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;DkfbsLo ======================================================================================
k[YjLsf] sl/j &)Ü e"efu hn>f]tn] cf]u6]sf] 5 eg] hnphf{sf]
lx;fan] g]kfn a|flhnkl5 bf];|f] b]zsf] ?kdf lrlgG5 . hn>f]t
dfgj, k|f0fL, af]6la?jf jf ;Dk"0f{ Ecosystem Balance /fVg rflxg]
k|fs[lts >f]t xf] . kfgLn] 9fs]sf] jf leh]sf] jf lxnf] jf lr:ofg
h:tf If]qnfO{ g} l;d;f/ (West Land) elgG5 . o;df gbL, kf]v/L,
tn, bx, s'08, wfgv]t, cflb kb{5 . cyjf kl/efiffsf lx;fan] eGg]
xf] eg] k"0f{ jf cw{, :yfoL jf c:yfoL ?kdf kfgLn] 9fs]sf] jf leh]sf]
e–"efunfO{ g} l;d;f/ (Wet Land) elgG5 . g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df eGg]
xf] eg] River n] %#=!@Ü Lakes n] )=^&Ü Reservoirs n] )=!(Ü
village ponds 0.70% Paddy fields $#=&Ü marsh lands n] !=^!Ü
cf]u6]sf] kfOG5 . l;d;f/ If]qn] h}ljs ljljwtf ;+/If0fdf dxTj k"0f{
e"ldsf v]Nb5 eGg] efjgfaf6 ljZj:t eO g]kfnn] ;g\ !(&! sf]
Ramsar Treaty df x:tfIf/ u/]/ l;d;f/ If]qsf] cf}krf/Ls ?kdf
;+/If0f ug{ yfn]sf] kfOG5 . o;nfO{ cflwsf/Lstf lbg] lx;fan] ;g
@))# df Na"onal wetland Policy NofPsf] lyof] .
g]kfnn] /fd;f/ dxf;GwLsf] kIfw/ /fi6«sf] gftfn] Pp6f
l;d;f/ If]qsf] 3f]if0ff ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 h;cg';f/ g]kfnn] ;aeGbf
klxnf sf]zL 6Kk' jGohGt' cf/IfnfO{ l;d;f/df If]q 3f]if0ff
u/]sf] kfOG5 . d'Vo l;d;f/ If]qsf] p2]Zodfx? Iden"fica"on
of wetland, Iden"fica"on of Local knowledge, conserva"on
implementa"on of interna"onal trea"es, Women par"cipa"on
in water management oL p2]ZonfO{ :yflkt ug{ d'Vo u/L
community level, leasehold level, religions purpose, private
level / state level x?n] sfd ul//xsf] cj:yf 5 . oL ;+/If0fsf
sfdaf6 xfdLn] ljz]ift Biodiversity conserva"on, fisheries
occupa"on maintenance, agriculture diversity, tourism
development, herbs/Acquis"c vegeta"on sf] a9jf lbg] xf] .
o; If]qdf kfOg] h}ljs ljljwtfaf6 :yfgLo:t/sf hgtfn] Food,
vegeta"on, fisheries industry fer"lizers, thatching, fuel wood,
protec"on of ecosystem h:tf kmfObf lnPsf] cj:yf 5 .
o;sf] lbuf] Joj:yfkgsf nflu :yfgLo:t/sf JolSt Pj+ ;d'bfo,
;+3 ;+:yf, /fli6«o Pj+ cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf / ;/sf/n] o;sf]
klxrfg, ;+/If0f / Joj:yfkg, ahf/Ls/0f Pj+ Jofkf/Ls/0f ;d]t
ug{ ;s]sf] v08df g]kfn /x]sf l;d;f/ If]qsf] eljio pHHjn 5 .
k|d'v ;Nnfxsf/
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æxfd|f] sNkj[IfÆ klqsfdf k|sflzt n]v÷/rgf ;DalGwt n]vssf lghL ljrf/ x'g\ . o;y{, k|sflzt
n]v÷/rgfaf/] s'g} k|Zg p7]df ;DalGwt n]vs g} hjfkmb]xL x'g] s'/f hfgsf/L u/fOG5 .
– ;Dkfbs d08n
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cª\s M @&(
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HAMRO KALPABRICHHA
cª\s @&(
Vol. 26 Number 279
@)&! efb|
Aug./Sept. 2014
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dflg; / jGohGt'aLrsf] ;DaGw cGof]Gofl;|t 5 . j}lbs sfnb]lv cfhsf] j}1flgs o'u;Dd
ljZn]if0f ubf{ logLx¿sf] hLjg ;lqmo, k|ultzLn, ;'Gb/ / ;'/lIft x'g'sf] d'Vo sf/0f cfk;L
tfnd]n, ;lxi0f'tf / ;x–cl:tTj g} xf] . ax';+Vos jGohGt'x¿ k7gkf7gsf] laifoj:t' ag]sf 5g\
eg]F w]/}h;f] d7dlGb/, rr{, b/af/, ejg / wd{zfnfdf sxLF lrqsf] ¿kdf s'FlbPsf 5g\ eg]F sxLF
d"lt{sf] ¿kdf ;lhPsf 5g\ . jGohGt'sf] dxTj / k|j[lQnfO{ pbfx/0f agfP/ pvfg agfpg] rng
k|foM ;+;f/sf] x/]s ;+:s[ltdf kfOG5 . h:t} ljBfyL{ ju{nfO{ eGg] ul/G5 æsfu, rIf' asf] Wofg,
e"jg lgb|f ty}jwMÆ cyf{t\ ljBfyL{x¿ s's'/sf] h:tf] kftnf] lgGb|f, as'nfsf] h:tf] Wofg / sfusf]
h:tf] rgfvf] x'g' kb{5 . o;n] ubf{ ltgLx¿ ;lhn};+u cfkm\gf] p2]Zodf k'Ug ;S5g\ . o:t}u/L æaLif
gePsf] ;k{ / Ov gePsf] ;+tfg sfd nfUb}g\Æ eGg] pvfgnfO{ hLjgsf] pkof]uL dfu{ bz{ssf]
¿kdf lng ;lsG5 . o;y{ of] / o:t} vfnsf tdfd pvfg 6'Ssfn] dflg;x¿df ;sf/fTds ;f]r
k|;f/0f ug{ ;lsG5 .
c:ktfndf egf{ ePsf () jif{sf] j[¢fsf] d[To' x'Fbf 8fS6/ / l;:6/sf] x]nr]qm\ofOFn] d]/f] cfkmGtsf]
csfndf d[To' eof] eg]/ Ifltk"lt{sf] nflu em\ofn, 9f]sf, s';L{, 6]a'n tf]8kmf]8 ug]{ / cfuf] nufpg]
u/]sf] va/ g]kfnL kqklqsf tyf cGo ldl8ofdf k6s k6s cfPs} s'/f xf] . pbfxf/0fLo /
cg's/0fLo g]kfnL ;+:s[lt ljs[lttkm{ pGd'v x'Fb} uPsf] k|tLt x'G5 . j}1flgs k/LIf0fsf nflu
dflg;n] cfkm\gf] ;Gtfg lbG5 eGg] s'/fsf] kl/sNkgf;Dd ug{ ;lsb}g\ . o:tf] sxLF ePsf] klg
5}g / eljiodf x'g] ;Defjgf klg 5}g . t/ ToxL j}1flgs k/LIf0fsf nflu jGohGt'x¿ aiff}{F b]lv
cg';Gwfg ;fdu|Lsf] ¿kdf k|of]u x'Fb} cfPsf 5g\ . cg';Gwfg ubf{ pgLx¿sf] ;Gtfg d/] klg,
ckfª\u eP klg dflg;x¿n] em}F g t gfgfefFtL lat08f dRrfpF5g\ g t af6f] g} hfd u5{g\ . oBlk
jGohGt'x¿sf] clwsf/sf s'/fx¿ cfkm\gf] 7fpFdf 5b}5 .
jGohGt' ;+/If0fsf] k|ltkmn
xfd|f k"j{hn] 1fg–c1fg h'g;'s} sf/0fn] eP klg cgflbsfnb]lv g} oxfFsf k|fs[lts / ;fF:s[lts
;Dkbfx¿ tyf h}aLs ljljwtfsf] hu]gf{ ub}{ cfO/x]sf] tYo huhfx]/ g} 5 . sl/a @ ztfAbL klxn]
tTsfnLg /fhf ;'/]Gb| jL/ laqmd zfxb]jaf6 jg / jGohGt' ;+/If0ffy{ gfufh{'gsf] Pp6f zLnfn]vdf
sfg'gL ¿kdf b08;hfosf] ;fj{hlgs ;"rgf hf/L ePsf] Oltxf; 5 . h;cg';f/ æs:t"/L d[u
;xfos ;+/If0f clws[t, nf=/f=lg=sf=, w'Gr], /;'jf
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xfd|f] sNkj[If
dfg]{nfO{ ?=@)), /t'jf / 3f]/n dfg]{nfO{ ?= %), lrtn dfg]{nfO{ ?= !%), 8fFkm], d'gfn, kFmqmf;
dfg]{nfO{ ?=!) / oL kIfLx¿sf] k'mn rf]g]{nfO{ ?= & / ?v sf6\g]nfO{ ?= $ b08hl/jfgf ug{' egL
pNn]v ePsf] kfOG5 .Æ(Shrestha, 1997)
o;sf] cltl/Qm ljleGg sfnv08df jGohGt' ;+/If0f;DjGwL P]g, lgod, lgb]{lzsf, sfo{gLlt,
dfkb08 cflb ag]sf 5g\ . o:t}u/L If]qLo, /fli6«o, cGt/fli6«o ;GwL / dxf;lGwx¿df låkIfLo,
lqkIfLo, ax'kIfLo ;Demf}tf ePsf 5g\ . tbg';f/ ;/sf/L tyf u}x|;/sf/L :t/df ;+3–;+:yfx¿
klg v'n]sf 5g\ .
la=;+= @)@( ;fndf /fli6«o lgs'~h tyf jGohGt' ;+/If0f P]g ag]kl5 ljlwjt\ ¿kdf jg, jGohGt'
/ jftfj/0fsf] ;+/If0f x'g yfn]sf] dflgG5 . log} P]gnfO{ 6]s]/ lj=;+= @)#) ;fndf lrtjg /fli6«o
lgs'~hsf] :yfkgf ePsf] xf] . lgs'~h :yfkgfsf] k|d'v p2]Zo Psl;+u] u}F8fsf] ;+/If0f ug{' lyof] .
sl/a *)–*% j6fsf] ;+Vofdf /x]sf] u}F8f ;+/If0f ug{ hl/jfgf / aGb]h (Fine and Fence) sf]
gLlt ckgfOof] . of] hg;xeflutf /lxt ;+/If0f gLlt xf] . of] gLltn] u}F8fsf] ;+Vof a9]/ em08}–
em08} ^!@ k'Uof] . u}F8fsf] ;+Vof a9]kl5 d"ne"nt ?kn] @ j6f cj:yfx¿sf] ;[hgf eof] . klxnf],
;+/If0f If]qdf nfu]sf g]kfnL ;+/If0fsdL{x¿n] /fli6«o÷cGt/fli6«o hutdf rrf{ kl/rrf{ kfP /
v'n]/ :ofjf;L klg . ljb]zsf ;+/If0fk]|dLx¿ jGohGt' ;+/If0f af/] Jofjxfl/s 1fg / ;Lk l;Sg
g]kfn wfpg yfn] . bf];|f], g]kfnsf ;+/lIft If]q jl/kl/sf :yfgLo afl;Gbfx¿nfO{ lgs'~h k|j]zdf
lgif]w, 3/kfn'jf rf}kfof r/gdf lgif]w, b}lgs pkef]Uo jg k}bfjf/ ;+sng tyf cfk"lt{df aGb]h,
jGohGt'x¿af6 x'g] Iflt afkt\ s'g} lsl;dsf] /fxtsf] Joj:yf gx'g' h:tf ;d;fdlos sf/0fx¿n]
ubf{ ufpFn]x¿ / ;+/If0f lgsfoaLr b"/L a9\b} uof] . cGttf]uTjf k/:k/nfO{ zq'sf] ¿kdf b]Vg yfn] .
/, lbuf] ;+/If0fsf nflu hg;xeflutfsf] vfFrf] dx;'; ug{ yflnof] .
hg;xeflutf a]u/ lbuf] ;+/If0fsf] kl/sNgf ug{ ;lsb}Fg eGg] oyfy{tfnfO{ g]kfn ;/sf/n] x[boª\ud
u/L ;f]xL P]gdf rf}yf] ;+zf]wg u/]/ lj=;+= @)%@ ;fndf dWojtL{ If]q Joj:yfkg lgodfnL Nofof] .
dWojtL{ If]q g]kfndf h}ljs ljljwtf ;+/If0fsf] nflu nfu" ePsf] Pp6f gf}nf] cjwf/0ff xf] . of]
cjwf/0ff hg;xeflutfdf cfwfl/t 5 . of] ljj/0f tof/ kfbf{;Dd g]kfndf !@ j6f dWojtL{ If]qsf]
3f]if0ff e};s]sf] ;'vb cj:yf xf] . dWojtL{ If]qsf] cjwf/0ff nfu" ePkl5 :yfgLo afl;Gbfx¿sf]
nflu dfly plNnlvt ;+k"0f{ cfjZoQmfx¿ dWojtL{ If]qdf g} Aoj:yfkg ul/G5 . kmn:j?k lgs'~h /
cf/If If]qdf dfgjLo ultljlwx¿ Go"gLs/0f x'g uO{ ToxfF df}h'bf k|fs[lts ;|f]tx¿sf] lbuf] ;+/If0f
x'g] ck]Iff ug{ ;lsG5 .
;do, sfn / kl/l:ylt cg'?k P]g, lgod / gLltx¿ ;+zf]wg x'g' kb{5 . o;}cg'?k dWojtL{ If]q
Aoj:yfkg lgodfjnL -@)%@_ / lgb]{lzsf -@)%^_ cEof;df cfPsf x'g\ . oL gLltut Joj:yfsf]
afah'b klg dWojtL{ If]qsf afl;Gbfx¿n] jGohGt'af6 x'g] Ifltaf/] Gofof]lrt lgsf; kfpg
;s]gg\ . ;+/If0f lgsfo / :yfgLo dflg;aLrsf] åGåfTds ;DaGwdf ;'wf/ cfpg klg ;s]g . o;}
;Gbe{df jGohGt'af6 x'g] IfltnfO{ /fli6«o ;d:of dfg]/ ;dfwfgfy{ g]kfn ;/sf/n] æjGohGt'af6
@)&! efb|
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x'g] Ifltsf] /fxt ;xof]u lgb]{lzsf @)^(Æ hf/L u/]sf] xf] .
s] 5 of] lgb]{lzsfdf <
æjGohGt'af6 x'g] Ifltsf] /fxt ;xof]u lgb]{lzsf–@)^(Æ, g]kfn ;/sf/ -dGqLkl/ifb_ n] ldlt
@)^(.!).!* df lg0f{o u/]sf] sfg'gL b:tfj]h xf] . of] lgb]{lzsfsf] k|:tfjgfdf kLl8t g]kfnL
gful/snfO{ /fxt pknAw u/fpg] Joj:yf ug{ elgPsf] 5 . lgb]{lzsfdf hDdf ( j6f lgb]{zs
lgodx¿ 5g\ . lgb]{lzsfn] $ lsl;dsf] Ifltsf] JofVof u/]sf] 5 . tL x'g\, -!_ dfgjLo Iflt
-Hofg u'dfPsf], ;Vt 3fOt] / ;fwf/0f 3fOt]_, -@_ ef}lts k"jf{wf/sf] Iflt, -#_ s[lifafnLsf] Iflt
/ -$_ e08f/0f u/]sf] cGgafnLsf] Iflt . oL IfltnfO{ ;fdfGoLs/0f ug{ /fxtsf] Joj:yf u/]sf]
kfOG5 . Hofg u'dfPsf] cj:yfdf ?= # nfv d[tssf] kl/jf/n] kfpg], ;Vt 3fOt] ePdf / ;fdfGo
3fOt] ePdf qmdzM ?= %) b]lv ?= !) xhf/;Dd pkrf/ vr{, ef}lts k"jf{wf/sf] Iflt, s[lifafnLsf]
Iflt / e08f/0f u/]sf] cGg afnLsf] Iflt afkt\ :yfgLo ahf/sf] b/efp cg';f/ a9Ldf ?= !)
xhf/;Ddsf] /fxt pknAw u/fpg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . -/fxt lgb]{lzsf, @)^(_
lgb]{lzsfdf * j6f jGohGt'x¿ -xfQL, u}F8f, af3, efn', cgf{, h+unL aFb]n, lrt'jf / lxpF lrt'jf_
n] Iflt k'¥ofPsf] cj:yfdf /fxt pknAw u/fpg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . oL afx]ssf jGohGt'af6
ePsf] Ifltsf] ;Gbe{df ;+alGwt dWojtL{ If]q Joj:yfkg ;ldlt, ;+/If0f If]q kl/ifb / ;fd'bflos
jg pkef]Qmf ;d"xn] o;} lgb]{lzsfn] tf]s]sf] kl/lwdf /xL cfkm\g} ;|f]taf6 Joj:yfkg ug{ elgPsf]
5 . h+unL aFb]nn]] cTolws dfqfdf s[lifafnLsf] Iflt k'¥ofp5 . t/ dfgjLo Ifltafx]s c? s'g}
lsl;dsf] Ifltsf] /fxt lbg] Joj:yf of] lgb]{lzsfn] u/]sf] b]lvb}g\ . /fxt lbg] lgsfo If]qLo :t/sf]
ePsf] / /fxt k|flKtsf] k|lqmof nfdf] ePsf] u'gf;f] :yfgLo kLl8t kIfn] ug]{ u/]sf] kfOG5 .
s] x'g' k5{ of] lgb]{lzsfdf <
l9n} eP klg /fxt lgb]{lzsf cfpg' cfkm}Fdf :jfut of]Uo 5 . lgb]{lzsf hf/L e};s]kl5 lglZrt\
¿kdf ;+/If0f lgsfo / :yfgLo dflg;x¿aLr jGohGt' ;+/If0f;+aGwL ;sf/fTds ;f]Frsf] ljsf;
ePsf] 5 . oBlk of] lgb]{lzsfdf ;+zf]wg ug{' kg]{ ljifox¿ ljBdfg 5g\ . ;+zf]wg u/L yk ug{' kg]{
ljifox¿ tkl;n cg';f/ aF'bfut ¿kdf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
!= ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfox¿;Fu a[xQ 5nkmn u/]/ xflggf]S;fgL ug]{ jGohGt'sf] jt{dfg ;"rLdf
cGo jGohGt'x¿ ;dfj]z ug{' kg]{ b]lvG5 . h:t}, afFb/, /t'jf, b'D;L, lrtn, gLnufO{, uf}/LufO{,
h+unL s's'/, AjfF;f], clhu/, /fhuf]dg cflb .
@= d[tssf] xsdf tf]lsPsf] /fxt /sd /fHon] k|bfg ug]{ cGo If]qsf] /fxt /sd;Fu Ps?ktf x'g'
kg]{ cyf{t\ d[To' x'g]x¿sf] nflu /fHon] k|bfg ug{' kg]{ /fxt /sd ;a} If]qx¿sf] nflu Pp6} x'g'
kg]{ .
#= /fxt pknAw u/fpg] k|lqmof 5f]6f], 5l/tf] / ;DalGwt lhNnfl:yt sfof{noaf6 pknAw u/fpg]
Joj:yf x'g' kg]{ .
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xfd|f] sNkj[If
$= /fxt /sd ;DalGwt lhNnf l:yt sfof{no jf lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{nodf /fxt sf]if agfO{
/fxt /sd bflvnf ug{' kg]{ .
%= /fxt /sdsf] ;f6f] d[tssf] s'g} kl/jf/n] cWoog ug{ vf]h]df :jb]zdf pRr lzIff;Ddsf]
cWoogsf] Joj:yf x'g' kg]{ .
^= jGohGt'sf] cfqmd0faf6 ckfË x'g]x¿nfO{ ;Lkd"ns tflnd lbO{ /f]huf/sf] Joj:yf x'g' kg]{ .
&= jGohGt'af6 x'g] x/]s Ifltsf] nflu Ifltsf] k|s[lt / dfqf cg';f/ /fxtsf] Joj:yf x'g' kg]{ .
cyf{t\ jGohGt'af6 x'g] Ifltsf] If]qx¿ a9fpg' kg]{ .
*= ;a} vfnsf] kz'wgsf] Ifltsf] /sd ?= !) xhf/ tf]lsPsf]df kz'sf] hft / ;+Vof cg';f/ /fxt
/sdsf] Aoj:yf x'g' kg]{ .
(= of] lgb]{lzsfsf] k|:tfjgfdf JofVof u/]sf] h:tf] jGohGt'sf] cfqmd0fdf k/L kLl8t g]kfnL
gful/snfO{ dfq} xf]Og ls u}x|g]kfnL gful/s ;d]tnfO{ klg /fxt pknAw u/fpg] Joj:yf x'g'
kg]{ .
;Gbe{–;fdu|L
!= Shrestha,
T. K. (1997). Mammals of Nepal with reference to India, Bangladesh and
Pakistan, Published by Mrs. Bimala Shretha, G.P.O. Box 6133, Kathmandu, Nepal.
@= jGohGt'af6 x'g] Ifltsf] /fxt ;xof]u lgb]{lzsf @)^(, g]kfn ;/sf/, jg tyf e"–;+/If0f
dGqfno, l;xb/jf/ sf7df8f}F, g]kfn .
@)&! efb|
jif{ M @^
4
cª\s M @&(
xfd|f] sNkj[If
r'/] ljgf; / t/fO{ dw];df o;sf] k|efj
*;'lhts'df/ emf
!= kl/ro
lxdfno kj{t z[ª\vnfsf] ;a}eGbf blIf0fdf g]kfnsf] k"j{b]lv klZrd;Dd km}lnP/ /x]sf] xf]rf] /
sfG5f] kj{t g} r'/] kj{t xf] . lxdfno pTklQmsf] s|ddf sl/a rf/ s/f]8 jif{ klxn] u|]u/ y'lk|P/
r'/] If]qsf] lgdf{0f ePsf] cg'dfg 5 . r'/] (Siwalik) If]q kfls:tfgsf] OGb'; glb b]lv ef/tsf]
u+uf a|Xdfk'q gbL;Dd km}lnPsf] 5 . k|foM h;f] 7fpFdf t/fO{ ;lsP/ pQ/df p7]sf] klxnf] tyf
dxfef/t kj{t z[ª\vnfjf6 blIf0fdf cf]ln{bf clGtd kxf8sf] ¿kdf r'/] kxf8 /x]sf] 5 . v's'nf]
(Fragile) kq] r§fg ePsf] / lxdfn / dxfef/t d'n eO{ aUg] 7"N7"nfb]lv ;;fgf gbLx¿ o;} r'/]
If]q eO{ t/fO{ dw];tkm{ jUg] x'Fbf k|fs[lts ¿kdf of] If]q cToGt ;+j]bgzLn /x]sf] 5 . r'/] ;u}+
hf]l8Psf] tyf r'/]sf] 9'Ëf, lu§L / afn'jf ag]sf] ;dy/ e"–efu 5 h;nfO{ efj/ eg]/ lrlgG5 .
efj/ If]qsf lxpFbdf hldgsf] ;txaf6 kfgL sd au]sf] b]Vg kfOG5 eg] of] If]q e"ldut hn
e08f/sf] ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 . r'/] efj/ If]q k|foMh;f] hf]l8P/ cfpg] If]q eP tfklg efj/ If]q r'/]
If]q / t/fO{ dw];sf] aLrsf] jkm/ If]q (Buffer zone) h:t} /x]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf] s'n If]qkmnsf]
!@=*$Ü If]q r'/] If]qn] cf]u6]sf] kfOG5, eg] k"j{ d]rLb]lv klZrd dxfsfnL;Dd hDdf #^ j6f
lhNnfx¿df r'/] If]q km}lnP/ /x]sf] 5 . h;df &@=#&Ü jg If]q /x]sf] 5 . ;g\ !((% b]lv @)!)
;Dd k|lt jif{ )=!*Ü n] r'\/]df jg If]q 36\b} uPsf] 5 .
t/fO{ eg]sf] To:tf] ef}uf]lns If]q xf], h'g g]kfnsf] ef/tLo l;dfgf bzuhf If]q;Fu hf]l8P/ k"j{
d]rLb]lv klZrd dxfsfnL;Dd hf]l8Psf] 5 . g]kfnsf] o:tf] ef}uf]lns If]q h'g r'/] kxf8 eGbf tn
cyf{t pQ/df / u+uf a|xdk'qsf] ef/tLo t/fO{;Fu hf]l8Psf] g]kfnsf] ef/tLo l;dfgf bzuhf;Fu
hf]l8Psf] If]q xf] . h'g le/fnf] gePsf] ;d'b|sf] ;txaf6 ^# ld= b]lv ##) ld= ;Ddsf] If]qnfO{
hgfp5 . t/fO{nfO{ ltgj6f pkIf]qdf ljefhg ul/Psf] kfOG5 . h'g efj/ If]q, dWo t/fO{ If]q /
blIf0fL t/fO{ If]q h'g g]kfnsf] ef/tLo l;dfgf bzuhf;Fu hf]l8Psf] If]q xf] . (Jackson,!(($_
oxFfsf] df6f] afn'jfo'Qm k|foMh;f] x'G5 eg] v]t / af/Ldf lrD6\ofOnf] df6f] klg x'G5 . t/fO{sf]
xfjfkfgL pi0f k|b]zLo / pkf]i0f k|b]zLo /x]sf] 5 . h'g hf8f]df !$–!^ l8u|L ;]lN;o; x'G5 eg]
udL{df clt udL{ nueu #%–$) l8u|L ;]lN;o;;Dd k'Ub5 . t/fO{ If]qaf6 lxdfn / kxf8af6 aUg]
w]/} gbL / vf]nfx¿ aUg] u/]sf] 5 . h;n] k|To]s ;fn ljleGg k|sf/sf] Ifltx¿ k'¥ofpg] sfd u/]sf]
x'G5 . h:t} v]tLjf/Ldf afn'jf y'kfg'{, v]ltof]Uo hldg s6fg u/L pAhgL x'g glbg' / v]taf/Ldf
nufOPsf ?vx¿ aufP/ n}hfg' cflb . ;fy} slxn] sfxLF ufpF a:tL, 3/kl/jf/ ;d]tnfO{ Iflt
*;xfos jg clws[t, lhNnf jg sfof{no, cf]vn9'Ëf
@)&! efb|
jif{ M @^
5
cª\s M @&(
xfd|f] sNkj[If
k'¥ofpg] sfo{ ul//x]sf x'G5 .
dw]; vf; u/]/ Pp6f ;+f:s[lts ;d"x xf], To;sf/0f dw]; Pp6f ljz]if k|sf/sf] ;+:s[lt xf] . hxfF
ljleGg k|sf/sf] hftLo ;d'bfosf] a;f]af; /x]sf] kfO{G5 . To;sf/0f dw];L ;d'bfosf] a;f]af;sf]
afx'Notf /x]sf] sf/0f e"ldnfO{ ;d]t dw]; eg]/ lrlgG5 . h'g t/fO{sf] e"uf]nleq /x]sf] 5 .
g]kfnsf] k'/fgf] sfg'g / b:tfj]hx¿df dw]; zAbsf] pNn]v ePsf] kfOG5 . h:t} dw]; uf]Zjf/f
P]g, dw]; sf7 hfFr c•f cflb . To;sf/0f dw];jf6 e"uf]n / ;+:s[lt b'O6} cy{ nfUb5 . dw];df
j;f]jf; ug]{ ;d'bfosf] Pp6f 5'§} h'g, j0f{, hghLjg, efiff, ;flxTo, ef]hg, ;+:sf/, kj{, ltxf/,
k/Dk/f tyf cfly{s, ;dflhs / /fhg}lts k4lt /x]sf] 5 . dw];nfO{ ef}uf]lns cy{df t/fO{ eGg
;lsG5 / xfn af]nrfnsf] efiffdf ;d]t t/fO{ dw]; zAb hf]l8P/ k|Voft e};s]sf] 5 . t/fO{
dw];sf] gfpFdf /fhg}lts bnx¿, ;dflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts ;+u7gx¿, k|zf;lgs OsfO{x¿ /
lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx¿sf] /fli6«o :t/sf 6«]8 o'lgog;d]t u7g eO{ btf{ ePsf 5g\ . o;} cg';f/
t/fO{ dw];df kl//x]sf] ef}uf]lns k|efj, h'g r'/] kj{t z[ª\vnfsf] cToGt bf]xg / r'/] jg ljgf;sf]
sf/0fn] ePsf] k|dfl0ft e};s]sf] 5 . To;sf] ;+/If0fsf] nflu r'/] If]qnfO{ jftfj/0f ;+/If0f P]g
@)%# df ePsf] k|fjwfgnfO{ 6]s]/ klZrdsf] s~rgk'/b]lv k"j{sf] emfkf lhNnf;Ddsf #^ lhNnfx¿
;d]6L g]kfn ;/sf/ -dlGqkl/ifb_ sf] lg0f{on] ldlt @)&! ciff9 @ ut] jftfj/0f ;+/If0f If]q
3f]if0ff u/L o;sf] ;+/If0fsf] lhDdf /fi6«klt r'/] t/fO{ dw]; ;+/If0f ljsf; ;ldlt (President
Chure Terai Madhesh Conservation Board) nfO{ lbOPsf] 5 / . h;sf] cWoIfdf g]kfn
;/sf/ -dlGqkl/ifb_ sf] lg0f{on] ldlt @)&! ciff9 !% ut] k"j{ ;lrj /fd]]Zj/k|;fb vgfnnfO{
lgo'St ug'{sf] ;fy} cfly{s jif{ @)&!÷)&@ sf] nflu sl/a (! s/f]8 ah]6;d]t ljlgof]hg u/]sf]
5 . tt\kZrft ;b:ox¿df g]kfn ;/sf/ -dlGqkl/ifb_ n] ldlt @)&! Effb| !# ut] sf] lg0f{on] jg
lj1x¿ 8f= gfu]]Gb|k|;fb ofbj / 8f= ljhos'df/ l;+x bg'jf/sf] ;fy} Phurpa tfdfª / ;'lgtfl;+x
7s'/Lsf] lgo'lQm ;d]t u/L ;s]sf 5g\ . h'g g]kfn ;/sf/sf] P]ltxfl;s sbdsf] w]/} ;+3 ;+:yfx¿n]
:jfut tyf k|;+;f ;d]t u/L /x]sf 5g\ .
@= r'/] ljgf;sf sf/0fx¿
r'/] If]q h;df b'ne{ jGohGt'x¿, jg:ktLx¿, h8La'6Lx¿sf] ;fy} !# lsl;dsf kfl/l:ylts
k|0ffnL (Eco System) ;d]t ePsf] h}ljs ljljwtfsf] wgL If]q r'/]sf] ljgf;df w]/}sf] lu4]b[li6
k/]sf] kfOG5 . To;sf/0f r'/] If]qsf] ljgf;sf sf/0fx¿ o; k|sf/ pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 M
v jg If]qsf] ljsf;sf nflu ;g\ !(** df tof/ kfl/Psf] jg ljsf; u'? of]hgf (MASTER
PLAN FOR THE FORESTRY SECTOR 1988) sf] lj?4df uO{ jg P]g @)$(
/ lgodfjnL @)%! Dff ;fd'bflos jgn] ljz]if :yfg kfpg' / r'/], t/fO{ dw]; ;d]tdf
;fd'bflos jg x:tfGt/0f eO{ clgolGqt jg Joj:yfkg x'g' .
v ;/sf/ / dqL kl/jt{g;Fu} jg ljefusf] dxflgb]{zs, lhNnf jg clws[t, ;xfos jg
clws[t / /]~h/ ;d]tsf] ;?jf x'g' .
v cfGbf]ngsf] ;dodf /fhg}lts sf/0faf6 jg ljgf; tLj| x'g' .
@)&! efb|
jif{ M @^
6
cª\s M @&(
xfd|f] sNkj[If
v ljgf cWoog cg';Gwfg / OlGhlgo/s]f k|fljlws ;Nnfx ljgf u|fdL0f ;8s lgdf0f{ x'g' .
v jg h+un km8fgL tyf clts|d0f x'g' .
v h}ljs ljljwtfsf] x|f; x'g' .
v cTolws e"–Ifo x'g' .
v af9L tyf gbL s6fg x'g' .
v 9'ª\uf, lu§L afn'jfs]f cJojl:yt pTvgg\ x'g' .
v cJojl:yt a;f]af; s]f ;fy} clts|d0fnfO{ /fHon] k|;o lbg' .
v e"–pTkfbfsTjdf sdL cfO{ 8f8fx¿ gfª\uf] kfvfsf] ¿kdf b]lvg' .
v vf]l/of km8fgL ePsf] If]qdf cg'ko'Qm v]tL k|0ffnL .
v r'/] If]q, efj/ If]q / t/fO{ dw]; If]qsf] Plss[t Joj:yfkgdf of]hgf / ;dGjosf] sdL .
v Hfn;|f]t Joj:yfkg gbL lgoGq0f cflb sfo{x¿ cj}1flgs tj/n] x'g' .
v jg 88]nf]sf] k|sf]k lgoGq0f geO{ rf]/L l;sf/Lx¿af6 cfuf] nuffpg] sfo{x¿ x'g' .
v clgolGqt rl/r/0fsf] sfo{df j[l4 xF'b} hfg' .
v ;'s'Daf;L -el"dxLg_ nfO{ /fHon] r'/] If]qd} e"ld k|bfg ug'{ .
v /fhg}lts cf8df ;fd'bflos jgaf6 jg Joj:yfkgsf] gfpFdf k|;:t clgolGqt sf7
lgsf;L x'g' .
v l6Da/ sfkf]/];g ckm g]kfnaf6 ;d]t cj}1flgs tl/sfjf6 sf7 ;+sng tyf las|L ljt/0f
x'g' .
#= t/fO{ dw];df o;sf] k|efj
t/fO{ dw]; g]kfnsf] ;dy/ e"ld h;nfO{ cGgsf] e08f/ eg]/ lrlgG5 . t/fO{ dw]; h'g 3gf
dfgj a:tL ePsf], h}ljs ljljwtfsf] wgL ljZjs} ;Dkbfx¿ Ps l;+u] u}8f, kf6] af3, 8lNkmg,
cgf{ h:tf hLjhGt''x¿ kfpg] 7fp / ljleGg k|sf/sf jg:ktLn] k|ls[ltåf/f ;hfOPsf] 7fpF
xf] . r'/] If]qsf] ljgf; / cTolws bf]xgn] ubf{ k|ToIf k|efj t/fO{ dw]; / ToxfF a;f]af; ug]{
%)=& Ü dflg;x¿nfO{ g} kb{5 . r'/] ljgf;sf] sf/0fn] t/fO{ dw];df k/]sf] tyf kg]{ k|efjx¿
o; k|sf/ 5g\ M
§ t/fO{ dw];sf] v]ltof]Uo hUuf afn''jf j'h{ x'g'sf] ;fy} d?e"lds/0f tkm{ pGd'v x'g' / b|'t
@)&! efb|
jif{ M @^
7
cª\s M @&(
xfd|f] sNkj[If
ultdf pTkfbg 36]/ hg hLljsfnfO{ ul/a agfpg] sfo{ u/]sf] 5 .
§ vf]nf / gbLsf] ;txx¿ a9g uO{ vf]nf / gbLsf] kfgL u|fdL0f If]qdf ;d]t k|j]z u/L ufpF,
3/ / rf}kfof ;d]tnfO{ aufP/ n}hfg] u/]sf] 5 .
§ k|fs[lts ¿kdf cfpg] kfgLsf] d'xfgx¿sf] cl:tTj ;dfKt eO{ ;s]sf] 5 . lxpFbdf kfgLsf]
cefj g} b]lvG5 .
§ jftfj/0fLo ljgf;n] hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] ;d]t rk]6fdf :yfgLoaf;Lx¿ /x]sf 5g\ .
§ jGohGt'x¿ ljgfzsf ;fy} s]xL jGohGt'x¿ nf]k;d]t e}O;s]s]f kfO{G5 .
§ kof{j/0fLo ;Gt'ng lau|]/ ljleGg k|sf/sf /f]ux¿ j[l4 x'g'sf] ;fy} :yfgLo hgtfx¿ /f]uL
;d]t x'g] u/]sf 5g\ .
§ ;k{nuffotsf ljiffn' hGt'x¿ u|fdL0f If]qdf j[4L ePsf 5g\ .
§ l;d;f/ If]q 36\b} uPsf] sf/0fn] ljleGg hGt' / r/fr'?ËLx¿df x|f; cfPsf] 5 .
§ 7'nf gbLeGbf ;fgf] gbLx¿df a9L af9L cfPsf] 5 .
§ ;8s, k'n sne{6 cflb elTsg uO{ ;jf/L ;fwg cj?4 x'g] u/]sf 5g\ .
§ vf]nfdf kfgL j[l4 eO{ kf]v/Lx¿df kfgL j[l4 tyf afn'jfn] eg]{ xF'bf df5fkfng sfo{df ;d]t
cK7]/f] k/]sf] 5 / :yfgLo dfemL / lag hftLx¿sf] k]zf g} ;+s6df k/]sf] 5 .
§ v]tL k|0ffnL ;d]tnfO{ k|efljt u/]sf 5g . 3'DtL afnL k|0ffnLsf] ;Defjgf g} Go"g eP/
uPsf] 5 .
§ t/fO{ dw];sf] cfly{s, ;dflhs / jftfj/0fLo ;Gt'ng lau|b} uPsf] 5 .
§ l;rfO ,s'nf] tyf gx/x¿ elTsg / ;'Sg uO{ cGg pTkfbgdf 7'nf] x|f; cfPsf] 5 .
§ r/g If]qdf ;d]t afn'jf el/gfn] kz' kfngdf ;d]t sdL cfPsf] 5 .
§ jg aflx/sf] ?vx¿df sdL cfO{ t/fO{ dw];df xl/ofnL 36\b} uPsf] 5 .
@)&! efb|
jif{ M @^
8
cª\s M @&(
xfd|f] sNkj[If
$= lgZsif{
Jftfj/0f ;+/If0fb]lv dfgj ;dfhsf] x/]s If]qdf e"ldsf /x]sf] r'/] If]q d'Vo u/L g]kfnsf]
;du| t/fO{ dw];sf] kxf8;Fu hf]8g] efjgfTds PsLs/0fsf] ;fy} ;xsfo{sf] ;dflhs jftfj/0f
;[hgf ug]{ sfo{ r'/] ;+/If0f xf] . r'/]sf] ;+/If0f, ljsf; / Joj:yfkgdf t/fO{ dw]; If]qsf] dfgj
;dfhsf] cGof]Gofl>t ;DaGw /x]sf] 5 . To;sf/0f r'/] t/fO{ dw];sf] /Iff sjrsf] ¿kdf /x]sf]
5 . Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf] k|fs[lts ;|f]t ;fwg ;ldltsf] jg ;+/If0f ;d:of k|ltj]bg @)^& sf]
;'emfjx¿df klg r'/] ;+/If0f;DaGwL ljifoj:t'x¿nfO{ ;d]l6Psf 5g\ . xfn jftfj/0f P]g @)%# sf]
bkmf !) sf] pkbkmf ! adf]lhd ;du| r'/] If]qnfO{ ;+/If0f If]q sfodf ul/Psf] 5 .h;nfO{ ;fd'bflos
jg pkef]tmf dxf;+3, g]kfnnufPtsf s]xL ;+:yfx¿n] lj/f]w ub}{ cfPsf 5g\, h'g t/fO{ dw];sf]
dfgj tyf e"ld Joj:yfkgsf] kIfdf 5}g lsgls ;fd'bflos jg Joj:yfkg k|0ffnL, t/fO{ dw];df
a;f]af; u/L uf]a/, u'OF7f / k/fnaf6 vfgf ksfpg afWo sl/a ^)Ü g]kfnL hgtfsf] kIfdf 5}g .
;fy} ;fd'bflos jg ljsf; u'?of]hgf h'g lj=;=@)$% df @! jif{sf] nflu tof/ ul/Psf] lyof],
To;sf] ljkl/tdf uP/ t/fO{ dw]; / r'/]df jg P]g @)$( / lgodfjnL @)%! Dff Joj:yf eP
adf]lhd b|'t ultdf x:tfGt/0f ug]{ sfo{ eof] / To;sf] Joj:yfkg g} r'/] ljgf;sf] k|d'v sf/0fsf]
¿kdf k|dfl0ft eO{ ;s]sf] 5 . ;+/If0fsf] s]Gb|ljGb' ljZjJofkL ¿kdf hgtf g} x'g' k5{, o;df
b'O{ dt 5}g, To;sf/0f r'/] / t/fO{ dw]; If]qdf a;f]af; ul//x]sf] :yflgo hgtfx¿sf] k|ToIf
;xeflutfdf jg P]g @)$( / jg lgodfjnL @)%! Df ePsf] r'/], t/fO{ dw]; If]qsf Jokf/Ls
k|of]hgsf] u7g u/L x:tfGt/0f ul/Psf ;fd'bflos jgx¿nfO{ vf/]h u/L cJojl:yt a;f]af;nfO{
r'/] If]qaf6 vfnL u/fO{ :yfgLo hgtfx¿sf] ;dfh, e"ld / /f]huf/Lsf] cj;/ ;'xfpFbf] gofF vfnsf]
;d'bfodf cfwfl/t jg Joj:yfkg k|0ffnL (Community Based Forest Management system)
5gf}6 u/L nfu' ug'{sf] ;fy} :yflgo hgtfx¿sf] k|ToIf ;xeflutfdf gLlt, lgod / lgb]{lzsfx¿
agfO{ t/fO{ dw];df j}1flgs jg Joj:yfkg (Scientific Forest Management) k|0ffnLdf hf]8
lbO{ sfo{s|d th'{df tyf Clifdgn] sfof{Gojog ug]{ k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; ug{ h?/L 5 .
;Gbe{ ;fdu|L
§ DFRS, 2014, Terai forest of Nepal Forest resource Assessment Nepal project,
Kathmandu Department of forest Research and survey.
§ DFRS, 2014, Chure Forest of Nepal. Forest recourse Assessments Nepal project,
Kathmandu, Department of Forest Research and survey .
§ /fi6«klt r'/] ;+/If0f sfo{s|d j|;/, @)^(, g]kfn ;/sf/ jg tyf e"–;+/If0f d+qfno, /fi6«klt
r'/] ;+/If0f sfo{s|d ;dGjo PsfO{ jj/dxn, sf7df08f}+,g]kfn .
§ ltjf/L, ljsf; s'df/, l;+x, ljgf]b s'df/, ofbj, cd/b]j k|;fb, @)!@, ;+3Lo g]kfnd] :jfot
dw];, uh]Gb| gf/fo0f l;+x ljrf/ d+r, zflGtgu/, sf7df8f}+ .
§ dw];L sd{rf/L dxf;+3sf] k|]z lj1KtL,& ciff9 @)&!
@)&! efb|
jif{ M @^
9
cª\s M @&(
xfd|f] sNkj[If
ax'pkof]uL jg:klt sfnf] d';nL M Ps hfgsf/L
@/fh]Gb| cfrfo{*
jfg:klts÷j}1flgs gfd M Curculigo orchioides Gaertn.
Botanical /Scientific name)
jfg:klt kl/jf/ M Hypoxidaceae
(Plant family)
cª\u|]hL gfd M Black muscale, Golden eye grass
(Common name)
cGo :yfgLo gfd (Other vernacuaLr/local name)M d';nL, sfnf] d';nLsGb -g]kfnL_, d';LskfgL{,
tfNd'nL, tfnkflqsf -;+:s[t_, tfNd'nL, efsfdb -r]kfª_, aGhf/L -tfdfª_, d';nf/L -yf?_, ufxf]t
-;tf/_, d';nL, tfnd'nf -g]jf/_, tfn';f, tfnd'nL -aª\ufnL_, lgnfKkgfO{ -tfldn_ sfnL d';nL
-lxGbL_, cflb . !, %, *–!)
jfg:klts ljj/0f (Botanical/Taxonomical description)
of] sf08 gePsf] h8La'6Lsf] ¿kdf k|of]u ul/g] emf/ ju{sf] ax'aifL{o (perennial) jg:klt
xf] . h;nfO{ threatened medicinal plant df ;"rLs[t ul/Psf] kfOPsf] 5 eg] s;}n] Joj;flos
dxTj af]s]sf] endangered medicinal plant df klg ;"rLs[t ul/Psf] kfOPsf] 5 .*,!# o;sf]
h/f (rootstock) e'mKkf (cluster) df ;]tf] 6\o'a/L ;lxtsf] (white fleshy tuberous rootstock)
x'G5 . o;sf] h/f (root stock) sfnf] x'G5 . o;sf] h/f eg]sf] hldg d'lg vertically /lx/xg]
perernnating organ xf] eg] hldg dflysf] c? efu j;]{lg ;'Sb} hfG5 .!# kftx¿ rootstock
sf] 6'Kkf]df e'mKkf]sf] ¿kdf crowded x'G5g\ . kftx¿ g/d (flesty), ;fF3'/f]b]lv lnP/ km/flsnf]
n]G; cfsf/sf] (linear to broadly lanceloate-8–38×1-3 cm), efnfsf/ / 6'Kkf]df r'Rrf] k/]sf]
(lorate or ensiform) x'G5 .$ kftsf] ;tx (surface) k|foM smooth or glabrous x'G5 . kftsf]
8fF7 ePsf] (petiolate) cyjf gePsf] (sessile) x'G5 h;sf] leaf base sheathing x'G5 . k'mn
xNsf kx]+nf] (bright yellow), spike df, kftsf] k'5f/df k'mNb5 . o;sf] klxnf] Psb]lv b'O{j6f
k'mnx¿ lålnËLo (bisexual) x'G5g\ h;sf] cfsf/ 7"nf] (aLrge size) x'G5 eg] afFsL k'mnx¿ efn]
k|hgg cª\u–k'+s]z/ (stamen) ePsf] efn] k'mn (unisexual male flower) x'G5, h;sf] cfsf/
;fgf] (smaller size) x'G5 h;df ^ j6f k'+s]z/ x'G5g\ . k'mndf k'ikbn (sepal) / kqbn (petal)
5'l§Psf] x'Fb}g, lemNnLh:tf] (membranous) kx]nf] 6]kn (tepal/perianth) x'G5, h;df ^ j6f
perianth lobes (each lobe 1×0.2 cm_ x'G5 . kmn capsule h:tf] g/d / r'Rrf] k/]sf] x'G5 h'g
kftsf] a]; (leaf base) df gb]lvg] u/L /x]sf] x'G5 . kmn irreguaLr, oblong to ovid -c08fsf/_,
*/fh]Gb| cfrfo{, /fli6«o xa]{l/od tyf jg:klt k|of]uzfnf, uf]bfj/L, nlntk'/ -g]kfn_ df sfo{/t x'g'x'G5
E-mail: acharya.raj2010@gmail.com
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r'Rrf] k/]sf] (tappered into beak) x'G5 . kmndf !–!% j6f, cf+};tdf ^ j6f sfnf aLpx¿ x'G5
h'g sfnf] 6lNsg] vfnsf] (shiny black) x'G5 ;fy} hook h:tf] b]lvg] projection/outgrowth
x'G5g\ .!@ o;sf] k"mn h]7÷c;f/–ebf}df (June to October) cyf{t\ jiff{ Ct'df k'mNb5 eg] kmn
ebf}df (October) df nfUb5 .!
Figure: Curculigo orchioides. (A) mature individual with flowers and fruit, (B) flowering individual
tagged for monitoring phenology, (C) rootstock with cluster of fleshy roots at the base, (D) fruits,
(E) seeds, and (F) seedling. Source: Shrestha et al., 2011
kfOg] 7fpF tyf k|fs[lts af;:yfg (Distribution and natural habitat)
of] k|fs[lts cj:yfdf %))–!&)) ld6/;Ddsf] prfOdf pi0fb]lv ;dzLtf]i0f xfjfkfgL
(tropical to subtropical climate) dfÙ k"j{, dWo / klZrd g]kfndf kfOG5 . ;fy} ef/t,
>Lnª\sf, rLg, hfkfg, dn]l;of, c:6]«lnofnufot ljleGg b]zdf d';nL kfOG5 .!,$
pkof]uL efu (Part used) M h/f÷sGb (Rootstock/Rhizome)
pkof]lutf (Uses)
;fwf/0ftof M sfnL d';nL elgg] Curculigo orchioides sf] Jofks ¿kdf k/Dk/fut
tl/sfn] h8La'6Lsf] ¿kdf k|of]u (ethnomedicinal uses) ub}{ cfPsf] kfOPsf] 5 . o;sf]
k|of]u zlQmj4{s (tonic) / of}g pQ]hgf a9fpg (aphrodisiac) ul/G5 . o;sf] ;fy} kfON;
(piles), k]6sf] /f]udf, cN;/, hl08;, bd, Zjf;k|Zjf; ;DaGwL /f]udf (bronchitis), ugf]l/of
(gonorrhoea), 5fnf lrnfpg] /f]udf, lk;fa v'nfpg (diuretic),!, %, (, !) leucorrhoea, k'?ifdf
b]lvg] gk'+;stf (male sterility) x6fpg, dlxgfjf/L u8j8L (menstrual disorder) df,!@ SofG;/
lj?4 (anticarcinogenic),@ /f]u k|lt/f]wfTds zlQm a9fpg, pkfrog k|0ffnL (metabolism) /
tGt'sf] sfdnfO{ pQ]lht kfg{ (i.e. alterative) k|of]u ul/G5 . o;sf] sGbsf] w'nf] (powdered
rhizomes) /ut au]sf] /f]Sg ;fy} 3fp ;'sfpg k|of]u ul/G5 . h/fsf] /; (root juice) k]6 b'v]sf],
kfON;, cfpF k/]sf], kvfnf nfu]df lgsf] kfg{ k|of]u ul/G5 .( h/fsf] w'nf] (root powder) lrgL
/fv]sf] b'wdf 3f]n]/ vfP kvfnf nfu]sf] lgsf] x'G5 .*
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k|d'v /f;folgs tTj (Main chemical constituents)
o;sf] h/f (root stock) df x'g] chemical constituents df glycoside, polysaccharides
(hemicelluloses, starch, tannins resins, mucilage), fat / calcium oxalate kb{5 eg] tfhf
sGb (fresh rhizome) df yuccagenin, sapogenin ;fy} lycorin eGg] cNsfnf]O8 kfOG5 .*
o;sf] sGbdf glycosilated phenolics, triterpenic saponins, aliphatic ketones ;fy} cGo
secondary metabolites x¿ kfOG5g\ .$,!# o;sf ;fy} glycosides–5,7– dimethoxymyrcetin–
3–0–µ–L xylopyranosyl l–4–0–β–D–glucopyranoside, cuculigoside -h;df high
phagocytic activity) x'G5 / corchioside A; sapogenin-yuccagenin, an alkaloid-lycorin, #
j6f aliphatic hydroxy ketones : 27 hydroxytriacontane – 6–one, 23 hydroxytriacontan –
2–one / 21 hydroxytracontan 20 –one; along chain fatty acid –4–methylheptadecanoic
acid kfOG5 .& o;sf] h/fsf] kfp8/df :6fr{ (starch), sRrf /]zf (crude fibres) / 6\oflgg cflb
/f;folgs tTjx¿ kfOPsf 5g\ .%
v]tL k|ljlw tyf k|;f/0f ljlw (Agrotechnology and propagation method)
g]kfndf d';nLsf] v]tL ;'? ul/Psf] 5}g . o;sf] nflu pi0f xfjfkfgL ePsf] 3dfOnf]
(warm humid tropical climate), sfnf] df6f] ePsf] (loamy soil), /fd|f];Fu s'lxPsf] dn
(well decayed manure), v'NNff 7fpF pko'Qm dflgG5 . of] lj:tf/} a9\g] (slow growing), less
competitive, yf]/} pTkfbg lbg] (poor yielding), cgfjZos emf/ (weed) ;Fusf] competition
/ ls6ktª\usf] cfqmd0f (fail to withstand weed competition and rodent attack) nfO{ ;xg
g;Sg] jg:klt xf] . * o;sf] k|;f/0f aLpaf6 ug{ ;lsG5 . aLpnfO{ ebf} c;f]h dlxgfdf ;ª\sng
u/]/ efF8f]df aLsf]{ nufO e08f/0f ug'{kb{5 . To;/L ;+sng ul/Psf] aLpnfO{ kmfNu'0f–r}q dlxgfdf
g;{/L Aof8df hdfpg' kb{5 . o;/L Jof8df hdfOPsf a]gf{nfO{ jiff{ofddf ;fg'{kb{5 . !,% clxn]sf]
;dodf jg:klt tGt' k|hgg ljlw -plant tissue culture technique) af6 micropropagation
u/]/ w]/} la?jfx¿ pTkfbg u/L v]tL ug{sf] nflu ls;fgx¿nfO{ pknAw u/fpg ;lsG5 . k|fs[lts
cj:yfdf o;sf] aLpsf] cª\s'/0f (seed germination), afSnf] kftkltË/ (thick litter) hDdf
ePsf] tyf w]/} 5fofF kg]{ (deep shade) 3gf–hËndf km:6fpg ;Sb}g . t;y{ hËnsf] 5q 3gTj
(crown canopy) cf+lzs v'nf (partial open canopy) / litter accumulation nfO{ Joj:yfkg
(maintain) ug{ ;s]df d}y'lgs k|hggåf/f cyf{t aLp dfk{mt o;sf] regeneative potential
nfO{ a9fpg ;lsG5 .!# hf8f] dlxgfdf cyjf o;sf] kft ;'s]/ ;a} v;] tfklg hldgd'lg /x]sf]
sGb (rhizome/root stock) af6 k'gM knfpg ;Sg] regenerative potential a9L x'G5 . o;sf]
sGb (root stock) sf] dflyNnf] efu ;lxt ;'6 (shoot) sf] dflyNnf] efu (apical meristem)
sfl6lbP klg sfl6Psf] 5]psf] sGb (rootstock) af6 regenerate eP/ !–# j6f gofF shoot x¿
lg:sG5g\ .!@ k|ofKt cf]l;nf] (adequate moisture) 7fpFdf jfo'd08nsf] atmospheric humidity
a9L ePsf] v08df, plant body af6 r'l8Psf] (datached) kft -mul!costate vena!on_ sf]
d'Vo gzf (thick midrib) af6 klg gofF la?jf (juvenile plantlet) regenerate x'g;S5 eGg] s'/f
cg';Gwfgaf6 yfxf ePsf] 5 .!# ha kl/kSj ePsf] kft (mature leaf) sf] d'Vo gzf (midrib)
ePsf] efu damaged eP/ cf]l;nf] df6f]sf] ;Dks{df cfpF5, ta ;'?df Psb]lv s]lx bulbils
b]vfk5{g\, h;af6 kl5 ljsf; eO{ complete plantlets aGb5 . t;y{ cf]l;nf] 7fpFdf d}y'lgs
@)&! efb|
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k|hgg (sexually reproduced) af6 pTkflbt aLp / cd}y'lgs k|hgg (asexually/vegetatively
regererated) cGtu{t rootstock df ag]sf underground bulbils ;fy} kftsf] d'Vo gzf (thick
midrib) af6 klg propagation x'g] ePsf]n] cf]l;nf] e"–efudf o;sf] population a9L kfOg]
e]l6Psf] 5 .
;+sng, e08f/0f tyf ahf/ Joj:yfkg (Harvesting, storage and market management)
la?jfnufotsf] sDtLdf & dlxgfkl5 -o;sf] active growth phase ;ft dlxgf x'g]
ePsf]n]_ h/f÷sGb ;+sng u/]df w]/} h/f÷sGb k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 .* la?jf nufPsf] slDtdf @
jif{ jf k|fs[lts cj:yfdf @ jif{ k'u]sf] la?jfaf6 h/f÷sGb ;+sng ug{ ;lsG5 eg]/ reported
u/]sf] klg kfOPsf] 5 . h/fnfO{ # efudf ljefhg u/]/ @ efu h/f ;+sng u/L afFsL ! efu
hldgdf g} 5f]l8lbg' kb{5 . o;f] ubf{ la?jf dfl;Fb}g / k'g?Tyfg (regeneration) eO/xG5 . o;/L
;+sng u/]sf] h/fnfO{ ;kmf -h/fdf /x]sf] dl;gf] e'm; / df6f]nfO{ x6fpg]_ u/L sf6]/ 5xf/Ldf
;'sfpg' kb{5 / /fd|f];Fu ;'ls;s]kl5 cf]efgf] 7fpFdf e08f/0f ug'{kb{5 .!,% e08f/0f kZrft\ dfu
cg';f/ ljqmLsf] nflu ahf/df nluG5 . o;sf] dfu cTofwLs 5 t/ dfusf] t'ngfdf cfk"lt{ lgs}
sd 5 . g]kfndf o;sf] v]tL lj:tf/ tyf k|ljlwsf] ljsf; gePsf]n] k|fs[lts cj:yfdf jghËn,
kfvf kv]/f] cflb 7fpFaf6 ;+sng u/L lgof{t ul/G5 . o;sf] h/fsf] ahf/ d"No k|lt lsnf]u|fd
%%)–!@)) ?k}of ;Dd kb{5 .!, %
lgisif{ (Conclusion)
d';nL, pi0f÷;dzLtf]i0f xfjfkfgL (tropical to subtropical climate) df kfOg] Ps
ax'pkof]uL, Jofj;flos ?kn] dxTjk"0f{ jg:klt xf] . o;sf] k|of]u cf}iflw gagfOsg Jofks
¿kdf ljleGg /f]ux¿ lgsf] kfg{ sRrf ta/n] (crude drug form) klg k/Dk/fut tl/sfn]
(ethnomedicinally) k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . jg:klt ljefuaf6 o;nfO{ g]kfnsf] cfly{s ljsf;sf
nflu k|fyldstf k|fKt h8La'6Ldf ;"rLs[t ul/Psf] kfOFb}g, tyflk o;sf] ;+/If0f, cg';Gwfg
tyf ljsf;sf] nflu k/:yfg -ex–situ_ tyf oyf:yfg -in-situ) tj/af6 (conservation) ug'{kg]{
b]lvG5 . o;sf] v]tL aLp / kl/kSj ePsf] kftaf6 underground bulbil af6 klg k|fs[lts
cj:yfdf vegetatively propagate x'g;S5 . h/f÷sGb (rootstock/thizome) ljleGg /f]usf]
pkrf/sf] nflu pkof]uL x'g] threatened medicinal plant sf] ¿kdf lrlgg] o; jg:kltsf]
;+/If0f ug'{ klg cfjZos 5 . g]kfndf o;sf] v]tL ;'? gul/Psf]n] Jofj;flos v]tL ug{ ;s]df
ls;fgx¿sf] hLljsf]kfh{gdf 6]jf k'¥ofpg ;Sg] b]lvG5 . o;sf] nflu ;DalGwt ;/f]sf/jfnf
lgsfox¿n] o;sf] v]tL k|ljlw tyf lj:tf/ / ;+/If0f, ;Da4{g tyf ;b'kof]u;DaGwL hgr]tgf
hufpg] vfnsf sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ug'{ kb{5 .
;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lx¿ (References)
!.
>]i7, pQdafa' / ;'hftf >]i7 -lj=;+= @)^!_, g]kfnsf k|d'v u}/sfi7 jg k}bfjf/x¿,
e'F8Lk'/f0f k|sfzg, afuahf/, sf7df8f}+, g]kfn, $!! k[= .
@.
Augustine, A.C. & I.D. Souza. 1997. Regeneration of an anticarcinogenic herb,
Curculigo orchioides Gaertn. In-vitro CelluaLr and Developmental Biology
@)&! efb|
jif{ M @^
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cª\s M @&(
xfd|f] sNkj[If
#.
$.
%.
^=
&.
*=
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!).
!!+=
!@=
!#=
!$=
Plant 33:111-113.
Bafna, A.R. & S.H. Mishra. 2006. Immunostimulatory effects of methanol
extract of Curculigo orchioides on immunosuppressed mice. Journal of
Ethnopharmacology 104:1-4.
Bhattacharjee, S.K. 1998. Handbook of Medicinal Plants. Pointer Publishers,
Jaipur (India).
Bhattarai, K.R. & M. D. Ghimire. 2006. Cultivation and sustainable
harvesting of commercially important plants of Nepal. Hertitage Research and
Development Forum, Nepal. 394p.
DPR. 2007. Medicinal Plants of Nepal. Department of Plant Resources,
Thapathali, Kathmandu, Nepal. Bulletin of the Department of Plant Resources
28:402p.
Husain, A., O.P. Virmani, S.P. Popali, L.N. Mishra, M.M. Gupta, G.N.
Srivastava, Z. Abraham & A.K. Singh.1992. Dictionary of Indian Medicinal
Plants, Publication: Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants.
Luckhnow, India.
IUCN Nepal 2004. National Register of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. The
World Conservation Union, Kupandol, Lalitpur, Nepal. xiii + 202p.
Irshad, S., J. Singh, S.P. Jain & S.P.S. Khanuja. 2006. Curculigo orchioides
Gaertn. (Kali Musali) An endangered medicinal plant of commercial value.
Natural Product Radiance 5(5):369-372.
Joshi, K.K. & S.D. Joshi. 2001. Genetic Heritage of Medicinal and Aromatic
Plants of Nepal Himalayas. Buddha Academic Publishers and Distributors Pvt.
Ltd. Kathmandu, Nepal. 239p.
Lakshmi, V., K. Pandey, A. Puri, R.P. Saxena & K.C. Saxena. 2003.
Immunostimulant principles from Curculigo orchioides. Journal of
Ethnopharmacology 89:181-184.
Shrestha, B.B., S. Dall' Acqua, M.B. Gemali, P.K. Jha and G. Innocenti.
2008. Biology and Phytocemistry of Curculigo orchioides Gaertn. pp. 50-67.
In: P.K. Jha, S.B. Karmacharya, M.K. Chhetri, C.B. Thapa & B.B. Shrestha
(eds.) Medicinal Plants of Nepal: An Anthopology of Contemporary Research.
Ecological Society (ECOS) Kathmandu, Nepal.
Shrestha, B.B., P.K. Jha and D.R. Kandel. 2011. Reproductive ecology and
conservation prospects of a threatened medicinal plant Curculigo ordhioides
Gaertn. in Nepal. Tropical Ecology 52(1):91-101.
Lama, Y.C., S.K. Ghimire, Y.A. Thomas. 2001. Medicinal Plants of Dolpo.
Amchis' Knowledge and Conservation. WWF (World Wildlife Fund) Nepal
Program, Baluwatar, Kathmandu. Nepal.150p.
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:jefjn] g} dnfO{
g]kfnL ;lxTodf
k|j]z u/fof] .
jf:tljs s'/f s] xf] eg] jg ljefudf sfd ug]{ Ps jg k|fljlws
x'gfsf] gftfn] ;flxTo n]vgsf nflu d}n] b]zsf ljleGg s'gf sfKrfdf /x]sf ;dfh / k|fs[lts
jftfj/0fnfO{ Psbd} glhsaf6 b]Vg], 5fDg]5'g] / cg''ej ug]{ cg'kd cj;/ kfPF . kl/0ffd:j?k d yk
;+j]lbt x'g / n]vgdf clek|]l/t eO/xg ;Sg] aGg k''u]F . o; cy{df d jg ljefuk|lt ;b}j gtd:ts
5'' .
#= tkfO{ :jR5Gb :jefjsf] slj / jg ljefusf] Jo:t /xg'kg]{ hfuL/aLr s;/L tfnd]n ug'{x'G5 <
tkfO{n] d]/f] dd{d} 5'g'eof] . slxn]sfxLF dnfO{ cjZo klg c;lhnf] cg''e"lt x'G5 . x[bodf pTkGg x'g]
@)&! efb|
jif{ M @^
26
cª\s M @&(
xfd|f] sNkj[If
efjgfTds s'/f / ;/sf/L gLlt lgod tyf sfg'gsf] kl/lwdf /x]/ cfkm"n] lgefpg'' kg]{ lhDd]jf/L aLrdf
d slxn]sfxLF cGt/lj/f]w / åGåsf] ;fdgf ul//x]sf] x''G5' . t/ klg sfg''gL /fHosf] cjwf/0ffdf ljZjf;
ug]{ dfG5] x'gfsf] gftfn] ljlwljwfgnfO{ sfod /fVg d Wofg of]usf dfWodaf6 d cfkm"nfO{ ;Gt'lnt
agfO/fVg] k|of; ul//x]sf] x'G5' . jgsf] hfuL/] eP/ sfd ug{ lgs} r'gf}tLx?sf] ;fdgf ul//xg' kg]{
cj:yf 5 .
$= tkfO{;Fu lkmN8:t/df sfd u/]sf] nfdf] cg''ej klg 5 . jgsf] hfuL/] eP/ sfd ug{ lgs} r'gf}tLx?
5g\ eGg''eof] . jf:tjdf lkmN8:t/df sfd ug{ s] s:tf r'gf}tLx?sf] ;fdgf ug'{ kl//x]sf] 5 <
jf:tjdf jg If]qsf ;d:ox?sf] s'/f ubf{ o;nfO{ xfdLn] j[xQ/?kdf a''em\g'k5{ . a''Fbfut?kdf eGg'kbf{
tkl;n afd]lhdsf ;d:ofx?nfO{ pNn]v ug{ rfxG5' .
lkmN8 clkm;x? vf; u/L Onfsf jg sfof{nox? ;fwg ;|f]t ljxLg 5g\ . t/fO{ xf];\ jf kxf8 clwsf+z
Onfsf jg sfof{nox? Ps jf b''O{ sf]7f ef8fdf lnP/ rln/x]sf 5g\ . jgsf] hfuL/sf] k|s[ltcg'';f/
To; k|sf/n] jgsf] sfo{;~rfng k|efjsf/L?kn] ug{ Psbd} sl7g 5 .
xfn kxf8 xf];\ jf t/fO{ ;a}lt/ af6f] agfpg] nx/ rn]sf] 5 . j8f j8f / ufpF ufpF;Dd sRrL af6fx?
ag]sf 5g\ . o;/L aGg] jf ag]sf af6fx?;Fu} ufpF ufpF / jg jgdf 6«s 6«\ofS6/x? l5g{;Sg] ePsf
5g\ . o;n] jg k}bfjf/sf] ;+/If0fdf yk r'gf}tL ylkPsf] 5 . t/ jg sfof{no;Fu cfkm" klg ;Fu;Fu}
ultzLn eP/ ;lqmo /xgsf nflu s'g} k|sf/sf ;jf/L ;fwgx? 5}gg\ .
xfn cfP/ ljB't\ pTkfbg ;d]t ufpF ufpFdf eO /x]sf] 5 . o;n] s'gf sfKrfdf ljB''tLo ; ldn, kmlg{r/
pBf]ux? j}w, cj}w?kn] v'Nb} uPsf 5g\ . o:tf] cj:yfdf To;k|sf/sf pBf]ux?nfO{ rflxg] jghGo
sRrf kbfy{x? vkt x'g] s'/fdf zª\sf /xGg . / lghL xf];\ jf cGo ;a} k|sf/sf jg ;b'kof]usf]
ljlwljwfg / k|lqmofx? ldlrg ;Sg] ;Defjgf a9]/ uPsf] oyfy{nfO{ n'sfpg ;lsGg .
jgdf /]Gh/sf] e"ldsfnfO{ la;{g ldNb}g . /]Gh/sf] b/aGbL a9fpg'' cfjZos 5 . /]Gh/sf] b/aGbL 36]sf]
cj:yfdf ;fdfGotof Onfsf jg sfof{nsf Pshgf clws[t / tLg jf rf/hgf jg/Ifsx? /x]sf]
;Lldt sd{rf/Lx?n] kxf8L If]qdf cf7 gf} j6f;Dd uflj;x?sf] jg ;+/If0fsf] lhDdf kfpg' eg]sf]
jgnfO{ eujfg\ e/f];fdf 5f]8]sf] h:t} xf] .
km/]:6/, jg sfo{;xfos nufot ;fdfGotof clwsf+z jg/Ifsx? jgk|zf;gsf] k'/fgf] gLlt cg';f/
n]vfk9Ldf sdhf]/ x'gfsf] sf/0fn] cfh jg k|zf;gn] ef]Ug' k/]sf gof gofF r'gf}tLx? ;fdgf ug{;Sg]
hgzlStsf] cefj csf]{ ;d:of xf] .
;fgfltgf a}+ssf] ;'/Iffdf klg kvf{n, Sofd]/f, xltof/;lxtsf] ;Dk"0f{ ;'/Iff Joj:yf x'G5 . x'g' cfjZos
klg 5 . t/ a9\vf] dx+uL;Fu} d"Nojfg\ x'g k''u]sf ?v / jgx? rf}aL;} 3G6f v'Nnf a}+ssf ?kdf /x]sf
5g\ . o:tf] cj:yfdf jgsf] ;+/If0f yk r'gf}tk""0f{ ePsf] 5 .
d}n] elgxfn]F sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;du| cj:yf lg/Lx 5 . ;fgf] ;+Vofdf /x]sf lgz:q sd{rf/Lx?n] cfhsf]
b08xLgtfsf] ;+qmd0fsfnLg c;''/Iffsf] cj:yfdf lkmN8df sfd ug'{ lgs} hf]lvdk"0f{ /x]sf] 5 . Psflt/
oL / o:tf ;d:of tyf r'gf}tLx?sf sf/0fn] lkmN8:t/Lo sd{rf/Lx?sf] sfdk|lt cfTdljZjf;
/ dgf]an pRr /xg;Sg] cj:yf 5}g eg] csf{lt/ s'g} k|sf/sf] pTk|]/0ff kfpg] cj;/ / df}sfx?
lkmN8:t/sf sd{rf/Lx?n] slxNo} klg kfpFb}gg\ . o;n] sd{rf/Lx? e'Q] eP/ lgis[o /xg] cj:yf klg
ljBdfg 5 .
;du|df eGg'kbf{ ;fwg;|f]tsf] cefj, bIf / :j:y hgzlStsf] sld, xfn b]lvPsf] ef}lts k""jf{wf/sf]
ljsf;;Fu} pTkGg gofF kl/l:yltsf] ;fdgf ug{;Sg] jg ;+u7g gx'g' g} jt{dfgdf b]vf k/]sf d"ne"t
;d:ofx? x'g\ .
%= tkfO{sf] egfOcg';f/ t lkmN8df ;d:o} ;d:of 5g\ . jg ljefu eg] j}1flgs jg Joj:yfkgsf] nflu
@)&! efb|
jif{ M @^
27
cª\s M @&(
xfd|f] sNkj[If
k|of;/t /x]sf] 5 . o;af/]df tkfO{sf] ljrf/ s] 5 <
d}n] ;do ;dodf /fli6«o b}lgs klqsfx?df k|fs[lts ;|f]t Joj:yfkg;DaGwdf klg n]vx? n]v]sf]
5' . x]g'{xf];\, h'g b]z;Fu h] ;|f]t 5 To;sf] j}1flgs Joj:yfkg u/]/ hfg ;lsof] eg] cfly{s nfe lng
;lsG5 . c/a;Fu d?e"lddf t]n lyof] . pgLx?n] t]n a]r]/ cfly{s cj:yf ;''b[9 u/] . o''/f]k cd]l/sfn]
a'l4 a]r]/ cfly{s pGglt u/] . a|flhn;Fu jg lyof] p;n] sf7 a]r]/ cfly{s pGgltdf km8\sf] df¥of] .
blIf0f clk|msf;Fu vgLh lyof], a]r]/ pGglt u¥of] . dfnlbA;;Fu k|fs[lts b[Zo lyof], ko{6gaf6 nfe
lnO/x]sf] 5 . e'6fgn] hn;|f]tsf] ;b'kof]u u/]/ cfly{s pGglt ul//x]sf] 5 .
xfdLn] xfd|f ck""j{ k|fs[lts ;|f]t ;fwgx?nfO{ ;xL tl/sfn] ;b'kof]u ug{ ;Sg'kb{5 . vf;u/L hn,
hª\un, hdLg, vgLh, k|fs[lts / ;f+:s[lts b[Zox?nfO{ gubLs/0f ug{ r'Sg'x'Gg . o; cy{df d jgdf
s]lGb|t eP/ cfkm\gf ljrf/x? /fVg rfxG5' .
jgsf] Psf]xf]/f] ;+/If0fsf] s'/f eg]sf] efjgfTds?kn] k|rf/ ul/Psf] / xfdLnfO{ l;sfOPsf] k''/fgf] s'/f
xf] . xl/of] jg, g]kfnsf] wg t elgof] t/ jgnfO{ wgdf ?kfGt/0f ug]{ s'/fdf /fHon] slxNo} klg Wofg
lbg ;s]g . Pscfw ;'s] 9n]sf ?vx?af6 k|fKt /fh:jnfO{ g} cfkm\gf] sfdsf] k|ultsf ?kdf b]vfpg]
k|rng sfod x'gk''Uof] . ljutdf xfdL jg k|fljlwsx? klg r'Sof}F . ca cfh cfP/ j}1flgs jg
Joj:yfkgsf s'/fx? k'gM ;'Gg yflnPsf] 5 . of] lgs} v'zLsf] s'/f xf] . s]xL lbg cufl8 jg ljefusf
dxflgb]{zsn] jgaf6 caf}{ ?k}ofF a/fa/sf] /fh:j p7fpg ;lsg] / nfvf}Fsf] ;+Vofdf /f]huf/L l;h{gf
ug{ ;lsg] Joxf]/fsf] dGtJo /fVg'' klg zfob oxL j}1flgs jg Joj:yfkgnfO{ d"t{?k lbg'' kg]{ s'/faf6
k|]l/t eP/ g} cfPsf] x'g'k5{ eGg] dnfO{ nfUb5 .
jg ljefun] j}1flgs jg Joj:yfkg k4ltnfO{ hgdfg;df :yflkt u/fpg jg Joj:yfkgg sfo{of]hgf
tof/ u/L cy{dGqfno, /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u, /fhg}lts kf6L{x? nufot ;+/If0fjfbL ;f]r ePsf
;a}nfO{ ;xL tl/sfn] la|lkm+ª u/L oyfy{ cj:yf b]vfOlbg ;Sg'kb{5 . To;f] ug'{ s'g} c;lhnf] sfd xf]
h:tf] dnfO{ nfUb}g .
t/fO{sf rfSnf jgx?, kxf8L jgx? tyf pRrkxf8L jg If]qx?df s] s:tf jg Joj:yfkg k|0ffnLx?
k|efjsf/L x'g ;S5g\ eGg] s'/f jg lj1x?nfO{ yfxf 5Fb}5 . t/ yfxf eP/dfq k''Ubf] /x]g5 . Jofjxfl/
s?kn] sfo{ gu/];Dd 1fgsf] dxTj k|l:6g klg ;Sb}g .
clxn] j}1flgs jg Joj:yfkg ug]{ af/]df uxlsnf ax;x? ;'? ePsf / @)%) ;fnb]lv jg ;+u7gdf
s'g} ;+/rgfut kl/jt{g eO g/x]sf] cj:yfdf, ;do;fk]If ;f+u7lgs ;'wf/ / k'g;{+/rgf ug}{ kg]{
afWofTds kl/l:ylt /x]sf] a]nfdf of] Pp6f ;'gf}nf] cj;/ klg xf] .
s] slt jg If]q j}1flgs Joj:yfkg ug{sf nflu s'g s'g txsf s] slt bIf hgzlSt cfjZos kb{5
eGg] s'/fsf] lgSof}{n u/L jg ;+u7g lgdf{0f ug]{ / ;f]xL c'g'?k lhDd]jf/L to ug]{ xf] eg] jg If]qnfO{
kf/bzL{?kn] cfly{s pGgltsf] klxnf] ;|f]tsf] ?kdf lng ;lsG5 . jgIf]qn] lbg] cfly{s of]ubfgn] of]
b]zsf] d'xf/ km]g{ ;S5 eGg] s'/fdf d ljZj:t 5' t/ oyfl:yltdf j}1flgs jg Joj:yfkg ug{ ;lsG5
h:tf] dnfO{ nfUb}g .
^= jgIf]q;Fu To:tf] s] rLh 5 h;n] tkfO{sf] egfOnfO{ k'l:6 ug{ ;S5 <
jg If]q;Fu To:tf] s] rLh 5 eGg'eGbf klg jgdf s] 5}g eGg] s'/f oxfFg]/ dxTjk""0f{ 5 . jgdf /x]sf
hl8a''6Lx? cfh sRrf kbfy{s} ?kdf sf}8Lsf] efpdf ljljw k|sf/n] lgsf;L eO/x]sf] cj:yf 5 .
b]zleq} hl8a'6L k|zf]wg pBf]u lsg gvf]Ng] < bft[lgsfox?af6 k|fKt caf}{ ?k}ofF tfnLd / uf]i7Ldf
vr{ eO/xsf] 5, t/ t'ngfTds?kn] To;n] ck]lIft k|ltkmn lbg ;ls/x]sf] 5}g . ca jg If]qnfO{
cf}Bf]lusLs/0ftkm{ n}hfg'sf] ljsNk 5}g . kfFr} ljsf; If]qx?df 7"nf hl8a'6L k|zf]wg pBf]ux? :yfkgf
ug{ pBdLx?nfO{ nufgL ug]{ jftfj/0f agfpg'' kb{5 . o;n] ;a}txdf /f]huf/Lsf] cj;/ vf]Ng] 5 .
j}1flgs jg Joj:yfkg sfo{of]hgf nfu"" ug]{ xf] eg] ToxfF jgdf of]hgfcg';f/ ?v sf6\g], luF8\g],
@)&! efb|
jif{ M @^
28
cª\s M @&(
xfd|f] sNkj[If
9'jfgL ug]{, lrg]{, cf];f/k;f/ ug]{, a]rlavg ug]{ ubf{ 7"nf] ;+Vofdf /f]huf/L l;h{gf x'G5 eg] plQs}
ef/Ldfqfdf /fh:jdf j[l4 x'g]5 . o;n] o'jf hgzlStnfO{ :jb]zd} /f]huf/Lsf] cj;/ lbnfpg] 5 eg]
ljb]zaf6 sf7 cfoft ug''{ kg{] nHhf:kb cj:yfaf6 b]znfO{ d'St ug]{5 . $) k|ltzt jg /x]sf] b]zn]
sf7 cfoft ug'{ k6Ss} ;'xfpFbf] s'/f xf]Og .
sf7df08f}F h:tf 7"nf ;x/sf cf;kf; /x]sf jgx?nfO{ ko{6gd'vL Joj:yfkgaf6 :t/f]Gglt ub}{
To;af6 kof{j/0fLo tyf cfly{s nfe lng ;lsg] kfs{df ljsl;t ug{ ;lsG5 .
To;} u/L pRr kxf8L If]qdf /x]sf jgdf ?vx? s'lxP/ uPsf 5g\ . ltgsf] ;b'kof]usf] af/]df xfn;Dd
s]xL ul/Psf] cj:yf 5}g . af6f3f6fx? v'Nb} uPsf 5g\ / ca pRr kxf8L If]qx?df /x]sf jgx?df
9n]k8]sf / a"9f ePsf ?vx?nfO{ ;9\g lbg'x'Fb}g . ahf/df sf7sf] dfu a9]sf] 5, x/]s 6'qmf sf7
sfddf k|fo]u ug{ ;Sg] u/L pkof]udf Nofpg ;Sg'kb{5 .
csf]{ tkm{ lghL cfjfbLdf /x]sf ?vx? klg l;+u} b]zsf] nflu cfly{s nfe lbg] ;|f]tsf ?kdf /x]sf
5g\ . kxf8L If]qdf s]xL ;do cufl8;Dd bfp/fdf klg pkof]udf gcfpg] plQ; nufotsf ?vx?
cfh cfP/ KnfO{ pBf]usf nflu k|d'v sRrf kbfy{sf ?kdf b]vfk/]sf 5g\ . pBf]u ;~rfngdf ;xhtf
tyf sfg'gL emGem6x?nfO{ sd u/L jghGo pBf]ux?nfO{ xf};nf k|bfg ug]{ jftfj/0f tof/ ub}{
ljlwljwfg cg';f/ pBf]u ;~rfng ug]{tkm{ xfdLn] ;f]Rg'kb{5 . o;f] eof] eg] c? yk /f]huf/L l;h{gf
ug{ ;lsG5 .
o;y{ jgaf6 csNkgLo cfly{s pkfh{g ug]{ tyf sfa{g pT;h{g /f]Sg] jf sfa{g vkt ug]{ ;Ddsf
sfdx? Ps} ;fy u/L kof{j/0fLo ;+/If0f ;d]tdf plrt of]ubfg ug{ ;lsG5 . t;y{ jgn] gofF g]kfnsf]
d'xf/ km]g{ ;S5 eGg] dnfO{ ljZjf; 5 .
&= tkfO{sf cGo yk s]xL ljrf/x? eP /flvlbg'xf];\ .
g]kfnsf] Pp6f s'gfdf /x]sf] jg csf]{ s'gfdf /x]sf] g]kfnLsf] klg plQs} xs nfUg] ;DklQ xf] . /fHosf]
;DklQdf ;a}sf] a/fa/L xs nfUg' cfjZos 5 . /fHosf] ;DklQsf] nfesf] afF8kmfF8 lje]bsf/L x'g'x'Gg .
o; ljifodf ;DalGwt ;a}n] a]n}df Wofg lbg' h?/L 5 .
jg h+unsf] If]qdf af6f] agfpg] gfddf, :s"n, SofDk;, xl:k6n cflb agfpg] gfddf jf ;'s'Daf;L
;d:of ;dfwfg ug]{ gfddf jf xs x:tfGt/0fsf] gfddf jg If]q lbg k|ltlbg 36\b} uO/x]sf] b]lvG5 .
jg If]qsf] hdLg /x] s'g} lbg k'gM jg :yfkgf ug{ ;lsG5 t/ :jdLTj g} u'd] jf To;df ef}lts
;+/rgf aGg k''u]df To;sf] bL3{sfnLg gsf/fTds c;/ kg{ hfG5 . o; s'/fdf ;/sf/n] a]n}df Wofg
lbg'' cfjZos 5 .
ljB't\ pTkfbg a9\g] qmd;Fu} ljB't\ k|;f/0f nfOg lgdf{0f ug]{ qmddf ?vx? sfl6Pkl5 tL nfOgx?df
pko'St k|sf/sf ?vla?jfx? tTsfn} /f]Kg' cfjZos 5 . xf]rf k|sf/sf dxTjk""0f{ hl8a'6L k|hfltx?
To;sf nflu pko'St x'g;S5g\ .
kxf8L If]qdf af6f]3f6f] agfpg] qmddf jg If]q gf]S;fgLsf] b/ al9/x]sf] 5 . ljsf; lgdf{0f cfjZos 5,
t/ jgIf]qdf xr'jfsf] e/df hyfefjL lgdf{0f sfo{ x'g glbg :yfgLo lgsfox?aLr cfjZos ;dGjo
x'g'kg]{ b]lvG5 .
;fd'bflos jgx? klg jif{df Psk6s ;fwf/0f ;ef ug]{ / æbfp/f 3fF; k"/f eP e} xfNof] lgÆ eGg]
k/Dk/fjfbL ;f]reGbf Pssbd dfly p7]/ j}1flgs jg Joj:yfkg ug{ k|]l/t x'g'kg]{ cj:yf 5 .
Go''gtd tna / z''Go ;'ljwfdf jg sd{rf/Lx? cxf]/fq jgsf] ;'/Iff / ;+/If0fdf v6\bf klg h; gkfpg]
jftfj/0fsf] cGTo x'g'kb{5 . Pscfw 36gfnfO{ pbfx/0f agfP/ ;du| jg ;+u7gsf] dfg db{g x''g'x'Fb}g
eGg] dnfO{ nfUb5 .
cGTodf, jgsf] ;+/If0f, ;Daw{g / ;b'kof]u u/L o;af6 k|z:t cfly{s nfe lnP/ b]znfO{
cf}Bf]lusLs/0ftkm{ n}hfg pkNnf]:t/af6 ;xL jggLlt clVtof/ xf];\ eGg] lgj]bg ub{5' . wGojfb .
@)&! efb|
jif{ M @^
29
cª\s M @&(
xfd|f] sNkj[If
cWoog÷hfgsf/L
c8]/
j}1flgs gfd
jfg:klts kl/jf/
g]kfnL gfd
;+:s[t gfd
c+u|]hL gfd
cGo gfd
M
M
M
M
M
M
l/l;g; sDo'lg; (Ricinus communis L.)
o'kmlj{o;L (Euphorbiaceae)
c8]/, c/08L
P/g\8, uGwj{x:t, lrqsf, k~rfË'n
Castor oil plant
ofgofg -u'?ª_, c6]/, cy]/, s'sf7 -r]kfª_ bfg v|f -ltAatL_ l6o/ -yf?_,
cG8]/ -bg'jf/_ cfNx]df -g]jf/L_, dlbz] Pl/n -dfemL_, 8fNnf] -/fO{_, OGb]of]
-/fp6]_, c/]y -lnDa'_, c08L -lxGbL_
kl/ro
of] % ld6/;Dd cUnf] x'g] sdnf] 8fF7 ePsf] emf8L ju{sf] jg:klt xf] . 8fF7df cfFVnfx¿ :k:6;Fu
b]lvG5 . kft PsfGt/ #) ;]=ld=;Dd nfdf] e]6\g' ePsf] @)–%) ;]=ld= Jof; x'g] xTs]nf cfsf/sf]
%–( j6f v08 ePsf] x'G5 . gofF kfn'jf /ftf] jf sn]hL /ª\usf] x'G5 l5lKkPkl5 xl/of] x'G5 . Pp6f
v08 efnfsf/, lqsf]0ffsf/, lsgf/fdf clgoldt b:t'/ ePsf] 6'Kkf ltvf] r'Rrf] x'G5 . km'n /ftf] jf
kx]nf] /ª\usf] sl/a !% ;]=ld= nfdf] dh'/fdf km'Nb5 . efn] / kf]yL km"n Pp6} 8fF7df eP tfklg
dh'/fsf] dflylt/ efn] km'n / tnlt/ kf]yL km"n km'n]sf x'G5g\ . SofK;'n kmn @=% ;]=ld= Jof;sf]
a]ngfsf/, u'R5fdf kmn]sf] tLgj6f eNj ePsf] / sfF8fn] 9flsPsf] x'G5 . k|To]s kmndf tLgj6f
aLp x'G5 . aLp g/d, rlDsnf] v}/f] jf ;]tf] /ª\usf] x'G5 .
o;sf] km"n jif{e/L g} km'Nb5 / kmn klg jif{e/L g} nfUb5 . !%)–!*) lbgdf o;sf] hLjgrqm
k"/f x'G5 .
pkof]uL efu
h/f, kft, aLp t/ aLpsf] dfq laqmL ljt/0f x'g] u/]sf] 5 .
pkof]lutf
o;sf] kftsf] /; kf]n]sf] 7fpFdf, Hj/f], bd, a|f]ª\sfOl6;, cfpF, hl08;df / h'sf kbf{ k|of]u ul/G5 .
o;sf] kft 6fpsf] b'Vbf lgwf/df nufOG5 . h/f 5fnfsf] /f]udf k|of]u ul/G5 . aLp sn]hf]sf]
;d:ofdf, kfON;, h'sf, slAhot, gzf ;DaGwL /f]u / afydf k|of]u ul/G5 . o;sf] aLp dlxgfjf/L
ePsf] Ps xKtfkl5 k|ltlbg Ps Psj6f vfPdf ue{ lg/f]wssf] sfd u5{ eg]/ vfg] ul/G5 .
aRrfx¿nfO{ h'sf k/]df aLpsf] kfp8/df lrgL ld;fP/ lbOG5 . o;sf] aLpaf6 t]n lgsflnG5
h;nfO{ of}gzlQm a9fpg, s'i7/f]udf, slAhot, 5fnf lrnfpg] / ;'lGgg]df k|of]u ul/G5 . o;sf]
t]n cf}Bf]lus sfdsf] nflu w]/} k|of]u ul/G5 . o;nfO{ ue{lg/f]ws kmf]d / lqmddf klg k|of]u
ul/G5 . of] n'la|s]G6\; agfpg, kfln;x¿ agfpg / xfO8«f]lns a|]sdf ;d]t k|of]u ul/G5 . of]
;fa'g / ljleGg lsl;dsf /ª\u agfpg klg k|of]u ul/G5 . kftsf] emf]nnfO{ ls6gfzssf] ¿kdf
klg k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 .
@)&! efb|
jif{ M @^
30
cª\s M @&(
xfd|f] sNkj[If
tof/L cfo'j]{lbs cf}ifwLsf] gfd
P/08 t]n, P/08;Kts Sjfy, /;fgf;Kts, Sjfy jftf/L t]n, s}zf]/ u'u'n
k|fs[lts jf;:yfg tyf pb\ud
of] k|fs[lts cj:yfdf !%)–@$)) ld6/;Ddsf] prfOdf k"j{, dWo / klZrd g]kfndf kfOG5 . ;fy}
ckmuflg:tfg, kfls:tfg, sfl:d/, s'dfp, ltAat, l;lSsd, e'6fg, jdf{ cflb b]zx¿df kfOG5 . of]
pQ/ klZrd clk|msfsf] :jb]zL k|hftL xf] .
v]tL tyf k|;f/0f
g]kfndf o;sf] v]tLsf] ;'?jft e/v/} dfq /fd]5fk lhNnfdf ul/Psf] 5 . g]kfndf o;sf] v]tLsf]
/fd|f] ;+efjgf 5 . o;sf] v]tL cf}ifwL hGo k|of]usf nfuL eGbf o;af6 t]n lgsfNgsf] nflu
ul/G5 . o;sf] v]tLsf] nflu k|;f/0f aLpaf6 ug{ ;lsG5 . aLpnfO{ Jof8df hdfO{ jf To;nfO{
;Lw} 5/]/ v]tL ug{ ;lsG5 .
xfjfkfgL / df6f]
pi0f tyf ptf]i0f xfjfkfgL ePsf] jflif{s ;/b/ tfkqmd @)–#) l8u|L ;]lN;o; x'g], ;'Vvf / w]/}
kfgL gkg]{ 7fpF o;sf] nflu pko'Qm x'G5 . aflif{s jiff{ ^))–()) ld=ld= x'g] 7fpFdf /fd|f] x'G5
t/ %)) ld=ld= eGbf sd jiff{ x'g] If]qdf klg of] nufpg ;lsG5 . w]/} jiff{ x'g] / kfgL hDg] 7fpF
o;sf] nflu pko'Qm x'Fb}g . o;nfO{ anf}6] / bf]d6 df6f]df nufpg ;lsG5 .
;+sng / e08f/0f
o;sf] kmn kfs]kl5 aLp ;+sng ug'{ kb{5 . kmn k'/f ;'s]/ aLp emg'{ cufj} SofK;'n xl/of] g}
xF'bf ;+sng ug'{ kb{5 . ;+sng ul/Psf] kmn;lxtsf] dh'/fnfO{ y'kf/]/ SofK;'n sfnf] gx'Gh]n;Dd
/flvG5 / To;kl5 3fddf ;'sfOG5 . slxn]sfxL+ uf]a/df kfgL ld;fP/ d'h'/fsf] y'k|f]df 5l/G5
jf To;nfO{ hldgd'lg ug8]/ #–$ lbg;Dd uf]a/n] k'l/lbg' kb{5 . To; kl5 kmnnfO{ r'6]/ aLp
lgsfNg' kb{5 . kft eg] h'ga]nf klg ;+sng ug{ ;lsG5 . o;sf] aLpnfO{ @–# aiff{;Dd aGb
efF8f]df /fv]/ e08f/0f ug{ ;lsG5 .
ahf/ tyf pTkfbg
ljZjahf/df o;sf] dfu w]/} 5 . ljZjdf k|ltaif{ sl/a !@ nfv 6g c8]/sf] aLp pTkfbg x'G5 .
ef/tn] ;a}eGbf a9L -s'n pTkfbgsf] *) k|ltzt_ pTkfbg ub{5 . rLg bf];|f] 7'nf] pTkfbs b]z xf] .
of] 3/]n' cf}ifwL agfpg eGbfklg t]n lgsfNgsf nflu ug]{ ul/G5 / t]naf6 n'la|s]G6\; agfOG5 .
o;sf] ahf/ d"No k|lt s]=hL= ?=%) kb{5 .
gLltut Joj:yf
k|fs[lts cj:yfaf6 ;+sng ubf{ c8]/sf] knsf] k|lt s]=hL ?= @ /fh:j a'emfpg' kb{5 .
k|d'v /f;folgs tTj
o;sf] 7'nf]eGbf ;fgf] aLpdf t]nsf] dfqf a9L x'G5 . o;sf] aLpdf Un'sf]k|f]l6g -Glucoprotein_
l/l;g -Ricin_, l/l;lgg -Ricinnin_ / nfOk]h -Lipase_ kfOG5 . o;df kfOg] l/l;g cToGt ljiffn'
x'G5 . o;df /ut hdfpg] u'0f x'G5 . l/l;lgg klg s]xL ljiffn' g} x'G5 . o;n] PhhL{ u/fpFb5 .
laofFdf $%–%) k|ltzt t]nsf] dfqf x'G5 . c8]/sf] t]n h;nfO{ Sof:6/ cfon -Castor Oil_
elgG5, Tof] /ª\uljlxg jf xNsf xl/of] /ª\usf] x'G5 . t]ndf l/l;gf]lns Pl;8 -Ricinoleic Acid_
(!–(% k|ltzt x'G5 . To;afx]s kflNdl6s Pl;8 -Palmi!c Acid_, :6]l/s Pl;8 -Steric Acid_ /
guGg] dfqfdf cf]lns Pl;8 -Oleic Acid_ kfOG5 .
@)&! efb|
jif{ M @^
31
cª\s M @&(
xfd|f] sNkj[If
;flxTo
dg–dfgj–jg
lwSsf/ 5, ltd|f] ct[Kt :jfy{nf]n'ktfsf
lx+;|s, /Qmlkkf;' cfsf+Iff el/Psf] kfiff0f
x[bonfO{ .
ltd|f 3ftk|lt3ft, clg s'7f/f3ftn]
rf]Ol6Psf d]/f df}g;':s]/fx¿,
ef]=====Û ca ;xg] 5}gg\, aln/x]5 /fFsf] ;/L ..
;[li6sf] ;'Gb/ /rgf æxl/ofnL jgÆ xf}+ ltdL,
d]/f] hLjgsf] cg'kd e]6 xf}+ eGb},
ldt]/L ;fOgf] ufF;]sf lyof}+ .
;f}Gbo{sL cgdf]n vfgL xf} eGb}
df]lxgL cleJolQmdf ;f6]sf lyof}F .
lg/y{s dfgj hLjg, ltdL lagf eGb}
kljq afrf;Fu} cfTdf;ft u/]sf lyof}+ .
ca ;S5f}+ eg], ;Dxfn, d]/f] df}g k|ltsf/x¿
ltd|f x/ s'7f/f3ftsf k|ltpQ/ agL,
gkTofP x]/ ====Û
cgfj[li6, cNkj[li6, v8]/L clg cltj[li6 klg
ltd|f Psn ;fd|fHodfly cf]Ol//x]5',
lgofnL x]/===== Û
ltdLn] lr/x/0f kf/]sf gfËf 8fF8flt/
af9L, klx/f], b}j: k|sf]k aGb} ltdL dfyL g} 9Nb}5',
slxn] sljtfdf ltdL dnfO{ efjgfdf
;hfO/Xof},
slxn] ;'vfGt syfdf cfkm";Fu} bf]xf]¥ofO/Xof} .
sflxn] s0f{lk|o w"g agfO{ uLt uhndf
ufO/Xof} .
lgw{Ss lyP d} klg Û Û Û Û Û Û Û Û
;[li6sf] Ps dfq r]tg lzn :kGbg xf} ltdL
eGb},
t/=====d s] hfg'============< < < <
kQ} gkfO{, h'g]nL /ftsf] zLtntfdf
w8sg ?lk d]/f], jgkfvf d';fb}{ n'l6/xof} .
uxgf ?lk d]/f] af]6la?jf clg kz'k+IfL cFufNb},
hfb'u/sf] hfb' em}F stfstf ufoj agfOlbof} .
cfp Û ;fdgf u/, df}gtf dflysf] k|ltsf/x¿,
ltdLdfyL g} tf08j g[To ub}{5' d,
/0fe"ld xf] of], efU5f} stf ltdL <
ltd|f] sfo/kgnfO{ uLt agfO{ c§xf; u5'{ d,
nfvf}+ kz'k+IfL, af]6la?jfsf qmGbg ;d]6\b} .
ltdLdfy l;+xgfb ub}{ n8fFOsf]
lju'n km'Sb5F' d====== ..
lju'n km'Sb5F' d====== ..
w]/} kl5 ltd|f] gf6ssf] kbf{ p7\bf,
h'g]nL /ftsf] zLtntf klg bGbgL 89]nf]–ef],
ltd|f tL vf]qmf cf8Da/L efjgf ;f6\bf,
jgkfvf, kz'k+IfLsf] sfn ef] ..
– r~rn ;/sf/
sf7df8f}F
@)&! efb|
jif{ M @^
32
cª\s M @&(
xfd|f] sNkj[If
ultljlw ;dfrf/
sf7df8f}+÷lghfdtL ;]jf lbj; @)&! sf] pknIodf jg tyf e";+/If0f dGqfnon] /fli6«o ;lxb tyf
zflGt kfs{ lgdf{0f:yn uf]s0f]{Zj/–! hu8f]ndf j[If/f]k0f sfo{qmd u/]sf] 5 . j[If/f]k0f sfo{qmdsf]
z'ef/De ub}{ d'Vo ;lrt nLnfdl0f kf}8]nn] kof{j/0fsf] ;+/If0f / hnjfo' kl/jt{gaf6 x'g] c;/
Go"gLs/0fsf nflu klg j[If/f]k0f sfo{qmd a[xt ¿kdf cfof]hgf ul/g'kg]{ atfpg'eof] . j[If/f]k0f
u/]/ dfq k|ltkmo k|fKt gx'g] ePsfn] /f]lkPsf j[IfnfO{ ;+/If0f ul/g'kg]{df klg pxfFn] hf]8 lbg'eof] .
jg dGqfnosf ;lrj z/brGb| kf}8]nsf] ;efkltTjdf ;DkGg sfo{qmddf ljleGg dGqfnosf
;lrjx¿n] klg j[If/f]k0f ug'{ ePsf] lyof] . ;f] cj;/df ^*$ ju{ ld6/ If]qkmndf ljleGg hftsf
!!$ j6f j[If/f]k0f ul/Psf] /fli6«o;lxt kfs{sf dxf;lrj lqnf]rg kf}8]nn] hfgsf/L lbg'eof] .
lrtjg÷jGohGt' rf]/L–l;sf/df ;lqmo ePsf] cf/f]kdf kqmfp k/]sf kfFrhgfnfO{ bf]ifL 7x/ u/L
lrtjg /fli6«o lgs'~hn] h]n ;hfosf] km};nf ;'gfPsf] 5 . u}+8f df/L vfu laqmL Joj;fo u/]sf]
s;'/df k'k{Ifdf /x]sf kfFrhgfnfO{ b08;hfo tf]lsPsf] xf] . /fli6«o lgs'~h tyf jGohGt' P]g, @)@
( bkmf @^ sf] pkbkmf ! adf]lhd lgs'~hsf k|d'v ;+/If0f clws[t sdnhª\u s'Fj/sf] Ohnf;n] ;f]
km};nf ;'gfPsf] xf] . jGohGt' rf]/L l;sf/df ;lqmo dsjfgk'/ a;fdf8L–# sf $@ jifL{o z]/axfb'/
vftLnfO{ !% jif{ s}b / ? Ps nfv hl/jfgf ;'gfPsf] 5 . To:t} ;f]xL :yfgsf /fdz/0f ljsnfO{
!% jif{ s}b / ? Ps nfv hl/jfgf tf]lsPsf] 5 . jGohGt'sf] rf]/L l;sf/Lsf] cf/f]kdf vftLnfO{
kqmfp ul/Psf] lyof] eg] ljsnfO{ u}+8fsf] v'/ !@ yfg, @(( u|fd of;f{u'Daf, s'8\sL Ps s]hL;lxt
kqmfp ul/Psf] lyof] . To:t} k;f{ jfujfg uflj;sf cf]dgfy lg/f}nf / sfe|]knf~rf]s–*, 3/ eO{
kf]v/f k[YjLrf]s a:g] lgdf nfdf jfOafnfO{ klg ;f]xLcg';f/sf] ;hfo tf]lsPsf] 5 . To:t} x'Dnf
l;ldsf]6 3/ eO{ sf7df8f}+ hf]/kf6L a:g] l5l/ª kfNb]g nfdfnfO{ !$ jif{ s}b / ? Ps nfv hl/jfgf
ul/Psf] 5 . kfNb]gdfly lrlgofF gful/s x]gfnfO{ vfu a]r]sf] cf/f]k 5 .
DofUbL÷lhNnfnfO{ jg clgqmd0f d'St lhNnf agfpg] cleofg ;'? ul/Psf] 5 . Onfsf jg sfof{no
aflaofrf}/n] hg;xeflutfdf cfwfl/t jg cltqmd0f x6fpg] sfo{qmd ;'? u/]sf] xf] . ;d'bfo
/ ;fd'bflos jgsf pkef]QmfnfO{ kl/rfng u/]/ cltqmd0f x6fpg] sfd klxnf]k6s DofUbLaf6
;'?jft ePsf] xf] . xfn g]kfndf jg cltqmd0f x6fpg k|x/L, k|zf;g kl/rfng ul/Fb} cfP klg
pkef]Qmf kl/rfng ul/Psf] cEof; xf] . *% xhf/ $%@ x]S6/ If]qkmn jgn] cf]u6]sf] lhNnfdf jg
cltqmd0f ePsf] hgu'gf;f] /x] klg olsg tYofª\s eg] ;ª\sng x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . DofUbL lhNnfdf
xfn @(& j6f ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"x /x]sf 5g\ .
To:t} csf]{ ;dfrf/ cg';f/ lhNnfsf &! j6f ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"xn] hnjfo' kl/jt{g
cg's"ng of]hgf lgdf{0f u/]sf 5g\ . tfkqmd j[l4 / hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf sf/0f k|efljt ePsf
pkef]StfnfO{ :yfgLo ;|f]t;fwgsf] kl/rfng ub}{ hf]lvd;Fu cg's"lnt agfpg lhNnfe/ /x]sf @
(& ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Stf ;d"xdWo] &! j6fn] of]hgf agfPsf x'g\ . kfgLsf] ;|f]t ;'Sg], klx/f]sf]
hf]lvd, s[lif pTkfbgdf x|f; cfpg]h:tf jftfj/0fLo c;/sf sf/0fn] hf]lvddf k/]sf pkef]StfnfO{
To;sf] k|efj Go"gLs/0f / cg's"ngsf nflu of]hgf agfOPsf] xf] .
df]/ª÷dw'dNnfdf /x]sf] dfjf g'g;/L ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"xn] gfª\uf 8fF8f x/fe/f agfpg
pkef]Stfx¿nfO{ la?jf ljt/0f cleofg yfn]sf] 5 . sf7t:sf/L x'g glbg jgsf pkef]Stf cfkm}+
;lqmo ¿kdf nfUg] u/]sf 5g\ xfd|f] jg /fd|f] kg eGg] gf/fsf] ;fy cl3 a9]sf pkef]Stfx¿n]
;fd'bflos jgsf sf/0f gfª\uf] / phf8 8fF8f x/fe/f agfPsf 5g\ . @)%^ ;fndf k|f/lDes sfo{
@)&! efb|
jif{ M @^
33
cª\s M @&(
xfd|f] sNkj[If
yfngL u/]/ )%* df ljwfg tof/L kfl/Psf] lyof] eg] @)^) ;nfb]lv ;fd'bflos jgsf] dfGotf
kfPkl5 :yfgLo u/]/ )%* df ljwfg tof/L kfl/Psf] lyof] eg] @)^) ;fnb]lv ;fd'bflos jgsf]
dfGotf kfPkl5 :yfgLo pkef]Stfx¿n] jgsf] ;+/If0f ub}{ cfPsf 5g\ . jgn] :yfgLo ljkGg
;d'bfosf] :t/ psf:g] vfnsf ljleGg sfo{qmd ;~rfng u/]sf] 5 .
To:t} csf]{ ;dfrf/ cg';f/ dw'dNnf # dfjf tf]/L jf/L If]qaf6 cj}w lr/fg sf7 kqmfp ul/Psf]
5 . ljz]if lgu/fgLsf cfwf/df Onfsf k|x/L sfofno dw'dNnf / ;]S6/ jg sfof{no dª\unaf/]sf]
;+o'Qm 6f]nLn] cj}w lr/fg sf7 kqmfp ul/Psf] xf] . dfjf tf]/Laf/Lsf /]jt lji6sf] 3/af6 ljleGg
;fOhsf ! ;o ^$ yfgsf *( bzdnj $* lsjL lkm6 ;fnsf lr/fg sf7 kqmfp ul/Psf] 5 .
h;sf] xfnsf] d"No sl/a @ nfv ;f9] ^* xhf/ ?k}ofF /x]sf] hgfOPsf] 5 . jg sfof{nox¿n]
;'/Iff u:tL a9fPkl5 jg k}bfj/ wdfwd kqmfp kb}{ uPsf 5g\ . o;}u/L df]/ªsf] a]naf/Laf6
k|x/Ln] cj}w sf7;lxt b'O{ hgfnfO{ kqmfp u/]sf] 5 . Onfsf k|x/L sfof{no a]naf/Laf6 lgl:sPsf]
u:tL 6f]nLn] a]/af/L $ df cj}w¿kdf ;v'jfsf] sf7 lr/fg ub}{ u/]sf] cj:yfdf :yfgLo #* jifL{o
/fh]Gb| ;'Aaf / %) jifL{o k|d]axfb'/ /fO{nfO{ kqmfp u/]sf] xf] . pgLx¿;Fu} k|x/Ln] sl/a ;f]x| So'lkm6
cj}w ;v'jfsf] lr/fg sf7;d]t a/fdb u/sf] 5 . b'j} hgfnfO{ sf7;lxt Onfsf jg sfof{nodf
a'emfOPsf] 5 .
s~rgk'/÷ lhNnfsf] s[i0fk'/– @ jf0fL d'St sd}of lzlj/sf afl;Gbfn] Ps 3/ b; la?jf /f]Kg]
cleofg ;~rfng u/L a:tLnfO{ x/fe/f agfpgdf h'6]sf 5g\ . hglxt dxfsfnL ;fd'bflos
jgsf] kxndf a:tLnfO{ x/fe/f agfO{ jftfj/0f ;+/If0fdf 6]jf k'¥ofpgsf nflu gbLdf lsgf/f,
v]tsf] l8n / 3/ cfFugdf la?jf /f]Kg] sfo{ ul/Psf] ;fd'bflos jgsf cWoIf t'n;L/fd rf}w/Ln]
atfpg'eof] . k|To]s 3/sf afl;Gbfn] !) b]lv @) j6f;Dd l;;f}, lnlK6;, afF;, hfd'g, asfOgf]
/ 3fF; k|hftLsf la?jf /f]k]sf] pxfFn] atfpg'eof] . la?jf jg sfof{no / ;fd'bflos jgn]
pTkfbg u/L pkef]StfnfO{ ljt/0f u/]sf] 5 . kfFr ;o 3/w'/L /x]sf] d'St sd}of a:tLdf emG8}
;ft xhfeGbf a9L la?jf /f]lkPsf 5g\ . ;8ssf] 5]p5fpdf eg] ljleGg k|hftLsf km"nsf la?jf
/f]lkPsf] 5 . h}ljs ljljwtf ;+/If0f / jftfj/0f ;+/If0fdf of]ubfg k'¥ofpgsf nflu af]6la?jf
nufpg' k5{ eGg]k|lt pkef]Stf ;r]t ePsfn] sfo{qmdsf] ;xof]udf a'x cf}iflwsf ¿kdf k|of]u
x'g] ljho;fn hf]ufpgsf nflu Knl6ªsf] sfo{;d]t u/]sf] 5 . ? ^) xhf/ vr]{/ ;fd'bflos jgn]
ljho;fnsf b'O{ xhf/ la?jfsf] g;{/L tof/ u/L jgsf] afFemf] hUufdf /f]Kg] hgfPsf] 5 .
l;/xf÷rf]/L lgsf;L u/L NofpFb} u/]sf] cj:yfdf l;/xf, nfxfg k|x/Ln] 6\ofS6/;lxt sf7 lgoGq0fdf
lnPsf] 5 . ;= ! t= &#! gDa/sf] 6\ofS6/df vdf/L hftsf] uf]lnof sf7 ;Kt/Laf6 l;/xf cfpFb}
u/]sf] cj:yfdf ljz]Zj/k|;fb rf}w/LnfO{ ;d]t kqmfp ul/Psf] nfxfg k|x/Ln] hgfPsf] 5 . 8fndf
sf7 k'/f el/Psf] cj:yfdf nfxfg gu/kflnsf # l:yt nf]sdfu{af6 6\ofS6/ k|x/Ln] lgoGq0fdf
lnPsf] 5 .
dWodf~rn If]qsf] ljleGg lhNnfdf !@ xhf/ x]S6/ jg If]q cltqmd0f ePsf] tYofª\sn] b]vfPsf]
5 . dWodf~rn If]qLo jg lgb]{zgfnon] x]6f}+8fdf u/]sf jflif{s ;dLIff sfo{qmddf of] tYo
;fj{hlgs ul/Psf] xf] . lgb]{zgfnosf cg';f/ dWodf~rnsf !( lhNnfdf nfdf] ;dob]lv jg
If]q cltqmd0f u/L a;f]af; u/]sfn] o;nfO{ x6fOg r'gf}tLk"0f{ /x]sf] 5 . sfo{qmddf lbOPsf]
hfgsf/L cg';f/ ;nf{xLsf] ;fu/gfy jg If]qdf dfq} @ xhf/ ( ;o %) x]S6/ jg If]q cltqmd0f
@)&! efb|
jif{ M @^
34
cª\s M @&(
xfd|f] sNkj[If
u/L sl/a * ;o kl/jf/ a;f]af; ub]{ cfPsf 5g\ . oLdWo] If]qLo jg lgb]{zgfnon] cfly{s jif{
@)&)÷&! df cltqmdldt e"–efudWo] Ps ;o $! x}S6/dfq} lkmtf{ ug{ ;kmn ePsf] 5 . lkmtf{
ePsf] If]qdWo] Ps ;o #% x]S6/df j[If/f]k0f ul/Psf] If]qLo jg lgb]{zs /fhb]j ofbjn] hfgsf/L
lbg'eof] . /fhgLlts kl/jt{g / åGåsf] ;dodf ;a}eGbf a9L jg cltqmd0f u/L v]ltkftL ug]{ /
3/6x/f agfO{ a;f]af; ug]{ u/]sf] If]qLo jg sfof{nosf] bfaL 5 .
kfNkf÷e';df n'sfP/ kfNkfaf6 gjnk/f;Ltkm{ nfFb} ul/Psf] ;fnsf cj}w sf7 k|x/Ln] a/fdb
u/]sf] 5 . gf @ v (#&) gDa/sf] 6«sdf nf]8 ul/Psf] pSt sf7 gjnk/f;Lsf] b'DsLjf;df
lgoGq0fdf lnOPsf] xf] . pSt 6«s kfNkfl:yt >Lgu/ …;Ú ldnsf] xf] . gjnk/f;Lsf ;xfos jg
clws[t df]xg/fh sfkm\n]sf cg';f/ ^ ;o &$ yfg lr/fg sf7 a/fdb ePsf] xf] . To;sf] ahf/
d'No !% nfv kg]{ sfo{non] hgfPsf] 5 . 6«s / sf7 k|x/Ln] Onfsf jg 6'DsLaf;nfO{ a'emfPsf]
5 . kfNkfsf] tfg;]g–!!, sf 6«s rfns ;'/h /fpt / ;xrfns ;'dg lasnfO{ cfbfntdf Dofb
yk u/L cg';Gwfgsf nflu lx/f;tdf /flvPsf] 5 . a'6jn, ab{3f6 x'Fb} b'lDsjf; k'Ubf ;'/fsLsf
cfwf/df pSt sf7 a/fdb ePsf] xf] .
afun'ª÷pRr kxf8L e]udf x'g] jg:klt nf}7;Nnfsf] kft a]r]/ cfDbfgL x'g yfn]kl5 afun'ª
lhNnfsf] tf/f uflj; h'Nkm] ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Stf ;d"xn] nf}7;Nnf lj:tf/ u/]sf] 5 . tf/f
uflj;sf] h'Nkm] ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Stf ;d"xn] Ps x]S6/ If]qkmndf b'O{ xhf/ $)) ;o nf}7;Nnfsf]
la?jf /f]k]sf] 5 . nf}7;Nnfsf] kftaf6 aGg] 6\ofS;f]n gfds /;fog SofG;/sf] pkrf/df k|of]u
x'g] x'Fbf o;sf] Jofj;foLs/0f x'g yfn]sf] xf] . klxNnf] ;do nf}7 ;Nnfsf] ;+/If0f / lj:tf/df
jg pkef]Stfn] ;lqmotf b]vfPsf 5g\ . tf/fvf]nfs} 8'F8]n]s ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"xn] klg
ut cfjdf nf}7;Nnfsf] kft laqmL u/]/ ? b'O{ nfv cfDbfgL u/]sf] lyof] . nf}7;Nnf /f]Kg rfxg]
;fd'bflos jgnfO{ lhNnf jg sof{non] la?jf k|bfg ub}{ cfPsf] 5 .
k/f;L÷ lhNnfsf b'O{ ;fd'bflos jgsf cWoIf sf7 ljt/0f / s6fgLdf clgoldttf u/]sf] cf/f]kdf
lx/f;tdf k/]sf 5g\ . a]gLdl0fk'/ % l:yt em/gf ;fd'bflos jgsf cWoIf x]dgfy 9'+ufgf /
:yfgLojf;L hgs cfn]sf] clgoldt s6fg u/]sf] cleof]u nfu]sf] 5 . ;'gan @ l:yt 8fFkm]
;fd'bflos jgsf cWoIf dfwjs'df/ >]i7nfO{ ;d"xdf sf7 ljt/0f ubf{ clgoldttf u/]sf] cf/f]k
nfu]sf] xf] . b'j} ;d"xsf cWoIfnfO{ jg P]gcg';f/ lx/f;tdf lnO{ Dofb yk u/]/ cg';Gwfg eO/x]sf]
jg clws[t wg~ho kf}8]nn] atfpg' eof] . pgsf cg';f/ em/gf ;fd'bflos jgleq s6fg cfb]z
g} geO{ sf7 sfl6Psf] cleof]udf cWoIf;lxt To;df ;+nUg @ hgfdfly d'2f rnfOg] 5 . b'j}
;d"xdf clgoldt sfd ePsf] eGb} clVtof/df ;d]t ph'/L k/]sf] 5 .
b}n]v÷lhNnf gf/fo0f gu/kflnsf ( ;fF8'df af/Ldf uf8]/ /fv]sf] @ ;o @# yfg 6'gLsf] sf7
k|x/Ln] a/fdb u/]sf] 5 . ljz]if ;'/fsLsf cfwf/df k|x/Ln] sf7 a/fdb u/]sf] lhNnf k|x/L sfof{no
kfNkfn] hgfPsf] 5 . k|x/Ln] hldgd'lgaf6 sf7 lgsfn]/ lhNnf jg sfof{no b}n]vnfO{ a'emfPsf]
5 . :yfgLosf] ;'/fsLsf cfwf/df k|x/Ln] 7"nf] dfqfdf sf7 a/fdb ug{ ;kmn ePsf] b}n]v k|x/L
k|d'v 8LP;kL dfwjk|;fb >]i7n] atfpg' eof] . sf7 j}w ePsf] k|df0f;lxt xs–bfaL ug{ gcfPkl5
lnnfdLsf nflu ;"rgf k|sflzt u/]/ /fh:j ;+sng ul/g] lhNnf jg sfof{no ;'Aaf tLy{ lh;Ln]
hfgsf/L lbg'eof] .
lhNnf jg cg'udg ;dGjo ;ldlt /f}6xtn] r'/] If]qaf6 k"0f{ ¿kdf 9'ª\uf, lu§L tyf afn'jf lgsf;L
@)&! efb|
jif{ M @^
35
cª\s M @&(
xfd|f] sNkj[If
ug]{ sfo{nfO{ lg?T;flxt ug{ cg'udg cleofg ;'? u/]sf] 5 . cg'udg ;dGjo ;ldltsf cWoIf
dbg e'h]nsf] cWoIftfdf a;]sf] a}7sn] ljleGg lg0f{o u/L r'/] If]qaf6 cj}w tj/n] 9'ª\ufhGo kbfy{
lgsf;L k}7f/L x'g] qmd g/f]lsPkl5 To:tf sfo{df ;+nUg JolQmnfO{ jg P]g tyf lgodfjnLcg';f/
sf/afxL ug]{ tof/L ;'? u/]sf] lhNnf jg clws[t afa'/fd e08f/Ln] hfgsf/L lbg'eof] . k|d'v
lhNnf clwsf/L;lxt k|x/L pk/LIfs pd]z /~hLtsf/, ;z:q k|x/L pk/LIfs jL/]Gb|/fh >]i7;lxt
ljleGg ;/f]sf/jfnf sfof{no k|d'vx¿sf] 6f]nLn] r'/] k|efljt If]qsf] cjnf]sg ;d]t u/]sf] lyof] .
h'Dnf÷lhNnfsf] kftf/f;L uflj; j8f g+= ! / @ tNkmL ufpFdf /x]sf] km's]{ ;Nnf ;fd'bflos jg
pkef]Stf ;ldlt kbflwsf/Lx¿ jg ;+/If0fdf ;lqmo b]lvPsf 5g\ . jgx¿ ljgf; x'Fb} uPkl5
;d'bfox¿ clxn] ;+/If0fdf ;lqmo ePsf x'g\ . klxn] 3/ glhs} kfOg] bfp/f, :ofpnf / 3/
lgdf{0fsf nflu rflxg] sf7 glhs kfOg yfn]kl5 jg ;+/If0fdf h'6]sf] ;ldltsf pkfWoIf z'e
axfb'/ af]xf]/fn] atfpg' eof] . jg x]/fn' /fv]/ s;}nfO{ klg hyfefjL xl/of ?v tyf bfp/f,
:ofpnf / ;f]Tt/ Nofpg /f]s nufOPsf] 5 .
sf7df8f}÷
F d'Vo;lrj lnnfdl0f kf}8\ofnn] ut laxLaf/ Ps sfo{qmdaLr k|wfgdGqL tyf
dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no xftfleq j[If/f]k0f ug'{ eof] . d'Vo;lrj kf}8\ofnn] sfof{no xftfleq u'nfa
hfd'gsf] la?jf /f]kL j[Iff/f]k0f sfo{qmdsf] ;'? ug'{ ePsf] xf] . ;f] cj;/df jg tyf e"–;+/If0f
dGqfnosf lgldQ ;lrj >L cGgk"0ff{gGb bf;, /fi6«klt r'/]–t/fO{ dw]; ;+/If0f ljsf; ;ldltsf
cWoIf >L /fd]Zj/ vgf, k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\ sfof{nosf ;lrj b'uf{lglw zdf{, zfGt/fh
;'j]bL / /fh'dfgl;+x dNnnufot cGo sd{rf/Lx¿n] klg :ofp, cDaf, bfFt] cf]v/, cf? av8f,
rfknufotsf ljleGg hftsf af]6la?jfx¿sf] j[If/f]k0f ug'{ ePsf] lyof] . l;+xb/af/ kl/;/nfO{
xl/ofnL agfO{ :jR5 / ;kmf /fVg d'Vo;lrjaf6 lgb]{zg eP afdf]lhd ljut b'O{ jif{b]lv x/]s jif{
;fpg @@ ut] j[If/f]k0f ug]{ ul/Psf] 5 .
Onfd÷lhNnf k|x/L sfof{no Onfdn] sf7 t:s/L ul//x]sf] cj:yfdf ;fd'bflos jgsf cWoIf;lxt
sf7, 6\ofS6/ / Ps pkef]StfnfO{ lgoGq0fdf lnPsf] 5 . lhNnf k|x/L sfof{no / uf]nfvs{ k|x/L
rf}sLaf6 vl6Psf] ;+o'Qm u:tL 6f]nLn] uf]bs–# l:yt ;"of]{bo ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Stf ;d"xsf
cWoIf uª\uf/fd dxt / pkef]Stf bnaxfb'/ ?DbfnLnfO{ kqmfp u/]sf] xf] . k|x/Ln] pSt ;fd'bflos
jgaf6 d] ! t !!!( gDa/sf] 6\ofS6/df /fv]/ lgsf;L ug{ nfluPsf] ;f7L So'ljs lrnfpg] hftsf]
sf7 a/fdb u/L lhNnf jg sfof{no Onfddf a'emfPsf] hgfPsf] 5 . kqmfp k/]sf uf]bs–# sf
uª\uf/fd dxt / bnaxfb'/ ?DbfnLnfO{ jg P]gcGtu{t d'2f bfo/ u/L sf/afxL k|lqmof cl3 a9fpg]
atfOPsf] 5 .
;'v]{t÷jg / jGohGt' ;+/If0fsf nflu ;'v]{tsf] n]vk/fh'n ufpF ljsf; ;ldltsf :yfgLo gful/sn]
uLtnfO{ dfWod agfPsf 5g\\ . alb{of /fli6«o lgs'~hsf] dWjtL{ If]qdf kg]{ n]vk/fh'n uflj;sf
gful/sn] jg / jGohGt' ;+/If0fsf nflu xl/tfnLsf tLh ljz]if sfo{qmd tLh uLt k|ltof]lutfdfkm{t\
r]tgf hufpg ;'? u/]sf x'g\ . n]vk/fh'n dWojtL{ pkef]Stf ;ldltsf] ;xof]udf rf]/L l;sf/L
lgoGq0f o"jf kl/rfng cleofg ;dGjo pk;ldlt n]vk/fh'n @ n] tLh uLt k|ltof]lutfsf]
cfof]hgf u/]sf] lyof] . k|ltof]lutfdf jg xfd|f] ;Dkbf xf], jg If]q hf]ufcf}+, hLjg arfcf}+, jGohGt'
xfd|f ;fyL x'g\ h:tf zAb uLtdf k|of]u ul/Psf] lyof] .
bfª÷lhNnfsf] l;;xlgofF–% l:yt sfnfkfgL ;fd'bflos jg lhNnfs} klxnf] rl/r/gd'St jg
@)&! efb|
jif{ M @^
36
cª\s M @&(
xfd|f] sNkj[If
aGg ;kmn ePsf] 5 . jgdf @)%& ;fnb]lv ufOj:t' r/fpg n}hfg k|ltaGw ul/Psf] lyof] .
jg If]qdf ufO{ j:t'efp r/fpg 5f8]kl5 ?vla?jf, 3fF;, v/nufot cGo jGohGt' tyf kfgLsf]
d'xfg;d]t ;+/If0f x'g yfn]sf] jg ;d"xsf pkfWoIf xl/snf kf08]n] atfpg' eof] . pxfFsf cg';f/
jgnfO{ rl/r/gd'St agfpgdf pkef]Stfx¿n] pNn]Vo ;xof]u u/]sf 5g\ . phf8 ¿kdf /x]sf] ;f]
If]qnfO{ @)$( ;fnb]lv ;+/If0f ub}{ jgsf] ¿kdf ljsf; ul/Psf] lyof] . jg ! ;o (% bzdnj
@& x]S6/df km}lnPsf] 5 . jgnfO{ rl/r/gd'St 3f]if0ff ul/Pkl5 # ;o %@ 3/w'/L k|ToIf nfeflGjt
ePsf 5g\ . jg If]qdf kmnkm"nsf] au}+rf, kfgLsf] d'xfg ;+/If0fsf nflu kf]v/L lgdf{0f tfy hnjfo'
cg'sngcg';f/ jg ;+/If0fsf] sfd eO/x]sf] 5 .
/f]Nkf÷lhNnfsf ! ;o ^$ cf]6f ;fd'bflos jg ;d"xn] ;Nnfsf] vf]6f] laqmLaf6 cfly{s jif{
@)&)÷&! df ?= ! s/f]8 ## nfv (! xhf/ ?k}ofF cfDbfgL u/]sf 5g\ . ! jif{sf] cjlwdf /f]Nkfsf
ljleGg uflj;df /x]sf tL jgaf6 @@ nfv #! xhf/ ( ;o ^@ slnf] ;Nnfsf] vf]tf] ;ª\sng
ul/Psf] lyof] . ;fd'bflos jg ;d"xn] k|ltlsnf] ^ ?k}ofFsf b/n] vf]6f] laqmL u/]sf] lhNnf jg
clws[t lji0f'k|;fb e08f/Ln] atfpg'eof] . lhNnfsf ljleGg uflj;sf ! ;o ^$ cf]6f ;fd'bflos
jg pkef]Stf ;d"x;Fu ;Demf}tf u/L ljut !) jif{b]lv tLgcf]6f lghL sDkgLn] vf]6f] ;ª\sng
ul//x]sf 5g\ .
Onfd÷ r'nfr'nLdf k|x/Lsf] jg u:tL 6f]nLn] xjfO{ kmfol/ª\u u/L t:s/L x'Fb} u/]sf] sf7 lgoGq0fdf
lnPsf] 5 . ;z:q jg /Ifs / k]lN6df/L k|x/L rf}sLaf6 uPsf] k|x/L u:tL 6f]nLn] cfOtaf/ /ftL
r'nfr'nL–% l:yt rfFh'vf]nfaf6 t:s/L eO/x]sf] sf7 ;ft /fpG8 xjfO{ kmfo/kl5 lgoGq0fdf lnPsf]
xf] . ;fOsn / sfFwdf sf7 af]s]/ lxFl8/x]sf] t:s/x¿dfly k|x/Ln] xjfO{ kmfo/ u/]sf] lyof] . xjfO{
kmfo/kl5 t:s/x¿ sf7 5f8]/ efu]sf] bfgfaf/Ll:yt uh'/d'vL Onfsf jg sfof{nosf ;xfos jg
clws[t jflzi6gf/fo0f ld>n] hfgsf/L lbg'eof] . xjfO{ kmfo/kl5 $& yfg ;fnsf] lr/fg sf7
km]nf k/]sf] ;xfos jg clws[t ld>n] atfpg'eof] . ;'/fsLsf cfwf/df u:tLdf lgl:sPsf] 6f]nLn]
/flt !@ ah]lt/ sf7 lgoGq0fdf lnPsf] lyof] . t:s/x¿n] pSt vf]nfaf6 o;cl3 klg /ftsf]
;dodf ;v'jfsf] sf7 t:s/L ub}{ cfO/x]sf] Onfsf jg sfof{no hgfPsf] 5 .
Knfl:6ssf] k|of]ukl5 plrt Joj:yfkg u/f}+ eGg] d"n dfGotfsf ;fy Knfl:6s/lxt ;x/ lgdf{0fdf
lqmofzLn ;'O/f] sfo{qmd gf/fo0fu9n] ;f]daf/ j[Iff/f]k0f u/]sf] 5 .
;+:yfn] gf/fo0fL gbL lsgf/fdfdf /x]sf] xfd|f] 3/, j8f gDa/ $ sf] sfof{no / ;fd'bflos ;]jf
s]Gb|sf] kl/;/df j[If/f]k0f u/]sf] xf] . ;f] cj;/df w'kL, vo/, d;nf, czf]snufotsf b'O{
;o la?jf /f]lkPsf] 5 . ;'O/f] sfo{qmdn] Knfl:6s/lxt ;x/ lgdf{0fsf nflu ahf/df kmflnPsf]
Knfl:6ssf] plrt Joj:yfkg / k'gM k|of]u ub}{ cfPsf] 5 eg] ljleGg 7fpFdf hgr]tgfd"ns xf]l8{ª
af]8{x¿;d]t /fv]sf] hgfPsf] 5 . To:t} ljleGg ljb\ofnodf uP/ Knfl:6ssf] k|of]ukl5 plrt
Joj:yfkgsf ;jfndf tflnd ;~rfng ug]{ u/]sf] hgfPsf] 5 .
lj=;+= @)&) h]7b]lv k|To]s xKtfdf zlgaf/ ul/Fb} cfPsf] jfudtL ;kmfO sfo{qmd cfh ^%cf}+
xKtfdf j[If/f]k0f sfo{qmdnfO{ 6]s'df klg lg/Gt/tf lbOPsf] lyof] . j[If/f]kf0f sfo{qmddf sk"/,
;fh, w"kL / kf]n]lgofsf] u/L !%) j6f j[If/f]k0f ul/Psf] lyof] . Jofj;flos v]tL ul/g] kf]n]lgofsf]
la?jf l56f] a9\g] ePsfn] jfudtLsf] xl/ofnLdf ;xof]u k'Ug] ljZjf; lnPsf] klg ;f] cj;/df
hfgsf/L u/fOPsf] lyof] .
@)&! efb|
jif{ M @^
37
cª\s M @&(
xfd|f] sNkj[If
ebf} dlxgfsf] jg Sofn]G8/
? 3F3f?, w'kL;Nnf, lgdf/f], ef]hkq, sluof], l;N6Ld'/, v;'{ kfËf], l/67f, nfs'/L,
bjbj], rfFk, vGo", lgdf/f], dNnftf] cflbsf] ljp ;+sng ug]{ a]nf eof] .
? nfFs'/L, uf]ug, /ftf] lzl/if, lgdf/f], dNnftf], cf]v/, ufof], uf]a|f];Nnf,
vf]6];Nnf, 3+uf?, vGo', l/7\7fsf ljpx? /f]Kg] a]nf ePsf] 5 .
? s]lx dlxgf cl3 ul/Psf] j[Iff/f]k0f If]qdf lj?jfx?sf] jl/kl/ emf/kft
b]vf kl/;Sof] xf]nf . ctM klxnf] k6ssf] uf]8d]n sfo{ ug'{ xf]nf .
j[Iff/f]k0f If]qdf d/]sf lj?jfx? x6fO{ lbg' pko'Qm x'G5 . aiff{b hf/L 5
eg] lj?jf d/]sf] :yfgdf lj?jf yk ug{ ;Sg' x'G5 .
? j[Iff/f]k0fsf] z'?df g;{/L Jof8df 5/]sf] ljp k'/} b'O{kftsf] lj?jfdf
ljsl;t eO;Sof] xf]nf, cj To;nfo{ pv]nL kf]lnyLg Jofudf ;fg'{k5{
/ To;nfO{ 7fpF x]/L !)–!$ lbg;Dd 5fofFdf /fVg' kb{5 .
? dflyNnf] kxf8L efudf r/0f ljsf;sf] nflu ax'jlif{o /fO3fF; 5g'xf];\ .
? k'/fgf g;{/L dd{t ;+ef/ ug]{ .
? gofF g;{/L :yfkgf ug]{ xf] eg] If]q Plsg ul/ sfo{ yfngL ug]{ /
;/;dfg 9'jfgL ug]{ .
? jg pkef]Qmf ;d"xx?n] cfÏgf] jflif{s k|ult k|ltj]bg lhNnf jg
sfof{nodf a'emfpg' xf]nf .
? ;fj{hlgs n]vf kl/If0f÷;'g'jfO{ u/]/ cfÏgf] jg ;d"xsf] x/ lx;fj
b'?:t /fVg'xf];\ .
? rfn' cfly{s jif{df s] s] sfo{x¿ ug]{ xf], jg sfo{ of]hgfdf pNn]v
eP adf]lhd ;DkGg ug{ sfo{ tflnsf agfpg' xf];\ . of] sfo{ lhNnf,
/]Ghkf]i6 / jg ;d"xxsf nflu pkof]uL x'G5 .
? jg ;+/If0fsf] nflu x]/fn' jf 3/kfnf] ldnfP/ jg x]/ ljrf/ ug'{ xf]; .
? jgaf6 3fF; ;+sng ug]{ xf] eg] s'g–s'g lbg jg v'Nnf ug]{ xf], 5nkmn
ul/ jg pkef]Qmf ;ldltaf6 lg0f{o ug'{xf]; .
? rl/r/0f /f]syfdsf nflu Wofg lbg'xf];\ .
;|f]t M k|ljlw ;Fufnf] n'Dn] If]qLo s[lif cg';Gwfg s]Gb| / jg 8fo/L @)^%, ;fd'bflos jg dxfzfvf,
jg ljefu . -cWofjlws @)^&_
@)&! efb|
jif{ M @^
38
cª\s M @&(
xfd|f] sNkj[If
xfd|f] cg'/f]w
æjgafl6sfÆ /]l8of] sfo{qmd
tYo tYofÍ
@)^^ kmfu'g !@ ut]b]lv x/]s a'waf/ ;fFem &M#%
ah] /]l8of] g]kfnaf6 jg, jGo hGt', e"–;+/If0f
h}ljs ljljwtf / jftfj/0f ;d]l6Psf] ljleGg
ultljlw;lxtsf] /]l8of] jg afl6sf sfo{qmd
k|;f/0f eO/x]sf] 5, ;'Gg ge'Ng'xf]nf .
xfd|f] sNkj[If dfl;s klqsfdf
n]v÷/rgf k7fpg] ;DaGwdf hfgsf/L
jg ljefu, k|rf/ k|;f/ zfvfaf6 k|sflzt x'g] dfl;s klqsf
æxfd|f] sNkj[IfÆ sf nflu n]v÷/rgf k7fpFbf lgDg Joxf]/f
dgg u/L k7fO{ lbg'x'g n]vsx¿df cg'/f]w ul/G5 .
w jg, jftfj/0f jGohGt', e"–;+/If0f h}ljs ljljwtf ljifodf
n]lvPsf] jf tT;DaGwL cg';GwfgfTds n]v÷/rgfx¿ x'g'kg]{5 .
w A4 ;fOhsf] sfuhgdf ^–( k[i7;Ddsf n]v÷/rgfx¿ 8an
:k]l;ªdf 6fOk u/L k7fOPsf] x'g'kg]{5 .
w n]v÷/rgf Soft / Hard Copy pknAw u/fpg' kg]{5 .
n]vsf] ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L clgjfo{ pNn]lvt ug'{ kg]{ 5 .
w jg, jftfj/0f tyf k|fs[lts ;|f]t;DaGwL kf7sj[GbnfO{ 1fg
pknAw x'g;Sg] /f]rs hfgsf/Lx¿ klg k7fpg ;lsg]5 .
w n]v÷/rgfx¿ cGo kqklqsfdf k|sflzt gePsf] x'g'kg]{5 .
w n]v÷/rgfx¿ lbPsf] cjlwaf6 ^ dlxgf;Dd klg k|sflzt
gePdf :jLs[t gePsf] 7xl/g]5 / To:tf n]v÷/rgfx¿ lkmtf{
k7fOg]5}g .
w k|sflzt n]v÷/rgfx¿sf n]vsx¿nfO{ lgodfg';f/ kfpg]
kfl/>lds oyf;Dej l56f]5l/tf] 9ª\un] pknAw u/fOg]5 .
w n]v÷/rgfx¿ k7fpg] n]vsx¿n] cfkm\gf] k"/f gfd / 7]ufgf,
kmf]g gDa/, Od]n pNn]v ug'{kg]{5 .
;'v]{t lhNnfdf jgsf]
lsl;d
!= /fli6«o jg !)$(&!=&)
x]=
@= ;fd'bflos jg &##(&=!)
x]=
#= ;+/lIft jg !&%=% x]=
$= wfld{s jg @@=% x]=
%= lghL jg !@=* x]=
;|f]tM ;'v]{t lhNnf jg sfof{nosf]
jflif{s k|ltj]bgaf6
n]v÷/rgf tyf k|ltlqmof k7fpg] 7]ufgf
jg ljefu, k|rf/k|;f/ zfvf
aa/dxn, sf7df8f}+
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website:www.dof.gov.np
E-mail:extension@dof.gov.np
or
dulal.khagendra@gmail.com
jif{ M @^
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xfd|f] sNkj[If
jg ljefu
sf=lh=k|=sf= b=g+= **÷)%(–^)
d=If]=uf]
x'=lg=
=x'=sf=
b=g+b=g+
= #%÷)^&÷)^*
= &÷)%(–^)
!= k[i7e"ld
g]kfndf jg Joj:yfkgsf] sfo{ lj=;+= !((( ;fnb]lv ;'? ePsf] kfOG5 . ;j{k|yd, sf7dxn c8\8fsf]
:yfkgf u/L To;cGtu{t tLg ;s{n / !@ jg hfFr c8\8fx¿ /flvPsf] lyof] . lj=;+= @))& ;fnsf] kl/jt{gkl5
sfof{nox¿ ;lxt jt{dfg jg ljefusf] :yfkgf ePsf] lyof] . lj=;+= @)!@ ;fndf b'O{ ;s{n, !! l8lehg / $$
/]Gh sfof{nox¿ ;lxt jt{dfg jg ljefusf] :yfkgf ePsf] lyof] . lj=;+= @)!@ ;fndf jg ljefusf] k|d'vsf]
¿kdf lrkm sGh/e]6/ kbsf] l;h{gf u/L To;nfO{ lj=;+= @)!^ ;fndf s]Gb|df ;L=;L=Pkm= -lrkm sGh/e]6/ ckm
km/]:6_ sfof{no cGtu{t ;ftj6f ;s{n sfof{no tyf @@ j6f jg l8lehgx¿ v8f ul/Psf lyP . To;kl5 lj=;+=
@)@^ ;fndf /fli6«o jg of]hgf nfu" ePkl5 k'gM ;+u7g kl/jt{g u/L k|wfg jg sfof{nox¿ vf/]h u/L gf}j6f
;s{n, $) j6f jg l8lehg / !&$ j6f /]Gh sfof{nox¿sf] :yfkgf ul/of] .
lj=;+= @)$) ;fndf cfP/ ljs]Gb|Ls/0f k|lqmof;Fu d]nvfg] u/L kfFrj6f If]qLo jg lgb]{zgfno / cf=j=
@)$#÷)$$ ;Dddf clw/fHosf &% j6} lhNnfx¿df lhNnf jg sfof{nox¿ :yfkgf ul/P . lj=;+= @)%) ;fndf
jg ljefusf] ;+u7gdf ;fdfGo x]/km]/ u/L d':tfª lhNnfafx]s &$ lhNnfx¿df lhNnf jg sfof{no, (@ Onfsf
jg sfof{no Pj+ ^(* j6f /]Ghkf]:6x¿ sfod /x]sf]df xfn @)&) ;fndf &$ lhNnfx¿df (@ ;]S6/ sfof{no /
^(@ j6f Onfsf sfof{no /xg] u/L xfnsf] jg ljefusf] ;+u7g sfod ePsf] xf] .
jg ljefu cGtu{t s]Gb|df /fli6«o jg dxfzfvf, ;fd'bflos jg dxfzfvf / of]hgf tyf cg'udg dxfzfvf
/ jg ;+Djw{g dxfzfvf u/L rf/j6f dxfzfvfx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . oL dxfzfvfx¿ cGtu{t jg Joj:yfkg zfvf, jg
k}bfjf/ ;b'kof]u zfvf, jg ;+/If0f zfvf, ;fd'bflos jg zfvf, lghL tyf s[lif jg zfvf, j[If ;'wf/ zfvf,
of]hgf th'{df tyf sfo{qmd zfvf, cg'udg tyf d"Nofª\sg zfvf, k|rf/–k|;f/ zfvf, tYof+s zfvf, jg ljp
;'wf/ zfvf, j[If ;'wf/ zfvf, ef}uf]lns ;"rgf Joj:yfkg zfvf, jg ;Djw{g zfvf, zx/L jg tyf ;fj{hlgs
ljsf; ;dGjog zfvf /x]sf 5g\ . oL zfvfx¿sf cltl/Qm o; ljefu cGtu{t cg'udg zfvf, sd{rf/L k|zf;g
zfvf, cfly{s k|zf;g zfvf, P]g lgod k/fdz{ zfvf / sDKo'6/ zfvfx¿ /x]sf 5g\ .
@= jg ljefusf] d"n p2]Zo
jg ;Dkbfsf] j}1flgs Joj:yfkg, jgsf] ;Ldfª\sg, lgoGq0f / ;+/If0f ub}{ jftfj/0fLo ;Gt'ngnfO{ ;d]t
sfod /fVb} jg ;Dkbfsf] plrt k|of]u u/L jGo >f]tnfO{ k'gM l;h{gf x'g lbg] k|lqmof ckgfpg], j}1flgs tyf
cfly{s b[li6sf]0fn] a9L dxTjk"0f{ x'g] jGohGt' / jg:kltsf] n]vfhf]vf u/L lbuf] Joj:yfkg ug]{ / ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{
cfjZos kg]{ sf7 bfp/f, 8fn]3fF;, h8La'6L tyf cGo jg k}bfj/sf] Gofof]lrt ¿kdf ljt/0f ug]{ Joj:yf
ldnfpg] jg ljefusf] d"n p2]Zo /x]sf] 5 .
#= p2]Zox¿
s= jg ljsf;;DaGwL of]hgf tyf sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog / ;dGjo ug]{ .
v= jg Joj:yfkg, j[If/f]k0f tyf k|fs[lts ;Gt'ng;DaGwL hfgsf/L ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ pknAw u/fO{ jg
Joj:yfkg sfo{df hg;xeflutf kl/rfng ug]{ .
u= j}1flgs jg Joj:yfkgsf nflu sfo{qmd th'{df ug]{ / sfof{Gjog ug]{ .
k|fks
;Dks{sf nflu
vu]Gb|k|;fb b'nfn
jg ljefu, of]hgf tyf cg'udg dxfzfvf, k|rf/–k|;f/ zfvf
aa/dxn, sf7df8f}+, g]kfn, kmf]g M )!–$@@@)**
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40
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