and MID#3435 should be merged with
MID#3425. Our summary of MID#3425 follows.
MID#3423
MID#3434 (11/1/61 - 4/19/64) documents a series of militarized incidents between Syria and Israel
in the aftermath of the war in 1956. CoW’s Specific Sources documention supports merging MIDs
between Israel and Syria during this time period, as they do not clearly reveal a new issue at work
other than what we argue is driving the incidents, and because no 6-month gap exists to justify
keeping them separate. Therefore, MID#3407, MID#3408, MID#3423, and MID#3424 should be
merged with MID#3434. See the drop recommendation for MID#3407 for an abridged incident
history.
MID#3424
MID#3434 (11/1/61 - 4/19/64) documents a series of militarized incidents between Syria and Israel
in the aftermath of the war in 1956. CoW’s Specific Sources documention supports merging MIDs
between Israel and Syria during this time period, as they do not clearly reveal a new issue at work
other than what we argue is driving the incidents, and because no 6-month gap exists to justify
keeping them separate. Therefore, MID#3407, MID#3408, MID#3423, and MID#3424 should be
merged with MID#3434. See the drop recommendation for MID#3407 for an abridged incident
history.
MID#3431
This dispute is a series of militarized incidents that should be folded into MID#3419. The participants are the same – Israel, Egypt, and Syria, the issues are the same, and the dates are within
the longer temporal range of MID#3419.
C–20
MID#3435
MID#3434 (11/1/61 - 4/19/64) documents a series of militarized incidents between Syria and Israel
in the aftermath of the war in 1956. CoW’s Specific Sources documention supports merging MIDs
between Israel and Syria during this time period, as they do not clearly reveal a new issue at work
other than what we argue is driving the incidents, and because no 6-month gap exists to justify
keeping them separate. Therefore, MID#3407, MID#3408, MID#3423, and MID#3424 should be
merged with MID#3434. See the drop recommendation for MID#3407 for an abridged incident
history.
MID#3442
MID#3442 should be folded into MID#3444. MID#3444 is coded as the First Lebanon War between Israel, Syria, and Lebanon. Lebanon was not coded as an active participant in the incidents
between Israel and Syria in MID#3442, which likely justified the original separation of these disputes. However, the incidents in MID#3442 duplicate incidents ongoing as part of the First Lebanon
War, and Lebanon became a joiner to the conflict. Additionally, according to JBS’s qualification
number 4 for the aggregation of incidents, all incidents between Israel and Syria in MID#3442
should be coded as part of their concurrent wartime involvement in MID#3444. Therefore, we
recommend merging these two disputes.
MID#3500
This case (and MID#3501) should be merged with MID#1272. The description for MID#1272 is
below:
MID#3500 is a Polish-Lithuanian conflict that occurred shortly after both states became independent in the aftermath of World War I. Poland’s new independence led Jozef Pilsudski, then
leader of the fledgling republic, to attempt restoration of the former status of the Polish-Lithuanian
Commonwealth. Lithuania, now independent as well, felt any union with Poland as it had previously would be a simple subjugation and loss of cultural autonomy and refused all overtures.
Poland opted to restore its pre-partition territories by force. Vilnius was the heart of the conflict.
The predominantly Polish city in Lithuania was under siege by Russia’s Red Army, who moved
west after Germany retreated from the area. Poland, who despised the Russians for their role
in Poland’s elimination from the interstate system, moved against Russia. Lithuania, for whom
Vilnius was a capital, was caught in the middle of this power struggle. Lithuania was forced to
withdraw from Vilnius on January 3, 1919 under threat from the Soviets (see: MID#2603). The
Lithuanian government relocated to Kaunas. Russian occupation was tenuous and both the Poles
and Lithuanians seized the opportunity to expel the Bolsheviks from Vilnius. The Poles got to
Vilnius first. Arriving on April 18th, the Poles occupied Vilnius, effecting the call to occupy the
city and unify it with Poland that the Sejm passed on April 4th. Pilsudski had complete control
of Vilnius by April 21st, prompting the Lithuanians to declare Poland as an invading force that
did not cooperate with the government in Kaunas. Worse yet, with the Russians expelled and the
Germans maintaining a hands-off approach that did not want to upset Poland, Lithuania had little
recourse. Definitely the junior power to Poland at the time, no direct negotiation with Poland
would result in a favorable settlement that included a Lithuanian Vilnius. Tensions ran high, even
resulting in minor clashes early in May (beginning of MID#3500).
C–21
Poland and Lithuania attempted negotiation of their predicament from May into June, materializing in no agreement. As a result, Poland began occupying other territories in Lithuania on June
6th, which prompted Lithuania to agree to a line of demarcation on June 18th, 1919. Lithuania
was trying to limit Poland to what it had already acquired. This line was short-lived. It did not
satisfy the territorial ambitions of either side. Poland had violated the line of demarcation by July
12th. Ferdinand Foch on July 26th proposed a new line that was more favorable to the Poles. It
assigned Suwalki and Sejny to Polish domain. The Lithuanians agreed to the line, but maintained
an occupying force in Sejny. An uprising from the predominantly Polish population followed in
August, resulting in Poland’s eventual occupation of the territory by September 7, 1919.
Polish cell in Lithuania had unsuccessfully attempted a coup in Kaunas, aiming to overthrow
the existing government in favor of one that would support a union with Poland. This coup was
discovered in late August, 1919. A purge of Polish activists residing in Kaunas (and in the military) followed when the Lithuanian government discovered the plot. The Lithuanian government
eventually got their hands on the full list of conspirators on September 22nd and executed a purge.
Both Lithuania and Poland were beset with domestic turmoil at the end of 1919, but skirmishes
over this very issue (formalizing borders between them) still appeared to occur. Lescius (2004, 280284 [in Lithuanian]) notes that Polish raids on Gelvonys, Ukmerge, and Vepriai, followed through
September and October 1919. The Poles seized Salakas on October 5th and attacked Kapciamietsis
on October 12th. Small-scale shows of force against Lithuania continued into early 1920, including
attacks on Kalkuni (Latvian side of Lithuanian/Latvian border) and Turmantas in March 1920.
No real change of position resulted. However, these latest developments, and Lithuania’s growing
domestic problems, allowed the Poles to focus their efforts against the Soviets. This led to the Kiev
offensive in April 1920.
The major change that took place in late 1919 and early 1920 was the relationship between
Lithuania (and the other Baltic states) and Soviet Russia. The coup attempt, combined with
the Western powers delayed recognition of Lithuania, led Lithuania to see a new opportunity to
cooperate with the Soviets. The Soviets, whose greatest regional threat was Poland, was more
than happy to start normalizing relations with a meek Lithuanian state. Discussions between
Lithuania and Russia were slow going but ultimately led to a breakthrough on July 12th, 1920.
The Lithuanians signed a peace treaty with Russia and, three days later on July 15th, the Russians
offered to return Vilnius to Lithuania in exchange for Lithuania’s cooperation with the Red Army.
Duplicitous of the Soviets or not, Lithuania accepted this offer and provided free passage of troops
through Lithuanian territory in order to fight the Polish army.
While the Russians pushed back the Poles and crossed the border into Poland proper, Lithuania
occupied towns that were vacated by retreating Polish forces. The Lithuanians joined present Soviet
forces in reoccupying Vilnius, the heart of the dispute between Lithuania and Poland on July 18th,
1920. This turning point was ephemeral. The Battle of Warsaw, aka “The Miracle at the Vistula” of
August 20th, 1920, abruptly changed the dynamic in Eastern Europe. The Soviets suddenly found
themselves in a full scale retreat, providing no assurances to Lithuania of protection by the Soviets.
Poland used the turn of events at first to negotiate with Lithuania regarding their border in order
to focus on the Soviets. When this failed, Poland attacked at the end of August, 1920. Fighting
between both sides continued. Lithuania still held a favorable position because of the previous
Soviet advances. Further, a League of Nations intervention on September 20th, 1920, was thought
C–22
to ultimately lead to a peace whereby Lithuania kept Vilnius. This did not happen. Poland turned
up the heat on Vilnius with attacks on the Niemen River in the Suwalki Region that left Vilnius
vulnerable. A surprise attack on Vilnius occurred on October 9th, under the guise of a mutiny
led by Polish general Zeligowski. Vilnius was in Polish domain once more, though nominally a
new entity called the “Republic of Central Lithuania” that served as a buffer state between Poland
and Soviet Russia. This appears to be the end of the conflict. Lithuania protested, obviously,
but could not get a sympathetic audience that would restore Vilnius to Lithuania. Poland and
Lithuania began negotiations again over the issue of Vilnius, with Poland rejecting any measure
that would abolish the new puppet state it had created. The only agreement that followed from
this negotiation was an agreement to end hostilities on November 29th, 1920. This also set up a
neutral zone that lasted until 1923. Further, the Riga Conference ultimately settled the PolishSoviet War turnaround in Warsaw in August 1920 in March 1921. Herein, Russia acknowledged the
current situation in Vilnius and that Vilnius was essentially under Polish domain. The Republic of
Central Lithuania was formally annexed into Poland in 1922. The borders for Poland and Lithuania
remained until the beginning stages of World War II.
MID#3501
This case should be merged with MID#1272. The disputes are over the same issue, and evidence
of clashes between the two countries bridge the previous 3-month rule following a cease-fire that
separated the dispute into two cases. See the summary for MID#3500 for a full description of these
three cases.
MID#3541
MID#3541 should be merged with MID#3071. Both disputes concern militarized actions between
Iran and the United States over issues in the Persian Gulf, specifically Iran’s threats to block oil
resources from passing through the Strait of Hormuz. Originally, these disputes were separated by a
6-month count. However, newspaper reports indicate that in December 1983, Iran was conducting
unconventional airspace maneuvers over U.S. naval ships stationed in the Persian Gulf, presumably
for reconnaissance in relation to the U.S.’s efforts to prevent Iran from closing the Strait of Hormuz.
Connected by this show of force, we recommend merging MID#3541 with MID#3071 and dropping
MID#3541. CoW’s source listings confirm this assessment.
MID#3808
This dispute should be combined with MID#0337. British authorities refused to hand over four
Chinese accused of assassinating a pro-Japanese customs inspector to the Japanese military. In
response, the Japanese army began to blockade French and British concessions in Tientsin on June
14, 1939.
On November 25th 1939, the British went forward with their plans for instituting a blockade to
seize German exports. There were protests by six neutral nations, and Japan threatened Britain
that it would reciprocate seizures.
C–23
The seizure of this dispute is really part of the British blockade that began much earlier. For
example, on January 21st 1940, British forces seized twenty-one German seamen off of a Japanese
liner, Asama Maru, off of Yokohama; a second seizure (the Tatsuta Maru) occurred two days later.
On January 30th Japan lodged a second complaint and stiffened their stance to stressing that the
return of the Germans was essential.
On February 6th, Britain agreed to release nine of the twenty-one Germans, but the Japanese
refused the offer and wanted all of the German passengers released to Japan.
On February 17th, it was reported that the Japanese government forbid Japanese shipping lines
and ferries to carry “nationals of belligerent powers of military age.” The German press criticized
Tokyo for accepting British demands.
MID#3811
MID#3811 should be combined with MID#3542, the Soviet occupation of Bessarabia. The Soviet
occupation began on June 26, 1940, and should be coded as a six-month count. MID#3811 details
the Soviet massing of troops on Romania’s border as well as a Soviet attack on a Romanian ship.
These incidents should be folded into the larger dispute concerning Soviet acquisition of land at
Romania’s expense.
MID#3832
This case was a separate incident of the seizure of the Tacoma, a German cargo ship, by Uruguay.
However, that seizure was part of the incident involving the sinking of the German battleship Graf
Spree by Argentine forces, which is MID#3834. This case should be joined with MID#3834.
MID#3857
This case codes one incident—the Bulgarian reinforcement of its frontier with Turkey—that is part
of the larger dispute between Germany and Bulgaria against Turkey. It should be merged with
MID#3850.
MID#4043
MID#4043 was originally coded as beginning seven months after MID#3554. However, we have
evidence of several border incidents in the interim, including a clear border fortification by Serbia
in March of 1993. We therefore recommend dropping MID#4043 and extending the end date
of MID#3554 to August 14, 1994, since multiple incidents and the same issue connect the two
disputes.
MID#4087
MID#4087 should be merged with MID#4022. According the CoW’s narratives and sources, the
primary participants in both disputes are North Korea, South Korea, and the US. MID#4022
includes two additional participants involved in naval exercises directed towards North Korea C–24
Canada, Japan, and Australia. Japan was also involved in MID#4087, however these incidents are
already accounted for in the participant data for MID#4022. Therefore, the additional participants
should be included as joiners to the original dispute (MID#4022). All incidents in both MID#4022
and MID#4087 from November 1993 to September 1999 concern challenges to the 1953 Korean
War armistice agreement and challenges to the established borders with North and South Korea.
Therefore, we argue that Canada and Australia should remain participants in MID#4022, and since
the issues surrounding their participation are the same as in MID#4087, we do not find sufficient
support for keeping these disputes separate based on the participants involved. Additionally, since
the end of MID#4022 and the beginning of MID#4087 overlap by 6-months, and no other justification exists to keep these disputes separate, we recommend merging MID#4087 with MID#4022
and dropping MID#4087. CoW’s source listings confirm this assessment.
MID#4157
MID#4157 is an extension of MID#4156. The disputes involve the same members, concern the
same issue, and take place in the same geographic area. We recommend dropping MID#4157 and
extending the end date of MID#4156 by three months.
Both these disputes concern the boundaries near the Corentyne River. MID#4156 directly
concerns Guyana permitting Toronto-based oil consortium CGX Energy, Inc., to drill in the contested territory. Though CGX withdrew and moved its drilling operations elsewhere, no settlement
was reached. Relations between both states were favorable prior to the incident, in spite of the
unresolved boundary dispute, until tensions escalated in September, resulting in the incidents of
MID#4157 during which Surinamese soldiers violated Guyanese maritime boundaries.
Guyana tried to argue that both countries could benefit from the arrangement with CGX, but
Suriname did not want to cede any part of its position over the territory. Since CGX withdrew before
MID#4157 took place, the original coders may have believed the issue was terminated. However,
the incidents in MID#4157 occurred because the issue from MID#4156 was still ongoing, even if
CGX withdrew, due to a lack of settlement and continued tensions over the issue.
It is also possible that the original coders thought a settlement was reached after MID#4156.
Some sources mentioned an agreement to meet and form a settlement, but later sources stated that
a settlement was never reached.
MID#4233
MID#4233 should be merged with MID#4210. Both disputes concern incidents of Turkish violations of Greek airspace over the Aegean Sea from February 2000 to January 2001. The incident on
31 January 2001 (MID#4233) occurs about three months after the last incident in MID#4210. As
these disputes are united by participants, issue, and location, we recommend merging MID#4233
with MID#4210 and dropping MID#4233. CoW source listings confirm this assessment.
MID#4336
The Correlates of War narrative describes MID#4336 with this summary: “This dispute consists
of one incident in which a Chinese warship chased a U.S. Navy ship from international waters
C–25
near the Chinese coast. China regards the waters as its own territory, but the claimed maritime
boundary is not recognized internationally. This dispute represents another case in which Chinese
forces challenged American surveillance activities along its coast.”
The surveillance activities of the US were challenged less than one month later in MID#4280.
CoW describes that dispute as “5 incidents between the US & China that center around American
reconnaissance near the Chinese coast. On 4/1/2001 an American spy plane crash-landed on
China’s Hainan Island after colliding with a Chinese fighter over international waters. The Chinese
pilot was killed in the accidental collision. China, after the crash, seized both the American crew
and plane. The United States responded to the crash and seizure by demanding release of the crew
and return of the plane. The US also responded by moving 3 destroyers to the waters off China.
China scrambled 10 fighters on 4/5/01 when it detected a US spy plane off the China coast. The
dispute was resolved on 7/3/01 after the US expressed regret and the plane was returned to the
US. The crew was released on 4/11/01.”
The participants are the same in each dispute, and the issue is obviously the surveillance of
China by the United States. The close temporal proximity of these incidents—less than eight days
apart—only adds to the connectedness argument. We suggest merging these two cases, making
MID#4280 contain six incidents, beginning on March 23, 2001.
C–26
Appendix D—List of changes by dispute number
We provide two tables in this Appendix that list our recommended changes. The first table lists all
suggested date and participant changes, and the second table provides all suggested conflict intensity
and dispute ending changes. Interested readers should consult our bibliography for justifications of
each of these changes.
MID#
Day
3
7
8
9
11
12
13
15
16
19
20
21
23
25
26
27
28
31
40
41
43
50
53
55
56
57
61
64
68
69
71
78
86
88
91
100
104
108
111
114
115
119
121
122
123
126
127
Start Date
Month Year
Day
End Date
Month Year
Participants
Num SideA Num SideB
Reciprocated
Total
Yes
12
11
11
24
1
12
2
25
4
1862
29
15
1
6
5
8
4
28
21
9
5
1
Yes
19
2
1833
31
No
9
21
3
7
28
22
10
9
3
6
22
2
21
9
1901
1929
5
30
5
8
7
13
8
15
-9
-9
26
3
1
9
12
4
1914
1847
2
2
16
6
25
3
-9
21
15
11
10
-9
26
1912
12
12
11
5
9
1961
7
D–1
6
6
MID#
Day
128
131
136
137
139
141
142
144
146
148
153
158
159
160
166
169
172
173
174
177
178
180
182
183
187
189
191
196
197
202
208
212
220
225
227
228
236
238
241
242
247
248
254
256
260
262
301
304
307
309
310
311
312
313
315
Start Date
Month Year
Day
End Date
Month Year
Participants
Num SideA Num SideB
Reciprocated
Total
5
1
15
7
1913
18
1
1935
13
11
1880
3
9
8
11
1960
1833
13
26
25
18
23
18
21
9
6
6
17
6
16
10
10
7
1
2
3
1903
No
10
1
1923
5
12
20
3
3
14
6
12
23
8
1
2
21
1
2
2
2
No
6
27
19
12
14
2
9
2
30
8
4
13
25
7
30
13
5
No
2
1
2
8
15
2
30
2
12
5
7
1836
1
11
1911
No
10
3
4
D–2
MID#
Day
316
317
321
323
327
337
339
345
346
347
349
350
352
353
354
355
356
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
370
371
373
374
375
377
378
379
380
381
391
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
407
409
410
414
418
420
421
501
502
503
504
507
510
Start Date
Month Year
31
15
3
1913
14
28
10
6
3
6
1939
27
12
1968
Day
17
10
17
-9
4
7
11
13
4
4
6
4
End Date
Month Year
Participants
Num SideA Num SideB
Reciprocated
Total
1
1
1
2
2
2
4
2
6
7
11
1
9
12
7
25
8
2
22
31
3
9
12
15
7
7
17
25
30
23
8
1
8
31
10
29
9
5
10
5
16
5
6
30
10
11
26
9
11
12
Yes
No
1917
3
31
1
25
5
31
17
31
28
6
2
3
3
2
6
1
No
Yes
D–3
MID#
Day
511
518
521
522
523
603
604
605
606
607
608
610
612
613
614
621
622
625
632
633
634
1006
1013
1019
1023
1024
1025
1026
1027
1039
1051
1061
1062
1063
1066
1068
1070
1072
1073
1074
1081
1083
1084
1086
1087
1091
1093
1094
1095
1097
1099
1100
1104
1105
1106
Start Date
Month Year
Day
End Date
Month Year
Participants
Num SideA Num SideB
Reciprocated
Total
5
3
22
7
7
7
5
1917
2
2
17
14
18
23
16
8
9
11
13
12
4
7
16
11
3
3
16
1
1
3
9
7
27
6
4
12
10
12
28
5
9
10
9
1
1965
1952
26
4
7
2
1928
10
1935
8
1945
1
3
1945
1958
1945
1943
1945
2
3
7
29
11
6
26
7
10
1949
2
15
1
3
1917
10
29
3
5
1976
6
2
14
29
2
1
1
6
1966
9
2
4
4
No
9
7
26
12
-9
7
30
3
28
5
28
22
8
1912
1
Yes
6
17
10
D–4
MID#
Day
1109
1110
1117
1118
1119
1123
1129
1131
1133
1135
1136
1138
1139
1147
1151
1152
1153
1154
1155
1156
1158
1161
1166
1170
1171
1175
1178
1179
1181
1182
1184
1189
1190
1191
1202
1213
1214
1215
1219
1226
1227
1228
1229
1230
1234
1235
1240
1241
1243
1244
1245
1246
1247
1249
1262
28
15
Start Date
Month Year
8
Day
End Date
Month Year
18
3
2
4
16
20
5
Participants
Num SideA Num SideB
Reciprocated
Total
1
1
2
2
13
26
14
14
4
24
19
4
4
10
1
19
13
30
19
29
14
14
30
6
7
11
1935
1
5
13
9
29
21
3
-9
8
8
24
10
10
14
-9
9
20
7
6
4
6
16
10
21
24
7
15
19
12
7
9
21
9
29
1920
12
7
1967
6
9
6
27
13
30
9
22
18
15
7
11
9
24
12
4
5
11
4
5
1919
D–5
MID#
Day
1263
1268
1270
1272
1280
1284
1285
1286
1292
1300
1301
1302
1303
1304
1305
1306
1307
1308
1310
1312
1319
1321
1322
1324
1331
1333
1334
1340
1344
1346
1347
1350
1352
1353
1360
1363
1364
1366
1368
1369
1374
1377
1378
1380
1381
1382
1384
1385
1387
1390
1391
1396
1397
1399
1401
Start Date
Month Year
9
4
14
31
6
12
7
27
7
17
21
5
10
16
5
12
23
4
Day
Participants
Num SideA Num SideB
Reciprocated
Total
13
3
4
1919
29
11
12
9
8
19
2
7
7
9
21
12
5
7
4
2
1964
8
27
19
14
18
9
6
12
13
30
5
12
7
10
4
28
29
28
2
1959
10
9
11
1
22
21
21
8
22
20
18
3
15
4
-9
End Date
Month Year
1966
11
3
11
7
1
3
5
2
2
4
1956
1970
No
Yes
9
10
10
5
13
16
9
8
1
24
21
1
22
3
11
3
1
1
1973
No
4
11
D–6
MID#
Day
1404
1407
1410
1411
1418
1419
1422
1423
1427
1428
1435
1441
1447
1448
1452
1463
1466
1469
1477
1482
1489
1490
1493
1495
1498
1502
1503
1506
1507
1510
1511
1512
1513
1515
1517
1519
1520
1522
1524
1527
1533
1534
1540
1541
1542
1543
1544
1545
1547
1549
1550
1551
1553
1556
1563
14
27
22
25
-9
Start Date
Month Year
1
1963
Day
End Date
Month Year
-9
22
11
-9
29
7
1
5
1963
14
9
1961
Participants
Num SideA Num SideB
Reciprocated
Total
3
No
4
5
9
22
28
3
3
3
5
3
21
-9
10
24
3
20
4
31
17
10
4
6
-9
16
21
6
-9
7
2
8
3
3
12
11
8
11
22
30
1
19
11
26
18
11
23
5
10
6
25
1
13
4
6
12
4
8
1862
1853
3
3
22
26
26
8
6
1
7
9
3
3
12
No
1
15
Yes
1835
7
27
12
1
1835
D–7
MID#
Day
1564
1566
1567
1569
1571
1573
1574
1575
1576
1579
1580
1581
1586
1587
1589
1590
1594
1595
1597
1598
1599
1601
1603
1605
1608
1610
1612
1613
1614
1622
1623
1627
1629
1632
1633
1635
1639
1642
1643
1645
1646
1647
1648
1649
1650
1653
1654
1656
1660
1661
1670
1671
1674
1683
1685
Start Date
Month Year
6
Day
End Date
Month Year
Participants
Num SideA Num SideB
Reciprocated
Total
19
10
29
8
6
1878
24
25
28
20
6
6
8
20
24
9
2
1
26
30
4
4
3
6
26
3
7
1878
Yes
30
3
-9
10
4
10
-9
-9
4
2
5
5
13
6
25
19
22
31
11
29
15
-9
2
2
15
-9
10
8
12
19
10
9
15
18
-9
25
15
21
14
11
5
9
1895
1897
1899
15
16
10
1
6
No
11
1937
7
2
4
4
1
1
8
3
1897
1899
14
Yes
8
2
3
4
8
29
-9
4
3
7
1
-9
28
20
4
9
1926
7
7
Yes
6
18
D–8
MID#
Day
1686
1693
1694
1695
1701
1703
1707
1708
1709
1710
1711
1713
1714
1715
1717
1718
1720
1723
1724
1732
1733
1736
1739
1740
1743
1746
1749
1752
1755
1757
1762
1764
1772
1773
1774
1775
1778
1780
1788
1789
1792
1793
1796
1797
1799
1800
1801
1803
1804
1805
1806
1807
1808
1809
1810
Start Date
Month Year
29
7
25
21
17
22
20
3
2
7
Day
End Date
Month Year
2
7
1
Participants
Num SideA Num SideB
Reciprocated
Total
1940
1942
6
8
No
No
30
25
1
11
8
9
8
15
25
12
11
23
1
31
29
11
25
1
1
6
9
15
23
27
22
12
6
17
6
2
3
3
1975
27
27
10
16
2
10
1
12
9
6
Yes
Yes
1842
2
2
1825
25
8
6
9
3
1916
No
30
4
27
17
17
17
18
8
12
17
8
1
1
11
11
1924
1944
No
-9
17
6
6
30
-9
8
10
10
14
2
19
9
12
1865
2
1
7
3
1
31
D–9
1
MID#
Day
1825
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2014
2017
2018
2020
2022
2023
2024
2025
2029
2030
2031
2032
2033
2035
2036
2038
2040
2041
2042
2044
2045
2046
2049
2050
2052
2053
2059
2066
2067
2068
2069
2072
2079
2080
2081
2082
2085
2086
2088
2092
2095
2096
2097
2098
2101
2102
2103
2112
2113
Start Date
Month Year
Day
End Date
Month Year
Participants
Num SideA Num SideB
1
23
17
8
27
14
19
7
12
5
Reciprocated
Total
1
No
1949
24
19
20
5
12
7
14
27
2
18
28
9
14
10
27
23
16
14
15
8
6
1
27
2
18
5
29
14
10
3
20
23
18
8
8
6
3
3
5
2
No
2
No
2
2
Yes
3
Yes
16
6
27
25
Yes
1
13
11
11
31
29
9
25
2
8
2
1
3
3
5
2
1959
19
20
8
25
4
20
6
1
9
21
6
4
20
16
14
2
6
1986
1973
1
1
21
24
24
13
4
13
14
4
6
12
No
3
1975
D–10
MID#
Day
2115
2116
2117
2119
2120
2121
2123
2126
2127
2129
2130
2132
2133
2136
2138
2139
2140
2143
2144
2149
2150
2155
2163
2168
2169
2170
2171
2174
2175
2176
2177
2178
2179
2181
2184
2185
2186
2187
2188
2192
2194
2195
2198
2200
2201
2202
2203
2206
2208
2209
2211
2212
2218
2221
2222
24
19
Start Date
Month Year
10
End Date
Month Year
Participants
Num SideA Num SideB
Reciprocated
Total
1979
22
8
5
27
26
27
26
22
25
Day
4
2
8
26
4
16
21
2
8
No
No
9
4
10
No
No
4
5
11
20
7
5
1978
5
1978
10
29
15
31
27
24
30
28
15
4
16
1
7
5
5
10
9
24
15
12
10
22
9
12
4
2
6
15
20
10
4
18
20
9
Yes
13
19
14
31
1
10
12
30
15
6
8
8
7
No
1876
8
8
-9
30
1
5
5
D–11
1
MID#
Day
2223
2225
2231
2234
2236
2237
2244
2300
2306
2307
2311
2313
2315
2316
2319
2320
2322
2325
2326
2331
2335
2338
2339
2343
2346
2347
2348
2349
2353
2354
2357
2360
2363
2364
2367
2369
2372
2373
2544
2545
2547
2549
2551
2553
2554
2557
2561
2565
2568
2570
2574
2578
2584
2585
2588
Start Date
Month Year
Day
End Date
Month Year
4
21
10
31
7
Participants
Num SideA Num SideB
1
16
9
1857
16
4
1
1894
4
1
1894
1929
3
1929
4
25
24
14
16
10
9
-9
Reciprocated
Total
1
19
24
14
-9
3
9
25
15
19
2
9
29
26
-9
21
4
1
2
1901
26
7
Yes
28
12
24
10
7
18
30
21
6
1
2
4
1985
23
5
31
27
10
6
1918
23
No
Yes
26
8
8
9
12
9
24
31
24
19
13
6
8
5
1984
18
23
8
2
10
7
8
1985
1
1987
1
5
12
8
5
2
7
2
10
D–12
3
4
Yes
MID#
Day
2589
2590
2591
2593
2594
2596
2600
2603
2605
2610
2612
2616
2619
2623
2625
2626
2629
2630
2631
2632
2633
2634
2635
2639
2640
2641
2642
2643
2644
2646
2647
2649
2683
2704
2707
2708
2710
2711
2713
2715
2716
2717
2721
2724
2725
2729
2731
2733
2735
2739
2740
2741
2742
2745
2746
27
7
4
16
Start Date
Month Year
Day
End Date
Month Year
Participants
Num SideA Num SideB
Reciprocated
Total
27
1
9
1987
No
4
20
23
1
5
9
1987
1988
3
1
1920
6
28
1
9
1964
14
9
6
20
1
10
12
7
25
6
7
4
19
22
14
23
2
7
4
8
9
7
-9
10
7
13
13
23
23
8
8
30
14
25
29
23
30
19
16
10
16
2
-9
-9
19
22
10
No
Yes
10
1987
Yes
2
2
1917
Yes
22
9
11
-9
17
2
-9
19
28
3
14
4
23
-9
12
5
4
-9
1986
9
5
Yes
Yes
5
17
D–13
MID#
Day
2747
2748
2749
2750
2754
2757
2760
2762
2767
2768
2769
2771
2772
2774
2775
2778
2779
2782
2783
2785
2788
2793
2794
2798
2800
2801
2802
2806
2807
2808
2817
2820
2821
2823
2824
2826
2827
2832
2834
2840
2845
2847
2850
2852
2853
2854
2855
2857
2858
2859
2861
2863
2865
2870
2871
Start Date
Month Year
Day
-9
-9
-9
-9
16
29
6
28
22
8
30
End Date
Month Year
Participants
Num SideA Num SideB
Reciprocated
Total
28
12
1987
14
30
Yes
16
11
1987
27
5
Yes
5
3
6
7
3
No
18
22
6
1
28
18
1
30
9
26
29
30
24
No
Yes
Yes
25
10
19
2
9
22
19
2
20
1
16
5
12
17
29
26
2
7
1988
12
8
-9
6
7
29
23
31
1
12
28
1
9
1
10
1956
2
6
5
12
12
No
1
5
1959
1957
1957
10
22
7
31
5
15
7
Yes
Yes
D–14
MID#
Day
2873
2875
2877
2878
2880
2884
2888
2891
2892
2897
2898
2901
2904
2908
2914
2915
2916
2919
2921
2922
2923
2926
2928
2929
2930
2932
2933
2934
2935
2937
2938
2942
2944
2946
2947
2949
2956
2959
2960
2962
2963
2964
2965
2968
2969
2971
2974
2977
2984
2986
2987
2988
2989
2995
2996
15
3
31
31
1
14
15
21
20
3
15
29
2
12
22
27
15
14
15
Start Date
Month Year
3
7
7
Day
End Date
Month Year
30
1
1
1
4
8
8
10
15
7
Participants
Num SideA Num SideB
Reciprocated
Total
3
1
20
3
15
29
Yes
13
22
2
15
14
15
22
Yes
9
4
13
12
13
Yes
6
24
14
28
-9
24
7
17
28
27
6
10
17
-9
24
8
12
12
Yes
12
2
6
7
Yes
12
12
8
1
9
8
6
10
5
9
11
9
30
3
3
9
9
1982
Yes
D–15
MID#
Day
2997
2998
2999
3000
3001
3003
3009
3017
3018
3022
3024
3031
3036
3037
3042
3043
3046
3049
3050
3052
3053
3057
3058
3062
3064
3065
3066
3067
3068
3070
3071
3073
3075
3076
3082
3083
3086
3088
3093
3096
3097
3099
3101
3102
3104
3107
3109
3111
3112
3113
3114
3117
3119
3126
3127
27
14
-9
26
23
16
15
-9
16
Start Date
Month Year
9
4
3
1
1979
Day
End Date
Month Year
27
9
14
-9
4
Participants
Num SideA Num SideB
Reciprocated
Total
1
1
2
1
2
3
25
16
-9
25
21
26
21
17
19
2
3
18
5
1
1
1
29
24
29
1
1
4
15
10
2
12
8
23
28
14
6
7
20
5
1
9
31
1
13
31
22
1984
No
No
14
4
28
4
17
17
7
18
25
21
-9
10
No
No
24
9
21
17
1
10
7
No
Yes
12
1980
3
26
1
D–16
1
2
MID#
Day
3129
3130
3132
3133
3138
3139
3150
3151
3152
3154
3155
3157
3158
3161
3163
3167
3168
3169
3170
3172
3173
3175
3180
3182
3183
3184
3185
3186
3187
3189
3190
3191
3192
3193
3195
3196
3197
3199
3200
3203
3205
3209
3210
3211
3214
3215
3217
3218
3221
3225
3227
3229
3230
3231
3239
Start Date
Month Year
22
Day
27
26
12
9
9
1909
3
1912
5
31
31
31
15
14
4
26
14
1
26
26
3
26
11
30
23
17
21
4
5
4
27
4
3
2
6
19
28
12
11
31
28
10
4
27
3
7
4
7
6
1
2
3
Yes
8
6
8
6
No
Yes
7
7
10
1939
No
5
7
4
Yes
No
11
1954
2
10
15
19
17
30
11
1954
2
1
1956
6
29
13
10
Reciprocated
Total
10
14
1
11
31
28
31
20
2
10
15
28
9
Participants
Num SideA Num SideB
23
4
4
30
End Date
Month Year
12
1956
3
26
D–17
2
MID#
Day
3242
3243
3244
3247
3249
3250
3259
3260
3263
3265
3267
3300
3324
3326
3330
3340
3341
3343
3345
3346
3348
3349
3351
3352
3361
3362
3364
3371
3372
3373
3374
3377
3383
3384
3387
3400
3401
3402
3403
3404
3405
3406
3411
3412
3413
3414
3415
3417
3418
3419
3425
3427
3428
3430
3433
Start Date
Month Year
27
Day
13
21
31
4
4
8
-9
3
20
29
7
14
18
1
18
18
31
7
10
20
7
26
24
11
26
14
Participants
Num SideA Num SideB
Reciprocated
Total
10
9
11
11
20
28
25
-9
6
End Date
Month Year
1
1877
16
15
14
-9
1
3
3
3
20
31
23
27
20
15
7
18
28
25
3
10
10
7
8
1
5
14
7
24
28
25
3
9
3
3
10
10
10
16
3
1985
Yes
4
14
17
3
7
3
7
28
23
13
22
8
2
1
15
7
9
4
2
6
No
22
9
Yes
4
8
25
1
6
2
1
1967
D–18
MID#
Day
3434
3437
3439
3440
3443
3444
3446
3447
3448
3503
3506
3507
3508
3509
3510
3511
3512
3513
3514
3515
3516
3518
3519
3520
3521
3522
3523
3525
3526
3527
3540
3542
3550
3551
3552
3554
3555
3557
3558
3561
3564
3567
3569
3572
3573
3574
3599
3604
3606
3607
3610
3613
3614
3615
3616
1
Start Date
Month Year
11
1961
Day
19
End Date
Month Year
4
Participants
Num SideA Num SideB
Reciprocated
Total
1964
21
11
17
23
19
24
15
2
1942
Yes
1941
1941
1943
1943
1941
1941
1941
No
No
13
19
22
5
1993
14
9
13
3
27
12
-9
20
1
28
8
10
8
1994
15
27
11
24
1
4
2
11
8
11
8
12
24
12
8
6
2
2
3
4
2
3
12
12
9
4
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
1
12
9
10
6
2
5
1941
1941
1941
1942
14
14
Yes
4
3
27
10
1
6
3
2
2
9
12
6
5
9
Yes
22
2
9
26
24
22
8
8
3
10
D–19
MID#
Day
3617
3620
3621
3625
3626
3628
3629
3630
3631
3633
3637
3639
3642
3647
3656
3700
3701
3702
3708
3709
3714
3715
3717
3718
3719
3720
3724
3725
3800
3802
3804
3806
3812
3813
3814
3820
3825
3827
3834
3835
3836
3850
3851
3853
3854
3855
3860
3861
3864
3868
3869
3872
3873
3875
3876
Start Date
Month Year
Day
16
3
26
26
24
End Date
Month Year
5
Participants
Num SideA Num SideB
Reciprocated
Total
1
1
2
2
20
15
19
6
12
16
1
1
1981
16
No
26
3
25
9
6
15
2
23
7
10
4
27
15
11
3
9
11
1941
2
13
No
27
-9
2
10
27
10
6
20
31
27
8
-9
17
17
28
17
28
11
15
13
7
12
11
14
-9
17
13
10
4
30
8
29
28
24
19
29
20
11
21
6
14
8
1940
5
1940
22
19
9
9
17
13
24
4
2
2
2
2
No
7
Yes
Yes
D–20
MID#
Day
3877
3878
3881
3882
3885
3901
3904
3907
3909
3910
3911
3913
3914
3916
3919
3920
3921
3950
3952
3953
3957
3960
3974
3975
3976
3978
3979
3980
3983
3984
3985
3988
3994
4003
4004
4005
4006
4009
4010
4011
4012
4013
4016
4022
4027
4029
4030
4031
4035
4038
4040
4042
4045
4051
4052
16
13
17
15
Start Date
Month Year
5
12
1942
Day
End Date
Month Year
22
5
13
19
15
3
9
7
12
1
Participants
Num SideA Num SideB
3
Reciprocated
Total
3
1942
1990
17
13
13
26
9
7
18
10
14
Yes
18
2
27
10
4
29
-9
9
No
11
-9
30
14
2
1
24
4
27
23
17
1
26
1
16
1
28
1
7
4
1
1992
7
4
1
20
26
1995
24
26
21
8
1979
7
1995
8
17
18
8
12
9
25
1
-9
17
2
7
9
26
18
12
16
3
-9
17
10
8
10
10
D–21
MID#
Day
4055
4060
4063
4064
4067
4068
4071
4075
4076
4083
4084
4085
4088
4090
4092
4094
4098
4100
4103
4109
4113
4116
4117
4118
4121
4124
4126
4128
4130
4136
4138
4141
4144
4145
4148
4151
4152
4156
4158
4160
4161
4171
4172
4174
4179
4183
4188
4192
4197
4203
4210
4212
4215
4220
4221
10
1
Start Date
Month Year
4
21
11
25
8
Day
2
8
19
23
11
26
1
31
14
1
20
10
11
Participants
Num SideA Num SideB
Reciprocated
Total
4
5
5
29
12
4
Yes
26
8
4
4
9
12
10
9
6
4
4
11
4
28
2
15
16
14
13
13
22
25
End Date
Month Year
1
12
Yes
11
Yes
7
5
No
5
20
27
12
5
9
Yes
25
15
7
25
10
11
9
6
8
31
4
1
1997
16
25
30
2001
21
No
11
D–22
MID#
Day
4225
4236
4238
4245
4246
4250
4257
4258
4260
4261
4272
4273
4279
4280
4284
4287
4288
4291
4292
4295
4299
4310
4312
4313
4320
4323
4324
4329
4333
4335
4337
4338
4339
4341
4343
4344
Start Date
Month Year
23
13
End Date
Month Year
Participants
Num SideA Num SideB
Reciprocated
Total
13
14
Yes
10
10
12
No
12
19
18
23
18
3
Yes
19
9
1
20
9
10
8
Yes
16
2
30
11
Yes
23
4
5
4
2
3
19
2
3
Yes
Yes
4
2
1
37
2
MID#
Highest Action
3
7
8
9
11
12
13
15
16
19
20
Day
Conflict Intensity Measures
Hostility Level
Fatality Level
37
2
Dispute Endings
Outcome
Settlement
10 Mobilization [3]
D–23
4 Yield by side B
2 Imposed
2 Imposed
5 Stalemate
1 Negotiated
MID#
Highest Action
21
23
25
26
27
28
31
40
41
43
50
53
55
56
57
61
64
68
69
71
78
86
88
91
100
104
108
111
114
115
119
121
122
123
126
127
128
131
136
137
139
141
142
144
146
148
153
158
159
160
166
169
172
173
174
Conflict Intensity Measures
Hostility Level
Fatality Level
Dispute Endings
Outcome
Settlement
2 Victory for side B
2 Victory for side B
13 Blockade [4]
11 Fortify border [3]
1 Negotiated
3 Display of force
1 Negotiated
3 Yield by side A
1 Negotiated
2 Imposed
1 1-25 deaths
6 Compromise
1 Negotiated
4 Yield by side B
14 Occupation of territory [4]
4 Use of force
4 Threat to declare war [2]
4 Yield by side B
4 Unclear
1 Victory for side A
2 Victory for side B
4 Yield by side B
15 Seizure [4]
3 101-250 deaths
4 Threat to declare war [2]
1 Negotiated
4 Yield by side B
2 Imposed
3 Yield by side A
1 Negotiated
2 Threat to use force
16 Attack [4]
0 None
1 Negotiated
3 Yield by side A
1 Negotiated
12 Border violation [3]
3 Display of force
4 Yield by side B
6 > 999 deaths
3 101-250 deaths
D–24
MID#
Highest Action
177
178
180
182
183
187
189
191
196
197
202
208
212
220
225
227
228
236
238
241
242
247
248
254
256
260
262
301
304
307
309
310
311
312
313
315
316
317
321
323
327
337
339
345
346
347
349
350
352
353
354
355
356
361
362
Conflict Intensity Measures
Hostility Level
Fatality Level
1 1-25 deaths
Dispute Endings
Outcome
Settlement
5 Stalemate
6 Compromise
1 Negotiated
5 Stalemate
6 Compromise
4 Yield by side B
6 > 999 deaths
1 Negotiated
17 Clash [4]
14 Occupation of territory [4]
2 Imposed
4 Yield by side B
7 Released
8 Unclear
10 Mobilization [3]
2 Imposed
3 None
4 Yield by side B
4 Yield by side B
3 None
1 Negotiated
1 Threat to use force [2]
2 Threat to use force
5 Stalemate
9 Joins ongoing war
1 1-25 deaths
3 None
1 Negotiated
5 Stalemate
1 Negotiated
5 Stalemate
1 Negotiated
6 Compromise
1 Negotiated
3 101-250 deaths
3 101-250 deaths
2 26-100 deaths
D–25
MID#
Highest Action
363
364
365
366
367
370
371
373
374
375
377
378
379
380
381
391
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
407
409
410
414
418
420
421
501
502
503
504
507
510
511
518
521
522
523
603
604
605
606
607
608
610
612
613
614
621
622
625
632
Conflict Intensity Measures
Hostility Level
7 Show of force [3]
3 Display of force
15 Seizure [4]
11 Fortify border [3]
4 Use of force
Fatality Level
Dispute Endings
Outcome
Settlement
5 Stalemate
7 Released
1 Negotiated
17 Clash [4]
3 Threat to occupy territory [2]
3 Threat to occupy territory [2]
7 Show of force [3]
4 Yield by side B
4 Yield by side B
3 Display of force
1 Threat to use force [2]
2 Threat to use force
4 Yield by side B
0 None
21 Join interstate war [5]
5 War
9 Joins ongoing war
2 Victory for side B
5 Stalemate
2 Imposed
1 Negotiated
5 501-999 deaths
3 None
2 Victory for side B
2 Imposed
2 Victory for side B
0 None
1 1-25 deaths
17 Clash [4]
9 Joins ongoing war
9 Joins ongoing war
4 Unclear
4 Unclear
4 Yield by side B
1 Negotiated
9 Joins ongoing war
9 Joins ongoing war
9 Joins ongoing war
4 Unclear
4 Unclear
4 Unclear
9 Joins ongoing war
4 Unclear
1 1-25 deaths
D–26
MID#
Highest Action
633
634
1006
1013
1019
1023
1024
1025
1026
1027
1039
1051
1061
1062
1063
1066
1068
1070
1072
1073
1074
1081
1083
1084
1086
1087
1091
1093
1094
1095
1097
1099
1100
1104
1105
1106
1109
1110
1117
1118
1119
1123
1129
1131
1133
1135
1136
1138
1139
1147
1151
1152
1153
1154
1155
Conflict Intensity Measures
Hostility Level
Fatality Level
Dispute Endings
Outcome
Settlement
17 Clash [4]
3 Yield by side A
1 Negotiated
6 Compromise
1 Negotiated
12 Border violation [3]
17 Clash [4]
0 None
1 Negotiated
14 Occupation of territory [4]
17 Clash [4]
0 None
5 Stalemate
1 Negotiated
3 None
1 Victory for side A
1 1-25 deaths
1 Negotiated
14 Occupation of territory [4]
15 Seizure [4]
4 Yield by side B
1 Negotiated
16 Attack [4]
4 Use of force
1 1-25 deaths
0 None
3 101-250 deaths
17 Clash [4]
3 None
0 None
1 Victory for side A
5 Stalemate
1 Victory for side A
17 Clash [4]
7 Show of force [3]
3 Display of force
10 Mobilization [3]
3 Display of force
1 Negotiated
1 Negotiated
5 Stalemate
1 Negotiated
D–27
MID#
Highest Action
1156
1158
1161
1166
1170
1171
1175
1178
1179
1181
1182
1184
1189
1190
1191
1202
1213
1214
1215
1219
1226
1227
1228
1229
1230
1234
1235
1240
1241
1243
1244
1245
1246
1247
1249
1262
1263
1268
1270
1272
1280
1284
1285
1286
1292
1300
1301
1302
1303
1304
1305
1306
1307
1308
1310
Conflict Intensity Measures
Hostility Level
Fatality Level
Dispute Endings
Outcome
Settlement
2 Victory for side B
5 Stalemate
0 None
5 Stalemate
5 Stalemate
3 None
11 Fortify border [3]
10 Mobilization [3]
3 Display of force
0 None
1 Negotiated
0 None
1 Negotiated
15 Seizure [4]
0 None
17 Clash [4]
4 Use of force
5 Stalemate
2 Imposed
2 Victory for side B
1 Threat to use force [2]
2 Threat to use force
3 Yield by side A
10 Mobilization [3]
1 Victory for side A
2 Imposed
1 Negotiated
17 Clash [4]
3 101-250 deaths
-9 Missing
1 1-25 deaths
D–28
MID#
Highest Action
1312
1319
1321
1322
1324
1331
1333
1334
1340
1344
1346
1347
1350
1352
1353
1360
1363
1364
1366
1368
1369
1374
1377
1378
1380
1381
1382
1384
1385
1387
1390
1391
1396
1397
1399
1401
1404
1407
1410
1411
1418
1419
1422
1423
1427
1428
1435
1441
1447
1448
1452
1463
1466
1469
1477
Conflict Intensity Measures
Hostility Level
Fatality Level
Dispute Endings
Outcome
Settlement
1 1-25 deaths
2 26-100 deaths
4 Yield by side B
16 Attack [4]
1 Negotiated
7 Released
17 Clash [4]
16 Attack [4]
1 1-25 deaths
1 1-25 deaths
6 > 999 deaths
1 1-25 deaths
7 Show of force [3]
3 Yield by side A
1 Negotiated
1 Negotiated
5 Stalemate
6 Compromise
6 Compromise
1 Negotiated
1 Negotiated
6 Compromise
1 Negotiated
3 Display of force
5 Stalemate
5 Stalemate
17 Clash [4]
6 Compromise
1 Negotiated
0 None
1 Negotiated
12 Border violation [3]
3 Display of force
10 Mobilization [3]
3 Display of force
0 None
0 None
7 Released
6 > 999 deaths
5 Stalemate
15 Seizure [4]
0 None
4 Yield by side B
D–29
1 Negotiated
MID#
Highest Action
1482
1489
1490
1493
1495
1498
1502
1503
1506
1507
1510
1511
1512
1513
1515
1517
1519
1520
1522
1524
1527
1533
1534
1540
1541
1542
1543
1544
1545
1547
1549
1550
1551
1553
1556
1563
1564
1566
1567
1569
1571
1573
1574
1575
1576
1579
1580
1581
1586
1587
1589
1590
1594
1595
1597
Conflict Intensity Measures
Hostility Level
Fatality Level
Dispute Endings
Outcome
Settlement
5 Stalemate
7 Show of force [3]
3 None
3 None
3 Display of force
3 Threat to occupy territory [2]
2 Threat to use force
1 Threat to use force [2]
2 Threat to use force
6 Compromise
1 Victory for side A
3 None
1 Victory for side A
2 Imposed
4 Yield by side B
15 Seizure [4]
1 Negotiated
16 Attack [4]
5 Stalemate
3 None
6 Compromise
1 Negotiated
0 None
0 None
5 Stalemate
12 Border violation [3]
3 Display of force
15 Seizure [4]
6 Compromise
1 1-25 deaths
3 Yield by side A
4 251-500 deaths
17 Clash [4]
12 Border violation [3]
D–30
MID#
Highest Action
1598
1599
1601
1603
1605
1608
1610
1612
1613
1614
1622
1623
1627
1629
1632
1633
1635
1639
1642
1643
1645
1646
1647
1648
1649
1650
1653
1654
1656
1660
1661
1670
1671
1674
1683
1685
1686
1693
1694
1695
1701
1703
1707
1708
1709
1710
1711
1713
1714
1715
1717
1718
1720
1723
1724
Conflict Intensity Measures
Hostility Level
Fatality Level
15 Seizure [4]
16 Attack [4]
Dispute Endings
Outcome
Settlement
7 Released
1 Negotiated
5 Stalemate
9 Joins ongoing war
4 Unclear
0 None
4 Yield by side B
16 Attack [4]
10 Mobilization [3]
2 Victory for side B
5 Stalemate
16 Attack [4]
4 Use of force
15 Seizure [4]
4 Use of force
1 Threat to use force [2]
2 Threat to use force
2 Imposed
3 None
5 Stalemate
5 Stalemate
6 Compromise
16 Attack [4]
4 Use of force
6 Compromise
1 Negotiated
10 Mobilization [3]
1 Negotiated
21 Join interstate war [5]
14 Occupation of territory [4]
5 War
9 Joins ongoing war
1 Victory for side A
0 None
15 Seizure [4]
0 None
0 None
1 1-25 deaths
3 Yield by side A
2 26-100 deaths
0 None
5 Stalemate
5 Stalemate
D–31
3 None
MID#
Highest Action
1732
1733
1736
1739
1740
1743
1746
1749
1752
1755
1757
1762
1764
1772
1773
1774
1775
1778
1780
1788
1789
1792
1793
1796
1797
1799
1800
1801
1803
1804
1805
1806
1807
1808
1809
1810
1825
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2014
2017
2018
2020
2022
2023
2024
2025
2029
2030
2031
2032
2033
Conflict Intensity Measures
Hostility Level
7 Show of force [3]
14 Occupation of territory [4]
15 Seizure [4]
7 Show of force [3]
Fatality Level
3 Display of force
4 Use of force
4 Use of force
3 Display of force
Dispute Endings
Outcome
Settlement
5 Stalemate
2 Imposed
8 Unclear
21 Join interstate war [5]
5 Stalemate
8 Unclear
9 Joins ongoing war
2 Threat to use force
2 Imposed
3 None
4 Yield by side B
18 Declaration of war [4]
16 Attack [4]
0 None
1 1-25 deaths
1 1-25 deaths
5 Stalemate
1 Negotiated
1 1-25 deaths
13 Blockade [4]
16 Attack [4]
1 Negotiated
3 Yield by side A
2 26-100 deaths
11 Fortify border [3]
11 Fortify border [3]
14 Occupation of territory [4]
10 Mobilization [3]
3 Display of force
3 Display of force
4 Use of force
3 Display of force
8 Alert [3]
3 Display of force
5 Stalemate
1 1-25 deaths
D–32
MID#
Highest Action
2035
2036
2038
2040
2041
2042
2044
2045
2046
2049
2050
2052
2053
2059
2066
2067
2068
2069
2072
2079
2080
2081
2082
2085
2086
2088
2092
2095
2096
2097
2098
2101
2102
2103
2112
2113
2115
2116
2117
2119
2120
2121
2123
2126
2127
2129
2130
2132
2133
2136
2138
2139
2140
2143
2144
Conflict Intensity Measures
Hostility Level
Fatality Level
4 Use of force
1 1-25 deaths
16 Attack [4]
Dispute Endings
Outcome
Settlement
5 Stalemate
1 Negotiated
11 Fortify border [3]
0 None
17 Clash [4]
4 Use of force
4 251-500 deaths
12 Border violation [3]
14 Occupation of territory [4]
4 Use of force
6 Compromise
12 Border violation [3]
15 Seizure [4]
5 Stalemate
3 None
6 Compromise
1 Negotiated
4 Use of force
14 Occupation of territory [4]
0 None
17 Clash [4]
12 Border violation [3]
17 Clash [4]
17 Clash [4]
15 Seizure [4]
14 Occupation of territory [4]
3 Display of force
4 Use of force
2 Victory for side B
2 Victory for side B
1 1-25 deaths
15 Seizure [4]
15 Seizure [4]
11 Fortify border [3]
0 None
D–33
MID#
Highest Action
2149
2150
2155
2163
2168
2169
2170
2171
2174
2175
2176
2177
2178
2179
2181
2184
2185
2186
2187
2188
2192
2194
2195
2198
2200
2201
2202
2203
2206
2208
2209
2211
2212
2218
2221
2222
2223
2225
2231
2234
2236
2237
2244
2300
2306
2307
2311
2313
2315
2316
2319
2320
2322
2325
2326
Conflict Intensity Measures
Hostility Level
Fatality Level
Dispute Endings
Outcome
Settlement
2 26-100 deaths
2 Victory for side B
3 None
1 1-25 deaths
7 Released
12 Border violation [3]
0 None
13 Blockade [4]
4 Use of force
0 None
5 Stalemate
3 None
5 Stalemate
3 None
1 1-25 deaths
0 None
1 1-25 deaths
7 Show of force [3]
1 Negotiated
0 None
12 Border violation [3]
1 1-25 deaths
3 None
3 None
5 Stalemate
12 Border violation [3]
3 Display of force
5 Stalemate
1 1-25 deaths
15 Seizure [4]
7 Released
D–34
3 None
MID#
Highest Action
2331
2335
2338
2339
2343
2346
2347
2348
2349
2353
2354
2357
2360
2363
2364
2367
2369
2372
2373
2544
2545
2547
2549
2551
2553
2554
2557
2561
2565
2568
2570
2574
2578
2584
2585
2588
2589
2590
2591
2593
2594
2596
2600
2603
2605
2610
2612
2616
2619
2623
2625
2626
2629
2630
2631
Conflict Intensity Measures
Hostility Level
Fatality Level
Dispute Endings
Outcome
Settlement
4 Yield by side B
6 Compromise
17 Clash [4]
4 Use of force
11 Fortify border [3]
3 Yield by side A
5 Stalemate
17 Clash [4]
15 Seizure [4]
7 Show of force [3]
15 Seizure [4]
2 Threat to blockade [2]
12 Border violation [3]
15 Seizure [4]
3 None
2 26-100 deaths
1 Negotiated
3 Display of force
3 Display of force
0 None
3 None
6 > 999 deaths
1 1-25 deaths
12 Border violation [3]
3 Display of force
D–35
0 None
2 Imposed
1 Victory for side A
4 Yield by side B
5 Stalemate
MID#
Highest Action
2632
2633
2634
2635
2639
2640
2641
2642
2643
2644
2646
2647
2649
2683
2704
2707
2708
2710
2711
2713
2715
2716
2717
2721
2724
2725
2729
2731
2733
2735
2739
2740
2741
2742
2745
2746
2747
2748
2749
2750
2754
2757
2760
2762
2767
2768
2769
2771
2772
2774
2775
2778
2779
2782
2783
Conflict Intensity Measures
Hostility Level
16 Attack [4]
4 Use of force
12 Border violation [3]
3 Display of force
Fatality Level
Dispute Endings
Outcome
Settlement
0 None
0 None
1 1-25 deaths
1 Negotiated
0 None
17 Clash [4]
17 Clash [4]
1 1-25 deaths
9 Joins ongoing war
9 Joins ongoing war
9 Joins ongoing war
21 Join interstate war [5]
4 Unclear
4 Unclear
2 Victory for side B
1 Negotiated
3 None
5 Stalemate
3 None
3 Yield by side A
1 Negotiated
2 26-100 deaths
17 Clash [4]
4 Use of force
16 Attack [4]
7 Show of force [3]
1 Threat to use force [2]
3 Display of force
1 1-25 deaths
0 None
0 None
1 1-25 deaths
15 Seizure [4]
4 Use of force
0 None
2 26-100 deaths
16 Attack [4]
16 Attack [4]
4 Use of force
4 Use of force
16 Attack [4]
0 None
16 Attack [4]
0 None
D–36
1 Negotiated
MID#
Highest Action
2785
2788
2793
2794
2798
2800
2801
2802
2806
2807
2808
2817
2820
2821
2823
2824
2826
2827
2832
2834
2840
2845
2847
2850
2852
2853
2854
2855
2857
2858
2859
2861
2863
2865
2870
2871
2873
2875
2877
2878
2880
2884
2888
2891
2892
2897
2898
2901
2904
2908
2914
2915
2916
2919
2921
Conflict Intensity Measures
Hostility Level
Fatality Level
Dispute Endings
Outcome
Settlement
7 Released
1 Negotiated
6 Compromise
7 Released
1 Negotiated
0 None
1 1-25 deaths
17 Clash [4]
4 Use of force
12 Border violation [3]
14 Occupation of territory [4]
7 Show of force [3]
3 Display of force
7 Released
16 Attack [4]
1 Negotiated
7 Released
15 Seizure [4]
6 Compromise
7 Released
17 Clash [4]
3 101-250 deaths
0 None
12 Border violation [3]
3 Display of force
D–37
1 Negotiated
MID#
Highest Action
2922
2923
2926
2928
2929
2930
2932
2933
2934
2935
2937
2938
2942
2944
2946
2947
2949
2956
2959
2960
2962
2963
2964
2965
2968
2969
2971
2974
2977
2984
2986
2987
2988
2989
2995
2996
2997
2998
2999
3000
3001
3003
3009
3017
3018
3022
3024
3031
3036
3037
3042
3043
3046
3049
3050
Conflict Intensity Measures
Hostility Level
Fatality Level
Dispute Endings
Outcome
Settlement
5 Stalemate
1 Negotiated
7 Show of force [3]
3 Display of force
7 Released
7 Released
1 1-25 deaths
0 None
1 Threat to use force [2]
2 Threat to use force
7 Released
7 Released
0 None
7 Released
15 Seizure [4]
1 1-25 deaths
17 Clash [4]
17 Clash [4]
16 Attack [4]
1 1-25 deaths
0 None
7 Released
12 Border violation [3]
3 Display of force
0 None
0 None
11 Fortify border [3]
11 Fortify border [3]
12 Border violation [3]
2 26-100 deaths
16 Attack [4]
D–38
MID#
Highest Action
3052
3053
3057
3058
3062
3064
3065
3066
3067
3068
3070
3071
3073
3075
3076
3082
3083
3086
3088
3093
3096
3097
3099
3101
3102
3104
3107
3109
3111
3112
3113
3114
3117
3119
3126
3127
3129
3130
3132
3133
3138
3139
3150
3151
3152
3154
3155
3157
3158
3161
3163
3167
3168
3169
3170
Conflict Intensity Measures
Hostility Level
Fatality Level
Dispute Endings
Outcome
Settlement
12 Border violation [3]
6 Compromise
1 Threat to use force [2]
1 Negotiated
2 Threat to use force
1 1-25 deaths
11 Fortify border [3]
0 None
0 None
12 Border violation [3]
4 Threat to declare war [2]
16 Attack [4]
4 Use of force
1 1-25 deaths
1 1-25 deaths
16 Attack [4]
8 Alert [3]
3 Yield by side A
12 Border violation [3]
1 1-25 deaths
6 Compromise
1 Negotiated
1 1-25 deaths
15 Seizure [4]
16 Attack [4]
4 Use of force
17 Clash [4]
1 1-25 deaths
17 Clash [4]
0 None
11 Fortify border [3]
17 Clash [4]
15 Seizure [4]
16 Attack [4]
4 Use of force
4 Use of force
D–39
7 Released
8 Unclear
1 Negotiated
1 Negotiated
MID#
Highest Action
3172
3173
3175
3180
3182
3183
3184
3185
3186
3187
3189
3190
3191
3192
3193
3195
3196
3197
3199
3200
3203
3205
3209
3210
3211
3214
3215
3217
3218
3221
3225
3227
3229
3230
3231
3239
3242
3243
3244
3247
3249
3250
3259
3260
3263
3265
3267
3300
3324
3326
3330
3340
3341
3343
3345
Conflict Intensity Measures
Hostility Level
Fatality Level
Dispute Endings
Outcome
Settlement
12 Border violation [3]
17 Clash [4]
6 Compromise
15 Seizure [4]
1 Negotiated
7 Released
7 Released
1 Negotiated
15 Seizure [4]
1 1-25 deaths
7 Released
0 None
1 Negotiated
3 Yield by side A
3 None
D–40
5 Stalemate
3 None
1 Victory for side A
2 Imposed
MID#
Highest Action
3346
3348
3349
3351
3352
3361
3362
3364
3371
3372
3373
3374
3377
3383
3384
3387
3400
3401
3402
3403
3404
3405
3406
3411
3412
3413
3414
3415
3417
3418
3419
3425
3427
3428
3430
3433
3434
3437
3439
3440
3443
3444
3446
3447
3448
3503
3506
3507
3508
3509
3510
3511
3512
3513
3514
Conflict Intensity Measures
Hostility Level
Fatality Level
Dispute Endings
Outcome
Settlement
1 Victory for side A
9 Joins ongoing war
5 Stalemate
1 Negotiated
11 Fortify border [3]
15 Seizure [4]
4 Use of force
1 1-25 deaths
17 Clash [4]
17 Clash [4]
0 None
0 None
12 Border violation [3]
16 Attack [4]
12 Border violation [3]
1 Threat to use force [2]
17 Clash [4]
3 Display of force
2 Threat to use force
5 Stalemate
5 Stalemate
3 None
5 Stalemate
3 None
1 1-25 deaths
17 Clash [4]
17 Clash [4]
16 Attack [4]
17
17
17
17
17
Clash
Clash
Clash
Clash
Clash
0 None
[4]
[4]
[4]
[4]
[4]
1 Negotiated
17 Clash [4]
0 None
2 26-100 deaths
10 Mobilization [3]
3 Display of force
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
D–41
Unclear
Unclear
Unclear
Unclear
Unclear
Unclear
Unclear
Unclear
Unclear
MID#
Highest Action
3515
3516
3518
3519
3520
3521
3522
3523
3525
3526
3527
3540
3542
3550
3551
3552
3554
3555
3557
3558
3561
3564
3567
3569
3572
3573
3574
3599
3604
3606
3607
3610
3613
3614
3615
3616
3617
3620
3621
3625
3626
3628
3629
3630
3631
3633
3637
3639
3642
3647
3656
3700
3701
3702
3708
Conflict Intensity Measures
Hostility Level
Fatality Level
Dispute Endings
Outcome
Settlement
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
Unclear
Unclear
Unclear
Unclear
Unclear
Unclear
Unclear
Unclear
Unclear
Unclear
Unclear
17 Clash [4]
17 Clash [4]
1 1-25 deaths
4 Yield by side B
2 Imposed
3 101-250 deaths
1 Victory for side A
20 Begin interstate war [5]
4 Yield by side B
3 None
1 1-25 deaths
12 Border violation [3]
17 Clash [4]
1 Negotiated
7 Show of force [3]
3 Display of force
0 None
8 Alert [3]
17 Clash [4]
14 Occupation of territory [4]
17 Clash [4]
17 Clash [4]
3 101-250 deaths
4 Use of force
4 Use of force
D–42
MID#
Highest Action
3709
3714
3715
3717
3718
3719
3720
3724
3725
3800
3802
3804
3806
3812
3813
3814
3820
3825
3827
3834
3835
3836
3850
3851
3853
3854
3855
3860
3861
3864
3868
3869
3872
3873
3875
3876
3877
3878
3881
3882
3885
3901
3904
3907
3909
3910
3911
3913
3914
3916
3919
3920
3921
3950
3952
Conflict Intensity Measures
Hostility Level
Fatality Level
0 None
Dispute Endings
Outcome
Settlement
9 Joins ongoing war
8 Unclear
4 Unclear
5 Stalemate
3 None
3 None
1 Negotiated
16 Attack [4]
4 Use of force
5 Stalemate
0 None
1 Threat to use force [2]
7 Show of force [3]
7 Show of force [3]
1 Threat to use force [2]
3 Display of force
3 Display of force
2 Threat to use force
17 Clash [4]
17 Clash [4]
4 Use of force
4 Use of force
5 Stalemate
5 Stalemate
1 1-25 deaths
8 Unclear
16 Attack [4]
0 None
1 1-25 deaths
17 Clash [4]
1 1-25 deaths
D–43
2 Imposed
MID#
Highest Action
3953
3957
3960
3974
3975
3976
3978
3979
3980
3983
3984
3985
3988
3994
4003
4004
4005
4006
4009
4010
4011
4012
4013
4016
4022
4027
4029
4030
4031
4035
4038
4040
4042
4045
4051
4052
4055
4060
4063
4064
4067
4068
4071
4075
4076
4083
4084
4085
4088
4090
4092
4094
4098
4100
4103
Conflict Intensity Measures
Hostility Level
Fatality Level
Dispute Endings
Outcome
Settlement
1 Victory for side A
4 Yield by side B
2 Imposed
11 Fortify border [3]
2 26-100 deaths
17 Clash [4]
16 Attack [4]
12 Border violation [3]
2 26-100 deaths
5 Stalemate
1 Negotiated
15 Seizure [4]
4 Use of force
1 Negotiated
16 Attack [4]
4 Use of force
1 1-25 deaths
1 Negotiated
1 Negotiated
2 Imposed
8 Alert [3]
3 Display of force
15 Seizure [4]
5 Stalemate
6 Compromise
16 Attack [4]
1 Negotiated
1 Negotiated
4 Use of force
0 None
16 Attack [4]
0 None
1 Negotiated
7 Released
12 Border violation [3]
3 None
D–44
MID#
Highest Action
4109
4113
4116
4117
4118
4121
4124
4126
4128
4130
4136
4138
4141
4144
4145
4148
4151
4152
4156
4158
4160
4161
4171
4172
4174
4179
4183
4188
4192
4197
4203
4210
4212
4215
4220
4221
4225
4236
4238
4245
4246
4250
4257
4258
4260
4261
4272
4273
4279
4280
4284
4287
4288
4291
4292
Conflict Intensity Measures
Hostility Level
Fatality Level
Dispute Endings
Outcome
Settlement
3 Yield by side A
14 Occupation of territory [4]
16 Attack [4]
4 Use of force
4 Use of force
1 Negotiated
0 None
5 Stalemate
16 Attack [4]
4 Use of force
7 Released
3 None
0 None
7 Released
1 Negotiated
1 Negotiated
16 Attack [4]
4 Use of force
17 Clash [4]
1 1-25 deaths
2 Imposed
1 1-25 deaths
5 Stalemate
10 Mobilization [3]
0 None
1 1-25 deaths
14 Occupation of territory [4]
4 Use of force
5 Stalemate
1 1-25 deaths
D–45
MID#
Highest Action
4295
4299
4310
4312
4313
4320
4323
4324
4329
4333
4335
4337
4338
4339
4341
4343
4344
Conflict Intensity Measures
Hostility Level
Fatality Level
Dispute Endings
Outcome
Settlement
1 Negotiated
1 1-25 deaths
17 Clash [4]
4 Use of force
17 Clash [4]
4 Use of force
16 Attack [4]
4 Use of force
1 1-25 deaths
5 Stalemate
5 Stalemate
1 Negotiated
3 None
3 None
1 Negotiated
D–46
Appendix E—Brief discussion of Correlates of War comments on
recommended changes
We provided the Correlates of War (CoW) project with several descriptions of our recommended
changes as our review progressed. Then, in January of 2014, CoW Director, Zeev Maoz, hosted a
mini-conference at the University of California-Davis, to discuss our recommendations. We sent a
revision of our recommendations soon after the conference and a more comprehensive report to all
involved in May 2014. We also sent the CoW project a draft of this paper in November of 2014.
This appendix provides a brief review of our discussions and disagreements over our recommended
changes following the release of the draft of our paper.
First, we have received no comment on MIDs for which we recommended keeping but with
changes, including recommendations of both major and minor changes.
Second, the following 60 cases were added to the drop report after the Davis meeting and may
not have been reviewed by CoW: MID#0216, MID#1022, MID#1042, MID#1149, MID#1150,
MID#1164, MID#1183, MID#1255, MID#1309, MID#1329, MID#1398, MID#1409, MID#1496,
MID#1501, MID#1509, MID#1526, MID#1604, MID#1659, MID#1786, MID#1787, MID#2015,
MID#2027, MID#2076, MID#2077, MID#2093, MID#2105, MID#2134, MID#2137, MID#2172,
MID#2227, MID#2314, MID#2356, MID#2558, MID#2620, MID#2621, MID#2726, MID#2911,
MID#3023, MID#3039, MID#3125, MID#3233, MID#3234, MID#3235, MID#3236, MID#3255,
MID#3324, MID#3385, MID#3505, MID#3517, MID#3524, MID#3655, MID#3711, MID#3829,
MID#3874, MID#3880, MID#3886, MID#4163, MID#4178, MID#4274, and MID#4327.
Third, CoW wants to treat eight cases as merges while we believe these are drops: MID#1082,
MID#1687, MID#1790, MID#2182, MID#2365, MID#2366, MID#3228, MID#3646, and MID#
3821. We could not find evidence of MID#2368 and do not consider it a drop (it is in our list of
cases that could not be found). CoW wants to drop MID#3542 instead of our recommendation of
dropping MID#3821; these are duplicate cases, so the result is the same. For these eight cases,
CoW essentially agrees with our recommendations, but our labeling differs.
Fourth, we found new information for six previous drop recommendations (changes were noted
in our May 2014 drop report that was given to CoW). Even though CoW agreed with our earlier
recommendation to drop these cases, we now believe the disputes should be kept, with changes
made in several of the disputes: MID#1698, MID#1809, MID#2600, MID#2870, MID#2928, and
MID#3156. Also, we agreed with CoW arguments at the UC-Davis meeting in 14 cases and have
changed the recommendations accordingly. The recommendations for these disputes were changed
in our May 2014 drop report: MID#1097, MID#1339, MID#1418, MID#1696, MID#1709,
MID#1717, MID#2087, MID#2610, MID#2615, MID#2623, MID#2760, MID#2838, MID#2967,
and MID#3002.
Finally, there remain 62 cases of disputes that CoW wants to keep even though we argue
that the disputes should be dropped from the dataset. These can be divided into two categories:
disagreements over evidence and disagreements over coding rules. In the first category, there are a
large number of cases in which the drop report listed the story of a possible incident but did not
include all the information about our searches for protest. It is difficult to prove a negative, but we
were always very careful to conduct comprehensive searches of the weeks (and many times months)
following these events for evidence of protest. Nevertheless, if CoW has evidence of protest in these
cases, we will be glad to change our recommendation(s).
• In all there are 19 cases in which we found no protest that CoW wants to keep: MID#2848,
MID#2864, MID#2896, MID#2900, MID#2902, MID#2903, MID#2912, MID#2939, MID#
2954, MID#2957, MID#2990, MID#2994, MID#3204, MID#3212, MID#3223, MID#3224,
E–1
MID#3237, MID#3710, and MID#3951.
• There are also 17 cases in which CoW believes we did not consult original sources when, in
fact, we did, and we still recommend dropping the case. These disputes are described in the
drop report: MID#1028, MID#1176, MID#1558, MID#1641, MID#2078 (actually in could
not find report), MID#2706, MID#2712, MID#2837, MID#3153, MID#3266, MID#3268,
MID#3321 (actually in could not find report), MID#3363, MID#3376, MID#3571, MID#3828,
and MID#3831. If CoW believes these recommendations are in error and can provide evidence of a dispute, we will be happy to revisit these cases yet again. However, our many
reviews of historical record of these events still suggest that these cases should be dropped
from the dataset.
The second category of disagreements over coding-rules interpretation includes 24 cases. We reviewed each of these cases once more in light of CoW’s brief notes on our narratives; we also
conducted additional searches for each of the cases. Ultimately, we decided to recommend keeping MID#1128, MID#2738, MID#3723, MID#3824, and MID#3856, following major changes
to the coding of each dispute. We changed the recommendation for MID#3857 to a case that
should be merged with MID#3850. We stand by our drop recommendations for the remaining cases: MID#0239, MID#1162, MID#1725, MID#1734, MID#2016, MID#2108, MID#2608,
MID#2703, MID#2787, MID#2831, MID#2842, MID#3077, MID#3121, MID#3237, MID#3270,
MID#3350, MID#4026, and MID#4032. Interested readers are encouraged to consult our drop
narratives and email us for original sources and/or our search results for these cases of disagreement.
E–2
Appendix F—Sources for Suggested Changes, by Dispute Number
MID#0003
References
Bridge, F.R. (1972). From Sadowa to Sarajevo: The Foreign Policy of Austria-Hungary 1866 to
1914. Routledge and Kegan Paul.
MID#0004
References
Keesing’s (1949). “Corfu Channel Dispute.-Albania Found Responsible for Mining of British Destroyers”. In: Keesing’s Record of World Events. Vol. 7. Keesing’s Worldwide, LLC: 9939.
MID#0007
References
New York Times (1951). “Britain to Stand on Rights in Egypt”. New York Times October 16: 11.
— (1952). “45 in Egypt Slain as British Disarm Police in Battle”. New York Times January 26.
By A.C. Sedgwick, Special to the New York Times: 1.
MID#0014
References
Stearns, Peter N., ed. (2001). The Encyclopedia of World History: Ancient, Medieval and Modern.
6th ed. Houghton Mifflin Company.
MID#0016
References
“An Encyclopedia of World History; Ancient, Medieval and Modern, Chronologically Arranged”
(1968). In: ed. by William L. Langer. 4th ed. Harrap. Chap. Korea, 1777-1910: p. 917.
New York Times (1897). “England Menaces Korea”. New York Times December 27: 1.
— (1898). “Russia Offers to Quit Korea”. New York Times March 19: 7.
F–1
MID#0021
References
Langer, William L., ed. (1968). An Encyclopedia of World History: Ancient, Medieval and Modern,
Chronologically Arranged. 4th ed. Harrap.
MID#0025
References
Dupuy, Richard Ernest and Trevor Nevitt Dupuy (1970). The Encyclopaedia of Military History:
From 3500 B.C. to the Present. Harper and Row.
MID#0026
References
Dart, Dorothy R. (1949). “Chronicle of International Events for the Period May 1-July 31, 1949”.
The American Journal of International Law 43 (4): 793–802.
George, Alexander L. and Richard Smoke (1974). Deterrence in American Foreign Policy: Theory
and Practice. Columbia University Press.
MID#0027
References
Blechman, Barry M. and Stephen S. Kaplan (1978). Force Without War: U.S. Armed Forces as a
Political Intrument. The Brookings Institution.
MID#0038
References
Avalon Project (1934). ”British-American Diplomacy: the Caroline Case.”. online. Treaties and
Other International Acts of the Unites States of America. Edited by Hunter Miller, Volume 4
Documents 80-121: 1836-1846. U.S. Government Printing Office.
Dupuy, Richard Ernest and Trevor Nevitt Dupuy (1970). The Encyclopedia of Military History:
From 3500 B.C. to the Present. Harper and Row.
F–2
MID#0041
References
Blechman, Barry M. and Stephen S. Kaplan (1978). Force Without War: U.S. Armed Forces as a
Political Instrument. The Brookings Institution.
New York Times (1929a). “America Figures Now In Harbin Raid”. New York Times June 11: 6.
— (1929b). “Says Chiang Inspired Raid”. New York Times May 29: 8.
MID#0050
References
Keesing’s (1954). “Communist Bombardments of Quemoy Island.-Nationalist Air Attacks on Amoy.Mr. Chou En-lai’s Demand for ’Liberation’ of Formosa.-US Seventh Fleet to defend Formosa
against Invasion.” In: Keesing’s Record of World Events. Vol. 9. Keesing’s Worldwide, LLC:
13785.
New York Times (1953). “7th Fleet ’Manned and Ready to Act’”. New York Times February 9: 4.
— (1956). “7th Fleet’s Chief is ’Not Alarmed’”. New York Times February 7. By Henry R. Lieberman, Special to the New York Times: 6.
MID#0053
References
New York Times (1956). “U.S. Naval Plane Missing in Attack Off China’s Coast”. New York Times
August 23: 1.
MID#0067
References
Brecher, Michael and Jonathan Wilkenfeld (1997). A Study of Crisis. The University of Michigan
Press.
MID#0072
References
Keesing’s (1934). “Visit of Italian Warships.” In: Keesing’s Record of World Events. Vol. 1-2.
Keesing’s Worldwide, LLC: 1274.
Winnipeg Free Press (1934). “Visit of Italian Ships to Albania Causes Surprise”. Winnipeg Free
Press June 27: 1.
F–3
MID#0078
References
Dupuy, Richard Ernest and Trevor Nevitt Dupuy (1970). The Encyclopedia of Military History:
From 3500 B.C. to the Present. Harper and Row.
Maurice, Charles Edmund (1969). The Revolutionary Movement of 1848-9 in Italy, Austria-Hungary
and Germany: With Some Examination of the Previous Thirty-three Years. Issue 48 of the World
History Series. Haskell House Publisher LTD.
MID#0086
References
Burke III, Edmund (1976). Prelude to Protectorate in Morocco: Precolonial Protest and Resistance,
1860-1912. University of Chicago Press.
Gershovich, Moshe (2000). French Military Rule in Morocco Colonialism and its Consequences.
Frank Cass.
MID#0091
References
Anderson, M.S. (1966). The Eastern Question, 1774-1923: A Study in International Relations.
Pages 250-251. Macmillan.
MID#0096
References
Dupuy, Richard Ernest and Trevor Nevitt Dupuy (1970). The Encyclopedia of Military History:
From 3500 B.C. to the Present. Harper and Row.
MID#0106
References
St. Louis Post-Dispatch (1895). “Japan and Russia: Has There Been an Understanding Between
the Two Nations.” St. Louis Post-Dispatch May 6: 2.
The Atlanta Constitution (1895). “Russia Makes a Protest: Against the Ratification of the ChinaJapanese Treaty”. The Atlanta Constitution April 27: 1.
The Nashville American (1895a). “Armed Intervention: Threatened by Russia, France and Germany
if Japan Ignores Their Objections to the Treaty.” The Nashville American May 2: 6.
F–4
The Nashville American (1895b). “Now it is Japan: That is Seeking Aid From the United States.”
The Nashville American April 27: 1.
Washington Post (1895). “Russia May Go To War: She Threatens a Blockade of the JapJapan
Ports.” Washington Post April 30: 1.
MID#0109
References
Bridge, F.R. (1972). From Sadowa to Sarajevo: The Foreign Policy of Austria-Hungary 1866 to
1914. Routledge and Kegan Paul.
Swire, J. (1929). Albania: the Rise of a Kingdom. pg 74-77. Williams and Norgate LTD.
MID#0114
References
American Journal of International Law (1912). “Ultimatum from Italy to Turkey Regarding Tripoli”.
The American Journal of International Law 6 (1): 11–12.
MID#0121
References
Bailey, Thomas Andrew (1974). A Diplomatic History of the American People. Prentice Hall.
The Scotsman (1853). “Foreign Intelligence: France”. The Scotsman July 16: 4.
MID#0122
References
Brecher, Michael and Jonathan Wilkenfeld (1997). A Study of Crisis. The University of Michigan
Press.
Keesing’s (1961). “General Kassem claims Iraqi Sovereignty over Kuwait [see 18150 B].- RRule of
Kuwait’s Appeal for British and Saudi Arabian Assistance.- British and Saudi Military Forces
sent to Kuwait.(1)- international Reactions to Kuwait Crisis.-Soviet Veto of British Resolution
in security Council”. In: Keesing’s Record of the World. Vol. 7. Ke: 18187.
— (1962). “Election of Constituent Assembly. First Cabinet.-Withdrawal of British and U.A.R.
Forces.-Establishment of Arab Economic Development Fund.-Relations with Iraq.” In: Keesing’s
Record of World Events. Vol. 8. Keesing’s Worldwide, LLC: 18934.
F–5
MID#0125
References
Bailey, Thomas Andrew (1974). A Diplomatic History of the American People. 6th ed. Prentice
Hall.
Blechman, Barry M. and Stephen S. Kaplan (1978). Force Without War: U.S. Armed Forces as a
Political Instrument. The Brookings Institution.
New York Times (1958). “Moscow Attacks West on Lebanon”. New York Times May 19: 8.
MID#0133
References
New York Times (1923a). “League or New War, Warning by Clarke”. New York Times January
11: 7.
— (1923b). “Lithuania Against the World”. New York Times January 13: 12.
— (1923c). “Sympathy Felt at Kovho”. New York Times January 18: 2.
MID#0134
References
Keesing’s (1939). “Annexation by German Lithuanian accepts German Ultimatum.-Herr Hitler in
Memel.-German LLithuania Non-Aggression Treaty”. In: Keesing’s Record of World Events.
Vol. 3. Keesing’s Worldwide, LLC: 3498.
MID#0145
References
Chicago Daily Tribune (1927). “France Joins Britain to Keep Grip on China”. Chicago Daily Tribune January 19: 1.
Christian Science Monitor (1927). “Canton Forces Take Shanghai; Strike Ordered”. Christian Science Monitor March 21: 1.
New York Times (1927a). “Mussolini Backs Britain on China”. New York Times February 5: 2.
— (1927b). “Official Reports on China: Navy and State Departments Hear of Easing of Shanghai
Situation”. New York Times March 29: 2.
— (1927c). “Spain Holds to Neutrality”. New York Times February 1: 2.
— (1927d). “Spain is Rushing Cruiser to China”. New York Times January 21: 4.
The Baltimore Sun (1927a). “Chinese Detain British Naval Craft, Report”. The Baltimore Sun
January 7: 1.
F–6
The Baltimore Sun (1927b). “U.S. Ships Rush to Aid Hankow Foreign Colony”. The Baltimore Sun
January 6: 1.
Washington Post (1927). “Five Powers’ Ships in Shanghai Harbor Ready for Battle”. Washington
Post February 18: 1.
MID#0153
References
Puryear, Vernon John (1941). France and the Levant from the Bourbon Restoration to the Peace of
Kutiah. Vol. 27. University of California Publications in History. University of California Press.
MID#0154
References
Colby, Frank Moore, ed. (1900). The International Year Book: A Compendium of the World’s
Progress During the Year 1899. pg 591-593. Dodd, Mead and Company.
MID#0158
References
New York Times (1921a). “Pana Orders Out Troops to Resist Enforcing Award”. New York Times
August 23: 1.
— (1921b). “Panama Captures Costa Rican Force; Washington Warns”. New York Times March
1: 1.
— (1921c). “Panama Gives Up Disputed Strip”. New York Times August 24: 1.
MID#0164
References
Davis, Harold E. (1941). “The Citizenship of John Perdicaris”. The Journal of Modern History
13 (4): 517–526.
MID#0165
References
New York Times (1912a). “Chaos and Anarchy in Persia—Shuster”. New York Times January 21:
C12.
— (1912b). “Shuster Going to Russia”. New York Times January 9: 3.
F–7
MID#0172
References
Keesing’s (1962). “Military Build-up in Quemoy Area. President Kennedy’s Warning to Chinese
CCommunist against Attack on Formosa or the Pescadores”. In: Keesing’s Record of World
Events. Vol. 8. Keesing’s Worldwide, LLC: 18866.
New York Times (1962a). “Reds Shell Quemoy Again”. New York Times December 17: 3.
— (1962b). “Shelling of Quemoy Resumes”. New York Times January 7: 1.
MID#0173
References
Brecher, Michael and Jonathan Wilkenfeld (1997). A Study in Crisis. pg 384-385. The University
of Michigan Press.
New York Times (1958). “U.S. Reducing Forces in the Taiwan Region”. New York Times December
11: 2.
MID#0178
References
Akagi, Roy HIdemichi (1936). Japan’s Foreign Relations, 1542-1936: A Short History. 3rd ed. pg
540-1. Hokuseido Press.
Hata, Ikuhiko (1967). Reality and Illusion: The Hidden Crisis between Japan and the USSR, 19321934. Columbia University Press.
New York Times (1932). “Japan Asks Russia to End Troop Moves”. New York Times June 3: 1.
— (1933a). “Japan and Russia Renew Rail Clash”. New York Times June 1: 4.
— (1933b). “Reds Warn Japan of Perils in a War”. New York Times November 13: 11.
— (1933c). “Soviet Troops Near Border.” New York Times April 13: 10.
— (1934a). “Brush With Soviet Troops is Reported by Japanese”. New York Times October 1: 8.
— (1934b). “Japanese Troops Near Soviet Frontier”. New York Times February 1. By the Associated Press: 6.
— (1934c). “Manchuko Holds Russians in ’Plot’”. New York Times August 16: 9.
— (1934d). “Manchuko Sends Protest to Soviet”. New York Times September 20: 10.
— (1934e). “Say Russians Slew Manchuko Sailor”. New York Times May 15: 11.
F–8
MID#0179
References
New York Times (1939). “Finland is Invited to Moscow Talks”. New York Times October 8. By
G.E.R. Gedye wireless to the New York Times: 1.
MID#0182
References
Ikuhiko, Hata (1976). “The Japanese Soviet Confrontation, 1935-39”. In: Deterrent Diplomacy:
Japan Germany, and the USSR 1935-1940. Ed. by James William Morley. Columbia University
Press: 113–178.
New York Times (1935). “Soviet Threatens Japan on Mongolia”. New York Times December 10:
14.
— (1936a). “2 Japanese Slain in Siberian Border Fight; Russia Protests Alleged Invasion by 50”.
New York Times March 26. By Harold Denny special cable to the New York Times: 1.
— (1936b). “Mongols repulse Manchukuo Force”. New York Times April 2. By Harold Denny
Special Cable to the New York Times: 19.
MID#0187
References
Forbes, Archibald and Januarius Aloysius MacGahan (1878). The War Correspondence of the ’Daily
News,’ 1877: With a Connecting Narrative Forming a Continuous History of the War Between
Russia and Turkey. 2nd ed. MacMillan.
MID#0194
References
Office, Great Britain. Foreign (1869). British and Foreign State Papers. Vol. 54. H.M. Stationary
Office.
MID#0197
References
Kennan, George Frost (1989). Russia Leaves the War. Princeton University Press.
McFadden, David W. (1993). Alternative Paths: Soviets and Americans, 1917-1920. Oxford University Press.
F–9
Rhodes, Benjamin D. (1986). “The Anglo-American Intervention at Archangel, 1918-19: The Role
of the 339th Infantry”. The International History Review 8 (3): 367–388.
Trani, Eugene P. (1976). “Woodrow Wilson and the Decision to Intervene in Russia: A Reconsideration”. The Journal of Modern History 48 (3): 440–461.
MID#0200
References
New York Times (1956a). “Excerpts From the U.N. Debate on Egypt”. New York Times November
6: 14.
— (1956b). “Text of U.N. Documents and Excerpts From the Debate on Egypt”. New York Times
November 5: 10.
MID#0202
References
Mayers, William Frederick (1877). Treaties between the Empire of china and foreign powers: together
with regulations for the conduct of foreign trade, conventions, agreements, reguations, etc., etc.,
etc. 4th ed. Treaty of Peace, Friendship, and Commerce Between France and China. Tientsin
Treaty June 9, 1885. Shanghai; North-China Herald Office.
MID#0203
References
Hoffman, Steven A. (1990). India and the China Crisis. Vol. 6. International Crisis Behavior.
University of California Press.
Jetly, Nancy (1979). India-China Relations, 1947-1977: A Study of Parliament’s Role in the Making
of Foreign Policy. Humanities Press.
MID#0207
References
Bailey, Thomas Andrew (1974). A Diplomatic History of the American People. Prentice Hall.
F–10
MID#0208
References
New York Times (1953a). “Article 2–No Title”. New York Times April 1: 11.
— (1953b). “British Arms Fliers for Air Maneuvers Despite Red Moves”. New York Times March
15: 1.
— (1953c). “Soviet MIG’s Down R.A.F. Plane, Kill 5 In Berlin Air Lane”. New York Times March
13: 1.
MID#0212
References
Roberts, Stephen and Theodore Ropp (1987). The Development of a Modern Navy: French Naval
Policy, 1871-1904. United States Naval Institute.
MID#0216
References
Bolsover, G.H. (1936). “David Urquhart and the Eastern Question, 1833-37: A Study in Publicity
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Ingle, Harold N. (1976). Nesselrode and the Russian Rapprochement with Britain, 1836-1844. University of California Press.
Seton-Watson, Hugh (1988). The Russian Empire, 1801-1917. Oxford University Press.
MID#0217
References
Anderson, Matthew Smith (1966). The Eastern Question, 1774-1923. St. Martin’s Press.
Langer, William (1968). An Encyclopedia of World History: Ancient, Medieval and Modern, Chronologically Arranged. Houghton Mifflin Company.
MID#0220
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Gochman, Charles Samuel (1975). “Status, Conflict, And War: The Major Powers, 1820-1970”.
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F–11
Mackerras, Colin (1982). Modern China: A Chronology from 1842 to the Present. Thames and
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Murdoch, James (1996). A History of Japan. reprint. Vol. 3. Psychology Press.
MID#0227
References
New York Times (1861). “News From California”. New York Times October 30: 8.
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MID#0228
References
“An Encyclopedia of World History: Ancient, Medieval and Modern, Chronologically Arranged”
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New York Times (1921). “Turks and Greeks Get Treaty Draft”. New York Times March 13: 18.
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F–12
MID#0231
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MID#0235
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New York Times (1940a). “6 Hits on Warship”. New York Times July 7: 1.
— (1940b). “Battle off Oran”. New York Times July 5. By James B Reston, special cable to the
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— (1940c). “French Fliers Join In Gibraltar Raid”. New York Times July 8: 1.
Stearns, Peter N., ed. (2001). The Encyclopedia of World History: Ancient, Medieval and Modern.
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MID#0236
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Anderson, Matthew Smith (1966). The Eastern Question, 1774-1923: A Study in International
Relations. 6th ed. Macmillan.
Penson, Lillian and Harold Temperly (1938). Foundations of British Foreign Policy 1792-1902.
Cambridge University Press.
MID#0238
References
New York Times (1913). “Britain Awes Guatemala”. New York Times May 15: 8.
MID#0241
References
Johari, J. C. (2000). “Soviet Diplomacy 1935-41”. In: Encyclopaedia of International Affairs. Ed.
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F–13
MID#0246
References
New York Times (1960a). “Castro Says Cuba Fired on U.S. Ship”. New York Times May 14. By
the Associated Press: 1.
— (1960b). “Castro Says U.S. Backs Action to Overthrow Him”. New York Times April 23. By
R. Hart Phillips, special to the New York Times: 1.
— (1960c). “Premier Vows Aid: Would Back Castro if U.S. Intervened by Use of Force”. New York
Times July 10. By Osgood Caruthers, special to the New York Times: 1.
— (1961). “Zorin Emphasizes Cuba Aid Pledge”. New York Times April 27. By Kathleen Teltsch.
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MID#0248
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MID#0249
References
Munro, Dana (1964). Intervention and Dollar Diplomacy in the Caribbean, 1900-1921. Princeton
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MID#0251
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MID#0252
References
Atlanta Constitution (1945). “Reds Seek Ceded Land From Turks”. Atlanta Constitution December
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Chicago Daily Tribune (1945a). “Reds Call Turk Note Reply Not Satisfactory”. Chicago Daily
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— (1945b). “Turkey Votes to Build Strong Army”. Chicago Daily Tribune December 22: 9.
F–14
Chicago Daily Tribune (1946). “Russians Move Toward Turkey in Nerves War”. Chicago Daily
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Mark, Eduard (1997). “The War Scare of 1946 and Its Consequences”. Diplomatic History 21 (3):
348–415.
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— (1945b). “Turks Refusal to Cede Land Affirmed by Foreign Chief”. New York Times December
22. By C.L. Sulzberger by cable to the New York Times: 1.
— (1946). “Acheson Hints U.S. is Firm on Straits”. New York Times August 17: 1.
The Sun (1946). “Peace Or No, Turkey To Remain Mobilized”. The Sun July 18: 14.
MID#0254
References
Bowen, Herbert W. (1919). “Roosevelt and Venezuela”. The North American Review 210 (766):
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Singh, Kelvin (1999). “Big Power Pressure on Venezuela during the Presidency of Cipriano Castro”.
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Political Science Quarterly 100 (1): 117–138.
Mobley, Richard A. (2009). “U.S. Joint Military Contributions to Countering Syria’s 1970 Invasion
of Jordan”. Joint Force Quarterly 55 (4th Quarter): 160–167.
New York Times (1970a). “Disclosure Is Made by Amman Radio”. New York Times September 27:
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— (1970b). “Hussein Wins the Battle but Price is Very High”. New York Times September 27:
E1.
— (1970c). “Syria Denies Intervention”. New York Times September 23: 18.
— (1970d). “U.S. Aide is Slain in Amman Battle”. New York Times June 11. By Tad Szulc, special
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F–33
MID#1061
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New York Times (1974). “Israeli Jets Raid Bases in Lebanon”. New York Times June 19: 1.
The Sun (1974). “Israel raids Lebanon Avenges Guerilla Attack”. The Sun April 13: A1.
Washington Post (1974). “Egypt Warns Israelis at U.N. Session”. Washington Post April 16: A1.
— (1976). “U.S. Approval Seen for Syrian Role in Beirut”. Washington Post January 29. By Jim
Hoagland: A12.
MID#1066
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New York Times (1941). “Portugese Timor Occupied by Allies”. New York Times December 19.
By Craig Thompson, special cable to the New York Times: 1.
MID#1067
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Keesing’s (1971a). “Israel returns to Peace Talks. Mrs. Meir’s Statement.-Resumption of Peace
Negotiation under Dr. Jarring.-One month Extension of Cease-fire Truce.” In: Keesing’s Record
of World Events. Vol. 17. Keesing’s Worldwide, LLC: 24429.
— (1971b). “Military Action against Palestinian Guerillas.-Destruction of Guerilla Organization
in Jordanian Territory.-Reactions in Arab Countries”. In: Keesing’s Record of World Events.
Vol. 17. Keesing’s Worldwide, LLC: 24769.
New York Times (1967). “Israeli Accuses Jordan”. New York Times July: 3.
MID#1068
References
New York Times (1970a). “Israel Still Holds Algerian Officials”. New York Times August 16: 4.
— (1970b). “Israelis Release Two Algerian Officials Removed From an Airliner”. New York Times
October 15. By Peter Grose, special to the New York Times: 3.
Washington Post (1970a). “Algeria Asks Opposition to Israeli Acts”. Washington Post August 19:
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F–34
MID#1070
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Keesing’s (1966). “Military Operations in Borneo and Johore, 1965-66.” In: Keesing’s Record of
World Events. Vol. 12. Keesing’s Worldwide, LLC: 21493.
New York Times (1963a). “Malaysia’s Birth Marked in 4 Lands”. New York Times September 16.
By Seth S. King, special to the New York Times: 1.
— (1963b). “Thant Sees a Threat in Borneo That May Require U.N. Action”. New York Times
January 30. By Arnold H. Lubasch, special to the New York Times: 1.
MID#1072
References
New York Times (1968a). “400 Malaysian Students Storm Philippine Embassy”. New York Times
September 22: 18.
— (1968b). “A ’Cooling-Off’ Period Over Sabah Reported”. New York Times August 7: 3.
New York Times (1968c). “Alert Ordered in Sabah”. New York Times April 4: 17.
— (1968d). “Filipinos Attack British Embassy Over Sabah Issue”. New York Times September
28: 3.
— (1968e). “Malays Suspend Ties to Filipinos”. New York Times September 20: 3.
— (1968f). “Malaysia and Philippines Agree To Drop Sabah Issue For a Year”. New York Times
December 14. By Terence Smith, special to the New York Times: 5.
— (1968g). “Malaysia Reacts Strongly”. New York Times September 19: 2.
— (1968h). “Malaysia Rejects the Philippines’ Claim to Sabah”. New York Times July 16: 4.
— (1968i). “Malaysian Leader Welcomes Philippine Accord”. New York Times August 8: 3.
— (1968j). “Manila Asserts Rights to Sabah”. New York Times September 19: 2.
— (1968k). “Manila Weighs Split With Kuala Lumpur”. New York Times July 17: 15.
— (1968l). “Manila Withdraws Envoy in Malaysia”. New York Times July 21: 4.
— (1968m). “Marcos Invites Rahman to Talks”. New York TImes September 23: 13.
— (1968n). “Philippine Claim to Sabah”. New York Times August 17. By Privado G. Jimenez:
26.
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special to the New York Times: 5.
F–35
MID#1073
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New York Times (1954). “Portugal Stiffens Defense”. New York Times August 8: 14.
— (1955). “Portugal Warns India About Goa”. New York Times April 8. By Camille M. Clanfarra,
special to the New York Times: 5.
MID#1081
References
New York Times (1971a). “Shellings Reported by Syria and Jordan Near Fedayeen Base”. New
York Times July 21. By Eric Pace, special to the New York Times: 3.
— (1971b). “Syria and Jordan Accuse Each Other of RenRenew Shelling Along Their Tense Border”. New York Times August 14. By Hedrick Smith, special to the New York Times: 7.
MID#1082
References
Rout, Leslie B. (1970). Politics of the Chaco Peace Conference, 1935-39. University of Texas Press.
MID#1083
References
Keesing’s (1963). “Political Developments in First Year of Independence.-Split in F.L.N. between
Supporters of M. Ben Bella and M. Ben Khedda.-Dismissal and Reinstatement of Colonel
Boumedienne.-Political Bureau assumes Control under M. Ben Bella’s Leadership.-General
Elections.-Cabinet Formed by M. Ben Bella.-Economic Rehabilitation Measures.-Expropriation
of Former French Settlers Property.” In: Keesing’s Record of World Events. Vol. 9. Keesing’s
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New York Times (1962a). “Algeria Charges Moroccans Seize a Post in Sahara”. New York Times
July 7. By Thomas F. Brady, special to the New York Times: 1.
— (1962b). “Rabat Seeks Pact on Algeria”. New York Times October 18: 3.
MID#1084
References
Keesing’s (1964). “The Border Dispute.-Fighting on Algerian-Moroccan Frontier.-Mediation Efforts
by African and Arab States.-The Bamako Cease-Fire Agreement.-Creation of Demilitarized
Zone.” In: Keesing’s Record of World Events. Vol. 10. Keesing’s Worldwide, LLC. Chap. Algeria,
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F–36
New York Times (1963). “Border Forces Reinforced by Algeria and Morocco”. New York Times
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MID#1087
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New York Times (1911a). “May Appeal to Powers”. New York Times June 11: C4.
— (1911b). “Protests Over Morocco”. New York Times June 10: 4.
— (1911c). “Spain Reinforces Melilla”. New York Times September 10: 2.
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MID#1097
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New York Times (1952). “Chilean Fears Allayed”. New York Times August 23: 4.
MID#1098
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New York Times (1955a). “Chile’s Problems Abroad Complex”. New York Times September 17.
By Tad Szulc: 3.
— (1955b). “Peru, Chile and Spain Act”. New York Times September 24: 3.
MID#1109
References
Keesing’s (1967). “Continuation of Civil War.-Partial Evacuation of Egyptian Forces.-Royalist Offensive and Republican Counter-offensive.-Peace Proposals.” In: Keesing’s Record of World
Events. Vol. 13. Keesing’s Worldwide, LLC. Chap. Yemen: 22270.
New York Times (1966a). “Bombing of Saudi Arabian Oasis by Egyptian Planes is Reported”. New
York Times November 7: 8.
— (1966b). “Nasser Threatens Saudi Arabia With Invasion in Yemen Dispute”. New York Times
May 2. By Hedrich Smith, special to the New York Times: 1.
— (1966c). “Yemen Reports Arms Seized”. New York Times May 8: 52.
— (1967). “Saudis Charge Nasser’s Fliers Killed 4 in Raid”. New York Times January 28: 3.
F–37
MID#1110
References
New York Times (1969a). “Saudis Report Retaking Border Position From Southern Yemeni”. New
York Times December 4: 20.
— (1969b). “Yemen Reports Border Clash”. New York Times November 27: 3.
MID#1117
References
Daily Defender (1958). “Spain Yields Land to Morocco”. Daily Defender April 3: 2.
New York Times (1958a). “Morocco Expels a Spanish Consul”. New York Times February 22: 3.
New York Times (1958b). “Spain Said to Drop Paratroops in Ifni”. New York Times February 20:
1.
The Sun (1957a). “Clashes in Africa Endanger Spanish-Morocco Relations”. The Sun November
26: 6.
— (1957b). “Spain Threatens Morocco in Ifni Row, Rabat is Told”. The Sun December 9: 2.
Washington Post (1957a). “Morocco Says Spain Attacks It”. Washington Post November 29: A1.
— (1957b). “’We’ll Fight,’ Spain Warns Moroccans”. Washington Post December 22: A7.
MID#1118
References
Keesing’s (1973). “Fisheries Dispute With Spain.-Severance of Diplomatic Relations With Portugal.” In: Keesing’s Record of World Events. Vol. 19. Keesing’s Worldwide, LLC. Chap. Morocco:
25866.
MID#1128
References
Safran, Nadav (1988). Saudi Arabia: The Ceaseless Quest for Security. Cornell University Press.
MID#1129
References
Sarkees, Meredith Reid and Frank Whelon Wayman (2010). Resort to War: A Data Guide to interstate, extra-state, intra-state, and non-state wars, 1816-2007. revised. Correlates of War. The
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F–38
MID#1131
References
Dupuy, Richard Ernest and Trevor Nevitt Dupuy (1970). The Encyclopedia of Military History:
From 3500 B.C. to the Present. Harper and Row.
New York Times (1914). “Russia Was Ready for Turks’ Attack”. New York Times November 14:
3.
— (1915). “Ravage Persian Territory”. New York Times January 5: 2.
MID#1133
References
Dupuy, Richard Ernest and Trevor Nevitt Dupuy (1970). The Encyclopedia of Military History:
From 3500 B.C. to the Present. Harper and Row.
New York Times (1920). “Bolsheviki Cross Persian Frontier”. New York Times May 18: 17.
MID#1134
References
Karsh, Efraim (1990). “Geopolitical Determinism: The Origins of the Iran-Iraq War”. Middle East
Journal 44 (2): 256–268.
Keesing’s (1975). “Border Agreement between Iraq and Iran.-Ceasefire in Kurdish War.” In: Keesing’s
Record of World Events. Vol. 21. Keesing’s Worldwide, LLC. Chap. Iraq, Iraq, Iran: 27053.
New York Times (1975). “Iraq and Iran Sign Accord to Settle Border Conflicts”. New York Times
March 7: 73.
Swearingen, Will D. (1988). “Geopolitical Origins of the Iran-Iraq War”. Geographical Review
78 (4): 405–416.
MID#1147
References
Ireland, Gordon (1938). Boundaries, Possessions, and Conflicts in South America. Harvard University Press.
New York Times (1910). “Ecuador Rushes Troops to Front”. New York Times May 18: 4.
F–39
MID#1149
References
Christian Science Monitor (1915). “Ecuador Ready to Take Lead in Boundary Case”. Christian
Science Monitor October 11: 7.
MID#1153
References
New York Times (1938a). “Ecuador Charges Peru With Threat”. New York Times June 8: 10.
— (1938b). “Ecuador Tension Eased”. New York Times June 19: 25.
New York Times (1938c). “Ecuadorean Soldiers Seized by Peruvians”. New York Times June 3: 9.
— (1938d). “Two Wars Feared in South America”. New York Times June 5. By John W. White,
special cable to the New York Times: 34.
MID#1155
References
New York Times (1951a). “A Dangerous Border Clash”. New York Times August 16: 23.
— (1951b). “Ecuador Charges Fresh Peru Blows”. New York Times August 15: 7.
— (1951c). “Ecuador Charges Peruvian Attacks”. New York Times August 12: 1.
— (1951d). “Parley on Peru Expected”. New York Times August 19: 21.
MID#1156
References
New York Times (1954a). “Clash on Border Disrupts Parley”. New York Times March 11. By Sam
Pope Brewer, special to the New York Times: 5.
— (1954b). “Ecuador-Peru Border Reopened”. New York Times May 15: 6.
— (1954c). “Peru Closes Part of Border”. New York Times March 1: 8.
MID#1157
References
New York Times (1955). “No Peru Army Found on Ecuador Border”. New York Times September
15: 15.
F–40
MID#1162
References
Galvez, Juan Ignacio (1920). International Conflicts: Peru Against Colombia, Ecuador and Chile.
Sociedad Imprenta y Litograffia Universo.
MID#1164
References
Galvez, Juan Ignacio (1920). International Conflicts: Peru Against Colombia, Ecuador and Chile.
Sociedad Imprenta y Litograffia Universo.
MID#1170
References
New York Times (1929a). “Honduran Raids Reported”. New York Times September 14: 4.
— (1929b). “Honduras Protests to US on Bombing”. New York Times April 11: 2.
— (1929c). “Marines Explain Bombing”. New York Times April 10: 5.
MID#1171
References
New York Times (1935). “Guatemala and Salvador Reported in Border Tiffs”. New York Times
August 30: 18.
MID#1175
References
State, United States Department of (1917). Papers Relating to the foreign relations of the United
States with the address of the president to Congress December 4, 1917. Guatemala pages 751801. U.S. Government Printing Office.
MID#1176
References
Christian Science Monitor (1920). “Salvador Drives Foes Across Border”. Christian Science Monitor
May 18: 5.
F–41
Washington Post (1920a). “Rebels Invade Salvador”. Washington Post MAy 13: 1.
— (1920b). “Salvador Revolution Put Down”. Washington Post May 18: 6.
MID#1177
References
Tucker, Spencer and Priscilla Mary Roberts, eds. (2005). World War I: A Student Encyclopedia.
Illustrated. Vol. 1. ABC-CLIO.
MID#1178
References
New York Times (1902). “Brazil Warns Bolivia”. New York Times June 20: 1.
MID#1181
References
New York Times (1911a). “Chile Buys Battleships”. New York Times October 25: 4.
— (1911b). “Chilean Attack on Peru”. New York Times May 29: 4.
— (1911c). “Peru Fears Her Neighbor”. New York Times November 5: C2.
MID#1182
References
New York Times (1918). “Bolivia Reasserts Claim”. New York Times November 26: 4.
MID#1183
References
Lindsay, J. W. (1935). “The War Over the Chaco: A Personal Account”. International Affairs
14 (2). Royal Institute of International Affairs 1931-1939: 231–240.
MID#1187
References
Keesing’s (1962). “Family Expenditure Survey, June 1961.-Report of Cost of Living Advisory
Committee.-Retail Prices Index Movements, January-March 1962.” In: Keesing’s Record of
World Events. Vol. 8. Keesing’s Worldwide, LLC. Chap. United Kingdom: 18771.
F–42
MID#1189
References
Keesing’s (1976). “Guyana”. In: Keesing’s Record of World Events. Vol. 22. Keesing’s Worldwide,
LLC. Chap. Guyana: 27970.
MID#1197
References
Keesing’s (1944). “Apr 1944-Allegations of Frontier Violations by Chinese Troops.-Chinese Denial.”
In: Keesing’s Record of World Events. Vol. 5. Keesing’s Worldwide, LLC. Chap. Mongolia: 6390.
MID#1200
References
New York Times (1973). “World News Briefs: Uganda Executes 12 as a ’Lesson’”. New York Times
February 11: 9.
MID#1202
References
Anderson, Luis (1908). “The Peace Conference of Central America”. The American Journal of
International Law 2 (1): 144–151.
Buchanan, William I. (1908). The Central American Peace Conference Held at Washington 1907.
U.S. Government Printing Office.
New York Times (1907a). “Fighting in Salvador”. New York Times June 12: 2.
— (1907b). “War Clouds Over Central America”. New York Times June 5: 4.
Scott, James Brown (1908). “The Central American Peace Conference of 1907”. The American
Journal of International Law 2 (1): 121–143.
MID#1204
References
Anderson, Luis (1908). “The Peace Conference of Central America”. The American Journal of
International Law 2 (1): 144–151.
New York Times (1907a). “American Marines Land in Honduras”. New York Times March 22: 1.
— (1907b). “Central American Trouble”. New York Times February 7: 4.
F–43
— (1907c). “Fighting in Salvador”. New York Times June 12: 2.
— (1907d). “To Guard Our Interests”. New York Times February 8: 6.
— (1907e). “War Cloud Over Central America”. New York Times June 15: 4.
Scott, James Brown (1908). “The Central American Peace Conference of 1907”. The American
Journal of International Law 2 (1): 121–143.
The Sun (1920). “Rebels Cross Frontier”. The Sun May 13: 1.
MID#1209
References
New York Times (1962). “Argentine-Paraguay Clash”. New York Times May 16: 12.
MID#1211
References
Farcau, Bruce W. (1996). The Chaco War: Bolivia and Paraguay, 1932-1935. Greenwood Publishing
Group.
New York Times (1935a). “Bolivia Threatens to Retain Armies”. New York Times August 22. By
John W. White, special cable to the New York Times: 13.
— (1935b). “Chaco Mission Ends Task”. New York Times October 8: 19.
— (1935c). “Chaco Peace Body to Name American”. New York Times August 4. By John W.
White, special cable to the New York Times: 28.
— (1935d). “Paraguay Blamed for Chaco Impasse”. New York Times August 20. By John W.
White, special cable to the New York Times: 4.
— (1935e). “War Threat Seen in Paraguay Move”. New York Times September 16. By John W.
White, special cable to the New York Times: 7.
The Times (1935). “Chaco Peace Deadlock”. The Times September 3: 11.
MID#1213
References
Keesing’s (1965). “Incidents on South Vietnamese Frontier.-Cambodian Complaint to United Nations.” In: Keesing’s Record of World Events. Vol. 11. Keesing’s Worldwide, LLC: 20604.
New York Times (1965). “Cambodia Charges Bombing”. New York Times April 29: 6.
F–44
MID#1214
References
Smith, Roger M. (1965). Cambodia’s Foreign Policy. Cornell University Press.
MID#1215
References
Keesing’s (1958). “Cambodian Allegations of Frontier Violations by South Vietnamese Forces.Vietnamese Counter-charges against Cambodia.” In: Keesing’s Record of World Events. Vol. 11.
Keesing’s Worldwide, LLC. Chap. South Vietnamese, Vietnamese, Cambodia: 16369.
MID#1217
References
New York Times (1967a). “Cambodia Charges Attack by U.S. and South Vietnam”. New York
Times March 17: 12.
— (1967b). “U.S. Planes Blast Army Barracks Near Hanoi”. New York Times February 6: 6.
MID#1226
References
New York Times (1958a). “10,000 Thais in Riot”. New York Times September 8: 9.
— (1958b). “Cambodia Acts on Aide”. New York Times November 30: 4.
— (1958c). “Cambodia Plans Case”. New York Times September 5: 9.
— (1958d). “Cambodia Suspends Ties With Thailand”. New York Times November 25: 2.
— (1958e). “Thailand Closes Cambodian Border”. New York Times November 26: 5.
— (1958f). “Thailand Studies Frontier Dispute”. New York Times August 26: 11.
— (1958g). “Thais Destroy Ten Birdges”. New York Times September 2: 3.
— (1958h). “Thais Guard Border”. New York Times August 5: 3.
— (1959a). “A Tension Lessened”. New York Times February 6: 24.
— (1959b). “Cambodia Frees 49 Thais”. New York Times February 5: 5.
— (1959c). “Thai-Cambodia Rift is Nearer Solution”. New York Times January 29: 3.
— (1959d). “Thais to Resume Cambodian Ties”. New York Times February 7: 4.
Washington Post (1958a). “Abductions Charged to Cambodians”. Washington Post December 12:
A14.
F–45
— (1958b). “Thailand Closing Border With Cambodia”. Washington Post November 26: A6.
— (1959). “Thailand, Cambodia Resume Relationship”. Washington Post February 7: A6.
MID#1227
References
New York Times (1961a). “Cambodian Calls 2 Neighbors Foes”. New York Times December 28: 4.
— (1961b). “Thai Warns Cambodia”. New York Times October 21: 4.
Smith, Roger M. (1965). Cambodia’s Foreign Policy. Cornell University Press.
MID#1228
References
New York Times (1962a). “Cambodians Report Firing on Two Thai Airplanes”. New York Times
November 18: 7.
— (1962b). “Thai Vows to Fight to Retain Temples”. New York Times June 17: 7.
— (1962c). “Thailand Scores Cambodia: Reports Clashes on Border”. New York Times August
14: 7.
MID#1230
References
Keesing’s (1967). “General Elections.-Cabinet Changes.-Communist Revolt,-Recognition of Cambodia’s Frontiers by Foreign Governments.-Incidents on South Vietnamese and Thai Frontiers”.
In: Keesing’s Record of World Events. Vol. 13. Keesing’s Worldwide, LLC. Chap. Cambodia,
Cambodia: 22283.
MID#1233
References
Christian Science Monitor (1921a). “Hungarians Resist Transfer to Austria”. Christian Science
Monitor August 31: 1.
— (1921b). “Magyars Loath to Yield Burgenland”. Christian Science Monitor September 1: 2.
— (1921c). “Solution Found as to Burgenland”. Christian Science Monitor October 14: 2.
New York Times (1921a). “Allies Plan Action Against Hungary”. New York Times September 10:
3.
F–46
— (1921b). “Austrians Halt Burgenland March”. New York Times August 30: 2.
— (1921c). “Austro-Hungarian Situation is Graver”. New York Times September 12: 2.
— (1921d). “Burgenland Pact Signed in Venice”. New York Times October 14: 17.
— (1921e). “Hungarian Plot Arrest”. New York Times September 4: 13.
— (1921f). “Vienna Sees Plot in Burgenland Coup”. New York Times September 26: 1.
Washington Post (1921a). “Allies Order Hungary to Evacuate Burgenland”. Washington Post
September 24: 5.
— (1921b). “Austria Wil Get Hungarian Land”. Washington Post August 29: 2.
— (1921c). “Will Yield Burgenland, Hungary Informs Allies”. Washington Post September 29: 4.
MID#1234
References
Atlanta Constitution (1921). “Letvia-Russian War Breaks Out, Berlin Reports”. Atlanta Constitution June 25: 5.
Chicago Daily Tribune (1921). “Russia Threatens Neighbors”. Chicago Daily Tribune June 13: 8.
New York Times (1921a). “Baltic States Get a Respite”. New York Times January 15. By Walter
Duranty: 4.
— (1921b). “Drive By Red Army Believed Imminent”. New York Times January 4. By Walter
Duranty: 5.
The Sun (1921). “Baby Republics Fear Russia’s Urge Toward Their Sea Outlets”. The Sun August
16. By Mark S. Watson: 3.
Washington Post (1921). “Soviet Army Mobilizing”. Washington Post July 23: 1.
MID#1235
References
New York Times (1921a). “Albanians Repulse Serbs”. New York Times August 7: 18.
— (1921b). “Albania’s Demands Divide The Nations”. New York Times September 22. By Edwin
L. James: 15.
— (1921c). “Balkan War Clouds Shadows League”. New York Times September 21. By Edwin L.
James: 1.
— (1921d). “Mirdites Rout Albanians”. New York Times August 29: 3.
— (1921e). “Say Serbs Menace Albania”. New York Times October 4: 1.
F–47
MID#1240
References
New York Times (1923a). “Yugoslavia Sends Sofia Ultimatum”. New York Times November 6: 2.
— (1923b). “Yugoslavia Warns Bulgarians of War”. New York Times September 17: 3.
MID#1243
References
Keesing’s (1938). “Mar 1938.-Resumption of Diplomatic and Commercial Relations.-Lithuanian
Acceptance of Polish Ultimatum”. In: Keesing’s Record of World Events. Vol. 3. Keesing’s
Worldwide, LLC. Chap. Poland, Lithuania, Lithuanian, Polish: 2992.
New York Times (1938). “Nazis and Poles Open a Campaign on Lithuanians”. New York Times
October 20: 1.
MID#1245
References
New York Times (1938). “Hungary Warned By 2 Czech Alllies”. New York Times September 25:
32.
MID#1246
References
New York Times (1938). “Hungarians Submit Break With Czechs to Munich Powers”. New York
Times October 14: 1.
MID#1249
References
Penwith, Lord Courtney, ed. (1915). Nationalism and War in the Near East. Clarendon Press.
MID#1255
References
Heaton-Armstrong, Duncan (2005). The Six Month Kingdom: Albania 1914. Ed. by Gervase Belfield
and Bejtullah Destani. illustrated. I. B. Tauris.
F–48
New York Times (1915). “Serbs Resume War”. New York Times June 2: 1.
— (1916). “Struggle for Albania Begins in Earnest”. New York Times February 17: 2.
MID#1257
References
New York Times (1918a). “Bessarabia Breaks Away From Russia”. New York Times January 30.
By Harold Williams: 2.
— (1918b). “Bolsheviki Break With Rumania”. New York Times January 29: 3.
— (1918c). “Bolsheviki Plan Army With Care”. New York Times February 3. By Arthur Ransome,
special cable to the New York Times: 1.
— (1918d). “Russia and Rumania Agree to Make Peace”. New York Times March 10: 2.
New York Times (1918e). “Talk Useless, Envoys Said”. New York Times March 4: 1.
MID#1263
References
Atlanta Constitution (1918a). “Absolute Surrender By Austria-Hungary Under Armistice Terms”.
Atlanta Constitution November 5: 7.
— (1918b). “Rumania Resumes Fight on Germany”. Atlanta Constitution November 13: 14.
— (1918c). “Rumania Taking No Nonsense Now From Hun Armies”. Atlanta Constitution November 15: 1.
Castellan, Georges (1992). History of the Balkans: from Mohammed the Conqueror to Stalin. East
European Monographs.
Chicago Daily Tribune (1918). “Roumania Germans Revolt”. Chicago Daily Tribune November 16:
1.
Christian Science Monitor (1918a). “Dr. Solf Appeals For Easier Terms”. Christian Science Monitor
November 12: 1.
— (1918b). “Georges Roussos on Balkan Issue”. Christian Science Monitor November 4: 1.
— (1918c). “Reconstruction of Eastern Front is Now Made Possible”. Christian Science Monitor
November 4: 1.
Hupchick, Dennis P. (2004). The Balkans: From Constantinople to Communism. Palgrave Macmillan.
New York Times (1918). “Berlin Explains Invasion of Tyrol”. New York Times November 11: 7.
Washington Post (1918). “Mackensen Reaches Berlin”. Washington Post November 25: 3.
F–49
MID#1268
References
New York Times (1919). “Poles Fighting on Three Fronts”. New York Times January 30. By
Charles A. Selden: 1.
Washington Post (1919). “New Boundaries Now Proposed”. Washington Post February 3: 1.
MID#1270
References
Sarkees, Meredith Reid and Frank Whelon Wayman (2010). Resort to War: A Data Guide to interstate, extra-state, intra-state, and non-state wars, 1816-2007. revised. Correlates of War. The
Boxer Rebellion. CQ Press.
MID#1278
References
Christian Science Monitor (1958). “Turks Seek to Oust Greeks”. Christian Science Monitor January
15. By John Rigos: 10.
The Sun (1958). “Rioting Turk Cypriots and British Clash”. The Sun January 28: 1.
MID#1284
References
Keesing’s (1948). “The Civil War.-Government Victory in Grammos.-Renewed fighting in Vista
Range.-Rebel Disturbances in Peloponnesus.-Abduction of B.B.C. Correspondent.-Reports of
U.N. Balkans Commission.-Condemnation of Albanian, Bulgarian and, Yugoslav Aid to GuerillasYugoslav Refusal to return Abducted Children.-Mr. Marshall’s Athens Visit.-Martial Law imposed in Greece.-Executions of Communists.” In: Keesing’s Record of World Events. Vol. 6-7.
Keesing’s Worldwide, LLC. Chap. Greece: 9605.
New York Times (1948a). “Albania Issues a Denial”. New York Times August 16: 2.
— (1948b). “Greece Demands Albania Role End”. New York Times August 19. By A.C. Sedgwick,
special to the New York Times: 3.
— (1948c). “Greece is Blamed in Mediation Split”. New York Times December 15. By Thomas J.
Hamilton, special to the New York Times: 1.
— (1948d). “Greeks Accuse Albania”. New York Times August 1: 13.
— (1948e). “New Balkan Talks Begin”. New York Times November 13: 8.
— (1948f). “Report Attack From Albania”. New York Times June 23: 23.
F–50
MID#1285
References
Keesing’s (1949). “The Civil War.-Successful Government Offensives in Northern Border Ranges.Rebel Government announces Cessation of Guerrilla Operations.-Greek Government’s Allegations of Albanian and Bulgarian Aid to Guerrillas.-Counter-Allegations of Frontier Violations
by Albania and Bulgaria.-U.N. Balkans Committee Reports on Albanian, Bulgarian, and Rumanian Intervention.-President Truman’s Report on U.S. Aid to Greece.-Greek Government
suspends Death Sentences on Communists.-Death Sentences and Executions since June 1946.”
In: Keesing’s Record of World Events. Vol. 7. Keesing’s Worldwide, LLC. Chap. Greece, Greek:
10293.
New York Times (1949a). “Albania Charges Greek ’Invasion’”. New York Times August 11: 10.
— (1949b). “Albanian Vitsi Clash Detailed”. New York Times August 28: 20.
New York TImes (1949). “Greece to Caution U.N. Over Albania”. New York Times September 14:
12.
New York Times (1949a). “Greek Rebel Units Reported Fleeing”. New York Times August 13: 4.
— (1949b). “Romulo Confirms Failure on Greece”. New York Times October 19. By Thomas J.
Hamilton, special to the New York Times: 15.
— (1949c). “War Ends in Greece”. New York Times October 17: 22.
MID#1286
References
New York Times (1949a). “5 Russian Tank Divisions Reported on Tito’s Border”. New York Times
August 31. By the United Press: 4.
— (1949b). “Albania Says Tito Tried Annexation”. New York Times August 23. By Harry Schwartz:
8.
— (1949c). “Belgrade Assays Possibility of Direct Action by Moscow”. New York Times August
29. By M.S. Handler, special to the New York Times: 1.
— (1949d). “Soviet Relieves Envoy to Belgrade, Names Him a Deputy Foreign Chief”. New York
Times August 16: 1.
— (1949e). “Soviet Warns Tito of StStrong Step to Aid Nationals”. New York Times August 21.
By Harrison E. Salisbury, special to the New York Times: 1.
— (1949f). “Tito vs. Stalin: Struggle Enters Crucial Stage”. New York Times August 14. By M.S.
Handler, special to the New York Times: E3.
— (1949g). “Tito’s Defiance Adds to Tension in Balkans”. New York Times September 11. By
C.L. Sulzberger, special to the New York Times: E4.
— (1949h). “U.S. Said to Suggest That Tito Must Decide on Any Appeal to the U.N.” New York
Times September 1. By C.L. Sulzberger, special to the New York Times: 1.
F–51
— (1949i). “Yugoslavia Called An ’Enemy’ by Russia”. New York Times August 12. By the Associated Press: 1.
— (1949j). “Yugoslavia Quarrel Tough One For Stalin”. New York Times September 4. By Edwin
L. James: 71.
— (1949k). “Yugoslavia Seizes Yards, Ends Russian Ship Deal”. New York Times August 12. By
the Associated Press: 3.
— (1949l). “Yugoslavs Alert For Soviet Moves”. New York Times August 31. By M.S. Handler,
special to the New York Times: 7.
Rubinstein, Alvin Z. (1970). Yugoslavia and the Nonaligned World. Princeton University Press.
UN General Assembly (1951). “Complaint of Hostile Activities of the Government of the Union of
Soviet Socialist Republics and the Governments of Bulgaria, Hungary, Romania and Albania,
as well as the Governments of Czechoslovakia and Poland, against Yugoslavia”. A/RES/509.
355th plenary meeting, 14 December 1951.
MID#1289
References
Facts on File World News Digest (1976a). “Greece, Turkey dispute Aegean Waters”. Facts on File
World News Digest August 21 (7 of 24). Facts on File.
— (1976b). “Greece, Turkey resume talks”. Facts on File World News Digest November 13 (12 of
24). Facts on File.
Wilson, Andrew (1979). The Aegean Dispute. Illustrated. Issue 155 of Adelphi Papers. International
Institute for Strategic Studies.
MID#1290
References
Winnipeg Free Press (1975). “Greece Warns Turkey”. Winnipeg Free Press January 13: 23.
MID#1292
References
Wilson, Andrew (1979). The Aegean Dispute. Illustrated. Issue 155 of Adelphi Papers. International
Institute for Strategic Studies.
F–52
MID#1300
References
New York Times (1955a). “India, Pakistan in Rail Pact”. New York Times July 31: 5.
— (1955b). “Indians Protest Clash in Kashmir”. New York Times May 10: 8.
— (1955c). “Pakistan Warns Indians, Afghans”. New York Times July 2. By John P. Callahan,
special to the New York Times: 2.
— (1955d). “Turkey Indian Soldiers Are Slain by Pakistanis in a Kashmir Clash”. New York Times
May 9: 1.
MID#1301
References
New York Times (1956a). “Indian-Pakistani Clash is Reported by Punjab”. New York Times March
20: 3.
— (1956b). “Indian-Pakistani Clash on Border Isle Reported”. New York Times February 22: 3.
MID#1303
References
New York Times (1960). “Afghans Report Pakistani Clash”. New York Times October 8: 8.
MID#1304
References
Hasan, Khurshid (1962). “Pakistan-Afghanistan Relations”. Asian Survey 2 (7): 14–24.
New York Times (1961a). “Afghan-Pakistan Border Tense as Dispute on Tribe Worsens”. New York
Times May 29. By Paul Grimes, special to the New York Times: 4.
— (1961b). “Border Raiding Flares”. New York Times October 5. By Paul Grimes, Special to the
New York Times: 6.
— (1961c). “Pakistanis Accuse Afghans in Dispute”. New York Times September 3: 15.
— (1961d). “Pakistanis Strafe Afghans on Border”. New York Times May 22. By the Associated
Press: 1.
— (1961e). “U.S. Fails to End Pakistan’s Dispute With Afghanistan”. New York Times November
7: 12.
— (1961f). “U.S. Seeks to Settle Afghan Border Rift”. New York Times October 5. By E.W.
Kenworthy, Special to the New York Times: 1.
F–53
The Times (1961). “Pakistan Bombs Afghan Posts on Border”. The Times May 23: 10.
MID#1306
References
Hasan, Khurshid (1962). “Pakistan-Afghanistan Relations”. Asian Survey 2 (7): 14–24.
Keesing’s (1950). “Continuation of Afghan Campaign for Formation of ’Pathanistan.’-Support by
Fakir of Ipi.-Frontier Incidents.-Pakistani Allegations of Afghan Frontier Violations.-Afghan
Denials.-Mr. Liaquat All Khan on Pakistan’s Attitude.” In: Keesing’s Record of World Events.
Vol. 7-8. Keesing’s Worldwide, LLC. Chap. Pakistan, Afghanistan, Afghan, Pakistani: 11077.
New York Times (1950a). “Karachi Reports Afghan Attack”. New York Times November 30: 22.
— (1950b). “Pakistan Reports Attack by Afghans”. New York Times October 5: 17.
— (1950c). “Pushtu State is Urged”. New York Times December 18: 4.
— (1951). “Afghanistan Scores Pakistan”. New York Times September 2: 15.
The Times (1950). “Pakistan Warns Afghans”. The Times October 9: 3.
MID#1307
References
Keesing’s (1949). “Aug 1949-Tension on North-West Frontier.-Afghan Demand for Independent
’Pathanistan.’-Repudiation by Government of Pakistan.-Bombing Incident on Afghan Frontier.Afghan Approach British for Mediation.-Statement by Mr. Noel-Baker on British Government’s
Attitude.” In: Keesing’s Record of World Events. Vol. 7. Keesing’s Worldwide, LLC. Chap. Pakistan, Afghanistan, Afghan, Pakistani: 10172.
MID#1308
References
New York Times (1950a). “Dispute Over Kashmir is Back Where it Began”. New York Times
August 27. By Robert Trumbull, special to the New York Times: E5.
— (1950b). “Kashmir Outbreak Reported”. New York Times June 14: 13.
— (1950c). “Pakistan Denies Report”. New York Times June 15: 21.
— (1950d). “Pakistan Pledges Fight on Kashmir”. New York Times January 20: 3.
The Times (1950). “Failure of Mediation on Kashmir”. The Times February 8: 6.
F–54
MID#1309
References
New York Times (1961). “Nehru Warns Policy on Kashmir is Firm”. New York Times July 20: 5.
MID#1310
References
New York Times (1962a). “2 Pakistanis Die in Clash”. New York Times September 19: 11.
— (1962b). “Pakistanis Support Ayub Over Kashmir”. New York Times November 5: 11.
MID#1315
References
Keesing’s (1965a). “Concentration of Troops on Indo-Pakistan Borders.- Indian Border Police
brought under Central Control.” In: Keesing’s Record of World Events. Vol. 11. Keesing’s Worldwide, LLC. Chap. India, Pakistan, Pakistan: 21065.
— (1965b). “Occupied by Indian Forces.-Pakistani Offensive in Jammu.-Indian Invasion of West
Pakistan.-Cease-Fire accepted at security Council’s Demand.-Pakistani Threat to leave U.N. security Council Debates.” In: Keesing’s Record of World Events. Vol. 11. Keesing’s Worldwide,
LLC. Chap. India, Pakistan, Pakistani, Indian, Pakistan: 21103.
— (1966). “Death of Mr. Shastri in Tashkent”. In: Keesing’s Record of World Events. Vol. 12.
Keesing’s Worldwide, LLC. Chap. India, Pakistan: 21187.
UN Security Council (1965a). “Security Council Resolution 209: The India Pakistan Question”.
S/RES/209. Adopted on September 4, 1965.
— (1965b). “Security Council Resolution 210: The India Pakistan Question”. S/RES/210. Adopted
on September 6, 1965.
— (1965c). “Security Council Resolution 211: The India Pakistan Question”. S/RES/211. Adopted
on September 20, 1965.
Washington Post (1966). “India and Pakistan to Begin Withdrawal”. Washington Post January
25: A8.
MID#1316
References
Dupuy, Richard Ernest and Trevor Nevitt Dupuy (1970). The Encyclopedia of Military History:
From 3500 B.C. to the Present. Revised. Harper and Row.
F–55
Keesing’s (1965). “Concentration of Troops on Indo-Pakistan Borders.-Indian Border Police brought
under Central Control.” In: Keesing’s Record of World Events. Vol. 11. Keesing’s Worldwide,
LLC. Chap. India, Pakistan, Pakistan: 21065.
MID#1317
References
Chowdhury, Brigadier General Abdus Salam (2002). Bangladesh-India Land Border Issue and Management. In print by the Indian National Defense Course.
MID#1319
References
Keesing’s (1965). “Jun 1965-Military Operations against the Rebels, january-February 1965.” In:
Keesing’s Record of World Events. Vol. 11. Keesing’s Worldwide, LLC. Chap. Congo: 20803.
New York Times (1965). “2 Uganda Thrusts in Congo Reported”. New York Times February 2.
By Joseph Lelyveld, special to the New York Times: 1.
MID#1331
References
Facts on File World News Digest (1975a). “Hassan calls off Moroccan march”. Facts on File World
News Digest November 15 (4 of 9). Facts on File.
— (1975b). “King calls march into Spanish Sahara”. Facts on File World News Digest October
25 (1 of 9). Facts on File.
— (1975c). “Moroccans march peacefully across border”. Facts on File World News Digest November 8 (3 of 9). Facts on File.
MID#1332
References
New York Times (1967). “U.S. Protests to Portugal Incursion Into Congo”. New York Times
November 3. By Benjamin Welles, special to the New York Times: 10.
F–56
MID#1333
References
Keesing’s (1978). “Internal Agreement on Transition to Black Majority Rule.-Rejection of Agreements by Patriotic Front.-Related Developments.” In: Keesing’s Record of World Events. Vol. 24.
Keesing’s Worldwide, LLC. Chap. Rhodesia, American, Rhodesia, Malta: 28941.
New York Times (1976a). “Botswana Accuses Rhodesian Troops”. New York Times August 13: 4.
— (1976b). “Rhodesian-Botswana Clash Reported”. New York Times December 20: 10.
— (1977a). “A Rhodesian Officer is Slain in Botswana”. New York Times February 20: 4.
— (1977b). “Rhodesia Warns Neighbors That it Might Launch Attacks Against Rebels”. New York
Times May 17: 7.
MID#1335
References
Keesing’s (1969). “National Assembly Elections.-Justice Party Victory.-New Government formed
by Mr. Demirel.” In: Keesing’s Record of World Events. Vol. 15. Keesing’s Worldwide, LLC.
Chap. Turkey: 23723.
MID#1337
References
Keesing’s (1977). “Closure of Border With Libya.-International Security Developments.” In: Keesing’s
Record of World Events. Vol. 23. Keesing’s Worldwide, LLC. Chap. Chad: 28136.
New York Times (1976). “New Libyan Maps Annex Territory From 3 Neighbors”. New York Times
September 10: 3.
MID#1339
References
New York Times (1976). “Gabon Closes Northern Border”. New York Times November 18: 6.
MID#1344
References
New York Times (1953a). “Japan in ’Sharp Protest’”. New York Times February 21: 2.
— (1953b). “Japan Protests to South Korea”. New York Times September 10: 2.
F–57
— (1953c). “Korea Jails 27 Japanese”. New York Times October 18: 2.
— (1953d). “South Korea Holds 12 Japanese”. New York Times March 17: 10.
— (1953e). “Tokyo Protests to Seoul”. New York Times July 14: 7.
— (1954a). “Korea Takes Isles Claimed by Japan”. New York Times July 31. By Lindesay Parrott,
special to the New York Times: 1.
— (1954b). “Koreans Seize 17 Japanese”. New York Times February 16: 3.
MID#1346
References
Koo, Min Gyo (2010). Island Disputes and Maritime Regime Building in East Asia: Between a
Rock and a Hard Place. illustrated. The Political Economy of the Asia Pacific. Springer.
New York Times (1955a). “Japan Will Challenge Korean Fishing Curbs”. New York Times November 19: 3.
— (1955b). “Seoul Warns Japanese”. New York TImes December 4: 3.
— (1956). “Korea Sees Threat by Japan in Fishing”. New York Times January 6: 4.
MID#1347
References
Keesing’s (1960). “Repatriation of Korean Residents in Japan to North Korea.-South Korea Protests.Negotiations on Japanese Property Claims, Fishing Rights in Sea of Japan and Status of Korean
Nationals in Japan.-The ’Rhee Line’ Dispute.-Agreements on Repatriation and Trade Relations.” In: Keesing’s Record of World Events. Vol. 6. Keesing’s Worldwide, LLC. Chap. Japan,
South Korea, Korean, Japan, Korea, South Korea, Japanese: 17391.
Koo, Min Gyo (2010). Island Disputes and Maritime Regime Building in East Asia: Between a
Rock and a Hard Place. The Political Economy of East Asia. Springer.
MID#1349
References
Chicago Daily Tribune (1962). “Report S. Koreans Fire on Japanese Vessel”. Chicago Daily Tribune
January 16: A11.
New York Times (1959). “Korean Ship Fires on Japanese”. New York Times November 16: 7.
— (1961). “Koreans Seize Japanese Boat”. New York Times October 30: 10.
— (1963a). “42 Japanese and 5 Boats Released by South Korea”. New York Times June 20: 3.
— (1963b). “Japan Protests Boat Seizures”. New York Times September 28: 2.
F–58
Washington Post (1960a). “Japan Asks Damages in Fish Boat Sinking”. Washington Post March
8: A12.
— (1960b). “’Shoot’ Is Order Along Rhee Line”. Washington Post November 11: D10.
— (1961). “South Korea Seizes Japan Fishing Boat”. Washington Post August 23: B3.
MID#1351
References
Keesing’s (1966a). “Initial Measures of New Regime.” In: Keesing’s Record of World Events. Vol. 12.
Keesing’s Worldwide, LLC. Chap. Ghana: 21273.
— (1966b). “Measures against Former Nkrumahist Ministers, Advisers and Organizations.” In:
Keesing’s Record of World Events. Vol. 12. Keesing’s Worldwide, LLC. Chap. Ghana: 21438.
New York Times (1966). “Guinea is Warned Not to Raid Ghana”. New York Times March 18: 8.
MID#1352
References
UN General Assembly (1967a). “Consideration of principles of international law concerning friendly
relations and cooperation among States in accoaccord with the Charter of the United Nations”.
A/RES/2327. 1637th Plenary Meeting, 18 December 1867.
— (1967b). “Question of diplomatic privileges and immunities”. A/RES/2328. 1637th plenary
meeting, 18 December 1967.
— (1967c). “Question of methods of fact-finding”. A/RES/2329. 1637th Plenary meeting, 18 December 1967.
MID#1360
References
Kirk, Donald (1971). Wider War: The Struggle for Cambodia, Thailand and Laos. Praeger Publishers.
New York Times (1969). “Hanoi and Vietcong Strength in Cambodia Put at 40,000”. New York
Times October 17: 2.
MID#1362
References
Keesing’s (1973a). “Cabinet Reorganization.-Reports of Continued Exodus of Hutu ReRefuge.Incidents on Tanzanian Border”. In: Keesing’s Record of World Events. Vol. 19. Keesing’s
Worldwide, LLC. Chap. Burundi: 25910.
F–59
— (1973b). “Renewed Fighting between Hutus and Tutsis.-Mass Killings and Flight of Refuges.Dismissal of Prime Minister.-Settlement of Disputes with Rwanda and Tanzania.” In: Keesing’s
Record of World Events. Vol. 19. Keesing’s Worldwide, LLC. Chap. Burundi: 26059.
New York Times (1973). “Tanzania Reports New Raids by Burundi”. New York Times July 1: 13.
MID#1364
References
The Age (1972). “Tanzania Accuses Portugal”. The Age April 17: 11.
MID#1366
References
John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum (1961). New York Times Chronology. Online.
May 1-4, 1961.
Keesing’s (1965). “Expulsion of British and U.S. Journalists.” In: Keesing’s Record of World Events.
Vol. 11. Keesing’s Worldwide, LLC. Chap. Kenya: 20821.
MID#1368
References
Keesing’s (1976a). “Attempt on Life of President Amin.-Normalization of Diplomatic Relations with
Britain.-Compensation Agreement with India.-Strained Relations with Kenya.” In: Keesing’s
Record of World Events. Vol. 22. Keesing’s Worldwide, LLC. Chap. Uganda: 27873.
— (1976b). “Internal Unrest and Other Developments.-Agreement on Ending of Dispute with
Kenya.-Arms Agreement with Soviet Union”. In: Keesing’s Record of World Events. Vol. 22.
Keesing’s Worldwide, LLC. Chap. Uganda: 28096.
MID#1369
References
New York Times (1959). “Burmese Accuse Pakistan”. New York Times August 30: 6.
MID#1374
References
Keesing’s (1953a). “Chinese Nationalist Forces in Burma.-Breakdown of Bangkok Conference on
Evacuation.-Resumption of Burmese Military Operations against Kuomintang Forces.-Burmese
Frontier closed by Siam.” In: Keesing’s Record of World Events. Vol. 9. Keesing’s Worldwide,
LLC. Chap. Burma: 13184.
F–60
— (1953b). “Complaint to United Nations against Aggresive Actions of Kuomintang Forces in
Burma.-Indian and Pakistani Support.-Chinese Nationalist Government disclaims Responsibility.Burmese Renunciation of American Technical Assistance.-U.S. Denials of alleged Aid to Kuomintang Forces.-U Nu’s Statement on Kuomintang Aggression.-Kuomintang Operations in Northern Burma.-Cooperation with Karen Insurgents.-Counter-offensives by Burmese Army.-Successes
against Communist, Karen, and other Insurgents.-Renewed Karen Activity in Irrawaddy Delta.Martial Law in Shan States.-Introduction of National Registration.” In: Keesing’s Record of
World Events. Vol. 9. Keesing’s Worldwide, LLC. Chap. Burma: 12837.
New York Times (1952). “U.S. Arms ’Seen’ on Burma Raiders”. New York Times February 11: 2.
MID#1377
References
New York Times (1976). “Israelis Return With 103 Rescued in Uganda Raid”. New York Times
July 5. By Terence Smith, special to the New York Times: 1.
MID#1378
References
New York Times (1967a). “Border Revision Aim of Somalis”. New York Times March 12. By
Lawrence Fellows, special to the New York Times: 25.
— (1967b). “Kenya and Somalia Agree to Curb Border War and Renew Ties”. New York Times
October 29. By Lawrence Fellows, special to the New York Times: 3.
Washington Post (1967). “Somalia Strenthens Borders”. Washington Post March 7. By Donald H.
Louchheim: A9.
MID#1379
References
Keesing’s (1972). “Proclamation of National Emergency.-Rejection of North Korean Reunification
Proposals.-Clashes between Southern and Northern Navies.-Cabinet Change.” In: Keesing’s
Record of World Events. Vol. 18. Keesing’s Worldwide, LLC. Chap. South Korea, Korean:
25040.
New York Times (1964). “Seoul Puts Armed Forces on Alert ’Just in Case’”. New York Times
August 9: 8.
Washington Post (1966). “Armistice Committee Meeting Asked to Protest Red Attack in Korean
DMZ”. Washington Post November 3: A28.
— (1970). “S. Koreans Sink Spy Boat”. Washington Post April 4: A3.
F–61
MID#1380
References
New York Times (1971a). “Amin, Uganda’s New Leader, Charges Tanzania Plans an Attack”. New
York Times January 28: 2.
— (1971b). “Uganda, Tanzania Reach Agreements”. New York Times October 30: 8.
MID#1385
References
Keesing’s (1971). “Continued Guerilla Warfare.-Senegalese and Guinean Complaints to security
Council”. In: Keesing’s Record of World Events. Vol. 17. Keesing’s Worldwide, LLC. Chap. Portugese, Guinea: 24940.
New York Times (1969). “Portugal Censured in U.N. Over Senegal”. New York Times December
10: 18.
— (1970). “Senegal Charges Incursion”. New York Times July 14: 26.
— (1971). “Attacks are Reported by Portugese Guinea”. New York Times January 24: 14.
MID#1387
References
New York Times (1961). “Senegal Assails Portugal to U.N.” New York Times December 29: 3.
MID#1388
References
New York Times (1963). “Portugal Suggests Panel Check Bombing Charge”. New York Times April
20: 2.
MID#1391
References
Keesing’s (1971). “Dispute with Portugal.-Alleged Portugese Blockade.-Presidential Actions against
Dissenters.” In: Keesing’s Record of World Events. Vol. 17. Keesing’s Worldwide, LLC. Chap. Zambia: 24570.
F–62
MID#1396
References
Keesing’s (1974). “Rhodesian Government’s Reaction to Prospective Black Government in Mozambique.Continued Counter-insurgency Activities.-Cases of Violation of U.N. imposed Sanctions.” In:
Keesing’s Record of World Events. Vol. 20. Keesing’s Worldwide, LLC. Chap. Rhodesia, Rhodesian: 26806.
— (1975). “A.Rhodesia”. In: Keesing’s Record of World Events. Vol. 21. Keesing’s Worldwide,
LLC. Chap. Rhodesia: 26909.
MID#1397
References
Keesing’s (1974). “Appeal for White Immigrants, Continued Military Operations against African
Nationalists.-Inconclusive Talks on Settlement of Independence Question.-Renewal of British
Sanctions Order.” In: Keesing’s Record of World Events. Vol. 20. Keesing’s Worldwide, LLC.
Chap. Rhodesia: 26369.
New York Times (1973a). “Rhodesia Says Zambia Seizes a Power-Company Aide”. New York Times
November 17: 2.
— (1973b). “Rhodesian Political Opposition Assails Suppression of Tribes”. New York Times January 21: 10.
MID#1401
References
Keesing’s (1966). “Zambian Plans to end Co-operation with Rhodesia in Railways, Airways, and
Power Undertakings.” In: Keesing’s Record of World Events. Vol. 12. Keesing’s Worldwide,
LLC. Chap. Zambia: 21725.
New York Times (1966). “Zambia Gets Bids for an Oil Pipeline”. New York Times October 24: 61.
Washington Post (1966a). “Britain to End Zambia Airlift”. Washington Post October 30: A22.
— (1966b). “Zambia Plans Highway Along Ancient Route”. Washington Post October 26. By Tony
Baker: B6.
MID#1404
References
New York Times (1971). “Sudan Troops Said to Battle Secessionists Inside Uganda”. New York
Times December 16: 22.
F–63
MID#1407
References
Keesing’s (1964). “Replacement of Afro-Malagasy Union by Afro-Malagasy Union for Economic
Co-operation”. In: Keesing’s Record of World Events. Vol. 10. Keesing’s Worldwide, LLC.
Chap. Malagasy: 20191.
MID#1411
References
Keesing’s (1975a). “A. Mali”. In: Keesing’s Record of World Events. Vol. 21. Keesing’s Worldwide,
LLC. Chap. Mali: 26922.
— (1975b). “A. Mali.-Upper Volta.” In: Keesing’s Record of World Events. Vol. 21. Keesing’s
Worldwide, LLC. Chap. Mali, Upper Volta: 27268.
MID#1415
References
New York Times (1975). “Shots in Angola Hit a South African Jet”. New York Times April 9: 3.
MID#1417
References
New York Times (1961). “Togo Denies Ghana Charge”. New York Times December 13: 3.
The Sun (1961). “Ghana Lays Disorders to Plot of Foes”. The Sun December 11: 2.
Thompson, W. Scott (1969). Ghana’s Foreign Policy, 1957-1966: Diplomacy, Ideology, and the New
State. Princeton University Press.
Washington Post (1961). “Police Foil Plot to Assassinate Togo President”. Washington Post December 5: A10.
MID#1418
References
Keesing’s (1963). “Military Rising.-Assassination of President Olympio.-Provisional Government
formed by M. Grunitzky.-African and International Reactions.” In: Keesing’s Record of World
Events. Vol. 9. Keesing’s Worldwide, LLC. Chap. Togo: 19249.
New York Times (1963). “Ghana Tells Togo to Stop Rebel Aid”. New York Times January 7. By
Reuters: 1.
F–64
MID#1419
References
Keesing’s (1965). “Reactions of Other African Countries to Creation of OCAM.” In: Keesing’s
Record of World Events. Vol. 11. Keesing’s Worldwide, LLC. Chap. Malagasy, Mauritania,
Ghana, China, French: 20893.
MID#1421
References
Keesing’s (1963). “Diplomatic Relations broken with Britain.” In: Keesing’s Record of World
Events. Vol. 9. Keesing’s Worldwide, LLC. Chap. Somali Republic: 19432.
MID#1422
References
New York Times (1967). “Sudanese Premier Charges Incursion by 150 Ethiopians”. New York
Times July 4: 5.
MID#1427
References
Washington Post (1974a). “Ethiopia Accuses Somalia”. Washington Post JUne 10: A7.
— (1974b). “Somali Incursion”. Washington Post May 26: A22.
MID#1428
References
Keesing’s (1976). “Widespread Internal Unrest.-Administrative and Government Changes.” In:
Keesing’s Record of World Events. Vol. 22. Keesing’s Worldwide, LLC. Chap. Ethiopia, Somalia: 27653.
MID#1446
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New York Times (1941a). “Britain Ready For Japan”. New York Times August 6: 5.
— (1941b). “Japan in Thailand”. New York Times August 2: 14.
— (1941c). “Japanese Push Seen in Spite of Threats”. New York Times August 4: 4.
— (1941d). “Malaya Thwarts Push by Japanese”. New York Times December 9. By F. Tillman
Durdin, wireless to the New York Times: 1.
— (1941e). “Text of Prime Minister Churchill’s Speech in Commons on Japan’s Attack”. New York
Times December 9. By the Associated Press: 14.
— (1941f). “Thailand Under Fire”. New York Times December 8: 2.
— (1941g). “The President’s Address: The Text of president Roosevelt’s Address to the Nations”.
New York Times December 10: 1.
— (1941h). “Tokyo Reported Asking Thai Base”. New York Times August 2. By the Associated
Press: 1.
MID#1787
References
New York Times (1942a). “Brazil Promises to Avenge Sinkings”. New York Times August 19. By
Franklin M. Garcia, special cable to the New York Times: 1.
— (1942b). “Brazil to Combat Threat of U-Boats”. New York Times February 19: 6.
— (1942c). “New Ally in Fight”. New York Times August 23. By Frank M. Garcia, special cable
to the New York Times: 1.
— (1942d). “Sinking Hints Italy Has U-Boats Here”. New York Times March 10: 5.
F–86
MID#1788
References
New York Times (1943a). “Germans Near Simplon Post”. New York Times September 13: 7.
— (1943b). “Swedes Hear of Swiss Crisis”. New York Times September 18: 3.
MID#1789
References
New York Times (1943). “Colombia Now Active Belligerent Against Germany as Senate Acts”.
New York Times November 28: 1.
MID#1790
References
Atlanta Constitution (1944). “Hungary Declares War on Germany”. Atlanta Constitution December
31: 2.
Chicago Daily Tribune (1944). “Red Occupied Hungary Forms a New Regime”. Chicago Daily
Tribune December 24: 3.
New York Times (1944). “Pravda Defends Red Army Moves”. New York Times December 18: 7.
— (1945). “Hungary at War With Reich Under Terms of Armistice”. New York Times January
22. By Lansing Warren, special to the New York Times: 1.
MID#1796
References
Keesing’s (1959). “Political Trials.” In: Keesing’s Record of World Events. Vol. 12. Keesing’s Worldwide, LLC. Chap. Tunisia: 17113.
MID#1800
References
Latane, John Holladay (1920). The United States and Latin America. Doubleday, Page & Company.
Sheridan, P.H. (2012). The Personal Memoirs of P.H. Sheridan. Jazzybee Verlag.
F–87
MID#1803
References
New York Times (1963a). “Ecuador Detaining 21 U.S. Tuna Boats”. New York Times May 31: 4.
— (1963b). “Tuna Boats Leave Ecuador After Protest Over Fines”. New York Times June 11: 10.
— (1963c). “U.S. Bids Ecuador Free Tuna Boats”. New York Times May 30: 3.
MID#1804
References
Christian Science Monitor (1966). “Britain: ’Empire’ Role Shifts”. Christian Science Monitor January 25. By William H. Stringer: 2.
New York Times (1965a). “Zambia Accepts R.A.F. Jet Force”. New York Times December 3. By
Anthony Lewis, special to the New York Times: 20.
— (1965b). “Zambia Declares Emergency Rule”. New York Times November 12: 17.
MID#1805
References
New York Times (1967a). “3 U.S. Boats Held by Ecuador”. New York Times January 10: 12.
— (1967b). “Ecuador Releases 3 U.S. Boats”. New York Times January 15: 2.
MID#1806
References
New York Times (1968a). “18 Marines Killed as Enemy Shells Camp Near Laos”. New York Times
January 22. By Tom Buckley, special to the New York Times: 1.
— (1968b). “Cambodians Charge Allies Killed Guard”. New York Times February 4: 3.
— (1969). “Cambodia Reports Downing 2 Copters, Killing 4 Americans”. New York Times May
3: 3.
Washington Post (1968). “China Protests Raid”. Washington Post January 13: A1.
MID#1809
References
Keesing’s (1975). “B. Uganda”. In: Keesing’s Record of World Events. Vol. 21. Keesing’s Worldwide,
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F–88
MID#1810
References
New York Times (1919a). “China Demands Reparation For Japanese Acts at Fu-Chow”. New York
Times December 4: 1.
— (1919b). “China Hopes to Win Reservation Fight”. New York Times November 27. By Edwin
L. James: 1.
— (1920). “Japan to Quit Fuchow”. New York Times January 4: 10.
MID#2006
References
Whiteman, Marjorie M. (1965). Digest of International Law. Vol. 4. U.S. Government Printing
Office.
MID#2007
References
New York Times (1949). “Bevin Sees no Need for Ties to Chiang”. New York Times November 17.
By Clifton Daniel, special to the New York Times: 14.
The Times (1949a). “British Warning to Chinese”. The Times November 5: 4.
— (1949b). “Communist Occupation of Canton”. The Times October 7: 4.
MID#2008
References
New York Times (1950a). “6 Die in Shelling of Ship Off China”. New York Times June 6. By
Walter Sullivan, special to the New York Times: 16.
— (1950b). “British Vessel Strafed”. New York Times July 17: 6.
MID#2009
References
New York Times (1950). “British Accused by Chinese Reds”. New York Times August 25. By
Henry R. Lieberman: 4.
F–89
MID#2010
References
New York Times (1950a). “French Deny Army Crossed China Line”. New York Times November
25: 4.
— (1950b). “French ’Invasions’ of China Charged by Peiping Regime”. New York Times November
24: 1.
MID#2012
References
Warren, Harris Gaylord (1949). Paraguay: An Informal History. University of Oklahoma Press.
MID#2014
References
Bemis, Samuel Flagg (1936). A Diplomatic History of the United States. H. Holt.
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New York Times (1864). “South and Central America: Important From Peru”. New York Times
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MID#2015
References
New York Times (1966). “War’s Signs Mark a Laos at ’Peace’”. New York Times June 13: 1.
MID#2016
References
New York Times (1969). “New Fighting in Laos Produces Victory and Loss on Both Sides”. New
York Times May 5: 1.
MID#2017
References
New York Times (1970a). “2 Thai Battalions Reported Helping Defend Laos Base”. New York
Times March 21: 1.
F–90
New York Times (1970b). “Thai Sweep Border Areas”. New York Times February 27: 2.
MID#2018
References
New York Times (1953a). “2 Thais Die in Bombing”. New York Times October 16: 3.
— (1953b). “Nixon, in Thailand, Finds Frontier Troubles Raging”. New York Times October 29:
2.
MID#2019
References
New York Times (1957). “Indonesia Warns Dutch Over Claim”. New York Times February 12: 8.
MID#2020
References
New York Times (1948a). “Siam Border Violation Charged”. New York Times July 23: 4.
— (1948b). “Siam Clash Denied”. New York Times October 24: 22.
MID#2022
References
New York Times (1952a). “Indo-China Tribes Bar Vietminh Push”. New York Times February 15.
By Tillman Durdin, special to the New York Times: 2.
— (1952b). “Thailand to Hold Maneuvers”. New York Times March 7: 3.
MID#2023
References
New York Times (1954a). “Burma Admits Bombing Thais”. New York Times April 5: 4.
— (1954b). “Thais Build Up Defenses Along Burmese Border”. New York Times March 28: 17.
MID#2024
References
New York Times (1955). “Thais Reinforce Burma Border”. New York Times March 3: 10.
F–91
MID#2025
References
New York Times (1957). “India Units Reported in Burma”. New York Times September 20: 6.
MID#2027
References
New York Times (1961). “Two Taiwan Vessels Held”. New York Times November 26: 41.
MID#2028
References
New York Times (1960). “Thailand Protests Laos Border Acts”. New York Times August 27: 2.
MID#2029
References
New York Times (1960a). “Hanoi Charges Laos Violated Frontier”. New York Times January 6:
11.
— (1960b). “Hanoi Issues Denial”. New York Times December 31: 2.
— (1960c). “Vietiane Reports Attack”. New York Times December 31: 2.
— (1961). “Invasion’ of Laos Viewed as a Feint”. New York Times January 6: 2.
MID#2030
References
New York Times (1960a). “Coup by Leftists in Laos Reported”. New York Times August 9. By
United Press International: 1.
— (1960b). “Thailand Protests Laos Border Acts”. New York Times August 27: 2.
— (1960c). “Thailand Scores Laos Charge”. New York Times October 19: 3.
— (1960d). “U.S. Sends Funds to Pay Laos Army”. New York Times October 29: 2.
— (1960e). “Vientiane is Shelled From Thai Territory”. New York Times September 19: 1.
F–92
MID#2031
References
New York Times (1964a). “Article 3–No Title”. New York Times February 16: 20.
— (1964b). “Thai Report a Laotian Raid”. New York Times March 16: 28.
MID#2032
References
New York Times (1955). “Peiping Says Jets of U.S. Provoked Battle Off Korea”. New York Times
May 11. By Robert Trumbull, special to the New York Times: 1.
MID#2036
References
Keesing’s (1955). “Mutual Security Treaty With the United States,-Further Coastal Clashes with
Communist Forces,-Loss of Nationalist Destroyer.-Seizure of Soviet and Polish Vessels.” In:
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Los Angeles Times (1953). “1200 Slain in Island Raid, Formosa Says”. Los Angeles Times June 26:
7.
New York Times (1953). “Formosa Reports Raids On Four Red-Held Islands”. New York Times
June 26: 3.
MID#2038
References
New York Times (1958). “2 Peiping Protests Cite Hong Kong Acts”. New York Times August 28:
3.
MID#2040
References
Fenwick, C.G. (1957). “The Honduras-Nicaragua Boundary Dispute”. The American Journal of
International Law 51 (4): 761–765.
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MID#2041
References
Council of the Organization of American States (1949). “Decisionstaken at the Meeting of February
25, 1949”. C-sa-20-E. Situation Between Haiti and the Dominican Republic: 18–19.
New York Times (1949). “Caribbean Row Ended”. New York Times February 26: 6.
Organization of American States (1949). Annals, Volumes 1-2 of the Organization of American
States. Department of Law and Organization, Pan American Union.
MID#2042
References
New York Times (1957a). “Costa Rica Guards Frontier”. New York Times May 4: 6.
— (1957b). “World Court to Act on Border Dispute”. New York Times June 24: 5.
MID#2046
References
The Evening News and Post (1890). “The Guatemalan Treasury Empty-The Army Destitute”. The
Evening News and Post August 4: 3.
MID#2048
References
Christian Science Monitor (1921). “Armed Clash on Peruvian Frontier Denied by Chile”. Christian
Science Monitor December 16: 4.
Washington Post (1921). “Peru May Ask U.S. to Decide Dispute”. Washington Post December 15:
3.
MID#2050
References
New York Times (1932a). “Naval Clash of Brazil and Peru Reported; Rio de Janeiro Will Reinforce
Border”. New York Times December 3: 1.
— (1932b). “Peruvians Capture Town in Colombia”. New York Times September 6: 10.
— (1933a). “Brazil Will Close River to Warships”. New York Times January 6: 10.
— (1933b). “Peace Pact Signed in the Amazon War”. New York Times May 26: 3.
F–94
MID#2051
References
New York Times (1932). “Ecuador Sounds Warning”. New York Times November 15: 4.
MID#2052
References
New York Times (1951a). “Formosa Reports Raid on China”. New York Times February 5: 4.
— (1951b). “Peiping ’Reforms’ Curb Guerillas”. New York Times February 17. By Henry R.
Lieberman, special to the New York Times: 2.
— (1951c). “U.S. Outlines Pact to Defend Pacific”. New York Times February 17. By Thomas J.
Hamilton, special to the New York Times: 1.
— (1952a). “Acheson Urges U.N. to Fight in Korea Until a Just Peace”. New York Times October
17. By Thomas j. Hamilton, special to the New York Times: 1.
— (1952b). “Attacks on China Reported”. New York Times May 25: 6.
— (1952c). “Red China Assails Japan Peace Pact”. New York Times May 7: 3.
MID#2053
References
Keesing’s (1979). “Appointment of Cabinet under New Prime Minister.-Establishment of Supreme
Defence Council.-Other Internal Developments.-Activities of Moslem Rebles-Assasination of
US Ambassador.-Relation with Socialist States in Asia.” In: Keesing’s Record of World Events.
Vol. 25. Keesing’s Worldwide, LLC. Chap. Afghanistan: 29641.
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New York Times (1979). “Afghanistan Charges, But Pakistan Denies, A Cross-Border Raid”. New
York Times April 10. By Robert Trumbull, special to the New York Times: A5.
— (1982a). “Soviet Reprisals on Afghans Called Fierce”. New York Times March 8. By Drew
Middleton: A3.
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19: A7.
F–95
MID#2054
References
http://www.ariaye.com/english/constitutions/genev.html (1988). Geneva Agreement: The United
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15, 1988.
New York Times (1983). “Pakistani Dies as Afghan Jets are Reported to Raid Village”. New York
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— (1985). “Russians Said to Step Up Air and Artillery Attacks Inside Pakistan”. New York Times
May 15. By Steven R. Weisman, special to the New York Times: A8.
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May 26. By Steven R. Weisman: 2.
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special to the New York Times: 208.
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special to the New York Times: 7.
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By Paul Lewis, Special to the New York Times: A2.
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By Michael R. Gordon, Special to the New York Times: A1.
MID#2059
References
Keesing’s (1971). “Nov 1971 - Visit of Yugoslav Government Delegation to China. - Tension between
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MID#2066
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New York Times (1965). “Ethiopians and Somalis in Clash Near Frontier”. New York Times June
13: 17.
F–96
MID#2067
References
New York Times (1966a). “Ethiopian-Somali Fighting Renewed in Border Clash”. New York Times
April 1: 18.
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MID#2068
References
New York Times (1973a). “Africans Ratify Accord on Trade”. New York Times May 29. By Thomas
A. Johnson, special to the New York Times: 9.
— (1973b). “Mediators Named in African Dispute”. New York Times May 28: 8.
— (1973c). “Mideast Debated by Africa Group”. New York Times May 24. By Thomas A. Johnson,
special to the New York Times: 7.
— (1973d). “U.S. Hears Soviet Has Somali Base”. New York Times April 9. By William Beecher,
special to the New York Times: 11.
The Times (1973a). “Ethiopia is accused of planning attack”. The Times May 22: 7.
— (1973b). “Ethiopia Warns Somalia it will not cede and inch of territory as war of words mars
OAU meeting”. The Times May 29. From Philip Short: 5.
MID#2069
References
New York Times (1978a). “Moscow Said to Link Pullouts by Cubans, Somalis in Ethiopia”. New
York Times March 11: 1.
— (1978b). “Somalia Retreats, Everyone Gains”. New York Times March 10: A28.
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References
Keesing’s (1984). “Guerilla actions in Eritrea and and Tigre provinces.-Continuing Clashes in the
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F–97
New York Times (1982a). “320 Ethiopians Killed in Battle, Somalia Says”. New York Times
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— (1982b). “Ethiopia Reportedly Attacks Somali Positions on 2 Fronts”. New York Times July
13: A2.
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MID#2073
References
New York Times (1984a). “Ethiopia Jets Reported to Kill 40 in Somalia”. New York Times January
31: A5.
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MID#2076
References
Burr, Robert N. (1965). By Reason or Force: Chile and the Balancing of Power in South America
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Los Angeles Times (1891). “The Itata Goes Free”. Los Angeles Times September 23: 3.
New York Times (1891a). “Seizure and Escape of the Itata”. New York Times May 8: 4.
— (1891b). “The Itata’s Return”. New York Times July 6: 1.
San Francisco Chronicle (1891). “The Itata’s Case”. San Francisco Chronicle May 8: 4.
MID#2077
References
New York Times (1905). “Wants Europe to Disarm”. New York Times April 12: 5.
MID#2078
References
Washington Post (1909). “Warrior to Keep Peace”. Washington Post August 12: 4.
F–98
MID#2079
References
Moraga, Oscar Espinosa (1969). El precio de la paz chileno-argentina (1810-1969). Editorial Nascimento.
MID#2081
References
Facts on File World News Digest (1978). “Argentina, Chile Quarrel over Islands”. Facts on File
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MID#2084
References
New York Times (1981). “Argentina Closes Border With Chile After 2 Arrests”. New York Times
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MID#2087
References
Keesing’s (1985). “Signature of final treaty on Beagle Channel Dispute.” In: Keesing’s Record of
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MID#2088
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New York Times (1950a). “India Told to Gird for Blow in North”. New York Times November 10.
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MID#2091
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Ministry of External Affairs Government of India (1959). Notes, Memoranda and Letters Exchanged
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MID#2092
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Ministry of External Affairs Government of India (1959). Notes, Memoranda and Letters Exchanged
and Agreements Signed Between the Governments of India and China: 1954-1959. Ministry of
External Affairs.
MID#2093
References
Ministry of External Affairs Government of India (1959). Notes, Memoranda and Letters Exchanged
and Agreements Signed Between the Governments of India and China: 1954-1959. Ministry of
External Affairs.
MID#2094
References
New York Times (1962). “Red China Reports Start of a Pullback; Demands India Act’”. New York
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— (1963b). “Peking Reported Bolstering Guard on Soviet Border”. New York Times December
26. By Seymour Topping, special to the New York Times: 1.
— (1963c). “Red China Accuses Indians of an Intrusion Sinkiang”. New York Times October 18:
6.
The Times (1963). “Border Protest to China by India”. The Times May 22: 10.
MID#2095
References
New York Times (1964a). “India Doubts China Wants Border Talk”. New York Times September
1: 6.
F–100
New York Times (1964b). “India Preparing to Oust Chinese”. New York Times April 7. By the
Associated Press: 1.
— (1965a). “China Accuses India of ’Grave’ Forays”. New York Times January 7: 3.
— (1965b). “India Protests to Peking, Charging Ladakh Intrusion”. New York Times April 27: 3.
— (1965c). “New Indian Note to Peking Charges Threat to Border”. New York Times February
4: 9.
MID#2096
References
New York Times (1965). “India Protests to Peking. Charging Ladakh Intrusion”. New York Times
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MID#2097
References
Keesing’s (1967). “Disputes with Burma, Ceylon, India, indonesia, italy, Kenya, Mongolia, the Soviet Union, Tunisia, and Other Countries.-Attacks on Foreign Embassies in Peking and Chinese
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MID#2098
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Sagar, Vidya (1973). India in World Affairs Chronology of Events 1947-72. Swastik Prakashan.
MID#2100
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Jetly, Nancy (1979). India-China Relations, 1947-1977: A Study of Parliament’s Role in the Making
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MID#2103
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New York Times (1934). “Persians Protest Iraqi Move”. New York Times December 15: 5.
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F–101
MID#2104
References
New York Times (1953). “Iran Protests to Iraq on Raids”. New York Times February 11: 2.
MID#2107
References
New York Times (1966). “Iran Reports Iraqi Incursion”. New York Times May 25: 2.
MID#2108
References
New York Times (1969a). “Iran Denies Report”. New York Times September 15: 13.
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MID#2111
References
New York Times (1974). “Iraq Reports Attack by Iran on Frontier”. New York Times February 11.
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The Times (1973a). “General’s killers executed in Iran”. The Times of London January 12. By
David Housego: 6.
— (1973b). “Iraqi gunmen try to attack Abadan oil refinery”. The Times August 25: 4.
Washington Post (1973). “Mideast Clash”. Washington Post May 7: A11.
MID#2112
References
Keesing’s (1974). “Resumption of Diplomatic Relations.-Clashes on Frontier.-U.N. Special Representatives appointed to investigate Incidents.” In: Keesing’s Record of World Events. Vol. 20.
Keesing’s Worldwide, LLC. Chap. Iraq, Iran: 26464.
New York Times (1974a). “Iran-Iraq Conflict is Reported Ended”. New York Times March 20: 7.
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New York Times (1974c). “Iraq Asserts Iran Spurred Clashes”. New York Times February 16. By
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1.
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The Times (1973). “Iraqi gunmen try to attack Abadan oil refinery”. The Times August 25: 4.
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MID#2113
References
Abdulghani, Jasim M. (2011). Iraq and Iran: The Years of Crisis. Vol. 1. Iran. Routledge.
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— (1979b). “Kurds Demand Autonomy”. Facts on File World News Digest March 2 (7 of 9). Facts
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MID#2114
References
Abdulghani, Jasim M. (2011). Iraq and Iran: The Years of Crisis. Vol. 1. Iran. Routledge.
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New York Times (1962a). “Pakistanis Fear Clash With India”. New York Times January 7: 24.
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MID#2630
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New York Times (1963). “India and Pakistan Exchange Charges”. New York Times October 26: 5.
MID#2632
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New York Times (1966a). “India and Pakistan Agree on Pullback of Forces”. New York Times
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New York Times (1966c). “Pakistan Alleges Kashmir Violation”. New York Times May 15: 26.
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MID#2633
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New York Times (1969a). “Clashes Reported on Border of India and East Pakistan”. New York
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MID#2635
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New York Times (1969a). “India Says Pakistani Fire Along Border Hurt Civilian”. New York Times
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MID#2637
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Razvi, Mujtaba (1971). The Frontiers of Pakistan: A Study of Frontier Problems in Pakistan’s
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MID#2638
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Christian Science Monitor (1972). “Kashmir Fighting Cooled”. Christian Science Monitor May 8.
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New York Times (1972a). “Indian-Pakistan Truce Reported After Day of Fighting in Kashmir”.
New York Times May 7. By Fred Bridgland: 2.
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Washington Post (1972). “India, Pakistan Fight in Kashmir”. Washington Post May 6: A19.
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MID#2639
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Makeig, Douglas C. (1987). “War, No-War, and the India-Pakistan Negotiating Process”. Pacific
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New York Times (1981a). “India Says it Will Counter Arms Sale to Pakistan”. New York Times
December 2. By Michael T. Kaufman, special to the New York Times: A12.
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MID#2640
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Facts on File World News Digest (1982). “’Lion of Kashmir’ Dies”. Facts on File World News
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MID#2641
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New York Times (1984). “India and Pakistan in War of Words”. New York Times January 8. By
William K. Stevens, special to the New York Times: 9.
The Times (1983). “Indians Say Pakistan Opened Fire”. The Times October 20. By Reuters: 6.
MID#2642
References
New York Times (1984a). “Indian Jet Carrying 264 Hijacked to Pakistan, Reportedly by Sikhs”.
New York Times July 6. By William K. Stevens, special to the New York Times: A2.
— (1984b). “Sikh Hijackers Give Up Peacefully in Gulf Nation”. New York Times August 26: 6.
— (1984c). “Worsening India-Pakistan Ties Worry U.S.” New York Times September 15. By Philip
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MID#2643
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Chicago Tribune (1985). “India reports clashes with Pakistani troops”. Chicago Tribune January
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New York Times (1985). “Around the World: Pakistan-India Clash is Reported in Kashmir”. New
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The Times (1985a). “India and Pakistan battle to dominate the frozen roof of the world”. The
Times January 17. From Michael Hamlyn: 8.
— (1985b). “India-Pakistan fighting on glacier: Struggle for vital passes”. The Times June 21.
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MID#2644
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Facts on File World News Digest (1987). “India-Pakistan Border Tensions Grow”. Facts on File
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MID#2645
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Danstrup, John (1947). A History of Denmark. 2nd. Wivels Forlag.
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MID#2646
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New York Times (1918). “Honduras Declares War”. New York Times July 23: 4.
MID#2647
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New York Times (1918). “Guatemala Now in War”. New York Times April 23: 8.
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MID#2648
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Garner, James Wilford (1920). International Law and the World War. Vol. 2. Longmans, Green.
New York Times (1916). “France Defends Allies’ Course and Charges That Greece Harbors Submarines”. New York Times January 20: 1.
MID#2649
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New York Times (1917). “China’s Action in War to be Independent”. New York Times August 18:
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MID#2683
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MID#2700
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Leong, Sow-Theng (1976). Sino-Soviet Diplomatic Relations, 1917-1926. University Press of Hawaii.
MID#2703
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MID#2704
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MID#2706
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MID#2707
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Griffith, William E. (1966). “Sino-Soviet Relations, 1964-1965”. The China Quarterly (25): 3–143.
MID#2708
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Robinson, Thomas W. (1972). “The Sino-Soviet Border Dispute: Background, Development, and
the March 1969 Clashes”. The American Political Science Review 66 (4): 1175–1202.
MID#2709
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Day, Alan John (1985). China and the Soviet Union 1949-84. Ed. by Sian Kevill Peter Jones and
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MID#2710
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New York Times (1967a). “Chinese Release Soviet Freighter and Her Skipper”. New York Times
August 14. By Henry Kamm, special to the New York Times: 1.
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MID#2711
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New York Times (1968a). “Chinese Reds Charge Soviet Air Intrusions”. New York Times September
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New York Times (1968b). “Soviet Fortifying Border, Chou Says”. New York Times September 30.
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MID#2712
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Christian Science Monitor (1973). “Soviets soften line at home but bristle on China border”. Christian Science Monitor September 15. By John Burns, special to the Christian Science Monitor;
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Washington Post (1973). “Sino-Soviet Dispute Heats Up Over Mongolian Border”. Washington
Post September 15. By John Burns; Toronto Globe and Mail: A18.
MID#2713
References
Christian Science Monitor (1975). “China Still Has Eye on Mongolia: Protected by Russia No
Claims Mentioned”. Christian Science Monitor January 6. By Dev Murarka, special to the
Christian Science Monitor: 3.
New York Times (1975). “Chinese Said to Drive Ill Cattle Into Mongolia”. New York Times January
10: 4.
Washington Post (1974). “Soviets Say No to China on Pullback”. Washington Post November 27.
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MID#2714
References
Keesing’s (1982). “Border Incidents”. In: Keesing’s Record of World Events. Vol. 28. Keesing’s
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MID#2715
References
Day, Alan John (1985). China and the Soviet Union 1949-84. Ed. by Sian Kevill Peter Jones and
Alan John Day. Longman.
Facts on File World News Digest (1978). “China Rebuffs Soviet Overture”. Facts on File World
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New York Times (1978). “Soviet Union Apologizes to China For Patrol that Crossed Border”. New
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MID#2716
References
Facts on File World News Digest (1979). “Chinese, Soviets Clash on Border”. Facts on File World
News Digest July 27.
The Associated Press (1980). “Report Soviet missiles near Chinese Border”. The Associated Press
February 6. Am Cycle.
Washington Post (1979). “Soviets Warn of Wider Conflict in Broad Press Attack on Peking; Soviets
Warn China Against Wider War in Asia”. Washington Post February 28. By Kevin Klose,
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MID#2717
References
The Associated Press (1980). “Border Incident: China Says Soviet Intruders Kill One Chinese”.
The Associated Press October 6. AM cycle.
United Press International (1980). “China announces missile test”. United Press International
November 20. By Raymond Wilkinson, AM cycle.
MID#2718
References
Christian Science Monitor (1986). “Sino-Soviet border incident ’isolated’”. Christian Science Monitor August 25. By Julian Baum: 2.
Facts on File World News Digest (1986). “China, U.S.S.R. Clash on Border”. Facts on File World
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MID#2724
References
New York Times (1936a). “2 Japanese Slain in Siberian Border Fight; Russia Protests Alleged
Invasion by Fifty”. New York Times March 26. By Harold Denny, special cable to the New
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— (1936b). “3 Japanese Killed in Frontier Clash”. New York Times March 28. By Harold Denny,
special cable to the New York Times: 1.
— (1936c). “Russia and Japan Will Fix Borders”. New York Times April 28. By Hugh Byas,
wireless to the New York Times: 6.
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MID#2725
References
New York Times (1945). “Mongolia Declares War”. New York Times August 11: 2.
MID#2726
References
Christian Science Monitor (1975). “Moscow angered by China-Japan Treaty”. Christian Science
Monitor June 20. By Elizabeth Pond, staff correspondent of the Christian Science Monitor: 5.
New York Times (1975). “Soviet Cautions Japan on Peking”. New York Times June 19. By Christopher S. Wren, special to the New York Times: 9.
The Sun (1975). “China-Soviet tightrope gets tighter for Japan”. The Sun June 20. By Matthew
J. Seiden: A4.
Washington Post (1975). “Japan’s Protests Stop Soviet Rockets”. Washington Post April 27: 6.
MID#2727
References
Facts on File World News Digest (1978a). “Japan Charges Soviet Threat”. Facts on File World
News Digest August 4.
— (1978b). “Soviet Pacific Buildup Cited”. Facts on File World News Digest December 1.
— (1979). “U.S.S.R. Buildup on Kuriles Noted”. Facts on File World News Digest October 5.
MID#2728
References
Facts on File World News Digest (1984). “Soviet Delegation Visits”. Facts on File World News
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MID#2729
References
New York Times (1963a). “Cambodia Charges Attack By South Vietnam’s Forces”. New York
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— (1963c). “Invaders From Vietnam Seized, Says Cambodia”. New York Times April 7: 95.
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The Sun (1963). “Cambodia-Peking Ties Reasserted”. The Sun September 22: 2.
Washington Post (1963). “Cambodia Acts to Probe Border”. Washington Post April 25: A11.
MID#2730
References
New York Times (1962a). “Cambodia Accuses Saigon Of an Attack on Peasants”. New York Times
November 24: 8.
— (1962b). “Cambodia Accuses Vietnam”. New York Times November 24: 3.
MID#2731
References
New York Times (1960a). “Cambodia Tension On Borders Rises”. New York Times May 15. By
Tillman Durdin, special to the New York Times: 15.
— (1960b). “Vietnam Protests to Cambodia”. New York Times April 15: 28.
MID#2732
References
New York Times (1959). “Cambodians Repair Rift With Vietnam”. New York Times August 5:
56.
MID#2733
References
Washington Post (1916). “Cannot Yield to U.S.” Washington Post March 5. By Karl H. Von
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MID#2734
References
The Associated Press (1987). “Iranians Attack Tanker, Iraq Raids Petrochemical Plan”. The Associated Press November 6. By Richard Pyle, Associated Press Writer, AM cycle.
— (1988). “Supertanker Attacked in Persian Gulf Friday”. The Associated Press February 4. By
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United Press International (1987). “Iraq Bombs Iranian oil targets”. United Press International
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MID#2735
References
Keesing’s (1988). “Jul 1988-Economic developments-Labour protests-Relations with Nicaragua”.
In: Keesing’s Record of World Events. Vol. 34. Keesing’s Worldwide, LLC. Chap. Costa Rica:
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MID#2736
References
New York Times (1987a). “Crisis in Haiti Leaves the Neighboring Dominicans Worried”. New York
Times December 3. By Stephen Kinzer, special to the New York Times: A12.
— (1987b). “Voting Canceled As Haiti Is Caught In Wave Of Terror; Dozens Are Slain”. New York
Times November 30. By Joseph B. Treaster, special to the New York Times: A1.
MID#2737
References
Los Angeles Times (1987). “Canadian Fishing Ban Brings French Protest”. Los Angeles Times
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MID#2738
References
BBC Summary of World Broadcasts (1987). “Problems in USSR’s Relations With Norway and Sweden”. BBC Summary of World Broadcasts August 15. Excerpt from military-political review by
Vladimir Kuzar Moscow in Finnish 1600 gmt 9 Aug 87 Part 1 The USSR; A. INTERNATIONAL
AFFAIRS; 1. GENERAL AND WESTERN AFFAIRS; SU/8647/A1/1; L.
United Press International (1987). “Sweden complains of trespassing subs”. United Press International December 17. By Rolf Soderlind, AM cycle.
Xinhua General Overseas News Service (1988). “sweden, soviet union reach agreement on baltic
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MID#2739
References
New York Times (1987a). “Apology From Iraq”. New York Times May 19. By Steven V. Roberts,
special to the New York Times: A1.
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New York Times (1987b). “Iraqi Missile Hits U.S. Navy Frigate in Persian Gulf”. New York Times
May 18. By John H. Cushman Jr., special to the New York Times: A1.
Washington Post (1987). “Iraq to Pay Damages For Attack”. Washington Post May 22. By Don
Oberdorfer and Edward Walsh Washington Post staff writers: A1.
MID#2740
References
Facts on File World News Digest (1987a). “Shult Reveals Recent U.S.-Iran Talks”. Facts on File
World News Digest February 6.
— (1987b). “U.S. Attacks, Seizes Iranian Mine Ship; helicopter Strafes Vessel in Night Raid”. Facts
on File World News Digest September 25.
— (1987c). “U.S. Bans Iran Imports”. Facts on File World News Digest October 30.
— (1988). “U.S. Navy Shoots Down Iranian Airliner Over Persian Gulf, Killing 290; Reagan Regrets
’Tragedy’; Cruiser Mistook Airbus for F-14”. Facts on File World News Digest July 8.
MID#2741
References
Facts on File World News Digest (1988). “U.S. Troops Sent to Panama to Protect Military Bases;
Move Follows Crackdown on Opposition”. Facts on File World News Digest April 8.
Globe and Mail (1988). “Around the World: Police in Panama hold U.S. soldiers”. Globe and Mail
February 25. By the Associated Press: A13.
Inter Press Service (1987). “Panama: U.S. Embassy Denies Troop Movements, Violating Treaty”.
Inter Press Service September 24.
MID#2742
References
Chicago Tribune (1987). “Cuba arrests Miamian, brother as spies for CIA”. Chicago Tribune May
6: 6.
New York Times (1987). “Downward Spiral For U.S.-Cuba Ties”. New York Times May 2. By
Joseph B. Treaster, special to the New York Times: 1.
MID#2743
References
Facts on File World News Digest (1978). “Sadat, Begin to Meet Carter”. Facts on File World News
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MID#2745
References
The Times (1988). “Indonesian raid sparks Australian troop move”. The Times October 31. By
Christopher Morris: 00.
MID#2746
References
Japan Economic Newswire (1988). “Asian News-Malaysia, Philippines; Malaysian Forces Reportedly Intruding Into Philippines”. Japan Economic Newswire August 17.
United Press International (1988). “Philippine fishermen freed after 4 months”. United Press International August 13. By Jervina Lao, AM cycle.
MID#2747
References
Xinhua General Overseas News Service (1988a). “burma to free nine thai fishermen”. Xinhua General Overseas News Service September 20 (ITEM: 0920100).
— (1988b). “thai fishermen released by burma”. Xinhua General Overseas News Service August
29 (ITEM: 0829135).
— (1988c). “thai fishermen reminded not to enter burma’s waters”. Xinhua General Overseas News
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MID#2748
References
Sidney Morning Herald (1988). “Pacific Row Brews Over Fishing Rights”. Sidney Morning Herald
November 16. By Helen O’Neil: 13.
MID#2750
References
BBC Summary of World Broadcasts (1988). “China and Taiwan; Taiwan naval patrol shoots mainland fisherman”. BBC Summary of World Broadcasts December 10. Central News Agency in
English 1546 gmt 8 Dec 88 Peking home service 2230 gmt 8 Dec 88 Part 3 The Far East; A.
INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS; 3. FAR EASTERN RELATIONS; FE/0331/A3/ 1;
Japan Economic Newswire (1988). “Asian News-Taiwan; Taiwan Moves Military Defense Underground”. Japan Economic Newswire July 27.
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New York Times (1988). “China Reports Arrest of Spies”. New York Times October 25. By Reuters:
A11.
The Associated Press (1988). “China Says Taiwanese Warships Fired on Chinese Fishing Boats”.
The Associated Press April 30. AM cycle.
MID#2752
References
New York Times (1988). “Iran Attacks Tanker; 3 More Mines Destroyed in Gulf”. New York Times
April 20. By Steve Lohr, special to the New York Times: A16.
MID#2753
References
BBC Summary of World Broadcasts (1988a). “SADF kills man on Swazi territory near common
border”. BBC Summary of World Broadcasts October 12. Part 4 The Middle East, Africa and
Latin America; 4(B). AFRICA; ME/0280/ ii.
— (1988b). “South and Southern Africa in Brief; Shooting incident and explosives found on S
African-Swaziland border”. BBC Summary of World Broadcasts October 29. Johannesburg
home service in Afrikaans 1400 gmt 27 Oct 88 Mbabane television in English 1630 gmt 27 Oct
88 Part 4 The Middle East, Africa and Latin America; B. AFRICA ; ME/0295/B/ 1.
— (1988c). “Swazi Prime Minister condemns South African ’aggression’”. BBC Summary of World
Broadcasts October 14. Part 4 The Middle East, Africa and Latin America; 4(B). AFRICA;
ME/0282/ ii.
MID#2754
References
New York Times (1988a). “Botswana Arrests 2 South Africans in Clash”. New York Times June
22: A12.
— (1988b). “South Africans Strike Botswana”. New York Times March 29. By John D. Battersby,
special to the New York Times: A3.
MID#2755
References
New York Times (1988). “South Africa Reports Attack By Zimbabwe-Based Rebels”. New York
Times February 14: 20.
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Xinhua General Overseas News Service (1988). “south africa threatens to cross into zimbabwe”.
Xinhua General Overseas News Service February 14. ITEM: 0214031.
MID#2756
References
The Gazette (1988). “Angola Downs Botswana President’s Plane”. The Gazette August 11: A12.
MID#2758
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May 17. By William Armbruster, Journal of Commerce Staff: 2A.
MID#2759
References
Daily News (1988). “Iranian gunboats attack Romanian tanker in Gulf”. Daily News July 8. Huntingdon, Saxton, Mount Union PA.: 2.
MID#2760
References
Christian Science Monitor (1988). “Cypriot leaders hope talks will pave way for settlement”. Christian Science Monitor August 24. By Carol Reed, special to the Christian Science Monitor: 9.
New York Times (1987a). “Across the Divide, Two Worlds Dig In on Cyprus”. New York Times
December 20. By Alan Cowell, special to the New York Times: 18.
— (1987b). “Cypriot Border Clash Hinders Settlement Effort”. New York Times December 23. By
Ozer Koray: A22.
Oxford Analytica Daily Brief Service (1989). “Cyprus: Prospects”. Oxford Analytica Daily Brief
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UN Chronicle (1987). “Security Council extends mandate of Cyprus force until 15 June 1987”. UN
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Wall Street Journal. Eastern Editionl (1988). “Island Impasse: After Long Conflict, Cyprus Now
Searches For an Elusive Peace–Greek and Turkish Cypriots Remain Deeply Divided as Talks
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23. By Kathy Christensen: 1.
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MID#2761
References
Pacific Stars and Stripes (1988). “Turkish Soldier Shot Dead in Clash With Cypriot Cops”. Pacific
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MID#2762
References
The Associated Press (1987). “At Least Seven Sailors Killed in Iranian Attack on Tanker”. The
Associated Press March 28. By Nabila Megalli, Associated Press Writer.
MID#2763
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Chronicle-Telegram (1988). “Iranian gunboats attack 2 freighters”. Chronicle Telegram June 12:
A3.
MID#2765
References
Frederick Post (1988). “Casualties mount in tanker war”. Frederick Post March 22: A3.
MID#2766
References
Pacific Stars and Stripes (1988). “France warns it will fire on gunboats”. Pacific Stars and Stripes
January 22. By UPI: 1.
MID#2768
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Foreign Broadcast Information Service (1988). “Daily Report: Latin America”. Foreign Broadcast
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MID#2769
References
Daily Intelligencer (1988). “No sign of crew from Gulf tanker”. Daily Intelligencer February 1. By
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MID#2770
References
Facts on File World News Digest (1988). “Costa Rica Border Conflict Flares”. Facts on File World
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MID#2771
References
Galveston Daily News (1988). “Newspaper: Troops fire at aircraft”. Galveston Daily News September 30. By the Associated Press: 10A.
MID#2774
References
United Press International (1988). “U.S. ship fires warning flares at Iraqi fighter”. United Press
International February 13. By Daniel J. Silva, AM cycle.
MID#2775
References
New York Times (1988). “Libya Offers to Allow Inspection of Chemical Plant but U.S. Balks”. New
York Times December 31. By Michael R. Gordon, special to the New York Times: 1.
— (1989a). “Attacks and Accusations: The U.S.-Libya Bitterness”. New York Times January 5.
By Reuters: A15.
— (1989b). “Excerpts From Pentagon Briefing on Libyan Jets”. New York Times January 5. By
the Associated Press: A15.
— (1989c). “U.S. Says Libya Moves Chemicals For Poison Gas Away From Plant”. New York
Times January 4. By Stephen Engelberg, special to the New York Times: A1.
— (1989d). “U.S. Says Tape Shows Missiles On a Libyan Jet”. New York Times January 6. By
Richard Halloran, special to the New York Times: A1.
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MID#2777
References
BBC Summary of World Broadcasts (1987). “South-East Asia; Thailand: Burma allegedly seizes
ttrawler in international waters”. BBC Summary of World Broadcasts May 1. ’Bangkok Post’ in
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MID#2779
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BBC Summary of World Broadcasts (1987a). “Attack on Indian High Commission in Dhaka”. BBC
Summary of World Broadcasts June 29. Text of report New Delhi home service in English 1530
gmt 27 Jun 87 PTI in English 1741 gmt 27 Jun Part 3 The Far East; A. INTERNATIONAL
AFFAIRS; 3. FAR EASTERN RELATIONS; FE/8606/A3/1.
— (1987b). “Bangladesh Accuses India of Border Attack”. BBC Summary of World Broadcasts
June 29. Excerpt from report Dhaka home service in English 1530 gmt 27 Jun 8 Part 3 The Far
East; A. INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS; 3. FAR EASTERN RELATIONS; FE/8606/A3/1;
Japan Economic Newswire (1987). “Asian News-Bangladesh; Bangladesh Foreign Minister Condemns Border Killings”. Japan Economic Newswire June 28.
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— (1987b). “bangladesh foreign minister on relations with india”. Xinhua General Overseas News
Service July 8. ITEM: 0708138.
— (1987c). “bangladesh parliament condemns killing of bangladeshis by indian border security
forces”. Xinhua General Overseas News Service June 17. ITEM: 0617110.
— (1987d). “bangladesh protests against killings by indian border troops”. Xinhua General Overseas News Service June 26. ITEM: 0626138.
— (1987e). “bangladesh protests to india after 11 civilians killed in attack”. Xinhua General Overseas News Service June 2. ITEM: 0602182.
MID#2780
References
BBC Summary of World Broadcasts (1987a). “China condemns Vietnamese occupation of Spratly
Islands”. BBC Summary of World Broadcasts April 16. Part 3 The Far East; FE/8544/i.
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BBC Summary of World Broadcasts (1987b). “Other Reports on Indochina; China supports Thai
’necessary actions’ against SRV ’intrusions’”. BBC Summary of World Broadcasts June 5. Xinhua in English 1036 gmt 3 Jul 87 Part 3 The Far East; A. INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS; 3.
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United Press International (1987). “China warns Vietnam on island takeover”. United Press International April 15. By Ron Redmond.
MID#2782
References
BBC Summary of World Broadcasts (1987). “Other Reports on China and Taiwan; Taiwan reports intrusions by Chinese fishing boats”. BBC Summary of World Broadcasts October 1.
Taiwan Central News Agency in English 1538 gmt 29 Sep 87 Excerpts Part 3 The Far East; A.
INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS; 3. FAR EASTERN RELATIONS; FE/8687/A3/1.
Globe and Mail (1987). “China boats off coast, Taiwan says”. Globe and Mail September 4. By
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Xinhua General Overseas News Service (1987). “china cannot commit itself to ’never using force’ in
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MID#2783
References
Daily Herald (1987). “Iran Fires Silkworm at Liberia tanker”. Daily Herald October 15. By UPI:
10.
United Press International (1987). “Oman, Yemen clash at border; 10 dead”. United Press International October 14.
MID#2784
References
Hutchinson News (1987). “Iran attacks oil tanker”. Hutchinson News October 2. By UPI: 10.
MID#2785
References
Pacific Stars and Stripes (1987). “Iran vows to destroy U.S. Gulf fleet”. Pacific Stars and Stripes
November 22. By UPI: 2.
F–158
MID#2786
References
New York Times (1987). “A Syrian Air Force Jet is Shot Down Over Iraq”. New York Times July
29: A10.
MID#2787
References
Globe and Mail (1987). “Syria told to tighten border after rebel attack in Turkey”. Globe and Mail
MArch 9. By Reuter: A11.
MID#2788
References
Keesing’s (1988). “Economy security matters Foreign relations”. In: Keesing’s Record of World
Events. Vol. 34. Keesing’s Worldwide, LLC. Chap. Turkey: 35983.
New York Times (1987). “Two Iraqi Warplanes Bomb Border Settlement in Turkey”. New York
Times August 22. By Reuters: 33.
MID#2789
References
Platt’s Oilgram News (1988). “Iran Said to Hit Two Ships, Including Carrier Bringing LPG to
That Country”. Platt’s Oilgram News January 25: 2.
The Associated Press (1988a). “Iran Attacks Tanker, Fires Missile Into Baghdad”. The Associated
Press March 23.
— (1988b). “Iranians Hit Singapore-flagged Ship off Saudi Arabia”. The Associated Press June
14. By Alex Minasian, Associated press Writer.
United Press International (1987). “Iranian gunboats attack two tankers in gulf”. United Press
International December 6. By Daniel J. Silva.
MID#2790
References
The Post-Standard (1987). “Iranian Boats Attack Freighter”. The Post-Standard December 18. By
the AP: A2.
F–159
MID#2791
References
The Valley Independent (1987). “Ship attacks step up in Persian Gulf”. The Valley Independent
October 2. By the AP: 2A.
MID#2792
References
Japan Economic Newswire (1987). “New Iranian Attacks Reported in Reprisal to Iraqi Strikes;
Southern Petrochemical Industries Corp. LTD”. Japan Economic Newswire October 2.
The Associated Press (1988). “Iran Attacks Indian Ship, ’War of Cities’ Continues As Do Land
Battles”. The Associated Press March 27. By Nabila Megalli, Associated Press Writer.
MID#2795
References
Kokomo Tribune (1987). “Blast rocks Saudi Plant”. Kokomo Tribune August 16. By the AP: 1.
MID#2796
References
Syracuse Herald-Journal (1987). “Iran attacks freighter in Persian Gulf”. Syrcause Herald-Journal
May 23: A2.
MID#2797
References
New York Times (1987a). “Iran Raids Tanker in the Gulf and Again Threatens Kuwait”. New York
Times May 12. By John Kifner, special to the New York Times: A8.
— (1987b). “Kuwait Expels Iran Envoys After Attack”. New York Times September 6. By John
Kifner, special to the New York Times: 3.
— (1987c). “Missile Reportedly Fired by Iran Damages a Kuwaiti Oil Terminal”. New York Times
October 23. By John Kifner, special to the New York Times: A1.
— (1988). “Kuwait Reports Skirmish With Iran”. New York Times March 31. By Youssef M.
Ibrahim, special to the New York Times: A3.
Washington Post (1987a). “Iran Fires Missile At Kuwait”. Washington Post September 5. By
Patrick E. Tyler; Washington Post foreign service: A1.
F–160
Washington Post (1987b). “Kuwait Declares Iran Was Warned to End Attacks Before U.S. Reacted”. Washington Post October 21. By Patrick E. Tyler; Washington Post foreign service:
A27.
— (1988). “Kuwait Says its Forces Traded Fire With Iran”. Washington Post March 31. By Patrick
E. Tyler; Washington Post foreign service: A25.
Xinhua General Overseas News Service (1988). “kuwait not to be a party to iran-iraq war, says
defence minister”. Xinhua General Overseas News Service May 25. ITEM NO: 0525008.
MID#2799
References
Keesing’s (1988a). “Economy security matters Foreign relations”. In: Keesing’s Record of World
Events. Vol. 34. Keesing’s Worldwide, LLC. Chap. Turkey: 35983.
— (1988b). “Elections.-Power struggles.-Foreign relations.-Budget.” In: Keesing’s Record of World
Events. Vol. 34. Keesing’s Worldwide, LLC. Chap. Iran: 36053.
MID#2800
References
Lethbridge Herald (1987). “Release Agreement”. Lethbridge Herald December 30. By the AP: B6.
MID#2801
References
Galveston Daily News (1987). “4 Die in Mozambique Raid”. Galveston Daily News May 30. By the
AP: 6B.
Sunday Intelligencer (1987). “Mozambique reports capture of some South African commandos”.
Sunday Intelligencer May 31. By the AP: A4.
MID#2802
References
Facts on File World News Digest (1987). “Coalition Government Collapses”. Facts on File World
News Digest August 28.
F–161
MID#2803
References
Keesing’s (1987). “Jun 1987-SUDAN”. In: Keesing’s Record of World Events. Vol. 33. Keesing’s
Worldwide, LLC. Chap. Sudan: 35173.
MID#2805
References
Keesing’s (1987). “Nov 1987-Emergence of ’Holy Spirit Battalion’”. In: Keesing’s Record of World
Events. Vol. 33. Keesing’s Worldwide, LLC. Chap. Uganda: 35493.
MID#2807
References
Keesing’s (1981). “Oct 1981-Border Dispute-Resolution of Crisis”. In: Keesing’s Record of World
Events. Vol. 27. Keesing’s Worldwide, LLC. Chap. Cameroon, Nigeria: 31132.
MID#2808
References
The Times (1987). “340 ships hit in a seven-year War”. The Times September 3: 00.
Washington Post (1987). “Hit Ship Is Liberian-Owned”. Washington Post July 11: A19.
MID#2809
References
Keesing’s (1988). “Military and diplomatic developments”. In: Keesing’s Record of World Events.
Vol. 34. Keesing’s Worldwide, LLC. Chap. Western Sahara: 35995.
MID#2810
References
Facts on File World News Digest (1987). “South Africa Raids Zambia; 4 Killed, ID’s Disputed”.
Facts on File World News Digest May 1.
F–162
MID#2811
References
Journal of Commerce (1987). “Iraqi Jet Strikes Panamanian Tanker”. Journal of Commerce April
30. By the AP: 3B.
MID#2812
References
Facts on File World News Digest (1987). “Venezuela, Colombia Dispute Flares”. Facts on File
World News Digest October 16.
MID#2813
References
BBC Summary of World Broadcasts (1987). “Argentina Seizes Japanese fishing boats”. BBC Summary of World Broadcasts March 26. Part 4 The Middle East, Africa and Latin America; IV(D)
LATIN AMERICA AND OTHER COUNTRIES; ME/8526/iii.
Xinhua General Overseas News Service (1987). “japanese fishing boat seized by argentine Navy”.
Xinhua General Overseas News Service February 13. ITEM NO: 0213006.
MID#2814
References
Syracuse Herald-Journal (1987). “Western Nations divide Persian Gulf into sectors for minesweeping duty”. Syrcause Herald-Journal September 22. By the AP: A12.
MID#2815
References
New York Times (1987). “Iraq HIts a Tanker in Gulf, First Since Attack on Stark”. New York
Times June 21. By John Kifner, special to the New York Times: 10.
MID#2817
References
Christian Science Monitor (1988). “Greek tanker set on fire by Iranian boats in Gulf”. Christian
Science Monitor March 23: 2.
F–163
Journal of Commerce (1987). “Greek Tanker Attacked”. Journal of Commerce October 1. By the
AP: 12B.
The Associated Press (1987). “Iran Attacks Greek Tanker; Iraq Claims Attack on Ship Off Iran”.
The Associated Press December 16. By Nabila Megalli, Associated Press writer.
The Times (1987). “Gulf ship sunk in missile attack”. The Times September 3. From Robert Fisk:
00.
United Press International (1987). “Bridgeton fifth tanker to hit gulf mine”. United Press International July 24. AM cycle.
Xinhua General Overseas News Service (1987a). “greece concerned about safe sailing in gulf”.
Xinhua General Overseas News Service July 17. ITEM NO: 0717140.
— (1987b). “greece to mediate in tension in gulf”. Xinhua General Overseas News Service August
27. ITEM NO: 0827165.
MID#2818
References
New York Times (1987a). “Iran Attacks Ship With Saudi Oil; Iraqi Planes Raid Enemy’s Plants”.
New York Times September 11. By John Kifner, special to the New York Times: A10.
— (1987b). “U.S. Navy Rescues Tanker Crew in Gulf”. New York Times December 13. By John
H. Cushman Jr., special to the New York Times: 1.
MID#2819
References
Telegraph (1987). “Iraq Claims Strikes on Iran Oil Stores”. Telegraph July 8: 00.
The Associated Press (1987a). “Iraq Attacks Tankers, Iran Vows to Continue Fighting”. The Associated Press November 12. By Richard Pyle, Associated Press writer.
— (1987b). “Iraqi Warplanes Attack Greek-Owned Tanker”. The Associated Press October 12. By
Richard Pyle, Associated Press writer.
MID#2820
References
The Indiana Gazette (1987). “Iranians attack Yugoslav vessel in Persian Gulf”. The Indiana Gazette
August 20. By the AP: 2.
F–164
MID#2822
References
Frederick Post (1987). “Iranian rockets start fire on tanker”. Frederick Post September 2. By the
AP: 1.
MID#2824
References
Facts on File World News Digest (1987). “Iraq, Iran Step Up Shipping Raids”. Facts on File World
News Digest December 18.
— (1988a). “Iran, Iraq Exchange Missile Strikes; Iraq Provokes New Phase in Conflict”. Facts on
File World News Digest March 11.
— (1988b). “Iraq Gains Over Iran in Persian Gulf War; Iraqi Raid Hits 5 Tankers”. Facts on File
World News Digest June 17.
The Associated Press (1987). “Iran Attacks Fertilizer Ship, Setting Crew Quarters on Fire”. The
Associated Press December 16. By Aly Mahmoud, Associated Press writer.
MID#2825
References
Washington Post (1987). “New Iranian Naval Weapon: High-Speed Patrol Boats; Vessels Called
Threat to Reflagged Tankers”. Washington Post July 26. By David B. Ottaway, Washington
Post staff writer: A25.
MID#2827
References
United Press International (1987). “Norway protests to Soviets over aircraft incident”. United Press
International September 13.
MID#2828
References
The Associated Press (1987). “Iranian Frigate Shells Romanian Tanker”. The Associated Press
November 26. By Aly Mahmoud, Associated Press writer.
F–165
MID#2829
References
PR Newswire Europe (1987). “Cyprus Denounces Turkish Prime Minister’s Statements”. PR Newswire
Europe August 22.
MID#2830
References
Keesing’s (1987). “Reform programme.-Administrative reorganization.-Economy.-Foreign Relations.security matters.” In: Keesing’s Record of World Events. Vol. 33. Keesing’s Worldwide, LLC.
Chap. Bulgaria: 35518.
MID#2831
References
Galveston Daily News (1987). “Israeli navy halts Cyprus-Lebanon ferry; hauling of Palestinian
guerillas alleged”. Galveston Daily News January 3. By the AP: 4A.
MID#2833
References
The Toronto Star (1987). “21 killed in Iraqi raid on tanker officials say”. The Toronto Star December
14. By Reuter: A3.
MID#2835
References
Dakin, Douglas (1972). The Unification of Greece, 1770-1923. Ernest Benn Limited.
MID#2836
References
Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1910). Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, Literature
and General information. Vol. 12. Greece p. 467. Encyclopaedia Britannica.
F–166
MID#2837
References
Dakin, Douglas (1972). The Unification of Greece, 1770-1923. Ernest Benn Limited.
MID#2838
References
Joplin News Herald (1959). “Japan in Agreement to Let Korean Refugees Go to Communist District”. Joplin News Herald February 13. By John Roderick: 10.
Keesing’s (1960). “Repatriation of Korean Residents in Japan to North Korea.-South Korea Protests.Negotiations on Japanese Property Claims, Fishing Rights in Sea of Japan, and Status of Korean
NaNation in Japan.-The ’Rhee Line’ Dispute.-Agreements on Repatriation and Trade Relations.” In: Keesing’s Record of World Events. Vol. 6. Keesing’s Worldwide, LLC. Chap. Japan,
South Korea, Korean, Japan, Korea, South Korea, Japanese: 17391.
North Adams Transcript (1959). “Japanese-S. Korean Crisis is Deepening”. North Adams Transcript February 13. By the AP: 1.
MID#2839
References
The Arizona Republic (1959). “South Koreans Fire on Japanese Craft”. The Arizona Republic
November 16. By the AP: 2.
MID#2840
References
Keesing’s (1948). “Argentine and Chilean Claims to British Antarctica.-Bases established in the
South Shetlands.-Chilean President inaugurates Chilean Army Bases on Greenwich Island.Argentine Naval Demonstration in British Antarctic Waters.-H.M.S. ’Nigeria’ despatched to
Falklands.-British Government Statements.-Argentine-Chilean Agreement on Joint Defence of
’Antarctic Rights.’-The Byrd and Ronne Antarctic Expeditions.-Australian Anarctic Expedition
occupies Heard Islands.” In: Keesing’s Record of World Events. Vol. 6-7. Keesing’s Worldwide,
LLC. Chap. Argentine, Chilean, British: 9133.
New York Times (1948a). “Argentines React Sharply”. New York Times February 19. By Milton
Bracker, special to the New York Times: 11.
— (1948b). “Britain is Rebuffed on Falkland Islands”. New York Times February 8: 36.
— (1948c). “Britain to Uphold Antarctic ’Titles’”. New York Times February 17: 4.
— (1948d). “British Navy Delivers Protest to Argentines”. New York Times March 7. By the
United Press: 17.
F–167
— (1948e). “British Protest 2d Chilean Base”. New York Times January 29: 12.
— (1948f). “British View Is Rejected”. New York Times February 1: 35.
— (1948g). “British Warship in Antarctic”. New York Times January 18: 19.
— (1948h). “Incident Off Deception Isle”. New York Times March 5: 3.
MID#2841
References
Ada Evening News (1959). “Attack”. Ada Evening News June 17. By the AP: 4.
MID#2842
References
New York Times (1956). “India Warns Portugal”. New York Times December 22: 3.
MID#2843
References
New York Times (1956). “U.S. Plane Forced Down”. New York Times April 20: 3.
MID#2844
References
New York Times (1956). “Saudis Accuse Britain in U.N.” New York Times February 14: 14.
MID#2845
References
New York Times (1957a). “Chile to Fine U.S. Ships”. New York Times December 15: 8.
— (1957b). “Chilean Planes Shoot to Warn Off U.S. Boats”. New York Times December 14: 7.
— (1957c). “U.S. Cautions Chile Over Fishing Rights”. New York Times December 19: 2.
Washington Post (1957). “U.S. Fishermen Will Pay Chile Fines and Tariffs”. Washington Post
December 29: A4.
F–168
MID#2846
References
New York Times (1957). “Italian Boat Under Fire”. New York Times June 9: 46.
MID#2847
References
New York Times (1955). “Russians Seize Japanese Boat”. New York Times March 25: 6.
— (1957). “Soviet to Free Fishermen”. New York Times October 27: 19.
MID#2848
References
New York Times (1957). “Norway Seizes Soviet Ship”. New York Times April 15: 10.
MID#2849
References
The Post-Standard (1957). “Czechs Blast Air Violations”. The Post-Standard July 30: 2.
MID#2850
References
New York Times (1957). “Pakistani Flights Protested”. New York Times March 20: 11.
MID#2852
References
New York Times (1958). “Soviet Seizes Japanese Ships”. New York Times June 5: 5.
— (1959). “Soviet Releases 8 Japanese”. New York Times May 3: 12.
MID#2853
References
New York Times (1958). “Red Chinese Seize 14 Japanese Boats”. New York Times May 8: 5.
F–169
MID#2854
References
New York Times (1958a). “Americans Freed by East Germany After Six Weeks”. New York Times
July 20. By Harry Gilroy, special to the New York Times: 1.
— (1958b). “East Germany Set For Talk With U.S.” New York Times June 12: 13.
— (1958c). “U.S. Insists Soviet Get 9 Released”. New York Times June 21: 1.
MID#2855
References
New York Times (1958a). “Belgium Prods Soviet”. New York Times June 8: 21.
— (1958b). “East Germany Yields Plane”. New York Times July 1: 5.
— (1958c). “Missing NATO Plane is in East Germany”. New York Times June 13: 9.
MID#2856
References
New York Times (1958). “Syrians Fire on Italian Planes”. New York Times April 19: 8.
MID#2857
References
New York Times (1958a). “Albania Reports Downing U.S. Jet”. New York Times January 8. By
the United Press: 1.
— (1958b). “Albanians Agree to Release Flier”. New York Times January 10: 3.
MID#2858
References
New York Times (1958a). “Albanians Down a British Plane”. New York TImes January 2: 1.
— (1958b). “Detained British Plane to be Freed by Albania”. New York Times January 4: 2.
MID#2859
References
New York Times (1959). “Chinese Reds Free 2 Boats”. New York Times May 12: 3.
F–170
MID#2860
References
New York Times (1959). “Brazil Warns Soviet”. New York Times March 29: 27.
MID#2861
References
New York Times (1959a). “Fishing Ruling Sought”. New York Times March 31: 3.
— (1959b). “Japanese Freed by Soviet”. New York Times August 23: 62.
— (1959c). “Soviet Releases 13 Japanese”. New York Times March 17: 5.
MID#2862
References
New York Times (1959). “Red China Charges Paracels Incursion”. New York Times March 1: 20.
MID#2863
References
New York Times (1959a). “Manila Prods Soviet”. New York Times March 5: 9.
— (1959b). “Manila Shifts Vessels”. New York Times March 2: 4.
— (1959c). “Philippines Frees 5 Soviet Trawlers”. New York Times March 7: 2.
— (1959d). “Soviet Asks Freeing of Ships at Luzon”. New York Times March 4: 3.
MID#2864
References
New York Times (1959). “Soviet Seizes 2 Danish Ships”. New York Times February 15: 2.
MID#2866
References
New York Times (1959). “Israeli Seize Lebanese Craft”. New York Times January 12: 25.
F–171
MID#2867
References
New York Times (1959). “U.S. Voices Concerns: Demands Dominicans Explain Forcing Down of
Plane”. New York Times December 18: 14.
MID#2869
References
New York Times (1959a). “Indian Fliers Home”. New York Times April 13: 4.
— (1959b). “Pakistan Downs Jet Reported as India’s”. New York Times April 11. By Reuters: 1.
MID#2870
References
New York Times (1959a). “Swiss Halt U.S. Plane”. New York Times March 20: 9.
— (1959b). “Swiss Release U.S. Plane”. New York Times March 21: 2.
MID#2871
References
Keesing’s (1959). “Soviet Denunciations of Persian-American Defence Agreement.-Note Exchanges.Breakdown of Teheran Negotiations for Soviet-Persian Non-Aggression Treaty.” In: Keesing’s
Record of World Events. Vol. 12. Keesing’s Worldwide, LLC. Chap. Persia, Soviet Union, Soviet,
Persian: 16769.
New York Times (1959a). “2 MIG’s Buzz Airliner”. New York Times June 19: 3.
— (1959b). “Attacks Upon Iran Resumed by Pravda”. New York Times February 15: 3.
— (1959c). “Iran Protests to Soviet”. New York Times March 17: 18.
— (1959d). “Iran Warns Soviet”. New York Times April 27: 2.
— (1959e). “Moscow Warns Iran”. New York Times January 17: 5.
The Sun (1959). “Reds Lay ’Hostile Actions’ To Iran”. The Sun June 4: 2.
Washington Post (1959). “Soviet Union Warns Iran Against ’Illegal Flights’”. Washington Post
July 30: A9.
F–172
MID#2873
References
New York Times (1960). “Soviet Seizes Boats Off Japan”. New York Times July 17: 2.
— (1961). “Japan Claims Islands”. New York Times October 1: 24.
MID#2874
References
New York Times (1960). “Japan Charges Korean Attack”. New York Times May 9: 3.
MID#2877
References
New York Times (1960). “Border Violations Charged”. New York Times September 24: 12.
MID#2878
References
New York Times (1960). “’Spies’ Arouse Hungary”. New York Times September 26: 2.
MID#2880
References
New York Times (1961). “Rabat Issues Protest”. New York Times November 4: 8.
MID#2882
References
New York Times (1961a). “Soviet Seizes 3 Fishing Boats”. New York Times June 12: 3.
— (1961b). “Soviet to Free 6 Japanese”. New York Times July 16. By Reuters: 25.
MID#2883
References
Keesing’s (1961). “Fisheries Dispute of the Faroes.-The ’Red Crusader’ Incident.” In: Keesing’s
Record of World Events. Vol. 7. Keesing’s Worldwide, LLC. Chap. Denmark, United Kingdom:
18162.
F–173
MID#2884
References
New York Times (1961). “Peiping Aleges Boat Seizure”. New York Times April 5: 2.
MID#2885
References
New York Times (1961). “India Accuses Pakistan”. New York Times April 14: 3.
MID#2887
References
New York Times (1961). “Spain Protests Rabat Flight”. New York Times January 20: 8.
MID#2888
References
New York Times (1962a). “Soviet Releases 31 Japanese”. New York Times July 11. By the AP: 5.
— (1962b). “Soviet Seizes 2 Japan Boats”. New York Times June 22. By the AP: 4.
MID#2889
References
New York Times (1962). “Seoul Seizes Japanese Boats”. New York Times May 14. By the AP: 22.
MID#2890
References
New York Times (1962). “Guinea Protests to Portugal”. New York Times March 12. By Reuters:
20.
MID#2891
References
New York Times (1966). “Nationalists Report Sinking 2 Red Chinese Gun Boats”. New York Times
October 18: 49.
F–174
MID#2892
References
New York Times (1963a). “Chinese Reds Shell Quemoy”. New York Times December 23. By the
AP: 3.
— (1963b). “Peking Says 62 Invaders Have Been Slain or Seized”. New York Times June 30. By
the AP: 6.
— (1963c). “Warships Clash Off Matsu”. New York Times February 7. By the UPI: 4.
— (1964a). “Red China Reports Capture of a Downed Taiwan Pilot”. New York Times December
23. By the AP: 20.
— (1964b). “Red China Reports Drowning of Nationalist Patrol Plane”. New York Times June
13: 54.
— (1965a). “2 of Chiang’s Warships Reported Sunk by Reds”. New York Times August 7. By the
UPI: 4.
— (1965b). “New Chiang Raids In China Reported”. New York Times May 18. By Seymour
Topping, special to the New York Times: 1.
— (1966). “Red Chinese Down Defectors’ Plane”. New York Times January 10. By the AP: 5.
MID#2893
References
New York Times (1963). “Soviet Frees Three Japanese”. New York Times December 31. By the
AP: 3.
MID#2894
References
New York Times (1963). “Japanese Boat and 16 Men Are Seized by Indonesia”. New York Times
November 18. By the AP: 3.
MID#2895
References
New York Times (1963). “Japan Protests Boat Seizure”. New York Times September 28. By
Reuters: 2.
F–175
MID#2896
References
New Yok Times (1963). “Finland Awaits Explanation of Ships’ Seizure by Soviet”. New York Times
August 28: 11.
MID#2897
References
New York Times (1963). “Soviet Jet Fighters Shoot Down an Iranian Plane”. New York Times
November 22. By the AP: 5.
MID#2898
References
New York Times (1963). “Czechs Force Down West German Plane”. New York Times October 5.
By Reuters: 4.
MID#2900
References
New York Times (1964a). “9 Britons Missing Off China”. New York Times December 1. By the
AP: 11.
— (1964b). “Chinese Free British Sailors”. New York Times December 2. By the AP: 22.
MID#2901
References
New York Times (1964). “U.S. Ship Halted By Soviet Shots”. New York Times July 18. By Max
Frankel, special to the New York Times: 1.
MID#2902
References
New York Times (1964). “Poles Seize Fishing Boats of Danes and West Germans”. New York Times
November 20. By the UPI: 3.
F–176
MID#2903
References
New York Times (1964). “Soviet Seizes Japanese Boat”. New York Times September 22. By
Reuters: 30.
MID#2904
References
The Times (1964). “Indonesian Gunboat Attacks Fishermen”. The Times March 31. Dispatch of
The Times, London: 6.
MID#2905
References
New York Times (1964). “Koreans Seize Japanese Ship”. New York Times January 30. By the UPI:
3.
MID#2906
References
New York Times (1964a). “U.A.R. Said to Down U.S. Civil Aircraft”. New York Times December
20: 1.
— (1964b). “U.S. Plane Protest Spurned by Cairo”. New York Times December 25. By Hedrick
Smith, special to the New York Times: 1.
MID#2907
References
New York Times (1964). “Swedes Say Soviet Plane Violated Their Air Space”. New York Times
September 25. By Reuters: 36.
MID#2908
References
New York Times (1964a). “Intrusions by Soviet Jets in West Germany Charged”. New York Times
September 12: 3.
— (1964b). “Soviet Jet Fighter Flies 15 Miles Into West Germany”. New York Times September
17: 15.
F–177
MID#2910
References
New York Times (1965). “Tour Ship Buzzed, Soviet Says”. New York Times June 13. By the AP:
2.
MID#2912
References
New York Times (1965). “Saigon Hold 2 Taiwan Boats”. New York Times April 26. By the UPI:
18.
MID#2913
References
New York Times (1965). “Indonesians Seize 4 Malaysian Boats”. New York Times March 6. By
Reuters: 2.
MID#2914
References
New York Times (1965a). “Indonesians Seize Japanese”. New York Times January 12. By the AP:
3.
— (1965b). “Japanese Boat Is Seized”. New York Times February 15. By the AP: 13.
Washington Post (1967). “Japan Protests Boat Seizures”. Washington Post January 12. By Reuters:
G7.
MID#2915
References
New York Times (1965). “Two Soviet Planes Intrude”. New York Times May 29. By the AP: 5.
MID#2916
References
New York Times (1965a). “North Korea Jets Attack U.S. Plane”. New York Times April 29. By
Jack Raymond, special to the New York Times: 1.
— (1965b). “The World: Korean Incident”. New York Times May 2: E2.
F–178
MID#2917
References
New York Times (1965a). “Article 4–No Title”. New York Times April 6. By the AP: 10.
— (1965b). “Spanish Plane is Forced to Land by an Israeli Jet”. New York Times April 5: 11.
MID#2919
References
New York Times (1966). “Koreans Seize Japanese Boat”. New York Times March 15. By the AP:
48.
MID#2920
References
New York Times (1966). “South Korean Fishing Boat Seized by Red China at Sea”. New York
Times January 23: 6.
MID#2921
References
New York Times (1966). “Soviet Accused In Copter Clash”. New York Times July 16. By Philip
Shabecoff, special to the New York Times: 1.
MID#2922
References
New York Times (1968). “Soviet Tug is Seized by Venezuelan Ship”. New York Times June 18. By
Reuters: 10.
MID#2925
References
New York Times (1968a). “Japan Reports Capture of Fishing Boat by Soviet”. New York Times
September 29. By Reuters: 11.
— (1968b). “Japan Reports Ships Seized”. New York Times November 8. By Reuters: 52.
F–179
MID#2926
References
New York Times (1968). “Hong Kong Patrols Waters Near China”. New York Times July 1. By
the AP: 7.
MID#2927
References
New York Times (1968). “Argentines Say Soviet Ship Was Hit Twice by Shellfire”. New York Times
June 25: 5.
MID#2928
References
New York Times (1968a). “Pilot of Freed Jet Denies He Flew in Soviet Airspace”. New York Times
July 4. By Robert Trumbull, special to the New York Times: 2.
— (1968b). “Soviet Releases Plane Carrying G.I.’s to Vietnam”. New York Times July 3. By Felix
Belair Jr., special to the New York Times: 1.
MID#2929
References
Chicago Tribune (1965). “U.S. Jet Shot Down, Red Chinese Report”. Chicago Tribune October 6.
By the UPI: 1.
— (1967). “China Charges U.S. Violated Air Space”. Chicago Tribune November 24. By the AP:
4.
New York Times (1966). “Intrusion Proof Claimed By China”. New York Times May 18. By the
AP: 15.
— (1967). “China Says Jet Fire Hit 4 Border Guards”. New York Times July 13. By Reuters: 1.
MID#2930
References
New York Times (1967a). “Japan Says Soviet Craft Forced a Pause in Maneuver”. New York Times
May 15. By the AP: 3.
— (1967b). “New Harassments Are Laid to Soviet”. New York Times May 16: 37.
F–180
New York Times (1967c). “U.S. Skipper Views Bumpings as Error, But Criticizes Soviet”. New
York Times May 18. By Robert Trumbull, special to the New York Times: 1.
MID#2932
References
New York Times (1967). “2 German Boats Fired Upon”. New York Times October 13. By Reuters:
3.
MID#2933
References
New York Times (1967a). “Official of Dutch Airline Is Ordered to Leave Soviet”. New York Times
April 30: 20.
— (1967b). “Official of KLM in Moscow Reported Held in Spy Case”. New York Times April 29:
3.
— (1967c). “Soviet Aide Quits Netherlands”. New York Times April 18: 3.
— (1967d). “Soviet Airline Office Head Arrested by Dutch as Spy”. New York Times April 13: 2.
— (1967e). “Soviet Airline Official Ousted by Dutch as Spy”. New York Times April 17: 72.
MID#2934
References
New York Times (1967a). “Soviet Fishing Ship Seized Off Alaska”. New York Times March 3: 8.
— (1967b). “Soviet Sea Captain Found Guilty By U.S.” New York Times March 7: 82.
MID#2935
References
New York Times (1967). “China Says It Downed Fifth Nationalist U-2”. New York Times September 9: 7.
MID#2936
References
New York Times (1969). “China Says U.S. Attacked Fishing Boats”. New York Times October 11:
3.
F–181
MID#2937
References
New York Times (1969a). “Japan Planning to Bolster Navy and Patrol Waters Near Kuriles”. New
York Times September 24. By Takashi Oka, Special to The New York Times: 5.
— (1969b). “Japanese Protest to Soviet on Boat”. New York Times August 31. By Philip Shabecoff,
Special to The New York Times: 5.
— (1969c). “Soviet Seizes Japan’s Boats”. New York Times September 4: 35.
MID#2938
References
New York Times (1969). “Cambodian Gunboat Clashes With Thais”. New York Times February
5: 10.
MID#2939
References
New York Times (1969). “Norway Seizes Ships Near a Military Base”. New York Times January
10: 11.
MID#2940
References
New York Times (1968a). “Cuban Boat Planned to Land Men, Venezuelan Navy Says”. New York
Times November 23: 93.
— (1968b). “Cuban Fishing Boat Freed”. New York Times December 20: 10.
— (1968c). “Venezuela Holds A Cuban Vessel”. New York Times November 21: 11.
MID#2941
References
New York Times (1969a). “North Korea Accuses U.S.” New York Times August 10: 61.
— (1969b). “North Korea Frees 3 Americans Held Since Aug. 17”. New York Times December 3:
5.
— (1969c). “North Korean Says War Can Erupt at Any Time”. New York Times August 19. By
Edouard Dillon, Agence France-Presse: 8.
F–182
New York Times (1969d). “U.S. Scout Plane With 31 Is Lost, Reported Downed By 2 North Korean
MIG’S”. New York Times April 16. By Wiliam Beecher, Special to The New York Times: 1.
— (1969e). “U.S. To Emphasize Diplomatic Steps On Loss Of Plane”. New York Times April 17.
By Max Frankel, Special to The New York Times: 1.
Washington Post (1969). “Soviet Help Elates Rogers”. The Washington Post April 21: A16.
MID#2942
References
Keesing’s (1971). “Guatemala”. In: Keesing’s Record of World Events. Vol. 17. Keesing’s Worldwide,
LLC: 24499.
MID#2943
References
New York Times (1971a). “Cuba Frees 26 Sailors; Holds Skipper and Ships”. New York Times
December 29: 8.
— (1971b). “Freighter Is Reported Attacked And Seized by Cuban Gunboat”. New York Times
December 16. By The Associated Press: 1.
— (1971c). “U.S. Warns Cuba On Ship Attacks”. New York Times December 18. By Tad Szulc,
Special to The New York Times: 1.
MID#2944
References
New York Times (1971). “West German Boat Fired On”. New York Times January 30: 2.
MID#2945
References
New York Times (1971). “Saigon Detains Taiwanese”. New York Times August 15: 3.
MID#2946
References
New York Times (1971a). “4 Seized Cuban Boats Held at Key West”. New York Times February
26: 2.
F–183
New York Times (1971b). “’Cuban Mackerel Crisis’ Subsides Off Florida Keys”. New York Times
March 7. By Jon Nordheimer, Special to The New York Times: 58.
— (1971c). “More Cuban Fishing Boats Sent to Area Off Florida”. New York Times March 2: 69.
MID#2947
References
New York Times (1971a). New York Times February 9. LexisNexis: 17.
— (1971b). New York Times March 9. LexisNexis: 5.
MID#2948
References
New York Times (1972). “Peking Charges U.S. Planes Attacked Chinese Lifeboat Off Vietnam”.
New York Times August 25: 9.
MID#2949
References
Fidell, Eugene R. (1974). “Ten Years Under the Batlett Act: A Status Report On The Prohibition
On Foreign Fishing”. Boston University Law Review 54 (4): 703–756.
New York Times (1972a). “3 Soviet Skippers Are Charged By U.S.” New York Times January 25:
70.
— (1972b). “Two Soviet Fishing Vessels Are Seized by Coast Guard”. New York Times January
18: 10.
— (1972c). “U.S. Fishing Charges Denied By 3 Russians”. New York Times January 29: 4.
— (1973). “U.S. and Soviet Sign Accords Controlling Fishing Off West Coast”. New York Times
February 22. By Theodore Shabad, Special to The New York Times: 4.
Poulantzas, Nicolas M. (2002). The Right of Hot Pursuit In International Law. 2nd ed. Martinus
Nijhoff Publishers.
MID#2950
References
New York Times (1973). “Libyan Jets Attack U.S. Air Transport In Mediterranean”. New York
Times March 22. By John W. Finney, Special to The New York Times: 89.
F–184
MID#2951
References
New York Times (1974). “Missionary Plane Released By Cuba”. New York Times February 25: 8.
MID#2952
References
Pittsburgh Post-Gazette (1974). “5 Canadian Trawlers Seized in U.S. Waters”. Pittsburgh PostGazette September 14: 3.
MID#2953
References
New York Times (1975). “Invading Canada Again: A Motorized March and a Mock Battle”. New
York Times September 21. By Sol Stember: XX7.
MID#2954
References
New York Times (1975). “Seized Cuban Fishing Boat Freed by U.S. Authorities”. New York Times
August 23: 47.
MID#2955
References
New York Times (1975). “26 Thais Reported Lost”. New York Times April 25: 12.
MID#2956
References
New York Times (1976a). “Seoul Weighing Ties With Peking”. New York Times June 26: 3.
— (1976b). “South Korea Ship Seized By North”. New York Times August 31: 9.
F–185
MID#2957
References
New York Times (1976a). “Panama Blocks 2 U.S. Vessels In Canal, Citing Illegal Fishing”. New
York Times May 6: 10.
— (1976b). “Panama Releases 2 U.S. Tuna Boats”. New York Times May 7: 11.
MID#2958
References
New York Times (1976). “Coast Guard Announces Seizure of a Cuban Vessel”. New York Times
January 8: 16.
MID#2959
References
Washington Post (1976a). “S. Yemen Says It Holds Iranian Pilot”. The Washington Post November
27: F3.
— (1976b). “South Yemen Declares It Downed Iranian Jet”. The Washington Post November 26:
B13.
MID#2960
References
New York Times (1976). “North Korea Accuses U.S.” New York Times October 16: 51.
MID#2961
References
New York Times (1976). “Plane Forced Down by Israelis Is Flown Back to Saudi Arabia”. New
York Times April 14. By Eric Pace, Special to The New York Times: 2.
MID#2962
References
Associated Press (1977). Associated Press July 21. LexisNexis: 1.
F–186
MID#2963
References
New York Times (1977). “World News Briefs: Japan Says North Korea Seized a Fishing Boat”.
New York Times November 12: 5.
MID#2964
References
New York Times (1977). “Japan Cites Soviet Air Intrusion”. New York Times September 8: 6.
MID#2965
References
New York Times (1978). “Two Sicilian Fishermen Taken Onto Submarine”. New York Times July
31: A6.
Toledo Blade (1978). “Libya Boat Takes 2 Aboard; Territory Violation Claimed”. The Toledo Blade
July 31: 5.
MID#2966
References
New York Times (1978). “Japanese-Chinee Dispute on Isles Threatens to Delay Peace Treaty”.
New York Times April 15. By Andrew H. Malcolm, Special to The New York Times: 1.
MID#2967
References
Miami News (1979). “6 U.S. tuna boats seized fishing off Peru’s coast”. Miami News November 14:
6A.
MID#2968
References
New York Times (1979). “Canada Is Seizing Fishing Boats In Dispute With U.S. Over Tuna”. New
York Times September 2: 33.
F–187
MID#2969
References
Chicago Tribune (1980). “Morocco hit ships, Cuba says”. Chicago Tribune July 15: 5.
MID#2970
References
New York Times (1981). “Around the World: U.S. Takes Responsibility In Loss of Japanese Ship”.
New York Times September 1: A5.
MID#2971
References
New York Times (1981). “North Korea Charges Spying”. New York Times August 15: 5.
MID#2972
References
New York Times (1981a). “Excerpts From El Salvador Speech”. New York Times JUly 17. LexisNexis: 6.
— (1981b). “Haig Says Soviet Arms Shipments to Cuba Have Increased Sharply”. New York Times
July 31. LexisNexis: 3.
MID#2973
References
New York Times (1982a). “Around the World; Sweden Seals Off Bay After Sub Is Sighted”. New
York Times June 6.
— (1982b). “Sweden Says The Sub May Have Escaped”. New York Times October 8. LexisNexis:
3.
MID#2974
References
New York Times (1982a). “North Korea Detain Japanese Fishing Boats”. New York Times April
25: 21.
F–188
New York Times (1982b). “North Korea Seize 3 Boats in Sea of Japan”. New York Times July 14:
A5.
— (1982c). “Tokyo Says a Japanese Boat Has Been Seized in Yellow Sea”. New York Times May
12: A9.
Reuters (1982). “North Koreans Detain Japanese Fishing Boats”. Reuters April 24.
MID#2975
References
New York Times (1982). “Around the World: Vietnamese Attaked 3 Boats, Chinese Say”. New
York Times March 9: A7.
MID#2976
References
New York Times (1982). “Japan Cuts Off Soviet Plane”. New York Times April 4: 17.
MID#2977
References
New York Times (1982). “Nicaragua Says U.S. Violated Its Airspace”. New York Times March 18:
A13.
MID#2978
References
New York Times (1982). “Around the World: Libya Says U.S. Fighters Buzzed a Jetliner”. New
York Times February 4: A7.
MID#2979
References
New York Times (1982). “North Korea Accuses U.S.” New York Times January 10: 7.
F–189
MID#2981
References
New York Times (1983). “Cuba Accuses U.S. Of Violating Airspace”. New York Times April 27:
A5.
MID#2982
References
New York Times (1982). “MIG’s Are Reinforced On Isle North of Japan”. New York Times December 17: A7.
MID#2983
References
New York Times (1983). “Halting of Ship by Argentina Brings a Complaint by Brazil”. New York
Times January 20: A6.
United Press International (1983). “Brazil and Argentina close gunboat incident”. United Press
International January 21: 1.
MID#2984
References
New York Times (1953). “Chinese Reds Kill 7 On British Craft”. New York Times September 10.
By The United Press: 1.
MID#2985
References
New York Times (1954). “Peiping Frees 9 Britons”. New York Times July 11: 2.
MID#2986
References
Chicago Daily Tribune (1956). “Report Formosa Planes Sink Fishing Vessels”. Chicago Daily Tribune July 25: 12.
New York Times (1956a). “Red Chinese Gunboat Sunk”. New York Times September 6: 4.
F–190
New York Times (1956b). “Thailand Raids Curb Red Press”. New York Times July 22: 3.
Washington Post (1956). “Dogfight off China”. The Washington Post July 11: 5.
MID#2987
References
New York Times (1954a). “2 Commando Raids Made On Red China”. New York Times December
25: 6.
— (1954b). “Formosa Jets Hit China’s Mainland”. New York Times September 9. By Henry R.
Lieberman, Special to The New York Times: 2.
— (1954c). “Incidents In Formosa’s ’Little War’”. New York Times November 28: E3.
— (1954d). “Red Guns and MIG’s Active Off China”. New York Times December 20: 9.
— (1955a). “100 Communist Planes Raid Nationalist Isles Off China”. New York Times January
11. By The Associated Press: 1.
— (1955b). “F-84 Shot Down, Reds Say”. New York Times April 26: 6.
— (1955c). “Formosa Bombers Raid China Mainlan Town”. New York Times January 16: 16.
— (1955d). “Red Guns Shell Quemoy”. New York Times Navember 29: 10.
MID#2988
References
Baltimore Sun (1953). “Britain Sends Note to China”. The Baltimore Sun September 12: 9.
MID#2989
References
New York Times (1952). “British Warships and Chinese Duel After Reds Seize Hong Kong Ferry”.
New York Times September 26. By Henry R. Lieberman, Special to The New York Times: 1.
MID#2990
References
New York Times (1952). “British Ship Is Fired On”. New York Times October 26: 3.
F–191
MID#2991
References
New York Times (1951a). “Chinese Communists Shell British Tanker”. New York Times February
14: 5.
— (1951b). “Chinese Reds Shell British Ship”. New York Times June 9: 3.
MID#2992
References
Baltimore Sun (1951). “Britain Cites Protest on 48 Held By China”. The Baltimore Sun May 22:
2.
New York Times (1951). “Britain Protests to Red China”. New York Times May 8: 2.
Washington Post (1951). “Britain Seizes Ship Taking Rubber to China”. The Washington Post
May 19: 3.
MID#2993
References
New York Times (1937a). “Japan and Russia in More Disputes”. New York Times September 11:
9.
— (1937b). “Says Soviet Seized Boats”. New York Times September 6: 3.
MID#2994
References
New York Times (1936). “Soviet Asks Japan To Curb Poachers”. New York Times July 4: 5.
MID#2995
References
New York Times (1934a). “Manchukuo to Free Two Russian Fliers”. New York Times March 31:
12.
— (1934b). “Soviet Demands Release”. New York Times March 15: 19.
F–192
MID#2996
References
New York Times (1959a). “Syrians Accuse Turkey”. New York Times August 4: 11.
— (1959b). “U.A.R. Protests to Turkey”. New York Times June 8: 8.
MID#2997
References
Christian Science Monitor (1959). “Red Star Ascends Mid Iraqi Turmoil: U.A.R. Accused”. The
Christian Science Monitor October 16. By Harry B. Ellis, Mediterranean Correspondent of The
Christian Science Monitor: 1.
MID#2998
References
New York Times (1959a). “Cairo-Baghdad Tension Rises”. New York Times March 15: 1.
— (1959b). “Iraqi Air Assault In Syria Reported”. New York Times March 11. By Foster Hailey,
Special to The New York Times: 1.
— (1959c). “New Iraqi Attack On Syria Alleged”. New York Times March 16. By The Associated
Press: 1.
MID#2999
References
New York Times (1959). “Arab Air Due Reported”. New York Times December 16: 3.
MID#3000
References
BBC (1979). “President Numayri’s Monthly Broadcast”. BBC Summary of World Broadcasts
March 1: 3.
MID#3001
References
Baltimore Sun (1979a). “Libya said to be moving troops east”. The Baltimore Sun MArch 27. By
Charles W. Corddry: A4.
F–193
Baltimore Sun (1979b). “Sudan feels squeeze for siding with Egypt”. The Baltimore Sun April 13.
By Watson Douglas: A2.
New York Times (1979). “Egypt Bolstering Troops Near Libya but There Is No War Mood in
Cairo”. New York Times March 30. By Christopher S. Wren, Special to The New York Times:
A8.
Wall Street Journal (1979). “The Arab Isolation of Egypt”. Wall Street Journal May 11. By Ray
Vicker: 20.
MID#3002
References
New York Times (1979). “Rhodesia Jets Raid Angola Camp”. New York Times February 27: A3.
MID#3003
References
BBC (1979). “Other Reports on Indochina; Thai police clash with Lao soldiers”. BBC Summary
of World Broadcasts January 30. LexisNexis: 4.
Xinhua General News Service (1978). “kampuchean armed forces and people fully support government, notes kampuchean ambassador to laos”. Xinhua General News Service December 9.
LexisNexis: 48.
MID#3004
References
Facts on File World News Digest (1978). “Umtali Attacked; Mozambique Raided”. Facts on File
World News Digest October 20. LexisNexis: 5.
— (1979). “Nkomo House in Lusaka Destroyed”. Facts on File World News Digest April 27. LexisNexis: 1.
Washington Post (1979). “Rhodesia Plan: A Final Diplomatic Effort to Settle Dispute”. The Washington Post August 10. By Jay Ross, Washington Post Foreign Service: A19.
MID#3005
References
Facts on File World News Digest (1978). “Troops in Namibia Raid Zambia”. Facts on File World
News Digest September 1. LexisNexis: 1.
F–194
MID#3008
References
New York Times (1978). “Korean Airliner Is Forced Down By Soviet Union”. New York Times
April 21: A1.
MID#3009
References
Foreign Broadcast Information Services (1978). “Troops Start ‘Peaceful March’ to Chilean Border”.
FBIS Daily Report: Latin America 6 (53): c1.
MID#3011
References
Keesing’s (1978). “Second Invasion of Shaba Province by Rebels – Harassment and Murder of Europeans – Repulsion of Invaders and Evacuation of Europeans by French and Belgian Paratroops
– International Repercussions – Franco-African Conference of Heads of State or Government”.
In: Keesing’s Record of World Events. Vol. 24. Keesing’s Worldwide, LLC: 29125.
MID#3012
References
Keesing’s (1978). “Second Invasion of Shaba Province by Rebels – Harassment and Murder of Europeans – Repulsion of Invaders and Evacuation of Europeans by French and Belgian Paratroops
– International Repercussions – Franco-African Conference of Heads of State or Government”.
In: Keesing’s Record of World Events. Vol. 24. Keesing’s Worldwide, LLC: 29125.
MID#3013
References
Facts on File World News Digest (1977). “Guerrillas begin offensive”. Facts on File World News
Digest October 22. LexisNexis: 1.
MID#3014
References
Keesing’s (1977). “Libya – Dispute over Continental Shelf”. In: Keesing’s Record of World Events.
Vol. 23. Keesing’s Worldwide, LLC: 28515.
F–195
Washington Post (1977). “American Oil Rig Sparks Libya-Tunisia Quarrel”. The Washington Post
May 31. By Thomas Lippman, Washington Post Staff Writer; LexisNexis: A12.
MID#3015
References
Associated Press (1978). “Salisbury, Rhodesia”. Associated Press February 28. LexisNexis: 2.
Xinhua General News Service (1978). “botswana denounces smith regime for committing new crime
of massacre”. Xinhua General News Service March 1. LexisNexis: 1.
MID#3016
References
Facts on File World News Digest (1980). “Tunisian City Attacked”. Facts on File World News
Digest February 8. LexisNexis: 2.
MID#3017
References
Chicago Tribune (1980). “Soviet troops gather near Iran border”. Chicago Tribune January 15: 1.
Facts on File World News Digest (1980a). “Rebel Strongholds Attacked”. Facts on File World News
Digest March 7. LexisNexis: 2.
— (1980b). “Soviet-Afghan Drive in Paktia”. Facts on File World News Digest March 21. LexisNexis: 1.
— (1980c). “Soviets Airlift Reinforcements”. Facts on File World News Digest January 25. LexisNexis: 1.
MID#3018
References
New York Times (1977a). “Bolivia Takes Step Toward Sea Access”. New York Times September
11. By David Binder, Special to The New York Times: 5.
— (1977b). “Bolivia Wants U.S. Help in Winning Access to Pacific”. New York Times September
4. By Juan de Onis, Special to The New York Times: 3.
F–196
MID#3020
References
The American Journal of International Law (1981). “Algiers Accords”. The American Journal of
International Law.
MID#3021
References
Bernard H. Oxman (1980). “The Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea: The
Eighth Session”. The American Journal of International Law January: 1.
New York Times (1979). “U.S. Will Challenge Coastal Sea Claims That Exceed 3 Miles”. New York
Times August 10: A1.
MID#3022
References
Christian Science Monitor (1979). “Philippines, Malaysia row over ’pirates’”. Christian Science
Monitor December 3. By V.G. Kulkarni, Special to the Christian Science Monitor: 11.
MID#3023
References
Foreign Broadcast Information Services (1979). “Burma Seizes Thai Fishermen for Violating Territorial Waters”. FBIS Daily Report October 22: 4.
MID#3024
References
BBC (1979a). “”A Grave Situation in the Western Sahara””. BBC Summary of World Broadcasts
October 16. LexisNexis: 13.
— (1979b). “The fighting in Morocco (ME/6241/i - The attack on Semara)”. BBC Summary of
World Broadcasts October 13. LexisNexis: 15.
Keesing’s (1979). “Conclusion of Peace Agreement between Mauritania and Polisario – Withdrawal
of Mauritania from Western Sahara – Occupation of Southern Sector by Morocco”. In: Keesing’s
Record of World Events. Vol. 25. Keesing’s Worldwide, LLC: 29917.
New York Times (1979). “World News Briefs”. New York Times October 11: A7.
F–197
MID#3025
References
BBC (1979). “Other Reports; Hafizollah Amin accuses Iran and Pakistan of plotting aggression”.
BBC Summary of World Broadcasts June 27. LexisNexis: 28.
Facts on File World News Digest (1979a). “Iranian Border Incursion Charged”. Facts on File World
News Digest March 23. LexisNexis: 8.
— (1979b). “Rebellion Intensifies”. Facts on File World News Digest May 18. LexisNexis: 4.
MID#3026
References
BBC (1979). “Chinese ”Subversion” agagain Laos”. BBC Summary of World Broadcasts March 5.
LexisNexis: 21.
The Globe and Mail (1979). “China accused of massing troops on Laotian border”. The Globe and
Mail March 17. LexisNexis: 16.
Washington Post (1979). “Laos Says China Violated Border”. The Washington Post March 17.
LexisNexis: 18.
MID#3027
References
Keesing’s (1985). “Activitied of insurgent groups-Foreign relations”. In: Keesing’s Record of World
Events. Vol. 31. Keesing’s Worldwide, LLC: 33663.
MID#3029
References
The Globe and Mail (1985). “Iranian missile hits Kuwaiti Ship”. The Globe and Mail February 19.
LexisNexis: 4.
Washington Post (1985). “War Planes Strike Kuwaiti Ship in Gulf”. Washington Post February
19. LexisNexis: 11.
MID#3030
References
New York Times (1985). “16 Are Reported Killed as Commandos Strike an Insrgent ’Center’”. New
York Times June 15. By Alan Cowell, Special to The New York Times: 1.
F–198
MID#3031
References
BBC (1984). “RSA ”War Games” Intended to ”Intimidate African Countries””. BBC Summary of
World Broadcasts September 1. LexisNexis: 58.
Keesing’s (1985). “Boycott of elections by opposition parties-New Cabinet-Relations with South
Africa-Internal security situation-Foreign relations”. In: Keesing’s Record of World Events.
Vol. 31. Keesing’s Worldwide, LLC: 34029.
Xinhua General News Service (1984a). “two south african military boats enter botswana territorial
waters”. Xinhua General News Service October 27. LexisNexis: 2.
— (1984b). “zambian paper condemns south africa for putting pressure on lesotho, botswana”.
Xinhua General News Service August 27. LexisNexis: 69.
MID#3033
References
Chicago Tribune (1985). “Nation/world: Iraqi jets attack S. Korean vessel in gulf; 1 killed”. Chicago
Tribune January 9: 14.
MID#3034
References
New York Times (1984). “Around The World; Spanish Supertanker Set Afire in Gulf”. New York
Times December 27. LexisNexis: 5.
MID#3035
References
United Press International (1984). “Indian supertanker heads out of danger”. United Press International December 25. LexisNexis: 19.
MID#3036
References
New York Times (1984). “Iraqi Jet Fighters Attack Two Oil Tankers in Gulf”. New York Times
December 22: 5.
F–199
MID#3038
References
New York Times (1984). “Iraqi Missile Hits Tanker in Gulf”. New York Times December 10.
LexisNexis: 13.
MID#3041
References
The Bulletin (1984). The Bulletin August 22: 2.
MID#3043
References
Associated Press (1984). “Iraqi Warplane Attacks SuperTanker”. Associated Press December 3.
LexisNexis: 62.
Courier-Mail (1985). “Iraq Knocks Out Tanker With Exocet”. Courier-Mail April 18. LexisNexis:
4.
United Press International (1984). “Two dead in latest confirmed attacks”. United Press International July 3. LexisNexis: 1.
MID#3044
References
New York Times (1984). “Algeria Reports Clash With Moroccan Troops”. New York Times June
16: 4.
MID#3045
References
Christian Science Monitor (1984). “Attack on Turkish tanker puts Ankara in sticky spot”. Christian
Science Monitor June 5. LexisNexis: 14.
MID#3046
References
New York Times (1984a). “Both Sides Attack Persian Gulf Ships; U.S. Fears Step-Up; Tankers Set
Afire”. New York Times May 25. LexisNexis: 1.
F–200
New York Times (1984b). “Iraq Jet Attacks Turkish Tanker in Persian Gulf”. New York Times
June 4. LexisNexis: 1.
— (1984c). “Iraq Says Its Jet Hit Another Ship”. New York Times May 31. LexisNexis: 7.
MID#3048
References
Facts on File World News Digest (1984a). “Attacks on Oil Shipping In Persian Gulf Escalate;
Iranian Retaliation Indicated”. Facts on File World News Digest May 18. LexisNexis: 5.
— (1984b). “Lull in Shipping War Reported”. Facts on File World News Digest August 3. LexisNexis: 5.
MID#3049
References
BBC (1984). “Panama to protest to Iraq and Iran over sinking of ship”. BBC Summary of World
Broadcasts May 23. LexisNexis: 11.
New York Times (1984). “Iraqi Planes Sink A Merchant Ship, State Dept. Says: Washington Is
Alarmed”. New York Times May 20. By Bernard Gwertzman, Special to The New York Times:
1.
The Globe and Mail (1984). “Gulf tanker in distress after Iraqi jets attack”. The Globe and Mail
August 24. LexisNexis: 2.
MID#3051
References
Facts on File World News Digest (1984a). “U.S. AWACS Leave Egypt”. Facts on File World News
Digest May 4. LexisNexis: 2.
— (1984b). “U.S. Sends AWACS to Egypt In Wake of Attack on Sudan; Libya Denies Omdurman
Bombing”. Facts on File World News Digest March 23. LexisNexis: 4.
MID#3053
References
Platts Oligram News (1984). “Lloyd’s Doubles Tanker Insurance Rates In Iraq-Iran War Zone”.
Platts Oligram News March 6. LexisNexis: 8.
F–201
MID#3054
References
Keesing’s (1984). “Unification discussions with North Internal developments”. In: Keesing’s Record
of World Events. Vol. 30. Keesing’s Worldwide, LLC: 32892.
MID#3056
References
Keesing’s (1984). “Adoption of Islamic penal code – Internal security – Government changes –
Foreign relations”. In: Keesing’s Record of World Events. Vol. 30. Keesing’s Worldwide, LLC:
33009.
MID#3057
References
New York Times (1983a). “Around The World; Another Greek Ship Is Hit by Iraqis”. New York
Times December 10. LexisNexis.
— (1983b). “Iraq Again Warns ShShipp To Avoid End Of Gulf”. New York Times November 26.
LexisNexis: 8.
— (1983c). “Iraq Hints At New Move To Force Iran To Talk”. New York Times November 9.
LexisNexis: 6.
— (1985). “Around The World; Iraq Says It Hit 2 Ships; Greece Confirms 1”. New York Times
January 28. LexisNexis: 5.
MID#3059
References
Keesing’s (1984). “Internal political and security developments”. In: Keesing’s Record of World
Events. Vol. 30. Keesing’s Worldwide, LLC: 32858.
MID#3060
References
Keesing’s (1984a). “Re-election of President– security incidents – Cabinet change – Foreign relations”. In: Keesing’s Record of World Events. Vol. 20. Keesing’s Worldwide, LLC: 33268.
— (1984b). “Zambia – Border incident with Zaire – Cabinet changes – Budget measures – Other
internal developments”. In: Keesing’s Record of World Events. Vol. 30. Keesing’s Worldwide,
LLC: 32779.
F–202
MID#3062
References
BBC (1984). “Syrian Comment on Shultz Statement about Lebanon”. BBC Summary of World
Broadcasts April 4. LexisNexis: 1.
Facts on File World News Digest (1983). “New Beirut Battles Embroil Peacekeeping Force; 2
Marines, 4 French Die in Clashes”. Facts on File World News Digest September 2. LexisNexis:
1.
— (1984a). “Chronology of Events in Lebanon Since Israelis Invaded”. Facts on File World News
Digest February 17. LexisNexis: 12.
— (1984b). “Reagan Orders U.S. Marines our of Beirut, Following Collapse of Lebanon Cabinet;
Authorizes Wider Military Action”. Facts on File World News Digest February 10. LexisNexis:
21.
MID#3063
References
New York Times (1983). “Koreans Apology And Money From Russians”. New York Times September 3: 5.
MID#3064
References
The Press-Courier (1983). “Argentina Warned by British”. The Press-Courier August 9: 3.
MID#3065
References
Facts on File World News Digest (1983a). “Chadian Forces Flee Key Town Under Libyan Assault;
French Intervention Urged”. Facts on File World News Digest August 12. LexisNexis: 4.
— (1983b). “U.S. Increases Aid to Chad, Charges Libyan Air Attacks; Reagan Sees Zairean President”. Facts on File World News Digest August 5. LexisNexis: 5.
MID#3066
References
Keesing’s (1983). “Chad – Civil war in north – Libyan, French, and Zairean involvement”. In:
Keesing’s Record of World Events. Vol. 29. Keesing’s Worldwide, LLC: 32591.
F–203
New York Times (1983a). “Nigerian troops drive Chadians from lake island”. New York Times May
20: 6.
— (1983b). “Nigerians accused of bombing Chad”. New York Times May 28: 6.
MID#3067
References
New York Times (1983a). “Around The World; Swedes Hold Soviet Ship Amid Submarine Search”.
New York Times May 9.
— (1983b). “Norwegian Navy Opens Fire On a Suspected Foreign Sub”. New York Times April
29: A11.
— (1983c). “Norwegian Ship Attacks Suspected Sub”. New York Times May 1: A3.
MID#3070
References
BBC (1983a). “Mozambique’s seizure of a S African trawler”. BBC Summary of World Broadcasts
April 16. LexisNexis: 8.
— (1983b). “S African Account of Attack on ”ANC Target in Maputo””. BBC Summary of World
Broadcasts October 18. LexisNexis: 43.
Facts on File World News Digest (1983). “Car Bomb Blast Rocks South African Capital; Reprisal
Raid Launched Against Mozambique; ANC Targets Air Force Headquarters”. Facts on File
World News Digest May 27. LexisNexis: 3.
MID#3071
References
Associated Press (1983a). “Iran Calls U.S. Vow to Keep Gulf Open a Threat”. Associated Press
July 27. LexisNexis: 47.
— (1983b). “U.S. Vows to Keep Persian Gulf Sea Lanes Open”. Associated Press July 26. LexisNexis: 67.
Facts on File World News Digest (1983). “Iran Denies Link to Lebanon Bombing”. Facts on File
World News Digest June3. LexisNexis: 3.
MID#3072
References
New York Times (1983a). “Shultz Asserts Libyan Threat Has ’Receded’”. New York Times February
21. LexisNexis: 1.
F–204
New York Times (1983b). “U.S. AWACS Planes Sent To Egypt Amid Reports Of Moves By Libya”.
New York Times February 17. LexisNexis: 1.
MID#3073
References
New York Times (1982). “South Africa Reports Killing 30 In Attack On Foes In Lesotho”. New
York Times December 9. LexisNexis: 1.
Washington Post (1983). “Attack in Lesotho”. Washington Post March 28. LexisNexis: A17.
Xinhua General News Service (1983). “south african army attacks lesotho”. Xinhua General News
Service March 28. LexisNexis: 15.
MID#3075
References
Foreign Broadcast Information Services (1983). “Troops Rushed to Border as Burmese, Karens
Fight”. FBIS Daily Report: Asia & Pacific 6 (22): J5.
MID#3076
References
BBC (1982a). “The Matter of Ghana’s Closure of Its Borders”. BBC Summary of World Broadcasts
October 30. LexisNexis: 2.
— (1982b). “West Africa: In Brief; Ghana denies violating Togo’s air space”. BBC Summary of
World Broadcasts October 11. LexisNexis: 13.
Keesing’s (1983). “Togo – Alleged coup plot – Cabinet changes – Border incidents with Ghana”.
In: Keesing’s Record of World Events. Vol. 29. Keesing’s Worldwide, LLC: 31398.
MID#3077
References
New York Times (1982). “Argentina to Protest Interception Of 3 Fishing Boats by British Navy”.
New York Times August 13: A2.
MID#3078
References
The Globe and Mail (1982). “Around The World: Military zone set”. The Globe and Mail August
13. LexisNexis: 1.
F–205
MID#3079
References
The Globe and Mail (1982). “Around The World: Military zone set”. The Globe and Mail August
13. LexisNexis: 1.
MID#3081
References
Washington Post (1982). “Iran Threatens to Attack Baghdad As Heavy Fighting Continues”. The
Washington Post July 19. By Glenn Frankel, Washington Post Foreign Service: A15.
MID#3082
References
BBC (1982). “Thai-Lao incidents on Mekong”. BBC Summary of World Broadcasts June 19. LexisNexis: 1.
MID#3083
References
BBC (1982). “South-East Asia; Indonesia denies PNG allegation of border violation”. BBC Summary of World Broadcasts June 14. LexisNexis: 7.
Defense & Foreign Affairs (1982). “PNG: Joint Military Patrols With Indonesia Considered”. Defense & Foreign Affairs July. LexisNexis: 3.
MID#3084
References
Keesing’s (1983). “Philippines – Strained Relations between Church and state”. In: Keesing’s Record
of World Events. Vol. 29. Keesing’s Worldwide, LLC: 32520.
MID#3085
References
Facts on File World News Digest (1982). “Guyana Bounday Dispute”. Facts on File World News
Digest July 2. LexisNexis: 38.
F–206
New York Times (1982). “Guayana Reports Incursion By Soldiers From Venezuela”. New York
Times May 13. LexisNexis: 21.
United Press International (1982). “Guayana says it repelled Venezuelan incursions”. United Press
International September 8. LexisNexis: 4.
MID#3086
References
New York Times (1982). “Iraq Reports Four Violations Of Its Airspace by Syrian Jets”. New York
Times April 14: A8.
MID#3087
References
New York Times (1982). “Iran Says Afghan War Is Close to Its Border”. New York Times April 9:
A7.
MID#3088
References
New York Times (1982). “Libya Warns U.S. To Stay Out of Gulf”. New York Times March 5: A5.
MID#3089
References
New York Times (1982). “Italians Issue a Protest Over Intrusion by Sub”. New York Times March
2: A4.
MID#3092
References
New York Times (1981). “Israel Jets Chased, Saudis Say”. New York Times November 10: A13.
F–207
MID#3093
References
Associated Press (1981). “Tass Accuses Sweden Of Spying”. Associated Press November 10. LexisNexis: 2.
New York Times (1981). “Soviet Sub Spends Sixth Day Grounded on Swedish Coast”. New York
Times November 2. LexisNexis: 8.
United Press International (1981). “Soviets warn U.S. on Sweden”. United Press International
October 24. LexisNexis: 228.
Xinhua General News Service (1981). “soviet submarine violates swedish waters”. Xinhua General
News Service October 29. LexisNexis: 204.
MID#3094
References
New York Times (1981). “Moroccan Jets Enter Mauritania Airspace In Pursuit of Rebels”. New
York Times October 22: 17.
MID#3096
References
New York Times (1981). “Dacca Charges Indian Troops Raided Bangladesh Outposts”. New York
Times September 27: 18.
MID#3097
References
New York Times (1981). “Iran Reports 45 More Executions As Drive Against Leftists Goes On”.
New York Times September 22: A4.
MID#3098
References
Associated Press (1981). “U.S. Forces Start Bright Star War Games in Oman”. Associated Press
December 6. LexisNexis: 15.
Facts on File World News Digest (1981a). “Egypt Backs Sudan vs. Libya”. Facts on File World
News Digest October 9. LexisNexis: 9.
F–208
Facts on File World News Digest (1981b). “Libyan Raids from Chad Stop”. Facts on File World
News Digest November 6. LexisNexis: 2.
Xinhua General News Service (1981). “sudan, egypt, u.s. engage in joint military exercise”. Xinhua
General News Service December 10. LexisNexis: 6.
MID#3099
References
Facts on File World News Digest (1981). “U.S. Navy F-14s Down Two Libyan Jet Fighters; Incident
Occurs over Disputed Waters”. Facts on File World News Digest August 21. LexisNexis.
MID#3100
References
Facts on File World News Digest (1981). “Iran Seizes Danish Ship”. Facts on File World News
Digest August 14. LexisNexis: 3.
MID#3101
References
New York Times (1981). “Israeli and Iraqi Statements on Raid on Nuclear Plant”. New York Times
June 9: A8.
MID#3102
References
Keesing’s (1981). “China - Vietnam - Vietnamese - China - Sino- Chinese – Conclusion of Peking
Talks - Vietnamese Proposals for Further Talks rejected by China - Border Incidents”. In:
Keesing’s Record of World Events. Vol. 27. Keesing’s Worldwide, LLC: 31146.
Washington Post (1981a). “100 Vietnamese Killed After Crossing Border, China Says”. The Washington Post May 8: A27.
— (1981b). “China, Vietnam Renew Clashes but Full-Scale Conflict Held Unlikely”. The Washington Post May 24. By Michael Weisskopf, Washington Post Foreign Service: A33.
F–209
MID#3103
References
Keesing’s (1983). “Apr 1983 - Appointment of a new Presidential Government changes relations
with Nigeria”. In: Keesing’s Record of World Events. Vol. 29. Keesing’s Worldwide, LLC: 32057.
url: http://books.google.com/books?id=mjUXAQAAMAAJ.
MID#3104
References
BBC (1981). “Border Dispute - Resolution of Crisis”. BBC Summary of World Broadcasts October.
MID#3105
References
Facts on File World News Digest (1981a). “U.S. Blocks Sale of Ship over Tuna”. Facts on File
World News Digest January 30. LexisNexis: 2.
— (1981b). “U.S. Tuna Boat Freed”. Facts on File World News Digest February 6. LexisNexis: 1.
New York Times (1980a). “Democracy Stumbles in Ecuador but Is Still Favored”. New York Times
December 3. By Warren Hoge, Special to The New York Times: A2.
— (1980b). “Ecuador Seizes 5 U.S. Tuna Boats Fishing in 200-Mile National Zone”. New York
Times October 16: 24.
— (1980c). “U.S., in Reprisal, Bans Imports of tuna From Ecuador”. New York Times Novemebr
7. By Juan de Onis, Special to The New York Times: 7.
MID#3106
References
Keesing’s (1983). “Jordan – Foreign relations and proposed arms supplies – Tension with Syria
Internal developments”. In: Keesing’s Record of World Events. Vol. 29. Keesing’s Worldwide,
LLC: 32411.
MID#3107
References
BBC (1980). “Military moves in the Middle East”. BBC Summary of World Broadcasts November
27. LexisNexis: 18.
New York Times (1981). “Syria Warns Jordan Of An Invasion If Another Confrontation Develops”.
New York Times January 10. LexisNexis: 4.
F–210
MID#3108
References
BBC (1980). “Kuwait’s protest to Iran over further aircraft incident”. BBC Summary of World
Broadcasts November 18. LexisNexis: 15.
United Press International (1980). “Iran denounced for rocket attack at Kuwait outpost”. United
Press International November 13. LexisNexis: 81.
MID#3109
References
New York Times (1980). “Bangladesh District Says Roads Are Closed After Indian Shooting”. New
York Times November 24: A2.
MID#3111
References
Foreign Broadcast Information Services (1980). “Burmese Gunboats Attack Fishing Boats off West
Coast”. FBIS Daily Report November 19: J4.
MID#3112
References
BBC (1980). “Zambia and Zaire”. BBC Summary of World Broadcasts August 13. LexisNexis: 1.
— (1981). “Zambia: In Brief; The border dispute with Zaire”. BBC Summary of World Broadcasts
January 30. LexisNexis: 9.
Keesing’s (1980). “Government Changes – Alleged Human Rights Violations – New Exile Group –
Relations with Angola and Zambia”. In: Keesing’s Record of World Events. Vol. 26. Keesing’s
Worldwide, LLC: 30557.
MID#3113
References
Foreign Broadcast Information Services (1980). “Moroccan Aircraft Reportedly Cross Algerian
Border”. FBIS Daily Report: Middle East and North Africa July 15: I2.
F–211
MID#3114
References
Keesing’s (1981). “Laos”. In: Keesing’s Record of World Events. Vol. 27. Keesing’s Worldwide,
LLC: 31222.
MID#3115
References
Keesing’s (1981). “South Yemen, Soviet Union – New Head of State – Foreign Policy Developments
– Party and Cabinet Appointments”. In: Keesing’s Record of World Events. Vol. 27. Keesing’s
Worldwide, LLC: 30745.
MID#3117
References
BBC (1980). “South-East Asia; Malaysia denies naval presence on Commodore Reef”. BBC Summary of World Broadcasts June 10. LexisNexis: 20.
New York Times (1980). “Manila Says Most Moslems Have Ended Rebellion”. New York Times
Navember 2. LexisNexis: 11.
MID#3118
References
Associated Press (1980). “Libya said Building Concrete Wall along Border with Egypt”. Associated
Press March 21. LexisNexis: 4.
BBC (1980a). “Egypt’s Border with Libya”. BBC Summary of World Broadcasts March 25. LexisNexis: 13.
— (1980b). “The border between Libya and Egypt”. BBC Summary of World Broadcasts December
9. LexisNexis: 15.
MID#3119
References
BBC (1980a). “Morocco’s ”Aggressive Actions” and Mauritanian Neutrality over Sahara”. BBC
Summary of World Broadcasts March 1. LexisNexis: 2.
— (1980b). “The Western Sahara”. BBC Summary of World Broadcasts July 31. LexisNexis: 58.
F–212
MID#3120
References
Keesing’s (1980). “Nicaragua”. In: Keesing’s Record of World Events. Vol. 26. Keesing’s Worldwide,
LLC: 30317.
MID#3121
References
Keesing’s (1980). “Zaire – Government Reorganization – Internal Political Changes – Agreement
with International Monetary Fund on Economic Stabilization Measures – Rescheduling of Overseas Public and Commercial Debts – Foreign Relations – Withdrawal of African security Force
from Shaba Province – Military Co-operation with Belgium, France and China – Alleged Human
Rights Violations – Student Dissent”. In: Keesing’s Record of World Events. Vol. 26. Keesing’s
Worldwide, LLC: 30426.
MID#3122
References
New York Times (1977a). “Argentina Seizes Soviet Catches”. New York Times September 26: 20.
— (1977b). “Argentine Navy Reports Seizing Fishing Boats of Soviet and Bulgaria”. New York
Times October 2: 6.
MID#3123
References
New York Times (1977). “Argentina Takes Tough Stand on Fishing”. New York Times October 3.
By Juan de Onis, Special to The New York Times: 2.
MID#3124
References
Associated Press (1977). “Gaborone, Botswana”. Associated Press September 6. LexisNexis.
MID#3125
References
Keesing’s (1978). “Ghana – Referendum on Union Government Proposals – Other Internal Developments, August 1977 to May 1978 – Relations with Togo”. In: Keesing’s Record of World
Events. Vol. 24. Keesing’s Worldwide, LLC: 29063.
F–213
MID#3126
References
Keesing’s (1977). “Period of Open Warfare – Mediation Efforts by Arab Leaders”. In: Keesing’s
Record fo World Events. Vol. 23. Keesing’s Worldwide, LLC: 28693.
New York Times (1977a). “Egypt Reports Progress in Negotiations with Libya”. New York Times
July 28. By Marvine Howe, Special to The New York Times: 3.
— (1977b). “Egyptians claim Libya lost 40 tanks during border battle”. New York Times July 22:
1.
MID#3127
References
Los Angeles Times (1977). “Tanzania Leader Calls for Boycott”. Los Angeles Times August 8.
Tendayi Kumbula: A16.
New York Times (1977). “Rocket Damages Rhodesian Hotel”. New York Times November 3: 3.
Xinhua General News Service (1977a). “zambian president reaffirms support for southern africans’
struggle”. Xinhua General News Service July 7. LexisNexis: 2.
— (1977b). “zambian troops shot down intruding aircraft”. Xinhua General News Service November 4. LexisNexis: 3.
MID#3129
References
Facts on File World News Digest (1977). “OAU holds annual summit”. Facts on File World News
Digest July 9. LexisNexis: 1.
MID#3130
References
Associated Press (1977). “Bangkok, Thailand”. Associated Press June 26. LexisNexis: 4.
New York Times (1977). “Uganda Minister is Said To Defect to Britain”. New York Times June
26: 5.
MID#3131
References
Facts on File World News Digest (1977). “Zambia abandons U.K.-U.S. initiative”. Facts on File
World News Digest December 31. LexisNexis: 8.
F–214
Facts on File World News Digest (1979). “Zambia Orders Full War Alert”. Facts on File World
News Digest November 30. LexisNexis: 22.
Washington Post (1979). “The Last Chance for Peace in Rhodesia Was Also the Best; News Analysis”. The Washington Post December 22. LexisNexis: A10.
Xinhua General News Service (1977). “tanzania supports zambia against smith regime’s threat”.
Xinhua General News Service May 20. LexisNexis: 8.
MID#3132
References
New York Times (1907a). “Turks Advance in Persia”. New York Times September 9: 3.
— (1907b). “Turks Massacre Persians”. New York Times August 6: 5.
— (1907c). “Turks Take Persian Town”. New York Times October 6: C3.
— (1908a). “Russia Warns Turkey”. New York Times January 28: 4.
— (1908b). “Turkey Awed By Russia”. New York Times February 12: 4.
— (1908c). “Turks Invading Persia”. New York Times June 9: 12.
— (1908d). “Turks Will Quit Persia”. New York Times August 21: 4.
MID#3133
References
New York Times (1909). “Shah Is Dethroned; Young Son Reigns”. New York Times July 17: 1.
MID#3139
References
New York Times (1911a). “Action in Morocco Urgent, Says France”. New York Times April 28: 4.
— (1911b). “Capture of Fez Reported in Spain”. New York Times April 22: 3.
— (1911c). “Defends French Policy”. New York Times April 8: 4.
— (1911d). “Moroccan Rebels Routed”. New York Times April 19: 3.
— (1911e). “Morocco Situation Worse”. New York Times April 18: 5.
— (1911f). “Say France Wants Morocco”. New York Times April 25: 4.
— (1911g). “The Question of Morocco”. New York Times April 27: 8.
F–215
MID#3150
References
New York Times (1959a). “Jordanian Attack Charged”. New York Times April 24: 3.
— (1959b). “Syria-Jordan Clash”. New York Times April 25: 4.
MID#3151
References
New York Times (1958). “Syria Accuses Jordan”. New York Times March 6: 3.
MID#3152
References
New York Times (1958a). “Syria Accuses Jordan”. New York Times March 6: 3.
— (1958b). “Syrians Report Clash”. New York Times April 14: 2.
MID#3153
References
New York Times (1956). “Egypt, Saudi Arabia Accused by Jordan”. New York Times January 11.
By Osgood Caruthers and Harry Gilroy, Special to The New York Times: 1.
MID#3154
References
New York Times (1955). “Syria Reports 2 Clashes With Turkish Patrols”. New York Times November 4: 2.
— (1956a). “Syrians Accuse Turks”. New York Times March 17: 3.
— (1956b). “Turkish Frontier Is Tense”. New York Times December 11. By Sam Pope Brewer,
Special to The New York Times: 5.
— (1956c). “Turkish-Syrian Border Opened”. New York Times July 24: 7.
MID#3156
References
New York Times (1934). “Turkish Fort Halts 2 French Warships”. New York Times October 8.
Wireless to The New York Times: 2.
F–216
MID#3157
References
New York Times (1934a). “British Officer Dies Under Fire Of Turks”. New York Times July 17.
Wireless to The New York Times: 15.
— (1934b). “Turkey, Agrees to Joint Inquiry”. New York Times July 19. Wireless to The New
York Times: 11.
— (1934c). “Turks Pay Kin of Slain Briton”. New York Times August 1. Wireless to The New
York Times: 2.
MID#3158
References
New York Times (1935a). “Bulgars Disturb Turks”. New York Times September 1. Wireless to The
New York Times: 13.
— (1935b). “Turkey Alarms Bulgaria”. New York Times August 25: 3.
MID#3159
References
New York Times (1934). “Persians Accuse Afghans”. New York Times December 16: 36.
MID#3161
References
New York Times (1949a). “Army Gives Reins To Syrian Cabinet”. New York Times August 16.
By Albion Ross, Special to The New York Times: 1.
— (1949b). “End Of Zayim Rule Perils Peace Plan”. New York Times August 19. By Albion Ross,
Special to The New York Times: 6.
— (1949c). “Farouk Mourns Zayim”. New York Times August 15: 10.
— (1949d). “Jordan Recognizes Syria Rule”. New York Times August 20: 4.
— (1949e). “Massing Of Iraqis Stirs Arab Rumors”. New York Times June 21. By Sam Pope
Brewer, Special to The New York Times: 11.
— (1949f). “New Coup In Syria”. New York Times August 15: 16.
— (1949g). “Syria Challenges Jordan On Merger”. New York Times April 27. By The Associated
Press: 19.
F–217
MID#3162
References
New York Times (1960a). “U.A.R. Protests Troops”. New York Times September 27: 20.
— (1960b). “U.A.R. Troops Blast to Jordan”. New York Times October 1: 3.
MID#3163
References
New York Times (1961). “Soviet-Turkish Border Flares”. New York Times August 18: 2.
MID#3167
References
New York Times (1963). “Syrians Again Raid Village In Lebanon”. New York Times February 6:
3.
MID#3168
References
New York Times (1965). “2 Turks Die in Border Clash”. New York Times May 28: 7.
MID#3169
References
New York Times (1965). “Turkey Reports Air Raid on Town”. New York Times July 29: 6.
MID#3170
References
New York Times (1967). “Aqaba Ship Incident Reported By Israel”. New York Times January 16:
38.
MID#3171
References
New York Times (1966). “400 Deaths Seen In Syria Clashes”. New York Times February 25. By
Thomas F. Brady, Special to The New York Times: 3.
F–218
MID#3172
References
Baltimore Sun (1967). “Kuwait Denies Clash With Iraq”. The Baltimore Sun April 28: A4.
New York Times (1967). “Kuwait and Iraq Move Up Troops in a Dispute”. New York Times April
21: 12.
MID#3174
References
New York Times (1974). “Israeli Patrol Confronts Soviet Minesweeper Again”. New York Times
August 29: 4.
Washington Post (1974). “Israel: Soviet Helicopters Challenged”. The Washington Post August 3.
From News Dispatches: A14.
MID#3175
References
Facts on File World News Digest (1975). “Sadat plotters sentenced”. Facts on File World News
Digest August 16. LexisNexis: 1.
MID#3176
References
New York Times (1976a). “Syria and Iraq Reach an Accord To Pull Back Troops on Border”. New
York Times November 27. By Henry Tanner: 6.
— (1976b). “Troop Movements by Iraq Stir Concern in Damascus: Iraqi Troops Moves Stir Syrian
Concern”. New York Times June 11. By James F. Clarity, Special to The New York Times: 1.
MID#3177
References
New York Times (1976). “Israelis Report Seizing Ship With Munitions for Lebanon”. New York
Times July 19: 31.
MID#3179
References
New York Times (1976). “British to Protest to Syria”. New York Times April 7: 3.
F–219
MID#3180
References
New York Times (1981). “Iraq Reports Israeli Aircraft Intruded Into Its Airspace”. New York Times
December 31: A3.
— (1982). “Iraq Says Jet Fighters From Israel Violated Airspace a 2d Time”. New York Times
January 4: A5.
MID#3181
References
Baltimore Sun (1922). “Austria Threatens To Join Germany”. The Baltimore Sun September 7: 1.
Chicago Daily Tribune (1922). “American Banks Offer Austria 60 Million Loan”. Chicago Daily
Tribune September 17. Chicago Tribune Foreign News Service: 13.
New York Times (1922). “Italy Warns Vienna And Little Entente”. New York Times August 25:
1.
The Atlanta Consitution (1922). “Italy Assumes Bold Stand In European Politics”. The Atlanta
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MID#3182
References
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MID#3184
References
Chicago Daily Tribune (1926a). “Triple War Threat Heurled at Bulgars”. Chicago Daily Tribune
August 7. Enid Wilkie: 1.
— (1926b). “War?” Chicago Daily Tribune August 4: 5.
New York Times (1926a). “Bulgars Again Clash WIth The Rumanians”. New York Times July 12.
Wireless to The New York Times: 6.
— (1926b). “Comitaji Invade Rumania”. New York Times Juy 24. Special Cable to The New York
Times: 8.
— (1926c). “Denies Ultimatum To Sofia”. New York Times August 8: E2.
F–220
MID#3186
References
New York Times (1931). “Bulgarians Kill Greek Soldier”. New York Times February 6. Wireless
to The New York Times: 12.
MID#3187
References
New York Times (1928). “Kill Bulgar Guard”. New York Times July 29. Wireless to The New York
Times: N12.
MID#3189
References
Brecher, Michael and Jonathan Wilkenfeld (1997). A Study of Crisis. University of Michigan Press.
MID#3191
References
New York Times (1939a). “British Doubt Soviet Plans Eastern Drive”. New York Times December
29: 3.
— (1939b). “Soviet Reported Pouring Men Into China, Menacing Either British India or Japan”.
New York Times October 3. By Hallett Abend, Wirless to The New York Times: 1.
MID#3192
References
New York Times (1946). “Plane Tito Freed In Italy”. New York Times October 7: 4.
MID#3193
References
New York Times (1946a). “U.S. Army Receives Bodies Of 5 Fliers”. New York Times August 29:
6.
— (1946b). “Yugoslavs Force U.S. Air Transport To Land In Meadow”. New York Times August
12. Wireless to The New York Times: 1.
F–221
MID#3194
References
New York Times (1949a). “4 Soviet Fishing Craft Are Seized Off Iceland”. New York Times September 13. By The United Press: 4.
— (1949b). “Iceland Fines Soviet Skippers”. New York Times September 16: 4.
MID#3195
References
Chicago Daily Tribune (1951a). “Britain Orders Warship To Oil Hotspot In Iran”. Chicago Daily
Tribune June 27. Joseph Cerutti: 18.
— (1951b). “Let’s Talk It Over, Britain Says Of Oil Grab”. Chicago Daily Tribune May 18: B12.
— (1951c). “Report Soviets Build Up Forces On Iran Border”. Chicago Daily Tribune June 7: D10.
Washington Post (1951). “Britain Asks U.N. to Act In Oil Fight”. The Washington Post September
29: 1.
MID#3196
References
New York Times (1950a). “London to Ask Soviet About Ship”. New York Times May 5: 10.
— (1950b). “Russia Returns Trawler”. New York Times May 13: 4.
MID#3197
References
New York Times (1950). “Bulgaria Files a Complaint”. New York Times April 20: 3.
MID#3198
References
New York Times (1951). “Indonesia Halts 4 Ships”. New York Times September 4: 4.
F–222
MID#3199
References
Atlanta Daily World (1951). “Says Russian Warship Fired On By Iran”. Atlanta Daily World
August 3: 1.
New York Times (1951). “Soviet Warship Is Fired On By Iranian Frontier Guards”. New York
Times August 3: 1.
MID#3200
References
New York Times (1952). “Bulgars Fire On Turks”. New York Times May 2: 6.
MID#3201
References
New York Times (1950). “Soviet Seizes British Trawler”. New York Times May 4: 7.
— (1952). “Russians Seize British Trawler”. New York Times May 13: 49.
— (1953). “Russians Arrest British Fisher”. New York Times January 1: 17.
Paul Preston Michael Partridge, Daniel Kowalsky (1952). British Documents on Foreign Affairs –
reports and Papers from the Foreign Office Confidential Print: The Soviet Union and Finland,
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Redfearn, Mason and Richard J. Aldrich (1997). “The Perfect Cover: British Intelligence, the Soviet
Fleet and Distant Water Trawler Operations, 1963-1974”. Intelligence and National Security
12 (3): 166–177.
MID#3202
References
New York Times (1952). “Albania Protests Italian Planes”. New York Times July 4: 4.
MID#3203
References
New York Times (1953). “Czechs Assail Ship Seizures”. New York Times September 11: 4.
F–223
MID#3204
References
New York Times (1953a). “Danish Ship Stopped En Route To Red China”. New York Times August
11: 9.
— (1953b). “Nationalists Free Danish Ship”. New York Times August 29: 5.
MID#3205
References
New York Times (1954). “Italy Gets A Protest”. New York Times May 23: 15.
MID#3206
References
Facts on File World News Digest (1969). “Congo (Kinshasa): News in Brief”. Facts on File World
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MID#3207
References
New York Times (1953a). “Soviet Seizes 2 Japanese Boats”. New York Times October 18: 28.
— (1953b). “Soviet Seizes 3d Japanese Boat”. New York Times October 20: 3.
— (1954a). “Japan Plans Plea To Soviet On Fish”. New York Times April 19: 1.
— (1954b). “Japanese Fishing Boat Seized”. New York Times April 12: 4.
— (1954c). “Japanese Vessel Seized”. New York Times July 13: 3.
— (1954d). “Russians Jail Japanese”. New York Times March 31: 3.
MID#3208
References
New York Times (1953). “Chinese Reds Seize Trawler”. New York Times December 15: 24.
— (1954). “Tokyo Fishing Boat Fired On”. New York Times March 15: 10.
— (6). “Chinese Seize Japanese Boats”. New York Times July 5: 6.
F–224
MID#3209
References
New York Times (1954). “Swiss Chase U.S. Jet”. New York Times October 5: 7.
MID#3210
References
New York Times (1954). “Soviet Jets Fly Over Finland”. New York Times September 16: 10.
MID#3211
References
New York Times (1955). “Pakistan Protests Ship Seizure”. New York Times February 2: 3.
MID#3212
References
New York Times (1955). “Japanese Tuna Boat Seized”. New York Times December 30: 5.
MID#3213
References
New York Times (1955). “Seoul Disputes Peiping”. New York Times December 30: 3.
Washington Post and Times Herald (1955). “ROKs Threaten Sea Battle”. The Washington Post
and Times Herald December 30: 4.
MID#3214
References
New York Times (1955a). “Soviet Holds Swedes”. New York Times May 9: 5.
— (1955b). “Swedish Crews Held by Soviet”. New York Times May 11: 4.
F–225
MID#3215
References
Los Angeles Sentinel (1973). “S.A. Held Rhodesia Aide”. Los Angeles Sentinel January 25: A2.
New York Times (1973a). “3 Killed and 8 Hurt By Mine in Zambia On Rhodesia Border”. New
York Times January 29: 2.
— (1973b). “Rhodesia Says More Shots Are Fired From Zambia”. New York Times May 20: 18.
MID#3216
References
New York Times (1955a). “Albania Releases Italian Craft”. New York Times April 10: 26.
— (1955b). “Italian Vessel Seized”. New York Times March 16: 8.
MID#3217
References
Keesing’s (1974). “China, South Vietnam, Chinese – Dispute over Paracel and Spratly Islands. –
Naval Clash off Paracels. Chinese Occupation of Paracel Archipelago.” In: Keesing’s Record of
World Events. Vol. 20. Keesing’s Worldwide, LLC: 26388.
MID#3218
References
New York Times (1955). “Saudi Arabia Accuses Britain”. New York Times November 29: 6.
MID#3219
References
New York Times (1955a). “Bulgaria Admits Downing Airliner; 58 Aboard Killed”. New York Times
July 29. By The Associated Press: 1.
— (1955b). “Sofia Says Planes Downed Airliner”. New York Times August 4. By The Associated
Press: 1.
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MID#3221
References
Meridian Record (1956). “To Protest China Nationals Shelling Of Ship”. Meridian Record September 25: 3.
New York Times (1956). “German Blames Taiwan”. New York Times September 25: 14.
MID#3222
References
New York Times (1956). “Mexicans Attack, Seize U.S. Vessel”. New York Times November 14: 31.
MID#3223
References
New York Times (1956). “Shots Rout Roviet Ship”. New York Times September 2: 2.
MID#3224
References
New York Times (1956). “Yugoslavs Seize Italian Boats”. New York Times April 12: 16.
MID#3225
References
New York Times (1956a). “5 Soviet Fishing Boats Seized by Norwegians”. New York Times January
31: 6.
— (1956b). “Soviet Skippers Fined”. New York Times February 7: 3.
MID#3226
References
New York Times (1976). “Communist Guerrillas Kill 15 in a Raid in Thailand”. New York Times
May 18: 10.
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MID#3227
References
Keesing’s (1974). “Rhodesia, Rhodesian – Rhodesian Government’s Reaction to Prospective Black
Government in Mozambique. Continued Countrer-insugency Activities. – Cases of Violation of
U.N.-imposed Sanctions.” In: Keesing’s Record of World Events. Vol. 20. Keesing’s Worldwide,
LLC: 26806.
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MID#3228
References
New York Times (1939a). “Polish Submarine At Sea And Armed”. New York Times September
22: 3.
— (1939b). “Polish Submarine Flees Under Fire From Estonia”. New York Times September 19:
18.
MID#3229
References
Chicago Daily Tribune (1949a). “Britain Orders More Troops To Trans-Jordan”. Chicago Daily
Tribune March 13: 18.
— (1949b). “Trans-Jordan Signs Truce with Israel”. Chicago Daily Tribune April 4: 1.
New York Times (1949a). “Israel Describes Attack”. New York Times January 9. By Gene Currivan,
Special to The New York Times: 4.
— (1949b). “Israel Warns U.N. British Activities Are Peace Threat”. New York Times January
12: 1.
MID#3230
References
New York Times (1957a). “Arabs Threaten Israel”. New York Times February 13: 10.
— (1957b). “Israel Raids on Jordan Border”. New York Times January 1: 7.
— (1957c). “Jordan Accuses Israel”. New York Times March 5: 17.
— (1959). “Arabs In Jeruslaem Kill Israeli Soldier”. New York Times January 27: 12.
F–228
MID#3231
References
New York Times (1959a). “Israel Will Allow 200 Arabs To Return”. New York Times November
3: 4.
— (1959b). “Jordan Accuses Israel”. New York Times October 20: 13.
— (1959c). “Jordan Protests Israeli Project”. New York Times November 16. By Richard P. Hunt,
Special to The New York Times: 5.
— (1959d). “Jordanian Shot in Israel”. New York Times August 15: 3.
— (1960a). “Israel Apprises 9 Nations”. New York Times February 26. By Lawrence Fellows,
Special to The New York Times: 3.
— (1960b). “Israel-Jordan Clash”. New York Times October 7: 3.
— (1960c). “Jordanians Kill a ’Smuggler’”. New York Times November 8: 12.
— (1961). “Israelis Kill Arab at Border”. New York Times August 20: 15.
Oron, Yitzhak, ed. (1960). Middle East Record. Jerusalem Post Press.
MID#3232
References
Cleveland, Grover. “Third Annual Message (Second Term) (December 2, 1895)”. Miller Center for
Public Affairs. The University of Virginia. url: http://millercenter.org/president/speeches/speech-376
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MID#3233
References
Grimmett, Richard F. (2008). Instances of Use of United States Armed Forces Abroad, 1798-2008.
DIANE Publishing.
MID#3234
References
Grimmett, Richard F. (2008). Instances of Use of United States Armed Forces Abroad, 1798-2008.
DIANE Publishing.
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MID#3235
References
Grimmett, Richard F. (2008). Instances of Use of United States Armed Forces Abroad, 1798-2008.
DIANE Publishing.
MID#3236
References
Grimmett, Richard F. (2008). Instances of Use of United States Armed Forces Abroad, 1798-2008.
DIANE Publishing.
MID#3237
References
Grimmett, Richard F. (2008). Instances of Use of United States Armed Forces Abroad, 1798-2008.
DIANE Publishing.
MID#3238
References
Chadwick, French Ensor (1909). The Relations of the United States and Spain, Diplomacy.
MID#3239
References
Grimmett, Richard F. (2010). Instances of Use of United States Armed Forces Abroad, 1798-2008.
DIANE Publishing.
Porter, Kenneth Wiggins (1951). “Negroes and the Seminole War, 1817-1818”. The Journal of
Negro History July: 249 –280.
MID#3242
References
New York Times (1955a). “Ecuador Captures Two U.S. Vessels”. New York Times March 29: 14.
— (1955b). “Ecuador Fines U.S. Fishers”. New York Times April 14: 13.
F–230
MID#3243
References
New York Times (1955a). “Peru Frees 8 U.S. Ships”. New York Times February 22: 6.
— (1955b). “U.S. Boats Pay Peru Fine”. New York Times January 30: 16.
MID#3244
References
New York Times (1962a). “3 U.S. Tuna Boats Seized Off Peru”. New York Times October 30: 15.
— (1962b). “Peru Fines Two Vessels Fishing 13 Miles Off Coast”. New York Times November 2:
15.
MID#3249
References
Baltimore Sun (1892). “The Russians Withdraw From The Pamir”. The Baltimore Sun September
16: 4.
St. Louis Post-Dispatch (1892). “To Save India”. St. Louis Post-Dispatch August 23: 1.
MID#3255
References
New York Times (1912a). “Article 4–No Title”. New York Times August 9: 3.
— (1912b). “Russia Offers Loan For A Grip On China”. New York Times June 20: 8.
The Atlanta Consitution (1912). “Russia Will Protect Subjects In China”. The Atlanta Constitution
August 11: B7.
Wall Street Journal (1912). “Land Grabbing Feared In China”. Wall Street Journal August 31: 6.
Washington Post (1912). “China To Get The Money”. The Washington Post June 2: E6.
Williams, E. T. (1916). “The Relations Between China, Russia, and Mongolia”. The American
Journal of International Law 10 (4): 798–808.
MID#3256
References
St. Louis Post-Dispatch (1916). “China And Russia In Deadlock Over The Sinkiang Outbreak”.
St. Louis Post-Dispatch November 19: A6.
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Washington Post (1917). “China And Russia At Odds Over Riots”. The Washington Post January
11: 1.
MID#3258
References
Baltimore Sun (1914). “In Conference On Mongolia: China Alleged To Have Made Moves Against
Russia”. The Baltimore Sun November 13: 2.
MID#3265
References
Meridian Record (1956). “To Protest China Nationals Shelling Of Ship”. Meridian Record September 25: 3.
New York Times (1947a). “Mongol Invasion Reported In China”. New York Times June 11. By
The Associated Press: 1.
— (1947b). “New Attacks Laid To Outer Mongolia”. New York Times July 10: 11.
— (1947c). “Rebels In Sinkiang Seize An Outpost”. New York Times October 23: 8.
MID#3266
References
Share, Michael (2003). “From Ideological Foe to Uncertain Friend: Soviet Relations with Taiwan,
1943-82”. Cold War History January: 1 –34.
Tubilewicz, Czeslaw (2005a). “Taiwan and the Soviet Union during the Cold War”. Communist
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MID#3268
References
Keesing’s (1975). “Rhodesia”. In: Keesing’s Record of World Events. Vol. 21. Keesing’s Worldwide,
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MID#3270
References
Keesing’s (1973). “Portuguese, Guinea, Portuguese – Continued African Nationalit Attacks on
Portuguese Forces – U.N. Resolutions against Portuguese Rule of Territory”. In: Keesing’s
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MID#3271
References
Keesing’s (1967). “Angola – Continued Guerrilla Activities in Northern and Eastern Areas.” In:
Keesing’s Record of World Events. Vol. 13. Keesing’s Worldwide, LLC: 21965.
MID#3300
References
New York Times (1968a). “Cambodia Frees Tugboat”. New York Times July 10: 3.
— (1968b). “Cambodians Refuse To Free 2 From U.S.” New York Times June 3: 3.
— (1968c). “Cambodians Two U.S. Soldiers”. New York Times June 11: 9.
MID#3310
References
New York Times (1961). “Koreans Seize Japanese Boat”. New York Times October 30: 10.
Washington Post (1961). “Japanese Boat Seized”. The Washington Post November 4: D14.
MID#3320
References
The Times of London (1817a). The Times of London April 22: 2.
— (1817b). “European Relations With Turkey”. The Times of London April 22. From ”The Oracle,” Brussels paper: 2.
F–233
MID#3321
References
London Morning Chronicle (1817a). “London”. London Morning Chronicle August 6.
— (1817b). “London”. London Morning Chronicle October 23: 2.
London Morning Post (1817). “London”. London Morning Post August 6: 3.
MID#3322
References
Langer, William L. (1972). An Encyclopedia of World History: Ancient, Medieval, and Modern.
Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company.
Stojanovic, Mihailo D. (1939). The Great Powers and the Balkans, 1875-1878.
MID#3323
References
Stojanovic, Mihailo D. (1939). The Great Powers and the Balkans, 1875-1878.
MID#3324
References
Langer, William L. (1972). An Encyclopedia of World History: Ancient, Medieval, and Modern.
Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company.
MID#3325
References
New York Times (1902a). “Russia Protests To Turkey”. New York Times September 22: 3.
— (1902b). “Russia’s Armaments In The Black Sea”. New York Times October 2. London Times
– New York Times Special Cablegram: 8.
MID#3326
References
Times of London (1853b). “Latest Intelligence”. Times of London March 25: 5.
F–234
Times of London (1853a). “Latest Intelligence”. Times of London March 26: 5.
— (1853c). “The Insurrection at Milan”. Times of London Feburary 14: 1.
— (1853d). “The State of the Continent”. Times of London February 18: 1.
— (1853e). “The State of the Continent”. Times of London January 10: 5.
MID#3330
References
Bosworth, R. J. B. (2005). Italy the Least of the Great Powers: Italian Foreign Policy Before the
First World War. Cambridge University Press.
MID#3340
References
New York Times (1919). “U-Boat Sunk Escaping”. New York Times March 16: 1.
MID#3341
References
New York Times (1914a). “German Munitions For Porte Stopped”. New York Times October 19.
Special Cable to The New York Times.
— (1914b). “Rumania Must Fight, Her King Declares”. New York Times November 7. Special
Cable to The New York Times: 1.
— (1914c). “Rumania Waiting, Won’t Intervene Yet”. New York Times October 21. Special Cable
to The New York Times.
MID#3342
References
New York Times (1914a). “Swiss Home Guard Out.” New York Times August 29: 5.
— (1914b). “Trade Losses In Europe’s Big War”. New York Times August 30: X12.
MID#3343
References
New York Times (1914). “Greece Mobilizes; May Fight Bulgars”. New York Times August 2: 2.
F–235
MID#3344
References
New York Times (1914a). “Greece Menaces Turkey”. New York Times August 18: 3.
— (1914b). “Greek Demand on Turkey”. New York Times August 16: 1.
Wall Street Journal (1914). “Turkey Jeers At Greece”. Wall Street Journal August 21: 4.
Washington Post (1914). “Turkey Believed To Have Bought Goeben and Breslau From Germany”.
The Washington Post August 13: 2.
MID#3345
References
Nick Baron, Peter Gatrell (2004). Homelands: War, Population and Statehood in Eastern Europe
and Russia, 1918-1924. Anthem Press.
MID#3346
References
New York Times (1918). “Two German Armies invade Russia; Northern Troops March on Dvinsk;
Advance In Volhynia To Aid Ukraine”. New York Times February 19: 1.
The Atlanta Constitution (1918). “Russia Grovels Before Germany”. The Atlanta Constitution
March 4: 1.
MID#3348
References
Chicago Daily Tribune (1918). “Push Austria Back 25 Miles In Albania”. Chicago Daily Tribune
July 12: 1.
Christian Science Monitor (1916). “War Declared On Austria-Hungary By Essad Pasha”. The
Christian Science Monitor January 5. Special Cable to The Christian Science Monitor from its
European Bureau: 1.
New York Times (1918). “Austrian Forces Quitting Albania”. New York Times October 4: 1.
Washington Post (1917). “Austria Renews Albania Attack”. The Washington Post November 25:
17.
F–236
MID#3349
References
New York Times (1915). “Six Steamers Sunk By German Raiders”. New York Times August 19:
2.
— (1916a). “Four Neutral Ships Sunk”. New York Times December 20: 4.
— (1916b). “Spanish Ship Is Sunk”. New York Times January 18: 4.
— (1916c). “Two British Ships And One Spanish Sunk”. New York Times June 19: 5.
— (1917a). “Spain Sends New Note On U-Boat Sinkings”. New York Times May 19: 3.
— (1917b). “U-Boat Bombards A Spanish Steamer”. New York Times December 11: 2.
— (1918a). “Spain Has U-Boat Recall Story, but Another Ship Is Sunk”. New York Times October
21: 1.
— (1918b). “Spanish Vessel Shelled”. New York Times May 23: 24.
MID#3350
References
New York Times (1914). “’Neutral’ Mine Layers Trapped By British”. New York Times November
29: 1.
MID#3351
References
New York Times (1914). “Russ Seized Neutral Ship.” New York Times August 24: 3.
MID#3352
References
Chicago Daily Tribune (1915a). “Berlin Asserts Bulgaria Will Remain Neutral”. Chicago Daily
Tribune August 24: 3.
— (1915b). “Serbs Give In To Bulgaria?” Chicago Daily Tribune August 21: 3.
New York Times (1915). “Bulgaria Will Join The Allies, Rome Is Advised”. New York Times
August 21: 1.
St. Louis Post-Dispatch (1915). “Bulgaria And Turkey Reported In Agreement”. St. Louis PostDispatch August 23. Associated Press: 1.
The Atlanta Constitution (1915). “Bulgar Troops On Turk Border”. The Atlanta Constitution
August 22: 10.
F–237
MID#3360
References
New York Times (1960). “Aggression Laid To Vietnam Reds”. New York Times November 9. By
Jacques Nevard, Special to The New York Times: 37.
MID#3361
References
New York Times (1961a). “G.I.’s In War Zone In South Vietnam”. New York Times December 20.
By Jack Raymond, Special to The New York Times: 1.
— (1961b). “U.S. ’Copter Units Arrive In Saigon”. New York Times December 12. By Jacques
Nevard, Special to The New York Times: 21.
— (1962a). “Peiping Tells U.S. Vietnam Build-Up Threatens China”. New York Times February
25: 1.
— (1962b). “Soviet Warns U.S. Action In Vietnam Is Peril To Peace”. New York Times February
28. By Seymour Topping, Special to The New York Times: 1.
MID#3362
References
New York Times (1926). “Italian-Yugoslav Clash On Frontier”. New York Times March 23: 28.
MID#3364
References
New York Times (1939a). “Carpatho-Ukrainians Still Fight Despite Seizure by Hungarians”. New
York Times March 17. By Anne O’Hare McCormick, Wireless to The New York Times: 1.
— (1939b). “Fight In Ruthenia”. New York Times March 16. Wireless to The New York Times:
1.
— (1939c). “Hungarians Drive Across Ruthenia; Common Border With Poles is Aim”. New York
Times March 15. Wireless to The New York Times: 1.
— (1939d). “Hungarians Take Huszt After Fight”. New York Times March 17: 9.
MID#3371
References
New York Times (1951). “Arms For Egypt Seized”. New York Times December 8: 3.
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Oren, Michael B. (1990). “Secret Egypt-Israel Peace Initiatives Prior to the Suez Campaign”.
Middle Eastern Studies July: 351–370.
MID#3372
References
Keesing’s (1951). “Israeli, Israel – U.N. Conciliation Commission – Paris Discussions with Arab
and Israeli Delegations – Commission’s Peace Proposals – Divergent Views of Israel and Arab
States – Arab Refusal to co-operate in Economic Commission for Misddle East”. In: Keesing’s
Record of World Events. Vol. 8. Keesing’s Worldwide, LLC: 11876.
New York Times (1951). “Egypt Accuses Israel”. New York Times September 24: 9.
— (1952). “Three Israelis’ Reported Slain”. New York Times April 19: 2.
MID#3373
References
Oren, Michael B. (1989). “Escalation to Suez: The Egypt-Israel Border War, 1949-56”. Journal of
Contemporary History April: 347–373.
MID#3374
References
New York Times (1953a). “Egypt Lays Capture Of Ship To Israelis”. New York Times January 6:
14.
— (1953b). “Israel Insists Egypt Renounce Blockade”. New York Times January 5: 4.
— (1953c). “Israel Releases 6 Arab Students”. New York Times December 30: 3.
— (1953d). “Israel Says Arabs Mined Span”. New York Times April 30: 2.
— (1953e). “Ship Accord Is Signed”. New York Times July 25: 3.
— (1954). “Talk With Egypt Asked By Israel”. New York Times March 29: 8.
MID#3375
References
Baltimore Sun (1958). “Jet Fight Held Minor Incident”. The Baltimore Sun December 22: 2.
Chicago Daily Tribune (1957). “Israelis Bare Plan To Fence Off Gaza Strip”. Chicago Daily Tribune
April 4: 8.
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Chicago Daily Tribune (1958). “Israeli-Arab Cannon Duel For 2 1/2 Hours”. Chicago Daily Tribune
April 1: 7.
— (1961). “Arab MIG Downed In Battle Of Jets, Israel Army Says”. Chicago Daily Tribune April
29: 6.
Washington Post (1957). “Israel Counters Egypt ’Buildup’”. The Washington Post and Times
Herald August 12: A6.
MID#3376
References
Chicago Daily Tribune (1962). “Rocket Expert Disappears In Mid-East Feud”. Chicago Daily Tribune September 20: A6.
New York Times (1962). “Ben-Guiron Gives Warning on Cairo”. New York Times December 1. By
W. Granger Blair, Special to The New York Times: 9.
MID#3377
References
New York Times (1963). “Israeli and U.A.R. Jets Clash Over Neutral Zone in Desert”. New York
Times July 24. By W. Granger Blair, Special to The New York Times: 2.
MID#3378
References
Chicago Tribune (1964). “Claim Arab Planes Down Israeli Jet”. Chicago Tribune July 20: 17.
Washington Post (1964). “Egypt Asks Death For Accused Spy”. The Washington Post, Times
Herald April 30: D18.
— (1965). “Israeli Jets Drive Off 4 Egypt Migs”. The Washington Post, Times Herald March 4:
A25.
MID#3379
References
Baltimore Sun (1966a). “Egypt Demonstrates On Israeli Anniversary”. The Baltimore Sun May
16: A2.
— (1966b). “Intra-Arab”. The Baltimore Sun November 29: A16.
Chicago Tribune (1966). “Weigh Atom Desalt Plan in Egypt, Israel”. Chicago Tribune February
28: A2.
F–240
MID#3381
References
Baltimore Sun (1976). “Pullback by Israel called aim”. The Baltimore Sun March 6: A2.
New York Times (1975). “Hands Off Lebanon, Arabs Warn Israelis”. New York Times October 17.
By Henry Tanner, Special to The New York Times: 3.
— (1976). “Egypt Warns Israel To Stay Out Of Lebanon”. New York Times January 13: 6.
MID#3382
References
New York Times (1977). New York Times November 19. LexisNexis: 27.
New York TImes (1977). “Vast Israeli Security Force Guarding Sadat During Visit”. New York
Times November 20. By Henry Kamm, Special to The New York Times: 20.
Washington Post (1977a). “Begin Takes Up Sadat’s Call, As An ’End to War’; Begin Appeals to
Egyptians for an ’End to War’”. The Washington Post November 12. LexisNexis: A1.
— (1977b). “Sadat Calls for a Panel To Plan Geneva Talks”. The Washington Post November 5.
LexisNexis: A11.
MID#3383
References
New York Times (1979). “Highlights From the Treaty”. New York Times March 27: A14.
MID#3384
References
Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs (1982). “Interview with Prime Minister Begin on IDF Radio”. Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs April 27. url: http://www.mfa.gov.il/mfa/foreignpolicy/mfadocuments/y
— (1983). “Interview with Foreign Minister Shamir on Israel radio”. Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs January 19. url: http://www.mfa.gov.il/mfa/foreignpolicy/mfadocuments/yearbook6/pages/103%
New York Times (1983). “Egypt Enters a Zone in Error”. New York Times January 21: A3.
MID#3387
References
New York Times (1970a). “Build-Up By U.A.R. At Suez Reported”. New York Times August 13.
By Robert M. Smith, Special to The New York Times: 1.
F–241
— (1970b). “U.A.R. Craft Sunk In Golf Of Suez”. New York Times December 2. By Peter Grose,
Special to The New York Times: 1.
— (1971a). “Egypt Tells Units Fighting Is Near”. New York Times October 25. By Raymond H.
Anderson, Special to The New York Times: 2.
— (1971b). “Israel Reports Firing At 2 Egyptian Planes”. New York Times May 10: 3.
MID#3400
References
Washington Post (1950). “One Killed in Galilee Israel-Syria Incident”. The Washington Post July
13: 8.
MID#3402
References
Baltimore Sun (1952). “Israel Protests Syrian Challenge”. The Baltimore Sun August 19: 7.
MID#3403
References
New York Times (1954). “Syrians and Israelis Clash Near Galilee”. New York Times March 16: 1.
Washington Post (1954). “Israel Calls Alert For Border Flareup”. The Washington Post and Times
Herald March 25: 5.
MID#3404
References
New York Times (1954a). “Israel Accuses Syria”. New York Times August 16: 5.
— (1954b). “Israel Seizes Syrian Vessel”. New York Times December 7: 19.
— (1954c). “Israelis Reprot New Arab Raids”. New York Times April 7: 1.
— (1955a). “Israel Accuses Syria in Clash”. New York Times March 3: 3.
— (1955b). “Syrians Fire at Israeli Planes”. New York Times March 30: 11.
F–242
MID#3405
References
New York Times (1954). “Israel Accuses Syria”. New York Times August 16: 5.
— (1955a). “Israel Accuses Syrians”. New York Times January 17: 3.
— (1955b). “Israel Reports Attack”. New York Times May 13: 6.
— (1955c). “Israelis, Syrians Clash”. New York Times October 16: 31.
— (1956a). “Israel And Syria In A New Clash”. New York Times March 5: 1.
— (1956b). “Syria Seizes 2 In Israel”. New York Times September 17: 4.
— (1956c). “Syrian Border Checked”. New York Times November 28: 39.
— (1957a). “Israelis Exchange Fire With Syrians on Border”. New York Times September 11: 4.
— (1957b). “Syrian Attack Charged”. New York Times April 29: 2.
— (1958a). “Israel Reports 2 Slain by Syrians”. New York Times January 29: 9.
— (1958b). “New Syrian-Israeli Incident”. New York Times July 4: 3.
— (1959a). “Israel Calls Up Troops in Test”. New York Times April 2: 5.
— (1959b). “Israel Protests Border Clash”. New York Times October 23: 14.
— (1959c). “Israeli and Arab Jets in Fight Near the Sinai-Negev Frontier”. New York Times
January 9: 6.
— (1960a). “Israel Blames Syria in Firing”. New York Times June 13: 10.
— (1960b). “Israel Reports Attack”. New York Times October 26: 26.
— (1960c). “Israeli Jets Fight MIG’s From Syria”. New York Times February 2: 1.
MID#3406
References
Chicago Daily Tribune (1961). “Arab MIG Downed In Battle Of Jets, Israel Army Says”. Chicago
Daily Tribune April 29: 6.
New York Times (1961). “Atoms For Egypt?” New York Times March 5. Manfred Wolfson: SM14.
Washington Post (1961). “Israelis Kill Arab”. The Washington Post, Times Herald October 4: A3.
MID#3407
References
New York Times (1961). “Israel Acuses Syria in Firing”. New York Times November 2: 22.
F–243
New York Times (1962a). “Israel Puts Toll Of Syrians At 30”. New York Times March 18. By
Lawrence Fellows, Special to The New York Times: 1.
— (1962b). “Israeli Killed in Clash At the Syrian Border”. New York Times August 30: 6.
— (1962c). “Syria Seeks Parley Of Arabs On Israel”. New York Times September 12: 2.
Washington Post (1962). “Jets Renew Israel-Syria Fighting”. The Washington Post, Times Herald
March 22: A22.
MID#3408
References
New York Times (1964). “Israel Accuses Syria on Shots”. New York Times February 11: 12.
Washington Post (1963). “Syrian Infiltrator Killed by Israelis”. The Washington Post, Times Herald
November 7: D16.
MID#3409
References
New York Times (1964a). “3 Israelis Killed Friday”. New York Times November 15: 27.
— (1964b). “Syrian-Israeli Border Fight Reported for Second Day”. New York Times November
5: 15.
— (1965). “Syrian-Israeli Fights Flare At Border, Tel Aviv Reports”. New York Times March 22:
8.
MID#3410
References
Chicago Tribune (1965). “Israel Reports 2 Hour Clash with Jordanians”. Chicago Tribune December
2: D14.
Christian Science Monitor (1965). “Israel and Jordan watch disputed area: Tacit agreement”. The
Christian Science Monitor December 14. By John K. Cooley, Staff correspondent of The Christian Science Monitor: 16.
MID#3411
References
Christian Science Monitor (1950). “Arab-Israeli Arms Race Threatens Mideast Peace”. The Christian Science Monitor February 27. By Egon Kaskeline, Written for The Christian Science Monitor: 6.
F–244
New York Times (1950). “Israel Accuses Syrians”. New York Times October 10: 25.
Washington Post (1950). “One Killed in Galilee Israel-Syria Incident”. The Washington Post July
13: 8.
MID#3412
References
Christian Science Monitor (1966). “Troops reported on Syrian border”. The Christian Science Monitor September 28. By John K. Cooley, Staff correspondent of The Christian Science Monitor:
6.
Washington Post (1966). “New Unrest Is Quelled In Jordan”. The Washington Post, Times Herald
November 28: A1.
MID#3413
References
New York Times (1951). “Israel Says Syrians Killed Two”. New York Times December 18: 20.
— (1952a). “Israel Complains to U.N. Against Syrian’s Threat”. New York Times January 30: 5.
— (1952b). “Israel Patrol Fired On”. New York Times March 18: 11.
MID#3414
References
New York Times (1952a). “Israel Complains to U.N. Against Syrian’s Threat”. New York Times
January 30: 5.
— (1952b). “Isrel’s Attitude Scored”. New York Times January 10: 14.
MID#3415
References
New York Times (1954a). “Israel Accuses Syria”. New York Times August 16: 5.
— (1954b). “Israel Seizes Syrian Vessel”. New York Times December 7: 19.
— (1954c). “Syrian Airliner Seized By Israel”. New York Times December 13: 7.
— (1954d). “Syrian Motion Fails”. New York Times December 29: 4.
— (1954e). “Syrian Plane And 4 Released By Israel”. New York Times December 15: 3.
F–245
MID#3416
References
New York Times (1955). “Israel Would Ship Arabs Seized Drugs”. New York Times August 6: 6.
MID#3417
References
Neff, Donald (1994). “Israel-Syria: Conflict at the Jordan River, 1949-1967”. Journal of Palistine
Studies: 26–40.
New York Times (1953). “Syria Halts Army Leaves to Back Protest on Israel’s Jordan Canal”. New
York Times September 26. By The United Press: 1.
— (1958). “Egypt-Syria Union Seen”. New York Times January 24: 4.
MID#3418
References
New York Times (1955a). “Israel Accuses Syria in Clash”. New York Times March 3: 3.
— (1955b). “Syrians Fire at Israeli Planes”. New York Times March 30: 11.
MID#3419
References
Keesing’s (1963). “Israel, Syria – Border Incidents. – security Council Debate. Soviet Veto of AngloAmerican Resolution.” In: Keesing’s Record of World Events. Vol. 9. Keesing’s Worldwide, LLC:
19697.
New York Times (1958). “U.N. Halts Clash On Israel’s Line”. New York Times November 7: 1.
— (1962a). “Israel Puts Toll Of Syrians At 30”. New York Times March 18. By Lawrence Fellows,
Special to The New York Times: 1.
— (1962b). “Syria And Israel Protest In U.N.” New York Times March 20. BY Lawrence O’Kane,
Special to The New York Times: 15.
— (1963a). “Syria And Israel Accept U.N. Plea For A Cease-Fire”. New York Times August 24.
By Kathleen Teltsch, Special to The New York Times: 1.
— (1963b). “Thant and Israelis Confer”. New York Times September 5: 11.
F–246
MID#3420
References
Chicago Daily Tribune (1958). “Arab Lands to Confer Over Israel Blockade”. Chicago Daily Tribune
September 15: 14.
Washington Post (1958a). “Boat Seizure by Egypt Reported Thwarted”. The Washington Post and
Times Herald October 10: C6.
— (1958b). “Israeli Accuse Syrians”. The Washington Post and Times Herald Septembet 14: A8.
MID#3421
References
Keesing’s (1960). “Israel, United Arab Republic – Further Suez Canal Incident. – The ”Astypalea”
Case. – Mrs. Meir’s Denunciation of U.A.R. Seizure of Israeli Cargoes – ”Inge Toft” sails from
Port Said after Impounding of Cargo”. In: Keesing’s Record of World Events. Vol. 6. Keesing’s
Worldwide, LLC: 17255.
New York Times (1959). “Ship From Egypt Seized Off Israel”. New York Times May 25: 15.
MID#3422
References
Baltimore Sun (1960). “U.A.R. Warned On Suez Ship Ban”. The Baltimore Sun July 30: 2.
MID#3423
References
Chicago Tribune (1963). “Israeli Guard Kills One of Three Infiltrators”. Chicago Tribune November
7: A4.
Muslih, Muhammad (1993). “The Golan: Israel, Syria, and Strategic Calculations”. The Middle
East Journal : 611–632.
New York Times (1962). “Syria and Israel Exchange Fire in Demilitarized Zone”. New York Times
December 5: 2.
MID#3424
References
Chicago Tribune (1963). “Israel, Syria Clash In Air And On Ground”. Chicago Tribune August 21:
14.
F–247
New York Times (1963). “Israel Warns U.N. On Rift With Syria”. New York Times August 12: 4.
Washington Post (1963a). “Israel Charges Syrians Fired on Farms Again”. The Washington Post,
Times Herald August 31: A8.
— (1963b). “Soviet Vetoes Move by U.S., Britain For Condemnation of Syria by U.N.” The Washington Post, Times Herald September 4. By Bruce W. Munn: A1.
MID#3425
References
Baltimore Sun (1966). “Reactions to a Raid”. The Baltimore Sun November 26: A14.
New York Times (1964a). “Israel Seizes Seamen On Lebanese Vessels”. New York Times April 21:
10.
— (1964b). “Israelis Jets Rake Syrians In Battle”. New York Times November 14. By W. Granger
Blair, Special to The New York Times: 1.
— (1965a). “Israelis and Syrian Forces In Clash Near Jordan River”. New York Times May 14:
16.
— (1965b). “Syrians and Israelis Clash”. New York Times December 3: 35.
— (1966). “Restraint in the Mideast”. New York Times November 27: E12.
MID#3427
References
Neff, Donald (1994). “Israel-Syria: Conflict at the Jordan River, 1949-1967”. Journal of Palistine
Studies.
New York Times (1950). “Israel Accuses Syrians”. New York Times October 10: 25.
— (1951a). “Israel’s Aircraft Bomb Syrian Area In Reprisal Move”. New York Times April 6. By
Sydney Gruson, Special to The New York Times: 1.
— (1951b). “New Israeli-Syrian Fighting Breaks Out After Cease-Fire”. New York Times May 5.
By Sydney Gruson, Special to The New York Times: 1.
— (1952). “Israel Complains to U.N. Against Syrian’s Threat”. New York Times January 30: 5.
MID#3428
References
Baltimore Sun (1953). “Syria Chief Urges Tight Blockade Against Israel”. The Baltimore Sun May
8: 10.
F–248
Chicago Daily Tribune (1953). “Report Syria Rushes Troops to Frontier Facing Israel”. Chicago
Daily Tribune October 23: 12.
Morag, Nadav (2001). “Water, Geopolitics and State Building: The Case of Israel”. Middle Eastern
Studies July: 179–198.
New York Times (1953). “Israel And Syria Trade U.N. Charges On River Project”. New York Times
October 31. By Thomas J. Hamilton, Special to The New York Times: 1.
Washington Post (1953). “Syria Charges Israel Still Defies U.N.” The Washington Post November
11: 3.
Wolf, Aaron and John Ross (1992). “The Impact of Scarce Water Resources on the Arab-Israeli
Conflict”. Natural Resources Journal : 919–958.
MID#3430
References
Baltimore Sun (1959). “Israeli, Egyptian Jets In Air Clash”. The Baltimore Sun November 5: 6.
— (1960). “Israel Says Border Peril Is Unrelieved”. The Baltimore Sun February 29: 1.
Chicago Daily Tribune (1960). “Report Egypt Moves Army Near Israel”. Chicago Daily Tribune
February 2: 1.
New York Times (1959). “Israel Is Unshaken By Nasser’s Threats”. New York Times August 2. By
Seth S. King, Special to The New York Times: E4.
— (1960). “Israel To Put Most Of Army In Negev”. New York Times September 16: 13.
MID#3431
References
Ma’oz, Moshe (1995). Syria and Israel: From War to Peacemaking. Oxford University Press, October 26, 1995.
MID#3433
References
Chicago Tribune (1966). “More Raids Mean War, Syria Warns”. Chicago Tribune July 25: A6.
New York Times (1966). “U.N. Council Bars Censuring Israel”. New York Times August 4. By
Ramond Daniell, Special to The New York Times: 10.
Washington Post (1966). “Israel, Syria Engage in New Clash”. The Washington Post February 14:
A9.
F–249
MID#3434
References
Baltimore Sun (1962a). “Israel Working Around The Clock On Jordan River Pumping Project”.
The Baltimore Sun April 16. By Pual A Banker: 1.
— (1962b). “Opposes Jordan Shift. Syria Warns Israel”. The Baltimore Sun February 18: 22.
— (1963a). “Israel Row With Syria Due in U.N.” The Baltimore Sun August 23: 1.
— (1963b). “Israeli Chief Warns Syria Over Border”. The Baltimore Sun August 27: 2.
— (1963c). “Syria Charges Israelis Attack”. The Baltimore Sun June 10: 8.
— (1964). “Syrian-Israeli Clash Reported”. The Baltimore Sun November 4: D2.
— (1965a). “Israel Reports Air Clash”. The Baltimore Sun March 4: 1.
— (1965b). “Syria, Israel Battle Again for 1 1/2 Hours”. The Baltimore Sun March 9: 2.
— (1966). “Israel Says Syria Fires on, Hits Boat”. The Baltimore Sun March 8: A2.
Chicago Daily Defender (1962a). “Israel, Syria Exchange Gunfire”. Chicago Daily Defender March
21: 4.
— (1962b). “Israel, Syria Exchange Gunfire”. Chicago Daily Defender November 8: 2.
Chicago Daily Tribune (1962a). “Israeli and Syrian Forces Trade Shots”. Chicago Daily Tribune
June 25: A2.
— (1962b). “Israeli-Syria Clash Halted By Cease-Fire”. Chicago Daily Tribune March 18: 3.
— (1962c). “Israelis Blast Syrian Fort Near Galilee”. Chicago Daily Tribune March 17: 2.
— (1962d). “Reports Syria Moves Army to Israeli Border”. Chicago Daily Tribune December 16:
22.
— (1962e). “Syria Reports New Clash on Israel Border”. Chicago Daily Tribune March 19: 8.
— (1962f). “Syria Warned By Ben-Gurion to Quit Firing”. Chicago Daily Tribune December 12:
B7.
Chicago Tribune (1963a). “Israel, Syria Clash in Air and On Ground”. Chicago Tribune August
21: 14.
— (1963b). “Israeli Guard Kills One of Three Infiltrators”. Chicago Tribune November 7: A4.
— (1963c). “Report Israel to Retaliate in Incidents Along Border”. Chicago Tribune August 22: 1.
— (1964a). “Battle on Syria-Israel Line”. Chicago Tribune July 3: 1.
— (1964b). “Israel, Syria Battle Again At Same Spot”. Chicago Tribune December 1: 2.
— (1964c). “Israeli Jets’ Bombs, Guns Pound Syria”. Chicago Tribune November 14: 5.
— (1964d). “Syrian Positions Open Fire on Israeli Traffic”. Chicago Tribune July 6: B24.
— (1965). “Israel-Syria Border Clash; Report 5 Dead”. Chicago Tribune August 13: A10.
F–250
Chicago Tribune (1966a). “Israel-Syria Tension Eased By U.S. Envoy”. Chicago Tribune July 16:
5.
— (1966b). “Syria, Israel Pilots Engage in Dogfight”. Chicago Tribune July 15: 3.
— (1966c). “Syrian Killed in Clash with Israeli Gunboat”. Chicago Tribune April 6: 3.
Christian Science Monitor (1962a). “UN to Air Israel-Syria Border Clash”. Christian Science Monitor March 21: 4.
— (1962b). “World Briefs”. Christian Science Monitor August 15: 6.
— (1964). “World Briefs”. Christian Science Monitor January 15: 6.
— (1966a). “Israel, Syria test borders”. Christian Science Monitor February 16. By John K. Cooley,
Staff correspondent of The Christian Science Monitor: 2.
— (1966b). “Syria buys wheat supplies with arms funds”. The Christian Science Monitor July 20:
1.
New York Times (1961a). “Israel Acuses Syria i Firing”. New York Times November 2: 22.
— (1961b). “Israel Relaxes Vigil On Border”. New York Times October 1. By Lawrence Fellows,
Special to The New York Times: 2.
— (1962a). “Israel Puts Toll of Syrians at 30”. New York Times March 18. By Lawrence Fellows,
Special to The New York Times: 1.
— (1962b). “Israeli Border Policeman Killed Near Syrian Frontier”. New York Times October 3:
11.
— (1962c). “Israeli Killed In Clash At the Syrian Border”. New York Times August 30: 6.
— (1962d). “Israelis Attack A Syrian Outpost on Galilee Shore”. New York Times March 17: 1.
— (1962e). “Israelis In Clashes On Two Frontiers”. New York Times June 15: 5.
— (1962f). “Israelis in Duel With Syria Unit”. New York Times March 21. By Lawrence Fellows,
Special to The New York Times: 9.
— (1962g). “Syria and Israel Exchange Fire in Demilitarized Zone”. New York Times December
5: 2.
— (1962h). “Syria Seeks Parley of Arabs on Israel”. New York Times September 12: 2.
— (1962i). “Syrians Assure Israel On Clash”. New York Times December 14. By W. Granger Blair,
Special to The New York Times: 3.
— (1962j). “Two Israelis Wounded”. New York Times March 9: 3.
— (1963a). “3 Border Intruders Killed By Israelis”. New York Times August 19: 6.
— (1963b). “Israel Asks U.N. To Meet On Syria”. New York Times August 21. By W. Granger
Blair, Special to The New York Times: 1.
— (1963c). “Israel Exchanges 18 Prisoners for 11 Confined By Syria”. New York Times December
22: 5.
— (1963d). “Israel Warns U.N. On Rift With Syria”. New York Times August 12: 4.
F–251
New York Times (1963e). “Israeli Boat With 6 Being Held In Syria”. New York Times July 16: 10.
— (1963f). “Syria Accuses Israel of Attacks”. New York Times June 10: 4.
— (1963g). “Syrians Accuse Israelis of Border Troop Build-up”. New York Times August 18: 3.
— (1964a). “3 Israelis Hurt as Battle Erupts on Syrian Border”. New York Times July 3: 3.
— (1964b). “3 Israelis Killed Friday”. New York Times November 15: 27.
— (1964c). “Israel Accuses Syria on Shots”. New York Times February 11: 12.
— (1964d). “Israel and Syria Trade Shots 3d Time in 3 Weeks”. New York Times December 3. By
W. Granger Blair, Special to The New York Times: 6.
— (1964e). “Israel Denies to U.N. Body Syrian Border-Clash Charge”. New York Times August
11: 5.
— (1964f). “Jets Clash At Border”. New York Times November 15: 27.
— (1964g). “Syrian Letter to U.N. Says Israel Fired Across Border”. New York Times July 10: 3.
— (1965a). “Attack by Israelis On Water Project Charged by Syria”. New York Times March 18.
By Dana Adams Schmidt, Special to The New York Times: 1.
— (1965b). “Gunfire is Exchanged On Israel-Syria Border”. New York Times March 8: 9.
— (1965c). “Syria and Israel Trade Fire”. New York Times February 19: 18.
— (1965d). “Syria Reports Border Clash”. New York Times May 19: 94.
— (1965e). “Syrian-Israeli Fights Flare At Border, Tel Aviv Reports”. New York Times March 22:
8.
— (1966a). “Israel Favors Cease-Fire”. New York Times July 16: 5.
— (1966b). “Syria Said To Clear Towns Near Israel”. New York Times May 16: 8.
— (1966c). “Syria Threatens To Cut Pipelines”. New York Times May 7: 4.
— (1966d). “Syrian Planes Buzz Border of Israel”. New York Times July 18: 11.
— (1966e). “U.N. Truce Team Begins Israel-Syria Border Check”. New York Times June 14: 3.
Washington Post (1962a). “Israel Shows Soviet-Made Syrian Arms”. The Washington Post March
20: A17.
— (1962b). “Jets Renew Israel-Syria Fighting”. The Washington Post March 22: A22.
— (1962c). “Syria Charges Israel Violates Water Pact”. The Washington Post February 22: A20.
— (1962d). “Syria Seen Reinforcing Battle Area”. The Washington Post March 19: A13.
— (1962e). “Syrian Border Troops Fire On Two Israeli Settlements”. The Washington Post March
23. By Eliav Simon: A8.
— (1962f). “U.N. Cease-Fire Halts Syria-Israel Battle”. The Washington Post March 18. By Eric
Gottgetreu: 12.
F–252
Washington Post (1963a). “Israel Alert for Attack Ben-Guiron Declares”. The Washington Post
April 29: A13.
— (1963b). “Israel Charges Syrians Fired on Farms Again”. The Washington Post August 31: A8.
— (1963c). “Israel Holding Four Syrians as Hostages”. The Washington Post November 4: A3.
— (1963d). “Syria Guns Reported at Israel Line”. The Washington Post August 20: A11.
— (1963e). “Syrian Open Fire”. The Washington Post August 17: A2.
— (1964). “Israel Says Syrians Make New Attack”. The Washington Post November 18: A25.
— (1965). “Farmers Are Fired On by Syrians, Israelis Claim”. The Washington Post July 19: A11.
— (1966). “Syria Fires on Israeli Aircraft”. The Washington Post April 29: B2.
MID#3435
References
Chicago Tribune (1965). “Arab States Skirt Israel Issue in Treaty”. Chicago Tribune September
17: A6.
Washington Post (1966). “Israel, Syria Engage in New Clash”. The Washington Post, Times Herald
February 14: A9.
MID#3439
References
Baltimore Sun (1975). “Israel, baback by U.S., resists Syrian demands”. The Baltimore Sun November 27. Trewhitt, Henry L.: A1.
Chicago Tribune (1977). “Israel warns Syria on Troops”. Chicago Tribune September 21. Broder,
Jonathan: 1.
Washington Post (1976). “Israel Backs Its Border With Tanks”. The Washington Post November
23. By H. D. S. Greenway, Washington Post Foreign Service: A9.
— (1977). “Southern Lebanon: Syria, Israel Fight Brutal ’Proxy War’”. The Washington Post June
19. By Thomas W. Lippman, Washington Post Foreign Service: 22.
MID#3440
References
Christian Science Monitor (1978). “Lebanon: an anguished land”. The Christian Science Monitor
July 12: 24.
New York Times (1978). “Israelis Reinforce Troops On Borders; Syria Alerts Units”. New York
Times July 8. By Marvine Howe, Special to The New York Times: 1.
F–253
MID#3441
References
Christian Science Monitor (1979). “Syrian-Israeli air battles – an analysis”. The Christian Science
Monitor June 28. By Geoffrey Godsell, Staff correspondent of The Christian Science Monitor:
1.
New York Times (1980). “Syria Delays Withdrawal From Beirut”. New York Times February 25:
A3.
Washington Post (1979). “Israel Loses Spy Plane, Syria Claims Responsibility”. The Washington
Post October 8. Washington Post Foreign Service: A33.
MID#3442
References
Chicago Tribune (1982). “Israeli planes wipe out Syrian missile battery”. Chicago Tribune October
5. Broder, Jonathan: 1.
— (1983). “Israel, Syria exchange fire”. Chicago Tribune May 30: 1.
Washington Post (1984). “Israeli Troops, Syrians Clash In Bekaa Valley”. The Washington Post
June 17: A22.
MID#3443
References
Associated Press (1985). “Syrian President Vows to Crush Israel”. Associated Press June 13. LexisNexis.
New York Times (1985). “Syria Apologizes For Firing Missiles At Israeli Plane”. New York Times
October 15. LexisNexis: A12.
— (1986). “Israeli Jets Pound Lebanon Targets For Second Day”. New York Times August 12.
LexisNexis: A5.
MID#3446
References
Sobel, Lester A., ed. (1974). Israel & the Arabs: The October 1973 War. Facts on File, Incorporated:
p. 116.
— ed. (1975). Political Terrorism. Vol. 1. Facts on File, Incorporated: p. 10.
F–254
MID#3447
References
Chicago Tribune (1968). “Israeli, Arab Forces Clash on 3 Borders”. Chicago Tribune September
14. By Tribute Wire Services: A9.
— (1969). “Israelis Bomb 2 Key Bases Inside Syria”. Chicago Tribune February 24. By Tribune
Wire Service: 3.
Dishon, Daniel, ed. (1968). Middle East Record. Vol. 4. John Wiley & Sons, Israel University Press:
pp. 380–381.
— ed. (1970). Middle East Record. Vol. 5. John Wiley & Sons, Israel University Press: p. 1130.
Facts on File World News Digest (1969a). “Midde East: Arab-Israeli Clashes”. Facts on File World
News Digest February 19.
— (1969b). “Middle East: Golan Heighs Clashes”. Facts on File World News Digest August 6.
— (1969c). “Middle East: Israeli-Syrian Clashes”. Facts on File World News Digest July 16.
— (1969d). “Middle East: Israelis Down 3 Syrian Jets”. Facts On File World News Digest December 17.
— (1970a). “Middle East: Clashes in Jordan and Syria”. Facts On File World News Digest May
6.
— (1970b). “Middle East: Fighting Accelerates”. Facts on File World News Digest February 11.
— (1970c). “Middle East: Golan Heights Clashes”. Facts On File World News Digest July 1.
— (1970d). “Middle East: Israeli Commando Raids”. Facts On File World News Digest June 17.
— (1970e). “Middle East: Israeli-Syrian Clashes”. Facts On File World News Digest April 15.
— (1970f). “Middle East: Israelis Raid Syria, U.A.R.” Facts On File World News Digest March
18.
— (1971). “Middle East: Israeli Buildup Charged”. Facts On File World News Digest December
22.
Foreign Broadcast Information Services (1970). “UN Charges Israeli Cease-Fire Violation”. Foreign
Broadcast Information Services Septemeber 30.
Keesing’s (1968). “The Arab-Israel Conflict. Developments, January-October 1968. - Israeli Retaliatory Attacks on Guerrilla Bases in Jordan. - Arab Terrorist Operations in Israel and West
Bank Territories. - Artillery Duels along Suez Canal - security Council Meetings on Middle
East. - Israeli Peace Plan presented to General Assembly. - The Jarring Mission.” In: Keesing’s
Record of World Events. Vol. 14. Keesing’s Worldwide, LLC: 23028.
Los Angeles Times (1969). “Israeli, Syria Jets Clash Above Golan Heights”. Los Angeles Times
May 30: A19.
Middle East Journal (1969a). “Chronology August 16, 1968-November 15, 1968”. English. Middle
East Journal 23 (1): 65. issn: 00263141. url: http://www.jstor.org/stable/4324395.
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Middle East Journal (1969b). “Chronology May 16, 1969-August 15, 1969”. English. Middle East
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— (1970a). “Chronology February 16, 1970-May 15, 1970”. Middle East Journal 24 (3): 354–357.
— (1970b). “Chronology May 16, 1970-August 15, 1970”. Middle East Journal 24 (4): 494–498.
— (1970c). “Chronology November 16, 1969-February 15, 1970”. Middle East Journal 24 (2): 179–
183.
— (1971a). “Chronology August 16, 1971-November 15, 1971”. Middle East Journal 26 (1): 39.
— (1971b). “Chronology February 16, 1971-May 15, 1971”. Middle East Journal 25 (3): 372.
Moscow Izvestiya (1970). “Israeli Policy Calls for Continued Warfare”. Moscow Izvestiya February
5. By L. Korayavin: 2L.
New York Times (1969a). “Golan Heights Clash”. New York Times April 27: 26.
— (1969b). “Syria and Israel In Renewed Clash”. New York Times December 11: 11.
— (1970). “Syria Says Israelis Killed Two at Base”. New York Times June 18: 13.
— (1971). “Syria Says Israeli Planes Violated Airspace and Fled”. New York Times October 15.
By Associated Press: 8.
Quandt, William B. (1977). Decade of Decisions: American Policy Toward the Arab-Israeli Conflict,
1967-1976. University of California Press: pp. 120–123.
TASS (1969). “Syria Protests Israeli Occupation Policies”. TASS April 21.
Washington Post (1968). “Plane’s Return Prompts Israeli Recourse to U.N.” September 4. By
Robert H. Estabrook, Washington Post Foreign Service: A12.
Washington Post and Times Herald (1970). “Jets Clash Over Suez Canal; Israelis Raid Into Syria
Again”. Washinton Post and Times Herald March 17: A13.
MID#3500
References
Lescius, Vytautas (2004). Lietuvos Kariuomene Nepriklausomybes Kovose, 1918-1920. Vilniaus
Universitetas.
MID#3503
References
New York Times (1942). “Order to Armed Forces”. New York Times August 23: 3.
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MID#3505
References
Christian Science Monitor (1941). “Four Nations Seen Sharing Territory of Yugoslavia”. The Christian Science Monitor April 29: 4.
New York Times (1941a). “Bulgaria Declares War”. New York Times April 25: 5.
— (1941b). “Bulgaria Increases Army’s Preparations”. New York Times October 25: 3.
MID#3506
References
New York Times (1945). “Brazil Declares War On Japanese”. New York Times June 7. By Frank
M. Garcia, By Wireless to The New York Times: 2.
MID#3507
References
New York Times (1945). “Peru at War With Reich, Japan”. New York Times February 13: 16.
MID#3508
References
New York Times (1945). “Uruguay, Venezuela Join In War On Axis”. New York Times February
16: 11.
MID#3509
References
New York Times (1945). “Argentina Nearer Recognition Goal”. New York Times March 28: 12.
MID#3510
References
New York Times (1945). “Chile’s Public Backs War Against Japan”. New York Times April 13.
By Cable to The New York Times: 18.
F–257
MID#3511
References
Keesing’s (1945). “Egypt – Dr. Ahmed Maher Pasha assassinated while announcing Egypt’s Declaration of War on Germany and Japan. – Nokrashy Pasha appointed Premier. – Egypt at War
with the Axis.” In: Keesing’s Record of World Events. Vol. 5. Keesing’s Worldwide, LLC: 7042.
New York Times (1945). “Egyptian Premier Slain In Chamber”. New York Times February 25. By
Sam Pope Brewer, By Wireless to The New York Times: 1.
MID#3512
References
New York Times (1945). “Saudi Arabia Joins War On Axis Powers”. New York Times March 2:
13.
MID#3513
References
Baltimore Sun (1941a). “Latin America And The War”. The Baltimore Sun December 13: 2.
— (1941b). “Nation Moves Swiftly To Avenge War Losse, Meet Japanese Attack”. The Baltimore
Sun December 9: 1.
New York Times (1941a). “Haiti Declares State of War”. New York Times December 9: 22.
— (1941b). “U.S. Lists 29 Nations at War With the Axis; Figure Differs From Churchill’s in
Speech”. New York Times December 31: 6.
MID#3514
References
New York Times (1941a). “Nicaragua Adds to Declarations”. New York Times December 20: 8.
— (1941b). “Nicaragua Joins in War”. New York Times December 10: 13.
MID#3515
References
New York Times (1943). “Iran in War on Nazis, Tehran Reports Say”. New York Times Septembre
10. By The Associated Press: 3.
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MID#3517
References
Atlanta Constitution (1943). “Colombia Acts on 2d Sinking”. The Atlanta Constitution November
28: 12B .
New York Times (1944). “Colombia Pledges Allied Allegiance”. New York Times January 18: 13.
MID#3518
References
New York Times (1941a). “Costa Rica Again Leads in Step”. New York Times December 12.
Wireless to The New York Times: 9.
— (1941b). “Costa Rica Joins In War On Japan”. New York Times December 8: 15.
MID#3519
References
Chicago Daily Tribune (1941). “Latin Nations Join In War On Italy, Germany”. Chicago Daily
Tribune December 12. The Associated Press: 7.
MID#3520
References
New York Times (1941a). “Dominican Republic Acts”. New York Times December 12: 9.
— (1941b). “Dominican Republic in Fight”. New York Times December 9: 22.
MID#3521
References
Atlanta Constitution (1941). “Latin America Rallies to U.S. In Jap Conflict”. The Atlanta Constitution December 9: 21.
New York Times (1941). “Central America Now Fully In War”. New York Times December 13.
Wireless to The New York Times: 7.
F–259
MID#3522
References
New York Times (1941a). “Guatemala Extends War Scope”. New York Times December 12: 9.
— (1941b). “Guatemala Pledges Support”. New York Times December 9. Special Cable to The
New York Times: 22.
MID#3523
References
New York Times (1941a). “Honduran Congress Acts”. New York Times December 9: 22.
— (1941b). “Honduras Completes Action”. New York Times December 13. Wireless to The New
York Times: 7.
MID#3524
References
New York Times (1942). “Mexico Now at War With 3 Axis Nations”. New York Times June 2.
Special Cable to The New York Times: 1.
MID#3525
References
Christian Science Monitor (1941). “Panama at War”. The Christian Science Monitor December 9:
10.
MID#3526
References
New York Times (1944). “Liberia Reported at War With Germany and Japan”. New York Times
January 28. By The Associated Press: 8.
MID#3527
References
New York Times (1942). “Ethiopia at War With Axis”. New York Times December 15: 8.
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MID#3534
References
Srpska Mreza (1994). “memorandum on border incidents on the yugoslav-albanian border”. Srpska
Mreza January 12.
MID#3540
References
Keesing’s (1984). “Thailand – Internal political developments – Military appointments – Internal
security and economic developments”. In: Keesing’s Record of World Events. Vol. 30. Keesing’s
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— (1985). “Laos – Border dispute with Thailand – Relations with USA”. In: Keesing’s Record of
World Events. Vol. 31. Keesing’s Worldwide, LLC: 3362.
— (1986). “Laos – Foreign relations – Internal developments – Economic developments”. In:
Keesing’s Record of World Events. Vol. 32. Keesing’s Worldwide, LLC: 34619.
New York Times (1985). “Thailand Reports Firing Across Mekong River”. New York Times August
12: A5.
— (1986). “Laotians Storm Village In Thailand, Killing 35”. New York Times June 17: A5.
MID#3541
References
New York Times (1984). “Iran Calls U.S. Ships In Gulf An Act of Aggression”. New York Times
March 1. LexisNexis: A10.
United Press International (1984a). “Iran and Iraq Trade gunfire and claims”. United Press International February 19. LexisNexis.
— (1984b). “Iran warns U.S. against intervening”. United Press International May 20. LexisNexis.
MID#3550
References
New York Times (1992). “U.S. Says a C-130 Was Hit by Gunfire From Peru”. New York Times
April 25: 1.
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MID#3552
References
Facts on File World News Digest (1992a). “Iraq, U.N. Reach Compromise on Arms Search; U.S.
Inspectors Barred from Team; Bush, Allies Weigh Military Options”. Facts on File World News
Digest July 30. LexisNexis.
— (1992b). “U.S. Troops Begin Kuwait Exercises; Task Force Viewed as Message to Iraq”. Facts
on File World News Digest August 6. LexisNexis.
Russian Press Digest (1992). “Russia Sending Two Warships to Persian Gulf and Joining Military
Sanctions Against Iraq”. Russian Press Digest September 2. LexisNexis: 4.
The Guardian (1993). “British Troops Under Fire In Iraq”. The Guardian December 24. LexisNexis:
8.
MID#3553
References
New York Times (1992). “Swiss Inform Liechtenstein Of Error in Troop Maneuvers”. New York
Times October 18: 12.
MID#3554
References
Evening Standard (1992). “700 Troops Ready To Go Into Macedonia”. Evening Standard December
11. LexisNexis: 17.
The Globe and Mail (1993). “Albanian Kosovans fear they’re next”. The Globe and Mail May 13.
LexisNexis.
The Record (1992). “First Canadians arrive in Macedonia to keep peace along Albania border”.
The Record December 29. LexisNexis: A5.
MID#3555
References
Keesing’s (1992). “Yugoslavia, Yugoslav Republics – Formation of new Yugoslav state”. In: Keesing’s
Record of World Events. Vol. 38. Keesing’s Worldwide, LLC: 38848.
New York Times (1992a). “Breakup of Yugoslavia Leaves Slovenia Secure, Croatia Shaky”. New
York Times January 16. By Stephen Engelberg, Special to The New York Times: A1.
— (1992b). “New Yugoslav Clashes Threaten to Keep U.N. Out”. New York Times January 19.
By Chuck Sudetic, Special to The New York Times: 14.
— (1992c). “Serbs to Cede Croatian Land”. New York Times July 10: A6.
F–262
MID#3557
References
Keesing’s (1992). “Yugoslavia, Yugoslav Republics – Formation of new Yugoslav state”. In: Keesing’s
Record of World Events. Vol. 38. Keesing’s Worldwide, LLC: 38848.
New York Times (1993a). “Belgrade Is Urged To Control Serbs”. New York Times April 9. By
Stephen Kinzer, Special to The New York Times: A5.
— (1993b). “Muslims and Croats Seeing Serbs as a Common Enemy”. New York Times January
28. By John F. Burns, Special to The New York Times: A6.
— (1993c). “Serbian President Is to Press Commander on Talks”. New York Times March 14. By
Paul Lewis, Special to The New York Times: 10.
MID#3559
References
The Times of London (1992). “Fleet dispute erupts again; Russia and Ukraine”. The Times of
London July 15.
MID#3560
References
BBC (1992). “Russian Views On Poor State Of Relations With Estonia”. BBC Summary of World
Broadcasts August 5. LexisNexis: A2.
United Press International (1992). “Russian, Estonian troops clash over Blatic fleet building”.
United Press International July 27. LexisNexis.
MID#3561
References
Agence France Presse (1992). “Russian troops in Georgia on alert”. Agence France Presse December
17. LexisNexis.
— (1993a). “45 dead, more than 100 wounded in Abkhazia rebel attaks”. Agence France Presse
July 2. LexisNexis.
— (1993b). “Georgian parliament condemns Russia for air attack on Abkhazia”. Agence France
Presse February 24. LexisNexis.
Associated Press (1993a). “Abkhazian Separatists End Offensive After Hundreds Killed”. Associated Press March 17. LexisNexis.
— (1993b). “Russia, Georgia Exchange Threats After New Fighting”. Associated Press April 2.
LexisNexis.
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Herald Sun (1993). “Georgia toll mounts”. Herald Sun July 9. LexisNexis.
New York Times (1992a). “Georgian Helicopter Crash Widens Schism With Russia”. New York
Times October 6: A8.
— (1992b). “Looming Confrontation in Georgia Threatens Peace Efforts”. New York Times October 5. By Serge Schmemann, Special to The New York Times: A3.
Russian Press Digest (1992a). “Cross-Fire”. Russian Press Digest June 23. LexisNexis: 1.
— (1992b). “They Are Trying To Set Flywheel Of War Close To Russian Borders Into Top Gear”.
Russian Press Digest December 23. LexisNexis: 7.
The Atlanta Journal and Constitution (1993). “World In Brief Russie warns Georgia to end fight”.
The Atlanta Journal and Constitution March 19. LexisNexis: A10.
Washington Post (1992a). “Around The World: Shevardnadze Says Russia Aids Rebels”. The Washington Post June 20: A17.
— (1992b). “Russia Warns Georgia Against Arms Takeover”. The Washington Post October 5:
A16.
Xinhua General News Service (1993a). “russia-georgia quarrel intensifies after sukhumi raid”. Xinhua General News Service February 26. LexisNexis.
— (1993b). “russian envoy seeks to halt abkhazia fighting”. Xinhua General News Service July 3.
LexisNexis.
MID#3563
References
Associated Press (1992). “Prime Minister Says Russian Subs Violating Territory”. Associated Press
September 22. LexisNexis.
The Guardian (1992). “Sweden Fires At ’Foreign Sub’”. The Guardian September 17. LexisNexis:
13.
MID#3564
References
Sarkees, Meredith Reid (2010). Resort to war. CQ Press, July 1, 2010.
“The Bishkek Protocol”. Signed May 5, 1994. Available at Nagorno-Karabakh Republic Ministry
of Foreign Affairs. url: http://www.nkr.am/en/the-bishkek-protocol/43/.
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MID#3565
References
Keesing’s (1992). “Senegal”. In: Keesing’s Record of World Events. Vol. 38. Keesing’s Worldwide,
LLC: 39228.
MID#3566
References
Facts on File World News Digest (1992). “Iran Raids Rebel Base in Iraq”. Facts on File World
News Digest April 9. LexisNexis.
Keesing’s (1992). “Iraq – Tacit compliance with air exclusion zone”. In: Keesing’s Record of World
Events. Vol. 38. Keesing’s Worldwide, LLC: 39115.
MID#3567
References
Keesing’s (1992a). “Iran – First round of elections”. In: Keesing’s Record of World Events. Vol. 38.
Keesing’s Worldwide, LLC: 38887.
— (1992b). “United Arab Emirates – Islands dispute with Iran”. In: Keesing’s Record of World
Events. Vol. 38. Keesing’s Worldwide, LLC: 39214.
— (1996). “International – Arab summit”. In: Keesing’s Record of World Events. Vol. 42. Keesing’s
Worldwide, LLC: 41165.
MID#3568
References
Associated Press (1992). “Three Kuwaiti Policemen Wounded In Border Clash”. Associated Press
October 7. LexisNexis.
— (1994). “Kuwaiti Coast Guardsman Wounded In Clash With Iraqis”. Associated Press January
3. LexisNexis.
Facts on File World News Digest (1992). “U.S. Downs Iraqi Warplane In ’No-Fly Zone’; First Clash
Over Shiite Region”. Facts on File World News Digest December 31. LexisNexis.
— (1993a). “Iraq Declares Cease-fire after More Attacks by U.S., Allies; Cruise Missiles Hit Alleged
Arms Plant”. Facts on File World News Digest January 21. LexisNexis.
— (1993b). “U.S., Allies Bomb Iraqi Missile Sites after ’No-Fly Zone’ Violations; Mixed Results
Seen in Air Strike”. Facts on File World News Digest January 14. LexisNexis.
F–265
MID#3570
References
Vancouver Sun (1992). “3 North Korean soldiers killed in border clash”. The Vancouver Sun May
23: A16.
MID#3571
References
Associated Press (1992). “Tamil Rebels Kill 8 Soldiers”. Associated Press March 11. LexisNexis.
Keesing’s (1992). “India – Financial scandal”. In: Keesing’s Record of World Events. Vol. 38.
Keesing’s Worldwide, LLC: 38913.
United Press International (1992). “Military says fighting kills 128 in Sri Lanka”. United Press
International March 18. LexisNexis.
Xinhua General News Service (1992). “sri lankan foreign minister outlines foreign policy”. Xinhua
General News Service March 11. LexisNexis.
MID#3572
References
The Independent (1992). “Jakarta attacks Papua rebels”. The Independent June 2. LexisNexis: 12.
MID#3602
References
Facts on File World News Digest (1977). “Moroccans arrive to fight rebels”. Facts on File World
News Digest April 16. LexisNexis.
MID#3603
References
Facts on File World News Digest (1977). “Southeast Asia: Thai, Cambodia Clashes Continue”.
Facts on File World News Digest August 13.
Keesing’s (1977). “Thailand – Unsuccessful Military Coup – Increase in Guerrilla Activities – Joint
Operations against Malaysia Guerrillas – Relations with Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia”. In:
Keesing’s Record of World Events. Vol. 23. Keesing’s Worldwide, LLC: 28509.
Washington Post (1977). “U.S. Deplores Border Clash, Doubts Thais Will Ask Aid”. The Washington Post July 26: A11.
F–266
MID#3604
References
New York Times (1978). “Egyptian Says Commandos Struck After ’Unnecessary’ Cypriot Delay”.
New York Times February 22. By Christopher S. Wren, Special to The New York Times: NJ21.
MID#3606
References
Aviation Week & Space Technology (1978). “Soviets Increase Naval Threat”. Aviation Week &
Space Technology July 3. LExisNexis: 16.
Xinhua General News Service (1978a). “another soviet ship violates norwegian territorial waters”.
Xinhua General News Service July 29. LexisNexis.
— (1978b). “danish paper supports norwegian decision to examine soviet crashed aircraft”. Xinhua
General News Service October 14. LexisNexis.
— (1978c). “soviet ships violate norwegian territorial waters”. Xinhua General News Service July
22. LexisNexis.
MID#3607
References
Keesing’s (1979). “Western Sahara – Continued Efforts to end Conflict – Negotiations between Mauritania and Polisario – Relations between Countries involved in Conflict – Fishing Agreements”.
In: Keesing’s Record of World Events. Vol. 25. Keesing’s Worldwide, LLC: 29565.
MID#3609
References
BBC (1980a). “In Brief: General; Garmomar crew ”safe and sound””. BBC Summary of World
Broadcasts June 12. LexisNexis: A10.
— (1980b). “In Brief: General; Sinking of the Garmomar”. BBC Summary of World Broadcasts
June 5. LexisNexis: A11.
— (1980c). “The Western Sahara”. BBC Summary of World Broadcasts July 31. LexisNexis.
MID#3610
References
Christian Science Monitor (1981). “Vietnam pressures Indonesia with territorial claims”. The Christian Science Monitor July 9. LexisNexis: 13.
F–267
New York Times (1981). “Indonesia Puts Airfield On Island South of Vietnam”. New York Times
June 7. LexisNexis: 10.
MID#3612
References
Washington Post (1982). “Manila Calls Tanker Suspect”. The Washington Post January 19: A20.
MID#3613
References
Associated Press (1982a). “U.S. Troops Conduct Exercises in Oman”. Associated Press December
12. LexisNexis.
— (1982b). “Wind Up Military Exercise in Oman”. Associated Press December 7. LexisNexis.
Xinhua General News Service (1982). “democratic yemen resents u.s. manuever along omani coast”.
Xinhua General News Service December 8. LexisNexis.
MID#3614
References
Facts on File World News Digest (1983). “Vietnam Claims Cambodia Victory”. Facts on File World
News Digest April 29. LexisNexis.
New York Times (1982a). “Peking Says Hanoi Stirs Border Turmoil”. New York Times October
14. By Christopher S. Wren, Special to The New York Times: A3.
— (1982b). “Vietnam and China Engaging in Renewed Verbal Hostilities”. New York Times February 4. By Christopher S. Wren, Special to The New York Times: A13.
— (1983a). “16 Hanoi Soldiers Killed, China Says”. New York Times April 22. By Christopher S.
Wren, Special to The New York Times: A1.
— (1983b). “China shells border posts and issues warning to Vietnam”. New York Times April
18: 7.
MID#3615
References
New York Times (1983a). “Around The World: Swedes Hold Soviet Ship Amid Submarine Searches”.
New York Times May 9.
— (1983b). “Sweden Warns Moscow Over Subs And Temporarily Recalls Its Envoy”. New York
Times April 27. By R. W. Apple, Jr., Special to The New York Times.
F–268
MID#3616
References
Defense & Foreign Affairs (1983). “Continuing, But Stable Conflict Situations”. Defense & Foreign
Affairs November. LexisNexis: 3.
Keesing’s (1984). “Malaysia – Continued crisis Banking scandal Foreign relations”. In: Keesing’s
Record of World Events. Vol. 30. Keesing’s Worldwide, LLC: 32782.
MID#3618
References
New York Times (1985a). “Burma’s Army Closes In on Long-Running Revolt”. New York Times
November 8. By Barbara Crossette, Special to The New York Times: A2.
— (1985b). “Burmese in talks on rebel threat”. New York Times August 27: 4.
— (1985c). “Laos troops open fire on Thailand”. New York Times August 12: 5.
MID#3620
References
Associated Press (1985). “Mubarak Quoted As Ruling Out War With Libya”. Associated Press
December 3. LexisNexis.
BBC (1985). “Qadhafi on the Achievement of Arab Unity By Force”. BBC Summary of World
Broadcasts August 30. LexisNexis: A1.
New York Times (1985a). “Libya Says Eyptians Plan To Attack”. New York Times November 30.
LexisNexis: 4.
— (1985b). “U.S. Is Stepping Up Watch On Libyans”. New York Times November 27. LexisNexis:
A11.
MID#3621
References
Associated Press (1985). “Philippine Officials Say Malaysian Gunboats Attacked Island”. Associated
Press September 30.
Christian Science Monitor (1985). “Malaysia denies report it raided Philippine isle”. The Christian
Science Monitor October 2: 2.
F–269
MID#3622
References
BBC (1985). “Vietnamese Analysis of China’s ”Land-Grabbing War” on Border”. BBC Summary
of World Broadcasts February 15. LexisNexis: A3.
— (1986). “China calls Vietnam’s ceasefire proposal ”meaningless””. BBC Summary of World
Broadcasts February 6. LexisNexis.
United Press International (1985). “China rejects cease-fire with Vietnam”. United Press International January 9. LexisNexis.
Washington Post (1985). “Chinese-Vietnamese Enmity Increases; Conflict on Border Intensifies as
War in Cambodia Escalates”. The Washington Post February 15. LexisNexis: A28.
MID#3625
References
New York Times (1986). “U.S. Warns Iranians On Threats To Other Nations In Persian Gulf”.
New York Times March 15. LexisNexis: 2.
United Press International (1986). “Persian Gulf states prepare forces”. United Press International
March 5. Lexis Nexis.
Xinhua General News Service (1986). “saudi arabia warns against threat to: kuwait”. Xinhua General News Service March 16. LexisNexis.
MID#3626
References
BBC (1986a). “Other Reports; India to resume fencing along Bangladesh border”. BBC Summary
of World Broadcasts March 1. LexisNexis: A3.
— (1986b). “Other Reports on South Asia; Bangladesh requests stop to Indian construction work
ofn Muhuri River”. BBC Summary of World Broadcasts April 23. LexisNexis: A3.
— (1986c). “South Asia; India-Bangladesh border area tense after ”heavy exchange of fire””. BBC
Summary of World Broadcasts April 14. LexisNexis: A3.
MID#3629
References
Keesing’s (1987). “Mali”. In: Keesing’s Record of World Events. Vol. 33. Keesing’s Worldwide, LLC:
35049.
Xinhua General Overseas News Service (1986). “mali denies accusation on frontier problem”. Xinhua General News Service July 27. LexisNexis.
F–270
MID#3632
References
New York Times (1980). “Libya Steps Up Role In Chad’s Civil War”. New York Times December
4. By James M. Markham, Special to The New York Times: A16.
MID#3633
References
Associated Press (1981). “Chad’s President Demands Withdrawl of Libyan Troops”. Associated
Press October 30. LexisNexis.
Christian Science Monitor (1981). “Chad on shaky ground even if peace force averts war”. The
Christian Science Monitor November 16. LexisNexis: 4.
New York Times (1980). “Around The World; France Warns Libya On Chad Intervention”. New
York Times December 14. LexisNexis: 6.
The Globe and Mail (1981). “French fleet is placed on alert”. The Globe and Mail January 16.
LexisNexis.
MID#3635
References
Central News Agency (1986). “French Troops In Africa Put Into State of Alert”. Central News
Agency - Taiwan February 15. LexisNexis.
New York Times (1986). “Around The World; Chad Reports an Attack By Libyan Forces”. New
York Times February 11. LexisNexis: A5.
Washington Post (1987). “Libya and Chad Agree To Stop Border Fight; Cease-Fire Appears to Be
in Agreement With French, Not U.S., Policy in Region”. The Washington Post September 12.
LexisNexis: A16.
MID#3636
References
Facts on File World News Digest (1986). “U.S. Jets Bomb Libyan Targets; Reagan Cites ’SelfDefense’ Against Terrorism, Vows Further Raids if Needed; Carrier and U.K.-Based Warplanes
Used”. Facts on File World News Digest April 18. LexisNexis.
F–271
MID#3637
References
New York Times (1986). “Libyan Fighters Buzz U.S. Plane Patrolling Central Mediterranean”.
New York Times January 15. By Bill Keller, Special to The New York Times: A4.
Washington Post (1986). “Soviet Ships Seen As Warning Screen”. The Washington Post January
17: A16.
MID#3638
References
Daily Intelligence/Montgomery County Record (1987). “China downs Vietnamese jet”. Daily Intelligence/Montgomery County Record October 6: 4C.
Daily News-Record (1987). “China Downs Vietnamese Jet Fighter”. Daily News-Record October
6: 13.
MID#3639
References
BBC (1984). “China Reports Border Fighting with Vietnam”. BBC Summary of World Broadcasts
July 16. LexisNexis: A3.
MID#3640
References
Keesing’s (1970). “Guinea – Repulse of Raids by ”Mercenaries” and Guinean Exiles. – U.N. security
Council Resolution. – Report by Special U.N. Mission. – Extraordinary Meeting of OAU Council
of Ministers”. In: Keesing’s Record of World Events. Vol. 17. Keesing’s Worldwide, LLC: 24353.
MID#3645
References
Atlanta Constitution (1903). “Russian Bear Flies at China”. The Atlanta Constitution April 24.
The Nashville American (1904). “China’s Neutrality: Will Be Maintained, Says Minister At Paris”.
The Nashville American April 29: 3.
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MID#3655
References
Christian Science Monitor (1933). “Civil War Strikes At Rule of Soviets In Outer Mongolia”. The
Christian Science Monitor December 6: 1.
Washington Post (1934). “Japan-Soviet War Held Near”. The Washington Post January 25: 3.
MID#3656
References
Christian Science Monitor (1939). “Soviet-Japanese Relations: Key Seen in Expansion Aims”. The
Christian Science Monitor February 6: 4.
Keesing’s (1938). “Japanese, Soviet – Japanese-Soviet Frontier Incidents”. In: Keesing’s Record of
World Events. Vol. 3. Keesing’s Worldwide, LLC: 3161.
New York Times (1938). “Japan Rushes Five Divisions to Manchukuo From China because of Fears
of Russia”. New York Times December 21. Wireless to The New York Times: 1.
Washington Post (1937). “Chinese Rout Troopships, Stall Japan’s Big Offensive”. The Washington
Post September 4. By the Associated Press: 1.
MID#3659
References
Dishon, Daniel, ed. (1970). The New Middle East. New Middle East.
New York Times (1971). “MIG’s Reported Over Sinai”. New York Times November 7: 24.
Research, Beirut and Publishing House (1973). Record of the Arab World. Beirut Research and
Publishing House.
MID#3700
References
New York Times (1939). “Dutch Doubt Nazi Attack”. New York Times November 1: 6.
MID#3701
References
Chicago Daily Tribune (1940). “Represent Invaded Lands in Chicago”. Chicago Daily Tribune May
11: 10.
F–273
New York Times (1939). “German Offensive Soon Is Indicated”. New York Times November 6. By
Otto D. Tolischus, Special Cable to The New York Times: 4.
— (1940). “3 More Countries Added to U.S. Ban”. New York Times May 12: 38.
MID#3702
References
Chicago Daily Tribune (1940). “Represent Invaded Lands in Chicago”. Chicago Daily Tribune May
11: 10.
New York Times (1939). “German Offensive Soon Is Indicated”. New York Times November 6. By
Otto D. Tolischus, Special Cable to The New York Times: 4.
— (1940). “3 More Countries Added to U.S. Ban”. New York Times May 12: 38.
MID#3704
References
New York Times (1940a). “British Shell Hits Near Norway Road”. New York Times March 27. By
Harold Callender, Wireless to The New York Times: 5.
— (1940b). “Prize Crew Ousted”. New York Times February 17: 1.
MID#3705
References
New York Times (1939). “Capital Is Pleased That Flint Is Safe”. New York Times November 4: 1.
— (1940a). “Nazis In Norway”. New York Times April 9. Wireless to The New York Times: 1.
— (1940b). “Norway Grateful For Reich Pledge”. New York Times March 20. By Harold Callender,
Wireless to The New York Times: 15.
MID#3707
References
New York Times (1940a). “British Fliers Strike at Helgoland; Reported to Have Hit Breakwater”.
New York Times January 11: 1.
— (1940b). “Planes In 2 Fights Over British Coast”. New York Times March 8: 8.
— (1940c). “Raid On Sylt Acts As Tonic To British”. New York Times March 21. By Raymond
Daniell, Special Cable to The New York Times: 2.
F–274
MID#3708
References
Atlanta Constitution (1939). “City of Flint Freed By Norway, German Prize Crew Is Interned”.
The Atlanta Constitution November 4: 1.
Doenecke, Justus D. (2003). Storm on the Horizon: The Challenge to American Intervention, 19391941. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
Hyde, Charles Cheney (1940). “The City of Flint”. The American Journal of International Law
January: 89–95.
New York Times (1939a). “Expert Justifies Flint Treatment”. New York Times October 25: 7.
— (1939b). “Hull Seeks Facts”. New York Times October 25. By Frank L. Kluckhohn, Special to
The New York Times: 1.
— (1939c). “May Force Russia’s Hand”. New York Times October 24: 6.
MID#3709
References
Keesing’s (1940). “United States – Protest to Britain against Detention of American Shipping.” In:
Keesing’s Record of World Events. Vol. 3-4. Keesing’s Worldwide, LLC: 3899.
New York Times (1939). “Seizing of U.S. Mail Described By Crew”. New York Times December
14: 2.
— (1940a). “British Seize Mail For French Envoy”. New York Times October 19. Times Wide
World: 5.
— (1940b). “Mail Seizure Protested”. New York Times April 14: 38.
— (1941). “Agreement Signed On Leasing Bases”. New York Times March 28. By John MacCormac, Special to The New York Times: 4.
MID#3710
References
New York Times (1940). “Nazis Admit U-Boat Stopped U.S. Liner”. New York Times June 13.
Wireless to The New York Times: 5.
MID#3711
References
New York Times (1940). “Rumania Decrees Oil Lines’ Seizure”. New York Times December 5: 6.
— (1941). “Rumania Sees U.S. In War”. New York Times January 7: 2.
F–275
MID#3712
References
New York Times (1941). “Hungary Sees U.S. Now in War”. New York Times March 13. By Telephone to The New York Times: 4.
MID#3714
References
New York Times (1945). “Uruguay, Venezuela Join In War On Axis”. New York Times February
16: 11.
MID#3715
References
New York Times (1945). “Paraguay Joins In War”. New York Times February 8: 6.
MID#3716
References
New York Times (1943). “Gen. Eisenhower Announces Armistice”. New York Times September 9.
By Milton Bracker, By Wireless to The New York Times: 1.
MID#3717
References
New York Times (1943a). “Obstacles In Italy Sober British Glee”. New York Times September 9.
By Drew Middleton, By Cable to The New York Times: 7.
— (1943b). “Reich’s Acts Cited”. New York Times October 14. By Milton Bracker, By Wireless
to The New York Times: 1.
MID#3718
References
New York Times (1940a). “Mussolini Priases Italians’ Heroism”. New York Times July 3. By
Herbert L. Matthews, By Telephone to The New York Times: 5.
— (1940b). “Spaniards Reported Seizing French Post”. New York Times June 26: 5.
F–276
MID#3723
References
New York Times (1939). “Latvia Interns 4 Reich Fliers”. New York Times November 10: 5.
MID#3724
References
Chicago Daily Tribune (1939). “Italy Indicates Displeasure”. Chicago Daily Tribune November 25:
2.
Christian Science Monitor (1940). “Lothian Sees Peril to World In Italy’s Entry Into War”. The
Christian Science Monitor June 13: 5.
MID#3800
References
New York Times (1940). “Bombs Fall On Swiss Soil”. New York Times July 1: 11.
MID#3801
References
New York Times (1940a). “Sweden On Alert Against Air Raids”. New York Times April 16: 8.
— (1940b). “Sweden Protests Nazi Air Trepass”. New York Times April 23. By Harold Callender,
Wireless to The New York Times: 1.
MID#3802
References
New York Times (1940a). “Allies Press Gains In Drive On Narvik”. New York Times May 16. By
Otto D. Tolischus, Wireless to The New York Times: 10.
— (1940b). “Big Guns In Battle”. New York Times October 21. By Raymond Daniell, Special
Cable to The New York Times: 1.
— (1940c). “Sweden Explains Policy To Britain”. New York Times July 9. By Otto D. Tolischus,
Wireless to The New York Times: 9.
F–277
MID#3803
References
New York Times (1940). “Turkey And Russia Withdraw Troops”. New York Times February 26:
3.
MID#3804
References
New York Times (1939a). “British Freighter Sunk Off Norway”. New York Times December 14: 2.
— (1939b). “Sweden Fears Mines”. New York Times November 5: 36.
MID#3805
References
New York Times (1941). “Swedish Ships Lost Despite Nazi Pledge”. New York Times June 3: 5.
MID#3806
References
Baltimore Sun (1942). “Sweden Fears Perils Of War Draw Nearer”. The Baltimore Sun February
19. Alfred Oeste: 1.
— (1943). “Swedes Write New Protest To Germany”. The Baltimore Sun August 28: 2.
New York Times (1944). “British Minimize Swedes’ Nazi Fears”. New York Times April 28. By
Raymond Daniell, By Wireless to The New York Times: 1.
MID#3807
References
Atlanta Constitution (1940). “French Warships Join British; Three Rumanian Craft Seized”. The
Atlanta Constitution July 27. The Associated Press: 1.
New York Times (1940). “Three Cargo Ships Seized At Port Said”. New York Times July 27. By
Eugen Kovacs, Wireless to The New York Times: 1.
F–278
MID#3808
References
Chicago Daily Tribune (1939). “Japs Threaten To Fight British Sea Blockade”. Chicago Daily
Tribune November 26: 5.
New York Times (1940a). “Japan Bars Offer Of British On Nazis”. New York Times February 6.
By The United Press: 1.
— (1940b). “Japan Is Attacked In The Nazi Press”. New York Times February 18. By Otto D.
Tolischus, Wireless to The New York Times: 35.
MID#3809
References
New York Times (1939). “Mine Blast Tears Clothes Off Crew”. New York Times December 13: 3.
MID#3810
References
New York Times (1940). “New U-Boat Drive Reported By Paris”. New York Times January 29: 1.
MID#3811
References
Christian Science Monitor (1940). “German-Soviet ’Deal’ To Limit War Front; Mexico Voids Grant”.
The Christian Science Monitor October 22: 1.
New York Times (1940). “Red Army Marches”. New York Times October 13. By C.L. Sulzberger,
Wireless to The New York Times: 1.
MID#3812
References
New York Times (1940a). “German Ship Asks Yugoslav Guard”. New York Times April 7. By C.L.
Sulzberger, By Telephone to The New York Times: 31.
— (1940b). “Ship Lane Closed”. New York Times April 8: 1.
— (1940c). “Ships In Adriatic Reported Halted”. New York Times April 3: 12.
F–279
MID#3813
References
Christian Science Monitor (1941). “Russia and Turkey Watch Nazi Drive; Rumania and Bulgaria
on Side Lines”. The Christian Science Monitor April 7: 6.
New York Times (1940). “Yugoslavs Release Seized Reich Barges”. New York Times March 31: 37.
Washington Post (1940). “Italy, Reich Turn the Heat On Yugoslavia”. The Washington Post March
22. By International News Service: 8.
MID#3814
References
New York Times (1940). “Italy Holds Ship With Ore For U.S.” New York Times October 23: 5.
MID#3820
References
Christian Science Monitor (1940a). “Italy at War With Allies, First Troops Invade France; New
B.E.F. Reaching Front”. The Christian Science Monitor June 10. By Saville R. Davis, Staff
Correspondent of The Christian Science Monitor: 1.
— (1940b). “Italy Holds Key to Balkan Tension; Five Fleets Mass Near Dardanelles”. The Christian
Science Monitor April 18: 7.
MID#3822
References
Atlanta Constitution (1940). “Reds Batte Rumanians As Nazis Mass; London Again Harassed By
Night”. The Atlanta Constitution August 28. The Associated Press: 1.
New York Times (1941). “Text of Reichsfuehrer Hitler’s Proclamation That Revealed Germany’s
War Against Soviet Union”. New York Times June 23. By The Associated Press: 1.
MID#3824
References
Baltimore Sun (1940). “Italian Reported Taken Off Portuguese Steamer”. The Baltimore Sun August 5: 3.
New York Times (1940). “British Halt Ship, Seize Italian”. New York Times August 5: 6.
F–280
MID#3826
References
New York Times (1944a). “Ally Fights Reich”. New York Times August 26. By Sidney Gruson, By
Cable to The New York Times: 1.
— (1944b). “Rumania at War With Hungary”. New York Times September 8: 6.
MID#3827
References
New York Times (1944). “Bulgars Announce War Against Reich”. New York Times September 9.
By Sidney Gruson, By Wireless to The New York Times: 6.
MID#3828
References
Christian Science Monitor (1944). “Help From Allies Pledged to Turks”. The Christian Science
Monitor August 2. By William H. Stringer, Staff Correspondent of The Christian Science Monitor: 1.
Edwards, A. C. (1946). “The Impact of the War on Turkey”. International Affairs July: 389–400.
New York Times (1944). “Bulgaria Wavers, Istanbul Reports”. New York Times July 30: 23.
MID#3829
References
New York Times (1939a). “Baltic Move Told”. New York Times November 18: 1.
— (1939b). “Warning By Tokyo”. New York Times November 26. By Hugh Byas, Wireless to The
New York Times: 1.
MID#3830
References
New York Times (1939). “Russia And Germany Ratify Two Treaties”. New York Times December
15: 12.
Washington Post (1939). “Soviets Rebuke Germany for Aiding Finns”. The Washington Post December 10: 1.
F–281
MID#3831
References
Atlanta Constitution (1939). “Freighter Chased Into Florida Port”. The Atlanta Constitution December 20: 1.
New York Times (1939). “Mexico Asks Allies to Release Machinery Shipped by Germany in Payment for Oil”. New York Times December 21. By Arnaldo Cortesi, Wireless to The New York
Times: 9.
MID#3833
References
New York Times (1939). “Ruling On The Spee Is Up To Uruguay”. New York Times December
14: 4.
MID#3834
References
New York Times (1939a). “Graf Spee’s Crew Will Be Interned”. New York Times December 19.
By John W. White, Wireless to The New York Times: 1.
— (1939b). “Uruguay To Order The Tacoma Out”. New York Times December 30: 3.
MID#3835
References
New York Times (1940). “Germany Resuming Her U-Boat Warfare; Two Ships Sunk and One
Shelled Off Spain”. New York Times May 30: 4.
MID#3836
References
Atlanta Constitution (1940). “Axis Doesn’t Expect Spain To Join War”. The Atlanta Constitution
October 25: 7.
Chicago Daily Tribune (1940a). “Give Up Gibraltar! Spain to Britain”. Chicago Daily Tribune July
18. Maurice English: 1.
— (1940b). “Report British Land Troops At Gibraltar Base”. Chicago Daily Tribune July 20: 5.
New York Times (1940). “Spain’s Entry Predicted”. New York Times July 27: 3.
F–282
MID#3837
References
New York Times (1940). “British Lose 131,857 Shipping Tons in Week; Figure EExceed Average
High in Last War”. New York Times October 2: 3.
Rohwer, Jurgen (1997). Allied Submarine Attacks of World War Two: European Theatre of Operations, 1939-1945.
MID#3850
References
Chicago Daily Tribune (1941). “New Pact Bars German Drive, Turkes Declare”. Chicago Daily
Tribune February 20: 1.
New York Times (1940). “German Warning Given To Balkans”. New York Times January 29. By
C.L. Sulzberger, Wireless to The New York Times: 2.
Washington Post (1940a). “Bulgarians Mobilize”. The Washington Post October 11: 2.
— (1940b). “Keep Peace, Turks Warn Bulgaria”. The Washington Post November 10. By the
Associated Press: 6.
MID#3851
References
Baltimore Sun (1940). “Turks And Greeks Confer On Threat”. The Baltimore Sun September 25:
6.
New York Times (1940a). “Sea Bass Seized”. New York Times October 31: 1.
— (1940b). “Turkey’s Position Not Yet Clarified”. New York Times October 29. By The Associated
Press: 1.
— (1940c). “Turks See Peril In New Axis Plans”. New York Times September 22. By G.E.R.
Gedye, Wireless to The New York Times: 36.
MID#3852
References
New York Times (1940). “Bonds With Nazis Defended In Spain”. New York Times July 15. By T.
J. Hamilton, Wireless to The New York Times: 3.
F–283
MID#3853
References
Chicago Daily Tribune (1940a). “Italian Airmen Bomb Suburban Section Of Cairo”. Chicago Daily
Tribune October 22: 2.
— (1940b). “Italians Attack Ports; May Bring Egypt Into War”. Chicago Daily Tribune June 17:
4.
New York Times (1940). “Italy’s Army Goes Deeper Into Egypt”. New York Times September 16.
By Herbert L. Matthews, Wireless to The New York Times: 1.
MID#3854
References
New York Times (1940). “Panamanian Ship Is Sunk”. New York Times September 20: 12.
MID#3855
References
Chicago Daily Tribune (1940). “German U-Boat, Mine Destroy 2 Panama Tankers”. Chicago Daily
Tribune September 19: 2.
Christian Science Monitor (1940). “Nazis Intensify Air Raids; R.A.F. Hits at Plan Plants”. The
Christian Science Monitor July 23: 16.
New York Times (1941). “2 Torpedoes Sank Ship With U.S. Crew”. New York Times January 3.
By Capt. E.R. Blomquist (As Told to The United Press): 6.
MID#3856
References
New York Times (1940). “Troops In Capital”. New York Times October 12. By C.L. Sulzberger,
Wireless to The New York Times: 1.
MID#3857
References
New York Times (1940). “The Axis Turns Eastward”. New York Times October 12: 16.
F–284
MID#3858
References
Atlanta Constitution (1940). “Bulgaria Plays Waiting Game in War Crises”. Atlanta Constitution
October 11: 3.
Christian Science Monitor (1940). “Nazis Reported Saying, ‘You’re Next’, to Bulgars”. Christian
Science Monitor October 16: 5.
Crampton, Richard J. (2006). A Concise History of Bulgaria. 3rd ed. Cambridge University Press.
Keesing’s (1940). “Rumania – German Military Occupation”. In: Keesing’s Record of World Events.
Vol. 3-4. Keesing’s Worldwide, LLC: 4286.
Miller, Marshall Lee (1975). Bulgaria During the Second World War. Stanford University Press.
New York Times (1940a). “Denial in Moscow”. New York Times October 16: 1.
— (1940b). “The Axis Turns Eastward”. New York Times October 12: 16.
— (1940c). “Yugoslavs Report Demands by Reich”. New York Times October 15: 4.
Washington Post (1940). “Turks to Act if Bulgaria Makes Move”. Washington Post October 24: 2.
MID#3859
References
Baltimore Sun (1940). “Rumars Of Axis-Russia Pact Heard In Bulgaria”. The Baltimore Sun
November 10: 3.
Presseisen, Ernst L. (1960). “Prelude to ”Barbarossa”: Germany and the Balkans, 1940-1941”. The
Journal of Modern History December: 359–370.
Washington Post (1940). “Keep Peace, Turks Warn Bulgaria”. The Washington Post November
10. By the Associated Press: 6.
MID#3860
References
New York Times (1940a). “Britain Frees Ships On Soviet Protest”. New York Times March 29: 2.
— (1940b). “Soviet Is Warned Briatin Will Bar Inroad In Finland”. New York Times April 6. By
Robert P. Post, Special Cable to The New York Times: 1.
— (1940c). “Two Russian Ships Handed To French”. New York Times March 30: 3.
Washington Post (1940). “British Turn 2 Soviet Ships Over to French for Inspection”. The Washington Post March 30. By Drew Middleton, Associated Press Staff Writer: 5.
F–285
MID#3861
References
New York Times (1940a). “Hungary Reported In Nazi Troop Deal”. New York Times May 21: 10.
— (1940b). “Hungary Reports Demand By Reich”. New York Times May 8: 1.
— (1940c). “Three Nazi Boats Sunk On Danube”. New York Times April 11. By The United Press:
1.
MID#3862
References
Chicago Daily Tribune (1940). “Don’t Blame Hungary!” Chicago Daily Tribune December 3. Martin
Himler: 14.
Christian Science Monitor (1940). “Hitler Puts Axis Yoke on Hungary”. The Christian Science
Monitor November 20. By R.A. Markham, Staff Writer of The Christian Science Monitor: 4.
MID#3863
References
New York Times (1940a). “Nazi Plane Falls On Irish Mountain”. New York Times August 21: 2.
— (1940b). “Nazis, Off Ireland, Attack Five Ships”. New York Times August 22: 1.
— (1940c). “Tonnage Loss Sets New British Mark”. New York Times October 30: 10.
MID#3864
References
Baltimore Sun (1940). “Brazil Studies Seizure Of Germans By British”. The Baltimore Sun December 3: 2.
New York Times (1940a). “Brazil Will Protest 3 British Seizures”. New York Times December 4:
12.
— (1940b). “Brazilian Ship Is Freed”. New York Times December 17: 4.
— (1940c). “Captain Here Tells Of British Seizures”. New York Times December 8: 50.
MID#3866
References
New York Times (1942). “Sinking Hints Italy Has U-Boats Here”. New York Times March 10: 5.
F–286
MID#3867
References
Chicago Daily Tribune (1941). “Tepeleni’s Fall To Greeks Near; Troops Mop Up”. Chicago Daily
Tribune February 2. Sam Brewer: D2.
New York Times (1941a). “Big Fascist Loss Listed By Greece”. New York Times February 9. By
A.C. Sedgwick, By Telephone to The New York Times: 6.
— (1941b). “Italians Crushed, Greeks Announce”. New York Times March 16. By C.L. Sulzberger,
By Telephone to The New York Times: 12.
Washington Post (1941). “Greek Command Reports Capture Of 300 Italians”. The Washington
Post February 16: 1.
MID#3868
References
Keesing’s (1942). “Oct 1942 - The Political Situation. - Popular Opposition to War with Russia.
- Pro-Axis Policy of Tsar Boris and Filoff Government. - Cabinet Changes. - High Command
Dismissals. - Persecution of Communists and Jews. - Execution of Gen. Zainoff. - The Dimitrov
Case. - German-Burglar Economic Co-ordination. - Economic Restrictions and Food Rationing.
- Civil Mobilisation. - Amnesty for Ivan Mihailoff.” In: Keesing’s Record of World Events. Vol. 4.
Keesing’s Worldwide, LLC: 5404.
New York Times (1941). “Nazis Bid Sofia Fight Or Yield”. New York Times September 23. By
Ray Brocks, Special Broadcast to The New York Times: 1.
MID#3869
References
New York Times (1941). “Bulgars Protest Soviet ’Chutists”. New York Times September 20: 2.
MID#3870
References
New York Times (1941). “Rumania Tightens Watch”. New York Times January 3: 5.
MID#3871
References
New York Times (1941). “Britain Reported Warning Bulgaria”. New York Times February 9. By
The Associated Press: 1.
F–287
MID#3872
References
Baltimore Sun (1941). “Soviet Ultimatum To Rumania Hinted”. The Baltimore Sun January 4: 7.
Chicago Daily Tribune (1941). “Rumania Shuts Borders; Reds Recall Envoys”. Chicago Daily Tribune January 6: 1.
New York Times (1941). “Bulgaria To State Program Sunday”. New York Times January 9: 5.
MID#3873
References
New York Times (1941). “Egyptian Protest Made On Zamzam”. New York Times May 23: 9.
MID#3875
References
New York Times (1942). “Chilean Freighter Sunk Off Our Coast; 27 Lost, One Saved”. New York
Times March 17: 1.
MID#3876
References
New York Times (1942a). “Uruguay Protests Nazi Sinking”. New York Times March 22: 26.
— (1942b). “Uruguayan Planes on Patrol”. New York Times August 25: 6.
— (1942c). “Uruguayans Riot Over Ship Sinking”. New York Times August 9: 19.
MID#3877
References
New York Times (1942a). “Mexican Oil Carrier Sunk”. New York Times April 25: 3.
— (1942b). “Mexico Now at War With 3 Axis Nations”. New York Times June 2: 1.
— (1942c). “Mexico To Intensify Her Patrols In Gulf”. New York Times May 17: 32.
MID#3879
References
New York Times (1942). “Cuba Gets Vague Report”. New York Times Febraury 24: 8.
F–288
MID#3880
References
New York Times (1941). “Mexico Breaks Off All Axis Relations”. New York Times December 12:
9.
MID#3882
References
New York Times (1942). “6 Dead, 44 Missing In 3 New Sinkings”. New York Times March 22: 18.
MID#3883
References
Baltimore Sun (1942). “16 Lives Toll In Attacks By Submarines”. The Baltimore Sun February 25:
1.
MID#3885
References
New York Times (1943). “Egyptian Ship Sunk By U-Boat In Atlantic”. New York Times January
19: 6.
MID#3886
References
New York Times (1943). “U-Boat Sinking Arouses Colombian Government”. New York Times
November 27. By The United Press: 6.
MID#3887
References
New York Times (1943). “Ship Sunk In Panama Zone”. New York Times December 12: 50.
MID#3900
References
Providence Journal (1989). “Mass. scalloper claims Canadians attacked”. Providence Journal December 13. Linda Borg, Journal-Bulletin Staff Writer: A01.
F–289
MID#3903
References
New York Times (1989). “U.S. Asks Soviets and Arabs to Aid in Saving Captive”. New York Times
August 2. By Maureen Dowd, Special to The New York Times: A1.
MID#3904
References
BBC (1989a). “El Salvador FMLN accuse Honduran army of attack on Salvadoran refugees”. BBC
Summary of World Broadcasts May 30. LexisNexis.
— (1989b). “Honduras armed forces statement on clash involving Salvadoran forces”. BBC Summary of World Broadcasts May 31. LexisNexis.
MID#3905
References
New York Times (1989). “French Reassert A Lebanese Role”. New York Times December 3. LexisNexis: 24.
— (1990). “France Offers Troops to Stop Fighting in Lebanon”. New York Times February 13.
LexisNexis: A7.
Xinhua General News Service (1989). “french president requests syria to reconsider military solution
to lebanese crisis”. Xinhua General News Service November 30. LexisNexis.
MID#3907
References
New York Times (1989). “French Send Ship To Lebanon Coast”. New York Times December 1.
LexisNexis: 11.
Xinhua General News Service (1990). “france denies military intervention for lebanon”. Xinhua
General News Service February 13. LexisNexis.
MID#3909
References
New York Times (1989). “Air Incident Worsen Greek-Turkish Ties”. New York Times January 14.
By Paul Anastasi, Special to The New York Times: 2.
F–290
MID#3910
References
BBC (1989a). “Mauritania-Senegal disturbances”. BBC Summary of World Broadcasts April 27.
LexisNexis.
— (1989b). “Senegal two villagers killed in clash near Mauritanian border”. BBC Summary of
World Broadcasts April 13. LexisNexis.
New York Times (1989). “Emergency is Declared After Senegal Killings”. New York Times April
29. LexisNexis: 5.
MID#3911
References
BBC (1989). “Kenyan President threatens ”hot pursuit” into Uganda”. BBC Summary of World
Broadcasts March 13. LexisNexis.
Xinhua General Overseas News Service (1989). “ugandan aircraft intrudes kenya”. Xinhua General
News Service March 7. LexisNexis.
MID#3913
References
Ottawa Citizen (1989). “Somalia to investigate Kenyan border clash”. The Ottawa Citizen September 25: F6.
MID#3914
References
Associated Press (1989). “Iran and Iraq Exchange Accusations of Cease-Fire Violations”. Associated
Press March 14. LexisNexis.
Xinhua General Overseas News Service (1989). “iran denies any iraqi troops withdrawal from iran”.
Xinhua General News Service February 19. LexisNexis.
MID#3916
References
BBC (1989a). “Afghanistan accuses Pakistan of ”design of annexation””. BBC Summary of World
Broadcasts February 11. LexisNexis.
F–291
BBC (1989b). “Afghanstan Lodges Complaints To Pakistan Charge D’Affaires”. BBC Summary of
World Broadcasts March 10. LexisNexis.
— (1989c). “Pakistan lodges protest over Afghan missile attack”. BBC Summary of World Broadcasts April 10. LexisNexis.
MID#3917
References
Keesing’s (1989). “North-South Korea”. In: Keesing’s Record of World Events. Vol. 35. Keesing’s
Worldwide, LLC: 36397.
MID#3918
References
Los Angeles Times (1989a). “Indian, Sri Lankan Troops in Deadly Clash”. Los Angeles Times July
16: 4.
— (1989b). “’Mistake’ Leaves 4 Dead in Clash Between India, Sri Lanka, Forces”. Los Angeles
Times July 16: 6.
New York Times (1989). “Sri Lanka and India Deadlocked Over Troops”. New York Times July
18. By Barbara Crossette, Special to The New York Times: A5.
MID#3919
References
The Gazette (1989). “Thai troops set to dislodge rebel-chasing Burmese troops”. The Gazette
May21: B7.
MID#3920
References
Associated Press (1989a). “Peace Talks End With No Agreement”. Associated Press February 21.
LexisNexis.
— (1989b). “Thais Say Cambodian Refugee Camps Attacked”. Associated Press April 20. LexisNexis.
New York Times (1989a). “Khmer Rouge Camp Shelled”. New York Times July 23. LexisNexis: 5.
— (1989b). “Loss of Border Battle to Khmer Rouge Signals Trouble for Cambodian Army”. New
York Times August 20. LexisNexis: 3.
F–292
New York Times (1989c). “Shelling From Cambodia Empties a Khmer Rouge Refugee Camp”. New
York Times January 24. LexisNexis: 3.
The Globe and Mail (1988). “Around The World: Vietnam says it helpe Cambodia repulse attack”.
The Globe and Mail December 15. LexisNexis.
United Press International (1989). “Cambodian shells kill four refugees in Thai camp”. United Press
International July 22. LexisNexis.
MID#3921
References
Platts Oligram News (1989). “Iran-Iraq Skirmish At Sea Reported”. Platts Oligram News October
27. LexisNexis: 5.
MID#3922
References
Chicago Tribune (1989). “Turkey charges Syria downed civilian plane”. Chicago Tribune October
22: 24.
Los Angeles Times (1989). “Turkey 5 Die as Syria MIGs Down Survey Plane”. Los Angeles Times
October 22: 47.
MID#3950
References
Facts on File World News Digest (1990). “U.S. Coast Guard Fires on Ship”. Facts on File World
News Digest March 30. LexisNexis.
MID#3951
References
New York Times (1990). “U.S. Carrier Sails Into Persian Gulf”. New York Times October 3. By
The Associated Press: A12.
MID#3953
References
BBC (1989). “The Mauritania-Senegal Dispute Both Sides Comment On Border Incidents”. BBC
Summary of World Broadcasts October 31. LexisNexis.
F–293
BBC (1990). “Mauritania cuts telecommunicationslinks with Senegal”. BBC Summary of World
Broadcasts July 17. LexisNexis.
Parker, Ron (1991). “The Senegal-Mauritania Conflict of 1989: A Fragile Equilibrium”. Cambridge
University Press March: 155–171.
MID#3954
References
The Globe and Mail (1990). “Liberia threatens to invade Ivory Coast”. The Globe and Mail January
5: A11.
MID#3955
References
BBC (1990). “Zambian fisherman killed in shooting incident on Zaire border”. BBC Summary of
World Broadcasts February 26. LexisNexis.
MID#3956
References
The Washington Times (1991). “Israel ends war alert”. The Washington Times March 1. LexisNexis: B5.
USA Today (1990). “Iraq threatens chemical arms use”. USA Today April 3. LexisNexis: 4A.
MID#3958
References
Associated Press (1990). “Israeli Navy Reportedly Fired on Yacht of King Hussein”. Associated
Press May 4. LexisNexis.
— (1991). “Jordan is on Alert for an Israelis Retaliation Attack”. Associated Press January 17.
LexisNexis.
New York Times (1991). “Jordanian King Is Said to Express Interest in New Talks With Israel”.
New York Times March 5. LexisNexis: A12.
The Financial Post (1991). “Israel warns Jordan”. The Financial Post February 4. LexisNexis: 5.
F–294
MID#3960
References
New York Times (1990). “Thais Fire on Burmese Troops”. New York Times February 11. LexisNexis: 6.
The Washington Times (1990). “Thailand tells U.N. opium output is rising”. The Washington
Times February 21. LexisNexis: A2.
Xinhua General News Service (1990). “thai border security forces to push back any foreign intruder”.
Xinhua General News Service February 14. LexisNexis.
MID#3970
References
Christian Science Monitor (1991). “Arab World Remains Deeply Divided Over Gulf Crisis”. The
Christian Science Monitor March 4. LexisNexis: 3.
New York Times (1991). “Egypt Appears More Likely To Join in Ground Combat”. New York
Times February 5. LexisNexis: 14.
MID#3971
References
Christian Science Monitor (1991). “Libyan Hand Seen In Liberian Raids Against Sierra Leone”.
The Christian Science Monitor April 29. LexisNexis: 9.
Japan Economic Newswire (1991). “Iraq Slams Tokyo For New Aid To Allies, Warns Of Retaliation”. Japan Economic Newswire January 24. LexisNexis.
The Guardian (1991). “Sierra Leone takes fight to Liberia”. The Guardian April 3. LexisNexis.
MID#3972
References
The Globe and Mail (1991). “Fishing boat seized”. The Globe and Mail July 30: A6.
The Toronto Star (1991). “Canada to clamp down on U.S. fishing boats”. The Toronto Star August
3: A9.
Vancouver Sun (1991). “U.S. warned of fish boat retaliation”. The Vancouver Sun August 3: A1.
F–295
MID#3973
References
New York Times (1991). “Teheran Says U.S. Attacked a Patrol Boat”. New York Times May 23.
AP: A12.
MID#3974
References
Agence France Presse (1991). “U.S. announces coalition pullout from Iraq”. Agence France Presse
July 12. LexisNexis.
Associated Press (1992). “Two Americans Released From Baghdad Jail”. Associated Press January
2. LexisNexis.
St. Petersburg Times (1991). “U.S. issues warning to Iraq”. St. Petersburg Times March 16. LexisNexis: 1A.
Xinhua General News Service (1991). “allied ground troops withdraw from turkish-iraqi border”.
Xinhua General News Service October 11. LexisNexis.
MID#3976
References
BBC (1991a). “Hexagonal Statement on Yugoslavia”. BBC Summary of World Broadcasts August
1. LexisNexis: A1.
— (1991b). “Yugoslav Protest To Austria Over ”Crude Interference” In Internal Affairs”. BBC
Summary of World Broadcasts July 9. LexisNexis: A1.
Central News Agency (1991). “Yugoslavia Close Crossings On Borders With Austria”. Central News
Agency - Taiwan June 27. LexisNexis.
MID#3977
References
Agence France Presse (1991). “Hungary sends police reinforcements to border with Yugoslavia”.
Agence France Presse September 20. LexisNexis.
Associated Press (1991). “Hungary Says Air-space Violated by Rocket-Firing Yugoslav Jet”. Associated Press August 23. LexisNexis.
F–296
MID#3978
References
Christian Science Monitor (1991). “Libyan Hand Seen In Liberian Raids Against Sierra Leone”.
The Christian Science Monitor April 29. LexisNexis: 9.
The Guardian (1991). “Sierra Leone takes fight to Liberia”. The Guardian April 3. LexisNexis.
MID#3979
References
BBC (1991a). “Rwandan President Asks OAU To Stop Ugandan ”Aggression””. BBC Summary of
World Broadcasts June 7. LexisNexis.
— (1991b). “Rwandan Radio Reiterates Ruhengeri Under Armed Forces’ Control”. BBC Summary
of World Broadcasts January 29. LexisNexis.
— (1991c). “Rwandan rebels chased from Rwandan territory after days of fighting”. BBC Summary
of World Broadcasts December 28. LexisNexis.
MID#3980
References
Associated Press (1991a). “Turkey Ends Military Operation in Northern Iraq”. Associated Press
October 28. LexisNexis.
— (1991b). “Turkey Stages Cross-Border Raid on Kurdish Fighters; No Allied Role”. Associated
Press August 6. LexisNexis.
MID#3981
References
Pantagraph (1991). “Israelis sent warplanes over Iraq”. Pantagraph October 9: A10.
MID#3982
References
Associated Press (1991a). “Kuwaiti Forces Drive Off Iraqi Infiltrators”. Associated Press August
29. LexisNexis.
— (1991b). “Shooting Incident Shows Volatility on Border”. Associated Press August 17. LexisNexis.
New York Times (1991). “Iraqis Said to Retrieve Arms in Kuwait”. New York Times August 8.
LexisNexis: A12.
F–297
MID#3983
References
BBC (1991). “Taiwan Premier says mainland should forgo military threats”. BBC Summary of
World Broadcasts March 4. LexisNexis: A3.
New York Times (1991). “Mainland Threat Worrying Taiwan”. New York Times February 10.
LexisNexis: 9.
MID#3984
References
BBC (1991). “North Korea accuses South of Demilitarized Zone violations”. BBC Summary of
World Broadcasts February 4. LexisNexis: A3.
Japan Economic Newswire (1991). “S. Korea Names Delegation To IPU Meeting In Pyongyang”.
Japan Economic Newswire March 30. LexisNexis.
MID#3985
References
Herald Sun (1991). “9 die in border clash”. Herald Sun September 3. LexisNexis.
United Press International (1991a). “Indian forces kill 13 in Kashmir”. United Press International
April 21. LexisNexis.
— (1991b). “Ninety Indian troops said killed in border clash”. United Press International May 18.
LexisNexis.
Xinhua General News Service (1991). “indo-pakistani troops exchange fire”. Xinhua General News
Service April 26. LexisNexis.
MID#3986
References
New York Times (1991). “Burmese Troops Reinforced as Civil Unrest Grows”. New York Times
December 25. Barbara Crossette: 13.
MID#3988
References
Los Angeles Times (1991). “Honduras, Nicaragua Blame Each Other for Shootout at Sea”. Los
Angeles Times February 2: 26.
F–298
MID#3994
References
Facts on File World News Digest (1977a). “Israeli forces raid Lebanon again”. Facts on File World
News Digest November 19. LexisNexis.
— (1977b). “Israeli jets bomb Lebanon”. Facts on File World News Digest November 12. LexisNexis.
— (1977c). “Israeli troops raid Lebanon”. Facts on File World News Digest September 24. LexisNexis.
— (1978a). “Israel to Pull Back in Lebanon”. Facts on File World News Digest April 7. LexisNexis.
— (1978b). “Israeli Jets Bomb Lebanon”. Facts on File World News Digest August 4. LexisNexis.
— (1978c). “Israeli Jets Raid Lebanon”. Facts on File World News Digest December 31. LexisNexis.
— (1978d). “Israelis Withdraw from Lebanon”. Facts on File World News Digest June 23. LexisNexis.
— (1979a). “Israeli Forces Raid Lebanon”. Facts on File World News Digest January 26. LexisNexis.
— (1979b). “Israelis Hit PLO Forces in Lebanon”. Facts on File World News Digest August 24.
LexisNexis.
MID#4001
References
Agence France Presse (1994). “Cambodian forces, Khmer Rouge clash on New Year’s Day”. Agence
France Presse January 1. LexisNexis.
— (1995a). “Cambodia agrees to pay Thailand for recent border damage”. Agence France Presse
March 28. LexisNexis.
— (1995b). “Khmer Rouge claims Thais thwarted Phnom Penh sneak attack”. Agence France
Presse April 6. LexisNexis.
— (1995c). “Phnom Penh forces pound KR village”. Agence France Presse March 27. LexisNexis;
By Arany Aprathet.
— (1995d). “Phnom Penh, Khmer Rouge battle near Thai border”. Agence France Presse July 6.
LexisNexis.
— (1995e). “Shells from Cambodian fighting fall into Thailand”. Agence France Presse July 10.
LexisNexis.
— (1995f). “Thai millitary sees Khmer Rouge gains in Western Cambodia”. Agence France Presse
April 3. LexisNexis.
F–299
Agence France Presse (1996a). “Khmer Rouge kill four in shelling of northwestern Cambodian
town”. Agence France Presse February 22. LexisNexis.
— (1996b). “Six Cambodian soldiers killed by rebels inside Thailand”. Agence France Presse January 19. LexisNexis.
Associated Press Worldstream (1995a). Associated Press Worldstream December 1. LexisNexis.
— (1995b). “Thai Soldiers Killed in Cambodia”. Associated Press Worldstream March 2. LexisNexis.
BBC (1995). “Foreign Affairs; Thai border forces shoot dead three Cambodian soldiers”. BBC
Summary of World Broadcasts October 6. LexisNexis.
— (1996a). “Cambodian villagers flee ”major clashes”; Thais reported injured by shelling”. BBC
Summary of World Broadcasts January 31. LexisNexis.
— (1996b). “Stray shells from Cambodian fighting lands in Thailand”. BBC Summary of World
Broadcasts January 23. LexisNexis.
Christian Science Monitor (1994). “Come clean on the Khmer Rouge”. Christian Science Monitor
April 22. LexisNexis.
Japan Economic Newswire (1995a). “Thailand, Cambodia open 3 permanent checkpoints”. Japan
Economic Newswire November 30. LexisNexis.
— (1995b). “Thailand to provide training for 50 Cambodian soldiers”. Japan Economic Newswire
December 27. LexisNexis.
United Press International (1994a). “Cambodia war spills into Thailand”. United Press International October 17. LexisNexis.
— (1994b). “Khmer Rouge, government troops clash near Thai border”. United Press International
March 22. LexisNexis.
— (1994c). “Thai millitary says Pailin in Cambodian government hands”. United Press International March 24. LexisNexis.
— (1994d). “Thais fire warning shots into Cambodia”. United Press International April 4. LexisNexis.
— (1995a). “Cambodia, Thailand seek to end disputes”. United Press International March 28. By
Tricia Fitzgerald; LexisNexis.
— (1995b). “Khmer Rouge steps up attacks”. United Press International June 15. By Tricia
Fitzgerald; LexisNexis.
— (1995c). “Thais protest Cambodian artillery”. United Press International June 16. LexisNexis.
— (1996a). “Conflicting accounts on Thai seizure”. United Press International September 26.
LexisNexis.
— (1996b). “Families of detained officials appeal for help”. United Press International October 19.
LexisNexis; By Andrew Nette.
— (1996c). “Thais arrested in fishing skirmishes”. United Press International May 29. LexisNexis.
F–300
Xinhua News Agency (1994). “fighting in cambodia drifts close to thai border”. Xinhua News
Agency March 29. LexisNexis.
— (1995a). “cambodia apologizes to thailand for border ambush”. Xinhua News Agency March 6.
LexisNexis.
— (1995b). “thailand gives cambodia, myanmar stern warning”. Xinhua News Agency March 4.
LexisNexis.
MID#4002
References
Agence France Presse (1995a). “Heavy fire forces Karan out of Burma border camp”. Agence France
Presse February 21. LexisNexis.
— (1995b). “Karen withdraw from Burma border Camp”. Agence France Presse February 21.
LexisNexis.
BBC (1995a). “Article assails Western support for Karen separatists”. BBC Summary of World
Broadcasts MArch 3. LexisNexis.
— (1995b). “Burmese opposition welcomes Thai offer to mediate in ”civil war””. BBC Summary
of World Broadcasts March 2. LexisNexis.
— (1995c). “Explanation demanded from Burma over territorial violations”. BBC Summary of
World Broadcasts April 29. LexisNexis.
— (1995d). “Warning issued to Burma over abduction of Karen officials on Thai territory”. BBC
Summary of World Broadcasts February 17. LexisNexis.
Calgary Herald (1995). “By putting business ahead of rights, the world has dodoom Karen rebels”.
Calgary Herald February 21. LexisNexis: A5.
Courier-Mail (1995). “Burma Closes Net On Rebels”. Courier-Mail February 9. LexisNexis.
Deutsche Presse-Agentur (1995). “Burmese soldiers kidnap 14 Thais, say border police”. Deutsche
Presse-Agentur June 12. LexisNexis.
Herald Sun (1995). “Troops Cross Border In Attack On Rebels”. Herald Sun February 9. LexisNexis.
Keesing’s (1995). “Burma – Fall of last Karen base”. In: Keesing’s Record of World Events. Vol. 41.
Keesing’s Worldwide, LLC: 40410.
Mercury, Hobart (1995). Hobart Mercury February 27. LexisNexis.
New York Times (1995a). “Burmese Raid Border Camps In Thailand”. New York Times May 14.
LexisNexis: 9.
— (1995b). “Thailand Warns Burmese on Raids On Refugee Camps”. New York Times April 30.
LexisNexis: 12.
Pittsburgh Post-Gazette (1995). “Burmese pursue rebels”. Pittsburgh Post-Gazette April 27. LexisNexis: A6.
F–301
South China Morning Post (1995a). South China Morning Post March 13. LexisNexis: 9.
— (1995b). “Armies clash along border”. South China Morning Post March 6. By Bill Barnes: 13.
Sydney Morning Herald (1995a). “60 Burmese troops die in heavy clashes with Karen rebels”.
Sydney Morning Herald February 10. LexisNexis: 8.
— (1995b). “Thais’ sanctuary for fighters angers Burma”. Sydney Morning Herald March 25.
LexisNexis: 20.
United Press International (1995a). United Press International March 3. LexisNexis.
— (1995b). “Burmese attack could doom rebels”. United Press International February 8. LexisNexis.
— (1995c). “Burmese massing for attack on Karen base”. United Press International February 16.
By John Hail; LexisNexis.
— (1995d). “Killings sour Thai-Burma relations”. United Press International August 16. LexisNexis.
— (1995e). “Thai minister puts off Burma visit”. United Press International February 17. LexisNexis.
— (1995f). “Thais protest border incursions”. United Press International March 3. LexisNexis.
Xinhua News Agency (1995). “thailand gives cambodia, myanmar stern warning”. Xinhua News
Agency March 4.
MID#4003
References
Agence France Presse (1996a). “Thai, Burma forces face on on border as Karenni positions fall”.
Agence France Presse January 9. LexisNexis.
— (1996b). “Thailand beefing up border forces after Khun Sa ceasefire: reports”. Agence France
Presse January 4. LexisNexis.
United Press International (1996). “Thai forces on alert at Burma border”. United Press International January 4. By John Hail; LexisNexis.
MID#4004
References
United Press International (1996). “Cambodian troops sent to Vietnam border”. United Press
International January 30. LexisNexis.
F–302
MID#4005
References
BBC (1995). “Border Security Force exchanges fire with Bangladesh Rifles in Tripura”. BBC Summary of World Broadcasts June 29. LexisNexis.
News Blaze (2012). “India-Bangladesh International Border Disputes-Muhuri River”. News Blaze
April 18: 18.
MID#4006
References
Agence France Presse (1996). “India to tighten security at border with Bangladesh”. Agence France
Presse May 20. LexisNexis.
BBC (1996). “President eemphasize elections to be held on schedule”. BBC Summary of World
Broadcasts May 23. LexisNexis.
Calgary Herald (1996). “Troops on alert after defence chief fired”. Calgary Herald May 21. LexisNexis: A13.
Courier Mail (1996). “Coup Crisis Hits Dhaka”. Courier-Mail May 21. LexisNexis.
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada (1998). “Political Developments and Political Violence”.
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada May 1.
Keesing’s (1996). “Bangladesh – Reported coup attempt”. In: Keesing’s Record of World Events.
Vol. 42. Keesing’s Worldwide, LLC: 41095.
The Globe and Mail (1996). “Bangladeshi President fires army chief”. The Globe and Mail May
21. LexisNexis.
MID#4007
References
Agence France Presse (1994a). “Indian, Pakistani troops in gun battle: press reports”. Agence
France Presse January 12. LexisNexis.
— (1994b). “Two killed, four injured in alleged Indian cross-border firing”. Agence France Presse
December 29. LexisNexis.
— (1995a). “Indian troops kill six in Kashmir border shooting: report”. Agence France Presse May
25.
— (1995b). “Two dead in Indian cross-border shooting in Kashmir”. Agence France Presse May
27. LexisNexis.
— (1995c). “U.N. officers escape Indian firing at Kashmir border, says Pakistan”. Agence France
Presse February 20. LexisNexis.
F–303
Agence France Presse (1996a). “India, Pakistan trade fire over Kashmir border”. Agence France
Presse February 23.
— (1996b). “Indian gunners fire two rockets into Pakistani Kashmir: TV”. Agence France Presse
February 18. LexisNexis.
— (1996c). “Kashmir ceasefire holds, India fears missile attack from Pakistan”. Agence France
Presse February 1. LexisNexis.
— (1996d). “Kashmir villagers flee as Indian, Pakistani troops trade fire”. Agence France Presse
January 28. LexisNexis.
— (1996e). “Two killed in cross-border fire in Kashmir”. Agence France Presse October 17. LexisNexis.
— (1996f). “Urgent”. Agence France Presse February 11. LexisNexis.
— (1997a). “India accuses India of artillery attack in Kashmir”. Agence France Presse September
3. LexisNexis.
— (1997b). “Kashmir shelling ends after six days: defence official”. Agence France Presse April
14. By Surinder Oberoi; LexisNexis.
— (1997c). “Pakistan confirms clashes along Kashmir border, denies toll report”. Agence France
Presse August 24. LexisNexis.
— (1997d). “Three more dead from Indian shelling in Pakistani Kashmir: official”. Agence France
Presse September 6. LexisNexis.
— (1998a). “Five Pakistani soldiers die in Kashmir fighting: India”. Agence France Presse October
27. LexisNexis.
— (1998b). “India and Pakistan trade artillery fire ahead of peace talks”. Agence France Presse
November 2. LexisNexis.
— (1998c). “Pakistani soldier killed in bid on Indian glacier”. Agence France Presse October 31.
LexisNexis.
— (1999a). “Alleged Indian cross-border fire kills three in Pakistani Kashmir”. Agence France
Presse May 17. LexisNexis.
— (1999b). “Heavy Indian stirkes in Kashmir amid war of words with Pakistan”. Agence France
Presse June 23. By Tauseef Mustafa; LexisNexis.
— (1999c). “India bombs Kashmir guerillas, alleges Pakistan involvement”. Agence France Presse
June 5. By Surinder Oberoi; LexisNexis.
— (1999d). “Indian air force claims success in Kashmir, peace efforts seem stalled”. Agence France
Presse June 29. By Surinder Oberoi; LexisNexis.
— (1999e). “Indian jets bomb rebels in Kashmir, Pakistan on alert”. Agence France Presse May
26. By Surinder Oberoi; LexisNexis.
— (1999f). “Indians kill two Pakistani soldiers at Slachin glacier”. Agence France Presse March
30. LexisNexis.
F–304
Agence France Presse (1999g). “Kashmir artillery duel rages on even as talk dates are set”. Agence
France Presse June 9. LexisNexis.
— (1999h). “Pakistan FM holds brief peace talks with India amid fighting”. Agence France Presse
June 12. By Jay Shankar; LexisNexis.
— (1999i). “Pakistan says Kashmir disengagement nearing completion”. Agence France Presse
July 17. LexisNexis.
— (1999j). “Shelling in Kashmir as India recovers bodies of Pakistan ‘soldiers’”. Agence France
Presse June 4. LexisNexis.
Associated Press International (1997a). “18 civilians killed in India in cross-border fire from Pakistan”. Associated Press International September 30. By Binoo Joshi; LexisNexis.
— (1997b). “India-Pakistan frontier still tense as leaders begin talks”. Associated Press International May 10. By Dilip Ganguly; LexisNexis.
— (1998). “Indian defence sources report heavy firing in Kashmir with Pakistan-Kashmir”. Associated Press International May 26. LexisNexis.
— (1999a). “Muslim holiday marred by clashes”. Associated Press International January 19. LexisNexis.
— (1999b). “Pakistan says it shot down two Indian jets in Kashmir EDS: Recasts lede; AD”.
Associated Press International May 27. By Kathy Gannon; LexisNexis.
— (1999c). “Report: India puts navy on alert to counter Pakistani buildup”. Associated Press
International June 17. LexisNexis.
BBC (1994a). “[2]; MQM HQ raided; Karachi situation returning to normal”. BBC Summary of
World Broadcasts May 6. LexisNexis.
— (1994b). “foreign relations; Spokesman comments on Kashmir and Afghanistan”. BBC Summary
of World Broadcasts December 30. LexisNexis.
— (1995). “Pakistani spokesman condemns Indian firing along control line”. BBC Summary of
World Broadcasts February 4. LexisNexis.
— (1996a). “Auschwitz; Slachin Glacier standoff mentioned in Indian parliament”. BBC Summary
of World Broadcasts July 24. LexisNexis.
— (1996b). “No firing reported for first time in 12 days on Line of Control”. BBC Summary of
World Broadcasts February 1. LexisNexis.
— (1998). “Kashmir: Three people killed in ‘unprovoked’ Indian firing”. BBC Monitoring South
Asia - Political January 26. LexisNexis.
— (1999). “Kashmir: Indian Troops Carry Out Fresh Air Strike Against ‘Intruders’”. BBC Monitoring South Asia - Political May 31. LexisNexis.
Deutsche Presse-Agentur (1994a). “Indian firing across ceasfire line kills one Kashmiri”. Deutsche
Presse-Agentur October 18. LexisNexis.
— (1994b). “Indian firing across Kashmir ceasfire line reportedly kills one”. Deutsche PresseAgentur September 29. LexisNexis.
F–305
Deutsche Presse-Agentur (1994c). “Indian troops fire across Kashmir ceasefire line, injure five”.
Deutsche Presse-Agentur December 11. LexisNexis.
— (1994d). “Pakistan accuses India of violating Kashmir ceasefire line”. Deutsche Presse-Agentur
December 22. LexisNexis.
— (1994e). “U.N. observer saved Kashmiri woman braving Indian fire, says report”. Deutsche
Presse-Agentur October 5. LexisNexis.
— (1995a). “400 incidents along Kashmir border with Pakistan, says minister”. Deutsche PresseAgentur May 25. LexisNexis.
— (1995b). “Al Faran threatens to kill hostages if rescue bid launched”. Deutsche Presse-Agentur
August 18. LexisNexis.
— (1995c). “Child said killed in Indian rocket attack on Kashmir front”. Deutsche Presse-Agentur
August 15. LexisNexis.
— (1995d). “Indian firing across Kaskmir ceasefire line kills two, says report”. Deutsche PresseAgentur August 18. LexisNexis.
— (1995e). “Kashmiris fighting for survival, not for accaccess to claimants”. Deutsche PresseAgentur May 25. LexisNexis.
— (1995f). “Pakistan says Indian fire across Kashmir ceasefire line killed two”. Deutsche PresseAgentur February 2. LexisNexis.
— (1995g). “Pakistani troops fire rockets at U.N. observers’ building”. Deutsche Presse-Agentur
May 20. LexisNexis.
— (1995h). “Signs of commando bid to rescue four Western hostages in Kashmir”. Deutsche PresseAgentur August 18. LexisNexis.
— (1996a). “India denies firing rrocket on Kashmir, death toll rises to 20”. Deutsche Presse-Agentur
January 27. LexisNexis.
— (1996b). “India fires rockets across Kashmir ceasefire line, says Pakistan”. Deutsche PresseAgentur February 18. LexisNexis.
— (1996c). “Indian and Pakistani troops exchange fire in Slachin Glacier”. Deutsche PresseAgentur July 8. LexisNexis.
— (1996d). “Kidnapped journalists in Indian Kashmir are freed”. Deutsche Presse-Agentur July
8. LexisNexis.
— (1996e). “News at a Glance - 1200 GMT”. Deutsche Presse-Agentur July 8. LexisNexis.
— (1996f). “Pakistan says Indian rockets kill 18 worshipers in Kashmir mosque”. Deutsche PresseAgentur January 26. LexisNexis.
— (1997a). “India reports more firing in Kashmir, Pakistan denies casualties”. Deutsche PresseAgentur August 26. LexisNexis.
— (1997b). “Indian and Pakistani troops continue to exchange fire in Kashmir”. Deutsche PresseAgentur October 1. LexisNexis.
F–306
Deutsche Presse-Agentur (1997c). “Military tension in Kashmir unlikely to derail India-Pakistan
talks”. Deutsche Presse-Agentur August 26. LexisNexis.
— (1997d). “Pakistan troops fire across border killing two - New Delhi”. Deutsche Presse-Agentur
April 12. LexisNexis.
— (1998a). “Cross border firing by India in Kashmir kills six on Pakistan side”. Deutsche PresseAgentur July 17. LexisNexis.
— (1998b). “India boosts arms on Kashmir border, Pakistan denies provacation”. Deutsche PresseAgentur May 21. LexisNexis.
— (1998c). “Pakistan, India trade fire, allegations in Kashmir”. Deutsche Presse-Agentur July 1.
LexisNexis.
— (1998d). “Pakistan stages five nuclear tests, imposes state of emergency”. Deutsche PresseAgentur May 28. LexisNexis.
— (1998e). “Two killed in Indian cross-border firing in Kashmir, tv says”. Deutsche Presse-Agentur
June 24. LexisNexis.
— (1999). “4th Lead: Indian helicopter shot down over Kashmir”. Deutsche Presse-Agentur May
28. LexisNexis.
Inter Press Service (1997). “India-Pakistan: Peace Talks Lose Steam As Border Fight Goes On”.
Inter Press Service October 3. By Rahul Bedi; LexisNexis.
Los Angeles Times (1999). “Intruders Exit as Fighting in Kashmir Ends; Asia: Mistrust between
India and Pakistan remains high. More than 1,000 died in the border battle.” Los Angeles Times
July 18. Filkins, Dexter: 4.
New York Times (1993). “Indian-Pakistani Clashes”. New York Times September 18: 1.2.
TASS (1995). “Pakistani Troops Fire on Indian Positions in Punch Sector”. TASS January 29. By
Alexei Kuznetsov; LexisNexis.
The Herald (1993). “Pakistani soldiers ‘shot dead on Indian border’”. The Herald (Glasgow) November 8. LexisNexis: 4.
The Straits Times (1999). “Ominous signs of a widening war”. The Straits Times May 29. LexisNexis.
The Times of London (1999). “Indians reject Kashmir talks”. The Times of London June 7. By
David Orr; LexisNexis.
The Toronto Star (1998a). “Flashpoint: Kashmir”. The Toronto Star May 24. LexisNexis.
— (1998b). “Pakistan says it won’t sign test ban Wants Kashmir dispute with India resolved first”.
The Toronto Star June 29. LexisNexis: A12.
— (1999). “India Recovers Bodies of Pakistani Soldiers”. The Toronto Star June 23.
United Press International (1995a). “Eleven killed in fighting in Kashmir”. United Press International April 11. LexisNexis.
— (1995b). “Pakistan, India exchange fire”. United Press International April 17. LexisNexis; By
Murkhtar Ahmad.
F–307
United Press International (1996a). “Fighting on Kashmir-Pakistan border”. United Press International September 7. LexisNexis.
— (1996b). “India, Pakistant trade artillery fire”. United Press International January 28. By Asir
Ajmal; LexisNexis.
Xinhua News Agency (1995). “major news items in leading indian newspapers”. Xinhua News
Agency January 7. LexisNexis.
— (1997). “indian-pakistani troops continue exchaning fire in kashmir”. Xinhua News Agency
August 25. LexisNexis.
MID#4008
References
BBC (1995). “Spokesman reports Vietnamese sailors killed by Thai navy”. BBC Summary of World
Broadcasts June 5. LexisNexis.
Deutsche Presse-Agentur (1995). “Thai navy kills two Vietnamese”. Deutsche Presse-Agentur June
2. LexisNexis.
United Press International (1995a). “Thai-Vietnam battle in disputed waters”. United Press International June 2. LexisNexis.
— (1995b). “Vietnam to release Thai fishermen”. United Press International June 7. LexisNexis.
MID#4009
References
BBC (1997). “Colombia, Venezuela sign agreement to improve border cooperation”. BBC Summary
of World Broadcasts February 28.
United Press International (1995). “Venezuela-Columbia border row persists”. United Press International October 29. LexisNexis.
MID#4010
References
BBC (1993). “El Salvador and Honduras; El Salvador protests to Honduras over militarizaton of
border zone”. BBC Summary of World Broadcasts February 3. LexisNexis.
MID#4011
References
BBC (1995a). “Honduras and Nicaragua sign accord demarcating Gulf of Fonseca”. BBC Summary
of World Broadcasts June 19. LexisNexis.
F–308
BBC (1995b). “Honduras and Nicaragua to hold talks about Gulf of Fonseca incident”. BBC Summary of World Broadcasts June 3. LexisNexis.
— (1995c). “Increase in naval patrols in waters disputed with Honduras”. BBC Summary of World
Broadcasts June 15. LexisNexis.
Deutsche Presse-Agentur (1995a). “Clashes reported between Nicaragua and Honduras in Gulf of
Fonseca”. Deutsche Presse-Agentur May 31. LexisNexis.
— (1995b). “Shots exchanged as Nicaragua and Honduras clash on the high seas”. Deutsche PresseAgentur June 1. LexisNexis.
United Press International (1995). “Nicaraguan, Honduan forces clash”. United Press International
April 11. LexisNExis.
MID#4012
References
Associated Press (1995). “Tension High Between Nicaragua, Honduras Over Waters Dispute”. Associated Press December 22. LexisNexis.
MID#4013
References
United Nations (1998). “Presidential Act of Brasilia”. A/C.6/53/13 December 9. LexisNexis.
MID#4014
References
United Press International (1993). “Guatemalans denounce incursion by Belizean troops”. United
Press International October 17. LexisNexis.
Xinhua General News Service (1993). “guatemalan troops mobilize on belize border”. Xinhua General News Service October 20. LexisNexis.
MID#4015
References
Deutsche Presse-Agentur (1995). “New tensions between Central American neighbors in border
incident”. Deutsche Presse-Agentur September 14. LexisNexis.
Keesing’s (1995). “Guatemala – Sep 1995 – Demobilization of comisionados – Peace talks”. In:
Keesing’s Record of World Events. Vol. 41. Keesing’s Worldwide, LLC: 40721.
F–309
United Press International (1995). “Guatemalan troops sent to Belize border”. United Press International September 23. LexisNexis.
MID#4016
References
Agence France Presse (1994a). “Day of return is near, Aristide tells Haitians”. Agence France Presse
July 16. LexisNexis.
— (1994b). “U.S. steps up invasion preparations in Haiti”. Agence France Presse September 12.
LexisNexis.
Associated Press Worldstream (1994a). “Clinton Meets Top Military Leaders in Preparation for
Possible Invasion”. Associated Press Worldstream September 17. By Nancy Benac; LexisNexis.
— (1994b). “Haitian Government Officials Declare Intention to Fight Back”. Associated Press
Worldstream August 1. By Jeffrey Ulbrich; LexisNexis.
— (1994c). “Haiti’s De Facto Government Protests Incursion of U.S. Warships”. Associated Press
Worldstream September 13. By Michael Norton; LexisNexis.
— (1994d). “Haiti’s Military Government Beats Chest; U.S. Warship Digs In”. Associated Press
Worldstream September 15. By Lisa M. Hamm; LexisNexis.
— (1994e). “Massacre Reported as Human Rights Observers Expelled from Haiti”. Associated
Press Worldstream July 13. LexisNexis.
— (1994f). “Multinational Force Would Police Haiti After an Invastion with Haiti, US-Ha”. Associated Press Worldstream September 16. LexisNexis.
— (1994g). “Pentagon Opts for High-Profile Invasion Using ‘Overwhelming Force’”. Associated
Press Worldstream September 10. LexisNexis; by Susanne M. Schafer.
BBC (1994). “FRAPH leader demands removal of US ships off Haitian coast”. BBC Summary of
World Broadcasts May 27. LexisNexis.
CNN (1994a). “Haiti - Ready, Set...Invade?” CNN September 12. LexisNexis.
— (1994b). “Transcript 430”. CNN September 15. LexisNexis.
Deutsche Presse-Agentur (1994). “U.S. calls up reservists for Haiti invasion”. Deutsche PresseAgentur September 15. LexisNexis.
Facts on File World News Digest (1993a). “Talks at Standstill on Aristide Return; Other News”.
Facts On File World News Digest November 11. LexisNexis.
— (1993b). “U.N. Reimposes Oil, Arms Embargo on Haiti As Efforts to Reinstate Aristide Unravel;
Coup Leaders Defiant as Warships Arrive; Other News”. Facts On File World News Digest
October 21. LexisNexis.
— (1994). “U.S. Steps Up Haiti Invasion Planning; Clinton, Top Aides Review Options; Other
Developments”. Facts On File World News Digest September 8. LexisNexis.
F–310
Keesing’s (1994a). “Shift in US policy”. In: Keesing’s Record of World Events. Vol. 40. Keesing’s
Worldwide, LLC: 39952.
— (1994b). “US Intervention Formula for resignation of junta”. In: Keesing’s Record of World
Events. Vol. 40. Keesing’s Worldwide, LLC: 40174.
New York Times (1994a). “Haiti’s New Militia Drills With Sticks”. New York Times August 11.
By Rick Bragg; LexisNexis: A8.
— (1994b). “Showdown in Haiti: At The White House; Clinton Addresses Nation on Threat To
Invade Haiti; Tells Dictators To Get Out”. New York Times September 16. By Douglas Jehl;
LexisNexis: A1.
— (1994c). “Showdown with Haiti: The President; Behind the Scenes at the White House: Clinton
Takes ‘Last Best Chance’ to Avoid Invasion”. New York Times September 18. By Douglas Jehl;
LexisNexis: A12.
— (1994d). “Standoff in Haiti: Haiti; Haitians are Undeterred By New Clinton Policy”. New York
Times July 7. LexisNexis: A8.
— (1994e). “Standoff in Haiti: U.S. Strategy; U.S. Troops Stage Military Exercise With Eye on
Haiti”. New York Times July 7. LexisNexis: A1.
— (1994f). “Text of Haiti Agreement”. New York Times September 19: A9.
— (1994g). “Top U.S. Officials Appear to Disagree on Haitian Leaders”. New York Times September 12. LexisNexis: A6.
— (1994h). “U.N. Authorizes Invasion of Haiti To Be Led by U.S.” New York Times August 1.
LexisNexis: A1.
— (1994i). “U.S. Making Moves for Haiti Action”. New York Times July 15. LexisNexis: A1.
— (1994j). “U.S. Move on Haiti May Be Weeks Away”. New York Times August 1. LexisNexis;
By Eric Schmitt: A6.
Ottawa Citizen (1993). “Six U.S. warships prepare to enforce embargo on Haiti”. The Ottawa
Citizen October 16. LexisNexis.
The Gazette (1994). “Haiti Invasion Nears, Christopher Warns”. The Gazette September 12. (Montreal, Quebec); LexisNexis; By AP/Reuter: A1.
The Toronto Star (1994a). “Haiti gets another invasion warning”. The Toronto Star September 12.
LexisNexis: A12.
— (1994b). “Haitians decry violence at mass for shot judge”. The Toronto Star September 11. By
Reuter; LexisNexis: A16.
— (1994c). “U.S.-led troops gear up to Invade Haiti”. The Toronto Star August 31. By Reuter;
LexisNexis: A10.
United Press International (1994a). “Clinton speech to nation on Haiti”. United Press International
September 15. By Lori Santos; LexisNexis.
— (1994b). “Haitian Shot at Haiti-Dominican Border”. United Press International June 5. LexisNexis.
F–311
MID#4017
References
Agence France Presse (1993a). “Italy wants tighter security on border with former Yugoslavia”.
Agence France Presse August 12. LexisNexis.
— (1993b). “Slovenia links Italian frontier force with NATO Bosnia threat”. Agence France Presse
August 13. LexisNexis.
BBC (1993a). “Bosnia-Hercegovina Army Commander On Military Agreement And Outside Intervention”. BBC Summary of World Broadcasts August 14. LExisNexis: C1.
— (1993b). “Slovenia demands explanation for deployment of Italian troops on border”. BBC
Summary of World Broadcasts/The Monitoring Report August 14. LexisNexis.
New York Times (1993). “Italy, Worried on Bosnia, Reinforces North”. New York Times August
13. LexisNexis: 8.
Xinhua General News Service (1993). “slovenia uneasy over italian border troop increase”. Xinhua
General News Service August 12. LexisNexis.
MID#4018
References
Agence France Presse (1993a). “Five Killed in China-N.Korea Border Clashes: report”. Agence
France Presse June 4. LexisNexis.
— (1993b). “North Korea orders all foreigners to leave country by June 15”. Agence France Presse
June 4. LexisNexis.
BBC (1993a). “China and North Korea; Hong Kong Magazine on Sino-North Korean Tension”.
BBC Summary of World Broadcasts June 8. LexisNexis: 46.
— (1993b). “Hong Kong Magazine On Sino-North Korean Tension”. BBC Summary of World
Broadcasts June 8. LexisNexis: A1.
Keesing’s (1993a). “Controversy over nuclear issue”. In: Keesing’s Record of World Events. Vol. 39.
Keesing’s Worldwide, LLC: 39463.
— (1993b). “Korea – May 1993 – Controvery over nuclear issue”. In: Keesing’s Record of World
Events. Vol. 39. Keesing’s Worldwide, LLC: 39463.
MID#4019
References
BBC (1995a). “Foreign Relations: North Korea fires at Chinese boat, rejects China’s official visit”.
BBC Summary of World Broadcasts May 20. LexisNexis.
— (1995b). “North Korea fires at Chinese boat, rejects Chinese official’s visit”. BBC Summary of
World Broadcasts May 20. LexisNexis.
F–312
MID#4020
References
Agence France Presse (1995a). “China condems Taiwan over shooting of fisherman”. Agence France
Presse August 10. LexisNexis.
— (1995b). “China gives new missile warning to Taiwan”. Agence France Presse August 10. LexisNexis.
BBC (1995a). “Taiwan; ARATS lodges protest with Taipei over killing of fisherman in May”. BBC
Summary of World Broadcasts June 5. LexisNexis.
— (1995b). “taiwan; ARATS protest at Taiwan troops’ shooting incident”. BBC Summary of
World Broadcasts January 21. LexisNexis.
— (1995c). “Taiwan; Mainland calls on Taiwan to end shooting incidents”. BBC Summary of
World Broadcasts August 11. LexisNexis.
— (1995d). “Taiwan; Taiwan condemned for killing mainland fisherman”. BBC Summary of World
Broadcasts August 11. LexisNexis.
New York Times (1995). “China Revamps Forces With Eye to Sea Claims”. New York Times
January 2. By Patrick E. Tyler, Special to The New York Times: 2.
Ross, Robert S. (2000). “The 1995-96 Taiwan Strait Confrontation: Coercion, Credibility, and the
Use of Force”. International Security Fall: 87–123.
MID#4021
References
Keesing’s (1993). “Deterioration of Relations North Korean Withdrawal from NPT”. In: Keesing’s
Record of World Events. Vol. 39. Keesing’s Worldwide, LLC: 39366.
New York Times (1993a). “In Reversal, North Korea Bars Nuclear Inspectors”. New York Times
February 9. By David E. Sanger; LexisNexis: A13.
— (1993b). “North Korea, Fighting Inspection, Renounces Nuclear Arms Treaty”. New York Times
March 12. LexisNexis; By David E Sanger: A1.
United Press International (1993). “North Korea lifts ”state of semi-war””. United Press International March 24. LexisNexis.
Xinhua General News Service (1993). “rok-u.s. military exercise begins”. Xinhua General News
Service March 9. LexisNexis.
MID#4022
References
Agence France Presse (1993a). “Clinton raps unions for fighting NAFTA”. Agence France Presse
November 7. LexisNexis.
F–313
Agence France Presse (1993b). “Hosokawa, Kim agree to press Pyongyang over nuclear ambition”.
Agence France Presse November 7. LexisNexis.
— (1994a). “North Korea ready to punish US more seriously than in Korean War”. Agence France
Presse February 12. LexisNexis.
— (1994b). “South Korea lifts military alert, North Korea consolidates internal unity”. Agence
France Presse July 23. LexisNexis.
— (1994c). “US official to discuss nuclear crisis in Japan, South Korea”. Agence France Presse
June 9. LexisNexis.
— (1995a). “North Korea hints at partial resumption of old nuke reactors”. Agence France Presse
April 27. LexisNexis.
— (1995b). “South Korean troops put on alert against North Korea”. Agence France Presse April
4. LexisNexis.
Associated Press International (2000). “Latest round of North Korean-U.S. talks to begin in Rome
EDS: UPDATES with U.S. State Department team arriving in North Korea, U.S. State Department saying missile issues to be discussed in Rome”. Associated Press International May
23. LexisNexis.
Associated Press Worldstream (1994a). “In Latest War Preparations, Seoul Checking Civil Defense
Systems”. Associated Press Worldstream June 10. LexisNexis.
— (1994b). “Kim Puts South Korean Army on Increased Alert”. Associated Press Worldstream
May 21. LexisNexis.
— (1994c). “North Korea Said to Put Its Army on High Alert”. Associated Press Worldstream
March 25. LexisNexis.
— (1994d). “South Korean Forces Put on Alert, Pressure Increases on North”. Associated Press
Worldstream May 31. LexisNexis.
— (1994e). “Urgent North Korea Puts Its Army on High Alert”. Associated Press Worldstream
March 25. LexisNexis.
— (1994f). “With BC-Korea-Nuclear South Korea Begins Crackdown on Pro-North Korean Lab”.
Associated Press Worldstream June 10. LexisNexis.
— (1995). “North Korea Still Studying U.S. Proposal for Talks”. Associated Press Worldstream
April 27. LexisNexis.
BBC (1993). “[5]; North blames South for failure to contact: ‘prepared to dialogue and war’”. BBC
Summary of World Broadcasts November 11. LexisNexis.
— (1994a). “[1]; Emergency alert as North’s fighter planes advance south”. BBC Summary of
World Broadcasts May 2. LexisNexis.
— (1994b). “[3]; South Korea reports North Korean ambassador’s warning of war”. BBC Summary
of World Broadcasts March 25. LexisNexis.
— (1994c). “[5]; South’s ‘heavy weapons’ in Demilitarized Zone ‘grave threat’ to North’s soldiers”.
BBC Summary of World Broadcasts June 9. LexisNexis.
F–314
BBC (1994d). “North Korea staging exercise due to Kitty Hawk’s presence”. BBC Summary of
World Broadcasts November 5. LexisNexis.
Christian Science Monitor (1994). “Australia Foreign Minister Backs Tough Korea Stance”. The
Christian Science Monitor June 22. Ron Scherer: 3.
Deutsche Presse-Agentur (1994). “South Korea ups the stakes on eve of Korean nuclear talks”.
Deutsche Presse-Agentur Septemeber 22. LexisNexis.
Facts on File World News Digest (1993). “Aspin Addresses North Korea Threat on Asia Trip;
Offers Japan New Defense System; Other News”. Facts On File World News Digest November
11. LexisNexis.
— (1994). “News in Brief”. Facts on File World News Digest May 5. LexisNexis.
Financial Times (1994). “Patriots deployed to South Korea”. Financial Times April 22. LexisNexis.
Japan Economic Newswire (1994a). “Clinton approves sending Patriot missles to S. Korea”. Japan
Economic Newswire March 22. LexisNexis.
— (1994b). “Kim orders 24-hour alert against N. Korean moves”. Japan Economic Newswire May
2. LexisNexis.
— (1994c). “N. Korean forces on emergency alert, Seoul says”. Japan Economic Newswire March
25. LexisNexis.
— (1994d). “Seoul promises to play key role in North’s reactor plan”. Japan Economic Newswire
September 22. LexisNexis.
— (1994e). “U.S. preparing sanctions resolution against N. Korea”. Japan Economic Newswire
June 10. LexisNexis.
Keesing’s (1993). “Continued tensions over nuclear inspections issue”. In: Keesing’s Record of World
Events. Vol. 39. Keesing’s Worldwide, LLC: 39736.
— (1994a). “Continuing dispute over nuclear inspections”. In: Keesing’s Record of World Events.
Vol. 40. Keesing’s Worldwide, LLC: 39910.
— (1994b). “Dispute over nuclear inspections”. In: Keesing’s Record of World Events. Vol. 40.
Keesing’s Worldwide, LLC: 39958.
Los Angeles Times (1993). “North Korea Troops Buildup Near DMZ Causes Concern”. Los Angeles
Times November 6. By Jeffrey R. Smith; ProQuest: 8.
New York TImes (1993). “Clinton Warns North Korea Against Building Atom Bomb”. New York
Times November 8. LexisNexis; By Stephen A. Holmes: A6.
New York Times (1994). “U.S. Is Bolstering Forces In Korea”. New York Times March 27. By
Michael R. Gordon, Special to The New York Times: 10.
— (1995). “North Korea Threat Seen on Halt of Atom Talks”. New York Times April 23. By
Andrew Pollack: 12.
Ottawa Citizen (1994). “Briefly”. The Ottawa Citizen May 1. LexisNexis: C1.
The Daily Yomiuri (1994). “Shaken South Korea goes on alert after adversary Kim Il Sung dies”.
The Daily Yomiuri July 10. LexisNexis.
F–315
The Times of London (1994). “US bolsters firepower near Korean border zone”. The Times of
London June 7. LexisNexis.
United Press International (1994a). “Arrival of Patriots dangerous says Pyongyang”. United Press
International April 19. LexisNexis.
— (1994b). “S. Korean defense minister: provocation will lead to retaliation”. United Press International March 23. LexisNexis.
— (1995). “Seoul cites border intrusions by N. Korea”. United Press International April 27. LexisNexis.
Washington Post (1993). “North Korea Bolsters Border Force”. The Washington Post November
6. R Smith: A19.
MID#4023
References
BBC (1993a). “’Cheng Ming’: Chinese Leaders At Military Meeting Show ”Impatience” On Taiwan”. BBC Summary of World Broadcasts February 10. LexisNexis: A2.
— (1993b). “North and South Korea; ‘Nodong Sinmun’: ’Team Spirit’ exercise part of US ”war of
aggression in Asia””. BBC Summary of World Broadcasts February 8. LexisNexis.
— (1993c). “Reuinification Of China And Taiwan Dependent On Role Of USA”. BBC Summary
of World Broadcasts February 8. LexisNexis: A1.
Keesing’s (1993). “Appointment of New Premier”. In: Keesing’s Record of World Events. Vol. 39.
Keesing’s Worldwide, LLC: 39316.
The Straits Times (1993). “Is Asia in an arms race?” The Straits Times February 14. LexisNexis.
MID#4024
References
BBC (1994a). “Spratlys: Taiwan police set foot on largest island for first time”. BBC Summary of
World Broadcasts April 28. LexisNexis.
— (1994b). “Spratlys: Taiwan sends police patol boats to protect Taiwanese fishing vessels”. BBC
Summary of World Broadcasts April 27. LexisNexis.
Central News Agency (1994). “Coastal Police Return From First Spratlys Run”. Central News
Agency - Taiwan April 28. LexisNexis.
Japan Economic Newswire (1994). “Taiwan dispatches patrol boats to Spratly Islands”. Japan
Economic Newswire April 25. LexisNexis.
F–316
MID#4025
References
Deutsche Presse-Agentur (1995a). “Taiwan admits police vessel intruded in Japanese waters”.
Deutsche Presse-Agentur January 11. LexisNexis.
— (1995b). “Taiwan defends police boat’s incursion into Okinawa Waters”. Deutsche PresseAgentur January 12. LexisNexis.
Japan Economic Newswire (1995). “Taiwan says it does not recognize Okinawa as Japanese”. Japan
Economic Newswire January 12. LexisNexis.
MID#4026
References
Japan Economic Newswire (1996). “Japan blocks H.K.’s reporters’ entry to Senkaku Islands”. Japan
Economic Newswire September 5. LexisNexis.
United Press International (1996). “Taiwan challenges Japanese land claim”. United Press International September 6. LexisNexis.
MID#4027
References
BBC (1995). “Philippines defence chief confirms Chinese ships in disputed islands”. BBC Summary
of World Broadcasts February 11. LexisNexis.
Deutsche Presse-Agentur (1995a). “China tells Philippines it wants peaceful end to Spratlys dispute”. Deutsche Presse-Agentur August 11. LexisNexis.
— (1995b). “Chinese fishermen captured in Spratlys in court in the Philippines”. Deutsche PresseAgentur May 31. LexisNexis.
— (1995c). “Chinese ships block Philippine navy vessel entering Spratly reef”. Deutsche PresseAgentur May 16. LexisNexis.
— (1995d). “Philippines and China agree on code of conduct in the Spratlys”. Deutsche PresseAgentur August 10. LexisNexis.
— (1995e). “Philippines and China begin talks on disputed Spratly islands”. Deutsche PresseAgentur August 9. LexisNexis.
— (1995f). “Philippines’ Ramos downplays Chinese miitary exercise in Spratlys”. Deutsche PresseAgentur August 24. LexisNexis.
The Guardian (1995). “Spratlys Tension Rises”. The Guardian June 16. LexisNexis: 12.
F–317
MID#4028
References
BBC (1996a). “Philippines military chief orders troop upgrade in Spratlys”. BBC Summary of
World Broadcasts December 30. LexisNexis.
— (1996b). “Philippines: president reportedly ”sheliving” claims to Spratlys”. BBC Summary of
World Broadcasts December 5. LexisNexis.
Deutsche Presse-Agentur (1997a). “Philippine activist burns Chinese and Malaysian flags in protest”.
Deutsche Presse-Agentur May 5. LexisNexis.
— (1997b). “Philippine forces again spot Chinese vessels in Spratly areas”. Deutsche PresseAgentur June 24. LexisNexis.
— (1997c). “Philippine navy arrests 21 Chinese fishermen near disputed area”. Deutsche PresseAgentur May 27. LexisNexis.
— (1997d). “Philippine Navy official says Chinese might return to Spratlys”. Deutsche PresseAgentur May 10. LexisNexis.
— (1997e). “Philippine navy spots Chinese vessels in disputed Spratly Islands”. Deutsche PresseAgentur April 29. LexisNexis.
South China Morning Post (1997). “Philippines releases 23 fishermen”. South China Morning Post
September 24. LexisNexis: 3.
MID#4029
References
BBC (1993). “Vietnam claims China has resumed oil exploration off Spratly Islands”. BBC Summary of World Broadcasts September 17. LexisNexis.
Japan Economic Newswire (1993). “China resumes oil exploration off Vietnam”. Japan Economic
Newswire September 16. LexisNexis.
Oil & Gas Journal (1993). Oil & Gas Journal October 11. LexisNexis: 4.
South China Morning Post (1993). “Military exercises under way”. South China Morning Post
August 26. LexisNexis: 9.
The Herald (1993). “Restraint urged in islands row”. The Herald (Glasgow) August 27. LexisNexis:
4.
The Straits Times (1993). “Early normalising of US-Vietnam ties in interest of region, says Hanoi”.
The Straits Times October 9. LexisNexis.
F–318
MID#4030
References
Agence France Presse (1994). “China demands Vietnam release detained fishing boats, crew”.
Agence France Presse July 5. LexisNexis.
BBC (1994). “Vietnam says China increasing naval presence in area near Spratlys”. BBC Summary
of World Broadcasts May 14. LexisNexis.
Japan Economic Newswire (1994a). “China said increasing naval presence around Spratlys”. Japan
Economic Newswire May 12. LexisNexis.
— (1994b). “Vietnam ships chase Chinese vessel off Spratlys”. Japan Economic Newswire August
22. LexisNexis.
New York Times (1994). “China Sends Warships to Vietnam Oil Site”. New York Times July 21.
By Philip Shenon; LexisNexis: A17.
South China Morning Post (1994a). “Call for Spratlys peace”. South China Morning Post August
19. LexisNexis: 1.
— (1994b). “Vietnam in Spratlys gunship showdown”. South China Morning Post August 22. By
Greg Torode; LexisNexis: 8.
The Independent (1994). “Spat over oil islands could sink Asean’s search for a new role”. The
Independent July 23. LexisNexis: 8.
The Toronto Star (1994). “Vietnam, China clash over sea bed War looms as they both claim oil-rich
area”. The Toronto Star July 22. By Peter Goodspeed; LexisNexis: A14.
MID#4031
References
Deutsche Presse-Agentur (1995). “Canada fish war over, Spanish minister pleased, fishermen peeved”.
Deutsche Presse-Agentur April 16. LexisNexis.
Ottawa Citizen (1995). “Trawler seized at gunpoint”. The Ottawa Citizen March 10. LexisNexis:
A1.
The Independent (1995). “Canadians claim victory in fish war; Atlantic clash with Spain ends with
’trail-blazing agreement’”. The Independent April 17. LexisNexis: 1.
The Toronto Star (1995). “Fish deal winners”. The Toronto Star April 18. LexisNexis: A20.
United Nations (1995). “Agreement constituted in the form of an Agreed Minute, an Exchange of
Letters, an Exchange of Notes and the Annexes thereto between the European Community and
Canada on fisheries in the context of the NAFO Convention”. Food and Agriculture Organization
of the United Nations L 308, 21/12/1995 P. 0080 - 0091 L 327 30/12/95 P. 0036.
F–319
MID#4032
References
Inter Press Service (1993). “Zaire: Mobutu Strives To Keep Belgian Troops Out of Kinshasa”. Inter
Press Service February 1. LexisNexis.
New York Times (1993a). “Belgians Begin Their Evacuation of Zaire”. New York Times January
31. LexisNexis: 14.
— (1993b). “French Troops Enter Zaire; 45 Reported Killed in Riots”. New York Times January
30. LexisNexis: 6.
The Gazette (1993). “French paratroops take 220 expatriates to Zaire to Congo”. The Gazette
February 1. LexisNexis: B1.
The Guardian (1993a). “Death Toll Mounts In Zaire As Troops Go On Rampage; France and
Belgium to evacuate their nationals after foreigners are killed”. The Guardian January 30.
LexisNexis: 13.
— (1993b). “Mobutu Warns Belgians Against Military Landing; French troops evacuate foreigners
as Zairean loyalists resume control”. The Guardian February 1. LexisNexis: 8.
The Herald (1993). “Belgian troops on standby for Zaire”. The Herald (Glasgow) February 1.
LexisNexis: 5.
The Independent (1993a). “Expatriates leave Kinshasa”. The Independent February 1. LexisNexis:
10.
— (1993b). “French troops sent to Zaire”. The Independent January 30. LexisNexis: 12.
Vancouver Sun (1993). “French soldiers escort foreigners from Zaire”. Vancouver Sun February 1.
LexisNexis: A10.
MID#4035
References
Japan Economic Newswire (1994). “China holding major naval exercises”. Japan Economic Newswire
September 16. LexisNexis.
New York Times (1994a). “Let Taiwan First Give Up Its Claims to China”. New York Times July
7. LexisNexis: 18.
— (1994b). “Taiwan Pushes to Rebuild Its Position in Global Community”. New York Times June
26. LexisNexis: 8.
South China Morning Post (1994). “Xiamen ups defenses after Taiwan shelling”. South China
Morning Post September 20. LexisNexis: 7.
The Financial Post (1994). “Taiwan still feels ththreaten by China”. The Financial Post November
19. LexisNexis: S3.
United Press International (1994). “Taiwan repells Chinese submarine”. United Press International
June 4. LexisNexis.
F–320
Washington Post (1994). “Taiwan Shells China, Wounds 4, Apologizes; Beijing Denounces ’Vicious
Incident’”. The Washington Post November 16. LexisNexis: A20.
MID#4038
References
BBC (1993a). “Cyprus; Government says reported Demirel comment on Cyprus is provocative,
unacceptable”. BBC Summary of World Broadcasts January 25. LexisNexis.
— (1993b). “Government says reported Demirel comment on Cyprus is provocatice, unacceptable”.
BBC Summary of World Broadcasts January 25. LexisNexis.
— (1993c). “Turkish Cypriot premier accuses Greek Cypriots of ”tricks and provocations””. BBC
Summary of World Broadcasts April 14. LexisNexis.
Xinhua General News Service (1993a). “cypriot president to inform U.N. of reported air strike
threats by turkey”. Xinhua General News Service January 25. LexisNexis.
— (1993b). “greece rejects turkish statement on cyprus”. Xinhua General News Service January
23.
— (1993c). “round-up: strong reaction to killing of greek cypriot soldier in buffer zone”. Xinhua
General News Service April 9. LexisNexis.
— (1993d). “shots fired on green line dividing cyprus”. Xinhua General News Service April 12.
LexisNexis.
— (1993e). “turkish cypriot posts come under fire”. Xinhua General News Service April 13. LexisNexis.
MID#4039
References
BBC (1993). “Turks say Greeks have increased border provocations since elections in Greece”. BBC
Summary of World Broadcasts October 16. LexisNexis.
Xinhua General News Service (1993). “turkish cypriot posts come under fire”. Xinhua General
News Service April 13. LexisNexis.
MID#4040
References
Agence France Presse (1994a). “Ankara warns of war if Athens extends territorial waters”. Agence
France Presse October 20. LexisNexis.
— (1994b). “Greece agrees to meeting over relations with neighbours”. Agence France Presse October 20. LexisNexis.
F–321
Agence France Presse (1994c). “Greece ‘vigilant’ during rival war games with Turkey in Aegean”.
Agence France Presse November 16. LexisNexis.
— (1995). “Turkish warplane crashes into sea after interception by Greece”. Agence France Presse
February 8. LexisNexis.
BBC (1994a). “Foreign minister: extension of Greek territorial waters would mean war”. BBC
Summary of World Broadcasts October 25. LexisNexis.
— (1994b). “foreign relations; Mobilization of large numbers of Greek troops”. BBC Summary of
World Broadcasts November 14. LexisNexis.
— (1994c). “Greek & Turkish naval exercises end without clashes”. BBC Summary of World Broadcasts November 22. LexisNexis.
— (1994d). “Relations with Greece and Turkey; Nicosia FIR violation by Turkish aircraft: Greek
fighters intercept”. BBC Summary of World Broadcasts October 8. LexisNexis.
— (1995). “President warns Greece against hostile attitude”. BBC Summary of World Broadcasts
June 19. LexisNexis.
Deutsche Presse-Agentur (1994a). “Greece closes Albanian border crossing, rising tension”. Deutsche
Presse-Agentur September 8. LexisNexis.
— (1994b). “Turkey threatens war if Greece sets territorial waters at 12 miles”. Deutsche PresseAgentur October 20. LexisNexis.
— (1994c). “Turkish army on alert against Greece’s alleged Aegean plans”. Deutsche PresseAgentur October 23. LexisNexis.
— (1995a). “Greek parliament ratifies accord on expanding territorial waters”. Deutsche PresseAgentur June 1. LexisNexis.
— (1995b). “Parliament clears way for Turkish military action against Greece”. Deutsche PresseAgentur June 8. LexisNexis.
— (1995c). “Turkey repeats threat as Greece ratifies territorial waters accord”. Deutsche PresseAgentur June 1. LexisNexis.
Facts on File World News Digest (1995). “Other European News; Turkish Plane Crashes After
Pursuit”. Facts On File World News Digest February 23. LexisNexis.
Financial Times (1994). “Turkey in threat to Greece”. Financial Times October 3. By Reuter;
LexisNexis: 3.
Ottawa Citizen (1995). “Greece, Turkey downplay downing of fighter plane”. The Ottawa Citizen
February 9. LexisNexis: F12.
The Globe and Mail (1995). “Turkey flexes naval muscle with manoeuvres in Aegean”. The Globe
and Mail June 2. LexisNexis.
The Herald (1994). “Greece set for 12-mile territorial limit as Turkey warns of war”. The Herald
(Glasgow) November 15. LexisNexis: 4.
Xinhua News Agency (1994a). “albania and greece blame each other for border conflict”. Xinhua
News Agency July 9. LexisNexis.
F–322
Xinhua News Agency (1994b). “albania wishes to talk to greece on incident”. Xinhua News Agency
April 15. LexisNexis.
— (1994c). “ciller: greek expanding of territorial waters would mean war”. Xinhua News Agency
June 8. LexisNexis.
— (1994d). “greece accuses turkish violation of its airspace”. Xinhua News Agency November 17.
LexisNexis.
— (1994e). “greece, albania meet on border incident”. Xinhua News Agency April 20. LexisNexis.
— (1994f). “greece proposes talks with albania on border incident”. Xinhua News Agency April
14. LexisNexis.
— (1994g). “turkey protests to greece over shooting incident”. Xinhua News Agency September
19. LexisNexis.
MID#4041
References
Deutsche Presse-Agentur (1994a). “Greece cloes Albanian border crossing, rising tension”. Deutsche
Presse-Agentur September 8. LexisNexis.
— (1994b). “Illegal Albanian immigrants deported as Greek ties with Tirana sour”. Deutsche
Presse-Agentur August 16. LexisNexis.
The Independent (1994a). “Athens expels Albanian envoy over border clash”. The Independent
April 13. LexisNexis: 9.
— (1994b). “Tirana imprisons five ethnic Greek activists”. The Independent September 8. LexisNexis: 10.
MID#4042
References
Agence France Presse (1993). “Japan calls on Russia for explanation over shooting incident”. Agence
France Presse December 1. LexisNexis.
— (1995a). “Russian border boats fire on Japanese near Kurils”. Agence France Presse April 5.
LexisNexis.
— (1995b). “Russian warplane briefly violates Japanese air space”. Agence France Presse March
23. LexisNexis.
Associated Press Worldstream (1994). “10-6 0204 Russian, Japan trade charges over”. Associated
Press Worldstream October 5. LexisNexis.
— (1995). “Russian Ship Fires Warning Shots Near Japanese Fishing Boat”. Associated Press
Worldstream April 6. LexisNexis.
F–323
BBC (1993a). “Russian Liberal Democratic Party leader denies territorial dispute with Japan”.
BBC Summary of World Broadcasts December 15. LexisNexis.
— (1993b). “Tokyo lodges protest at Russia’s seizure of Japanese fishing boat”. BBC Summary of
World Broadcasts December 3. LexisNexis.
— (1994a). “Japan: caution on Russian proposal to allow fishing rights off disputed islands”. BBC
Summary of World Broadcasts May 23. LexisNexis.
— (1994b). “Japan proposes aid to Russia for safe fishing in Kurils”. BBC Summary of World
Broadcasts November 1. LexisNexis.
— (1995a). “Foreign Relations; Russia reports detention of fishing boats and ‘poaching tackle’”.
BBC Summary of World Broadcasts September 28. LexisNexis.
— (1995b). “Foreign Relations; Russian coastguard fires warning shots at Japanese poachers”.
BBC Summary of World Broadcasts April 8. LexisNexis.
— (1995c). “Other Reports; Russian coast guards fire warning shots at Japanese fishing boats”.
BBC Summary of World Broadcasts May 12. LexisNexis.
— (1995d). “Russia and Japan in talks on Kurils fishing agreement”. BBC Summary of World
Broadcasts December 22. LexisNexis.
— (1995e). “Russia favours ”mutually beneficial” fishing agreement with Japan”. BBC Summary
of World Broadcasts September 7. LexisNexis.
— (1996a). “Japan and Russia fishing talks end without agreement”. BBC Summary of World
Broadcasts February 23. LexisNexis.
— (1996b). “Japan and Russia to expand visa-free exchanges in effort to solve territorial dispute”.
BBC Summary of World Broadcasts October 5. LexisNexis.
Deutsche Presse-Agentur (1994). “Japan protests after Russians sink fishing boat in disputed seas”.
Deutsche Presse-Agentur October 6. LexisNexis.
Financial Times (1995). “Russian seizes straying boats”. Financial Times September 28. LexisNexis: 8.
Japan Economic Newswire (1993). “Japanese boat captain suffered Russian shots in leg”. Japan
Economic Newswire November 30. LexisNexis.
— (1994a). “5 Japanese ships allegedly entered Russian waters”. Japan Economic Newswire March
30. LexisNexis.
— (1994b). “Russia fires warning shots at Japanese trawlers”. Japan Economic Newswire June 5.
LexisNexis.
— (1995a). “Japan protests Russian action against fishing boats”. Japan Economic Newswire May
13. LexisNexis.
— (1995b). “Russia fires warning shots at Japanese fishing boats”. Japan Economic Newswire
April 5. LexisNexis.
— (1995c). “Russian fires warning shots at 10 Japanese ships”. Japan Economic Newswire May
25. LexisNexis.
F–324
Jiji Press Ticker Service (1995). “Japan Protests on Russia’s Boat Seizure”. Jiji Press Ticker Service
September 28. LexisNexis.
TASS (1994a). “Russian Rear-Admiral Concerned about Border Violations”. TASS August 15. By
Anatoly Yurkin; LexisNexis.
— (1994b). “Unidentified Schooner Violates Russia’s Territorial Waters”. TASS October 5. By
Anatoly Yurkin; LexisNexis.
— (1995). “Russian Air Defense Denies Violation of Japanese Air Space”. TASS March 24. By
Mikhail Shevtsov; LexisNexis.
The Daily Yomiuri (1995a). “Japan to ask Russia to start talks on safety of fishermen”. The Daily
Yomiuri February 28. LexisNexis: 2.
— (1995b). “Strict control over fishing boats vowed”. The Daily Yomiuri June 11. LexisNexis: 2.
The Gazette (1994). “Russians fire on Japanese fishermen”. The Gazette August 16. LexisNexis:
B1.
The Guardian (1994). “Russians Fire on Japanese Trawlers; Pacific dispute erupts as war is declared
on ‘poaching’”. The Guardian August 16. By James Meek; LexisNexis: 7.
United Press International (1993). “Japanese ship captain reported injured by Russians”. United
Press International November 30. LexisNexis.
— (1994). “Russian ship fires on Japanese schooners”. United Press International August 15.
LexisNexis.
Washington Post (1995). “Russians Fire On Fishing Boats”. The Washington Post September 28.
LexisNexis: A23.
MID#4043
References
Agence France Presse (1993a). “Sunday, August 8 (since 1500 GMT Saturday)”. Agence France
Presse August 8. LexisNexis.
— (1993b). “Two hurt in Albania-Serbia border clash”. Agence France Presse August 6. LexisNexis.
— (1994). “Albania protests to Belgrade after border shooting”. Agence France Presse March 5.
LexisNexis.
BBC (1993a). “[1]; Build-up of Yugoslav forces reported near border with Albania”. BBC Summary
of World Broadcasts December 8. LexisNexis.
— (1993b). “[16]; Albanian Radio; Serbian military reinforcements arrive in border town”. BBC
Summary of World Broadcasts December 30. LexisNexis.
— (1993c). “Albania protests to Serbia over airspace violation”. BBC Summary of World Broadcasts August 13. LexisNexis.
F–325
BBC (1993d). “Albanian Defense Ministry Protests at Two New Shootings on Border with Serbia”.
BBC Summary of World Broadcasts August 9. LexisNexis.
— (1993e). “Albanian Socialists Protest Against Serbian Violence In Kosovo”. BBC Summary of
World Broadcasts May 31. LexisNexis.
— (1993f). “FRY Accuses Albania Of Border Provocation In Pursuit Of ”Greater Albania””. BBC
Summary of World Broadcasts August 24. LexisNexis.
— (1993g). “FRY officer says Albania may try to create a Kosovo-Sandzak corridor to Bosnia”.
BBC Summary of World Broadcasts September 3. LexisNexis.
— (1993h). “President says Albania will fight if Serbia starts ’massacre’ in Kosovo”. BBC Summary
of World Broadcasts July 6. LexisNexis.
— (1993i). “Yugoslavia protests to Albania over border incidents”. BBC Summary of World Broadcasts August 5. LexisNexis.
— (1994a). “Army statement on incident with border with Albania”. BBC Summary of World
Broadcasts August 15. LexisNexis.
— (1994b). “Austrian diplomat in Pristina,meets Rugova and other ethnic Albanians”. BBC Summary of World Broadcasts August 30. LexisNexis.
— (1994c). “Relations with Yugoslavia; Pashtrik border guards detain three Yugoslav soldiers”.
BBC Summary of World Broadcasts August 15. LexisNexis.
Xinhua General News Service (1993). “yugoslavia concerned over border clashes with albania”.
Xinhua General News Service August 20. LexisNexis.
MID#4045
References
BBC (1995a). “Albanian Reports; Yugoslav Army Movements near Albanian border - Albanian
radio”. BBC Summary of World Broadcasts March 27. LexisNexis.
— (1995b). “Kosovo; Serb ’manoevres’ near border with Albania reported”. BBC Summary of
World Broadcasts March 18. LexisNexis.
MID#4046
References
BBC (1994a). “[32]; US force in Macedonia reinforced with troops and helicopters”. BBC Summary
of World Broadcasts May 11. LexisNexis.
— (1994b). “Crvenkovski says foreign policy based on equidistance between neighbours”. BBC
Summary of World Broadcasts June 14. LexisNexis.
— (1994c). “US State Department official says troop deployment sufficient for present”. BBC
Summary of World Broadcasts May 31. LexisNexis.
F–326
BBC (1994d). “Yugoslav Army CGS on Yugoslavia’s ”undefined” border with Macedonia”. BBC
Summary of World Broadcasts June 13. LexisNexis.
Financial Times (1994). “Macedonia border protests”. Financial Times June 22. By Laura Silber;
LexisNexis: 3.
New York Times (1994). “Kriva Palanka Journal; On Patrol (U.S. Style) in the Balkans”. New York
Times May 11. LexisNexis: A4.
The Guardian (1994). “Serbian Troops on Border Fray Nerves in Macedonia; Newspaper says
soldiers are digging trenches and positions for tanks”. The Guardian June 16. LexisNexis.
MID#4048
References
Christian Science Monitor (1993). “Fighting in Croatia, Bosnia Draws UN Ire, Stalls Talks”. The
Christian Science Monitor January 29. LexisNexis: 6.
Los Angeles Times (1993). “French Carrier Joins U.S., British Force in Balkans”. Los Angeles Times
January 27. ProQuest; By Rone Tempest and Laura Silbur.
New York Times (1993). “Clashes Persist on Yugoslav Coast; Croats Report Pushing Back Serbs”.
New York Times January 26. LexisNexis: A8.
The Gazette (1993). “Serbs, Croats exchange fire; France sending carrier to Adriatic”. The Gazette
January 27. LexisNexis: A7.
The Herald (1993). “Croats advance despite UN warning of wider Balkan war”. The Herald (Glasgow) January 27. LexisNexis: 7.
The Times of London (1993). “French Troops pull back as Croatian fighting intensifies”. The Times
of London January 27. LexisNexis.
The Toronto Star (1993). “U.N. condemns Croat attack France sends in naval task force after death
of peacekeepers”. The Toronto Star January 26. By Alan Ferguson; LexisNexis.
MID#4050
References
Associated Press Worldstream (1994). “Ukrainian Navy Clashes With Russian Black Sea Fleet
Sailors”. Associated Press Worldstream April 9. LexisNexis.
BBC (1994). “[1]; Ukrainians storm Black Sea Fleet division in Odessa”. BBC Summary of World
Broadcasts April 12. LexisNexis.
— (1995). “Russian admiral urges Ukraine to ”compromise” on Black Sea Fleet issue”. BBC Summary of World Broadcasts June 1. LexisNexis.
Los Angeles Times (1994). “Ukrainian Raid Heightens Fleet Dispute with Russia”. Los Angeles
Times April 12. By Carey Goldberg; LexisNexis.
F–327
The Age (1994). “Ukraine brass raises tensions in Crimea”. The Age April 7. LexisNexis: 10.
The Guardian (1994). “Naval Brothers Play Black Sea Brinkmanship; Divided loyalties have saved
Russian and Ukraine from a bloody skirmish, if not outright war, Julien Borger writes in
Odessa”. The Guardian April 16. By Julien Borger; LexisNexis: 14.
Washington Post (1994a). “Brush with Black Sea Naval Battle Heightens Russo-Ukrainian Tensions;
Warships, Fighter Jets Dispatched in Weekend Confrontation”. The Washinton Post April 11.
By Lee Hockstader; LexisNexis: A10.
— (1994b). “Russia, Ukraine Set New Deal on Fleet; Exact Terms of Latest Pact Clouded by
Continuing Controversies”. The Washington Post April 16. LexisNexis: A12.
— (1994c). “Tension Over Fleet Rises in Ukraine”. The Washington Post April 15. LexisNexis:
A20.
— (1994d). “Ukraine Detains Officers After Russia Grabs Ship, as Fleet Conflict Escalates”. The
Washington Post April 12. By Lee Hockstader; LexisNexis: A16.
Xinhua News Agency (1994). “ukrainian navy, black sea fleet clash, but no casualties”. Xinhua
News Agency April 9. LexisNexis.
MID#4051
References
BBC (1993). “Moldovan Foreign Ministry protests about 14th Army exercise”. BBC Summary of
World Broadcasts February 22. LexisNexis.
Xinhua General News Service (1993). “russian military units in moldova asked to withdraw”. Xinhua
General News Service February 24. LexisNexis.
MID#4052
References
BBC (1993a). “China expresses regret over detention of Russian Ship”. BBC Summary of World
Broadcasts July 7. LexisNexis: A1.
— (1993b). “Chinese authorities release dedetain Russian trawler”. BBC Summary of World Broadcasts June 16. LexisNexis: A1.
— (1993c). “Chinese Official Comments On ”Unpleasant Incidents Involving Russian Vessels””.
BBC Summary of World Broadcasts July 19. LexisNexis: A1.
— (1993d). “Foreign Ministry spokesman says ”illegal seizures” of Russian vessels to stop”. BBC
Summary of World Broadcasts Juy 27. LexisNexis: A1.
— (1993e). “Russian trawler seized by Chinese military launch”. BBC Summary of World Broadcasts June 11. LexisNexis.
F–328
MID#4054
References
Agence France Presse (1993a). “Afghans condemn Russian demand to move civilians from border”.
Agence France Presse August 2. LexisNexis.
— (1993b). “Russian bombardment paralyses northern Afghan border”. Agence France Presse July
25. LexisNexis.
— (1993c). “Russian troops repel rebel offensive at Tajik-Afghan border”. Agence France Presse
July 28. LexisNexis.
BBC (1993a). “Far East; Russian tank crew killed as fire fights continue”. BBC Summary of World
Broadcasts April 12. LexisNexis.
— (1993b). “Tajikistan delivers third protest to Afghanistan over border incidents”. BBC Summary
of World Broadcasts April 13. LexisNexis: A1.
— (1993c). “Yeltsin Decree On Tajik-Afghan Border Situation”. BBC Summary of World Broadcasts August 2. LexisNexis: C3.
— (1994a). “[4]; Russian border troops threaten retaliatory strikes on Afghan territory”. BBC
Summary of World Broadcasts February 25. LexisNexis.
— (1994b). “[5]; Tajikistan protests to Afghanistan”. BBC Summary of World Broadcasts February
25. LexisNexis.
Christian Science Monitor (1993). “Russia Risks Reprise of Afghan War To Curb Islamists in
Tajikistan”. The Christian Science Monitor August 3. LexisNexis: 1.
Facts on File World News Digest (1993). “Commonwealth of Independent States; Russians, Afghans
Clash on Tajik Border; Other News”. Facts On File World News Digest August 5 (2749).
LexisNexis.
Financial Times (1993a). “Russia hints at attacks across Afghan border”. Financial Times July
21. By Chystia Freeland; LexisNexis: 4.
— (1993b). “Russia reinforces Tajik troops”. Financial Times July 19. By Chrystia Freeland;
LexisNexis: 4.
— (1993c). “Tajikistan PM accuses Kabul on border attacks”. Financial Times July 20. By Reuter;
LexisNexis: 3.
Keesing’s (1993a). “Border agreements with Afghanistan”. In: Keesing’s Record of World Events.
Vol. 39. Keesing’s Worldwide, LLC: 39599.
— (1993b). “Continuing border conflict”. In: Keesing’s Record of World Events. Vol. 39. Keesing’s
Worldwide, LLC: 39686.
— (1993c). “Death of former President”. In: Keesing’s Record of World Events. Vol. 39. April.
Keesing’s Worldwide, LLC: 39414.
Los Angeles Times (1993). “Russia Agrees to Stop Shelling Afghanistan”. Los Angeles Times August 1. ProQuest: A12.
F–329
The Age (1993). “Tajikistan ’must talk to avoid war’”. The Age August 7. LexisNexis: 11.
The Independent (1993). “Russia accused of Afghan attack”. The Independent July 16. By Helen
Womack; LexisNexis: 12.
The Times of London (1993a). “Kabul threat to hit back as Russia reinforces border”. The Times
of London July 30. By Anne McElvoy; LexisNexis.
— (1993b). “Russia bolsters Tajik border”. The Times of London July 19. By Anatol Lieven;
LexisNexis.
— (1993c). “Yeltsin sacks ‘corrupt’ security chief”. The Times of London July 28. By Anne
McElvoy; LexisNexis.
The Toronto Star (1993). “Yeltsin to bolster Tajikistan troops”. The Toronto Star August 8.
LexisNexis: A12.
Uniited Press International (1994). “Tadzhikistan protests to Afghanistan over border attacks”.
United Press International February 22. LexisNexis.
United Press International (1993a). United Press International August 6. By Jeff Berliner; LexisNexis.
— (1993b). “U.N. Leader: Tadzhik-Afghan conflict threatens Central Asia”. United Press International August 19. LexisNexis.
Xinhua General News Service (1993a). “20 killed in russian air raid on afghan villages”. Xinhua
General News Service August 1. LexisNexis.
— (1993b). “first cis peacekeeping troops enter tadzhikistan”. Xinhua General News Service March
3. LexisNexis.
— (1993c). “major news items in pakistani press”. Xinhua General News Service August 13.
— (1993d). “russia, central asian states discuss solution to tajik-afghan border crisis”. Xinhua
General News Service August 7. LexisNexis.
— (1993e). “russia warns tajik rebels agains ‘military provocations’”. Xinhua General News Service
August 1. LexisNexis.
— (1993f). “three russians killed in attack on tajik-afghan border”. Xinhua General News Service
May 30. LexisNexis.
MID#4055
References
Agence France Presse (1995). “Russians return to Afghanistan”. Agence France Presse May 30. By
Herve Clerc; LexisNexis.
BBC (1994a). “Figures for Tajik-Afghan border incidents over last five months”. BBC Summary
of World Broadcasts September 5. LexisNexis.
— (1994b). “Russian border chief syays Tajik rebels planning violence”. BBC Summary of World
Broadcasts December 10. LexisNexis.
F–330
BBC (1995a). “Afghan-Tajik Border Situation; Russian aircraft attack kills eight in Northern
Afghanistan”. BBC Summary of World Broadcasts April 12. LexisNexis.
— (1995b). “Asia-Pacific; Russia denies Kabul radio reports of air raid on Afghan village”. BBC
Summary of World Broadcasts April 26. LexisNexis.
— (1995c). “Foreign relations; Foreign ministry protests to Russian and Tajik governments over
air raids”. BBC Summary of World Broadcasts January 12. LexisNexis.
— (1995d). “Foreign Relations; Kabul radio says Russian air raid on Taloqan killed 100 people”.
BBC Summary of World Broadcasts April 18. LexisNexis.
— (1995e). “Situation on Tajik-Afghan border still tense but ”fully under control””. BBC Summary
of World Broadcasts May 4. LexisNexis.
— (1995f). “Tajik-Afghan Border Situation; Kabul radio reports Russian air raids in Badakhshan,
Takhar provinces”. BBC Summary of World Broadcasts April 13. LexisNexis.
— (1995g). “Tajik rebel attacks continue on Afghan frontier”. BBC Summary of World Broadcasts
April 20. LexisNexis.
— (1995h). “Tajik rebels continue attacks on Russian border guards”. BBC Summary of World
Broadcasts January 25. LexisNexis.
Deutsche Presse-Agentur (1995a). “Kabul protests Russian bombing of Afghan districts”. Deutsche
Presse-Agentur January 5. LexisNexis.
— (1995b). “Russian bombing of Afghan district kills ten, says Radio Kabul”. Deutsche PresseAgentur January 2. LexisNexis.
— (1995c). “Russian planes bomb Afghan provincial capital, heavy casualties”. Deutsche PresseAgentur April 13. LexisNexis.
Facts on File World News Digest (1995). “Fighting Escalates Along Afghan Border”. Facts on File
World News Digest April 27. LexisNexis.
New York TImes (1995). “World News Briefs; Russia Rockets Village Inside Afghanistan”. New
York Times April 23. By Reuters; LexisNexis: 6.
MID#4058
References
BBC (1993a). “Albania Accuses Macedonia of ”Hostile Act” After Border Killing”. BBC Summary
of World Broadcasts July 2. LexisNexis.
— (1993b). “Albanian Army Officer Shot Dead In Border Incident: Differing Accounts”. BBC
Summary of World Broadcasts June 29. LexisNexis: C1.
— (1993c). “Albanian Army officer shot dead in incident at Macedonian border”. BBC Summary
of World Broadcasts June 29. LexisNexis.
The Herald (1993). The Herald (Glasgow) June 28. LexisNexis: 7.
F–331
MID#4060
References
Deutsche Presse-Agentur (1995). “Taiwan Navy defends decision to open fire on Vietnamese boat”.
Deutsche Presse-Agentur April 6. LexisNexis.
Sydney Morning Herald (1995). “Taiwan sending boats to Spratlys”. Sydney Morning Herald March
31. LexisNexis: 12.
The Straits Times (1995a). “Spratly islands: China likely to consider claiming territory”. The Straits
Times March 25. LexisNexis.
— (1995b). “Taiwan admits firing at vessel”. The Straits Times April 7. LexisNexis: 18.
MID#4061
References
Agence France Presse (1995). “Japanese fighter jets scramble over islands near Taiwan: paper”.
Agence France Presse August 24. LexisNexis.
Courier-Mail (1995). “Jets In Intercept Drama”. Courier-Mail August 25. LexisNexis.
Facts on File World News Digest (1995). “China Conducts Nucear Tests; Japan Cuts Aid in
Protest”. Facts on File World News Digest August 31. LexisNexis.
Soderberg, Marie, ed. (2001). Chinese-Japanese Relations in the Twenty First Century: Complementarity and Conflict. Routledge.
MID#4062
References
BBC (1996a). “Article says plot to ”contain” China lies behind islands dispute”. BBC Summary
of World Broadcasts September 11. LexisNexis.
— (1996b). “Foreign Ministry statement on disputed islands”. BBC Summary of World Broadcasts
July 26. LexisNexis.
— (1996c). “Japan’s plan to repel Taiwanese protest flotilla ”just reports””. BBC Summary of
World Broadcasts July 31. LexisNexis.
The Press (1996). “Islands in dispute”. The Press (Christchurch) September 16. LexisNexis: 9.
The Straits Times (1996). “China ‘sent two submarines to disputed Diaoyou isles’”. The Straits
Times August 24. By Felix Soh; LexisNexis: 17.
The Washington Times (1996). “Claim to islands in East China Sea spurs rocky rift; Japan rebuffs
China, Taiwan”. The Washington Times July 21. LexisNexis: A7.
F–332
MID#4063
References
Australian Financial Review (1996). “Mandarin may not be out of character for long; Jakarta
Observed”. Australian Financial Review September 4. LexisNexis: 11.
Deutsche Presse-Agentur (1996). “Chinese warships set out for Natuna islands on spy mission”.
Deutsche Presse-Agentur September 5. LexisNexis.
South China Morning Post (1996). “Switching on the power”. South China Morning Post September
6. LexisNexis: 25.
The Jakarta Post (1996). “Feisal Opens Military Exercises”. The Jakarta Post September 3. LexisNexis: 1.
MID#4064
References
BBC (1996). “USA will ”pay price” if aircraft carrierenters mid-strait”. BBC Summary of World
Broadcasts March 20. LexisNexis: A2.
Christian Science Monitor (1995). “Taiwan, the PRC, and missile testing”. The Christian Science
Monitor July 31. LexisNexis.
New York Times (1995). “China-U.S. Ties Warm a Bit as China-Taiwan Relations Chill”. New
York Times November 18. LexisNexis: 3.
— (1996). “U.S. Warship Cruises China-Taiwan Passage”. New York Times January 27. LexisNexis: 4.
USA Today (1996). “Taiwan tension snarls U.S. policy // China threats put pressure on Clinton”.
USA Today February 6. LexisNexis: 4A.
MID#4065
References
BBC (1994a). “China reportedly conducts military exercise to assist North against South”. BBC
Summary of World Broadcasts October 3. LexisNexis.
— (1994b). “Foreign Relations; Hong Kong paper on Chinese military exercise to support North
Korea”. BBC Summary of World Broadcasts October 10. LexisNexis.
MID#4066
References
BBC (1993a). “Ghanaian government expresses concern over Togolese situation”. BBC Summary
of World Broadcasts February 2. LexisNexis.
F–333
BBC (1993b). “Togo: political leaders to attend Strasbourg conference on 5th February”. BBC
Summary of World Broadcasts February 4. LexisNexis.
— (1993c). “Togo: President calls Ghana army alert ’warmongering’; Benin ready to mediate”.
BBC Summary of World Broadcasts February 3. LexisNexis.
New York Times (1993). “Thousands Are Fleeing Togo After New Spate of Killings”. New York
Times February 2. LexisNexis: A6.
The Globe and Mail (1993). “Tensions mount between Togo, Ghana after killing of civilians”. The
Globe and Mail February 2. LexisNexis.
MID#4067
References
BBC (1993a). “Central Africa; Chad: MDD claims victory in clashes with army; CSNPD declares
cease-fire”. BBC Summary of World Broadcasts February 24. LexisNexis.
— (1993b). “Chad: MDD claims victory in clashes with army; CSNPD declares cease-fire”. BBC
Summary of World Broadcasts February 24. LexisNexis.
— (1993c). “Chad: soldier killed in border clash with Niger guards”. BBC Summary of World
Broadcasts February 20. LexisNexis.
Xinhua General News Service (1993). “border clash with niger kills chadian guard”. Xinhua General
News Service February 18. LexisNexis.
MID#4068
References
BBC (1995). “Chad’s President Deby ends visit; dialogue planned with rebels based in Nigeria”.
BBC Summary of World Broadcasts June 12. LexisNexis.
The Guardian (1995). “Islands Dispute”. The Guardian July 26. LexisNexis: 10.
MID#4069
References
BBC (1993a). “Congolese sailors seized by Zaire handed over to their embassy”. BBC Summary of
World Broadcasts April 9. LexisNexis.
— (1993b). “Presidential communique says seized Congolese boat was heavily armed”. BBC Summary of World Broadcasts April 7. LexisNexis.
— (1993c). “Soldiers seize five Congolese sailors, who were on ”routine exercise””. BBC Summary
of World Broadcasts April 6. LexisNexis.
F–334
BBC (1993d). “Zaire; Soldiers seize five Congolese sailors, who were on ’routine exercise’”. BBC
Summary of World Broadcasts April 6. LexisNexis.
MID#4071
References
BBC (1994a). “[16]; UNITA radio says Zairean army mobilzed, border closed”. BBC Summary of
World Broadcasts October 28. LexisNexis.
— (1994b). “[2]; Portuguese radio: troops moved towards Cabinda; clashes, three deaths reported”.
BBC Summary of World Broadcasts October 27. LexisNexis.
— (1994c). “Angolan defence minister aarrive in Zaire, blames air raid on pilot error”. BBC Summary of World Broadcasts October 22. LexisNexis.
— (1994d). “Portuguese radio: troops moved towards Cabinda; clashes, three deaths reported”.
BBC Summary of World Broadcasts October 27. LexisNexis.
— (1994e). “UNITA radio reports government air raid on Zaire”. BBC Summary of World Broadcasts October 22. LexisNexis.
Deutsche Presse-Agentur (1994). “Angola apologises for bombarding Zaire base”. Deutsche PresseAgentur October 21. LexisNexis.
Xinhua News Agency (1994). “zairean soldiers take provacative actions on angolan border”. Xinhua
News Agency October 27. LexisNexis.
MID#4072
References
Agence France Presse (1993). “Iraqi troops mobilize near Iranian border - report”. Agence France
Presse June 24. LexisNexis.
BBC (1993a). “Further Iranian and Iraqi reaction to air raid on Mojahedin bases”. BBC Summary
of World Broadcasts May 27. LexisNexis.
— (1993b). “Iranian and Iraqi Kurdish leaders hold talks in Arbil”. BBC Summary of World
Broadcasts July 17. LexisNexis.
— (1993c). “Iraq; Baghdad protests to UN about alleged airspace violations by Iran”. BBC Summary of World Broadcasts March 31. LexisNexis.
— (1993d). “Iraq; Kurdish radio says Iran shells Kurdish village, Iraqi planes overfly region”. BBC
Summary of World Broadcasts July 28. LexisNexis.
— (1993e). “Kordestan Democratic Party of Iran says N. Iraq offices bombed by Iranian planes”.
BBC Summary of World Broadcasts March 16. LexisNexis.
Facts on File World News Digest (1993). “Planes Raid Guerrilla Bases Inside Iraq”. Facts On File
World News Digest June 10. LexisNexis.
F–335
New York Times (1993). “Iraqi Forces Go on Alert at Iran Border”. New York Times June 24. By
Douglas Jehl; LexisNexis: A3.
Ottawa Citizen (1993). “Iran attacks rebel opposition in Iraq; U.S. fears Saddam will take this
chance to settle old scores with Kurds, Shiites”. The Ottawa Citizen May 26. LexisNexis: A9.
St. Petersburg Times (1993). “S. Africa shootout claims 13 lives”. St. Petersburg Times May 23.
LexisNexis: 13A.
The Gazette (1993). “Iran attacks Kurd rebels in Iraq”. The Gazette March 15. LexisNexis: B1.
The Guardian (1993a). “Iranian Jets Bomb Mojahedin in Iraq”. The Guardian May 26. By David
Fairhall; LexisNexis: 10.
— (1993b). “Thousands Of Kurds Flee As Iran Attacks Villages In Iraq”. The Guardian April 23.
LexisNexis: 9.
The Independent (1993a). “Iran starts new attack on Kurds; Tehran launches offensive inside Iraq”.
The Independent July 26. LexisNexis: 9.
— (1993b). “Tehran goes gunning for the KKurd; Hugh Pope in Boulla, Iraq, witnesses aattempt by
Iran to deal with a people whom it decries as revolutionaries and plotters of ’world arrogance’”.
The Independent June 23. LexisNexis: 113.
The Times of London (1993). “Iran jets hit rebel bases inside Iraq”. The Times of London May 26.
By Christopher Walker; LexisNexis.
The Toronto Star (1993). “U.S. watches as Iraqi troops moved closer to Iran border”. The Toronto
Star June 24. LexisNexis: A25.
Xinhua General News Service (1993a). “iraq denies violation of iran’s airspace”. Xinhua General
News Service August 1. LexisNexis.
— (1993b). “iraq protests against iran over attacks”. Xinhua General News Service July 29.
— (1993c). “iraq protests against iran’s shelling of northern iraq”. Xinhua General News Service
April 26. LexisNexis.
— (1993d). “iraq protests iran’s continued shelling of north”. Xinhua General News Service May
20. LexisNexis.
— (1993e). “iraq protests iran’s shelling of northern territory”. Xinhua General News Service April
28. LexisNexis.
MID#4073
References
BBC (1993). “Egypt and Sudan; Mubarak reportedly threatens to strike if Iranian ships dock at
Sudanese ports”. BBC Summary of World Broadcasts March 13. LexisNexis.
The Jerusalem Post (1993a). “Islamic extremists affect Egypt’s relations”. The Jerusalem Post
March 17. LexisNexis.
F–336
The Jerusalem Post (1993b). “North Africa confronts Iran-Sudan Islamists”. The Jerusalem Post
March 24. LexisNexis.
The Times of London (1993). “Mubarak threatens action if Iran opens naval base in Sudan”. The
Times of London March 12. LexisNexis.
The Washington Times (1993). “Iranian schemes worry Egypt”. The Washington Times March 13.
LexisNexis: A6.
Xinhua General News Service (1993). “egypt warns against threat from outside”. Xinhua General
News Service March 11. LexisNexis.
MID#4075
References
BBC (1993a). “Papua New Guinea-Solomon Islands talks conclude with initial agreements”. BBC
Summary of World Broadcasts May 3. LexisNexis: A2.
— (1993b). “Tension Between Papua New Guinea And Solomons Over PNG Troop Incursion”.
BBC Summary of World Broadcasts April 12. LexisNexis: A2.
Sydney Morning Herald (1993a). “PNG’s Forces Try To Claim Island”. Sydney Morning Herald
April 10. LexisNexis: 11.
— (1993b). “Sea Boundaries May Be Revised; Solomons, PNG Try To Ease Tension”. Sydney
Morning Herald May 1. LexisNexis: 20.
— (1993c). “Solomons Tell Of Warning Shots At PNG Aircraft”. Sydney Morning Herald March
10. LexisNexis: 11.
The Age (1993a). “PNG soldier hurt in border clash: reports”. The Age April 27. LexisNexis: 10.
— (1993b). “Solomons in rebel plot, says PNG”. The Age April 19. LexisNexis: 10.
MID#4076
References
BBC (1996a). “Islanders ”living in terror” of raids from Papua New Guinea”. BBC Summary of
World Broadcasts June 7. LexisNexis.
— (1996b). “Papua New Guinea admits patrol boat’s incursion into Solomon Islands”. BBC Summary of World Broadcasts June 3. LexisNexis.
— (1996c). “Papua New Guinea and Solomon Islands to step up border watch”. BBC Summary
of World Broadcasts June 2. LexisNexis.
— (1996d). “Solomon Islands patrol boat fires on Papua New Guinea vessel”. BBC Summary of
World Broadcasts July 24. LexisNexis.
— (1996e). “Solomon Islands reports recent incursions by Papua New Guinea troops”. BBC Summary of World Broadcasts December 5. LexisNexis.
F–337
BBC (1996f). “UN puts forward three options to help ease Solomons-Papua New Guinea tension”.
BBC Summary of World Broadcasts August 7. LexisNexis.
Mercury, Hobart (1996). “PNG to pursue rebels in Solomons”. Hobart Mercury March 28. LexisNexis.
MID#4078
References
Deutsche Presse-Agentur (1994). “Uganda accuses Sudan of violating airspace”. Deutsche PresseAgentur Decembe 14. LexisNexis.
MID#4079
References
The Indian Ocean Newsletter (1994). “Ethiopia/Sudan: Frontier fights”. The Indian Ocean Newsletter March 26. LexisNexis.
MID#4081
References
Deutsche Presse-Agentur (1994). “Border tensions mount between Sudan and Eritrea”. Deutsche
Presse-Agentur December 30. LexisNexis.
The Indian Ocean Newsletter (1994). “Eritrea/Sudan: Tempers fraying again”. The Indian Ocean
Newsletter December 3. LexisNExis.
MID#4082
References
BBC (1995a). “Eritrea; Envoy denies incursion into Djibouti”. BBC Summary of World Broadcasts
December 28. LexisNexis.
— (1995b). “Jibuti; Yemeni paper says Eritrean troops enter northeastern Jibuti”. BBC Summary
of World Broadcasts December 22. LexisNexis.
Mesfin, Berouk (2008). “The Eritrea-Djiboutir Border Dispute”. Institute for Security Studies Situation Report September 15: 1–19.
Tadesse, Medhane (2008). “The Djibouti-Eritrea Conflict”. InterAfrica Group Briefing October:
1–13.
The Indian Ocean Newsletter (1996). “Eritrea: Conflict with Djibouti”. The Indian Ocean Newsletter April 27. LexisNexis.
F–338
MID#4083
References
Agence France Presse (1995a). “Kenya denies that its security forces raided Uganda”. Agence France
Presse March 18. LexisNexis.
— (1995b). “Uganda, Kenya give conflicting accounts of border raid”. Agence France Presse March
16. LexisNexis.
BBC (1995a). “Border villages deserted after Ugandan troop deployments”. BBC Summary of
World Broadcasts March 29. LexisNexis.
— (1995b). “Kenya; Official calls claims of Kenyan troops massing on Ugandan border ridiculous”.
BBC Summary of World Broadcasts November 20. LexisNexis.
— (1995c). “Uganda; Troops deployed along border with Kenya”. BBC Summary of World Broadcasts March 27. LexisNexis.
Deutsche Presse-Agentur (1995). “Uganda deploying troops along Kenya border - Kenyan television”. Deutsche Presse-Agentur March 25. LexisNexis.
Xinhua News Agency (1995a). “kenya denies army crossing into uganda”. Xinhua News Agency
March 18. LexisNexis.
— (1995b). “kenya troops enter uganda”. Xinhua News Agency March 17. LexisNexis.
— (1995c). “ugandan troops deployed along border with kenya”. Xinhua News Agency March 25.
LexisNexis.
MID#4084
References
Agence France Presse (1995). “Ugandan security forces release Kenyan journalists”. Agence France
Presse November 12. LexisNexis.
BBC (1995a). “Official calls claims of Kenyan troops massing on Ugandan border ridiculous”. BBC
Summary of World Broadcasts November 20. LexisNexis.
— (1995b). “President Moi denies troops massing on border with Uganda, criticizes media”. BBC
Summary of World Broadcasts November 16. LexisNexis.
MID#4085
References
BBC (1993a). “Liberia: NPFL radio reports on ECOMOG air raid on Ivorian border”. BBC Summary of World Broadcasts May 31. LexisNexis.
— (1993b). “West Africa”. BBC Summary of World Broadcasts March 5. LexisNexis.
F–339
BBC (1993c). “West Africa; Liberia: NPFL radio reports on ECOMOG air raid on Ivorian border”.
BBC Summary of World Broadcasts May 31. LexisNexis.
MID#4086
References
BBC (1996a). “Bulgarian aircraft bound for Afghanistan forced to land in Kazakhstan”. BBC
Summary of World Broadcasts January 27. LexisNexis.
— (1996b). “Kazakhstan investigates plane carrying grenades to Afghanistan”. BBC Summary of
World Broadcasts February 1. LexisNexis.
MID#4087
References
Christian Science Monitor (1999). “Korea’s islands in the storm”. The Christian Science Monitor
September 9. Michael Baker, Special to The New York Times: 6.
Keesing’s (1995). “International – Worsening of relations”. In: Keesing’s Record of World Events.
Vol. 41. Keesing’s Worldwide, LLC: 40773.
— (1996). “South Korea – Infiltration by North Korean troops”. In: Keesing’s Record of World
Events. Vol. 42. Keesing’s Worldwide, LLC: 41272.
— (1997a). “South Korea – North-South Korea”. In: Keesing’s Record of World Events. Vol. 43.
Keesing’s Worldwide, LLC: 41737.
— (1997b). “South Korea – North-South Korea”. In: Keesing’s Record of World Events. Vol. 43.
Keesing’s Worldwide, LLC: 41689.
— (1997c). “South Korea – North-South Korea”. In: Keesing’s Record of World Events. Vol. 43.
Keesing’s Worldwide, LLC: 41817.
— (1998a). “South Korea – North-South Korea”. In: Keesing’s Record of World Events. Vol. 44.
Keesing’s Worldwide, LLC: 42333.
— (1998b). “South Korea – North-South Korea”. In: Keesing’s Record of World Events. Vol. 44.
Keesing’s Worldwide, LLC: 42671.
— (1999a). “South Korea – North-South Korea”. In: Keesing’s Record of World Events. Vol. 45.
Keesing’s Worldwide, LLC: 43106.
— (1999b). “South Korea – North-South Korea”. In: Keesing’s Record of World Events. Vol. 45.
Keesing’s Worldwide, LLC: 43003.
— (1999c). “South Korea – North-South Korea”. In: Keesing’s Record of World Events. Vol. 45.
Keesing’s Worldwide, LLC: 42942.
New York Times (1996a). “North Korea Says It Will Cease Respecting Demilitarized Zone”. New
York Times April 5: A14.
F–340
New York Times (1996b). “South Korea Raises Alarm After North Enters DMZ”. New York Times
April 7. By Nicholas D. Kristof: 4.
MID#4088
References
Agence France Presse (2000). “China’s military on alert, warns Taiwan independence means war”.
Agence France Presse March 6. LexisNexis.
Facts on File World News Digest (2000). “Taiwan: China Warns on Reunification; Other Developments”. Facts on File World News Digest February 21. LexisNexis: 118.
New York Times (1999a). “China Tests a Missile And Berates the U.S.” New York Times August
3. By Seth Faison: A1.
— (1999b). “Citing Threat of Chinese Missiles, Taipei Calls Defense Inadequate”. New York Times
February 11: A14.
— (1999c). “Despite Maneuvers, China Seems Cautious on Taiwan”. New York Times July 29. By
Seth Faison: A3.
United Press International (2000). “China flexes military might at Taiwan border”. United Press
International April 26. LexisNexis.
MID#4089
References
BBC (1997). “Chinese, North Korean troops reportedly exchange fire near border”. BBC Summary
of World Broadcasts October 31. LexisNexis: 5.
MID#4090
References
Athens News Agency (1997). “Greece, Albania sign defence cooperation pacts”. Athens News
Agency September 26.
MID#4092
References
Deutsche Presse-Agentur (1995). “Turkish air force Phantom crashes after interception by Greek
jets”. Deutsche Presse-Agentur December 28. LexisNexis.
— (1996). “Turkey and Greece to suspend military exercises, says Ciller”. Deutsche Presse-Agentur
July 4. LexisNexis.
F–341
Facts on File World News Digest (1996). “Greece and Turkey End Island Dispute; Military Threat
Prompts U.S. Intervention”. Facts on File World News Digest February 8. LexisNexis.
New York Times (1996). “Greek Coast Guard Fires On Turkish Fishing Boat”. New York Times
April 23: A5.
United Press International (1996). “Greece accuses Turkey of violation”. United Press International
June 11. LexisNexis.
Washington Post (1996). “The Aegean As ’a Greek Lake’”. The Washington Post July 16. D G
Kousoulas: A15.
MID#4094
References
Agence France Presse (1995). “Greece threatens to reimpose Turkey-EU customs union veto”.
Agence France Presse March 7. LexisNexis.
BBC (1994). “Turkish planes violate Cyprus airspace: government to protest”. BBC Summary of
World Broadcasts October 21. LexisNexis.
— (1995a). “Demarche at UN over Turkish ”fortifications””. BBC Summary of World Broadcasts
July 26. LexisNexis.
— (1995b). “Government to answer Turks with ”fortifications” of its own”. BBC Summary of
World Broadcasts July 25. LexisNexis.
— (1995c). “Internal Affairs; Turkish planes said to have violated Cyprus’s national airspace”.
BBC Summary of World Broadcasts October 25. LexisNexis.
— (1995d). “Turkish fighters reportedly violate Cyprus airspace”. BBC Summary of World Broadcasts November 16. LexisNexis.
Deutsche Presse-Agentur (1995). “Turks release Greek Cypriot soldier, tension eases”. Deutsche
Presse-Agentur December 4. LexisNexis.
Financial Times (1995). “Greece attacks Turkish accord”. Financial Times March 8. By Caroline
Southey and Kerin Hope; LexisNexis: 3.
Keesing’s (1994). “Cyprus – Series of Clerides – Denktash meetings”. In: Keesing’s Record of World
Events. Vol. 40. Keesing’s Worldwide, LLC: 40244.
Xinhua News Agency (1995). “cyprus, greece protest at eu over turkish threat”. Xinhua News
Agency March 7. LexisNexis.
MID#4095
References
Agence France Presse (1996a). “Greek, Turkish-Cypriots hold UN-mediated Green Line talks”.
Agence France Presse October 21. LexisNexis.
F–342
Agence France Presse (1996b). “Turkish planes violate Cypriot airspace: Cypriot PM”. Agence
France Presse July 21. LexisNexis.
— (1996c). “Turkish warplanes violate Cypriot airspace for third day”. Agence France Presse June
21. LexisNexis.
Associated Press (1996). “Greek Cypriot Soldier Shot By Turkish Troops”. Associated Press June
3. LexisNexis.
BBC (2001). “Turkish Cypriot leader issues strong warning against Cyprus’s EU membership”.
BBC Monitoring Europe - Political July 20. LexisNexis.
MID#4096
References
BBC (1997). “Russia, Georgia to move border posts back to original position”. BBC Summary of
World Broadcasts December 11.
MID#4097
References
Austin American Statesman (1997). “Americans evacuate a lawless Albania”. Austin American
Statesman March 14. Ingram, Judith: A1.
BBC (1997a). “Macedonian Army unit near Albanian border raises level of combat readiness”.
BBC Summary of World Broadcasts March 15. LexisNexis.
— (1997b). “Yugoslavia closes its border with Albania”. BBC Summary of World Broadcasts
March 15. LexisNexis.
MID#4098
References
BBC (1996). “Ukrainian aircraft forced to land in Russia”. BBC Summary of World Broadcasts
March 26. LexisNexis.
MID#4100
References
Agence France Presse (1995). “Bilhac safe area targetted by shelling”. Agence France Presse August
10. LexisNexis.
BBC (1995a). “Eastern Slavenia; Army in eastern Slavonia continues”. BBC Summary of World
Broadcasts October 19. LexisNexis.
F–343
BBC (1995b). “Yugoslav Army; Yugoslav Army deployment along Croatian border reported”. BBC
Summary of World Broadcasts May 10. LexisNexis.
Deutsche Presse-Agentur (1995). “Yugoslavia reports major troop exercise at Croatian border”.
Deutsche Presse-Agentur October 17. LexisNexis.
New York Times (1995). “Serbia Moves Tanks to Croatia Border”. New York Times May 7. By
Roger Cohen; LexisNexis: 12.
Office of the High Representative (1995). “The General Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia
and Herzegovina”. Office of the High Representative December 14.
Ottawa Citizen (1995). “Balkans: Yugoslav tanks move to Croatian border”. Ottawa Citizen August
6. LexisNexis: A6.
Uppsala Conflict Data Program (1995). “The Erdut Agreement”. Uppsala Conflict Data Program
November 12. LexisNexis.
MID#4101
References
BBC (1995a). “Defence minister says border measures not military mobilization”. BBC Summary
of World Broadcasts Augst 15. LexisNexis.
— (1995b). “Guards reinforced along Croatian border”. BBC Summary of World Broadcasts August 17. LexisNexis.
Facts on File World News Digest (1996). “Bosnian Serb Military Withdraws from Sarajevo Areas;
Other Developments; Arrests of Serbs Heighten Tensions”. Facts on File World News Digest
February 8. LexisNexis.
MTI Econews (1996). “Hungarian IFOR Troops Enter Croatia”. MTI Econews February 1. LexisNexis.
MID#4102
References
BBC (1995). “Border with Yugoslavia strengthened”. BBC Summary of World Broadcasts August
14. LexisNexis.
MTI Econews (1996). “Davos: Hungarian President Has Talks with Yugoslav PM”. MTI Econews
February 6. LexisNexis.
MID#4103
References
Agence France Presse (1994). “Russian warns Latvia any new incident will get ‘tough reaction’”.
Agence France Presse January 11. LexisNexis.
F–344
The Globe and Mail (1994). “Latvian official fired”. The Globe and Mail January 12. LexisNexis.
United Press International (1994). “Russian troops in Latvia on alert after generals arrested”.
United Press International January 10. LexisNexis.
Xinhua News Agency (1994). “russian troops in latvia on alert”. Xinhua News Agency January 10.
LexisNexis.
MID#4104
References
BBC (1994). “Border Troops round up 500 illegal Chinese immigrants in Maritime Kray”. BBC
Summary of World Broadcasts June 2. LexisNexis.
Japan Economic Newswire (1994). “Russia protests to China over river border incident”. Japan
Economic Newswire June 16. LexisNexis.
MID#4105
References
Baltic News Service (1995). “Lithuanian MPS Threaten Ban On Russian Military Flights”. Baltic
News Service April 5. LexisNexis.
MID#4106
References
Polish News Bulletin (1993). “Russians Scare Away Fishermen”. Polish News Bulletin June 21.
LexisNexis.
MID#4107
References
BBC (1997a). “Owner of trawler says Russians breaking bilateral agreement”. BBC Summary of
World Broadcasts March 19.
— (1997b). “Poland protests to Russia over detained trawler”. BBC Summary of World Broadcasts
March 22.
— (1997c). “Transport minister says fleet will continue to fish in disputed Okhotsk Sea”. BBC
Summary of World Broadcasts March 20.
— (1997d). “Trawler released”. BBC Summary of World Broadcasts March 22.
F–345
Frydrychowicz, Remigiusz (1997). “Decision (Judgment)”. Document provided by Remigiusz Frydrychowicz, Trustee in Bankruptcy of Deep Sea Fishing Company GRYF (Szczecin, Poland). Obtained
on November 27, 2009.
MID#4108
References
BBC (1997). “Ukrainian warships put to sea over Romanian ship movements”. BBC Summary of
World Broadcasts March 27. LexisNexis.
MID#4109
References
BBC (1996a). “Azeri border guards agree to withdraw from Georgia”. BBC Summary of World
Broadcasts October 19. LexisNexis.
— (1996b). “Georgian Security Council discusses Georgia-Azeri border situation”. BBC Summary
of World Broadcasts October 23. LexisNexis.
— (1996c). “Incident on Georgian-Azerbaijani border reported settled”. BBC Summary of World
Broadcasts October 23. LexisNexis.
MID#4111
References
Xinhua News Agency (1998). “russia reinforcing troops on russia-latvia border”. Xinhua News
Agency August 6. LexisNexis.
MID#4113
References
Associated Press (1994a). “Iran Bombs Opposition Bases In Iraq”. Associated Press November 9.
LexisNexis.
— (1994b). “Iranian Opposition Says Iran Attacked Base in Iraq with Scuds”. Associated Press
November 6. LexisNexis.
Associated Press Worldstream (1994). “Iranian Opposition says Iran Attacked Base in Iraq”. Associated Press Worldstream April 6. LexisNexis.
BBC (1994). “Tehran cites 34 cease-fre violations by Iraq in late September”. BBC Summary of
World Broadcasts December 17. LexisNexis.
F–346
BBC (1995). “Iran denies involvement in ”disturbances” in southern Iraq”. BBC Summary of World
Broadcasts February 16. LexisNexis.
United Press International (1994). “Iran asks Iraq not to back Khalq group”. United Press International November 7. LexisNexis.
Xinhua News Agency (1994). “iran attacks mko base inside iraq”. Xinhua News Agency November
6. LexisNexis.
MID#4114
References
Agence France Presse (1994). “Saudi warplanes intercept Yemeni civilian jet”. Agence France Presse
October 23. LexisNexis.
BBC (1995). “Monte Carlo radio reports Saudi patrols attack Yemeni border positions”. BBC
Summary of World Broadcasts January 4. LexisNExis.
Xinhua News Agency (1995). “riyadh denies military build-up along border with yemen”. Xinhua
News Agency Januay 27. LexisNexis.
MID#4116
References
Associated Press (1994a). “More Than 2,000 Ghanaians Take Refuge in Togo”. Associated Press
February 5. LexisNexis.
— (1994b). “Togo Criticizes Ghana for Army Base Raid”. Associated Press January 7. LexisNexis.
Associated Press Worldstream (1994). “Retransmitting to fix coding Togo criticizes Ghana for
Army Base Raid”. Associated Press Worldstream January 7. LexisNexis.
New York TImes (1994). “Togo Says It Is Under Attack From Ghana”. New York Times January
7. By Reuters; LexisNexis: A8.
The Toronto Star (1994). “Togo claims attack by forces in Ghana”. The Toronto Star January 7.
By Reuter; LexisNexis: A17.
MID#4117
References
Africa News (1997). “Botswana Defence Force, Namibia In New Island Dispute”. Africa News
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F–347
BBC (1999). “International court to hear island dispute with Botswana”. BBC Summary of World
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Deutsche Presse-Agentur (1998). “Tension rises between Botswana and Namibia over border violations”. Deutsche Presse-Agentur April 22. LexisNexis.
Xinhua News Agency (1998a). “namibia, botswana agree to peaceful solution for islands”. Xinhua
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MID#4118
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BBC (1995a). “Bujumbura radio says Tanzanian army placed on ”state of alert””. BBC Summary
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BBC Summary of World Broadcasts June 19. LexisNexis.
— (1996). “Tanzanian and Burundian defence ministers agree border cooperation”. BBC Summary
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Inter Press Service (1995a). “East Africa-Politics: Tanzania Waves Sabre Over Burundi”. Inter
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MID#4119
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Associated Press (1994). “Nigerian Troops Attack Cameroonians In Border Dispute”. Associated
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BBC (1994a). “Foreign minister and Cameroonian envoy comment on peaceful Bakassi”. BBC
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— (1994b). “Nigeria said to have occupied two islands; Cameroon dispatches troops to region”.
BBC Summary of World Broadcasts January 7. LexisNexis.
Xinhua News Agency (1994). “nigerian navy to set up forward opoperation bases”. Xinhua News
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MID#4121
References
Associated Press (1995). “Eritrea, Yemen Seek to Difuse Crisis, Island Said Calm”. Associated
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Deutsche Presse-Agentur (1995). “Eritrean forces said to have invaded Yemeni Islands”. Deutsche
Presse-Agentur November 15. LexisNexis.
Inter Press Service (1996). “Yemen-Eritrea: Hanish Islands Conflict Ends, Questions Remain”. Inter
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MID#4122
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BBC (1996). “Rwandan military official gives details of border talks, clashes, casualties”. BBC
Summary of World Broadcasts September 26. LexisNexis.
Xinhua News Agency (1996). “heavy fighting reported on zairean-rwandan border”. Xinhua News
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LexisNexis.
MID#4123
References
BBC (1997a). “Burundi-Tanzania border reported ”calm” after attack on Burundi patrol boat”.
BBC Summary of World Broadcasts October 2. LexisNexis.
— (1997b). “Tanzania dismisses Burundi attack claims”. BBC Summary of World Broadcasts
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MID#4124
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European Sudanese Public Affairs Council (2001). “The Peace Process”. European Sudanese Public
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UN Security Council (1999). “Letter Dated 3 May 1999 From The Charge D’Affaires A.I. of the
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Xinhua News Agency (2001). “Uganda, Sudan to Improve Their Relations”. Xinhua News Agency
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MID#4125
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Agence France Presse (1999). “Kosovo invasion plan approved days before Yugoslav climbdown:
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F–349
Deutsche Presse-Agentur (1999). “US., Russia reach accord over Kosovo peacekeeping”. Deutsche
Presse-Agentur June 18. LexisNExis.
MID#4126
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Agence France Presse (1996). “Anti-Japanese protests resume over disputed islets”. Agence France
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Associated Press (1996). “South Korea, Japan Declare Economic Zones, Duck Dispute Over Islets”.
Associated Press February 20. LexisNexis.
Associated Press International (1996). Associated Press International February 20. By Paul Shin;
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Keesing’s (1996). “South Korea – Territorial dispute with Japan”. In: Keesing’s Record of World
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MID#4127
References
BBC (1999a). “Japan Demands 4M-Yen Bail For Early Release Of South Korean Fishing Crew”.
BBC Monitoring Asia Pacific - Political February 16. LexisNexis.
— (1999b). “South Korea demands Japan return crew of seized fishing boat”. BBC Monitoring
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Jiji Press Ticker Service (1999). “Japanese, ROK Boats to Resume Fishing in 200-Mile Zones Mon.”
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MID#4128
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MID#4130
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Africa News (1997). “Ethiopia Warns Sudan Not to ”Externalise” Internal Debacle”. Africa News
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F–350
Agence France Presse (1997). “Ethiopia denies involvement in Sudan fighting”. Agence France
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MID#4132
References
Associated Press Worldstream (1997). “Yemen negotiating with Eritrea for release of 30 fishermen”.
Associated Press Worldstream July 23. LexisNexis.
BBC (1997). “Yemen accuses Eritrea of holding 200 Yemeni fishermen and 40 boats”. BBC Summary of World Broadcasts July 26. LexisNexis.
MID#4133
References
BBC (1999a). “Cyprus Spokesman Rejects Turkish Complaints About Greek Fighter Planes”. BBC
Monitoring Europe - Political May 8.
— (1999b). “Turkish Cypriot Leader Says USA Must Tell Greeks To Accept Two Cyprus States”.
BBC Monitoring Europe - Political March 12.
— (1999c). “Turkish Fighters Violate Greek National Airspace”. BBC Monitoring Europe - Political March 13.
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MID#4134
References
Agence France Presse (1995). “Mubarak vows to fight terrorism, repeats Sudan charge”. Agence
France Presse June 27. LexisNexis.
BBC (1995). “Sudan says US-UK-Egyptian exercises in Red Sea threaten stability”. BBC Summary
of World Broadcasts July 19. LexisNexis.
Deutsche Presse-Agentur (1997). “Massive build up of Egyptian troops on border; Sudanese paper
says”. Deutsche Presse-Agentur July 3. LexisNexis.
Mideast Mirror (1995). “Sudan takes grievances against Egypt to UN after snub from Arab League”.
Mideast Mirror July 11. LexisNexis.
F–351
MID#4135
References
Associated Press (1998). “Cambodians Stream Into Thailand”. Associated Press May 2. LexisNexis.
CNN (1997). “Thousands of Cambodian Refugees Flee to Thailand”. CNN August 17. LexisNexis.
Deutsche Presse-Agentur (1997). “Thailand will protest killing of Thai soldier on Cambodian border”. Deutsche Presse-Agentur August 28. LexisNexis.
MID#4136
References
Associated Press Worldstream (1997). “Army units at border with Albania placed on alert”. Associated Press Worldstream March 14. LexisNexis.
BBC (1997). “Relations with Belgrade depend on Kosovo issue”. BBC Summary of World Broadcasts September 15. LexisNexis.
MID#4137
References
International Legal Materials (1999). “Military Technical Agreement Between The International Security Force (’KFOR’) And The Governments Of The Federal Republic Of Yugoslavia And The
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MID#4138
References
Japan Economic Newswire (1999). “Thai navy patrol clashes with Myanmar frigates”. Japan Economic Newswire January 14. LexisNexis.
MID#4140
References
Agence France Presse (1999). “Nicaragua vows retaliation against Honduras-Colombia treaty”.
Agence France Presse December 1. LexisNexis.
— (2000). “Honduras and Nicaragua establish Caribbean demilitarized zone”. Agence France Presse
February 8. LexisNexis.
F–352
Associated Press Worldstream (2000). “Border dispute lands tiny Honduran fishing village in hot
water with FEA-Nicaragua-Border Squabbles”. Associated Press Worldstream July 2. LexisNexis.
MID#4141
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MID#4143
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Associated Press Worldstream (1995). “Ecuador, Peru Exchange Fire Along Border”. Associated
Press Worldstream September 22. LexisNexis.
BBC (1996). “Peruvian air force commander restates willingness to defend border with Ecuador”.
BBC Summary of World Broadcasts July 27. LexisNexis.
MID#4144
References
Agence France Presse (1997). “Border incident between Peru, Ecuador military”. Agence France
Presse May 14. LexisNexis.
Deutsche Presse-Agentur (1997). “Peru accuses Ecuador of border attack”. Deutsche Presse-Agentur
October 21. LexisNexis.
MID#4145
References
Xinhua News Agency (1994a). “nicaragua captures boat used by colombian drug traffickers”. Xinhua News Agency April 23. LexisNexis.
— (1994b). “nicaragua requests talks with colombia over land dispute”. Xinhua News Agency
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MID#4146
References
Deutsche Presse-Agentur (1995). “Costa Rica and Nicaragua plan to exchange captured police
officers”. Deutsche Presse-Agentur March 6. LexisNexis.
F–353
MID#4147
References
BBC (1998). “Nicaraguan president rejects mediation with Costa Rica over river dispute”. BBC
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Deutsche Presse-Agentur (1998). “Costa Rica, Nicaragua border dispute escalates”. Deutsche PresseAgentur July 24. LexisNexis.
Xinhua News Agency (1998). “border tension reappears between costa rica, nicaragua”. Xinhua
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MID#4148
References
United Press International (1996a). “Chile, Argentina reject British tariff”. United Press International March 20. LexisNexis.
— (1996b). “Chile protests fishing boat detention”. United Press International March 8. LexisNexis.
MID#4149
References
BBC (1996). “Joint commission meeting held in Port-of-Spain on vessel-shooting incident”. BBC
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MID#4150
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Deutsche Presse-Agentur (1997). “Guatemala sends troops to Belize border”. Deutsche PresseAgentur August 26. LexisNexis.
MID#4151
References
BBC (2000). BBC Summary of World Broadcasts March 18. LexisNexis.
The Gazette (2000). “Belize patrol held”. The Gazette February 27. LexisNexis: G13.
F–354
MID#4152
References
Associated Press International (2000). “Guatemala: 10 Belizean soldiers crosed ilillegal into Guatemala”.
Associated Press International September 7. LexisNexis.
— (2001). “Guatemalans to be removed from disputed border zone with Belize”. Associated Press
International February 10. LexisNexis.
BBC (2000). “Guatemala denounces new ”incursion” into its territory by Belize”. BBC Summary
of World Broadcasts December 30. LexisNexis.
Xinhua General News Service (2000). “Guatemala Demands UK Explanation over Military Backing
to Belize”. Xinhua General News Service June 27. LexisNexis.
Xinhua News Agency (2000). “Guatemala Angry With Belize for Expulsion of Guatemalans”.
Xinhua News Agency August 10. LexisNexis.
MID#4153
References
Xinhua News Agency (1997). “bodies of two missing nicaraguan sailors found”. Xinhua News
Agency March 15. LexisNexis.
MID#4154
References
BBC (1997). “Relations with Venezuela ’back to normal’”. BBC Summary of World Broadcasts
August 7. LexisNexis.
New York Times (1997). “Venezuela and Trinidad Square Off Over Oil Treasure”. New York Times
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The Toronto Star (1997). “Caribbean nations in border spat”. The Toronto Star May 28. LexisNexis: A32.
MID#4155
References
Inter Press Service (1999). “Ties With Venezuela Tested At Sea”. Inter Press Service August 11.
LexisNexis.
F–355
MID#4156
References
BBC (2000a). “Guyana and Surinam to meet to discuss oil drilling dispute”. BBC Monitoring Latin
American - Political June 5. LexisNexis.
— (2000b). “Surinam-Guyana tension reported at Caribbean Community summit”. BBC Monitoring Latin American - Political July 4. LexisNexis.
The Toronto Star (2000). “CGX Retreats In Guyana-Suriname Dispute”. The Toronto Star June
5. LexisNexis.
MID#4157
References
Inter Press Service (2000). “Border Tensions Flare Up Again”. Inter Press Service September 8.
LexisNexis.
MID#4158
References
AFX News (1995). “Turkey Launches Military Operation In Norther Iraq To Hunt PKK”. AFX
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Facts on File World News Digest (1995a). “Anti-Kurd Assault into Iraq Launched”. Facts on File
World News Digest March 23. LexisNexis.
— (1995b). “Turkey Renews Attacks on Kurds in Iraq”. Facts on File World News Digest July 13.
LexisNexis.
MID#4159
References
United Press International (1995). “Iran closes border with Afghanistan”. United Press International September 6. LexisNexis.
MID#4160
References
Associated Press (1998). “Afghanistan releases last of Iranian prisoners”. Associated Press November 25. LexisNexis.
F–356
BBC (1998a). “Anti-Taleban alliance advances in central, northern areas”. BBC Summary of World
Broadcasts September 8. LexisNexis.
— (1998b). “Five Iranians released by Afghan Taleban back in Tehran”. BBC Summary of World
Broadcasts September 8. LexisNexis.
Xinhua News Agency (1998). “pak officials rush to afghanistan for iranian diplomat”. Xinhua News
Agency August16. LexisNexis.
MID#4161
References
Deutsche Presse-Agentur (1999). “Report: Iranian border forces shell Taleban-controlled Afghanistan”.
Deutsche Presse-Agentur May 17. LexisNexis.
Xinhua News Agency (1999). “taliban protest iran’s alleged attacks on afghan provinces”. Xinhua
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MID#4162
References
Associated Press (1994). “Strike Halts Lesotho Business; South African Jets Fly Over”. Associated
Press September 9. LexisNexis.
Associated Press Worldstream (1994). “US Salutes All Participants in Settlement With Lesotho”.
Associated Press Worldstream September 14. LexisNexis.
BBC (1994). “[16]; South African jets reportedly fly over base, paratroopers carry out exercise”.
BBC Summary of World Broadcasts September 10. LexisNexis.
Commonwealth Observer Group (1998). “The Lesotho National Assembly Elections”. Commonwealth Observer Group May.
Deutsche Presse-Agentur (1994a). “Lesotho King Dissolves Parliament and Democratic Government”. Deutsche Presse-Agentur August 17. LexisNexis.
— (1994b). “South African Diplomat Expects Lesotho Agreement Imminent”. Deutsche PresseAgentur September 13. LexisNexis.
— (1994c). “Southern African Leaders Meet over Lesotho Crisis”. Deutsche Presse-Agentur August
25. LexisNexis.
United Press International (1994a). “Democracy Returns to Lesotho”. United Press International
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United Press International (1994d). “S.Africa Army Practices near Lesotho”. United Press International September 9. LexisNexis; By Patrick Collings.
— (1994e). “Southern African leaders discuss Lesotho”. United Press International August 25.
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MID#4163
References
Deutsche Presse-Agentur (1994). “Togo tightens security on border with Ghana”. Deutsche PresseAgentur October 28. LexisNexis.
MID#4164
References
Associated Press (1994). “Under Court Order, Libya Returns Aouzou Strip to Chad”. Associated
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The Independent (1994). “Chad claims Libyan troop build-up”. The Independent February 14.
LexisNexis: 10.
MID#4165
References
Agence France Presse (1995). “Five killed in shoot-out between Nigerian police”. Agence France
Presse February 17. LexisNexis.
MID#4166
References
Agence France Presse (1996). “Cameroon forces attattack Nigerian troops on disputed peninsula”.
Agence France Presse September 19. LexisNexis.
Associated Press (1996a). “Cameroon Accuses Nigeria of Fresh Border Attacks”. Associated Press
April 27. LexisNexis.
— (1996b). “Nigeria Accuses Cameroon of Fresh Border Clashes”. Associated Press May 7. LexisNexis.
— (1996c). “Two Killed in Clash Between Nigeria and Cameroon”. Associated Press February 5.
LexisNexis.
Deutsche Presse-Agentur (1996). “Nigeria sends military reinforcement to border with Cameroon”.
Deutsche Presse-Agentur May 14. LexisNexis.
F–358
The Independent (1996). “Cameroon fights Nigeria over islands”. The Independent February 6.
LexisNexis: 10.
Xinhua News Agency (1996). “nigeria accuses cameroon of fresh attack in bakassi”. Xinhua News
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— (1997). “cameroun attacks bakassi again, report says”. Xinhua News Agency May 7. LexisNexis.
MID#4168
References
BBC (1994). “[29]; Mozambique condemns border violations by Swaziland at joint commission
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— (1995a). “Angolan armed forces reportedly clash with Congolese army”. BBC Summary of
World Broadcasts May 20. LexisNexis.
— (1995b). “Congo; Angolan armed forces reportedly clash with Congolese army”. BBC Summary
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— (1995c). “Congo; More details of clash between Angolan and Congolese forces”. BBC Summary
of World Broadcasts May 22. LexisNexis.
— (1995d). “More details fo clash between Angolan and Congolese forces”. BBC Summary of
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MID#4169
References
BBC (1994). “Mozambique condemns border violations by Swaziland at joint commission meeting”.
BBC Summary of World Broadcasts January 20. LexisNexis.
MID#4170
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Xinhua News Agency (1996a). “uganda admits pursuing rebels into zaire”. Xinhua News Agency
December 4. LexisNexis.
— (1996b). “uganda army leaves zairean border town”. Xinhua News Agency December 10. LexisNexis.
— (1996c). “ugandan troops pursue rebels into zaire”. Xinhua News Agency November 30. LexisNexis.
— (1996d). “uganda’s statement on zaire’s accusation”. Xinhua News Agency December 13. LexisNexis.
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Xinhua News Agency (1996e). “zairean troops massed in border areas with uganda”. Xinhua News
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MID#4171
References
Associated Press (1997a). Associated Press August 7. LexisNexis.
— (1997b). “Nicaragua frees 14 Honduran fishermen captured in Pacific”. Associated Press January
11. LexisNexis.
BBC (1997a). “Honduran foreign ministry communique on naval ”clash” with Nicaragua”. BBC
Summary of World Broadcasts June 5. LexisNexis.
— (1997b). “Honduras foreign minister comments on ”unjustified” Nicaraguan naval attacks”.
BBC Summary of World Broadcasts June 5. LexisNexis.
— (1997c). “Maritime border dispute continues”. BBC Summary of World Broadcasts June 6.
LexisNexis.
— (1997d). “Nicaraguan minister rejects ”absurd” Honduran protest over naval incident”. BBC
Summary of World Broadcasts June 5. LexisNexis.
United Press International (1997). “Honduras to protest Nicaraguan captures”. United Press International August 7. LexisNexis.
Xinhua News Agency (1997a). “capture of fishermen causes tension in central america”. Xinhua
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MID#4172
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Gerbasi, Fernando (1997). “Email Regarding Memorandum of Understanding between Venezuela
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MID#4173
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BBC (1996). “Russian border guards come under fire in Armenia from Turkish outpost”. BBC
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MID#4174
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Aerandir, Mate Wesley. “Breaking the Ice: Potential U.S.-Russian Maritime Conflicts in the Arctic”.
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Anchorage Daily News (1997). “Coast Guards Seizes Russian Fishing Boat”. Anchorage Daily News
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BBC (1997). “Stae Duma issues statement on seizure of Russian ship by USA”. BBC Summary of
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MID#4175
References
Agence France Presse (1999a). “Azerbaijan blames Russia for clashes with Armenia”. Agence France
Presse June 21. LexisNexis.
— (1999b). “Azerbaijan reports heavy border clashes with Armenia”. Agence France Presse June
14. LexisNexis.
— (1999c). “Azerbaijan reports more clashes with Armenian forces”. Agence France Presse June
17. LexisNexis.
— (1999d). “Azerbaijani defense chief calls for NATO intervention in Karabakh”. Agence France
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— (1999e). “Clashes on Azeri-Armenian border: Azerbaijan officials”. Agence France Presse August 26. LexisNexis.
The Independent (1998). “War of words”. The Independent February 13. LexisNexis: 15.
Washington Post (1998). “Armenia’s Annexation Threat Criticized”. The Washington Post June
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MID#4176
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Deutsche Presse-Agentur (1997). “Taleban reported to have crosse strategic pass”. Deutsche PresseAgentur May 27. LexisNexis.
The Toronto Star (1997). “Taleban gains spur Russian troop alert Islamic domino effect’ in Central
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MID#4177
References
BBC (1999). “Uzbekfeared guards try to build ’fortified position’ on Kyrgyz territory”. BBC Monitoring Central Asia Unit April 11. LexisNexis.
MID#4178
References
BBC (1999). “Mongolian Prime Minister ”Satisfied” With Chinese Relations”. BBC Monitoring
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MID#4179
References
BBC (1999a). “CIS security chiefs round off meeting in St Petersburg”. BBC Summary of World
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— (1999b). “Raid on Tajikistan carried out by Uzbek bombers - Russian Defence Ministry”. BBC
Summary of World Broadcasts August 17. LexisNexis.
— (1999c). “Tajik Envoy To Uzbekistan: Rebels Have Lost People’s Support”. BBC Monitoring
Central Asia Unit September 10. LexisNexis.
— (1999d). “Tajik Raid Said Caried Out By Uzbek Sukhoi Bombers”. BBC Monitoring Former
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MID#4180
References
BBC (1999a). “Chinese navy ships found near disputed islands in East China Sea”. BBC Summary
of World Broadcasts May 17. LexisNexis.
— (1999b). “Japanese official says premiers ”clashed” over territorial waters issue”. BBC Summary
of World Broadcasts July 12. LexisNexis.
— (1999c). “Ten Chinese navy ships seen in water near disputed islands”. BBC Summary of World
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The Daily Yomiuri (1999). “Chinese ships spotted off Senkaku Islands”. The Daily Yomiuri May
16. LexisNexis: 2.
F–362
MID#4182
References
Christian Science Monitor (1996). “Syrian Leader Pulls Strings On Israeli-Lebanon Fighting”. The
Christian Science Monitor April 29. LexisNexis: 1.
Evening Standard (1993). “Israeli soldiers die in bomb ambush”. Evening Standard April 13. LexisNexis: 2.
New York Times (1993). “Israelis and Foes Trade Fire In Southern Lebanon Zone”. New York
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The Jerusalem Post (1993). “Syria’s wily tactician”. The Jerusalem Post August 27. LexisNexis.
Washington Post (2000). “Syria’s Lebanese Challenge; Damascus’s Domination of Beirut Under
Fire Since Israeli Pullout”. The Washington Post May 27. LexisNexis: A18.
MID#4186
References
BBC (2000). “NATO Kosovo commander, Yugoslav deputy CGS discuss border security”. BBC
Monitoring Europe - Political April 8. LexisNexis.
Ottawa Citizen (2000). “No parades fro NATO: Kosovo Force has had little success at restoring
order or ending violence”. The Ottawa Citizen March 25. LexisNexis: B2.
Washington Post (2000). “Kosovo Rebels’ Serbian Designs Concern NATO”. The Washington Post
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MID#4187
References
Africa News (1998a). “Ethiopia; As the World Watches on”. Africa News May 26. LexisNexis.
— (1998b). “Ethiopia; Eritrea at Centerpoint”. Africa News December 8. LexisNexis.
MID#4188
References
Africa News (1999). “Ethiopia, Kenya To Combat Border Crime”. Africa News June 10.
BBC (1999). “Ethiopian, Kenyan Officials Issue Joint Communique On Security, Cooperation”.
BBC Monitoring Africa - Political June 10.
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MID#4189
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U.S. State Department (1998). “Presidential Act of Brasilia”. U.S. State Department October 26.
MID#4190
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BBC (1996a). “Coalition Agreements; ”Huge Syrian military deployment” on border with Turkey
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— (1996b). “Israel; Syrian minister says recent tension with Turkey ”due to government policies””.
BBC Summary of World Broadcasts June 27. LexisNexis.
MID#4191
References
Deutsche Presse-Agentur (1996). “Iran claims Turkish copters enter Iranian air space, killing six”.
Deutsche Presse-Agentur June 28. LexisNexis.
MID#4192
References
BBC (1996). “Iranian Kurds reportedly cross Iraqi border to attack villages in western Iran”. BBC
Summary of World Broadcasts July 29. LexisNexis.
— (1997). “Iran, Iraq reportedly massing troops on border - Jordanian weekly”. BBC Summary
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The Australian (1996). “Iranians enter Iraq for attack on Kurds”. The Australian July 29. LexisNexis: 10.
MID#4193
References
BBC (1998). “Turkish Seawolf-98 Naval Exercise Continues In Aegean”. BBC Monitoring Europe
- Political June 8. LexisNexis.
Deutsche Presse-Agentur (1997). “Greece says it will inform NATO over harassment by Turkish
jet”. Deutsche Presse-Agentur October 17. LexisNexis.
— (1998a). “Turkey accuses Greece of prolonging tension in Aegean”. Deutsche Presse-Agentur
February 25. LexisNexis.
F–364
Deutsche Presse-Agentur (1998b). “Turkish-Greece border reported calm after exchange of fire”.
Deutsche Presse-Agentur July 30. LexisNexis.
The Guardian (1997). “World news in brief: Greek-Turk pact in danger”. The Guardian October
17. LexisNexis: 15.
MID#4195
References
Acronym (1996). “Egypt and Libya discuss alleged chemical weapons plant”. Acronym June (6).
Washington Post (1996). “Egypt Denies Libyan Chemical Arms Site; Mubarak Says His Experts
Found Nothing in Gadhafi’s Tunnels”. Washington Post May 30. By John Lancaster: A25.
MID#4196
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New York Times (1996a). “Cuba’s Nuclear Plant Project Worries Washington”. New York Times
February 25. By Larry Rohter: 3.
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MID#4197
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ITAR-TASS News Wire (2000). “Russian long-range bombers’ flight to continue until January”.
ITAR-TASS News Wire December 8. Yurkin, Anatoly: 1.
New York Times (2000). “Pentagon Says Russian Bombers Are Expected Off Alaskan Coast”. New
York Times December 1. LexisNexis: A5.
The Globe and Mail (2000). “Canada, U.S. deploy jets as Russians get set to fly”. The Globe and
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MID#4200
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Deutsche Presse-Agentur (1999). “Eritrea seizes Yemeni vessels, Yemen charges”. Deutsche PresseAgentur August 23. LexisNexis.
F–365
MID#4201
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BBC (2001). “Russian, Afghan guards discuss cooperation on Tajik border”. BBC Summary of
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Deutsche Presse-Agentur (2000a). “Moscow reiterates threats of military strikes in Afghanistan”.
Deutsche Presse-Agentur May 26. LexisNexis.
— (2000b). “Russian army holds manoeuvres near Tajik border with Afghanistan”. Deutsche
Presse-Agentur September 27. LexisNexis.
— (2000c). “Taliban give warning to Uzbekistan through UN over air violations”. Deutsche PresseAgentur June 1. LexisNexis.
The Gazette (2000). “Russia warns Afghanistan it might attack”. The Gazette May 23. LexisNexis:
D15.
MID#4203
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Akron Beacon Journal (1998). “Saudi Arabia Attacks Island, Kills 3 Guards”. Akron Beacon Journal
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Associated Press (1997). “Border clash disclosed during visit of Saudi minister”. Associated Press
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MID#4205
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Agence France Presse (1998). “Iraq accused of holding nine Iranian fishermen”. Agence France
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Xinhua News Agency (1997). “iraq condemns iranian air raids on iraq”. Xinhua News Agency
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MID#4206
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Associated Press Worldstream (1999). “Turkish troops chase rebel Kurds in northern Iraq With
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New York Times (1996). “Raid On Iraq: The Turks; Turkish Jets Hammer at Kurdish Bases in
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F–366
MID#4208
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Agence France Presse (1999). “Turkish army continues drive against Kurdish rebels in northern
Iraq”. Agence France Presse September 29. LexisNexis.
United Press International (1999). “Iraq seeks UN intervention with Turkey”. United Press International October 9. LexisNexis.
MID#4210
References
Agence France Presse (2000). “Turkey issues warning in NATO games spat with Greece”. Agence
France Presse October 21. LexisNexis.
Associated Press (2000). “Greece accuses Turkey of airspace violations”. Associated Press February
10. LexisNexis.
BBC (2000). “Turkey submits three protest notes to Greece”. BBC Monitoring Europe - Political
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Facts on File World News Digest (2000). “Turkey: Greek Planes Blocked in NATO Exercise”. Facts
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MID#4212
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BBC (2001). “Georgia insists that Russia admit intrusion into Georgia’s airspace”. BBC Monitoring
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Interfax Russian News (1999a). “Russian Special Services Plan Provocations In Georgia”. Interfax
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— (1999b). “Tbilisi Says Russian Helicopter Dropped Mines on Georgian Territory”. Interfax Russian News November 17. LexisNexis.
Xinhua General News Service (1999). “Georgia Protests Over Incident On Border With Russia”.
Xinhua General News Service November 17. LexisNexis.
MID#4214
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Baltic News Service (2000). “Lithuanian Ship Seizure Nearly Over”. Baltic News Service December
20.
F–367
MID#4215
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Agence France Presse (1999a). “Iraq claims on Kuwait are ’nonsense’: officials”. Agence France
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— (1999b). “Kuwait puts army on red alert after Iraqi threats”. Agence France Presse January
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— (1999c). “Kuwait tests air raid sirens”. Agence France Presse January 14. LexisNexis.
— (1999d). “Kuwaiti emir receives Iranian envoy for talks on Iraq”. Agence France Presse January
16. LexisNexis.
Deutsche Presse-Agentur (1999). “Kuwait puts armed forces on alert after Iraqi threats”. Deutsche
Presse-Agentur January 11. LexisNexis.
Guardian Weekly (1999). “Kuwait on alert as Gulf tension rises”. Guardian Weekly January 17.
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MID#4216
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MID#4217
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MID#4218
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MID#4219
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F–368
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MID#4220
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Xinhua General News Service (2000). “Russian Fighter Planes Fly Over U.S. Aircraft Carrier”.
Xinhua General News Service November 14. LexisNexis.
MID#4221
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BBC (2000). “Russian border guard reported killed on Armenian-Turkish border”. BBC Monitoring
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MID#4222
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St. Petersburg Times (2000). “Russia fires on boat, seizes Japanese crew”. St. Petersburg Times
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MID#4223
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Agence France Presse (2000). “One dead, two hurt in Indian shelling in Kashmir: Pakistan”. Agence
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Deutsche Presse-Agentur (1999). “18 Indian troops killed in Kashmir fighting, claims Pakistan”.
Deutsche Presse-Agentur July 19. LexisNexis.
New York Times (2000). “Bomb Kills 10 In Kashmir; Rebels Claim Responsibility”. New York
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The Hindu (2000). “Pak. army, air force on alert”. The Hindu October 29. LexisNexis: 1.
F–369
MID#4224
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MID#4225
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Associated Press (1999). “Japanese officials say suspected spy ships enter North Korea”. Associated
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BBC (1999). “Japanese Embassy In Beijing Sends Protest Letter To North Korean Embassy”. BBC
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Facts on File World News Digest (1999). “Intruding Boats Intercepted”. Facts on File World News
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MID#4226
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MID#4227
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Associated Press (1998). “Sources say 24 killed in AFghanistan by U.S. missiles”. Associated Press
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Deutsche Presse-Agentur (1998). “Bin Laden to U.S.: ”The war has just started””. Deutsche PresseAgentur August 22. LexisNexis.
MID#4228
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BBC (1998). “Regular Uzbek Troops Reinforce Afghan Border, Hold Firing Exercises”. BBC Monitoring South Asia - Political August 13. LexisNexis.
Xinhua News Agency (1998). “russian troops put on high alert on tajik-afghan border”. Xinhua
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F–370
MID#4229
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IPR Strategic Business Information Database (2000). “Albanian Army Shores Up Montenegrin
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MID#4230
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MID#4232
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MID#4233
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BBC (2001). “Turkish warplanes violate Greek airspace ”on almost daily basis,” paper says”. BBC
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MID#4235
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MID#4236
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F–371
MID#4237
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Deutsche Presse-Agentur (2001). “Norwegian fighters sight Russian bombers off North Sea coast”.
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MID#4239
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MID#4240
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F–372
MID#4242
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MID#4243
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MID#4244
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MID#4245
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MID#4246
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Deutsche Presse-Agentur (1997a). “Angolan troops begin withdrawal from Congo-Brazzaville”.
Deutsche Presse-Agentur October 21. LexisNexis.
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Xinhua News Agency (1997). “troops invade congolese oil city from angola”. Xinhua News Agency
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Deutsche Presse-Agentur (1998). “Sudanese plane bombed Ugandan town, aid officials say”. Deutsche
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Inter Press Service (1999). “Population-Uganda: Militias Sign Up To Defend Villagers”. Inter Press
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MID#4249
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MID#4250
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MID#4252
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MID#4255
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MID#4256
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MID#4257
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MID#4260
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BBC (1999a). “Caribbean: Venezuela places ad on stand over border dispute with Guyana”. BBC
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MID#4261
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BBC (2000). “Venezuela to protest entry of US vessels into territorial waters”. BBC Monitoring
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MID#4262
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Associated Press (2000). “Colombian general says Venezuelan troops entere Colombian territory”.
Associated Press October 15. LexisNexis.
BBC (2000a). “Colombians says Venezuelan soldiers kidnapped four Colombia farmers near Tibu”.
BBC Summary of World Broadcasts November 22. LexisNexis.
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MID#4263
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MID#4264
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MID#4265
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MID#4266
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MID#4269
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Associated Press (1994). “Iraq Masses Troops Near Kuwaiti Border, U.S. Warns Baghdad”. Associated Press October 8. LexisNexis.
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Deutsche Presse-Agentur (1994). “Kuwaiti and U.S. forces hold manoeuvres”. Deutsche PresseAgentur August 2. LexisNexis.
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MID#4270
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MID#4271
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Agence France Presse (1996a). “Britain condemns Iraqi attack on Arbil”. Agence France Presse
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— (1996b). “URGENT Iraq fires two SAM missiles in northern no fly-zone”. Agence France Presse
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— (1996c). “US fires 27 cruise missiles at military targets in Iraq”. Agence France Presse September
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Associated Press Worldstream (1996). “Iraq Denies Locking On U.S. Warplane”. Associated Press
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F–378
MID#4272
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Associated Press (1997). “Kuwait says border guards exchanged gunfire with Iraqis”. Associated
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Associated Press Worldstream (1997). “U.S. and Kuwait conduct joint military exercises”. Associated Press Worldstream September 20. LexisNexis.
Deutsche Presse-Agentur (1996). “Kuwait confirms receipt of two more sanctions-busting ships”.
Deutsche Presse-Agentur October 30. LexisNexis.
Xinhua News Agency (1996). “iraq accuses kuwait of violating its territorial waters”. Xinhua News
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MID#4273
References
Agence France Presse (1997). “American bombers carry out mock air raids over Kuwait”. Agence
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Associated Press Online (1997). “Kuwait Holds War Games With Allies”. Associated Press Online
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Deutsche Presse-Agentur (1999). “Kuwait cabinet denounces Iraqi border provocations”. Deutsche
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Japan Economic Newswire (2001). “Saudi Arabian soldier killed in Iraqi-Saudi border clash”. Japan
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Newsweek (2001). “Trouble At Home For the Allies”. Newsweek December 10. LexisNexis: 2.
MID#4274
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The Independent (1999). “Iraq troops head for Kuwait border”. The Independent January 22.
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MID#4275
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Agence France Presse (2000a). “Iraq not a threat, Kuwaiti mobilisation unjustified: Iraqi paper”.
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F–379
Deutsche Presse-Agentur (2000). “Kuwait puts troops on alert after Iraqi threats”. Deutsche PresseAgentur August 10. LexisNexis.
MID#4277
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New York Post (2001). “Border Of Disorder; Nuke-Ready India & Pakistan Fire Off Mortars And
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MID#4278
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MID#4279
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The Washington Times (2001). “Chinese navy deploys warships to disputed Spratly island chain”.
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MID#4280
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New York TImes (2001). “Collision With China; Envoy’s Letter To Beijing”. New York Times April
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MID#4281
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Agence France Presse (2001a). “Bush expresses regret, as US-China diplomacy heats over spy
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— (2001b). “China reiterates US plane cannot fly home, but declines to say why”. Agence France
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F–380
Agence France Presse (2001c). “Chinese rerescue sight suspected body of pilot”. Agence France
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— (2001d). “URGENT — US, China agree in principle to airlift spy plane”. Agence France Presse
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— (2001e). “US admiral says damaged plane was in international airspace”. Agence France Presse
April 2. LexisNexis.
— (2001f). “US, China try to negotiate end to plane standoff”. Agence France Presse April 6.
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— (2001g). “US delegation leaves China after two days of spy plane talks”. Agence France Presse
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— (2001h). “US demands return of Navy aircraft after collision with Chinese Plane”. Agence France
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MID#4282
References
Associated Press (2001). “North Korean cargo ships violate South Korean waters”. Associated Press
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Japan Economic Newswire (2001). “S. Korea protests N. Korea’s shooting in demilitarized zone”.
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The Korea Herald (2001). “N.K. ships violate South’s waters again”. The Korea Herald June 5.
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United Press International (2001a). “Koreas exchange cross-border fire”. United Press International
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— (2001b). “N.Korean vessels violate S.Korean water”. United Press International June 3. LexisNexis.
MID#4283
References
AFX - Asia (2001). “Taliban responds with anti-aircraft fire as US planes return to Kabul”. AFX
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Associated Press Worldstream (2001). “Planning or post-Taliban Afghanistan lacks northern alliance’s promised participation”. Associated Press Worldstream November 15. LexisNexis.
Sunday Business (2001). “Colin Powell, The United States Secretary Of State, Said Yesterday
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The Times of London (2001). “Nato agrees eight-point strategy to support US”. The Times of
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The Washington Times (2001). “Coup Rumors”. The Washington Times November 16. LexisNexis:
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MID#4284
References
Agence France Presse (2001a). “Central African army reinforces border with Chad”. Agence France
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— (2001b). “Chad denies charges its troops on Central African territory”. Agence France Presse
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— (2001c). “Chadian army in north of Central Africa: Bangui”. Agence France Presse December
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MID#4285
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BBC (1994a). “[1]; Iran blames Armenia for plane crash”. BBC Summary of World Broadcasts
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BBC Summary of World Broadcasts March 29. LexisNexis.
Inter Press Service (1994). “Iran-Armenia: Teheran Claims Armenian Missile Downed Iranian
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MID#4286
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Xinhua General News Service (1993a). “egypt protests sudan’s take-over of egyptian university in
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MID#4287
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MID#4288
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— (1995d). “Sudanese newspaper says Egypt aggravating situation in Hala’ib”. BBC Summary of
World Broadcasts December 8. LexisNexis.
— (1996a). “Protest made to Egypt at ”escalation” of Hala’ib conflict”. BBC Summary of World
Broadcasts March 6. LexisNexis.
— (1996b). “Sudan says Egyptian forces trying to stop voting in Hala’ib”. BBC Summary of World
Broadcasts March 17. LexisNexis.
Deutsche Presse-Agentur (1996). “Sudan accuses Egypt of trying to spark border war”. Deutsche
Presse-Agentur March 5. LexisNexis.
MID#4289
References
BBC (1999). “”Iran’s Foreign Ministry spokesman condemns Turkey’s attack””. BBC Monitoring
Middle East - Political July 18.
National Post (1999). “Turkey, Iran engage in verbal battle over alleged attacks””. National Post
July 26. Don Mills.
Xinhua News Agency (1999). “”Iran Condemns Turkey’s Air-raid on Iranian Border”. Xinhua News
Agency July 18.
F–383
MID#4290
References
Agence France Presse (2001). “Turkey plans show of military force for ally Azerbaijan”. Agence
France Presse August 17. LexisNexis.
BBC (1995). “National Guardsman Held By Turks; Students urged to end demonstrations”. BBC
Summary of World Broadcasts November 10. LexisNexis.
United Press International (2001). “Turkish general Baku visit irks Iran”. United Press International August 24. LexisNexis.
MID#4291
References
Ministry of Foreign Affairs for the Republic of Turkey (1998). “Statement Made By smail Cem,
Foreign Minister, On The Special Security Meeting Held Between Turkey And Syria October
20, 1998”. Ministry of Foreign Affairs for the Republic of Turkey October 20.
MID#4292
References
BBC (1999). “”Iraq says six killed in MKO bus explosion, holds Iran responsible””. BBC Monitoring
Middle East - Political June 9: 1.
Los Angeles Times (1999). “”IRAQ; Bomb Reportedly Kills 6 Iran Exiles””. Los Angeles Times
June 10.
MID#4293
References
Agence France Presse (1995a). “Qatar puts troops on alert along border with Saudi Arabia”. Agence
France Presse June 27. LexisNexis.
— (1995b). “Son ousts father in bloodless palace coup”. Agence France Presse June 27. LexisNexis.
BBC (1995). “Border with Saudi Arabia reportedly closed”. BBC Summary of World Broadcasts
June 28. LexisNexis.
MID#4295
References
The Guardian (2000). “The new Serbia: JaJail British policemen freed”. The Guardian October 7.
LexisNexis: 4.
F–384
The Scotsman (2000). “British Police Held In Yugoslavia”. The Scotsman August 4. LexisNexis: 1.
The Toronto Star (2000). “Canada Protests Yugoslav Jailing Of Alberta Pair”. The Toronto Star
August 5. LexisNexis.
MID#4296
References
Birmingham Post (2001). “Refugees’ ship is warned off by SAS; Gunboat diplomacy: Australia
takes tough line over rescued Afghans”. Birmingham Post August 30. Jason Reed: 13.
Chicago Tribune (2001). “”Ship with asylum seekers turned away””. Chicago Tribune August 30:
6.
Radio Australia, Melbourne (2001). “Norwegian skipper said ”refusing” calls from Australian
court”. Radio Australia, Melbourne September 2.
The Toronto Star (2001). “Norway protests ship seizure to United Nations, Red Cross; Australian
PM defends boarding refugees’ vessel”. The Toronto Star August 30: A11.
MID#4297
References
BBC (1996). “Japanese consulate on Sakhalin will recognize Russia’s rights to Far East island”.
BBC Summary of World Broadcasts December 3.
MID#4298
References
BBC (2000). “Programme summary of Montenegrin radio news 1300 gmt 07 Aug 00”. BBC Monitoring International Reports August 7.
Deutsche Presse-Agentur (2000). “Croatian-U.S. military exercisestarts in Adriatic”. Deutsche
Presse-Agentur September 26. LexisNexis.
MID#4299
References
Agence France Presse (1993a). “Many civilians killed in U.S. attack: Iraq says”. Agence France
Presse June 27. LexisNexis.
— (1993b). “U.S. says air strike against Iraq successful”. Agence France Presse June 27. LexisNexis.
New York TImes (1993). “Raid on Baghdad; U.S. Fires Missiles at Baghdad, Citing April Plot to
Kill Bush”. New York Times June 27. By Gwen Ifill; LexisNexis: 1.
F–385
The Times of London (1993). “Clinton warns Saddam”. The Times of London June 28. LexisNexis.
MID#4300
References
Agence France Presse (2001). “17 killed as Guinean jets strafe S. Leone border towns: witnesses”.
Agence France Presse January 27. LexisNexis.
Xinhua General News Service (2001). “Presidents S. Leone, Guinea Scheduled to Meet”. Xinhua
General News Service June 4. LexisNexis.
MID#4301
References
Africa News (2001). “Sierra Leone; 4 Liberian Top Military Officers Arrested in Sierra Leone”.
Africa News May 9. LexisNexis.
MID#4302
References
BBC (1999a). “ECOWAS leaders issue communique condemning attacks on Liberia, Guinea”. BBC
Summary of World Broadcasts September 20.
— (1999b). “Guinea, Liberia reportedly to hold further summit in November”. BBC Summary of
World Broadcasts September 20.
MID#4303
References
Agence France Presse (2001). “Zambia sends military team to Angola over border trouble”. Agence
France Presse November 25. LexisNexis.
Xinhua (2001). “Zambia Admits Killing of 10 Angolan Soldiers”. Xinhua November 23. LexisNexis.
Xinhua General News Service (2001). “Zambian Border Area Attacked by Angolan Bombers”.
Xinhua General News Service January 9. LexisNexis.
MID#4304
References
Africa News (1997). “East Africa; Sudan Mig Plane Downed At Uganda Border”. Africa News
December 27. LexisNexis.
F–386
Xinhua News Agency (1997). “sudanese warplane shot down near uganda-sudan border”. Xinhua
News Agency December 27. LexisNexis.
MID#4305
References
Africa News (2001). “Uganda; LRA Threat, UPDF On Alert”. Africa News October 30. LexisNexis.
MID#4306
References
BBC (2001). “Border conflict said ”brewing” between Cameroon and Central African Republic”.
BBC Monitoring Africa - Political March 8. LexisNexis.
MID#4307
References
BBC (1994a). “Zaire given official protest at military camp’s proximity to border”. BBC Summary
of World Broadcasts April 16. LexisNexis.
— (1994b). “Zairean troops on Zambian territory leave”. BBC Summary of World Broadcasts
September 28. LexisNexis.
MID#4308
References
BBC (1993). “Niger: four soldiers killed in exchange of fire with Malia patrol”. BBC Summary of
World Broadcasts February 12. LexisNexis.
Xinhua General News Service (1993). “six die in clash along mali-niger border”. Xinhua General
News Service February 11. LexisNexis.
MID#4309
References
BBC (1996). “Guinean soldiers occupying village since 4th March”. BBC Summary of World Broadcasts March 14. LexisNexis.
F–387
MID#4310
References
New York Times (2000a). “Rwanda and Uganda, Supposedly Allies, May Stumble into War”. New
York Times May 11. By Ian Fisher.
— (2000b). “Rwanda Says it is Willing to Begin Withdrawal from Congo”. New York Times May
8. By Barbara Crossette.
— (2002). “Rwanda and Congo Sign Accord to End War”. New York Times July 31. By Henri E.
Cauvin.
MID#4311
References
BBC (2000a). “Burundi: Some 30,000 people fled insecurity in southeast in April - official”. BBC
Worldwide Monitoring May 11. LexisNexis.
— (2000b). “Tanzanian, Burundi defence ministers meet; agree to coordinate military action”.
BBC Worldwide Monitoring July 7. LexisNexis.
MID#4312
References
BBC (2000). “Officials to meet on border dispute 7th-9th May”. BBC Summary of World Broadcasts
May 8. LexisNexis.
International Court of Justice (2005). “Frontier Dispute (Benin/Niger)”. ICJ Press Release 2005/16
July 12.
Panafrican News Agency (2000). “Benin, Niger Towards Settlement of Border Dispute”. Panafrican
News Agency May 5. LexisNexis: 1.
Taylor and Francis Group (2004). Europa World Year.
The Economist Intelligence Unit (2002). “Benin politics: Benin and Niger appeal to The Hague”.
The Economist Intelligence Unit July 17: 1.
MID#4314
References
Agence France Presse (2001). “Thailand and Myanmar begin border dispute talks”. Agence France
Presse April 2. LexisNexis.
Japan Economic Newswire (2001). “Thailand, Myanmar set to address border dispute in April”.
Japan Economic Newswire March 19. LexisNexis.
F–388
MID#4315
References
Mideast News (1998). “Water is Behind Turkey-Syria Water Tension”. Mideast News October 6.
By Adel Darwish.
New York Times (1998). “Mubarak Visits Syria in Effort to Diffuse Crisis with Turkey”. New York
Times October 5. By Douglas Jehl.
MID#4317
References
New York Times (2001). “Iran and Azerbaijan Argue over Caspian’s Riches”. New York Times
August 30.
MID#4318
References
Agence France Presse (1995). “Armenia, Azerbaijan accuse each other after border clashes”. Agence
France Presse September 27. LexisNexis.
— (1996). “Armenian, Azerbaijani forces clash on border”. Agence France Presse February 24.
LexisNexis.
BBC (1995). “Armenian ministry accuses Azeris of shelling villages”. BBC Summary of World
Broadcasts May 13. LexisNexis.
TASS (1995a). “Armenian Populated Localities Come Under Fire”. TASS March 7. LexisNexis.
— (1995b). “Azerbaijan Attacks Armenian Villages, One Soldier Wounded”. TASS March 8. LexisNexis.
— (1995c). “Azerbaijan Begins ”Full-Scale Warfare” Against Armenia”. TASS March 7. LexisNexis.
The Globe and Mail (1995). “Nagorno-Karabakh waits for the next blow Armenian and Azeri
forces are fighting for control of the separatist enclave and the war-weary citizens are hoping
peacekeepers will help ease the suffering”. The Globe and Mail June 8. LexisNexis.
MID#4319
References
Agence France Presse (1997). “Clashes on the border of Armenia, Azerbaijan: report”. Agence
France Presse May 15. LexisNexis.
Associated Press International (1996). “Armenia Accuses Azerbaijan of truce violation, Baku denies”. Associated Press International December 16. LexisNexis.
F–389
Deutsche Presse-Agentur (1997a). “Armenians on western Azerbaijan, says Baku”. Deutsche PresseAgentur April 26. LexisNexis.
— (1997b). “Sporadic clashes in Nagorny-Karabakh”. Deutsche Presse-Agentur April 21. LexisNexis.
The Guardian (1997). “Azeris And Armenians Clash”. The Guardian April 22. LexisNexis: 8.
MID#4320
References
Agence France Presse (2001). “Turkey accuses Greece of fresh airspace violtions over Aegean”.
Agence France Presse November 21. LexisNexis.
Associated Press Worldstream (2001). “Turkey’s army warns of increase in Greek airspace violations”. Associated Press Worldstream December 27. LexisNexis.
MID#4321
References
The Jamestown Foundation (1998). “Norway, Russia Clash Over Fishing Rights.” The Jamestown
Foundation July 20.
MID#4322
References
New York Times (1999). “With Missile, North Korea Casts Fear upon Japan”. New York Times
August 15. By Calvin Sims.
MID#4323
References
New York TImes (1996). “Dispute Still Simmering over Aegean Sea Inlets”. New York Times July
20. By Celestine Bohlen.
MID#4324
References
Associated Press (2000a). “Iraq condemns Turkey’s incursion into its northern territories”. Associated Press June 6. LexisNexis.
F–390
Associated Press (2000b). “Iraq condemns Turkish ”aggression,” threatens retaliation”. Associated
Press August 21. LexisNexis.
BBC (2001). “Turkish-Iraqi Business Council official pledges to work to lift sanctions”. BBC Summary of World Broadcasts January 25. LexisNexis.
Xinhua General News Service (2001). “Iraq Urges AL Intervention to Halt Turkish Incursions”.
Xinhua General News Service January 12. LexisNexis.
MID#4331
References
BBC (1994a). “[5]; Spratlys: Taiwan police set foot on island for first time”. BBC Summary of
World Broadcasts April 28. LexisNexis.
— (1994b). “[8]; Spratlys: Taiwan sends police patrol boats to protect Taiwanese fishing vessels”.
BBC Summary of World Broadcasts April 27. LexisNexis.
Japan Economic Newswire (1994). “Taiwan dispatches patrol boats to Spratly Islands”. Japan
Economic Newswire April 25. LexisNexis.
MID#4332
References
BBC (1994a). “[18]; Permanent alert on Yugoslav border in case of air strikes in Bosnia”. BBC
Summary of World Broadcasts February 19. LexisNexis.
— (1994b). “Permanent alert on Yugoslav border in case of air strikes in Bosnia”. BBC Summary
of World Broadcasts February 19. LexisNexis.
MID#4333
References
Calgary Herald (1994). “Boys’ Lives Hinge on Airlift”. Calgary Herald January 24. LexisNexis: A3.
New York Times (1994). “Foes’ Troops Pouring In, Bosnia Says”. New York Times January 31.
LexisNexis: A9.
Ottawa Citizen (1994). “Co-ordinated Croat, Serb moves increase tension for UN troops”. Ottawa
Citizen January 29. LexisNexis: A6.
MID#4334
References
BBCNews (1999). “””Russian enter Kosovo””. BBCNews June 12.
F–391
The Herald (1999). “”Russian advance triggers Nato alert””. The Herald (Glasgow) June 12.
MID#4335
References
BBC (1999). “”Russia denies violating US, IcIceland, Norwegian airspace”. BBC Monitoring Former Soviet Union - Political July 1: 1.
New York Post (1999). “”U.S. Fighters Intercept Russian Bombers””. New York Post July 1: 9.
New York Times (1999). “”Russian Bombers Face Off Against American Fighters””. New York
Times July 1: A3.
MID#4336
References
Townsville Bulletin (2001). “Chinese frigate intercepts US ship”. Townsville Bulletin April 4. LexisNexis: 15.
MID#4337
References
Agence France Presse (1997). “Iran calls for Turkey to end incursion in Iraq”. Agence France Presse
May 25. LexisNexis.
Associated Press Worldstream (1997). “Turkish troops kill 1,300 Kurdish rebels in northern Iraq”.
Associated Press Worldstream May 20. LexisNexis.
BBC (1997a). “PKK leader says Turkey’s northern Iraqi operation also aimed at Iran”. BBC
Summary of World Broadcasts May 20. LexisNexis.
— (1997b). “Turkey asks Iran not to aid ”terrorists””. BBC Summary of World Broadcasts May
20. LexisNexis.
MID#4338
References
Associated Press (1999). “Mystery plane, loaded with MiGs, heads back to Kazakstan”. Asso March
24. LexisNexis.
Korea Times (1999). “Kazakhstan Confirmed to Have Sold MiG-21s to NK”. Korea Times August
12. LexisNexis.
The Prague Post (1999). “Company chief is bagged in Baku”. The Prague Post March 31. By
Elizabeth Weinstein.
F–392
MID#4339
References
Africa News (2000). “African Leader Urged to Strengthen ”fragile” Peace Process in DRC”. Africa
News January 26. LexisNexis.
Christian Science Monitor (1998). “At the Heart of an African Rebellion”. The Christian Science
Monitor August 11. Lara Santoro, Special to The Christian Science Monitor: 1.
UN Security Council (1999). “Security Council Report 815: Lusaka Ceasefire Agreement”. S/1999/815.
Entered into Force on July 10, 1999.
MID#4340
References
BBC (1993). “RSK General staff reports Croatian Army offensive along front line except Sinj”.
BBC Summary of World Broadcasts February 19: C1.
St. Petersburg Times (1993). “Croatians battle Serbs”. St. Petersburg Times January 24: 1.
MID#4341
References
United States Institute of Peace (1994). “Washington Agreement”. United States Institute of Peace
March 1.
MID#4342
References
St. Petersburg Times (1999). “Yeltsin Warns NATO of World War”. St. Petersburg Times April
16.
The Moscow Times (1999). “Yeltsin: Don’t Push Russia Into War”. The Moscow Times April 10.
MID#4343
References
BBC (2000). “Serbian troops, police near Bujanovac ready to attack - Slovene radio”. BBC Monitoring Europe - Political November 28.
New York Times (2000). “Yugoslav Faults West Over Attacks on Serbs”. New Yokr Times November 28. Steven Erlanger: A14.
Xinhua (2000). “France Suggests Changes in NATO-Yugoslav Agreement Over Kosovo”. Xinhua
November 28.
F–393
MID#4344
References
BBC (1999). “Russia and Armenia monitor airspace in face of NATO threat”. BBC Monitoring
Former Soviet Union - Political April 16: 1.
F–394